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8745535891422100656 | I Do, I Do, I Do | I Do , I Do , I Do - Wikipedia I Do , I Do , I Do Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) I Do , I Do , I Do Written by Nancey Silvers Directed by Ron Oliver Starring Autumn Reeser Shawn Roberts Antonio Cupo Music by Peter Allen Country of origin United States Canada Original language ( s ) English Production Producer ( s ) Jamie Goehring Cinematography Paul Mitchnick Editor ( s ) Dan Krieger Running time 84 minutes Production company ( s ) Lighthouse Pictures Distributor Hallmark Channel Sunfilm Entertainment ( 2016 Germany DVD ) ( release through ) Tiberius Film ( 2016 Germany DVD and Blu - ray ) Release Original release February 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) I Do , I Do , I Do is a 2015 American - Canadian romantic comedy television film directed by Ron Oliver and starring Autumn Reeser . The film premiered on the Hallmark Channel on February 6 , 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) After her wedding ceremony turned to disaster , a young bride will be offered the opportunity to relive this day over and over until she gets it right . In the process , she will learn more about herself than she ever could have imagined . Cast ( edit ) Autumn Reeser as Jaclyn Palmer Shawn Roberts as Max Lorenzo Antonio Cupo as Dr. Peter Lorenzo Ali Liebert as Kate Nelson Wong as Gerry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Original Trailer External links ( edit ) I Do , I Do , I Do on IMDb This article about a 2010s romantic comedy film is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Do,_I_Do,_I_Do&oldid=833806127 '' Categories : Hallmark Channel original films American television films Canadian television films 2015 television films 2010s romantic comedy films American fantasy films Canadian fantasy films 2010s romantic comedy film stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 14 : 38 . About Wikipedia | i do i do i do hallmark movie cast | [
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"\nAutumn Reeser as Jaclyn Palmer\nShawn Roberts as Max Lorenzo\nAntonio Cupo as Dr. Peter Lorenzo\nAli Liebert as Kate\nNelson Wong as Gerry\n",
"\nAutumn Reeser as Jaclyn Palmer\nShawn Roberts as Max Lorenzo\nAntonio Cupo as Dr. Peter Lorenzo\nAli Liebert as Kate\nNelson Wong as Gerry\n",
"\nAutumn Reeser as Jaclyn Palmer\nShawn Roberts as Max Lorenzo\nAntonio Cupo as Dr. Peter Lorenzo\nAli Liebert as Kate\nNelson Wong as Gerry\n"
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937168133160785261 | Pleistocene | Pleistocene - wikipedia Pleistocene Not to be confused with Plasticine . Subdivisions of the Quaternary System System / Period Series / Epoch Stage / Age Age ( Ma ) Quaternary Holocene Meghalayan 0 0.0042 Northgrippian 0.0042 0.0082 Greenlandian 0.0082 0.0117 Pleistocene ' Tarantian ' 0.0117 0.126 ' Chibanian ' 0.126 0.781 Calabrian 0.781 1.80 Gelasian 1.80 2.58 Neogene Pliocene Piacenzian 2.58 3.60 Subdivision of the Quaternary period according to the ICS , as of 2018 . For the Holocene , dates are relative to the year 2000 ( e.g. Greenlandian began 11,700 years before 2000 ) . For the begin of the Northgrippian a date of 8,236 years before 2000 has been set . The Meghalayan has been set to begin 4,250 years before 2000 , apparently from a calibrated radio - carbon date of 4,200 years BP i.e. before 1950 . ' Chibanian ' and ' Tarantian ' are informal , unofficial names proposed to replace the also informal , unofficial ' Middle Pleistocene ' and ' Upper Pleistocene ' subseries / subepochs respectively . In Europe and North America , the Holocene is subdivided into Preboreal , Boreal , Atlantic , Subboreal , and Subatlantic stages of the Blytt -- Sernander time scale . There are many regional subdivisions for the Upper or Late Pleistocene ; usually these represent locally recognized cold ( glacial ) and warm ( interglacial ) periods . The last glacial period ends with the cold Younger Dryas substage . The Pleistocene ( / ˈplaɪstəˌsiːn , - toʊ - / , often colloquially referred to as the Ice Age ) is the geological epoch which lasted from about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago , spanning the world 's most recent period of repeated glaciations . The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the end of the last glacial period and also with the end of the Paleolithic age used in archaeology . The Pleistocene is the first epoch of the Quaternary Period or sixth epoch of the Cenozoic Era . In the ICS timescale , the Pleistocene is divided into four stages or ages , the Gelasian , Calabrian , Middle Pleistocene ( unofficially the ' Chibanian ' ) and Upper Pleistocene ( unofficially the ' Tarantian ' ) . In addition to this international subdivision , various regional subdivisions are often used . Before a change finally confirmed in 2009 by the International Union of Geological Sciences , the time boundary between the Pleistocene and the preceding Pliocene was regarded as being at 1.806 million years Before Present ( BP ) , as opposed to the currently accepted 2.588 million years BP : publications from the preceding years may use either definition of the period . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Dating 3 Paleogeography and climate 3.1 Glacial features 3.2 Major events 3.3 Palaeocycles 3.3. 1 Milankovitch cycles 3.3. 2 Oxygen isotope ratio cycles 4 Fauna 4.1 Humans 5 Deposits 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) Charles Lyell introduced the term `` pleistocene '' in 1839 to describe strata in Sicily that had at least 70 % of their molluscan fauna still living today . This distinguished it from the older Pliocene epoch , which Lyell had originally thought to be the youngest fossil rock layer . He constructed the name `` Pleistocene '' ( `` Most New '' or `` Newest '' ) from the Greek πλεῖστος , pleīstos , `` most '' , and καινός , kainós ( latinized as cænus ) , `` new '' ; this contrasting with the immediately preceding Pliocene ( `` More New '' or `` Newer '' , from πλείων , pleíōn , `` more '' , and kainós ; usual spelling : Pliocene ) , and the immediately subsequent Holocene ( `` wholly new '' or `` entirely new '' , from ὅλος , hólos , `` whole '' , and kainós ) epoch , which extends to the present time . Dating ( edit ) Hominin timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Hominini Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus H. heidelbergensis Homo sapiens Neanderthals ← Earlier apes ← Gorilla split ← Possibly bipedal ← Chimpanzee split ← Earliest bipedal ← Stone tools ← Exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s ( view discuss ) Axis scale : million years Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline The Pleistocene has been dated from 2.588 million ( ± 0.005 ) to 11,700 years BP with the end date expressed in radiocarbon years as 10,000 carbon - 14 years BP . It covers most of the latest period of repeated glaciation , up to and including the Younger Dryas cold spell . The end of the Younger Dryas has been dated to about 9640 BC ( 11,654 calendar years BP ) . It was not until after the development of radiocarbon dating , however , that Pleistocene archaeological excavations shifted to stratified caves and rock - shelters as opposed to open - air river - terrace sites . In 2009 the International Union of Geological Sciences ( IUGS ) confirmed a change in time period for the Pleistocene , changing the start date from 1.806 to 2.588 million years BP , and accepted the base of the Gelasian as the base of the Pleistocene , namely the base of the Monte San Nicola GSSP . The IUGS has yet to approve a type section , Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point ( GSSP ) , for the upper Pleistocene / Holocene boundary ( i.e. the upper boundary ) . The proposed section is the North Greenland Ice Core Project ice core 75 ° 06 ' N 42 ° 18 ' W . The lower boundary of the Pleistocene Series is formally defined magnetostratigraphically as the base of the Matuyama ( C2r ) chronozone , isotopic stage 103 . Above this point there are notable extinctions of the calcareous nanofossils : Discoaster pentaradiatus and Discoaster surculus . The Pleistocene covers the recent period of repeated glaciations . The name Plio - Pleistocene has , in the past , been used to mean the last ice age . The revised definition of the Quaternary , by pushing back the start date of the Pleistocene to 2.58 Ma , results in the inclusion of all the recent repeated glaciations within the Pleistocene . Paleogeography and climate ( edit ) The maximum extent of glacial ice in the north polar area during the Pleistocene period . The modern continents were essentially at their present positions during the Pleistocene , the plates upon which they sit probably having moved no more than 100 km relative to each other since the beginning of the period . According to Mark Lynas ( through collected data ) , the Pleistocene 's overall climate could be characterized as a continuous El Niño with trade winds in the south Pacific weakening or heading east , warm air rising near Peru , warm water spreading from the west Pacific and the Indian Ocean to the east Pacific , and other El Niño markers . Glacial features ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pleistocene climate was marked by repeated glacial cycles in which continental glaciers pushed to the 40th parallel in some places . It is estimated that , at maximum glacial extent , 30 % of the Earth 's surface was covered by ice . In addition , a zone of permafrost stretched southward from the edge of the glacial sheet , a few hundred kilometres in North America , and several hundred in Eurasia . The mean annual temperature at the edge of the ice was − 6 ° C ( 21 ° F ) ; at the edge of the permafrost , 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . Each glacial advance tied up huge volumes of water in continental ice sheets 1,500 to 3,000 metres ( 4,900 -- 9,800 ft ) thick , resulting in temporary sea - level drops of 100 metres ( 300 ft ) or more over the entire surface of the Earth . During interglacial times , such as at present , drowned coastlines were common , mitigated by isostatic or other emergent motion of some regions . The effects of glaciation were global . Antarctica was ice - bound throughout the Pleistocene as well as the preceding Pliocene . The Andes were covered in the south by the Patagonian ice cap . There were glaciers in New Zealand and Tasmania . The current decaying glaciers of Mount Kenya , Mount Kilimanjaro , and the Ruwenzori Range in east and central Africa were larger . Glaciers existed in the mountains of Ethiopia and to the west in the Atlas mountains . In the northern hemisphere , many glaciers fused into one . The Cordilleran ice sheet covered the North American northwest ; the east was covered by the Laurentide . The Fenno - Scandian ice sheet rested on northern Europe , including Great Britain ; the Alpine ice sheet on the Alps . Scattered domes stretched across Siberia and the Arctic shelf . The northern seas were ice - covered . South of the ice sheets large lakes accumulated because outlets were blocked and the cooler air slowed evaporation . When the Laurentide ice sheet retreated , north - central North America was totally covered by Lake Agassiz . Over a hundred basins , now dry or nearly so , were overflowing in the North American west . Lake Bonneville , for example , stood where Great Salt Lake now does . In Eurasia , large lakes developed as a result of the runoff from the glaciers . Rivers were larger , had a more copious flow , and were braided . African lakes were fuller , apparently from decreased evaporation . Deserts , on the other hand , were drier and more extensive . Rainfall was lower because of the decreases in oceanic and other evaporation . It has been estimated that during the Pleistocene , the East Antarctic Ice Sheet thinned by at least 500 meters , and that thinning since the Last Glacial Maximum is less than 50 meters and probably started after ca 14 ka . Major events ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of glaciation Ice ages as reflected in atmospheric CO , stored in bubbles from glacial ice of Antarctica . Over 11 major glacial events have been identified , as well as many minor glacial events . A major glacial event is a general glacial excursion , termed a `` glacial . '' Glacials are separated by `` interglacials '' . During a glacial , the glacier experiences minor advances and retreats . The minor excursion is a `` stadial '' ; times between stadials are `` interstadials '' . These events are defined differently in different regions of the glacial range , which have their own glacial history depending on latitude , terrain and climate . There is a general correspondence between glacials in different regions . Investigators often interchange the names if the glacial geology of a region is in the process of being defined . However , it is generally incorrect to apply the name of a glacial in one region to another . For most of the 20th century only a few regions had been studied and the names were relatively few . Today the geologists of different nations are taking more of an interest in Pleistocene glaciology . As a consequence , the number of names is expanding rapidly and will continue to expand . Many of the advances and stadials remain unnamed . Also , the terrestrial evidence for some of them has been erased or obscured by larger ones , but evidence remains from the study of cyclical climate changes . The glacials in the following tables show historical usages , are a simplification of a much more complex cycle of variation in climate and terrain , and are generally no longer used . These names have been abandoned in favor of numeric data because many of the correlations were found to be either inexact or incorrect and more than four major glacials have been recognized since the historical terminology was established . Historical names of the `` four major '' glacials in four regions . Region Glacial 1 Glacial 2 Glacial 3 Glacial 4 Alps Günz Mindel Riss Würm North Europe Eburonian Elsterian Saalian Weichselian British Isles Beestonian Anglian Wolstonian Devensian Midwest U.S. Nebraskan Kansan Illinoian Wisconsinan Historical names of interglacials . Region Interglacial 1 Interglacial 2 Interglacial 3 Alps Günz - Mindel Mindel - Riss Riss - Würm North Europe Waalian Holsteinian Eemian British Isles Cromerian Hoxnian Ipswichian Midwest U.S. Aftonian Yarmouthian Sangamonian Corresponding to the terms glacial and interglacial , the terms pluvial and interpluvial are in use ( Latin : pluvia , rain ) . A pluvial is a warmer period of increased rainfall ; an interpluvial , of decreased rainfall . Formerly a pluvial was thought to correspond to a glacial in regions not iced , and in some cases it does . Rainfall is cyclical also . Pluvials and interpluvials are widespread . There is no systematic correspondence of pluvials to glacials , however . Moreover , regional pluvials do not correspond to each other globally . For example , some have used the term `` Riss pluvial '' in Egyptian contexts . Any coincidence is an accident of regional factors . Only a few of the names for pluvials in restricted regions have been stratigraphically defined . Palaeocycles ( edit ) The sum of transient factors acting at the Earth 's surface is cyclical : climate , ocean currents and other movements , wind currents , temperature , etc . The waveform response comes from the underlying cyclical motions of the planet , which eventually drag all the transients into harmony with them . The repeated glaciations of the Pleistocene were caused by the same factors . Milankovitch cycles ( edit ) Main article : Milankovitch cycles Glaciation in the Pleistocene was a series of glacials and interglacials , stadials and interstadials , mirroring periodic changes in climate . The main factor at work in climate cycling is now believed to be Milankovitch cycles . These are periodic variations in regional and planetary solar radiation reaching the Earth caused by several repeating changes in the Earth 's motion . Milankovitch cycles can not be the sole factor responsible for the variations in climate since they explain neither the long term cooling trend over the Plio - Pleistocene , nor the millennial variations in the Greenland Ice Cores . Milankovitch pacing seems to best explain glaciation events with periodicity of 100,000 , 40,000 , and 20,000 years . Such a pattern seems to fit the information on climate change found in oxygen isotope cores . Oxygen isotope ratio cycles ( edit ) Main article : Oxygen isotope ratio cycle In oxygen isotope ratio analysis , variations in the ratio of O to O ( two isotopes of oxygen ) by mass ( measured by a mass spectrometer ) present in the calcite of oceanic core samples is used as a diagnostic of ancient ocean temperature change and therefore of climate change . Cold oceans are richer in O , which is included in the tests of the microorganisms ( foraminifera ) contributing the calcite . A more recent version of the sampling process makes use of modern glacial ice cores . Although less rich in O than sea water , the snow that fell on the glacier year by year nevertheless contained O and O in a ratio that depended on the mean annual temperature . Temperature and climate change are cyclical when plotted on a graph of temperature versus time . Temperature coordinates are given in the form of a deviation from today 's annual mean temperature , taken as zero . This sort of graph is based on another of isotope ratio versus time . Ratios are converted to a percentage difference from the ratio found in standard mean ocean water ( SMOW ) . The graph in either form appears as a waveform with overtones . One half of a period is a Marine isotopic stage ( MIS ) . It indicates a glacial ( below zero ) or an interglacial ( above zero ) . Overtones are stadials or interstadials . According to this evidence , Earth experienced 102 MIS stages beginning at about 2.588 Ma BP in the Early Pleistocene Gelasian . Early Pleistocene stages were shallow and frequent . The latest were the most intense and most widely spaced . By convention , stages are numbered from the Holocene , which is MIS1 . Glacials receive an even number ; interglacials , odd . The first major glacial was MIS2 - 4 at about 85 -- 11 ka BP . The largest glacials were 2 , 6 , 12 , and 16 ; the warmest interglacials , 1 , 5 , 9 and 11 . For matching of MIS numbers to named stages , see under the articles for those names . Fauna ( edit ) See also : Quaternary extinction event Both marine and continental faunas were essentially modern but with many more large land mammals such as Mammoths , Mastodons , Diprotodon , Smilodon , tiger , lion , Aurochs , Short - faced bear , giant sloths , Gigantopithecus and others . Isolated places such as Australia , Madagascar , New Zealand and islands in the Pacific saw the evolution of large birds and even reptiles such as the Elephant bird , moa , Haast 's eagle , Quinkana , Megalania and Meiolania . Pleistocene of Northern Spain showing woolly mammoth , cave lions eating a reindeer , tarpans , and woolly rhinoceros . Pleistocene of South America showing Megatherium and two Glyptodon . The severe climatic changes during the ice age had major impacts on the fauna and flora . With each advance of the ice , large areas of the continents became totally depopulated , and plants and animals retreating southwards in front of the advancing glacier faced tremendous stress . The most severe stress resulted from drastic climatic changes , reduced living space , and curtailed food supply . A major extinction event of large mammals ( megafauna ) , which included mammoths , mastodons , saber - toothed cats , glyptodons , the woolly rhinoceros , various giraffids , such as the Sivatherium ; ground sloths , Irish elk , cave bears , Gomphothere , dire wolves , and short - faced bears , began late in the Pleistocene and continued into the Holocene . Neanderthals also became extinct during this period . At the end of the last ice age , cold - blooded animals , smaller mammals like wood mice , migratory birds , and swifter animals like whitetail deer had replaced the megafauna and migrated north . The extinctions hardly affected Africa but were especially severe in North America where native horses and camels were wiped out . Asian land mammal ages ( ALMA ) include Zhoukoudianian , Nihewanian , and Yushean . European land mammal ages ( ELMA ) include Gelasian ( 2.5 -- 1.8 Ma ) . North American land mammal ages ( NALMA ) include Blancan ( 4.75 -- 1.8 ) , Irvingtonian ( 1.8 -- 0.24 ) and Rancholabrean ( 0.24 -- 0.01 ) in millions of years . The Blancan extends significantly back into the Pliocene . South American land mammal ages ( SALMA ) include Uquian ( 2.5 -- 1.5 ) , Ensenadan ( 1.5 -- 0.3 ) and Lujanian ( 0.3 -- 0.01 ) in millions of years . The Uquian previously extended significantly back into the Pliocene , although the new definition places it entirely within the Pleistocene . In July 2018 , a team of Russian scientists in collaboration with Princeton University announced that they had brought two female nematodes frozen in permafrost , from around 42,000 years ago , back to life . The two nematodes , at the time , were the oldest confirmed living animals on the planet . Humans ( edit ) Main articles : Human evolution , Paleolithic , and Models of migration to the New World The evolution of anatomically modern humans took place during the Pleistocene . In the beginning of the Pleistocene Paranthropus species are still present , as well as early human ancestors , but during the lower Palaeolithic they disappeared , and the only hominin species found in fossilic records is Homo erectus for much of the Pleistocene . Acheulean lithics appear along with Homo erectus , some 1.8 million years ago , replacing the more primitive Oldowan industry used by A. garhi and by the earliest species of Homo . The Middle Paleolithic saw more varied speciation within Homo , including the appearance of Homo sapiens about 200,000 years ago . According to mitochondrial timing techniques , modern humans migrated from Africa after the Riss glaciation in the Middle Palaeolithic during the Eemian Stage , spreading all over the ice - free world during the late Pleistocene . A 2005 study posits that humans in this migration interbred with archaic human forms already outside of Africa by the late Pleistocene , incorporating archaic human genetic material into the modern human gene pool . Hominin species during Pleistocene Deposits ( edit ) Pleistocene non-marine sediments are found primarily in fluvial deposits , lakebeds , slope and loess deposits as well as in the large amounts of material moved about by glaciers . Less common are cave deposits , travertines and volcanic deposits ( lavas , ashes ) . Pleistocene marine deposits are found primarily in shallow marine basins mostly ( but with important exceptions ) in areas within a few tens of kilometers of the modern shoreline . In a few geologically active areas such as the Southern California coast , Pleistocene marine deposits may be found at elevations of several hundred meters . See also ( edit ) Anthropology portal Earth sciences portal Evolutionary biology portal Geology portal Paleontology portal Climate state Geologic time scale Pleistocene megafauna Timeline of glaciation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Middle Pleistocene and Upper Pleistocene are actually subseries / subepochs rather than stages / ages but , in 2009 , the IUGS decided to replace each of them with a stage / age . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cohen , K.M. ; Finney , S.C. ; Gibbard , P.L. ; Fan , J. - X . `` International Chronostratigraphic Chart '' . International Commission on Stratigraphy . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IUGS ratifies Holocene '' . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` announcement ICS chart v2018 / 07 '' . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ( 2003 ) ( 1917 ) , Peter Roach , James Hartmann and Jane Setter , eds. , English Pronouncing Dictionary , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 3 - 12 - 539683 - 2 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Gibbard , P. and van Kolfschoten , T. ( 2004 ) `` The Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs '' Chapter 22 '' ( PDF ) . ( 3.1 MB ) In Gradstein , F.M. , Ogg , James G. , and Smith , A. Gilbert ( eds . ) , A Geologic Time Scale 2004 Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , ISBN 0 - 521 - 78142 - 6 Jump up ^ `` International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2017 / 02 '' . International Commission on Stratigraphy. 2017 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan - based name ' Chibanian ' set to represent geologic age of last magnetic shift '' . The Japan Times . 14 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Formal subdivision of the Pleistocene Series / Epoch '' . Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy ( International Commission on Stratigraphy ) . 4 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Lyell , Charles ( 1839 ) . Nouveaux éléments de géologie ( in French ) . Paris , France : Pitois - Levranet . p. 621 . From p. 621 : `` Toutefois , en même temps ... et de substituer à la dénomination de Nouveau Pliocène celle plus abrégée de Pleistocène , tirée du grec pleiston , plus , et kainos , récent . '' ( However , at the same time that it became necessary to subdivide the two periods mentioned above , I found that the terms intended to designate these subdivisions were of an inconvenient length , and I have proposed to use in the future the word `` Pliocene '' for `` old Pliocene '' , and to substitute for the name `` new Pliocene '' this shorter `` Pleistocene '' , drawn from the Greek pleiston ( most ) and kainos ( recent ) . ) Jump up ^ `` Pleistocene '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Major Divisions '' . Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy . International Commission on Stratigraphy. 4 January 2016 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ For the top of the series , see : Lourens , L. ; Hilgen , F. ; Shackleton , N.J. ; Laskar , J. ; Wilson , D. ( 2004 ) . `` The Neogene Period '' . In Gradstein , F. ; Ogg , J. ; Smith , A.G. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78142 - 6 . Jump up ^ Moore , Mark ; Brumm ( January 2007 ) . `` Stone artifacts and hominins in island Southeast Asia : New insights from Flores , eastern Indonesia '' . Journal of Human Evolution. 52 : 88 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2006.08. 002 . PMID 17069874 . Jump up ^ Riccardi , Alberto C. ( 30 June 2009 ) `` IUGS ratified ICS Recommendation on redefinition of Pleistocene and formal definition of base of Quaternary '' International Union of Geological Sciences Jump up ^ Svensson , A. ; Nielsen , S.W. ; Kipfstuhl , S. ; Johnsen , S.J. ; Steffensen , J.P. ; Bigler , M. ; Ruth , U. ; Röthlisberger , R. ( 2005 ) . `` Visual stratigraphy of the North Greenland Ice Core Project ( NorthGRIP ) ice core during the last glacial period '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 110 : D02108 . Bibcode : 2005JGRD ... 110.2108 S . doi : 10.1029 / 2004jd005134 . Jump up ^ Gradstein , Felix M. ; Ogg , James G. and Smith , A. Gilbert ( eds . ) ( 2005 ) A Geologic Time Scale 2004 Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK , p. 28 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 78142 - 6 Jump up ^ Rio , D. ; Sprovieri , R. ; Castradori , D. ; Di Stefano , E. ( 1998 ) . `` The Gelasian Stage ( Upper Pliocene ) : a new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale '' ( PDF ) . Episodes. 21 : 82 -- 87 . Jump up ^ National Geographic Channel , Six Degrees Could Change The World , Mark Lynas interview . Retrieved February 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Yusuke Suganuma , Hideki Miura , Albert Zondervan , Jun'ichi Okuno ( August 2014 ) . `` East Antarctic deglaciation and the link to global cooling during the Quaternary : evidence from glacial geomorphology and 10Be surface exposure dating of the Sør Rondane Mountains , Dronning Maud Land '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 97 : 102 -- 120 . Bibcode : 2014QSRv ... 97 ... 102S . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2014.05. 007 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Richmond , G.M. ; Fullerton , D.S. ( 1986 ) . `` Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 5 : 183 -- 196 . Bibcode : 1986QSRv ... 5 ... 183R . doi : 10.1016 / 0277 - 3791 ( 86 ) 90184 - 8 . Jump up ^ Roy , M. , P.U. Clark , R.W. Barendregt , J.R. , Glasmann , and R.J. Enkin , 2004 , Glacial stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north - central United States , PDF version , 1.2 MB . Geological Society of America Bulletin. 116 ( 1 - 2 ) : pp. 30 - 41 ; doi : 10.1130 / B25325. 1 Jump up ^ Aber , J.S. ( December 1991 ) . `` The Glaciation of Northeastern Kansas '' . Boreas. 20 ( 4 ) : 297 -- 314 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1502 - 3885.1991. tb00282. x. ( contains a summary of how and why the Nebraskan , Aftonian , Kansan , and Yarmouthian stages were abandoned by modern stratigraphers ) . Jump up ^ http://siberiantimes.com/science/casestudy/news/worms-frozen-in-permafrost-for-up-to-42000-years-come-back-to-life Jump up ^ Rogers , A.R. ; Jorde , L.B. ( 1995 ) . `` Genetic evidence on modern human origins '' . Human Biology . 67 : 1 -- 36 . JSTOR 41465052 . Jump up ^ Wall , J.D. ; Przeworski , M. ( 2000 ) . `` When did the human population start increasing ? '' . Genetics . 155 : 1865 -- 1874 . PMC 1461207 . PMID 10924481 . Jump up ^ Cann , R.L. ; Stoneking , M. ; Wilson , A.C. ( 1 January 1987 ) . `` Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution '' . Nature . 325 ( 6099 ) : 31 -- 36 . Bibcode : 1987Natur. 325 ... 31C . doi : 10.1038 / 325031a0 . PMID 3025745 . Jump up ^ Stringer , C.B. ( 1992 ) `` Evolution of early modern humans '' In : Jones , Steve ; Martin , R. and Pilbeam , David R. ( eds . ) ( 1992 ) The Cambridge encyclopedia of human evolution Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , ISBN 0 - 521 - 32370 - 3 , pp. 241 -- 251 . Jump up ^ Templeton , A.R. ( 7 March 2002 ) . `` Out of Africa again and again '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 416 ( 6876 ) : 45 -- 51 . Bibcode : 2002Natur. 416 ... 45T . doi : 10.1038 / 416045a . Jump up ^ Eswarana , Vinayak ; Harpendingb , Henry ; Rogers , Alan R ( July 2005 ) . `` Genomics refutes an exclusively African origin of humans '' . Journal of Human Evolution. 49 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 18 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2005.02. 006 . PMID 15878780 . Ogg , Jim ; June , 2004 , Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points ( GSSP 's , Stratigraphy.org , Accessed April 30 , 2006 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pleistocene . Wikisource has original works on the topic : Cenozoic # Quaternary Late Pleistocene environments of the southern high plains , 1975 , edited by Wendorf and Hester . Pleistocene Microfossils : 50 + images of Foraminifera Stepanchuk V.N. , Sapozhnykov I.V. Nature and man in the pleistocene of Ukraine . 2010 Human Timeline ( Interactive ) -- Smithsonian , National Museum of Natural History ( August 2016 ) . Quaternary Period Pleistocene Epoch Holocene Epoch Early Middle Late Meghalayan Northgrippian Greenlandian Preboreal Boreal Atlantic Subboreal Subatlantic More articles related to the Pleistocene epoch Geologic history of Earth Cenozoic era ( present -- 66.0 Mya ) Quaternary ( present -- 2.588 Mya ) Holocene ( present -- 11.784 kya ) Pleistocene ( 11.784 kya -- 2.588 Mya ) Neogene ( 2.588 -- 23.03 Mya ) Pliocene ( 2.588 -- 5.333 Mya ) Miocene ( 5.333 -- 23.03 Mya ) Paleogene ( 23.03 -- 66.0 Mya ) Oligocene ( 23.03 -- 33.9 Mya ) Eocene ( 33.9 -- 56.0 Mya ) Paleocene ( 56.0 -- 66.0 Mya ) Mesozoic era ( 66.0 -- 251.902 Mya ) Cretaceous ( 66.0 -- 145.0 Mya ) Late ( 66.0 -- 100.5 Mya ) Early ( 100.5 -- 145.0 Mya ) Jurassic ( 145.0 -- 201.3 Mya ) Late ( 145.0 -- 163.5 Mya ) Middle ( 163.5 -- 174.1 Mya ) Early ( 174.1 -- 201.3 Mya ) Triassic ( 201.3 -- 251.902 Mya ) Late ( 201.3 -- 237 Mya ) Middle ( 237 -- 247.2 Mya ) Early ( 247.2 -- 251.902 Mya ) Paleozoic era ( 251.902 -- 541.0 Mya ) Permian ( 251.902 -- 298.9 Mya ) Lopingian ( 251.902 -- 259.8 Mya ) Guadalupian ( 259.8 -- 272.3 Mya ) Cisuralian ( 272.3 -- 298.9 Mya ) Carboniferous ( 298.9 -- 358.9 Mya ) Pennsylvanian ( 298.9 -- 323.2 Mya ) Mississippian ( 323.2 -- 358.9 Mya ) Devonian ( 358.9 -- 419.2 Mya ) Late ( 358.9 -- 382.7 Mya ) Middle ( 382.7 -- 393.3 Mya ) Early ( 393.3 -- 419.2 Mya ) Silurian ( 419.2 -- 443.8 Mya ) Pridoli ( 419.2 -- 423.0 Mya ) Ludlow ( 423.0 -- 427.4 Mya ) Wenlock ( 427.4 -- 433.4 Mya ) Llandovery ( 433.4 -- 443.8 Mya ) Ordovician ( 443.8 -- 485.4 Mya ) Late ( 443.8 -- 458.4 Mya ) Middle ( 458.4 -- 470.0 Mya ) Early ( 470.0 -- 485.4 Mya ) Cambrian ( 485.4 -- 541.0 Mya ) Furongian ( 485.4 -- 497 Mya ) Miaolingian ( 497 -- 509 Mya ) Series 2 ( 509 -- 521 Mya ) Terreneuvian ( 521 -- 541.0 Mya ) Proterozoic eon ( 541.0 Mya -- 2.5 Gya ) Neoproterozoic era ( 541.0 Mya -- 1 Gya ) Ediacaran ( 541.0 -- ~ 635 Mya ) Cryogenian ( ~ 635 -- ~ 720 Mya ) Tonian ( ~ 720 Mya -- 1 Gya ) Mesoproterozoic era ( 1 -- 1.6 Gya ) Stenian ( 1 -- 1.2 Gya ) Ectasian ( 1.2 -- 1.4 Gya ) Calymmian ( 1.4 -- 1.6 Gya ) Paleoproterozoic era ( 1.6 -- 2.5 Gya ) Statherian ( 1.6 -- 1.8 Gya ) Orosirian ( 1.8 -- 2.05 Gya ) Rhyacian ( 2.05 -- 2.3 Gya ) Siderian ( 2.3 -- 2.5 Gya ) Archean eon ( 2.5 -- 4 Gya ) Eras Neoarchean ( 2.5 -- 2.8 Gya ) Mesoarchean ( 2.8 -- 3.2 Gya ) Paleoarchean ( 3.2 -- 3.6 Gya ) Eoarchean ( 3.6 -- 4 Gya ) Hadean eon ( 4 -- 4.6 Gya ) kya = thousands years ago . Mya = millions years ago . Gya = billions years ago . Continental glaciations General Canadian Shield Glacial history of Minnesota Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Tight Last Glacial Maximum Laurentide Ice Sheet List of prehistoric lakes Post-glacial rebound Proglacial lake Teays River Timeline of glaciation Landforms Erosional Fjord Glacial striae Ribbon lake Rôche moutonnée Tunnel valley U-shaped valley Depositional Drumlin Drumlin field Erratic block Moraine Pulju moraine Rogen moraine Terminal moraine Till plain Veiki moraine Glacifluvial Diluvium Esker Giant current ripples Kame Kame delta Kettle hole Outwash fan Sandur North America Canada Arrowhead Provincial Park , Ontario Big Rock ( glacial erratic ) , Alberta Cypress Hills ( Canada ) , Saskatchewan Eramosa River , Ontario Eskers Provincial Park , British Columbia Foothills Erratics Train , Alberta Lion 's Head Provincial Park , Ontario Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine , Ontario Ovayok Territorial Park , Nunavut United States Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area , Wisconsin Coteau des Prairies , South Dakota Devil 's Lake State Park , Wisconsin Glacial Lake Wisconsin , Wisconsin Glacial Lakes State Park , Minnesota Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area , Wisconsin Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail , Idaho , Oregon & Washington Ice Age National Scientific Reserve , Wisconsin Ice Age Trail , Wisconsin Interstate State Park , Minnesota & Wisconsin Kelleys Island , Ohio Kettle Moraine State Forest , Wisconsin Lake Bonneville , Utah Lake Lahontan , Nevada Lake Missoula , Montana Mill Bluff State Park , Wisconsin Oneida Lake , New York Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area , Wisconsin Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field , Washington Yosemite National Park , California Eurasia and Antarctica Antarctica Hardangerfjord Killary Harbour Lambert Glacier Monte Rosa Ross Ice Shelf Svalbard Time periods Illinoian Stage Interglacial Interstadial Last glacial period Little Ice Age Older Dryas Pleistocene Pre-Illinoian Stage Quaternary glaciation Sangamonian Stage Wisconsin glaciation Younger Dryas Prehistoric technology Prehistory timeline outline Stone Age subdivisions New Stone Age Technology history Tools Farming Neolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern - 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Severn Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court tomb Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge - shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Tumulus Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Astronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language trepanning Prehistoric medicine Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric numerals Origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism GND : 4046350 - 3 NDL : 00566708 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pleistocene&oldid=863617625 '' Categories : Pleistocene Geological epochs Quaternary geochronology Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from September 2018 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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"The Pleistocene ( /ˈplaɪstəˌsiːn, -toʊ-/,[4] often colloquially referred to as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch which lasted from about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the world's most recent period of repeated glaciations. The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the end of the last glacial period and also with the end of the Paleolithic age used in archaeology.\n"
] | [
"about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago"
] |
-5961091723586652111 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Wikipedia Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the franchise . For entries in the franchise , see Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Art by Kevin Eastman Publication information Publisher Mirage Studios First appearance Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 1 ( May 1984 ) Created by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird In - story information Base ( s ) Manhattan , New York City Member ( s ) Leonardo Donatello Michelangelo Raphael The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( often shortened to TMNT or Ninja Turtles ) are four fictional teenaged anthropomorphic turtles named after Renaissance Italian artists . They were trained by their anthropomorphic rat sensei in the art of ninjutsu . From their home in the sewers of New York City , they battle petty criminals , evil overlords , mutated creatures , and alien invaders while attempting to remain hidden from society . They were created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird . The characters originated in comic books published by Mirage Studios and expanded into cartoon series , films , video games , toys , and other merchandise . During the peak of the franchise 's popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s , it gained worldwide success and fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Main characters 3 Comics 3.1 Mirage 3.2 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures 3.3 Dreamwave 3.4 IDW 3.5 Manga 3.6 Comic strip 4 Television series 4.1 First animated series ( 1987 -- 1996 ) 4.2 Original video animation 4.3 Live - action series ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 4.4 Second animated series ( 2003 -- 2009 ) 4.5 Third animated series ( 2012 -- 2017 ) 4.6 Fourth animated series ( 2018 ) 5 Feature films 6 Merchandise 6.1 Toys 7 Video games 8 In other media 8.1 Tabletop role playing game 8.2 Food tie - ins 8.3 Concert tour 8.4 At the Disney - MGM Studios theme park 9 Parodies 10 Controversies 10.1 Departure from origins 10.2 Teenage Mutant `` Hero '' Turtles 11 Ownership rights 11.1 Television 11.2 Films 11.3 Comic books 12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cover of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 1 ( May 1984 ) The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles first appeared in an American comic book published by Mirage Studios in 1984 in Dover , New Hampshire . The concept arose from a humorous drawing sketched out by Eastman during a casual evening of brainstorming and bad television with Laird . Using money from a tax refund , together with a loan from Eastman 's uncle , the young artists self - published a single - issue comic intended to parody four of the most popular comics of the early 1980s : Marvel Comics ' Daredevil and New Mutants , Dave Sim 's Cerebus , and Frank Miller 's Ronin . The TMNT comic book series has been published in various incarnations by various comic book companies since 1984 . The Turtles started their rise to mainstream success when a licensing agent , Mark Freedman , sought out Eastman and Laird to propose wider merchandising opportunities for the franchise . In 1986 , Dark Horse Miniatures produced a set of 15 - mm ( approximately 0.6 inch ) lead figurines . In January 1987 , Eastman and Laird visited the offices of Playmates Toys , a small California toy company that wanted to expand into the action - figure market . Development was undertaken by a creative team of companies and individuals : Jerry Sachs , advertising agent of Sachs - Finley Agency , brought together the animators at Murakami - Wolf - Swenson headed by Fred Wolf . Wolf and his team combined concepts and ideas with the Playmates marketing crew , headed by Karl Aaronian , vice president ( VP ) of sales Richard Sallis , and VP of Playmates Bill Carlson . Aaronian brought on several designers and concepteur and writer John C. Schulte , and worked out the simple backstory that would live on toy packaging for the entire run of the product and show . Sachs called the high concept pitch `` Green Against Brick '' . The sense of humor was honed with the collaboration of the Murakami - Wolf - Swenson animation firm 's writers . Playmates and their team essentially served as associate producers and contributing writers to the miniseries that was first launched to sell - in the toy action figures . Phrases like `` Heroes in a half shell '' and many of the comical catch phrases and battle cries ( `` Turtle power ! '' ) came from the writing and conceptualization of this creative team . As the series developed , veteran writer Jack Mendelsohn came on board as both a story editor and scriptwriter . David Wise , Michael Charles Hill , and Michael Reaves wrote most of the scripts . The miniseries was repeated three times before it found an audience . Once the product started selling , the show got syndicated and picked up and backed by Group W , which funded the next round of animation . The show then went network , on CBS . Accompanied by the popular Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1987 TV series , and the subsequent action figure line , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles became a mainstream success . At the height of the frenzy , in the late 1980s and early 1990s , the Turtles ' likenesses could be found on a wide range of children 's merchandise , from Pez dispensers to skateboards , breakfast cereal , video games , school supplies , linens , towels , cameras , and toy shaving kits . While the animated TV series , which lasted for 10 seasons until 1996 , was more light - hearted , the comic - book series continued in a much darker and grittier tone . In 1990 , a live - action feature film was released , with the Turtles and Splinter being portrayed by actors in partially animatronic suits created by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . The film became one of the most successful independent films and spawned two sequels , as well as inspiring a three - dimensional animated film set in the same continuity , which was released in 2007 under the title TMNT . After the end of the cartoon series , a live - action series in the vein of the films was created in 1997 in conjunction with Saban Entertainment . The series was called Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation and introduced a fifth , female turtle called Venus de Milo . However , the series was largely unsuccessful and was canceled after one season . The property lay dormant until 2003 , when a new animated TV series also entitled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles began to air on Fox Box ( 4Kids TV ) . The series storyline stuck much closer to the original Mirage comic book series , but was still less violent . It lasted for seven seasons and 156 episodes , ending in February 2009 . On October 21 , 2009 , it was announced that cable channel Nickelodeon ( a subsidiary of Viacom ) had purchased all of Mirage 's rights to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles property . Mirage retains the rights to publish 18 issues a year , though the future involvement of Mirage with the Turtles and the future of Mirage Studios itself is unknown . Nickelodeon has developed a new CGI - animated TMNT television series and partnered with fellow Viacom company Paramount Pictures to bring a new TMNT movie to theaters . The TV show premiered on Nickelodeon on September 29 , 2012 . The live - action film , produced by Platinum Dunes , Nickelodeon Movies , and Paramount Pictures , directed by Jonathan Liebesman , and produced by Michael Bay , was released on August 8 , 2014 . Main characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters Leonardo ( Leo ) -- The tactical , courageous leader and devoted student of his sensei , Leonardo wears a blue mask and wields two katana . As the most conscientious of the four , he often bears the burden of responsibility for his brothers , which commonly leads to conflict with Raphael . Leonardo was named after the Italian polymath , painter , engineer , inventor , writer , anatomist , and sculptor , Leonardo da Vinci . Michelangelo ( Mikey ) -- The most stereotypical teenager of the team , Michelangelo is a free - spirited , relaxed , and often goofy jokester , and known for his love of pizza . Michelangelo wears an orange mask and wields a pair of nunchucks . He provides the comic relief , though he still has an adventurous side . The least mature of the four Turtles , he shows characteristics of a `` surfer '' type and is often depicted with a Southern Californian accent . He is named after the Italian Renaissance painter , sculptor , architect , poet , and engineer , Michelangelo . His name was originally misspelled `` Michaelangelo '' by Peter Laird and Kevin Eastman . Donatello ( Donnie or Don ) -- The scientist , inventor , engineer , and technological genius , Donatello wears a purple mask and wields a bo staff . Donatello is perhaps the least violent turtle , preferring to use his knowledge to solve conflicts , but never hesitates to defend his brothers . He is named after the early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence , Donatello . Raphael ( Raph ) -- The team 's bad boy , Raphael wears a red mask and wields a pair of sai . He has an aggressive nature , and seldom hesitates to throw the first punch . He is often depicted with a very pronounced New York accent . His personality can be fierce and sarcastic , and oftentimes delivers deadpan humor . He is intensely loyal to his brothers and sensei . He is named after the Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance , Raphael . Splinter -- The Turtles ' sensei and adoptive father , Splinter is a Japanese mutant rat that learned the ways of ninjutsu from his owner and master , Hamato Yoshi . In the 1987 TV series , Archie Comics series , and the 2012 TV series , Splinter was Hamato Yoshi mutated into a humanoid rat . In the 2003 TV series , he was Hamato Yoshi 's pet rat . He was mutated from a mysterious ooze from the TCRI building . In the IDW comics , he is Hamato Yoshi reincarnated as a mutated rat . April O'Neil -- A former lab assistant to the mad scientist Baxter Stockman , April is the plucky human companion of the Turtles. April first met the Turtles when they saved her from Baxter 's Mouser robots . She embarks on many of the Turtles ' adventures and aids them by doing the work in public that the Turtles can not . In the 1987 TV series , Archie Comics series , the subsequent three films , and the 2014 film reboot , April was a television news reporter . In the 2007 CGI film ( following the continuity from the original three films ) , Casey Jones and she work for a shipping firm . In the 2012 series , April is a teenager who is rescued by the TMNTs and later given some `` crash courses '' in being a ninja by Splinter . Casey Jones -- A vigilante who wears a hockey mask to protect his identity , Casey Jones has become one of the Turtles ' closest allies , as well as a love interest to April . Casey first encountered the Turtles after having a fight with Raphael . He fights crime with an assortment of sporting goods he carries in a golf bag , such as baseball bats , golf clubs , and hockey sticks . The Shredder -- A villainous ninjutsu master called Oroku Saki , he is the leader of the Foot Clan , an evil ninja clan . In every incarnation of the TMNT franchise , he has been the archenemy of Splinter and the Turtles . The Shredder prefers to use his armor instead of weapons in some versions . Foot Soldiers / Ninjas -- The ninjas of the Foot Clan , working for the Shredder . Karai -- A female high - rank member of the Foot Clan , she has appeared in several different TMNT comics , cartoons , and films , as well as in multiple video games . In some incarnations of the character , she is closely related to Shredder as his adopted daughter or biological granddaughter . In most works , she shares an ambiguous rivalry with Leonardo , which occasionally even borders on romantic interest . Comics ( edit ) Mirage ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( Mirage Studios ) Eastman and Laird 's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles premiered in May 1984 , at a comic book convention held at a local Sheraton Hotel in Portsmouth , New Hampshire . It was published by Mirage Studios in an oversized magazine - style format using black and white artwork on cheap newsprint , limited to a print run of only 3,250 copies . Through a clever media kit that included a press release in Comic Buyer 's Guide # 542 and a full - page ad placed in Comic Buyer 's Guide # 547 , the public 's interest was piqued and thus began the Turtle phenomenon . The small print runs made these early comics and trade magazines instant collector items , and within months , they were trading for over 50 times their cover price . The name `` Mirage Studios '' was chosen because of Eastman and Laird 's lack of a professional art studio at the start of their career , before their creation made them both multimillionaires . Mirage also published a bimonthly companion book entitled Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , featuring art by Ryan Brown and Jim Lawson , which was designed to fill in the gaps of continuity in the TMNT universe . This put the original series and Tales in the same mainstream continuity , and the two are thus canon to each other . The title 's first volume was from 1987 -- 1989 , released in alternating months with the regular Eastman and Laird book . All seven issues of volume one have been collected in trade paperback form twice , and 25 issues of volume two have been collected in trades of five issues each . As the TMNT phenomenon proliferated to other media , Eastman and Laird found themselves administrating an international merchandising juggernaut . However , this prevented the two creators from participating in the day - to - day work of writing and illustrating a monthly comic book . So , many guest artists were invited to showcase their unique talents in the TMNT universe . The breadth of diversity found in the various short stories gave the series a disjointed , anthology - like feel . Fans stuck with the series , and what was originally intended as a one - shot became a continuing series that lasted for 129 issues , spanning four separate volumes ( having 62 , 13 , 23 , and 32 issues in the four distinct volumes ) . In June 1996 , Image Comics took over publishing the title in what is considered `` volume 3 '' of the series . It was a slightly more action - oriented TMNT series and although notable for inflicting major physical changes on the main characters , Peter Laird , co-creator of the TMNT , has said this volume is no longer in canon as he began publishing volume 4 at Mirage Publishing . As an explanation , he offered in the pages of the volume 4 ( issue # 8 ) letter column : `` It just did n't feel right . '' After taking back the series from Image Comics , Mirage Studios resumed publication of a fourth volume in December 2001 , under the simple title TMNT . After the publication of issue number 28 , writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight - month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 TMNT movie . However , after that eight months had passed , Mirage 's official website went on to list the series as in `` indefinite hiatus '' . In January 2008 , Mirage had finally confirmed that the series would return in May 2008 . Issues 29 and 30 had a limited printing of 1,000 copies each , and were available through the official TMNT website . Although the purchase agreement with Nickelodeon allows Laird to produce up to 18 comics a year set in the original Mirage continuity , no new material was released in the next few years . The latest issue of TMNT volume 4 was issue # 32 which came out in print May 4 , 2014 , and online on May 9 , 2014 , almost 4 years after issue # 31 was last released . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles adventures ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures was a comic - book series published from August 1988 to October 1995 by Archie Comics . The initial storylines were close adaptations of the 1987 TV series , but with the fifth issue , Eastman and Laird decided to hand the series over to Mirage Studios employees Ryan Brown and Stephen Murphy , who immediately abandoned the animated series adaptations and took the title in a decidedly different direction with all - new original adventures , including the uniting of several of the series ' recurring characters as a separate team , the Mighty Mutanimals . Dreamwave ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( Dreamwave Productions ) A monthly comic inspired by the 2003 TV series was published by Dreamwave Productions from June to December 2003 . It was written by Peter David and illustrated by LeSean Thomas . In the first four issues , which were the only ones directly adapted from the TV series , the story was told from the perspectives of April , Baxter , Casey , and a pair of New York City police officers . IDW ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( IDW Publishing ) In April 2011 , IDW Publishing announced that they had acquired the license to publish new collections of Mirage storylines and a new ongoing series . The first issue of the new series was released on August 24 , 2011 . Turtles co-creator Kevin Eastman and Tom Waltz write , with Eastman and Dan Duncan handling art chores . Manga ( edit ) The Turtles have appeared in several manga series . Mutant Turtles ( ミュータント ・ タートルズ , Myūtanto Tātoruzu ) is a 15 - issue series by Tsutomu Oyamada , Zuki mora , and Yoshimi Hamada that simply adapted episodes of the original American animated series . Super Turtles ( スーパー タートルズ Sūpā Tātoruzu ) is a three - issue miniseries by Hidemasa Idemitsu , Tetsurō Kawade , and Toshio Kudō that featured the `` TMNT Supermutants '' Turtle toys that were on sale at the time . The first volume of the anime miniseries followed this storyline . Mutant Turtles Gaiden ( ミュータント ・ タートルズ 外伝 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Gaiden ) by Hiroshi Kanno is a reinterpretation of the Turtles story with no connection to the previous manga . Mutant Turtles III ( ミュータント ・ タートルズ 3 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Tsuri ) is Yasuhiko Hachino 's adaptation of the third feature film . Mutant Turtles ' 95 ( ミュータント ・ タートルズ 95 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Kyūjūgo ) is a 1995 series by Ogata Nobu which ran in Comic BomBom . Mutant Turtles ' 96 ( ミュータント ・ タートルズ 96 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Kyūjūroku ) is a continuation of the 1995 series when it continued to run through 1996 . Comic strip ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( comic strip ) A daily comic strip written and illustrated by Dan Berger began in 1990 . It featured an adventure story Monday through Friday and activity puzzles on weekends ( with fan art appearing later ) . The comic strip was published in syndication until its cancellation in December 1996 . At its highest point in popularity , it was published in over 250 newspapers . Television series ( edit ) First animated series ( 1987 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1987 TV series ) Logo of the 1987 cartoon When little - known Playmates Toys , Inc. was approached about producing a TMNTs action figure line , they were cautious of the risk and requested that a television deal be acquired first . On December 28 , 1987 , the TMNT 's first cartoon series began , starting as a five - part miniseries and becoming a regular Saturday - morning syndicated series on October 1 , 1988 , with 13 more episodes . The series was produced by Murakami - Wolf - Swenson Film Productions , Inc. ( later Fred Wolf Films ) . Mirage Studios does not own the rights to this cartoon series . The show places a much stronger emphasis on humor than the comics do . Here , the Ninja Turtles are portrayed as four wise - cracking , pizza - obsessed superheroes that fight the forces of evil from their sewer hideout , and they make their first appearance in masks color - coded to each turtle , where previously they had all worn red . The cast included new and different characters , such as Bebop and Rocksteady and the Neutrinos . Original characters such as Splinter , Shredder , and the Foot Soldiers stayed true to the comics in appearance and alignment only . Instead of being Hamato Yoshi 's mutated pet rat , Splinter was a mutated Hamato himself . The Foot Soldiers changed from human ninjas to an endless supply of robotic grunts , allowing large numbers of them to be destroyed without anyone dying ( this was a very important decision in terms of the show 's child audience ; excessive violence would have alienated parents of children , the show 's target demographic ) . Krang , one of the series ' most memorable villains , was inspired by the design of the Utrom , a benign alien race from the Mirage comics . The animated Krang , however , was instead an evil warlord from Dimension X . Baxter Stockman , whose race was changed from black to white either due to apprehension toward depicting a villainous African American character in a children 's cartoon or that for Shredder to boss around a black Stockman would be perceived as racist . Either way , Stockman was rewritten as a shy and meek lackey to Shredder , later mutating into an anthropomorphic housefly . During the final two seasons of the show , to combat the rising popularity of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , the lead villain switched to Lord Dregg , an evil alien overlord bent on world conquest by trying to distract the public into believing that the Turtles were the enemy instead of himself . Starting on September 25 , 1989 , the series was expanded to weekdays and it had 47 more episodes for the new season . There were 28 new syndicated episodes for season 4 and only 13 of those episodes aired in 1990 . The `` European Vacation '' episodes were not seen in the United States until USA Network started showing reruns in late 1993 and the `` Awesome Easter '' episodes were not seen until 1991 . These episodes were delayed because of animation or scheduling problems . The turtles are also well known for their use of idiomatic expressions characteristic of the surfer lingo of the time , especially by Michelangelo . Words and phrases included `` bummer '' , `` dude '' , `` bogus '' , `` radical '' , `` far - out '' , `` tubuloso '' , `` bodacious '' , and possibly the most recognized , `` cowabunga '' . On April 21 , 1990 , a drug - prevention television special was broadcast on ABC , NBC , and CBS named Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue that featured some of the most popular cartoons at the time ; representing TMNT was Michelangelo , voiced by Townsend Coleman . Starting on September 8 , 1990 ( with a different opening sequence ) , the show began its run on CBS . The CBS weekend edition ran for a full hour until 1994 , initially airing a few Saturday - exclusive episodes back - to - back . Also , a brief `` Turtle Tips '' segment aired between the two episodes , which served as public - service announcement about the environment or other issues . After 1994 , the show was reduced to just a half - hour and only eight episodes per season were produced , grouped into a `` CBS Action Zone '' block that also featured WildC. A.T.s. and Skeleton Warriors , both of which were canceled after one season ; though TMNTs retained their `` Action Zone '' introduction . The two shows in the block were also produced by Fred Wolf Films . The series ran until November 2 , 1996 , when it aired its final episode . Its enormous popularity gave rise to its numerous imitators , including the Battletoads , Cheetahmen , Wild West C.O.W. - Boys of Moo Mesa , Road Rovers , Street Sharks , Extreme Dinosaurs , and Biker Mice from Mars . Currently , all 193 episodes are available on DVD and VHS . Original video animation ( edit ) Main article : Mutant Turtles : Choujin Densetsu - hen In addition to the American series , a Japan - exclusive two - episode anime original video animation ( OVA ) series was made in 1996 , titled Mutant Turtles : Choujin Densetsu - hen . The OVA is similar in tone to the 1987 TV series and uses the same voices from TV Tokyo 's Japanese dub of the 1987 TV series . The first episode was made to advertise the TMNT Supermutants toys . It featured the Turtles as superheroes , that gained costumes and superpowers with the use of Mutastones , while Shredder , Bebop and Rocksteady gained supervillain powers with the use of a Dark Mutastone . As with the Super Sentai and Power Rangers franchises , the four Turtles could combine to form the giant Turtle Saint . The second episode was created to advertise the Metal Mutants toys in which the characters gain Saint Seiya-esque mystical metal armor that can transform into beasts . Live - action series ( 1997 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) Logo of the live - action series Main article : Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation In 1997 -- 1998 , the Turtles starred in a live - action television series called Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation that directly follows the events of the first three movies . A fifth turtle was introduced , a female named Venus de Milo , who was skilled in the mystical arts of the shinobi . The series was intended as a loose continuation of the movie franchise , as Shredder had been defeated and the Ninja Turtles encountered new villains . Other connections to the feature films include the fact that Splinter 's ear was cut , the Foot Soldiers were humans , and the Turtles lived in the abandoned subway station seen in the second and third movies . The Next Mutation Turtles made a guest appearance on Power Rangers in Space . It was canceled after one season of 26 episodes . Second animated series ( 2003 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Logo of the 2003 cartoon Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2003 TV series ) In 2003 , a new TMNT series produced by 4Kids Entertainment began airing on the `` FoxBox '' ( later renamed `` 4Kids TV '' ) programming block . It later moved to `` The CW4Kids '' block . The series was co-produced by Mirage Studios , and Mirage owned one - third of the rights to the series . Mirage 's significant stake in creative control resulted in a cartoon that hews more closely to the original comics , creating a darker and edgier feel than the 1987 cartoon , but still remains lighthearted enough to be considered appropriate for children . This series lasted until 2009 , ending with a feature - length television movie titled Turtles Forever , which was produced in conjunction with the 25th anniversary of the TMNTs franchise and featured the Turtles of the 2003 series teaming up with their counterparts from the 1987 series . 4Kidstv.com featured all the episodes of the series , until September 2010 , when Nickelodeon brought the series and air the series occasionally on Nicktoons and Nickelodeon normally during TMNTs marathons . Third animated series ( 2012 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Logo of the 2012 cartoon Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) Nickelodeon acquired the global rights to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles from the Mirage Group and 4Kids Entertainment , Inc. and announced a new CGI - animated TMNT television series . The 2012 version is characterized by anime - like iconography and emphasis on mutagen continuing to wreak havoc on the everyday lives of the Turtles and their enemies . The series ran for five seasons . Fourth animated series ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Nickelodeon announced a new 2D animated series based on the franchise titled Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , which will debut in Fall 2018 . Feature films ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( film series ) The Turtles have appeared in six feature films . The first three are live - action features produced in the early 1990s : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Secret of the Ooze ( 1991 ) , and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III ( 1993 ) . The Turtles were played by various actors in costumes featuring animatronic heads , initially produced by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . The fourth film is a CGI - animated film titled simply TMNT and released in 2007 . A reboot , titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles produced by Platinum Dunes , Nickelodeon Movies , and Paramount Pictures , directed by Jonathan Liebesman , and produced by Michael Bay , was released on August 8 , 2014 . A sequel , Out of the Shadows was released on June 3 , 2016 . Merchandise ( edit ) Among the first licensed products to feature the TMNT was a tabletop role - playing game titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness , published by Palladium Books in 1985 , and featuring original comics and illustrations by Eastman and Laird . The game features a large list of animals , including elephants and sparrows , that are available as mutant player characters . Several more titles were in this genre , including Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures , Truckin ' Turtles , Turtles Go Hollywood , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Guide to the Universe , and Transdimensional Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . In 1986 , Dark Horse Miniatures in Boise , Idaho , produced an attendant set of lead figurines ; unlike later incarnations , the bandannas on the store 's display set were painted all black before the multicolored versions were released to help younger readers distinguish between the four characters other than their weaponry . Palladium allowed the license to lapse in 2000 , in part due to declining sales stemming from the `` kiddification '' of the animated and live - action incarnations to that point . However , Palladium 's publisher , Kevin Siembieda , has indicated a potential willingness to revisit the license given the franchise 's recent moves closer to its roots . Toys ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles action figures During the run of the 1987 TV series , Playmates Toys produced hundreds of TMNT action figures , along with vehicles , playsets , and accessories , becoming one of the top collectibles for children . Staff artists at Northampton , Massachusetts - based Mirage Studios provided conceptual designs for many of the figures , vehicles , and playsets and creator credit can be found in the legal text printed on the back of the toy packaging . In addition , Playmates produced a series of TMNTs / Star Trek crossover figures , due to Playmates holding the Star Trek action - figure license at the time . Playmates employed many design groups to develop looks and styles for the toy line , including Bloom Design , White Design , Pangea , Robinson - Clarke , and McHale Design . The marketing vice president of Playmates , Karl Aaronian , was largely responsible for assembling the talented team of designers and writers , which in turn , helped germinate continued interest in the toy line . Never before in toy history did an action - figure line have such an impact for over two decades , generating billions of dollars in licensing revenue . The series was highly popular in the UK , where in the run - up to Christmas , the Army & Navy Store in London 's Lewisham devoted its entire basement to everything Turtle , including games , videos , costumes , and other items . Playmates continue to produce TMNT action figures based on the 2003 animated series . The 2007 film TMNT also gave Playmates a new source from which to make figures , while National Entertainment Collectibles Association produced a series of high - quality action figures based on character designs from the original Mirage comics . In 2012 , a new toy line and a new classic toy line from Playmates were announced to be released . Video games ( edit ) Main article : List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles video games The first console video game based on the franchise , titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) by Konami under their `` Ultra Games '' label in 1989 and later ported to home computers and eventually for the Wii on the Virtual Console . Also released by Konami in 1989 was an arcade game , also titled simply Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , later ported to the NES as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Arcade Game , leading to an NES - only sequel , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III : The Manhattan Project , which used the look of the arcade game , as opposed to the first NES game . The next Turtles game , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Turtles in Time , was released in 1991 as an arcade game , and was later ported to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( Super NES ) in 1992 . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : The Hyperstone Heist was also created for the Sega Genesis in the same year , and used many of the art assets from TMNT IV . There was also a trilogy of TMNT video games for the original Game Boy system made by Konami , consisting of : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Fall of the Foot Clan , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : Back from the Sewers , and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III : Radical Rescue . As the video game series progressed , and the Ninja Turtles ' popularity began to decline in the mid-1990s , the video games changed direction . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Tournament Fighters was released as a set of one - on - one fighting game similar to the Street Fighter series ; versions were released for the NES , SNES , and Genesis , each a distinct game . Konami also acquired the license to adapt the 2003 TV series into a video game franchise , resulting in a new series of games with 3D gameplay inspired by the old TMNT beat ' em up games , consisting of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2003 video game ) , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 : Battle Nexus , and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 3 : Mutant Nightmare . In 2006 , Ubisoft acquired the rights for TMNT games , beginning with a game based on the 2007 animated feature film , along with a distinct game for the Game Boy Advance similar in style to the Konami arcade games . A beat ' em up game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Arcade Attack was released for the Nintendo DS in 2009 , to coincide with the series ' 25th anniversary . In 2013 , Activision released the downloadable game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows , based on the 2012 TV series and developed by Red Fly Studio for the Xbox Live Arcade , PlayStation Network and Steam . On January 25 , 2016 , Activision and PlatinumGames announced Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Mutants in Manhattan for the PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox One , Xbox 360 , and PC . The game is described as a third - person , team - based brawler . The campaign will be playable either single - player or co-op and will have an original story written by Tom Waltz , IDW comic writer and editor . The art style is based on long time TMNT comic artist Mateus Santolouco . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Legends , a Free to play Role - playing video game has been released by Ludia in summer 2016 for iPhone , iPad , Android , and Kindle Fire . It is based on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) . In other media ( edit ) Tabletop role playing game ( edit ) In 1985 Palladium published Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness ISBN 0 - 916211 - 14 - 2 . This was a stand - alone game , as well as acting as an expansion for their Rifts Megaverse . Within the game players rolled percentile dice or chose an animal , its physical attributes , the cause for mutation and education . The process involved spending Bio-Energy ( Bio-E ) to customise the animal to indicate how it had changed . The cost varied by animal depending on how developed the trait already was . e.g. Apes could pay 5 Bio-E for fully human hands , whereas Birds would have to pay 20 . The game used many key mechanics from the Palladium system . Character alignment is broadly covered by 3 groups , Good , Selfish and Evil . Education splits into Groups of Scholastic Skills and those Secondary skills the character has picked up in life . The combat system , including Hit Points ( HP ) and Structural Damage Capacity ( SDC ) are in there . The game itself is limited to which Martial Arts are available , but a separate book , Ninjas and Superspies ISBN 0 - 916211 - 31 - 2 increased the amount available from the generic Hand to Hand : Basic / Expert / Martial Arts or Ninjitsu to a choice of 41 Martial Arts styles . Examples of animals created are included in the Appendices as potential Antagonists ; the Terror Bears ; Caesers Weasels ; Sparrow Eagles , as well as including stats for the Turtles and other characters . Food tie - ins ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles food tie - ins During the height of their popularity , the Turtles had a number of food tie - ins . Among the most notable of these products was Ninja Turtles Cereal , produced by Ralston - Purina as a kind of `` Chex with TMNT - themed marshmallows '' which also came with a small pouch of Pizza Crunchabungas , pizza - flavored corn snacks in the shape of pizzas ( the commercial starred the Ninja Turtles as Will Vinton - created claymations ) ; Hostess Ninja Turtles Pudding Pies , featuring a green sugar crust and vanilla pudding inside ; and Royal OOZE Gelatin Desserts , distributed by Nabisco under `` Royal Gelatin '' in three different flavors : orange , strawberry , and lime . Shreddies used to give out TMNT toys in their boxes when the cereal advertising was still geared toward children . One example of a TMNT prize was rings featuring a character on the cartoon ( 1992 ) . There was also green Ninja Turtle ice cream with different toppings according to which turtle flavor one ordered . Chef Boyardee also released a canned pasta with the pasta in the shapes of the four turtles . Concert tour ( edit ) To capitalize on the Turtles ' popularity , a concert tour was held in 1990 , premiering at Radio City Music Hall on August 17 . The `` Coming Out of Their Shells '' tour featured live - action turtles playing music as a band ( Donatello , keyboards ; Leonardo , bass guitar ; Raphael , drums and sax ; Michelangelo , guitar ) on stage around a familiar plotline : April O'Neil is kidnapped by the Shredder , and the turtles have to rescue her . The story had a very Bill - n ' - Ted-esque feel , with its theme of the power of rock n ' roll literally defeating the enemy , in the form of the Shredder ( who only rapped about how he hates music ) trying to eliminate all music . A pay - per - view special highlighting the concert was shown , and a studio album was also released . The track listing is as follows : Concert tour track list ( show ) `` Coming Out of Our Shells ! '' `` Sing About It '' `` Tubin ' '' `` Skipping Stones '' `` Pizza Power '' `` Walk Straight '' `` No Treaties '' `` Cowabunga '' `` April Ballad '' `` Count on Us '' Since the tour was sponsored by Pizza Hut in real life , many references are made to their pizza . Empty Pizza Hut boxes are seen onscreen in the `` Behind the Shells '' VHS . As part of a cross-marketing strategy , Pizza Hut restaurants gave away posters , audio cassettes of `` Coming Out of Their Shells '' , and `` Official Tour Guides '' as premiums . The original show of the tour was released on video with a making of video also released . The song `` Pizza Power '' was later used by Konami for the second arcade game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Turtles in Time . At the Disney - MGM Studios theme park ( edit ) On June 30 , 1990 , the TMNT appeared in the `` New York Street '' section of Disney - MGM Studios theme park in Orlando . Emerging from their Turtle Party Wagon , they would `` ninja dance '' across the stage while April performed the theme song to the show . After the main show was done , they posed for pictures and signed autographs . The Turtles also made appearances in Disney 's Very Merry Christmas Parade to sing their own rendition of `` Santa Claus is Coming to Town '' . They also appeared during the Easter parade dancing to their single `` Pizza Power ! '' The Turtles ' live shows and appearances ceased production in 1996 . Parodies ( edit ) Cover of Cracked # 255 , August 1990 Although the TMNT had originated as something of a parody , the comic 's explosive success led to a wave of small - press , black and white comic parodies of TMNT itself , including Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters , Pre-Teen Dirty - Gene Kung Fu Kangaroos , and a host of others . Dark Horse Comics ' Boris the Bear was launched in response to these TMNT clones ; its first issue was titled `` Boris the Bear Slaughters the Teenage Radioactive Black Belt Mutant Ninja Critters '' . Once the Turtles broke into the mainstream , parodies also proliferated in other media , such as in satire magazines Cracked and Mad magazine and numerous TV series of the period . The satirical British television series Spitting Image featured a recurring sketch `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turds '' . Controversies ( edit ) Departure from origins ( edit ) The Turtles engaged in a greater amount of overt violence in the pages of the early Mirage comic book series by Eastman and Laird . As the TMNT were introduced into the mainstream , they were radically redesigned . In issue # 19 of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , the creators published an editorial addressing any possible concerns of readers as a result of this . It stated , in part : `` We 've allowed the wacky side to happen , and enjoy it very much . All the while , though , we 've kept the originals very much ours -- forty pages of what we enjoy and want to see in our books , whether it comes from our own hands or from those of the talented people we work with . '' In the film Turtles Forever , the original Mirage Turtles refer to their descendants as `` sell - outs '' , in reference to their colorful accessories ( the originals are conveyed in black and white ) . Teenage Mutant `` Hero '' Turtles ( edit ) The title screen from the TMHT version , altered due to censorship . Upon TMNT 's first arrival in the United Kingdom and Ireland the name was changed to `` Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles '' ( or TMHT , for short ) , since local censorship policies deemed the word ninja to have excessively violent connotations for a children 's program ( in Ireland , however , the first season aired as `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' before the change to `` Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles '' ) . Consequently , everything related to the Turtles ( comic books , video games , toys , etc . ) had to be renamed before being released in these nations , as well as in the German - speaking countries . The lyrics were also changed , such as changing `` Splinter taught them to be ninja teens '' to `` Splinter taught them to be fighting teens '' . The policies also had other effects , such as editing out use of Michelangelo 's nunchaku ( which were at the time banned from appearing in 18 - rated films and generally toning down the usage of all the turtles ' weapons . To head this problem off , the showrunners elected to remove Michelangelo 's nunchaku entirely during season three , replacing them with a grappling hook called the `` Turtle Line '' that served as Mikey 's signature weapon for the rest of the show 's run . In Italy , Spain and Portugal , they kept Michelangelo 's nunchaku but the `` TMHT '' logo could be seen in the intro , as it was not edited to reflect the title in each of those translations . In Spain the cartoon was originally aired in regional TV channels and thus had different dubs in addition to Castillian : Galician and Catalan ; in the Galician version , the title As Tartarugas Mutantes ( `` The Mutant Turtles '' ) was used . The Italian and European Portuguese dubs also had few edits . However , when the live - action movie came out in 1990 , the Ninja of the title was kept even in the UK . In time , nunchaku scenes were retained in previously - censored movies such as those of Bruce Lee . The same went for the PAL releases of the early video games , which had Michelangelo 's weapon of choice fully visible and usable . By the time of the 2003 TV series , these censorship policies had been abolished , and no changes have occurred in the content of the show . The name `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' remained unchanged for the 2003 TV series . As a result , in the UK , the 1987 TV series is still called Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles and the 2003 TV series is called Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . In 2009 , Lionsgate Home Entertainment released the 25th Anniversary Collectors Edition on Region 2 DVD in the UK . This 3 - Disc set contains all the episodes of Seasons 1 and 2 and 4 episodes from the final season , as well as a 1 - Disc DVD with the first few episodes of Season 1 . This release features the original , unedited episodes under the `` Ninja Turtles '' title , and also marks the first time the show has been released and left uncensored in the UK . Ownership rights ( edit ) Due to various movie and television deals , the various TMNT films and television series have split between various companies , with Mirage Studios having retained copyright and trademark until October 19 , 2009 , at which point the rights for the entire TMNT franchise were sold by co-creator Peter Laird to Nickelodeon . Television ( edit ) The original animated series ( 1987 -- 1996 ) was produced by Fred Wolf Films Dublin ( as Murakami Wolf Swenson ( MWS ) and Murakami Wolf Dublin ( MWD ) during earlier seasons ) , and syndicated by Group W . The series itself is owned by Wolf Films , with home entertainment rights residing with Lions Gate Entertainment , and until recently , syndication rights belonged to Nickelodeon 's former corporate sibling CBS Television Distribution . The initial five - part miniseries ( retroactively considered the first season ) was copyrighted by Playmates Toys , although their rights to those episodes were bought out by Fred Wolf Films . Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation was produced by Saban Entertainment , and as of September 2011 , is owned and distributed by Saban Brands . The second animated series ( 2003 -- 2009 ) was a co-production between Mirage Studios and 4Kids Entertainment . Nickelodeon 's October 19 , 2009 buyout of the TMNT franchise included an approximate $9.75 million payment to 4Kids to terminate its right to serve as the merchandise licensing agent prior to the scheduled expiration of the representation agreement in 2012 . Due to the buyout , all future TMNT film and television series rights are owned by Nickelodeon . Nickelodeon also gained the rights to the 2003 series after terminating 4Kids ' contract . Films ( edit ) The first three TMNT live - action films were produced by Golden Harvest , with New Line Cinema ( now a sister company of Warner Bros. Entertainment ) distributing the films in the United States , with 20th Century Fox distributing the second and third films in most other territories . The first two films were copyrighted by the UK - based Northshore Investments . The third film was copyrighted by Clearwater Holdings . The fourth film was produced by Imagi Animation Studios , and released by Warner Bros. Entertainment in association with the Weinstein Company . Michael Bay produced a feature film directed by Jonathan Liebesman simply titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , and was released on August 8 , 2014 . A sequel , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows , was released on June 3 , 2016 , with Megan Fox and Will Arnett reprising their roles and debuting Stephen Amell as Casey Jones . Dave Green replaced Liebesman as the director . Comic books ( edit ) Initially , Mirage allowed employees and freelancers to retain the rights to characters they created for the TMNT Universe but had never licensed for media and merchandise outside comic books . Eventually , due to the difficulty of keeping track of everyone 's rights , Mirage made TMNT character creators sign retroactive work - for - hire contracts . One creator who did not sign over the rights to his TMNT work was Swamp Thing veteran Rick Veitch . See also ( edit ) Comics portal 1980s portal Table of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles character appearances List of anthropomorphic animal superheroes Ninja in popular culture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Heroes in a Half Shell Turn the Big 2 -- 5 '' . The New York Times . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Harvey R. ( April 15 , 1990 ) . `` Just How Powerful Are Those Turtles ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TMNT : The Rennaissance ( sic& ) Reptiles Return '' . Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I Was a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle '' . January 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wiater , Stanley ( 1991 ) . The Official Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Treasury . Villard Books . ISBN 0679734848 . Jump up ^ Laird , Peter ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` palblog : Musings about the sale '' . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mirage Group Sells Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles to Nickelodeon '' . Reuters . October 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : TMNT Origin Story , official site . Retrieved November 16 , 2007 . Archived June 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McGill , Douglas C. ( December 25 , 1988 ) . `` DYNAMIC DUO : Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird ; Turning Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Into a Monster '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Ninja Turtles '' . TeenageMutantNinjaTurtles.com . TeenageMutantNinjaTurtles.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ IDW Announces New Comic Series Based on the Original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Archived April 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . IDW Publishing April 1 , 2011 Accessed April 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ About the Creators TMNT25.com ( January 2009 ) . Retrieved on 1 -- 31 -- 09 . Archived April 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Simpson , Janice C. ( April 2 , 1990 ) . `` Show Business : Lean , Green and on the Screen '' . Time . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles On TV '' . IGN . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' ( 1987 / I ) -- Trivia IMDB.com ( February 2019 ) . Retrieved on 2 -- 21 -- 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Official TMNT Web Site ! '' . Tmnt25.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles On TV '' . IGN . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TMNT Celebrates 25 Years , III -- Peter Laird '' . Newsarama . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Eileen ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` WonderCon 2011 -- PR : IDW to Publish New Ninja Turtles Series Based on Original Comics '' . toonzone news . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David McCutcheon ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` TMNT Gets a Makeover '' . IGN TV . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eric Goldman ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` New Ninja Turtles TV Series and Film Coming '' . IGN TV . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Nickelodeon Rouses SpongeBob , Green Slime , ' Lip Sync Battle ' and Gwen Stefani to Lure Upfront Dollars '' . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon unveils 2017 upfront lineup '' . kidscreen.com . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsay ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' sequel set for 2016 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meadows , Chris ( February 19 , 2007 ) . `` Kevin Siembieda Interview , Part 2 '' ( mp3 ) . Space Station Liberty . Retrieved February 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lazzareschi , Carla ( December 23 , 1991 ) . `` Rapid - Paced Turtle Sales Starting to Slow Down : Toys : Rival manufacturers see a cooling of the ' Ninja ' fad as a chance to regain a larger share of the market '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Playmates Reveals 2012 ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Action Figures -- ComicsAlliance Comic book culture , news , humor , commentary , and reviews '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft to create video game based on 2007 TMNT movie '' . Starpulse.com . January 11 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 4Kids Entertainment And The Mirage Group Sign Worldwide Video Game Agreement With Ubisoft '' ( PDF ) . 4kidsentertainment.com . January 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Arcade Attack hands - on ign.com Jump up ^ `` Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows announced -- trailer '' . Digitalspy.co.uk . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TMNT - Mutants in Manhattan '' . www.tmntmutantsinmanhattan.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( April 13 , 1990 ) . `` ' Turtles ' Tapes Being Served at Burger King '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mutant Merchandise '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 30 , 1990 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Givens , Ron ( August 17 , 1990 ) . `` Music news for August 17 , 1990 -- Prince and the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles made news this week '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( September 28 , 1990 ) . `` Review / Music ; After the Hype , an Elaborate High - Tech Show for the Ninja Turtles Set '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Granberry , Ted ; Churnin , Nancy ( November 30 , 1990 ) . `` Turtles Shell Out Ninja Concert Fun '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shell Schlocked '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 12 , 1990 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rX924HL3pV0&feature=youtu.be&t=18m59s Jump up ^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles vol. 1 # 19 , March 1989 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Susan ( April 7 , 1991 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Television : Who 's winning the battle over kids ' TV ? '' . Washington Post Magazine . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Ninjaturtles.com . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Peter . `` So Much for a Dark and Twisted ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Movie '' . amazon.imdb.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Programming Catalog : Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation '' . MarVista Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2012 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cynopsis : Kids ! 09 / 19 / 11 '' . Cynopsis . September 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pickard , Michael ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` MarVista picks up live Turtles '' . C21Media . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Mirage Group Sells Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles to Nickelodeon - 4Kids Entertainment to End Long - Standing Relationship as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Licensing Agent and Production Partner '' ( PDF ) . 4kidsentertainment.com . October 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Kevin Eastman Interview Part I The Comics Journal '' . Tcj.com . January 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Eastman , Kevin ( 2002 ) . Kevin Eastman 's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Artobiography . Los Angeles : Heavy Metal . ISBN 1 - 882931 - 85 - 8 . Wiater , Stanley ( 1991 ) . The Official Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Treasury . New York : Villard . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73484 - 8 . 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"The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (often shortened to TMNT or Ninja Turtles) are four fictional teenaged anthropomorphic turtles named after Renaissance Italian artists. They were trained by their anthropomorphic rat sensei in the art of ninjutsu. From their home in the sewers of New York City, they battle petty criminals, evil overlords, mutated creatures, and alien invaders while attempting to remain hidden from society. They were created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird."
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-723270497094680359 | 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly | 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly - wikipedia 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly See also : Nepalese Constituent Assembly election , 2008 and 2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly ← 2008 Nepal This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Nepal Constitution ( show ) Fundamental Rights and Duties Human rights LGBT rights Government ( show ) President : Bidhya Devi Bhandari Vice President : Nanda Bahadur Pun Executive : Prime Minister : Khadga Prasad Oli Council of Ministers : Oli II Civil Services Cabinet Secretary Federal Parliament : House of Representatives Speaker : Krishna Bahadur Mahara National Assembly Chairman : Ganesh Prasad Timilsina Judiciary : Supreme Court Chief Justice of Nepal : Gopal Parajuli District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission Political parties Recent elections Presidential : 2008 2015 National : 2008 2013 2017 Provincial : 2017 Local : 2017 Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions Provinces Province governments Provincial Assemblies Governors Chief Minister Local governments Districts Municipality Rural Municipality Foreign relations ( show ) Ministry of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of Nepal to Nepal Passport Visa requirements Related topics ( show ) Democracy movement Civil War Other countries Atlas Voters line up during first Constituent Election 2008 The 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly was a unicameral body of 601 members that served from May 28 , 2008 to May 28 , 2012 . It was formed as a result of the first Constituent Assembly election held on April 10 , 2008 . The Constituent Assembly was tasked with writing a new constitution , and acting as the interim legislature for a term of two years . 240 members were elected in single seat constituencies , 335 were elected through proportional representation , and the remaining 26 seats were reserved for nominated members . The Communist Party of Nepal ( Maoist ) ( CPN ( M ) ) was the largest party in the Constituent Assembly , having won half of the constituency seats and about 30 % of proportional representation seats . The Constituent Assembly declared a republic at its first meeting on May 28 , 2008 , abolishing the monarchy . In late June 2008 , the parties agreed to divide the 26 nominated seats in the Constituent Assembly between nine parties : the CPN ( M ) was to receive nine of these seats , while the Nepali Congress ( NC ) and the Communist Party of Nepal ( Unified Marxist - Leninist ) ( CPN ( UML ) ) ( which respectively placed second and third in the election ) would each receive five , the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum would receive two , and the Sadbhavana Party , the Nepal Workers and Peasants Party , Janamorcha Nepal , and the Communist Party of Nepal ( Marxist - Leninist ) would each receive one nominated seat . Due to its failure in drafting a new constitution , the CA was dissolved on May 28 , 2012 after its original and extended total tenure of 4 years . The next Nepalese Constituent Assembly elections initially slated for November 22 , 2012 were held a year later on November 19 , 2013 after being postponed several times . Contents 1 Opening of the Constituent Assembly , declaration of the Republic 2 Power - sharing discussions 3 Resignation of Koirala , Madhesi demands 4 Election of Nepal 's first president 5 References Opening of the Constituent Assembly , declaration of the republic ( edit ) The official and final list of members elected under the PR system was released on 8 May 2008 ; this meant the first meeting of the CA ( which has to be held within 21 days of the publication of the final result ) would be held before the end of May 2008 . On 12 May 2008 , it was announced that the first session of the CA would be held on 28 May 2008 . The members of the CA were sworn in on 27 May 2008 . The composition of CA looked like this : At the first session of the Constituent Assembly on 28 May , it voted to declare Nepal a federal democratic republic , thereby abolishing the monarchy. 564 members of the Constituent Assembly voted on this motion , with 560 in favor and four opposed . Of all the parties represented in the Constituent Assembly , only the Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal ( RPP - Nepal ) opposed the motion . Koirala said that Nepal was entering a new era and that `` the nation 's dream has come true '' , while celebrations took place in Kathmandu ; May 29 and May 30 were declared to be public holidays by the government . The Constituent Assembly also decided that Gyanendra should leave the Narayanhity Palace within 15 days . Earlier on 28 May , the major parties agreed on the creation of the position of President , while the Prime Minister was to hold executive powers ; however , they reached no agreement on exactly what powers the President should have or who should become President , and these deliberations led to a delay in the opening of the Constituent Assembly . On 29 May , the royal standard was removed from Narayanhity Palace and replaced with the national flag . Gyanendra reportedly said on 2 June that he accepted the Constituent Assembly 's decision . Power - sharing discussions ( edit ) 13 parties , including the CPN ( M ) , the NC , and the CPN ( UML ) , met at the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction on June 1 ; no agreement was reached regarding power arrangements . The CPN ( M ) pressed its demand for both the positions of President and Prime Minister , but the NC and CPN ( UML ) were unwilling to accept this . The NC wanted these positions to be chosen through a simple majority vote in the Constituent Assembly . Addressing a rally in Gorkha district on June 1 , Prachanda gave Koirala an ultimatum to present his resignation to the Constituent Assembly within two or three days , warning that if he failed to do so , the Maoist members of the government would resign and the party would lead street protests . After Gyanendra requested that the government make arrangements for his residence on June 1 , the government decided on June 4 to give another palace , the Nagarjuna Palace , to Gyanendra . Also on June 4 , Prachanda and Koirala met ; at this meeting Prachanda demanded that the government step aside by June 5 and again threatened street protests . On the same day , the three main parties held a meeting at which they again failed to reach an agreement , but the parties agreed on the need for a few more days and the CPN ( M ) postponed its deadline for the government to step aside to allow for this period . On June 5 , the CPN ( M ) softened its position , deciding at a meeting of its Central Secretariat that it would not press its claim to the presidency and that it would instead favor having a member of civil society become President . The party expressed continued opposition to a proposal that would allow the Prime Minister to be dismissed by a simple majority vote of the Constituent Assembly . Despite the Maoist desire to have a neutral figure as President , the NC proposed Koirala for the position . The Constituent Assembly held its second sitting on June 5 ; due to the three major parties ' deadlock , this sitting was very brief , lasting less than a half hour , and took no major decisions . On June 11 , Gyanendra gave a brief press conference at Narayanhiti , stating his acceptance of the republic and promising cooperation . He also said that he intended to stay in Nepal , asserted that he held no property outside of Nepal , and expressed his hope that he would be allowed to keep his property . He left Narayanhiti on the same evening and went to his new residence at Nagarjuna . Shortly after another meeting between Prachanda and Koirala , the CPN ( M ) ministers announced their resignations and sent a joint resignation letter to Prachanda on June 12 . According to the CPN ( M ) Minister for Local Development , Dev Gurung , the purpose of the resignations was to `` accelerate the process of formation of a new government and bring an end to the current transitional period '' . However , some considered the resignations to be a means of increasing pressure on Koirala . The resignations were not immediately submitted to Koirala by the CPN ( M ) , and therefore were not made effective . Gurung said that he expected a coalition government to be formed by June 18 . Also on June 12 , CPN ( UML ) General Secretary Jhala Nath Khanal asserted that a member of his party should become President . On June 14 he blamed the CPN ( M ) for the deadlock . At a meeting with Communist Party of Nepal ( Marxist - Leninist ) General Secretary C.P. Mainali on June 14 , Koirala stressed the importance of power - sharing according to the popular mandate and consensus . Mainali expressed the view that the Maoists should be allowed to lead the government , while the post of President should go to someone from the Nepali Congress and the post of Chairman of the Constituent Assembly should go to someone from the CPN ( UML ) . Meanwhile , Prachanda rejected the possibility of Koirala becoming President , saying that this would be a `` dishonour to the people 's mandate '' ; he also expressed concern that having Koirala as President could cause the development of a separate power center from the government , in addition to noting Koirala 's advanced age and health problems . Prachanda said that the President should come from a smaller party rather than from the Nepali Congress or the CPN ( UML ) . Koirala said on June 15 that he would not `` run around pleading '' for the presidency . Prachanda , meanwhile , said that he expected the new government to be formed imminently , calling on other parties to support this and warning that anyone contravening the people 's mandate would have a `` heavy price '' to pay . Another meeting of the three main parties on June 16 ended in continued disagreement on the key issues , and the CPN ( M ) said that it would submit the resignations of its ministers to Koirala if the next meeting on June 17 did not produce an agreement . CPN ( UML ) General Secretary Khanal said on June 17 that it was important for the left - wing parties to work together . While saying that the CPN ( UML ) and the CPN ( M ) would cooperate in the future , he noted that it would be necessary for the parties to improve their difficult relationship . The CPN ( M ) Central Secretariat met on the same day and approved the decision to hold firm on the key issues and for its ministers to resign if an agreement was not reached later in the day . The party chose to support Ramraja Prasad Singh for the presidency . Upendra Yadav , the Coordinator of the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum , also said on June 17 that his party would not participate in the government and would instead be an opposition party , and he stressed the importance of cooperation among the Madhesi parties . Although he criticized the three main parties for focusing on their power struggle , he endorsed the Maoist claim to lead the government , while asserting that some of the key portfolios should be given to other parties . The Constituent Assembly went into indefinite recess on June 18 . The three main parties continued their discussions on that day , but did not reach an agreement . However , CPN ( M ) spokesman Krishna Bahadur Mahara said that they were getting closer to an agreement , and he said that the party had postponed its deadline to June 19 . On June 19 , the three main parties reached an agreement providing for a constitutional amendment that would enable a government to be formed or dismissed by a simple majority vote of the Constituent Assembly , rather than the previously required two - thirds majority vote . An agreement was also concluded on the issue of integrating Maoist fighters into the national army . However , the parties did not yet agree on a way to resolve the question of power - sharing . Later that day , the Seven - Party Alliance held a meeting at which Koirala said that he was prepared to resign at any time . The CPN ( M ) and the CPN ( UML ) leadership met early on June 20 , and afterwards Khanal said that the CPN ( M ) had `` responded positively '' to the CPN ( UML ) 's proposal to have someone from the CPN ( UML ) as President . A leading member of the CPN ( UML ) said that the two parties had agreed on the candidacy of Madhav Kumar Nepal , the former General Secretary of the CPN ( UML ) . However , a leading member of the CPN ( M ) disputed this , saying that the two parties were closer to an agreement but that their party had not agreed to support a CPN ( UML ) candidate ; he said that both Nepal and Sahana Pradhan ( whose name was proposed by the CPN ( M ) ) had been discussed as candidates . The Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities ( NFIN ) met with Koirala on June 20 , seeking a recommendation that indigenous peoples not already represented in the Constituent Assembly be included in it through the 26 nominated seats . Koirala , who was supportive of the NFIN 's request , also sharply criticized his rivals on this occasion , saying that they were practicing petty politics and were not respecting the people 's mandate to work on a consensus basis . The Maoist ministers submitted their joint resignation at a meeting of the seven parties on June 20 . Sher Bahadur Deuba of the Nepali Congress said on June 24 that the CPN ( M ) was responsible for the deadlock and claimed that it was working to divide the Seven - Party Alliance . He also said that Koirala would resign after the election of a President and that the CPN ( M ) had no authority to demand his resignation before then . Also on June 24 , the seven parties agreed on the introduction of a constitutional amendment providing for the election of a President and the formation of a government through simple majority votes . There was , however , disagreement over the Nepali Congress proposal to include a member of the opposition on the National Security Council ; the CPN ( M ) and the CPN ( UML ) described this as undemocratic . There was also a proposal to include members of each of the seven parties on the National Security Council . Despite the failure to agree about the opposition 's inclusion on the National Security Council , it was agreed to give the opposition a place on the Constitutional Council . The parties also reached agreement on a number of issues related to peace , disarmament and reintegration . A decision was also reached with to divide the 26 nominated seats in the Constituent Assembly among nine parties : the CPN ( M ) was to receive nine of these seats , while the Nepali Congress and the CPN ( UML ) would each receive five , the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum would receive two , and the Sadbhavana Party , the Nepal Workers and Peasants Party , Janamorcha Nepal , and the Communist Party of Nepal - Marxist Leninist would each receive one nominated seat . Resignation of Koirala , Madhesi demands ( edit ) The Council of Ministers approved the constitutional amendment late on June 25 . At a meeting of the Constituent Assembly on June 26 , Koirala announced his resignation , although it will not be finalized until after the election of a President , to whom the resignation must be submitted . Although it was expected that the constitutional amendment would be approved at the same meeting , it was not introduced after Madhesi members of the Constituent Assembly demanded that the amendment be expanded to incorporate a March 2008 agreement between the Madhesis and the government that provided for Madhesi autonomy , among other things . As a result of this , the Constituent Assembly meeting was suspended until June 28 . After meeting with Koirala on June 27 , Hridayesh Tripathy of the Terai Madhes Loktantrik Party ( TMLP ) said that Koirala was in favor of incorporating the Madhesi agreement into the amendment and that he asked the Madhesis not to disrupt the Constituent Assembly again . On June 28 , the seven parties met to discuss the Madhesi demands ; although no decision was reached , all of the parties opposed the Madhesi demand for a single province . The Constituent Assembly met later that day and was again disrupted by representatives of the Madhesi parties , forcing the cancellation of the meeting after only a few minutes . The next Constituent Assembly meeting on June 29 was also disrupted by the Madhesis and was cancelled . Jaya Prakash Gupta , a leading figure in the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum ( MJF ) , also warned on June 29 that the Madhesi parties would `` not only obstruct the Constituent Assembly but also paralyse the entire nation to force ( the seven parties ) to meet our demands . '' Prachanda , in an interview on June 30 , expressed frustration with the Madhesi parties ' disruption , which occurred just after Koirala 's resignation , when it appeared the road to forming a new government was clear . He said that he favored Madhesi autonomy , but opposed their demand for all of Terai to become one Madhesi province . Khanal , the CPN ( UML ) General Secretary , flatly rejected the demand for a single Madhesi province , condemning it as `` a game to disintegrate the nation '' . He said that the demand ignored the wishes of other ethnic groups in the Terai . The Constituent Assembly met on June 30 but was again disrupted by the Madhesis and the meeting was cancelled . The three main parties reached an agreement with the three Madhesi parties , the MJF , the TMLP , and the Nepal Sadbhavana Party , on July 1 , providing for a supplementary amendment bill that would meet the Madhesi demands . Another meeting of the Constituent Assembly was disrupted by the Madhesis and aborted on July 2 , while the CPN ( M ) , Nepali Congress , and CPN ( UML ) met to decide the draft text of the supplementary amendment bill . The CPN ( M ) and MJF met on July 3 , and the CPN ( M ) agreed to include a reference to Madhesi autonomy in the bill , while also saying that it wanted the bill to mention other indigenous groups ' desire for autonomy. 13 small parties in the Constituent Assembly said on July 3 that they were completely opposed to the Madhesi demand for a single autonomous province , and they criticized the larger parties for the political deadlock that prevented discussion of the issues from taking place in the Constituent Assembly . Sessions of the Constituent Assembly were attempted on July 3 and July 4 , but both were immediately disrupted by the Madhesi members and were aborted . On the latter occasion , Kul Bahadur Gurung , who chaired the session , urged the Madhesi members to respect the right of other members to be heard , but they ignored him . On July 4 , the CPN ( M ) , Nepali Congress , and CPN ( UML ) agreed on a draft supplementary amendment bill intended to satisfy the Madhesi demands . The draft requires the State Restructuring Commission to consider the March 2008 agreement between the government and the Madhesis when drawing up Nepal 's federal structure . A meeting of the Seven Party Alliance followed the three - party agreement , and at this meeting , the People 's Front Nepal , United Left Front , and Nepal Workers and Peasants Party objected to the draft , saying that it would endanger national unity . The cabinet approved the bill late on July 4 ; at the same time , it decided to nominate the 26 remaining members of the Constituent Assembly , dividing the seats between nine parties in accordance with the parties ' earlier agreement and the lists of names they presented . The Madhesi parties quickly deemed the supplementary amendment bill to be an unacceptable `` betrayal '' . Khanal , the CPN ( UML ) General Secretary , said that the bill should satisfy the Madhesi demands , and he warned that opposition to the bill would not be in Madhesi interests or in the interests of any of the peoples of Terai . He called on the Madhesi members to make proposals and engage in discussion in the Constituent Assembly instead of disrupting it . On July 6 , at a meeting between the three main parties and the Madhesi parties , the former agreed to formulate a new bill to replace the one agreed upon two days prior , while the latter agreed to stop disrupting the Constituent Assembly . 23 of the 26 nominated members of the Constituent Assembly were sworn in on July 7 ; the remaining three were unable to attend the swearing in ceremony . On July 8 , the Seven Party Alliance , with the exception of the Nepal Workers and Peasants Party , agreed on the content of a new draft bill , according to which federal structures would be created in line with the wishes of the Madhesis and other ethnic groups . The Constituent Assembly was able to meet and function on July 9 , for the first time since the Madhesis began pressing their demands on June 26 . Although they did not disrupt the Constituent Assembly on this occasion , the three Madhesi parties furiously condemned the proposed bill and vowed that their struggle would continue . During the Constituent Assembly meeting , they submitted a protest notice , and when this was rejected , they chose to boycott the Constituent Assembly 's proceedings . Narendra Bikram Nemwang , the Minister for Law , Justice and Parliamentary Affairs , tabled the bill regardless . Koirala said on July 11 that forming a government was the responsibility of the CPN ( M ) . However , the CPN ( M ) criticized the Nepali Congress on July 12 for `` obstructing the process ( of forming a government ) for the past three months '' . To protest the amendment bill , the Madhesi parties boycotted the Constituent Assembly meeting held on July 13 , at which the amendment bill was considered . The bill was passed on the same day ; 442 members of the Constituent Assembly voted for the amendment and seven voted against it . It thus became the interim constitution 's Fifth Amendment . The amendment allows for the formation of a government based on a Constituent Assembly majority ; it also allows the President , Vice-President , Chairman of the Constituent Assembly , and the Deputy Chairman of the Constituent Assembly to be elected by majority vote if there is no consensus . In addition , the amendment provides for the Leader of the Opposition to become a member of the Constitutional Council ; however , the Constituent Assembly rejected a proposal from the cabinet that the Leader of the Opposition be included on the National Defense Council . In a meeting with the Nepali Congress on July 14 , the CPN ( M ) urged it to participate in the new government . A Nepali Congress leader replied that the party had still not decided whether to participate . Election of Nepal 's first President ( edit ) Main article : Nepalese presidential election , 2008 An indirect presidential election was held in Nepal on 19 July 2008 with a presidential run - off on 21 July . The Nepalese Constituent Assembly ( CA ) elected in April 2008 elected a new President and Vice-President after the Fifth Amendment to the Interim Constitution was passed on July 14 . This would be the first President to be elected after Nepal became a republic a few months earlier . In the newly passed amendment , the majority party will form the government , the CA will elect the new President on the basis of majority and a new provision that the Opposition Leader will be a member of the Constitutional Council . The leading political parties , Nepali Congress , Communist Party of Nepal ( Maoist ) and Communist Party of Nepal ( United Marxist - Leninist ) engaged in discussions regarding who would be the new President . The Nepali Congress wanted Prime Minister and interim Head of State Girija Prasad Koirala while the Communist Party of Nepal ( United Marxist - Leninist ) wanted its former Secretary - General Madhav Kumar Nepal as President . However , the Communist Party of Nepal ( Maoist ) wants an independent figure as President rather than party figures such as Koirala or Nepal . The Maoists won the most seats in the CA however needs to form a coalition government with the other parties . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sengupta , Somini . Polls Open in Nepal the Day After Violence Killed 8 . The New York Times . 2008 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Nepal votes in landmark elections . BBC News . 2008 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Interim Constitution of Nepal Jump up ^ Vijay , Tarun . Rebirth of Nepal . The Times of India . 2008 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cabinet approves constitutional amendment draft '' , Nepalnews , June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mishra , Rabindra . Nepal : The rocky red road . BBC News . 2008 - 04 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nepal becomes a federal democratic republic '' , Nepalnews , May 28 , 2008 . Archived January 17 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Parties recommend names for 26 CA members '' , Nepalnews , June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Nepal 's CA fails to write Constitution Jump up ^ `` Nepal voting ends for new Constituent Assembly '' . BBC News . 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nepali Election Commission releases names of candidates elected under PR system '' , Xinhua ( People 's Daily Online ) , May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Deadline looms for Nepal 's king '' , BBC News , May 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New Nepal assembly sworn in , set to abolish monarchy '' Archived 2008 - 05 - 31 at the Wayback Machine. , AFP , May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` RPP - Nepal becomes the only party against republic ; some lawyers question procedures adopted by CA '' , Nepalnews , May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal abolishes monarchy '' Archived 2008 - 05 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , Al Jazeera , May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Govt announces two - day public holiday to celebrate republic '' , Nepalnews , May 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Binaj Gurubacharya , `` Nepal assembly abolishes monarchy '' , Associated Press ( The Washington Post ) , May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-King Gyanendra says he accepts CA decision ; prepares to leave Narayanhiti '' Archived 2008 - 10 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepalnews , June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 13 - party meeting inconclusive '' , Nepalnews , June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Prachanda gives three - day ' ultimatum ' to NC to hand over govt 's leadership '' , Nepalnews , June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Govt decides to give Nagarjuna palace to ex-King '' , Nepalnews , June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Prachanda meets Koirala ; renews protest warning '' , Nepalnews , June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Three parties agree to buy time ; Maoists not to leave the govt '' , Nepalnews , June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maoists give up claim for presidency '' , Nepalnews , June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NC , Maoists close to reaching agreement on govt formation '' , Nepalnews , June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Second CA meeting ends without major decisions '' , Nepalnews , June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-King holds press meet before leaving Narayanhiti ; refutes allegations labeled against him ; says he wo n't go into exile '' Archived 2008 - 11 - 20 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepalnews , June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-King Gyanendra leaves Narayanhiti '' Archived October 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Nepalnews , June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maoist ministers offer resignation '' Archived 2011 - 01 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepalnews , June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Coalition government by June 18 : Minister Gurung '' , Nepalnews , June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UML also stakes claim to presidency '' , Nepalnews , June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Khanal lays blame on the Maoists for delay in govt formation '' , Nepalnews , June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Power sharing should be on the basis of people 's mandate , says Koirala '' , Nepalnews , June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maoist chief rules out Koirala 's name from presidential race '' , Nepalnews , June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` I wo n't plead before anyone for presidency , says PM '' , Nepalnews , June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maoist chief asks parties to help them in formation of govt ; warns them of consequences '' , Nepalnews , June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Three parties fail to reach consensus '' , Nepalnews , June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' CPN - M will pull out of govt if tomorrow 's meeting ends in deadlock ' '' , Nepalnews , June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UML gen secy for left unity '' , Nepalnews , June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maoists to be rigid on their stance ; no to Koirala as president '' , Nepalnews , June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MJF not to join govt '' , Nepalnews , June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Big three stumble over power - sharing ; agree to continue talks '' , Nepalnews , June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Big Three reach consensus on army integration , constitution amendment ; Maoists back Sahana as presidential candidate '' , Nepalnews , June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Koirala ready to step down ; hints NC wo n't be part of next govt '' Archived 2011 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepalnews , June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maoists and UML cosy up on power - sharing ; president for UML and PM for Maoists '' Archived 2011 - 01 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepalnews , June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UML , Maoist leaders differ on presidential candidate '' , Nepalnews , June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PM Koirala miffed by petty politics '' , Nepalnews , June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maoist ministers tender resignation at seven party meeting '' Archived 2011 - 01 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepalnews , June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Deuba blames Maoists for SPA breakdown '' , Nepalnews , June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Parties discuss constitution amendment ; preparing to introduce a bill in CA '' , Nepalnews , June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Govt to introduce Fifth Amendment proposal today '' , June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister announces his resignation '' , Nepalnews , June 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CA meeting suspended after Madhesi party members demand withdrawal of amendment bill ; next meeting on Saturday '' , Nepalnews , June 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PM Koirala assures Madhesi leaders of fulfilling their demands '' , Nepalnews , June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Terai parties again obstruct CA proceeding ; next CA meeting Sunday afternoon '' , Nepalnews , June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CA stalemate continues '' , Nepalnews , June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gupta threatens to paralyse the entire country if Madhesi demands are not met '' , Nepalnews , June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maoist chief blames Terai parties for delay in govt formation '' , Nepalnews , June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' One Madhesh ' demand is a threat to national integrity , says Khanal '' , Nepalnews , June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Terai parties obstruct CA meeting for fourth time in a row '' , Nepalnews , June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Six parties agree to introduce supplementary amendment bill to resolve CA deadlock '' , Nepalnews , July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No end yet to CA stalemate '' Archived 2008 - 11 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepalnews , July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maoists ' agree ' to address Madhesi demands in supplementary bill '' Archived 2008 - 11 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepalnews , July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Smaller parties up in arms over CA imbroglio '' Archived 2008 - 10 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepalnews , July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CA session disrupted again '' Archived 2008 - 10 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepalnews , July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Big Three reach consensus ; minor allies oppose draft supplementary bill '' Archived 2008 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepalnews , July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cabinet endorses supplementary bill ; nominates 26 CA members '' Archived 2008 - 08 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepalnews , July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Madhesi parties conclude govt has betrayed them '' Archived 2008 - 11 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepalnews , July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Terai parties will suffer major set back if they oppose bill : UML gen secy '' Archived 2008 - 08 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepalnews , July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Three parties agree to bring new amendment bill ; Madhesi parties to allow CA to function '' Archived 2008 - 11 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepalnews , July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 23 new CA members sworn in '' Archived 2008 - 08 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepalnews , July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Six parties reach consensus on supplementary bill '' Archived 2008 - 08 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepalnews , July 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CA proceedings resume finally '' , Nepalnews , July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Madhesi leaders spit venom at supplementary bill '' , Nepalnews , July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Govt tables amendment bill ; Madhesis boycott '' , Nepalnews , July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maoists responsible for formation of new govt : PM Koirala '' , Nepalnews , July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maoists blame NC for delay in govt formation '' , Nepalnews , July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Madhesi parties boycott CA meeting '' , Nepalnews , July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Amendment passed ; coast cleared for forming majority govt '' , Nepalnews , July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maoists ask NC to join next govt '' , Nepalnews , July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CA to Elect President on July 19 '' . Nepal News . 2008 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Amendment Passed ; Coast Cleared for Forming Majority Govt '' . Nepal News . 2008 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal 's Top Political Parties Begin Search for Country 's First President '' . International Herald Tribune . 2008 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly&oldid=853996743 '' Categories : Government of Nepal 2008 in Nepal Unicameral legislatures Constitutional law Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español हिन्दी मैथिली नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Русский ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 07 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was first constituent assembly held in nepal | [
"The 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly was a unicameral body of 601 members that served from May 28, 2008 to May 28, 2012. It was formed as a result of the first Constituent Assembly election held on April 10, 2008.[1] The Constituent Assembly was tasked with writing a new constitution,[2] and acting as the interim legislature for a term of two years.[3] 240 members were elected in single seat constituencies, 335 were elected through proportional representation,[4] and the remaining 26 seats were reserved for nominated members.[5]\n"
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"May 28, 2008"
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2886501696080573587 | The Fun They Had | The Fun They had - Wikipedia The Fun They had `` The Fun They Had '' Author Isaac Asimov Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) Science fiction Published in Boys and Girls Page Publication type Periodical Media type Print ( Newspaper , Magazine , Hardback & Paperback ) Publication date 1 December 1951 `` The Fun They Had '' is a science fiction story by American writer Isaac Asimov . It first appeared in a children 's newspaper in 1951 and was reprinted in the February 1954 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction , as well as the collections Earth Is Room Enough ( 1957 ) , 50 Short Science Fiction Tales ( 1960 ) , and The Best of Isaac Asimov ( 1973 ) . It has been modified in a Finnish English book called KEY English 8 - 9 . Written as a personal favor for a friend , `` The Fun They Had '' became `` probably the biggest surprise of my literary career '' , Asimov wrote in 1973 . He reported that it had been reprinted more than 30 times with more being planned . `` Why ? I do n't know why . '' It is about computerized home schooling , and what children miss out on by not being in school together . Plot summary ( edit ) Set in the year 2155 , when children learn individually at home using a mechanical teacher , the story tells of eleven - year - old Margie Jones , whose neighbor Tommy finds a real book . The book tells about a time when children learned by age group in large schools that were not merely designated rooms in private houses as in the year 2155 . Margie and Tommy discuss what it must have been like to study together with a real person as a teacher , and though at first Margie is skeptical about the notion , by the end of the story she daydreams about what it must have been like and ' the fun they had ' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Asimov , Isaac ( 1973 ) . `` Introduction '' . The Best of Isaac Asimov . Sphere Books . pp. ix -- xiv . ISBN 0 - 385 - 05078 - X . LCCN 74 - 2863 . External links ( edit ) The Fun They Had title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database `` The Fun They Had '' on the Internet Archive Earth Is Room Enough by Isaac Asimov `` The Dead Past '' `` The Foundation of S.F. Success '' `` Franchise '' `` Gimmicks Three '' `` Kid Stuff '' `` The Watery Place '' `` Living Space '' `` The Message '' `` Satisfaction Guaranteed '' `` Hell - Fire '' `` The Last Trump '' `` The Fun They Had '' `` Jokester '' `` The Immortal Bard '' `` Someday '' `` The Author 's Ordeal '' `` Dreaming Is a Private Thing '' The Best of Isaac Asimov by Isaac Asimov `` Marooned off Vesta '' `` Nightfall '' `` C - Chute '' `` The Martian Way '' `` The Deep '' `` The Fun They Had '' `` The Last Question '' `` The Dead Past '' `` The Dying Night '' `` Anniversary '' `` The Billiard Ball '' `` Mirror Image '' This article about a science fiction short story ( or stories ) is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fun_They_Had&oldid=837773873 '' Categories : Short stories by Isaac Asimov 1951 short stories Science fiction short stories Works originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction 22nd century in fiction Science fiction short story stubs Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 23 : 41 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who wrote the story the fun they had | [
"\"The Fun They Had\" is a science fiction story by American writer Isaac Asimov. It first appeared in a children's newspaper in 1951 and was reprinted in the February 1954 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, as well as the collections Earth Is Room Enough (1957), 50 Short Science Fiction Tales (1960), and The Best of Isaac Asimov (1973). It has been modified in a Finnish English book called KEY English 8-9.\n"
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"Isaac Asimov"
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1458954313766527131 | List of Inspector Morse episodes | List of Inspector Morse episodes - wikipedia List of Inspector Morse episodes This is a list of episodes of the British television crime drama Inspector Morse , starring John Thaw and Kevin Whately , for which eight series were broadcast between 1987 and 2000 , totalling thirty - three episodes . Although the last five episodes were each broadcast a year apart ( two years before the final episode ) , when released on DVD , they were billed as Series Eight . Contents 1 Series 1 ( 1987 ) 2 Series 2 ( 1987 -- 8 ) 3 Series 3 ( 1989 ) 4 Series 4 ( 1990 ) 5 Series 5 ( 1991 ) 6 Series 6 ( 1992 ) 7 Series 7 ( 1993 ) 8 Series 8 ( 1995 - 2000 ) 9 Notes 10 References Series 1 ( 1987 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Viewers ( millions ) Original airdate `` The Dead of Jericho '' Anthony Minghella Alastair Reid TBA 6 January 1987 ( 1987 - 01 - 06 ) Anne Stavely , a friend of Morse 's , ostensibly commits suicide at her home in Jericho , though Morse is unconvinced . Morse works with Sergeant Lewis for the first time . `` The Silent World of Nicholas Quinn '' Julian Mitchell Brian Parker TBA 13 January 1987 ( 1987 - 01 - 13 ) The murder of a deaf university entrance examiner leads Morse and Lewis into a possible college cheating scandal . `` Service of All the Dead '' Julian Mitchell Peter Hammond TBA 20 January 1987 ( 1987 - 01 - 20 ) A church warden is found with a knife in his chest ; and more bodies start to pile up as Morse and Lewis try to catch a dangerous psychopath . Bodies of persons closely linked to St Oswald 's where the first murder took place . Morse 's falls for the church caretaker , but she has other things going on in her life . Series 2 ( 1987 -- 8 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Viewers ( millions ) Original airdate `` The Wolvercote Tongue '' Julian Mitchell Alastair Reid TBA 25 December 1987 ( 1987 - 12 - 25 ) An American tourist is found dead in a hotel room at the Randolph Hotel , apparently from a heart attack . Morse suspects foul play , as a unique Anglo - Saxon artefact belonging to the victim has gone missing . `` Last Seen Wearing '' Thomas Ellice Edward Bennett TBA 8 March 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 08 ) A schoolgirl has been missing for six months and Morse is convinced she is dead . The school girl is the daughter of a very influential businessman in the area . However , Morse and Lewis discover some disturbing facts about one of the schools she previously attended . Before Morse can solve the mystery , another murder occurs . No one knows what really happened in the school , Homewood , and no one seems to know where the girl could have gone . The investigation brings Morse and Lewis into contact with all the past - and present teachers , and students who knew her . `` The Settling of the Sun '' Charles Wood Peter Hammond TBA 15 March 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 15 ) Morse is called on to solve the murder of a Japanese student , one of a group of foreign students with whom he had attended dinner . `` Last Bus to Woodstock '' Michael Wilcox Peter Duffell TBA 22 March 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 22 ) Morse investigates the death of Sylvia Kane , an 18 - year - old woman found dead in a pub car park , where she was late in meeting her date . In her possession is found an envelope with a secret coded message addressed to the dead woman 's co-worker Jennifer Coleby , who has secrets of her own . Several relationships and connections are established by Morse & Lewis to find the truth about how Sylvia died . Series 3 ( 1989 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Viewers ( millions ) Original airdate `` Ghost in the Machine '' Julian Mitchell Herbert Wise TBA 4 January 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 04 ) Valuable paintings are stolen from a stately home , Hanbury House , and Sir Julius Hanbury , the owner , is missing . After Morse finds Sir Julius 's body in his private chapel , he and Lewis are involved in a near car accident that results in a fatality . Lewis notices the brake line is cut and the driver of the car has a note on him in response to a blackmail threat . `` The Last Enemy '' Peter Buckman James Scott TBA 11 January 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 11 ) The torso of a man is found floating in a canal at Thrupp . An old university friend of Morse 's , and now the Master of the Oxford college Beaumont , Sir Alexander Reece , asks Morse to investigate the disappearance of the Deputy Master . `` Deceived by Flight '' Anthony Minghella Anthony Simmons TBA 18 January 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 18 ) An old college roommate of Morse 's , Anthony Donn , comes to Oxford for a cricket match and calls Morse after twenty years and wants to get together and talk . Morse soon gets distracted by a case where three people are killed in a hate crime in the fire bombing of a very liberal bookstore . Donn , who obviously had something on his mind to talk about with Morse , then turns up dead in his college lodging . Lewis replaces Donn on the cricket team , the Clarets , to go undercover . A cricket match between the Clarets and the Hearties , organized by another former college companion of Morse 's , Roly Marshall , is disrupted when Peter Foster is found murdered in the changing rooms , stabbed in the chest with a pair of scissors . `` The Secret of Bay 5B '' Alma Cullen Jim Goddard TBA 25 January 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 25 ) A murder at a multi-storey car park uncovers a crime of passion involving a jealous husband , his wife , and her lover . Series 4 ( 1990 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Viewers ( millions ) Original airdate `` The Infernal Serpent '' Alma Cullen John Madden TBA 3 January 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 03 ) The death of a senior fellow outside his Oxford college of Beaufort during an apparent mugging leads Morse to suspect the prominent environmentalist was killed because of his beliefs . At the same time , Morse senses there 's more than a prank behind the mysterious packages being sent to Master Matthew Copley - Barnes . `` The Sins of the Fathers '' Jeremy Burnham Peter Hammond TBA 10 January 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 10 ) Morse and Lewis investigate whether two murders at a family brewery are linked to a proposed takeover bid . `` Driven to Distraction '' Anthony Minghella Sandy Johnson TBA 17 January 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 17 ) A serial killer has brutally murdered two women separately in Oxford . Commonalities in the murders lead Morse to the owner of a car dealership as the suspect . `` Masonic Mysteries '' Julian Mitchell Danny Boyle TBA 24 January 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 24 ) Morse becomes the prime suspect when a friend is murdered at a dress rehearsal of Mozart 's The Magic Flute , and he is found holding her with a knife in his hand . It soon becomes apparent that one of his old adversaries , Hugo De Vries , is trying to implicate him . Series 5 ( 1991 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Viewers ( millions ) Original airdate `` Second Time Around '' Daniel Boyle Adrian Shergold TBA 20 February 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 20 ) A highly thought - of and distinguished senior officer , Charlie Hillian , has just retired and is writing a book about his biggest cases . During the night after he received an OBE , Hillian is killed in a struggle in his rural Oxfordshire home . The notes for one chapter of his forthcoming book are missing , the only case in the book which Hillian and his then DS , Patrick Dawson , is unsolved . That case involved the murder of an eight - year - old girl , Mary Lapsley , and it appears that someone wants that chapter to be unpublished . `` Fat Chance '' Alma Cullen Roy Battersby TBA 27 February 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 27 ) The death of a promising feminist cleric highlights a furious Ecclesiastical battle of the sexes that Morse discovers is somehow connected with a weight - loss medication . `` Who Killed Harry Field ? '' Geoffrey Case Colin Gregg TBA 13 March 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 13 ) Local artist , restorer and bon viveur Harry Field is murdered but who would want to kill a mediocrity ? Lewis considers applying for a promotion to Inspector , to the obvious dismay of Morse . `` Greeks Bearing Gifts '' Peter Nichols Adrian Shergold TBA 20 March 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 20 ) A Greek restaurateur is murdered ; his sister , accompanied by her baby , comes to Oxford for the funeral . The sister vanishes , and her baby is then kidnapped . Somehow , both are connected with a reconstructed Hellenic trireme . 5 `` Promised Land '' Julian Mitchell John Madden TBA 27 March 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 27 ) Morse and Lewis travel to Australia to re-interview a man who has become a protected witness after he testified against a mobster . Questions about the validity of the case arose in England , and now the informant may be in danger . Series 6 ( 1992 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Viewers ( millions ) Original airdate `` Dead on Time '' Daniel Boyle John Madden TBA 26 February 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 26 ) When Henry Fallon , an Oxford don , commits suicide , Morse discovers he has a painful link with the man 's widow , Susan . `` Happy Families '' Daniel Boyle Adrian Shergold TBA 11 March 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 11 ) Morse becomes the victim of a hate campaign by the press as he investigates the death of a cruel , boorish industrialist . `` The Death of the Self '' Alma Cullen Colin Gregg TBA 25 March 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 25 ) Morse and Lewis investigate the apparently accidental death of a wealthy tourist in Italy and uncover an antiquities smuggling racket . `` Absolute Conviction '' John Brown Antonia Bird TBA 8 April 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 08 ) Lawrence Cryer , convicted of real estate fraud , is found dead in a cell at the minimum security prison , Farnleigh . Morse , Lewis and D.S. Cheetham question various inmates , including Cryer 's former partners , Bailey and Thornton , who are also incarcerated at Farnleigh and various victims of the fraud . The Farnleigh governor , Hillary Stevens , is also questioned . An inmate , Charlie Bennett , incarcerated for murdering his wife , is suspected of being the perpetrator . 5 `` Cherubim and Seraphim '' Julian Mitchell Danny Boyle TBA 15 April 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 15 ) Teen suicides , one of which is Morse 's niece , are being linked to the local rave scene . As part of his preparation for the inspector exam , Lewis is temporarily assigned to another inspector who works strictly by the book . Series 7 ( 1993 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Viewers ( millions ) Original airdate `` Deadly Slumber '' Daniel Boyle Stuart Orme TBA 6 January 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 06 ) Matthew Brewster , owner of a private clinic , is found dead in his garage with the car engine running . The pathologist discovers he was murdered . Morse and Lewis question the dead man 's wife and son . They uncover that Michael Steppings threatened the victim ; Steppings ' daughter was declared brain dead while undergoing simple surgery at the clinic . Steppings is interrogated for the murder , and is released when Morse substantiates his alibi . Meanwhile , Lewis discovers Wendy Hazlitt , a nurse at the clinic , had an affair with Matthew Brewster . He also uncovers a set of anonymous threatening letters , using words clipped from newspapers and magazines , which have been sent to the victim . Forensic examinations reveal that one of the letters has been tampered with , and that an extra death - threat has been added , using glue different from that used on the other letter - and on all the other letters . Morse 's investigation leads to the victim 's son and his belief that thr son was blackmailing the victim . Morse accompanies Steppings to visit his comatose daughter in hospital , where she is being kept on life - support . He discovers that Steppings has surrounded her hospital bed with family photographs and her favourite toys . Later , whilst is in custody being questioned , Steppings asks Morse to keep vigil on his daughter , as he has never missed a day of seeing her since the injury . Feeling that Steppings may not be the murderer , and liking the man 's apparent humanity , Morse decides to honour Steppings 's request . Later , when Steppings is able to resume visiting his daughter , he finds fresh flowers by her bedside - which leads Morse to realise that everything hinges on the cruel injury caused to Steppings 's daughter , and those responsible for this injury . `` The Day of the Devil '' Daniel Boyle Stephen Whittaker TBA 13 January 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 13 ) John Peter Barrie , a convicted rapist and devil worshipper , escapes from a prison infirmary by eluding the authorities with several disguises . Morse and Lewis begin a manhunt in an attempt to track him down . They question his prison therapist , Doctor Esther Martin , and Humphrey Appleton , a priest and an expert in the occult , who provides them with information on Barrie 's state of mind . Meanwhile , Barrie abducts Holly Trevors , wife of Steven Trevors , an odd - job man working for Oxford college , but releases her . Barrie then demands to meet with Dr. Martin on Lammas day , a pagan day of ritual fire . Lewis visits an Occult bookshop , where he finds that one of their regular customers is a colleague of Steven Trevors . Morse begins to suspect that someone is helping Barrie , after witness statements reveal that his disguises involve professional theatrical make - up . Meanwhile , Steven Trevors 's fingerprints are discovered , previously unidentified , on the police data base from an earlier unsolved crime , which is linked to Barrie . On Lammas Day , a group of devil - worshippers are celebrating a Black Mass , when they are suddenly surrounded by a ring of fire , and Steven Trevors is burned alive . The mystery deepens when Barrie 's much earlier connection to his prison therapist is revealed . `` Twilight of the Gods '' Julian Mitchell Herbert Wise TBA 20 January 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 20 ) Neville Grimshaw , an investigative journalist , is found shot dead . Opera diva Gwladys Probert , is shot by a sniper during an academic procession which is witnessed by Morse and Lewis . Morse and Lewis discover that Grimshaw was investigating Andrew Baydon , a prospective major benefactor of the college . An investigation finds that the two shootings are related . Baydon , a survivor of a Nazi concentration camp , is revealed as a collaborator and guard , and Morse suspects that he ordered the killing of Grimshaw , which leads him to realise that Victor Ignotas , a survivor of the same camp , may have unintentionally shot Probert whilst attempting to kill Baydon . Series 8 ( 1995 - 2000 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Viewers ( millions ) Original airdate `` The Way Through the Woods '' Russell Lewis John Madden TBA 29 November 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 29 ) Stephen Parnell , who confessed to murdering five people , is killed in prison , but in his dying declaration , he claims that he did not kill the last victim , Karen Anderson . Morse discovers that the murders were first investigated by DCI Martin Johnson and Lewis the previous summer , but that Karen Anderson 's body has never been found . Morse becomes convinced that Johnson overlooked key evidence , and that Karen Anderson 's body has been buried in Wytham Woods , and not in Blenheim Lake , as Parnell had stated in his confession . Morse questions George Daley , a witness who found Anderson 's overnight bag a week after she disappeared , and turned it over to the police . The next day , Daley is found shot to death in one of the gardens at Blenheim Palace , and Morse is put in charge because Strange feels that Johnson may have cut corners in the investigation . Morse and Lewis then interview Dr. Alan Hardinge , the bursar of Lonsdale College ; Dave Michaels , the groundskeeper of Wytham Woods ; and Margaret and Philip Daley , the wife and son of George Daley . When they question Mrs. Daley and her son , they touch upon some photos found on Karen Anderson 's camera . Lewis identifies the location in one of the photos as Park Town , which leads them to Alisdair McBryde , a local resident . McBryde identifies Dr. James Myton , a South African doctor , who seems to have fled the country mid-way through his rental of a local flat and appears in two of the photos . Morse and Lewis discover that McBryde and Myton had encouraged Karen Anderson to take nude photographs for them on the day before she went missing . A search of Myton 's flat leads Morse to convince Strange to let him search Wytham Woods . When the search turns up some skeletal remains , Morse is convinced that Karen Anderson has been found . `` The Daughters of Cain '' Julian Mitchell Herbert Wise TBA 27 November 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 27 ) Dr. Felix McClure , a retired university don , is found stabbed to death in his apartment . The phone number of `` Kay '' is found in McClure 's notes . Morse and Lewis begin investigating McClure 's college associates and students . These include Ted Brooks , his former scout , who was sacked by McClure for apparent drug dealing ; Matthew Rodway , a student who died in questionable circumstances ; and Ashley Davies , another student and friend of Rodway , who trains racehorses at Seven Barrows near Lambourn , and was rusticated by McClure . They discover that Ted Brooks has physically and emotionally abused his wife , Brenda , for years . Brenda 's daughter , Kay , who is a high - class escort and is engaged to Ashley , has also been abused by her stepfather , Ted , when she lived at home . Morse interviews Kay about her relationship with Felix and Ted . Morse also questions Julia Stevens , a school teacher and very close friend of Brenda , who is dying of a brain tumor . Morse suspects Ted Brooks killed McClure because McClure had discovered Ted was selling drugs to the students again . Ted disappears from his house and his body is found in a nearby river . Brenda Brooks confesses to destroying evidence that incriminates her husband in the death of McClure . Morse and Lewis disagree on whether to search for a possible accomplice , who they suspect must have helped Brenda dispose of the evidence . Morse is convinced Kay , Julia and Brenda were involved in Ted 's disappearance and murder ; there 's just one hitch - no evidence to prove his theory . `` Death Is Now My Neighbour '' Julian Mitchell Charles Beeson TBA 19 November 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 19 ) Rachel James , a physiotherapist , is shot through a window of her own home whilst drawing the blinds one Friday morning . Meanwhile , Dr. Julian Storrs and Denis Cornford are two candidates locked in an intense rivalry for Master of Lonsdale College , to replace Sir Clixby Bream . Morse and Lewis begin the investigation by interviewing her neighbours and the clinic where she worked . Morse soon establishes that Julian Storrs gave Rachel a Valentine 's card found in her possession , and was having an affair with her at the time of her death . Morse also learns from Storrs that Denis Cornford and Adele Cecil , a neighbour of Rachel 's , were once lovers . The following morning , Geoffrey Owens , Rachel 's neighbour , is found shot dead in his flat in similar circumstances . Because there is no Number 13 , Morse concludes that Rachel James is mistakenly killed and Geoffrey Owens had been the intended victim . Morse also uncovers that Owens supplemented his reporter 's income by blackmailing unknown victims . Among Owens 's papers , Morse finds a slip of paper in a file with an article he had written about the retirement of Bream . Morse 's trawl through the archives leads him onto a case where housewife Alice Martin and her daughter Debra shot Alice 's husband Kenneth , a wealthy businessman , and then burned him on his yacht , because he was going to run off with a younger woman . Morse finds out that Alice and Debra changed their names to Angela and Diane Cullingham , to avoid the stain of their past following them - and that Angela Cullingham has since become Angela Storrs . `` The Wench Is Dead '' Malcolm Bradbury Robert Knights 12.39 m 11 November 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 11 ) Morse and Strange attend an exhibit entitled `` Criminal Oxford '' , but during a lecture by Dr. Millicent Van Buren , a visiting professor from Boston University , Morse starts to feel ill , and is later found by Strange collapsed on the lavatory floor . While hospitalised , Morse is diagnosed with a bleeding ulcer , which his doctor ascribes to his excessive consumption of alcohol . To pass the time in his recovery , he reads Van Buren 's book on Victorian investigation techniques , which details the 1859 murder of Joanna Franks , whose body was found floating in the Oxford Canal . Rory Oldfield and Alfred Musson , two boatmen on a fly - boat Joanna was traveling on , were convicted of the murder and hanged ; another , Walter Towns , received a last - minute commutation to transportation for life . However , Morse comes to believe that the men did not kill Joanna , and were victims of a miscarriage of justice . With the assistance of Adele Cecil and Constable Adrian Kershaw , Morse uncovers several inconsistencies in the trial . For instance , Joanna had accused the boatmen of being rude and drunk , but was later seen drinking and smiling with them . A fourth boatman on the fly - boat , a teenager who was not charged , testified for the prosecution . The size of Joanna 's shoes fit improperly with the length of her dress , which had been altered , and her drawers , which had been described as torn or ripped , were actually cut with a knife deliberately . Kershaw investigates the insurance payment to Charles Franks , and discovers that Joanna had insured herself , and that payment of £ 300 was made in full to Charles Franks . Although Morse is unable to exhume Joanna 's body , he travels to Bertraghboy Bay , on the west coast of Ireland , to open the grave of Frank Donavan . When the coffin is opened , there are no human remains . Morse figures out that Donald `` Don '' Favant , a passerby when the body was found , and Charles Franks , are aliases derived from Frank Donavan . Don Favant is an anagram of FT Donavan . 5 `` The Remorseful Day '' Stephen Churchett Jack Gold 13.66 m 15 November 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 15 ) Yvonne Harrison is found by her husband Frank , having been murdered and left in a sexually compromising position . Morse after no progress is taken off the case after two months , then an anonymous letter suggesting that Harry Repp , who is to be released from prison , may be the perpetrator . Because of Morse 's failing health has Lewis assuming a more active role . Paddy Flynn , the cab driver who drove Frank Harrison to his home on the night of the murder , is found dead in a local rubbish dump . Harry Repp is also found dead , in the boot of a stolen car . A local lothario , John Barron , is killed in a fall from a ladder . It is revealed that the three men had been blackmailing whoever killed Yvonne , and it is speculated that Barron killed the other two so that he could keep the blackmail money for himself . Yvonne 's son , Simon , is questioned in Barron 's death , but then a teenage boy admits to having caused Barron to fall off the ladder by crashing into it with his bicycle . It is revealed that Sandra Harrison has killed her mother in a jealous rage over John Barron . The teenage boy was actually Frank 's illegitimate son , Roy , who had lied to the police in order to get Simon off the hook for killing Barron . Just after uncovering the truth , Morse collapses from a heart attack and later dies in hospital . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This episode caused a question to be raised in Parliament by Lord Jenkins of Putney regarding the legality of employing a baby , and how it was induced to cry at the right moment . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Inspector Morse '' TV Programme `` . Hansard Lords Sitting , UK Parliament . 25 April 1991 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Top 30 programmes '' . BARB . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Oxford of Inspector Morse . BFS Entertainment & Multimedia Limited . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 7792 - 0754 - 8 . Inspector Morse by Colin Dexter Novels Last Bus to Woodstock ( 1975 ) Last Seen Wearing ( 1976 ) The Silent World of Nicholas Quinn ( 1977 ) Service of All the Dead ( 1979 ) The Dead of Jericho ( 1981 ) The Riddle of the Third Mile ( 1983 ) The Secret of Annexe 3 ( 1986 ) The Wench Is Dead ( 1989 ) The Jewel That Was Ours ( 1991 ) The Way Through the Woods ( 1992 ) The Daughters of Cain ( 1994 ) Death Is Now My Neighbour ( 1996 ) The Remorseful Day ( 1999 ) Short stories Morse 's Greatest Mystery ( 1993 ) Characters Sergeant Hathaway Lewis Diogenes Small Chief Superintendent Strange TV series Inspector Morse episodes Lewis episodes Endeavour characters episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Inspector_Morse_episodes&oldid=855927795 '' Categories : Lists of British drama television series episodes Lists of British crime television series episodes Inspector Morse Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 19 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the last episode of morse called | [
"\n\n\nEpisode\n\nTitle\n\nWritten by\n\nDirected by\n\nViewers(millions)\n\nOriginal airdate\n1\"The Way Through the Woods\"Russell LewisJohn MaddenTBA29 November 1995 (1995-11-29)\nStephen Parnell, who confessed to murdering five people, is killed in prison, but in his dying declaration, he claims that he did not kill the last victim, Karen Anderson. Morse discovers that the murders were first investigated by DCI Martin Johnson and Lewis the previous summer, but that Karen Anderson's body has never been found. Morse becomes convinced that Johnson overlooked key evidence, and that Karen Anderson's body has been buried in Wytham Woods, and not in Blenheim Lake, as Parnell had stated in his confession. Morse questions George Daley, a witness who found Anderson's overnight bag a week after she disappeared, and turned it over to the police. The next day, Daley is found shot to death in one of the gardens at Blenheim Palace, and Morse is put in charge because Strange feels that Johnson may have cut corners in the investigation. Morse and Lewis then interview Dr. Alan Hardinge, the bursar of Lonsdale College; Dave Michaels, the groundskeeper of Wytham Woods; and Margaret and Philip Daley, the wife and son of George Daley. When they question Mrs. Daley and her son, they touch upon some photos found on Karen Anderson's camera. Lewis identifies the location in one of the photos as Park Town, which leads them to Alisdair McBryde, a local resident. McBryde identifies Dr. James Myton, a South African doctor, who seems to have fled the country mid-way through his rental of a local flat and appears in two of the photos. Morse and Lewis discover that McBryde and Myton had encouraged Karen Anderson to take nude photographs for them on the day before she went missing. A search of Myton's flat leads Morse to convince Strange to let him search Wytham Woods. When the search turns up some skeletal remains, Morse is convinced that Karen Anderson has been found.\n2\"The Daughters of Cain\"Julian MitchellHerbert WiseTBA27 November 1996 (1996-11-27)\nDr. Felix McClure, a retired university don, is found stabbed to death in his apartment. The phone number of \"Kay\" is found in McClure's notes. Morse and Lewis begin investigating McClure's college associates and students. These include Ted Brooks, his former scout, who was sacked by McClure for apparent drug dealing; Matthew Rodway, a student who died in questionable circumstances; and Ashley Davies, another student and friend of Rodway, who trains racehorses at Seven Barrows near Lambourn, and was rusticated by McClure. They discover that Ted Brooks has physically and emotionally abused his wife, Brenda, for years. Brenda's daughter, Kay, who is a high-class escort and is engaged to Ashley, has also been abused by her stepfather, Ted, when she lived at home. Morse interviews Kay about her relationship with Felix and Ted. Morse also questions Julia Stevens, a school teacher and very close friend of Brenda, who is dying of a brain tumor. Morse suspects Ted Brooks killed McClure because McClure had discovered Ted was selling drugs to the students again. Ted disappears from his house and his body is found in a nearby river. Brenda Brooks confesses to destroying evidence that incriminates her husband in the death of McClure. Morse and Lewis disagree on whether to search for a possible accomplice, who they suspect must have helped Brenda dispose of the evidence. Morse is convinced Kay, Julia and Brenda were involved in Ted's disappearance and murder; there's just one hitch - no evidence to prove his theory.\n3\"Death Is Now My Neighbour\"Julian MitchellCharles BeesonTBA19 November 1997 (1997-11-19)\nRachel James, a physiotherapist, is shot through a window of her own home whilst drawing the blinds one Friday morning. Meanwhile, Dr. Julian Storrs and Denis Cornford are two candidates locked in an intense rivalry for Master of Lonsdale College, to replace Sir Clixby Bream. Morse and Lewis begin the investigation by interviewing her neighbours and the clinic where she worked. Morse soon establishes that Julian Storrs gave Rachel a Valentine's card found in her possession, and was having an affair with her at the time of her death. Morse also learns from Storrs that Denis Cornford and Adele Cecil, a neighbour of Rachel’s, were once lovers. The following morning, Geoffrey Owens, Rachel's neighbour, is found shot dead in his flat in similar circumstances. Because there is no Number 13, Morse concludes that Rachel James is mistakenly killed and Geoffrey Owens had been the intended victim. Morse also uncovers that Owens supplemented his reporter's income by blackmailing unknown victims. Among Owens's papers, Morse finds a slip of paper in a file with an article he had written about the retirement of Bream. Morse's trawl through the archives leads him onto a case where housewife Alice Martin and her daughter Debra shot Alice's husband Kenneth, a wealthy businessman, and then burned him on his yacht, because he was going to run off with a younger woman. Morse finds out that Alice and Debra changed their names to Angela and Diane Cullingham, to avoid the stain of their past following them - and that Angela Cullingham has since become Angela Storrs.\n4\"The Wench Is Dead\"Malcolm BradburyRobert Knights12.39m[2]11 November 1998 (1998-11-11)\nMorse and Strange attend an exhibit entitled \"Criminal Oxford\", but during a lecture by Dr. Millicent Van Buren, a visiting professor from Boston University, Morse starts to feel ill, and is later found by Strange collapsed on the lavatory floor. While hospitalised, Morse is diagnosed with a bleeding ulcer, which his doctor ascribes to his excessive consumption of alcohol. To pass the time in his recovery, he reads Van Buren's book on Victorian investigation techniques, which details the 1859 murder of Joanna Franks, whose body was found floating in the Oxford Canal. Rory Oldfield and Alfred Musson, two boatmen on a fly-boat Joanna was traveling on, were convicted of the murder and hanged; another, Walter Towns, received a last-minute commutation to transportation for life. However, Morse comes to believe that the men did not kill Joanna, and were victims of a miscarriage of justice. With the assistance of Adele Cecil and Constable Adrian Kershaw, Morse uncovers several inconsistencies in the trial. For instance, Joanna had accused the boatmen of being rude and drunk, but was later seen drinking and smiling with them. A fourth boatman on the fly-boat, a teenager who was not charged, testified for the prosecution. The size of Joanna's shoes fit improperly with the length of her dress, which had been altered, and her drawers, which had been described as torn or ripped, were actually cut with a knife deliberately. Kershaw investigates the insurance payment to Charles Franks, and discovers that Joanna had insured herself, and that payment of £300 was made in full to Charles Franks. Although Morse is unable to exhume Joanna's body, he travels to Bertraghboy Bay, on the west coast of Ireland, to open the grave of Frank Donavan. When the coffin is opened, there are no human remains. Morse figures out that Donald \"Don\" Favant, a passerby when the body was found, and Charles Franks, are aliases derived from Frank Donavan. Don Favant is an anagram of FT Donavan.\n5\"The Remorseful Day\"Stephen ChurchettJack Gold13.66m[2]15 November 2000 (2000-11-15)\nYvonne Harrison is found by her husband Frank, having been murdered and left in a sexually compromising position. Morse after no progress is taken off the case after two months, then an anonymous letter suggesting that Harry Repp, who is to be released from prison, may be the perpetrator. Because of Morse's failing health has Lewis assuming a more active role. Paddy Flynn, the cab driver who drove Frank Harrison to his home on the night of the murder, is found dead in a local rubbish dump. Harry Repp is also found dead, in the boot of a stolen car. A local lothario, John Barron, is killed in a fall from a ladder. It is revealed that the three men had been blackmailing whoever killed Yvonne, and it is speculated that Barron killed the other two so that he could keep the blackmail money for himself. Yvonne's son, Simon, is questioned in Barron's death, but then a teenage boy admits to having caused Barron to fall off the ladder by crashing into it with his bicycle. It is revealed that Sandra Harrison has killed her mother in a jealous rage over John Barron. The teenage boy was actually Frank's illegitimate son, Roy, who had lied to the police in order to get Simon off the hook for killing Barron. Just after uncovering the truth, Morse collapses from a heart attack and later dies in hospital.[3]\n"
] | [
"\"The Remorseful Day\""
] |
-3581816909930951740 | In Heaven There Is No Beer | In Heaven There is No beer - Wikipedia In Heaven There is No beer Jump to : navigation , search `` Im Himmel gibt 's kein Bier '' Song Language German English title `` In Heaven There Is No Beer '' Published 1956 Genre Drinking song Composer ( s ) Ralph Maria Siegel Lyricist ( s ) Ernst Neubach `` In Heaven There Is No Beer '' is a song about the existential pleasures of beer drinking . The title of the song is the reason for drinking beer while you are still alive . The song in German is `` Im Himmel gibt 's kein Bier '' , in Spanish , `` En El Cielo No Hay Cerveza '' . It was originally composed as a movie score for the film Die Fischerin vom Bodensee , 1956 , by Ernst Neubach and Ralph Maria Siegel . The English lyrics are credited to Art Walunas . Atongo Zimba recorded a version as well as Dr. Demento . The song was the inspiration for the title of the 1984 film and 1985 Sundance Film Festival winner , In Heaven There Is No Beer ? , which also featured the song `` Who Stole the Kishka ? '' . A version with different lyrics , titled `` Es gibt kein Bier auf Hawaii '' ( `` There Is No Beer in Hawaii '' ) was performed by the German singer Paul Kuhn in 1963 . A version of the song by the Amherst , MA band Clean Living became a hit in 1972 . Marching Band renditions ( edit ) A rendition of the song , the Hawkeye Victory Polka , is played by the University of Iowa Hawkeye Marching Band after Iowa Hawkeyes football victories and has been a tradition since the 1960s . The Iowa Pep Band also plays the song , when present , after men 's basketball , women 's basketball , and other Iowa Hawkeyes athletic team victories . The Yale Precision Marching Band plays as a brass feature . It is played for tailgaters at Yale University football games . The band has written various other verses attacking other schools in the Ivy League . The song is played by the Michigan Tech Huskies Pep Band regularly at events . The song is played by the Fort Hays State University pep band at sporting events . An extended version of the song , with 5 verses , is played by the North Dakota State University Gold Star Marching Band and Bison Pep Band after a Bison victory . University of North Dakota fans sing a version throughout the season , particularly at hockey games . The University of Wyoming band plays it at all home games , football and basketball . The band also goes to every bar the night before home football games playing both the fight song and the beer song . Lyrics ( edit ) In heaven there is no beer . That 's why we drink it here ( Right Here ! ) and when we 're gone from here , our friends will be drinking all the beer ! Im Himmel gibt 's kein Bier , Drum trinken wir es hier . Denn sind wir nicht mehr hier , Dann trinken die andern unser Bier . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` En El Cielo No Hay Cerveza ( lyrics in Spanish and Dutch ) '' . Retrieved 20 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Ralph Maria ; Neubach , Ernst ( 1956 ) . Im Himmel gibt 's kein Bier : Marschfox . Aus dem Neubach - Film : Die Fischerin vom Bodensee ( In Heaven There is No Beer ) ( musical score ) ( in German ) . Zürich : Helbling . OCLC 81325100 . Jump up ^ `` Music in Ghana - Atongo Zimba '' . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Dr. Demento ( 1995 ) . Dr. Demento 25th anniversary collection more of the greatest novelty records of all time ( sound recording ) . Santa Monica , California : Rhino . OCLC 33275688 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( May 23 , 1984 ) . `` Documentaries on Polka and Bluegrass '' . New York Times . Retrieved 21 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` In Heaven There Is No Beer ? ( 1984 ) '' , IMDb . This 1950s song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Heaven_There_Is_No_Beer&oldid=832499832 '' Categories : Drinking songs Polkas 1956 songs German songs Songs about alcohol Works about beer 1950s song stubs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 11 : 36 . About Wikipedia | who wrote in heaven there is no beer | [
"\"In Heaven There Is No Beer\" is a song about the existential pleasures of beer drinking. The title of the song is the reason for drinking beer while you are still alive. The song in German is \"Im Himmel gibt's kein Bier\", in Spanish, \"En El Cielo No Hay Cerveza\". [1] It was originally composed as a movie score for the film Die Fischerin vom Bodensee, 1956, by Ernst Neubach and Ralph Maria Siegel.[2] The English lyrics are credited to Art Walunas.",
"\"In Heaven There Is No Beer\" is a song about the existential pleasures of beer drinking. The title of the song is the reason for drinking beer while you are still alive. The song in German is \"Im Himmel gibt's kein Bier\", in Spanish, \"En El Cielo No Hay Cerveza\". [1] It was originally composed as a movie score for the film Die Fischerin vom Bodensee, 1956, by Ernst Neubach and Ralph Maria Siegel.[2] The English lyrics are credited to Art Walunas."
] | [
"Art Walunas",
"Ernst Neubach and Ralph Maria Siegel"
] |
-3654461198365089291 | Organ of Corti | Organ of Corti - wikipedia Organ of Corti Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Organ of Corti A cross section of the cochlea illustrating the organ of Corti . Details Identifiers Latin organum spirale MeSH A09. 246.631. 246.577 Dorlands / Elsevier 12596269 TA A15. 3.03. 121 FMA 75715 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The organ of Corti , or spiral organ , is the receptor organ for hearing and is located in the mammalian cochlea . This highly varied strip of epithelial cells allows for transduction of auditory signals into nerve impulses ' action potential . Transduction occurs through vibrations of structures in the inner ear causing displacement of cochlear fluid and movement of hair cells at the organ of Corti to produce electrochemical signals . Italian anatomist Alfonso Giacomo Gaspare Corti ( 1822 -- 1876 ) discovered the organ of Corti in 1851 . The structure evolved from the basilar papilla and is crucial for mechanotransduction in mammals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 2.1 Auditory transduction 2.2 Cochlear amplification 3 Development 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Hearing loss 5 Additional images 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The organ of Corti is located in the scala media of   the cochlea of the inner ear between the vestibular duct and the tympanic duct and is composed of mechanosensory cells , known as hair cells . Strategically positioned on the basilar membrane of the organ of Corti are three rows of outer hair cells ( OHCs ) and one row of inner hair cells ( IHCs ) . Separating these hair cells are supporting cells : Deiters cells , also called phalangeal cells , which separate and support both the OHCs and the IHCs . Projecting from the tops of the hair cells are tiny finger like projections called stereocilia , which are arranged in a graduated fashion with the shortest stereocilia on the outer rows and the longest in the center . This gradation is thought to be the most important anatomic feature of the organ of Corti because this allows the sensory cells superior tuning capability . If the cochlea were uncoiled it would roll out to be about 33 mm long in women and 34mm in men , with about 2.28 mm of standard deviation for the population . The cochlea is also tonotopically organized , meaning that different frequencies of sound waves interact with different locations on the structure . The base of the cochlea , closest to the outer ear , is the most stiff and narrow and is where the high frequency sounds are transduced . The apex , or top , of the cochlea is wider and much more flexible and loose and functions as the transduction site for low frequency sounds . Function ( edit ) The function of the organ of Corti is to transduce auditory signals and maximize the hair cells ' extraction of sound energy . It is the auricle and middle ear that act as mechanical transformers and amplifiers so that the sound waves end up with amplitudes 22 times greater than when they entered the ear . Auditory transduction ( edit ) In normal hearing subjects , the majority of the auditory signals that reach the organ of Corti in the first place come from the outer ear . Sound waves enter through the auditory canal and vibrate the tympanic membrane , also known as the eardrum , which vibrates three small bones called the ossicles . As a result , the attached oval window moves and causes movement of the round window , which leads to displacement of the cochlear fluid . However , the stimulation can happen also via direct vibration of the cochlea from the skull . The latter is referred to as Bone Conduction ( or BC ) hearing , as complementary to the first one described , which is instead called Air Conduction ( or AC ) hearing . Both AC and BC stimulate the basilar membrane in the same way ( Békésy , G.v. , Experiments in Hearing . 1960 ) . The basilar membrane on the tympanic duct presses against the hair cells of the organ as perilymphatic pressure waves pass . The stereocilia atop the IHCs move with this fluid displacement and in response their cation , or positive ion selective , channels are pulled open by cadherin structures called tip links that connect adjacent stereocilia . The organ of Corti , surrounded in potassium rich fluid endolymph , lies on the basilar membrane at the base of the scala media . Under the organ of Corti is the scala tympani and above it , the scala vestibuli . Both structures exist in a low potassium fluid called perilymph . Because those stereocilia are in the midst of a high concentration of potassium , once their cation channels are pulled open , potassium ions as well as calcium ions flow into the top of the hair cell . With this influx of positive ions the IHC becomes depolarized , opening voltage - gated calcium channels at the basolateral region of the hair cells and triggering the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate . An electrical signal is then sent through the auditory nerve and into the auditory cortex of the brain as a neural message . Cochlear amplification ( edit ) The organ of Corti is also capable of modulating the auditory signal . The outer hair cells ( OHCs ) can amplify the signal through a process called electromotility where they increase movement of the basilar and tectorial membrases and therefore increase deflection of stereocilia in the IHCs . A crucial piece to this cochlear amplification is the motor protein prestin , which changes shape based on the voltage potential inside of the hair cell . When the cell is depolarized prestin shortens , and because it is located on the membrane of OHCs it then pulls on the basilar membrane and increasing how much the membrane is deflected , creating a more intense effect on the inner hair cells ( IHCs ) . When the cell hyperpolarizes prestin lengthens and eases tension on the IHCs , which decreases the neural impulses to the brain . In this way , the hair cell itself is able to modify the auditory signal before it even reaches the brain . Development ( edit ) The organ of Corti , in between the scala tympani and the scala media , develops after the formation and growth of the cochlear duct . The inner and outer hair cells then differentiate into their appropriate positions and are followed by the organization of the supporting cells . The topology of the supporting cells lends itself to the actual mechanical properties that are needed for the highly specialized sound - induced movements within the organ of Corti . Development and growth of the organ of Corti relies on specific genes , many of which have been identified in previous research ( SOX2 , GATA3 , EYA1 , FOXG1 , BMP4 , RAC1 and more ) , to undergo such differentiation . Specifically , the cochlear duct growth and the formation of hair cells within the organ of Corti . Mutations in the genes expressed in or near the organ of Corti before the differentiation of hair cells will result in a disruption in the differentiation , and potential malfunction of , the organ of Corti . Clinical significance ( edit ) Hearing loss ( edit ) Main article : Hearing impairment The organ of Corti can be damaged by excessive sound levels , leading to noise - induced impairment . The most common kind of hearing impairment , sensorineural hearing loss , includes as one major cause the reduction of function in the organ of Corti . Specifically , the active amplification function of the outer hair cells is very sensitive to damage from exposure to trauma from overly - loud sounds or to certain ototoxic drugs . Once outer hair cells are damaged , they do not regenerate , and the result is a loss of sensitivity and an abnormally large growth of loudness ( known as recruitment ) in the part of the spectrum that the damaged cells serve . While hearing loss has always been considered irreversible in mammals , fish and birds routinely repair such damage . A 2013 study has shown that the use of particular drugs may reactivate genes normally expressed only during hair cell development . The research was carried out at Harvard Medical School , the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary , and the Keio University School of Medicine in Japan . Additional images ( edit ) Transverse section of the cochlear duct of a fetal cat . Diagrammatic longitudinal section of the cochlea . Floor of ductus cochlearis . Limbus laminæ spiralis and membrana basilaris . Section through the spiral organ of Corti . Magnified . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hudspeth , A ( 2014 ) . `` Integrating the active process of hair cells with cochlear function '' . Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 15 : 600 -- 614 . doi : 10.1038 / nrn3786 . PMID 25096182 . ^ Jump up to : The Ear Pujol , R. , Irving , S. , 2013 Jump up ^ Betlejewski , S ( 2008 ) . `` Science and life -- the history of Marquis Alfonso Corti '' . Otolaryngologia Polska. 62 ( 3 ) : 344 -- 347 . doi : 10.1016 / S0030 - 6657 ( 08 ) 70268 - 3 . PMID 18652163 . ^ Jump up to : Malgrange , B ; Van de Water , T.R ; Nguyen , L ; Moonen , G ; Lefebvre , P.P ( 2002 ) . `` Epithelial supporting cells can differentiate into outer hair cells and Deiters ' cells in the cultured organ of Corti '' . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences . 59 ( 10 ) : 1744 -- 1757 . doi : 10.1007 / pl00012502 . PMID 12475185 . Jump up ^ Lim , D ( 1986 ) . `` Functional structure of the organ of Corti : a review '' . Hearing Research . 22 : 117 -- 146 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378 - 5955 ( 86 ) 90089 - 4 . PMID 3525482 . Jump up ^ Miller , J.D. ( 2007 ) . `` Sex differences in the length of the organ of Corti in humans '' . The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 121 ( 4 ) : EL151 -- 5 . doi : 10.1121 / 1.2710746 . PMID 17471760 . ^ Jump up to : Fritzsch , B ; Jahan , I ; Pan , N ; Kers , J ; Duncan , J ; Kopecky , B ( 2012 ) . `` Dissecting the molecular basis of organ of Corti development : where are we now ? '' . Hearing Research . 276 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 16 -- 26 . doi : 10.1016 / j. heares. 2011.01. 007 . PMC 3097286 . PMID 21256948 . ^ Jump up to : Nichols , J.G ; Martin , A.R. ; Fuchs , P.A ; Brown , D.A ; Diamond , M.E ; Weisblat , D.A ( 2012 ) . From Neuron to Brain , 5th Edition . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates , Inc . pp. 456 -- 459 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 609 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ashmore , Jonathan Felix ( 1987 ) . `` A fast motile response in guinea - pig outer hair cells : the cellular basis of the cochlear amplifier '' . The Journal of Physiology. 388 ( 1 ) : 323 -- 347 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 1987. sp016617 . ISSN 1469 - 7793 . PMC 1192551 . PMID 3656195 . Jump up ^ Ashmore , Jonathan ( 2008 ) . `` Cochlear Outer Hair Cell Motility '' . Physiological Reviews . 88 ( 1 ) : 173 -- 210 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00044.2006 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 18195086 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Dobie ( 2001 ) . Medical - Legal Evaluation of Hearing Loss . Thomson Delmar Learning . ISBN 0 - 7693 - 0052 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Cochlear hair cells - Beyond the Dish '' . wordpress.com . References ( edit ) Corti A ( 1851 ) . `` Recherches sur l'organe de l'ouïe des mammiferes '' . Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie. 3 : 106 -- 169 . Fritzsch B. , Jahan I. , Pan N. , Kersigo J. , Duncan J. , Kopecky B. ( 2012 ) . `` Dissecting the molecular basis of organ of Corti development : where are we now ? '' . Hearing Research . 276 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 16 -- 26 . doi : 10.1016 / j. heares. 2011.01. 007 . PMC 3097286 . PMID 21256948 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) History . ( n.d. ) . Hudspeth A ( 2014 ) . `` Integrating the active process of hair cells with cochlear function '' . Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 15 : 600 -- 614 . doi : 10.1038 / nrn3786 . PMID 25096182 . Lim D ( 1986 ) . `` Functional structure of the organ of Corti : a review '' . Hearing Research . 22 : 117 -- 146 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378 - 5955 ( 86 ) 90089 - 4 . PMID 3525482 . Malgrange B. , Thiry M. , Van de Water T.R. , Nguyen L. , Moonen G. , Lefebvre P.P. ( 2002 ) . `` Epithelial supporting cells can differentiate into outer hair cells and Deiters ' cells in the cultured organ of Corti '' . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences . 59 ( 10 ) : 1744 -- 1757 . doi : 10.1007 / PL00012502 . PMID 12475185 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Nicholls , J.G. , Martin , A.R. , Fuchs , P.A. , Brown , D.A. , Diamond , M.E. , & Weisblat , D.A. ( 2012 ) . From Neuron to Brain ( 5th ed. , pp. 456 -- 459 ) . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates , Inc . Pritchard U . `` On the organ of Corti in mammals '' . 2 March 1876 , Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , volume 24 , pp. 346 -- 52 OCLC 1778190 Pujol , R. , & Irving , S. ( 2013 ) . The Ear . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Organ of Corti . Dissecting the molecular basis of organ of Corti development Organ of Corti 3D animation http://lobe.ibme.utoronto.ca/presentations/OHC_Electromotility/sld005.htm Diagram at University of Toronto http://mayoresearch.mayo.edu/mayo/research/ent_research/images/image02.gif Diagram at Mayo http://www.iurc.montp.inserm.fr/cric51/audition/english/corti/fcorti.htm at University of Montpellier 1 ( hide ) Anatomy of hearing and balance Outer ear Auricle helix antihelix tragus antitragus intertragic notch earlobe Ear canal Auricular muscles Eardrum umbo pars flaccida Middle ear Tympanic cavity Medial structures oval window round window secondary tympanic membrane prominence of facial canal promontory of tympanic cavity Posterior structures mastoid cells aditus to mastoid antrum pyramidal eminence Ossicles Malleus superior ligament lateral ligament anterior ligament Incus superior ligament posterior ligament Stapes annular ligament Muscles stapedius tensor tympani Auditory tube / Eustachian tube Torus tubarius Inner ear / ( membranous labyrinth , bony labyrinth ) Auditory system / Cochlear labyrinth General cochlea Vestibular duct Helicotrema Tympanic duct Modiolus Cochlear cupula Perilymphatic space Perilymph Cochlear aqueduct Cochlear duct / scala media Reissner 's / vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Reticular membrane Endolymph Stria vascularis Spiral ligament Organ of Corti stereocilia tip links Tectorial membrane Sulcus spiralis externus internus Spiral limbus Cells Claudius cell Boettcher cell Vestibular system / Vestibular labyrinth Vestibule Utricle macula Saccule macula Kinocilium Otolith Vestibular aqueduct endolymphatic duct endolymphatic sac Ductus reuniens Semicircular canals Superior semicircular canal Posterior semicircular canal Horizontal semicircular canal Ampullary cupula Ampullae crista ampullaris Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organ_of_Corti&oldid=811334446 '' Categories : Auditory system Ear Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 23 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the organ of corti located in the ear | [
"The organ of Corti is located in the scala media of the cochlea of the inner ear between the vestibular duct and the tympanic duct and is composed of mechanosensory cells, known as hair cells.[2] Strategically positioned on the basilar membrane of the organ of Corti are three rows of outer hair cells (OHCs) and one row of inner hair cells (IHCs).[4] Separating these hair cells are supporting cells: Deiters cells, also called phalangeal cells, which separate and support both the OHCs and the IHCs.[4]"
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"in the scala media of the cochlea of the inner ear between the vestibular duct and the tympanic duct"
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-6310890674616420742 | Once Upon a Time (season 6) | Once Upon a Time ( season 6 ) - wikipedia Once Upon a Time ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search Once Upon a Time ( season 6 ) DVD cover Starring Ginnifer Goodwin Jennifer Morrison Lana Parrilla Josh Dallas Emilie de Ravin Colin O'Donoghue Jared S. Gilmore Rebecca Mader Robert Carlyle Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network ABC Original release September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) -- May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 List of Once Upon a Time episodes The sixth season of the American ABC fantasy - drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on March 3 , 2016 . It debuted on September 25 , 2016 , and concluded on May 14 , 2017 . In January 2017 , it was stated that the sixth season would end the main storyline , and for a seventh season , the series would be softly rebooted with a new storyline . Existing fictional characters introduced to the series during the season include Aladdin , Princess Jasmine , the Count of Monte Cristo , Captain Nemo , Lady Tremaine , Beowulf , Tiger Lily and the Tin Man . Original new characters include Gideon , the Black Fairy , Mary Lydgate , and Robert . The show also reintroduced Jafar and Dr. Arthur Lydgate , who previously appeared in Once Upon a Time in Wonderland . This season also marks the final appearance of Emma Swan ( Jennifer Morrison ) as a series regular . Morrison announced she would be departing the series after the sixth season finale , but if the series receives a seventh season renewal she has agreed to appear in at least one episode . It is currently unclear to what capacity . After serving as a series regular for two seasons , Rebecca Mader also announced that season six would be her last on the show . Shortly after , Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis announced that original cast members Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , and Jared Gilmore , as well as Emilie de Ravin who joined the main cast in season two , would also exit the show at the end of the season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.1. 1 Musical episode 4.2 Casting 5 U.S. live ratings 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Just when it looks like Storybrooke can enjoy some peace , once more it is threatened by dark forces . The malevolent Mr. Hyde , now separated from Dr. Jekyll , has arrived and brought his fellow inhabitants from the Land of Untold Stories . To make matters worse , Regina 's dark half - the Evil Queen - continues to exist despite her heart being crushed ; unburdened by a conscience , the Evil Queen has declared war on the heroes and separates Snow and David by placing a sleeping curse on their shared heart . Meanwhile , Aladdin 's past as the previous Savior becomes a new factor in Emma 's role as the current Savior , and is about to be pushed to the limits , which could lead her to a future that has no happy ending for her , while Gold must deal with trying to win Belle 's heart again so they can be a family for their future child . Later on , the Black Fairy abducts Gideon , the son of Gold and Belle , which further complicates things for Storybrooke 's residents . As Emma , Regina , and an alternate universe version of Robin Hood return to Storybrooke , Gideon arrives now a grown man , and is revealed to be the one fated to kill Emma . The events lead to the Black Fairy , the creator of the Dark Curse , who is also controlling Gideon with his heart , crossing over into Storybrooke , as the ongoing war between light and darkness ultimately leads to the Final Battle that was prophesied before the casting of the original Curse . However , after the events of the Final Battle close the last chapter , which finally bought `` Happy Beginnings '' for everyone involved , a new one has begun for a grown - up Henry , when his daughter Lucy arrives in Seattle from the Enchanted Forest , for a new adventure . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Once Upon a Time characters Regular ( edit ) Ginnifer Goodwin as Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills Josh Dallas as Prince Charming / David Nolan Emilie de Ravin as Belle / Lacey Colin O'Donoghue as Captain Hook / Killian Jones Jared S. Gilmore as Henry Mills Rebecca Mader as Wicked Witch of the West / Zelena Robert Carlyle as Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold Recurring ( edit ) Beverley Elliott as Widow Lucas / Granny Raphael Sbarge as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper Lee Arenberg as Grumpy / Leroy David Paul Grove as Doc Gabe Khouth as Sneezy / Mr. Clark Faustino Di Bauda as Sleepy / Walter Mig Macario as Bashful Geoff Gustafson as Stealthy Tony Amendola as Geppetto / Marco Keegan Connor Tracy as the Blue Fairy / Mother Superior Eion Bailey as Pinocchio / August Booth David Anders as Victor Frankenstein / Dr. Whale Jessy Schram as Cinderella / Ashley Boyd Tim Phillipps as Prince Thomas / Sean Herman Gabrielle Rose as Ruth Alan Dale as King George / Albert Spencer Jaime Murray as Fiona / the Black Fairy Giles Matthey as Gideon / Morpheus Sean Maguire as Robin of Locksley Tony Perez as Prince Henry Rose McIver as Tinker Bell JoAnna Garcia Swisher as Ariel Gil McKinney as Prince Eric Giancarlo Esposito as Magic Mirror / Sidney Glass Chris Gauthier as William Smee Hank Harris as Dr. Henry Jekyll Sam Witwer as Mr. Hyde Deniz Akdeniz as Aladdin Karen David as Princess Jasmine Olivia Steele Falconer as Violet Tzi Ma as the Dragon Patrick Fischler as Isaac Heller Sara Tomko as Tiger Lily Wil Traval as the Sheriff of Nottingham / Keith Guest ( edit ) Oded Fehr as Jafar Tarun Keram as Emir Jordyn Ashley Olson as the Oracle Craig Horner as Edmond Dantès / Count of Monte Cristo Andrea Brooks as Charlotte Andrew Kavadas as Baron Danglars Lisa Banes as Lady Tremaine Mekenna Melvin as Clorinda Tremaine Goldie Hoffman as Tisbe Tremaine Max Lloyd - Jones as Jacob Jarod Joseph as Gus / Billy Jonny Coyne as Dr. Arthur Lydgate Elizabeth Blackmore as Mary Lydgate Reilly Jacob as Tom Sawyer Cedric De Souza as the Sultan Kate Dion - Richard as Goldilocks Faran Tahir as Captain Nemo Nick Eversman as First Mate Liam Jones II Paul Johansson as Gabriel / the Woodcutter Nick Hunnings as Jack Tammy Gillis as Jill Mckenna Grace as young Emma Rustin Gresiuk as teen August / Pinocchio Jack Davies as young Pinocchio David Cubitt as Robert Tara Wilson as young Ruth Luke Roessler as young David / young James Brandon Spink as young Baelfire Torstein Bjørklund as Beowulf Zahf Paroo as Prince Achmed Charles Mesure as Blackbeard Anton Starkman as young Gideon Grayson Gabriel as Roderick Mason McKenzie as young Roderick Isabella Blake - Thomas as young Zelena Alex Désert as Stanum / Tin Man Austin Obiajunwa as young Stanum Stephen Lord as Malcolm Andrew J. West as adult Henry Mills Alison Fernandez as Lucy Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Once Upon a Time episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 112 `` The Savior '' Eagle Egilsson Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 3.99 In the past , Aladdin , a `` Savior '' , is taunted by Jafar over the inevitable downfall of all Saviors . In Storybrooke , refugees arrive from the Land of Untold Stories . Emma experiences tremors and visions ; an arrested Hyde helps her receive an oracle 's vision of a hooded figure killing her . Guided by Morpheus , Gold enters Belle 's dreams to lift the sleeping curse ; he tries to renew their love , but she rejects him . `` Morpheus '' reveals he is really their unborn son , and desired this outcome . Belle wakes and leaves Gold . Henry convinces Regina that Hades may have lied about Robin Hood 's soul having been destroyed . Zelena moves in with Regina but , after learning her sister blames her for Robin Hood 's death , moves out and is approached by the Evil Queen . 113 `` A Bitter Draught '' Ron Underwood Andrew Chambliss & Dana Horgan October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 3.72 In the past in the Enchanted Forest , the Evil Queen offers to aid the revenge plot of Edmond Dantes , The Count of Monte Cristo , if he kills Snow and David . When he falls in love with Snow 's handmaiden , he reneges and flees with her to the Land of Untold Stories to save her from poison . In Storybrooke , the Evil Queen recruits Zelena and uses Edmond 's heart to set him against Snow and David ; Regina kills Edmond to save the others , and realizes she retains the capacity for darkness . The Evil Queen declares that the undesirable `` untold stories '' will be played out . She gives David evidence that his father 's death was not accidental . Belle lives on Hook 's ship ; in a deal with Gold , the Evil Queen will not harm her or the baby . Emma tells Archie about her visions and notes that Regina is n't present in them and could be the hooded figure . 114 `` The Other Shoe '' Steve Pearlman Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 4.11 In the past in the Enchanted Forest , Cinderella meets Prince Thomas at the ball , but flees when she believes he loves her stepsister Clorinda ; Clorinda actually plans to elope with Thomas ' footman , Jacob , but her mother , Lady Tremaine , abducts her to the Land of Untold Stories after forcing Cinderella to betray Clorinda 's location . In Storybrooke , Ashley hopes to reconcile with Clorinda . Aided by the Evil Queen , Tremaine lures Ashley into a trap for her and Jacob . Ashley protects Jacob ; Clorinda reunites with him and forgives Cinderella , while Tremaine is arrested . Emma struggles to control her magic . Whale helps Jekyll recreate his serum , while the Evil Queen and Hyde form an alliance and she releases him . Snow White wants normality , but David secretly investigates his father 's death ; Gold provides information in exchange for David delivering a message to Belle . 115 `` Strange Case '' Alrick Riley David H. Goodman & Nelson Soler October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) 3.53 In the past in Victorian England , Jekyll petitions the Academy of Science for membership but Dr. Lydgate rejects him . Rumplestiltskin arrives and magically perfects Jekyll 's serum ; Jekyll transforms into Hyde , who blackmails Lydgate for Jekyll 's membership . Mary is Lydgate 's daughter and Jekyll 's unrequited love ; she and Hyde fall in love . Jekyll accidentally fatally defenestrates Mary ; he frames Hyde . In Storybrooke , Gold imprisons Belle on the ship to protect her from Hyde ; but it is Jekyll who tries to kill Belle in revenge for Rumplestiltskin 's role in Mary 's death . Hook saves Belle by killing Jekyll , and Hyde dies of identical wounds ; Regina asks Emma to kill her if necessary to stop the Evil Queen . Gold warns Belle that their child will need his protection . Mary Margaret resumes teaching , and her assistant Shirin inspires her to draw on her life as Snow . Shirin is secretly Princess Jasmine , working with the Oracle to search for Aladdin . 116 5 `` Street Rats '' Norman Buckley Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 3.40 In the past in Agrabah , Aladdin seeks a magical weapon for Jasmine , to save the kingdom from Jafar ; he is the weapon and a Savior . Jafar tempts Aladdin with magical shears that can sever him from his fate as the Savior and from his resulting death . Aladdin rejects Jafar and saves Jasmine . In Storybrooke , the Oracle is murdered . Emma helps Jasmine , hoping Aladdin 's survival ensures her own . Having faked his death , Aladdin reveals himself to Emma and confesses that he doomed Agrabah by using the shears , which he gives to her ; she asks Hook to dispose of them , but he secretly keeps them . The Evil Queen impersonates Archie to learn of Emma 's visions , and convinces Zelena to turn Archie back into a cricket . 117 6 `` Dark Waters '' Robert Duncan Andrew Chambliss & Brigitte Hales October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 3.06 During the Dark Curse , Captain Nemo abducts Hook and invites him to join the crew `` family '' of his submarine , Nautilus , in their quest for the `` Mysterious Island '' , which is the Land of Untold Stories . Hook discovers the first mate is his half - brother , Liam , and decides to leave to avoid confrontation ; but Liam attacks him , instead mortally wounding Nemo , who steps in . In the present , Archie is freed . Henry confronts Hook over lying about the shears , and Liam imprisons them on Nautilus . Hook opens up and Henry accepts him as family ; they save each other and dispose of the shears . Modern medicine saves Nemo ; he , Liam , and Hook make amends . Emma and Aladdin discuss being a Savior . Jasmine reveals that Agrabah vanished . Snow supports Belle at her ultrasound . The Evil Queen seduces Gold and offers the retrieved shears in exchange for help taking Snow 's heart . 118 7 `` Heartless '' Ralph Hemecker Jane Espenson November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 3.56 In the past , fugitive Snow and shepherd David separately travel to Longbourn ; she to flee the kingdom and he to sell his struggling farm . Without ever seeing each other 's faces , David saves Snow from a bounty hunter and she repays him with money to save the farm , deciding not to flee . Their hands touch and a magical sapling is created . In the present , the Evil Queen threatens to destroy Storybrooke with River of Lost Souls water unless Mary Margaret and David hand over their hearts . They learn the sapling could stop the Queen , who destroys it just after they find it . But it has shown them their previous meeting , and they conclude that their love can endure anything ; they surrender themselves . The Queen casts a sleeping curse on their hearts ; because they share Snow 's heart , the curse affects them both ; each can wake the other but immediately succumbs to the curse , so they can never be awake together . Regina uses Gold 's relationship with the Queen to separate the latter from Zelena , who earns Gold 's enmity by exposing his schemes to Belle . 119 8 `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' Jennifer Lynch Jerome Schwartz & Leah Fong November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 3.40 Regina and Emma try to magically trap the Evil Queen in the World Behind the Mirror , but she traps them there , where the Dragon is already imprisoned . Henry prepares for a date with Violet ; the Queen impersonates Regina and tries to manipulate him but he recognizes her . Emma and Regina discover Sidney was building a mirror portal out of the world and try and finish it , but the Evil Queen forces the Dragon to attack Emma and Regina , using his heart , and tries to make Henry kill the Dragon with the Hammer of Hephaestus ; he instead uses it to free his mothers . Mary Margaret and David adjust to living in shifts . Belle asks Zelena to help her escape Storybrooke via magical portal , and they form an alliance with Aladdin and Jasmine . Aladdin steals the Genie 's lamp and the Sorcerer 's wand from Gold 's shop , but Gold takes the wand back from Zelena and puts a magical tracking device on Belle . He asks the Queen to kill Zelena , as the connection between his and Zelena 's hearts protects her from him . 120 9 `` Changelings '' Mairzee Almas David H. Goodman & Brian Ridings November 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) 3.28 In the Enchanted Forest , while served by Belle , Rumplestiltskin abducts a baby to use as bait for the Black Fairy , the mother who abandoned him ; she escapes without answering his questions . In the present , Belle receives advice from her unborn child while Gold becomes increasingly unhinged . Resenting Gold 's order to attack Zelena , the Evil Queen accelerates Belle 's pregnancy ; Mother Superior delivers Belle 's son , Gideon , and sends him into hiding ; Gold vows to find him . As the Genie has been freed , Aladdin takes his place . Zelena and Regina continue to feud . Emma obtains the sword from her vision . 121 10 `` Wish You Were Here '' Ron Underwood Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 3.27 The Black Fairy abducts Gideon . Emma discovers the sword can kill the Evil Queen without hurting Regina . The Queen steals the lamp and wishes Emma to an alternate reality where she was never the Savior ; Regina follows her . David and his allies take the lamp from the Queen , who is turned into a serpent by the hooded figure , revealed to be the adult Gideon . Jasmine wishes herself and Aladdin to Agrabah . In the `` wish realm '' , Emma lives as a princess until Regina traumatically restores her memory . Regina frees Rumplestiltskin in exchange for a magic bean , but the portal to Storybrooke closes while Regina is distracted by the appearance of Robin Hood . 122 11 `` Tougher Than the Rest '' Billy Gierhart Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 3.03 In 1990 Minnesota , a young Emma is told by a teenager that she has the power to change her fate . In present day , after they miss their way out of the Wish realm , Emma and Regina find another option for escape when they come across August , who agrees to help create a new portal . Regina goes to find Robin Hood to see if he would 've been better off without her . After Regina finds Robin , they 're caught by the Sheriff of Nottingham and later by the Wish realm Rumple . Robin believes Regina when she tells him about their being in an alternate reality . Emma discovers that August was the teenager she met back in Minnesota and inspires him to complete the portal . Emma , Regina , and Robin return to Storybrooke , where Gideon explains to Gold and Belle his intention to kill Emma so that he can acquire her savior powers and kill the Black Fairy , a move that has David furious and Belle concerned . Emma and Gideon finally meet for the battle , but Emma survives , choosing her own fate . Gideon retreats , proclaiming this far from over . Gold and Belle decide to work together for the good of their son . 123 12 `` Murder Most Foul '' Morgan Beggs Jerome Schwartz & Jane Espenson March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 3.06 The events of how Robert , the father of David and James , was murdered are detailed in a flashback , in which Robert learns what happened to James after he ran away from King George . With help from Rumple , he tracks him to Pleasure Island , but their reunion is cut short by King George , who orders Robert 's execution . His death affects David in the present day after he sees visions of Robert and asks Hook to help him , despite his being reformed . When Hook becomes concerned that David is taking this investigation too far by going after Albert , he intervenes and brings David back to sanity . Hook is also worried about whether David will give him his blessing to marry Emma , but David does . Meanwhile , Regina tries to get the Wish Realm Robin assimilated into Storybrooke , but soon questions why he agreed to follow her , as it turns out that he had something else planned after he steals a chest from the vault . The truth as to who really murdered Robert is revealed when August gives Hook missing pages he took from Henry 's book . When Hook sees an illustration of David 's dad , he recognizes him and recalls murdering him during a robbery in the Enchanted Forest so that there was no witness to his crime . 124 13 `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' Ron Underwood Andrew Chambliss & Dana Horgan March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 2.71 During the First Ogres War , Beowulf leads a fearsome charge on the battlefield in the Enchanted Forest of old . After every last soldier had been slain , Beowulf surrenders to death just as Rumplestiltskin intervenes , killing all the ogres . Hailed as a hero in the village , Beowulf is irked by Rumple 's new title . He creates a ruse to lead Rumple to his demise . Fearing he would not be able to follow through on protecting the villagers without Dark Magic , Rumple bestows his dagger upon Baelfire as an insurance policy . Following a turbulent exchange and threat to frame Rumplestiltskin as a murderer , Beowulf retreats . Feeling the pressure of his threat , Bae commands his father to kill him . Rumple later doses Bae with a memory potion to erase the ordeal from his mind and restore his innocence . In Storybrooke , Rumple recognizes a familiar pattern in Gideon , who makes strides in his quest to kill Emma Swan at the cost of The Blue Fairy 's vitality . Hook worries about the repercussions of telling Emma his newly unveiled secret . Meanwhile , Emma unknowingly forces a proposal after happening upon Hook 's engagement ring . Robin of Locksley attempts to flee the town , but to no avail . The Evil Queen escapes her reptilian confinement and indoctrinates Robin . 125 14 `` Page 23 '' Kate Woods David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 2.85 In the Enchanted Forest , The Evil Queen is in search of a spell that will help her end Snow White for good , but her father has love in mind for his daughter and leads her on a quest to Cupid 's Arrow . However , The Evil Queen rebrands the arrow to follow hatred and discovers that the person she despises the most is herself . In Storybrooke , The Evil Queen and Regina face off in a final confrontation . Just when Regina wins the upper hand , she remembers the Evil Queen 's self - loating and evenly splits the light and the darkness in their hearts , to share their love and hate and allow the Evil Queen to reform . After Emma calls off the engagement , Hook decides to board the Nautilus with Captain Nemo . Hook later changes his mind following a conversation with Snow but , before he can return , Gideon hijacks the vessel and sends it out of Storybrooke . 126 15 `` A Wondrous Place '' Steve Pearlman Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 2.80 At a loss for hope , Regina suggests a `` girls ' night out '' for Emma with her and Snow . While at the bar , she confides in the mixologist and sheds a tear . Meanwhile , the Nautilus is transported to the Enchanted Forest , where Aladdin and Jasmine board . They have yet to locate Agrabah and are growing weary . After Hook and Jasmine confide in one another , the vessel is irrevocably damaged and Jasmine uses a genie wish to relocate the group to the island where Jafar is located . They discover a cabana belonging to Ariel and Prince Eric . Ariel has collected a genie lamp that houses Jafar . Jasmine is able to sway him into divulging the location of the hidden Agrabah before defeating him with magic dust . Through true love 's kiss , Aladdin and Jasmine , along with Hook and Ariel , are transported to the restored city and Aladdin 's genie curse is broken . Ariel supplies Hook with a means to reach Emma . Emma receives the message and Gideon , no longer masquerading as the mixologist , threatens that he will use her tears to keep Hook from returning to Storybrooke unless she helps him kill the Black Fairy . Flashbacks to Ariel and Jasmine 's first meeting show the princess falter under Jafar 's trickery . 127 16 `` Mother 's Little Helper '' Billy Gierhart Story by : Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz Teleplay by : Paul Karp April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 2.60 In Storybrooke , Gold reveals to Emma and Snow that the Black Fairy is his mother and that the Dark Curse Regina cast was created by the Black Fairy . Emma agrees to help Gideon kill the Black Fairy , but is double - crossed by Gideon and left to die at the hands of a giant spider . Gideon opens a portal with the sword , allowing the Black Fairy to slip through into Storybrooke . Meanwhile in the Enchanted Forest , Hook wagers the Jolly Roger for a magic bean in a game of cards with Blackbeard . As Blackbeard and Hook go through the portal , it malfunctions thanks to Gideon and the duo ends up in Neverland , on the run from the remnants of Peter Pan 's Lost Boys . Back in Storybrooke , Henry experiences a disorienting shift in his Author powers , so he and Regina seek help from the only person who can aid them : the previous Author , Isaac . Isaac reveals to Regina and Henry that they are nearing the end of the story in which the savior must fight the Final Battle . Flashbacks reveal the abuses the Black Fairy inflicted on Gideon and that the Black Fairy ripped out Gideon 's heart and is controlling him to kill Emma . 128 17 `` Awake '' Sharat Raju Andrew Chambliss & Leah Fong April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) 2.51 Regina works feverishly to wake Snow and Charming from the Sleeping Curse . Gold comes face to face with the Black Fairy , the powerful enemy Emma must fight in the Final Battle . Hook , still in Neverland , meets up with Tiger Lily , who gives him a piece of an ancient fairy wand to aid Emma in defeating the Black Fairy . Gold confronts the Black Fairy over her manipulating Gideon with his heart and she maintains that Storybrooke would be destroyed if the two of them fought . A pixie flower allows Emma to open a doorway to Neverland and rescue Hook , who then re-proposes properly . The townsfolk gather around Emma 's sleeping parents and each take small amounts of the Sleeping Curse unto themselves , diluting it and allowing Snow and David to finally reunite . In 1993 , a pixie flower awakens Snow and Charming from their cursed selves , but an awakened Rumplestiltskin tells them they must make a difficult decision to ensure that Emma fulfills her destiny as the Savior . 129 18 `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' Michael Schultz David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 2.69 In Zelena 's past , her childhood friend Stanum asks for her help in finding the Crimson Heart , a magical artifact that would be able to restore his human form after having been cursed by the Wicked Witch of the North to slowly turn into tin . Zelena 's refusal to give up her magic leads to her betraying Stanum , as she keeps the Heart and leaves him to become the Tin Man . In the Present , The Black Fairy tempts Zelena with an offer to join her , only to have Zelena oppose her instead . Regina is brought into the chaos by trying to stop her sister and they find the Black Fairy and Gideon in the crystal mines , with the Black Fairy tricking Zelena into utilizing her unstable Dark Magic to strengthen her for the Final Battle . Realizing that there is nothing left for her back in Oz , Zelena decides to help the residents fight back against the Black Fairy by using the Crimson Heart to give up her magic , thereby undoing the mess she made in the mines . Emma then uses her magic and one of the crystals to bring Mother Superior out of her coma with some help from Regina and Zelena . 130 19 `` The Black Fairy '' Alrick Riley Jerome Schwartz & Dana Horgan April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) 3.05 The origin of Rumplestiltskin 's true destiny is revealed , as his mother Fiona learns from the Blue Fairy and Tiger Lily that he was destined to become The Savior . When Fiona fears for her son and chooses power over protecting Rumple , it results in her becoming the Black Fairy . In the present day , as everyone looks for the missing wand , Gold brings Gideon and Emma into the Dream World to search for Gideon 's heart , where the events of the flashback unfold . Gold then confronts Fiona , but she reveals the real reason behind why he was abandoned . Gold later retrieves Gideon 's heart and tells everyone that the Black Fairy is dead , paving the way for Emma and Hook 's wedding . However , Gold and Fiona make a deal that will see the Final Battle go forward , with Emma being the Savior that will fight in it . Meanwhile , Regina helps Zelena adjust to life without her powers . 131 20 `` The Song in Your Heart '' Ron Underwood David H. Goodman & Andrew Chambliss May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) 2.87 In the past , Snow makes a wish that grants the entire Enchanted Forest the ability to use the gift of song as a strength , which also spreads to Oz as well . When Regina becomes affected by the wish , she finds a way to end it before the first curse takes place , but the Blue Fairy , who granted Snow the wish , tells Snow and David that the wish will be part of Emma 's destiny . In Emma 's past , her chance to make use of her talent is held back by being told she 'll be alone . This would come back to taunt Emma in the present day , as Fiona returns to use that weakness to take Emma 's heart before unleashing a new curse on her wedding day , with help from Gold 's freezing her family . When Henry discovers the page in the book that reveals the song in Emma 's heart will make her stronger , not only does it embolden Emma , it stops Fiona from crushing her heart , but Fiona still tells Emma that the battle will continue . On her wedding day , Emma and Hook finally marry , just in time for the dark clouds of the Black Fairy 's curse to erupt from the clock tower and engulf them at 6 : 00 PM , setting up the final battle . 132 133 21 22 `` The Final Battle '' Steve Pearlman Ralph Hemecker Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) 2.95 Fiona 's curse alters Storybrooke , institutionalizing Emma and leaving only Henry and Gold `` awake , '' while sending Emma 's other allies to their home realms . The Final Battle begins over Emma 's belief ; if she stops believing in the realms of story , they will be consumed by the Darkness and cease to exist . If all the realms are destroyed , Fiona would gain godlike powers and be able to break the Laws of Magic at will . In the Enchanted Forest , the banished characters gather at Regina 's castle ; David and Hook obtain a magic bean and the Evil Queen sacrifices herself , holding off the Darkness to delay the group 's destruction . Fiona convinces Emma to destroy the book , but Henry hand - draws one that restores her belief in time to save the castle . Gold kills Fiona , who had hidden Belle and turned her into a coward ; this breaks the Curse , which restores everyone 's memories and reunites them in Storybrooke . However , Gideon is still under orders to kill Emma . Gold attempts to free Gideon 's heart ; however , a spell cast by the Black Fairy prevents him from doing so . Emma lays down her sword , allowing Gideon to impale her ; this releases Emma 's light magic and ends the battle . With both Gold and Emma having chosen good , Gideon is returned to infancy and the realms are restored , and those who died in the crisis are revived . The characters embark on their `` happy beginnings . '' Many years later in the Enchanted Forest , an adult Henry vanishes while defending his daughter Lucy from an unidentified entity . Guided by Tiger Lily , Lucy travels to Seattle , where Henry no longer remembers her . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis announced that they were ending the half - season arc structure that was seen in seasons three through five , with Horowitz saying , `` We 're also planning a 22 - episode story as opposed to breaking it up into two halves this year . It has been really exciting and fun . '' Kitsis added : `` We are changing around what we 're doing this year and going back to that season 1 mentality of small town stories and smaller arcs . '' This season will focus on Storybrooke as the main setting , but will also show new realms and there will be the exploration of the Savior 's mythology . Kitsis and Horowitz hired two directors from their Freeform series Dead of Summer , Norman Buckley , Mairzee Almas , and Michael Schultz helm episodes of the season . Jennifer Lynch directed the eighth episode of the season , `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' . In January 2017 , ABC president Channing Dungey had been the first to suggest that the current narrative of the show would end with season six , regardless of whether or not there is a season seven . Shortly after this news , Jennifer Morrison revealed that the contracts for the original main cast members were expiring in April , expressing uncertainty about the future of the show and her participation in it beyond the current season . Robert Carlyle also expressed that he 'd have to make a decision about his future on the show by the end of that month . In March 2017 , several sources had reported that four of the current main cast members in particular - Morrison , Carlyle , Lana Parrilla , and Colin O'Donoghue - were in negotiations to renew their contracts for a potential seventh season . In April 2017 , Horowitz and Kitsis confirmed that a group of characters will indeed have their stories wrapped up by the end of the season in acknowledging the potential cast changes , saying : `` We planned this finale from the beginning of the year , so whoever stays and whoever goes ... all those questions have already been dealt with . The audience does not have to fear ( anything feeling ) incomplete . '' On May 8 , Morrison confirmed that she had declined an offer to remain on the show and that the sixth season would be her last , signaling the end of Emma 's time on the show as the main protagonist . On May 11 , Rebecca Mader announced that she would also be leaving the show at the end of the season , citing creative decisions beyond her control . On May 12 , season six was announced to be the last for four additional main actors : Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , Jared Gilmore , and Emilie de Ravin . Thus , characters seeing their storylines wrapped up in the season six finale include Emma Swan , Snow White , Prince Charming , Belle , and Zelena . The season finale revealed that Henry Mills will remain a series protagonist , with the setting shifting to a later time period in which he is portrayed as an adult by Andrew J. West . Musical episode ( edit ) Main article : The Song in Your Heart In January 2017 , TV Line reported that the series would feature a musical episode later in the season . Creators Kitsis and Horowitz had spoken about the desire to do a musical installment previously , but did n't `` even know where to begin . '' Kitsis and Horowitz confirmed the report in February . They have also since confirmed that the episode will feature 7 original songs , including solos by Jennifer Morrison and Rebecca Mader , as well as a `` sing - off '' musical number featuring the Evil Queen and the Charmings . Composers Alan Zachary and Michael Weiner will be writing the original numbers featured , with arrangements provided by the show 's long - time composer Mark Isham . Kitsis and Hororwitz spoke about the nature of the episode saying , `` It actually is a huge part of the mythology of the show and there are some big things that happen in the episode , frankly , it 's been one of the challenges of doing the musical because we never wanted to do something where it was just like a to - the - side , one - off thing , and then get back to the main story . We want to see it part of the main story , which meant we had to really plan out this season with some great detail . '' Casting ( edit ) Horowitz : There certainly are nods to the film that we all love so much , that we 're peppering in throughout . We 're , right now , focusing on ( Aladdin , Jasmine , and Jafar ) . Kitsis : Obviously , I do n't think we would touch the genie . I would like to see a monkey but I ca n't promise anything . I think , whereas some stories , like Frozen , we were very faithful to Frozen , I think you will see Aladdin will have its own Once twist . -- Executive producers Kitsis and Horowitz on Once 's interpretation of Aladdin . Emilie de Ravin told fans that she will be returning for the sixth season . It was also announced later that Sam Witwer and Hank Harris have signed a contract to play two new recurring characters on the sixth season of the show . On March 29 , 2016 , Lana Parrilla confirmed she would be returning for the sixth season . Robert Carlyle was confirmed to be returning for the sixth season as Rumplestiltskin along with Rebecca Mader as Zelena and Jared Gilmore as Henry Mills . It was announced that Giles Matthey was cast as Morpheus , who is slated to appear in the first episode of the season . On July 20 , it was announced that Craig Horner would be portraying the Count of Monte Cristo , who was introduced in the second episode of the season . At the 2016 San Diego Comic Con International it was revealed that the season would see the introduction of Aladdin ( Deniz Akdeniz ) , and his story featuring the return of Jafar , now portrayed by Oded Fehr ( the role had been previously played by Naveen Andrews on Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ) . Andrews was unavailable due to his previous commitment to Netflix 's Sense8 . It was also announced that Galavant 's Karen David was cast as Princess Jasmine . She made her debut in the fourth episode of the season . In early July , it was announced that Raphael Sbarge would be reprising his role as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper in the season premiere . The character 's last appearance was in the season 4 episode `` Rocky Road . '' On July 20 , it was announced that Jessy Schram would be reprising her role as Cinderella in the third episode of the season . The episode explored a connection that her character has to someone from the Land of Untold Stories , as well as the start of her friendship with Snow White . That same episode also introduced Cinderella 's stepmother and stepsisters . David Anders returned this season as Victor Frankenstein . The character has a connection with Jekyll and Hyde . On August 15 , it was announced that Jonny Coyne would be reprising his role as Dr. Lydgate from Once Upon a Time in Wonderland , in the fourth episode of the season . On August 26 , it was announced that Faran Tahir was cast as Captain Nemo , and would have ties to Captain Hook . On September 22 , it was announced that Tzi Ma would be reprising his role as the Dragon sometime in the season . Gabrielle Rose would also be returning as David 's mother , Ruth , who appeared via flashback in episode 7 . On September 27 , it was announced that Sean Maguire would be returning as Robin Hood . The former main character , who died on - screen near the end of season 5 , will not be brought back from the dead but would appear in a multi-episode arc in a different capacity . For the second half of the season , Wil Traval would be returning for multiple episodes , starting in episode 11 , as the Sheriff of Nottingham . On October 31 , it was announced that Mckenna Grace would be returning as a younger version of Emma . On December 11 , Robert Carlyle revealed that Brandon Spink would be portraying a young Baelfire in episode 13 . On January 6 , 2017 , it was announced that JoAnna Garcia would be returning as Ariel . The story line involves a team - up between Ariel , Jasmine , and Hook . On January 7 , Horowitz confirmed that Gil McKinney would also be returning as Prince Eric . Two days later , it was announced that Rose McIver would also be coming back as Tinker Bell . On January 20 , it was revealed that Sara Tomko was cast as Tiger Lily . The recurring character appears in at least two episodes starting in episode 17 . On January 23 , Horowitz announced that Patrick Fischler would return as former author Isaac Heller at some point in the second half of the season . On March 14 , it was announced that episode 18 would introduce the Tin Man , played by Alex Désert , and the Cowardly Lion from the Wizard of Oz tale . On February 16 , TVLine released casting call descriptions for two characters who appear in the season 6 finale , with potential to continue into season 7 if the show is to be renewed . One is a man in his late 20s - early 30s who `` was once optimistic and hopeful but now is a friendless , cynical recluse '' but `` still possesses a dormant , deep - seated spark of hope that waits for the right person to reignite it . '' The other is a 10 - year - old girl who `` comes from a broken home '' but `` those struggles have only made her stronger -- something which will come in handy when darkness threatens everything she holds dear . '' On March 8 , it was announced that Andrew J. West had been cast in the unidentified male role , later revealed in `` The Final Battle '' as a adult Henry Mills . On March 9 , it was announced that Alison Fernandez had been cast in the unidentified female role , also revealed to be Henry 's daughter , Lucy . On May 8 , 2017 , Jennifer Morrison announced that she had declined an offer to remain on the show through season 7 and would not be returning to Once Upon a Time as a series regular in the event the series was renewed by ABC . However , Morrison noted that she had signed a contract to appear in one episode in season 7 , which is most likely to be the season premiere . On May 12 , 2017 , showrunners Horowitz and Kitsis confirmed that five more cast members , in addition to Morrison , would not be returning to the show for a seventh season : Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , Jared Gilmore , Emilie de Ravin , and Rebecca Mader . In their personal goodbyes to fans , both de Ravin and Mader cited the show 's decision to move forward in a new creative direction as the reason for their departures . Gilmore expressed similar sentiments . Meanwhile , Goodwin and Dallas had informed the showrunners a year prior that they intended to leave the show at the end of the sixth season . U.S. live ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Savior '' September 25 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.99 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` A Bitter Draught '' October 2 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.72 0.7 N / A 1.8 N / A `` The Other Shoe '' October 9 , 2016 1.2 / 4 4.11 0.7 N / A 1.9 N / A `` Strange Case '' October 16 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.53 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Street Rats '' October 23 , 2016 1.0 / 3 3.40 0.7 N / A 1.7 N / A 6 `` Dark Waters '' October 30 , 2016 0.9 / 3 3.06 0.7 1.57 1.6 4.63 7 `` Heartless '' November 6 , 2016 1.1 / 3 3.56 0.6 N / A 1.7 5.2 8 `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' November 13 , 2016 0.9 / 3 3.40 0.7 N / A 1.6 N / A 9 `` Changelings '' November 27 , 2016 1.0 / 3 3.28 0.6 1.46 1.6 4.74 10 `` Wish You Were Here '' December 4 , 2016 0.9 / 3 3.27 0.6 N / A 1.5 N / A 11 `` Tougher Than the Rest '' March 5 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.03 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Murder Most Foul '' March 12 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.06 N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' March 19 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.71 0.5 1.25 1.3 3.96 14 `` Page 23 '' March 26 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.85 N / A N / A N / A N / A 15 `` A Wondrous Place '' April 2 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.80 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Mother 's Little Helper '' April 9 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.60 0.5 N / A N / A 17 `` Awake '' April 16 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.51 0.6 1.19 1.3 3.70 18 `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' April 23 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.69 0.5 N / A 1.3 N / A 19 `` The Black Fairy '' April 30 , 2017 0.9 / 4 3.05 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` The Song in Your Heart '' May 7 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.87 N / A N / A N / A N / A 21 / 22 `` The Final Battle '' May 14 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.95 N / A N / A N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Renewed for Season 6 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Current Narrative To Wrap At End Of Season 6 ; Will There Be Season 7 ? '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison On Why She Is Leaving ' Once Upon a Time ' , Emma 's Final Battle & What 's Next '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rebecca Mader exiting after season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , Emilie de Ravin and Jared Gilmore exit '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` @ IdkiloveMinaj if they 're not , not sure what they 're doing in Vancouver . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` @ Pirate_Mia I hope you enjoy what we have in store for Hook and Emma next season ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Lana Parrilla ( @ LanaParrilla ) ( March 30 , 2016 ) . ``. # OnceUponATime fans today in Steveston aka Storybrooke ! Thank you for your loving support ! See you in S6 ! @ OnceABC '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Instagram '' . Instagram . ^ Jump up to : Jared Gilmore ( @ Jared_Gilmore ) ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` You guys are so awesome ! Thank you for all your questions tonight . I ca n't wait to start on season 6 soon '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Courtney Ann Thieman ( @ courtneyann2009 ) ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` @ bexmader ready for next season # OnceUponATime ? '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Rebecca Mader ( @ bexmader ) ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Yep ! 💚 👏 🏻 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` E.T '' . E.T . Jump up ^ Jacobsen , Kevin ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Season 6 News : Emma ' Develops Side Effect ' In Dealing With Hyde ? ( VIDEO ) '' . Enstarz . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time 's Archie Hopper to Return -- But Who Is His Patient ? '' . TVLine . July 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Savior '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 604 ) `` Strange Case '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 608 ) `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 610 ) `` Wish You Were Here '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Arrow , Riverdale , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 607 ) `` Heartless '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aguilera , Leanne ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! ' Once Upon a Time ' Scoop : Eion Bailey Will Return as Pinocchio to ' Save the Day ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : David Anders returning in season 6 -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Cinderella Returns -- To Explore Two Past Connections '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 603 ) `` The Other Shoe '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` TVLine Items : Once Mom Returns , Odd Renewal , Legends Poster and More '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Alan Dale books return trip -- exclusive '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Yep , Defiance 's Jaime Murray Is Playing ( Spoiler ) '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ; Slead , Evan ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time casts 24 star as Morpheus -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Sean Maguire returning as Robin Hood -- exclusive '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ `` ( # 614 ) `` Page 23 '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rose McIver books Tinker Bell return '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Ariel returns for princess team - up ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Gil McKinney ( @ GilMcKinney ) ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Thrilled to be back on an incredible show . Thanks @ AdamHorowitzLA '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 620 ) `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time Finale : New Fairytale Characters Arrive & A Familiar Face Returns - E ! News '' . E ! Online . May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Reveals Aladdin Storyline , Casts Oded Fehr as Jafar '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ; Slead , Evan ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time casts Galavant star as Princess Jasmine '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Karen David ( @ KarenDavid ) ( September 24 , 2016 ) . `` I 'm recurring at the moment . Xo '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : The Dragon returns in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` So happy to have the amazing @ PFischler back for some more fun on # OnceUponATime -- hope to see ya March 5 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Timeless , Blacklist , Once Upon a Time and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Wil Traval ( @ WilTraval ) ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Here he comes ! # ouat # sheriffofnottingham # onceuponatime # badguy # abc '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time books Legend of the Seeker star -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 602 ) `` A Bitter Draught '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ; Roots , Kimberly ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` TVLine Items : Wonderland Doc on Once , Sleepy Premiere Reveal and More '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 605 ) `` Street Rats ( FKA Diamond in the Rough ) '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time casts Captain Nemo -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 606 ) `` Dark Waters '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 609 ) `` Changelings '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Young Emma is back on # OnceUponATime -- coming soon ! Hope to see ya Sunday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ( # 611 ) `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 612 ) `` Murder Most Foul '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Carlyle ( @ robertcarlyle_ ) ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` No OUAT tonight , but just finished ep 613 with the latest Baelfire ... the lovely and hugely talented @ brandonsspink '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ( # 613 ) `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 615 ) `` A Wondrous Place '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 616 ) `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 618 ) `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 619 ) `` The Black Fairy '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Walking Dead Alum Andrew J. West in Finale Mystery Role , Possible Season 7 Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time adds Jane the Virgin star in mystery role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' and ' NCIS : LA ' adjust up , FOX shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' adjusts up , final NFL numbers : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts up , ' Simpsons ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' The Simpsons ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Series lows for ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Madam Secretary ' and more : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Madam Secretary ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 60 Minutes ' adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Madam Secretary ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS : Los Angeles , ' ' Madam Secretary ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjusts up , ' 60 Minutes ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Time After Time ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Crime ' premieres low , ' Chicago Justice ' fairly steady : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots ' adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' and ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots ' adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Justice , ' ' Madam Secretary ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Elementary , ' ' Shades of Blue ' and others unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots , ' ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' Last Man on Earth , ' ' AFV ' all adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Justice , ' ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' , ' NCIS : LA ' and other originals unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' finale adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time bosses tease new format for season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Reveal New Musical Episode Secrets and If Colin O'Donoghue Will Sing ! '' . ETOnline . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot Seat : Once Upon a Time bosses answer your burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE ! ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Address Those Dreaded Death Rumors : ' A Grenade of Emotions ' Is About to Explode ! '' . Entertainment News . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis ( OUAT ) at San Diego Comic - Con 2016 '' . YouTube . 2016 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Adam . `` @ dorothyarzner2 yes . Norman is doing 1 ep. of OUAT . Mairzee is directing 2 episodes of OUAT '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jennifer . `` # gratitude # ilovemyjob '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Jennifer Morrison addresses her future on the show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Is Robert Carlyle going to leave Once Upon a Time ? `` I 'm going to have to make some decisions '' `` . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Shake - Up : 4 Vets in Talks to Return for Possible Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Zeroes In On 4 Cast Members For Potential Season 7 Reboot '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Cast Shake - Up : Finale Will Accommodate Any Changes , No Story Will Feel ' Incomplete ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Creators Explain the `` Next Chapter '' to Come in Season 7 `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Aguilera , Leanne ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Reveal New Musical Episode Secrets and If Colin O'Donoghue Will Sing ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Eyes Musical Episode for Spring -- Who Will Sing ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time doing a musical episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halterman , Jim ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' at the Atlanta TV Festival : Musical Episode Scoop and Jennifer Morrison 's Moving Award Speech ( VIDEO ) '' . TV Insider . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Big Bang , Bates , Bones , Nashville , Walking Dead , Flash , Once , Grimm and More '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : New musical details unveiled '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` And of course we could n't do it without the phenomenal @ markisham ! Hope you all check out the # OnceUponATime musical and see us back 3 / 5 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Open Up About Aladdin Story , Jasmine 's `` Agenda '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Casts Duo For Mental Hospital Arc '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Agents of SHIELD , Grey 's Anatomy , The Flash and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wil Traval ( @ WilTraval ) ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Love working with this guy . Hope enjoy our episodes together . Back in 2017 March 5. ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Is Casting Tiger Lily , Princess From Peter Pan 's Neverland '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Inside Line : Scoop on The Flash , Once , Supergirl , Five - 0 , Blindspot , Grimm , Chicago Fire , The Originals and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Once Upon a Time ' Reset ' Plan : How Do These New Characters Fit In ? '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Jennifer Morrison Exits , Others Near Deals For Season 7 '' . deadline.com . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Morrison '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Jennifer Morrison Opens Up About Her Exit : ' Emma Had Reached a Really Beautiful Place ' '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BUA5q9Ejdm5/ Jump up ^ Jared Gilmore ( @ Jared_Gilmore ) ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` I will miss working with everyone and would have loved growing up more on the show but I do understand the direction the writers are going '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Creators Defend Cast Shakeup , Joke Fans Want Them to ' Rot in Hell ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts more big DVR gains : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ studios , abc ( November 6 , 2016 ) . `` ABC 's Sunday Is Up by Double Digits , With ' Once Upon a Time ' at 4 - Week Highs '' . Disneyabcpress . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains : Week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Mr. Gold Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Creatures Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Once Upon a Time episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Thing You Love Most '' `` Snow Falls '' `` The Price of Gold '' `` That Still Small Voice '' `` The Shepherd '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` Desperate Souls '' `` True North '' `` 7 : 15 A.M. '' `` Fruit of the Poisonous Tree '' `` Skin Deep '' `` What Happened to Frederick '' `` Dreamy '' `` Red - Handed '' `` Heart of Darkness '' `` Hat Trick '' `` The Stable Boy '' `` The Return '' `` The Stranger '' `` An Apple Red as Blood '' `` A Land Without Magic '' Season 2 `` Broken '' `` We Are Both '' `` Lady of the Lake '' `` The Crocodile '' `` The Doctor '' `` Tallahassee '' `` Child of the Moon '' `` Into the Deep '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Cricket Game '' `` The Outsider '' `` In the Name of the Brother '' `` Tiny '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Queen Is Dead '' `` The Miller 's Daughter '' `` Welcome to Storybrooke '' `` Selfless , Brave and True '' `` Lacey '' `` The Evil Queen '' `` Second Star to the Right '' `` And Straight On ' til Morning '' Season 3 `` The Heart of the Truest Believer '' `` Lost Girl '' `` Quite a Common Fairy '' `` Nasty Habits '' `` Good Form '' `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` Think Lovely Thoughts '' `` Save Henry '' `` The New Neverland '' `` Going Home '' `` New York City Serenade '' `` Witch Hunt '' `` The Tower '' `` Quiet Minds '' `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Bleeding Through '' `` A Curious Thing '' `` Kansas '' `` Snow Drifts '' `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Season 4 `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` Unforgiven '' `` Enter the Dragon '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' `` Best Laid Plans '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' `` Lily '' `` Mother '' `` Operation Mongoose '' Season 5 `` The Dark Swan '' `` The Price '' `` Siege Perilous '' `` The Broken Kingdom '' `` Dreamcatcher '' `` The Bear and the Bow '' `` Nimue '' `` Birth '' `` The Bear King '' `` Broken Heart '' `` Swan Song '' `` Souls of the Departed '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` The Brothers Jones '' `` Our Decay '' `` Her Handsome Hero '' `` Ruby Slippers '' `` Sisters '' `` Firebird '' `` Last Rites '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season 6 `` The Savior '' `` A Bitter Draught '' `` The Other Shoe '' `` Strange Case '' `` Street Rats '' `` Dark Waters '' `` Heartless '' `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` Changelings '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` Murder Most Foul '' `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` Page 23 '' `` A Wondrous Place '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` Awake '' `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` The Black Fairy '' `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` The Final Battle '' Wonderland `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' `` Trust Me '' `` Forget Me Not '' `` The Serpent '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` Who 's Alice '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Home '' `` Nothing to Fear '' `` Dirty Little Secrets '' `` Heart of the Matter '' `` To Catch a Thief '' `` And They Lived ... '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_(season_6)&oldid=801556504 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) Once Upon a Time ( season 6 ) episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 11 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is season 6 of once upon a time coming | [
"The sixth season of the American ABC fantasy-drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on March 3, 2016.[1] It debuted on September 25, 2016, and concluded on May 14, 2017.[2] In January 2017, it was stated that the sixth season would end the main storyline, and for a seventh season, the series would be softly rebooted with a new storyline.[3]"
] | [
"September 25, 2016"
] |
-6282806269655787034 | That's So Raven | That 's So Raven - wikipedia That 's So Raven Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the teen sitcom series . For the soundtrack , see That 's So Raven ( soundtrack ) . For other similarly titled TV series , see Raven ( disambiguation ) . That 's So Raven Genre Sitcom Created by Michael Poryes Susan Sherman Starring Raven - Symoné Orlando Brown Kyle Massey Anneliese van der Pol T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh Rondell Sheridan Theme music composer John Coda Opening theme `` That 's So Raven '' by Raven - Symoné , Orlando Brown , and Anneliese van der Pol Ending theme `` That 's So Raven ( Instrumental ) '' ( except episode 89 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 100 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Marvin Harris ( season 1 - 4 ) Michael Poryes ( season 1 ) Sean McNamara ( season 1 -- 3 ) David Brookwell ( season 1 -- 3 ) Dennis Rinsler Marc Warren ( season 3 -- 4 ) Raven - Symoné ( season 4 ) Location ( s ) Sunset Gower Studios Hollywood Center Studios Los Angeles , California Camera setup Videotape ; multi-camera Running time approx. 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Disney Channel Original Brookwell McNamara Entertainment ( season 1 -- 3 ) That 's So Productions ( season 4 ) Warren & Rinsler Productions ( season 4 ) Distributor Buena Vista Television Release Original network Disney Channel Picture format 480i Original release January 17 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 17 ) -- November 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 10 ) Chronology Followed by Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Raven 's Home ( 2017 − present ) External links Official website That 's So Raven is an American supernatural sitcom that debuted on Disney Channel on January 17 , 2003 , and ended its run on November 10 , 2007 . The series was nominated in 2005 and 2007 for Emmy Awards for Outstanding Children 's Programming . The show was set in San Francisco and revolved around teenager Raven Baxter , played by Raven - Symoné , her friends Eddie ( Orlando Brown ) and Chelsea ( Anneliese van der Pol ) , her family members ; mother Tanya Baxter ( T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh ) , father Victor Baxter ( Rondell Sheridan ) and brother Cory ( Kyle Massey ) . The title character drew on her psychic powers , ingenuity , and talent as a fashion designer as well as a variety of disguises to get into and out of amusing adolescent and pre-adolescent situations . Reruns of episodes aired on the ABC Kids Saturday morning segment of Disney - owned broadcast network ABC in the United States until August 27 , 2011 , when the block was discontinued . No announcement was made as to whether the show would get complete season releases on DVD . That 's So Raven garnered higher ratings than any other Disney Channel show at the time . It went on to be the first show in Disney Channel history to make the 100 - episode mark . The show was so popular that it received a spin - off focusing on Cory . The show was called Cory in the House . The series lasted for two seasons and had 34 episodes . In October 2016 , Raven - Symoné announced that there would be a second spin - off about Raven raising her two children , one with psychic visions . The show , titled Raven 's Home , premiered on July 21 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Production 2.1 Opening sequence 3 Episodes 3.1 Crossover with The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and Hannah Montana 4 Cast and characters 4.1 Main 4.2 Recurring 5 Reunion 6 Merchandise 6.1 Soundtrack albums 6.2 Series novelizations 6.3 Video games 7 Reception 8 VHS and DVD releases 8.1 Volume releases 9 Other releases 10 Name in other countries 11 Spin - off and Sequels 11.1 Cory in the House 11.2 Failed Movie Attempt 11.3 Raven 's Home 12 Indian adaptation 13 Awards and nominations 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Overview ( edit ) Raven Baxter , a teenage girl , receives short psychic visions of the future events when in deep situations . Attempting to make these visions come true frequently results in trouble and hilarious situations for herself , her family , and her friends . Production ( edit ) The name for the main character changed several times prior to production , starting with Dawn Baxter in a show named The Future Is on Me . Names changed to Rose Baxter in a show called Absolutely Psychic but finally settling on Raven Baxter when actress Raven - Symoné won the lead part , with the show titled That 's So Raven . Symoné originally auditioned for the role of the best friend , Chelsea . Raven - Symoné was credited simply as `` Raven '' throughout the series . The show filmed a special pilot episode on April 12 , 2001 and the first season was filmed from November 9 , 2001 -- June 2002 . That 's So Raven was responsible for many firsts for Disney Channel : the series was the highest - rated series in the history of Disney Channel and the first series to garner more than three - million viewers ; the third longest - running original series in Disney Channel history , the first Disney Channel series to reach 100 episodes , the first Disney Channel series to produce a spinoff ( Cory in the House ) and one of the first two live action original series where the lead and most of the supporting main characters are minorities ( The Famous Jett Jackson being the other ) . In addition , it was also the first Disney Channel sitcom to be shot on videotape , to use a multi-camera format , to be shot in front of a studio audience or use a laugh track , and to use the simulated film look created by FilmLook , Inc. ( all of which has become standard on all Disney Channel comedies , though a ' filmized ' appearance was given to all of the channel 's videotaped sitcoms produced from 2009 onward , as the live - action Disney Channel Original Series begin being produced in high definition ) . The first three seasons were produced by Brookwell McNamara Entertainment . The company later left at the end of season 3 , being replaced by Warren & Rinsler Productions . Raven - Symoné then received a producer credit for the show 's fourth and final season , with the credit being called `` That So Productions '' . It became the first Disney Channel series to create a spin - off , Cory in the House , which followed her younger brother , Cory , as his dad became the head chef for the President of the United States , causing the two of them to move to Washington , D.C. In the fourth season of That 's So Raven and on Cory in the House , Victor states that Tanya ( T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh ) is in England studying to be a lawyer . The show shot its final few episodes in January 2006 , but they were n't all aired until a year later , with the series finale airing in March 2007 and the second - to - last episode shown that November . Opening sequence ( edit ) The show 's title theme song was written by John Coda , who also composed the music cues to signify scene changes and commercial breaks for this series as well as Even Stevens . It was produced by Jeffrey `` Def Jef '' Fortson and Christopher B. Pearman and was performed by Raven - Symoné , Anneliese van der Pol and Orlando Brown . Each season had opening credits composed of footage from the episodes of that season . Each season also made an exception to the guideline by showing footage from the previous seasons , most of the time when it was needed . For example , if footage being shown was of the characters dancing , then footage of a character or characters would be shown . When originally broadcast , season two followed the guideline , but when season three began airing , the opening credits from season two were inexplicably replaced with the opening credits from season three for daytime network rebroadcasts and subsequent syndication . Each opening sequence , before going to the title card , always ended with the main cast being together ( in clips that were not part of any episode ) . Seasons one , two , and three were of the Baxters sitting on their living room couch , and season four was of the Baxters ( with the exception of Tanya ) , Eddie , and Chelsea coming down the Baxters ' living room stairs . At the end of the opening credits , Raven stands next to the title card and says , `` Yep , that 's me . '' This remained in season four , except with a new addition . Raven 's catchphrase `` Oh , Snap ! '' was dubbed in right before she says , `` Yep , that 's me . '' Raven - Symoné performs most of the theme , while Brown performs a rap near the end of the theme and some scattered vocals in the beginning of the theme . Anneliese van der Pol sings the show 's title in the chorus . A full - length version of this theme was heard in a music video which aired a few months before the show 's U.S. premiere and also can be heard on the show 's first soundtrack , released in 2004 . In Disney Channel Asia , an Asian version of the show 's theme song was made . The music video debuted on January 17 , 2007 , back - to - back with the 100th episode of That 's So Raven . It also aired in China on CCTV as 那 是 因此 掠夺 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of That 's So Raven episodes The series is the third - longest running Disney Channel Original Series , with its popularity extending the show 's contract from 65 to 100 episodes . The last episode produced was `` The Way We Were '' , but then `` Checkin ' Out '' was produced . Although it was chronologically the last episode , it did not air last ; instead , `` Where There 's Smoke '' aired last . Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 21 January 17 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 17 ) March 5 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 05 ) 22 October 3 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 03 ) September 24 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 24 ) 35 October 1 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 01 ) January 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 16 ) 22 February 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 20 ) November 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 10 ) Crossover with the Suite life of Zack & Cody and Hannah Montana ( edit ) Main article : That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana The episode `` Checkin ' Out '' is the first part of a three - way crossover that continues on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and concludes on Hannah Montana . Raven Baxter meets Zack and Cody while visiting the Tipton Hotel to do a photo shoot promoting a fashion line for boys . During her stay , Raven upsets Cody with a psychic vision and London Tipton refuses to take interest in one of Raven 's clothing designs until Hannah Montana arrives and shows an interest . Cast and characters ( edit ) The cast of That 's So Raven ( seasons 1 - 3 ) , ( From left to right , above ) : Kyle Massey ( Cory Baxter ) , T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh ( Tanya Baxter ) , Rondell Sheridan ( Victor Baxter ) , ( From left to right , below ) : Orlando Brown ( Eddie Thomas ) , Raven - Symoné ( Raven Baxter ) and Anneliese van der Pol ( Chelsea Daniels ) . Main ( edit ) Raven - Symoné ( credited as Raven ) , portrays Raven Lydia Baxter , the main character . Aged 14 -- 17 . A precognitive teenager . She has a sassy attitude and a grand personality , and is well known for her style . She also loves fashion , and designs her own clothing . She has friends and a loving family , and she goes to public school . However , on various occasions , she gets `` psychic visions '' about what may or may not happen later . She is only able to `` see '' a small segment of some future event , and she frequently errs on what it really means , in which case her attempts to change these events only end up making it happen or making it worse . Her main catchphrases are `` Oh Fudge ! '' , `` Oh snap ! '' , `` Ya nasty ! '' , `` How y'all doin ' ? '' , and `` Oh , no he did n't ! '' She abruptly says , `` I 'm okay ! '' if she falls down in one of her disguises . And , if big guys throw her , she tells them to do it `` gently ! '' In addition , when she disapproves of something , she exclaims `` Gotta go ! '' When she makes an appearance on Cory in the House , her father exclaims , `` You did n't get kicked out of design school because they do n't give out refunds ! '' , which shows she is attending design school . Raven is also a master of disguise , which fits in with her trouble - making antics and passion for becoming a fashion designer , like her idol , Donna Cabonna , whom she worked for as an intern . Raven Baxter is extremely allergic to mushrooms , and her favorite drink is orange juice . According to Chelsea , her favorite gemstone is diamond , her favorite vegetable is corn , and her favorite animal is stuffed . Often referred to as Rae , Raven does not enjoy nature or camping . She has appeared in every episode of the series , along with her younger brother Cory . In the second spin - off , Raven 's Home , Raven eventually married her first love Devon but they got divorced . In between that time , they had two children Nia and Booker - latter of whom , shares Raven 's ability to see into the future . Orlando Brown portrays Edward `` Eddie '' Thomas . Aged 14 -- 17 . He is Raven 's male best friend . He is an aspiring rapper , and is a guard on the school basketball team . He is like a `` big brother '' to Cory Baxter and was commonly portrayed as playful , ambitious , loyal , girl crazy and quick to jump to conclusions . Occasionally , he says `` Told ya ! Told ya twice ! '' after he tells Raven not to do something that they both knew she would do . Another common catchphrase of his is `` Holla ! '' after he finishes talking to his friends or girls that he likes . His parents are divorced , which is mentioned several times throughout the series . It is also said that he has a little brother . In one episode , Eddie and Raven not only start to develop romantic feelings for each other but they also kiss on the lips at two separate times ; however , by the end of the episode , they decide to remain friends ( though its strongly implied they 're still interested in one another ) . Eddie has appeared in every episode except Juicer Consequences . Kyle Massey portrays Cory Baxter . Aged 10 -- 13 . Cory is Raven 's younger brother who sometimes acts as the main antagonist of the series . He and Raven often argue , but in the long run , they care deeply for each other . Even as he gets older , he claims that playing pranks on Raven is one of his guilty pleasures . Cory has two best friends , William and Larry . Together , the 3 boys form the band Cory and the Boys , with Cory as the drummer and lead singer , while Larry is the guitarist . William starts out playing the clarinet , and then plays the keyboard . The band has one song : `` Feelin ' the Love '' . Cory is an aspiring businessman . He is shown to be obsessed with money , and often creates `` get - rich - quick '' schemes behind his parents ' backs , in which he always gets into trouble . Cory also has a close relationship with his pet rat , Lionel . Earlier in the series , he had a crush on Chelsea . In the third season starts an relationship with Cindy . His catchphrases is `` Cha - ching '' and `` You Know How I Do ! '' . He and Victor are the main characters in the spin - off series Cory in the House . He has appeared in every episode of the series , along with his older sister Raven . Anneliese van der Pol portrays Chelsea Daniels . Aged 14 -- 17 . Often referred to as Chels , She is Raven 's female best friend . She is an environmentalist , vegetarian , and closet artist . She is portrayed as being clumsy and dimwitted ( although the first two seasons portray her to be just as smart as Raven , but to extreme limits ) ; at times , her stupidity is so potent that she is frequently oblivious to what should be obvious and unable to discern sarcasm from sincerity . She usually uses the catchphrases `` That makes more sense ! '' or ' `` This is awkward ! '' She also likes to make jokes , which only she would laugh at . Despite her apparent lack of common sense and intelligence , she has a few surprises up her sleeve -- such as occasionally knowing certain `` smart '' things , which usually tends to surprise everyone else . In Season 1 , it is revealed that Raven and Chelsea 's friendship goes all the way back to when they were in pre-school , but she was also shown to be dimwitted back then because she did not notice Raven blowing out the candles on her birthday cake . It should also be noted that Chelsea was just as caring when she was young as she is now because one of her unfulfilled wishes on that same birthday was to stop global warming . She is quite similar to Newt ( from Cory in the House ) in personality . She is very passionate in saving the environment and caring for the animals , and also much more spiritual compared to Raven who can be materialistic , though it occasionally leads to troubling events like the three friends disputing over a goat and nearly turning herself and Raven into cows . In earlier episodes , Cory has a huge crush on her and unsuccessfully pursues her . Occasionally , Chelsea refers to a specific relative , Cousin Earl , at times . Her parents are Therapists . She also has a dog named Sam . Chelsea is present in every episode except Mother Dearest , Smell of Victory , and Saturday Afternoon Fever . T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh portrays Tanya Baxter . ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) . Tanya is the mother of Raven and Cory , and wife of Victor . She is a firm , but fun and caring mother who , despite the antics of her children , is always there for them . She halted her studies to raise her family , but decided once the children were older to continue studying law . Before that , she briefly worked as Raven 's English teacher at the request of Raven 's school principal . Her catchphrase is `` Momma like ! '' She has a very competitive nature to her personality . It 's learned that her mother , Viv , is also psychic . In season 4 , Tanya is not present ; it is said that she has gone off to England to attend law school . On Cory in the House , she is still in England and she does not visit Cory and Victor but is mentioned . In the pilot episode of Raven 's Home , it is revealed by Booker that Tanya is still living . Rondell Sheridan portrays Victor Baxter , the father of Raven and Cory , and husband of Tanya . He starts out as a chef in a restaurant , but he later opens his own restaurant , The Chill Grill . His biggest rival is Leonard Stevenson . In Cory in the House , he gets a job as the President 's chef , and it is unknown what became of his restaurant . His catchphrases are `` Here comes the pain ! '' and `` I 'll go pack ! '' ( Cory in the House ) Recurring ( edit ) Señorita Rodriguez , played by Rose Abdoo Señorita Rodriguez is the Spanish teacher at Chelsea Daniels , Eddie Thomas , and Raven Baxter 's school . She also sponsors the Bayside Barracudian newspaper . Other roles she has taken on include teaching the `` Drama Club '' , advising the `` Bayside Outdoor Club '' , and creating / leading the `` FLUB '' ( Future Leaders United in Business ) Club . Retailers say she takes too many freebies . She has appeared in several episodes throughout the series . Whenever she is in a conversation with someone , she quickly gets their hopes up with positive responses , followed by a sly laugh , and an abrupt `` NO ! '' with a negative tone -- her catchphrase . Devon Carter , played by Lil ' J Devon Carter is Raven 's steady boyfriend from seasons 2 -- 4 . He previously had braces on his teeth and bad acne , and was known as `` Bucktooth Carter '' . After he had his braces removed and his face `` cleared up '' over the summer , and came back to school , Raven and Alana were constantly fighting to be his girlfriend . He eventually becomes Raven 's boyfriend , and continues to be , even after he moves to Seattle , Washington . Although he and his family move to Seattle , he still sees Raven when his father visits San Francisco on business trips . After his family leaves Tanya assures Raven that Devon will always be in her heart . Even though they say they are each other 's `` only love '' , we also see Raven have numerous crushes between Devon 's visits . Devon has a little sister named Nadine who is jealous of Raven because she does n't want to share her big brother . In the second spin - off , Raven 's Home , Devon and Raven eventually married but got divorced . In between that time , they had two children , Nia and Booker , the latter of whom shares Raven 's ability to see into the future . Alana Rivera , played by Adrienne Bailon Alana Rivera is Raven 's ex-best friend . She finds great pleasure in teasing and bullying Raven . She hangs out with her posse , which includes followers Muffy and Loka . She was first introduced in Season 2 in the episode `` Do n't Have a Cow '' . In `` Run Raven Run '' , we learn that Alana and Raven were best friends until 4th grade when a school play had them both competing for the role of the Tooth Fairy ( which Raven got , while Alana portrayed the tooth decay ) , and would ultimately end their friendship . Alana and Raven almost became friends again when Raven `` teamed up '' with Alana 's posse ( in the episode `` Clothes Minded '' ) , which happens after Chelsea and Eddie do not support Raven 's school `` protest '' . In the episode `` Run , Raven , Run '' , Raven and Alana briefly become friends until Chelsea reveals that Raven put chewing gum in Alana 's hair . This causes her to get her head shaved and covered up . Alana , Muffy , and Loka also spend the night at Raven 's house in the episode `` Shake , Rattle , and Rae '' . In this episode , Raven and Alana almost become friends again , until Alana announces that `` the score is 1 -- 0 '' . She was replaced in season 3 by Bianca ( Erica Rivera ) , because , according to Muffy , she was so bad , she got sent to military school , while Bianca was so bad that she got kicked out of military school . Bianca , played by Erica Rivera Bianca is Raven 's enemy in two episodes of season 3 , she replaced Alana when she was sent to military school and she took over Alana 's posse . She did not appear in season 4 , she was maybe sent back to military school leaving Muffy as Raven 's foremost enemy . Muffy , played by Ashley Drane Muffy is a member of Alana 's ( and , later on , Bianca 's ) posse . Her role in the posse is to record important events ( like an organizer ) and tends to explain what Alana ( and , later on , Bianca ) say which is usually brief . She took over as Raven 's foremost enemy after Bianca left . There is some speculation that she might be psychic because she knows everything that Alana and Bianca are thinking . She also has a younger sister , Buffy , who is Sydney 's age , and enemy . Loca , played by Andrea Edwards Loca is a member of Alana 's ( and , later on , Bianca 's ) posse . She is rough , and she did the `` bad work '' for Alana ( and then Bianca ) . She is a tall girl , whom nobody likes to mess with . She is also romantically interested in Eddie ; she likes to give him arm punches every time she sees him . She is obsessed with the boy band Boyz ' N Motion , and also loves s'mores , as seen in the episode `` Shake , Rattle , and Rae '' . Unlike Muffy , Bianca , or Alana , it shows in later episodes ( season 3 ) , she does n't have it out personally for Raven . She even shows compassion ( briefly ) for Raven in the season 3 episode `` Boyz ' N Commotion '' . Loca is shown to be nicer than Muffy or Bianca in personality and somewhat became friends with Raven . William , played by Frankie Ryan Manriquez William is one of Cory 's best friends . He is known to be very smart , and loves ducks . He is afraid of girls , and he can play the clarinet and keyboard . His classmates call him `` Captain Brainypants '' . He `` invents '' many different gadgets in various episodes , such as the `` remote - controlled refrigerator opener '' . He once does Raven 's science project , in exchange for her designing him a new wardrobe to look `` cooler '' . It has been implied that William is younger than Cory , but it is not known how much younger . Larry , played by David Henrie Larry is Cory 's other best friend . He is Jewish , as revealed in the episode `` Raven , Sydney , And The Man '' , when he invites Cory to his Bar Mitzvah . He is the guitar player in `` Cory and the Boys '' . He also has a yellow sweatshirt that he wears all the time during the winter , as mentioned in the episode `` The Lying Game '' , although no other reference to this is made . He takes cotillion class , as revealed in the episode `` Mad Hot Cotillion '' . He is also known to be over-worried , and slightly strange , at times . Stanley played by Bobb'e J. Thompson Stanley is Eddie 's next - door neighbor , who is obsessed with Raven . He serves as the primary antagonist of the show , he has a frenemy relationship with Eddie and Cory , although he is usually seen scamming them . Stanley was originally brought in as a love interest for Raven 's next - door neighbor , Sierra , but he becomes much more interested in Raven , and in one episode , Loka . Stanley is rude , obnoxious , mean , sarcastic , and deceptive to everyone . He is a young salesman , who usually tricks Cory into buying something that would eventually go wrong . Stanley is always trying desperately to get Raven to like him , but he suddenly leaves her alone after seeing her kiss Andre in the episode `` Mr. Perfect '' . He loves to eat cheese sandwiches . He also competes against Chelsea in a ping - pong match , and loses . In the same episode ( `` Taken to the Cleaners '' ) , he asks Victor to make him a cheese sandwich in the shape of a ping - pong paddle . His catchphrases include `` My brotha ! '' , which he exclaims whenever he is trying to `` show someone up '' ; and `` I may have said that , but I say a lot of things . '' This is a partial denial of his ability to be nice to other people . He appears primarily in Seasons 3 and 4 , in the episodes `` Opportunity Shocks '' ; `` Taken to the Cleaners '' ; `` The Grill Next Door '' ; `` Mr. Perfect '' ; `` The Four Aces '' ; `` Driving Miss Lazy '' ; `` Sister Act '' ; `` Checkin ' Out '' ; `` Fur Better or Worse '' and `` When 6021 Met 4267 '' . He also appeared in the Cory in the House episode `` Uninvited Pest '' when he covets the Presidential medal Cory was going to receive for his Young Businessperson of the Year project . He got into the `` Up with Goodness '' program , feigned an ankle injury , and stole Cory 's presentation . It is also noted that he has a fear of bones , which helps Cory prove that Stanley faked the injury and stole his presentation . Sydney , played by Sydney Park Sydney is a girl at Bayside Community Center , whom Raven mentors . When they first meet , Sydney embarrasses Raven by constantly insulting her . However , when Raven learns that Sydney is a foster child , they quickly develop a friendship . Sydney is an aspiring comedian , and she even `` performed '' at Cory 's `` bro mitzvah '' in the episode `` Raven , Sydney , and the Man '' . Raven and Sydney are now very close friends , and even enter a Little Miss and Her Big Sis pageant . Raven and Sydney are often compared as sisters , although they are not actually related . In the episode `` Rae of Sunshine '' Sydney has trouble making friends so she embarrasses Raven again , but then at the end , she makes friends without embarrassing Raven . Donna Cabonna , played by Anne - Marie Johnson Donna Cabonna is a world - renowned fashion designer , and Raven 's arrogant , snooty , trashy boss . Her name is a parody of real - life designers Donna Karan and Dolce & Gabbana . Donna has started Raven as an intern , in which she is often stuck with many tedious jobs such as getting Donna her coffee and picking after her dog Coco . In one episode in Season 4 , she makes Raven her `` temporary assistant '' when Tiffany goes on a business trip . Raven 's full devotion to her boss causes Devon to break up with her , but they quickly re-unite after a brief talk . Donna has a boyfriend named Teddy ( Richard Steven Horvitz ) , who is much shorter than her , with whom she plays `` break - up and make - up '' every weekend . Despite the many conflicts between Raven and her boss , Donna is very supportive of Raven and believes that she could go far in the fashion industry with her talents . Tiffany , played by Jodi Shilling Tiffany is Donna 's `` personal assistant '' , and Raven 's primary nemesis in the fourth season . Ever since their first meeting , Tiffany and Raven do not like each other . On Raven 's first day working for Donna ( in the episode `` Dues & Don'ts '' ) , Tiffany lies to Raven by telling her that Donna Cabonna 's office belongs to Raven . They are constantly `` competing '' to be Donna 's favorite assistant . She apparently shares many similarities with Muffy . Cindy , played by Jordyn Colemon Cindy is Cory 's girlfriend . Cory meets Cindy in `` Double Vision '' . By the events of `` Bend It Like Baxter '' they 're dating . By the series final `` Where There 's Smoke '' Cindy has started smoking . After the intervention that Raven and the gang hold for Cory when they think that he 's smoking , Cindy tells the truth and promises to never smoke again . The Juicer , played by Dan Mott The Juicer is a nickname given to him for his strong hands `` juicing '' things ; his real name is not revealed . He likes to squeeze kid 's heads . He first appeared in season 4 in the episode `` Juicer Consequences '' . The Juicer is the school bully . The Juicer has shown his caring side in `` Where There 's Smoke '' when he lectured Cory and Cindy about the dangers of smoking . He also guest starred in the first spin off show `` Cory in the House '' . `` Cory in the House '' revealed that The Juicer wears reading glasses and enjoys books about cats . Freckles , played by Jake Carlis Freckles is a nickname given to him because of his freckles ; his name is not revealed . He is a kid in the day care in the Mr. Perfect episode ( season 3 episode 30 ) . He attempts to console Stanley after Raven rejects his advances . Featured role in That 's So Raven Reunion ( edit ) Eight years after the series ended , there was speculation and rumors that the series would get a second spin - off or revamp . On August 14 , 2015 , a reunion with Raven and her former co-stars happened on The View , where they discussed all things about the show and past times . Crystal Keymah and Sheridan were not present , but got a special mention from Symoné herself . Merchandise ( edit ) The That 's So Raven franchise has been modeled after fellow Disney Channel hit Lizzie McGuire . Raven has a clothing line , DVD releases , novels , bedroom sets , a perfume , a Girl Talk board game , three video games and two soundtracks , That 's So Raven : Songs from and inspired by the hit TV show and That 's So Raven Too ! . In February 2005 , That 's So Raven toys were featured in the McDonald 's Happy Meal . In April 2005 , a doll based on Raven Baxter was released and another was released the following year . In September 2005 , the show also spawned a fragrance and an MP3 player . That same month , the clothing line was shipped to Macy 's stores . As of 2006 , That 's So Raven merchandise had made $400 million . Soundtrack albums ( edit ) That 's So Raven That 's So Raven Too ! Series novelizations ( edit ) Main article : List of That 's So Raven books What You See Is What You Get -- Smell of Victory & A Dog by Any Other Name Rescue Me -- Driven To Insanity & Mother Dearest In Raven We Trust -- Test of Friendship & Saturday Afternoon Fever Step Up -- Dissin ' Cousins & Party Animal Family Affair -- If I Only Had a Job & Teach Your Children Well 2 Good 2 B True -- To See or Not to See & Ye Olde Dating Game Tell It Like It Is -- Campaign in the Neck & Separation Anxiety Dueling Divas ' -- A Fight at the Opera & The Parties Showtime ! -- Wake Up , Victor & A Fish Called Raven Psyched -- Psychics Wanted & Saving Psychic Raven Boyfriend Blues -- Four 's a Crowd & Blue in the Face Be Mine -- Hearts And Minds & Close Encounters of the Nerd Kind The Real Deal -- That 's So Not Raven & Run , Raven , Run Over the Top -- Out of Control & He 's Got the Power Rebel Raven -- Clothes Minded & Spa Day Afternoon Superstar -- Radio Heads & The Road to Audition House Party -- Hizzouse Party & Leave It to Diva Queen of Hearts -- There Goes the Bride & Royal Treatment Raven Rocks -- A Goat 's Tale & Boyz ' N Commotion Extreme Fever -- Extreme Cory & When There 's Smoke Video games ( edit ) That 's So Raven has spawned three video games : That 's So Raven , Game Boy Advance That 's So Raven 2 , Game Boy Advance That 's So Raven : Psychic on the Scene , Nintendo DS Reception ( edit ) The series premiere was watched by 3.5 million viewers , the first Disney Channel series to garner more than 3 million viewers . The most watched episode of That 's So Raven is `` Country Cousins '' , scoring 10.8 million viewers . VHS and DVD releases ( edit ) Volume releases ( edit ) ! # VHS and DVD title Episodes featured Release date Bonus features That 's So Raven : Supernaturally Stylish `` If I Only Had a Job '' `` He 's Got the Power '' `` That 's So Not Raven '' `` Boyz ' N Commotion '' December 7 , 2004 `` Supernatural '' ( music video ) `` That 's So Raven '' ( music video ) That 's So Raven : Disguise the Limit `` Art Breaker '' `` Country Cousins ( Part 1 ) '' `` Country Cousins ( Part 2 ) '' `` The Grill Next Door '' August 16 , 2005 Master of Disguises ( featurette ) Visual commentary by Raven on selected scenes That 's So Raven : Raven 's House Party `` Opportunity Shocks '' `` Double Vision '' `` Too Much Pressure '' `` Four Aces Club '' `` Vision Impossible '' December 6 , 2005 Never - before - seen episode Bloopers and outtakes That 's So Raven Radio Trivia Game That 's So Raven : Raven 's Makeover Madness ( Only on DVD ) `` Pin Pals '' `` Dues and Don'ts '' `` Adventures in Boss - Sitting '' `` Hook Up My Space '' `` When 6021 Met 4267 '' July 18 , 2006 Never - before - seen episode So You Think You Know Raven ( Volume 1 , trivia game ) Other releases ( edit ) DVD title Episode featured Release date Bonus features Disney Channel Holiday ( VHS and DVD ) `` Escape Clause '' November 1 , 2005 N / A That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana `` Checkin ' Out '' January 16 , 2007 So You Think You Know Raven ( Volume 2 , trivia game ) Hannah Montana Volume 4 : One in a Million `` Run , Raven , Run '' January 28 , 2008 N / A Name in other countries ( edit ) Countries Name Australia That 's So Raven Brazil As Visões da Raven Denmark That 's So Raven Spain Raven Greece Raven Finland That 's So Raven France Phénomène Raven Germany Raven Blickt Durch Hong Kong 好 係 Raven India That 's so Raven Italy Raven Japan レイブン 見え ちゃっ て チョー 大変 ! ( Reibun Mie Chatte Cho Taihen ! ) Mexico Es Tan Raven Philippines That 's So Raven Poland Świat Raven Portugal Raven United Kingdom That 's So Raven Taiwan 天才 魔女 Turkey Tam Raven'a Göre Spin - off and sequels ( edit ) Cory in the House ( edit ) Main article : Cory in the House Cory in the House is the first Disney Channel spin - off and it premiered on January 12 , 2007 . It was the one chosen out of the many pitched and proposed spin - offs that were to have aired after the completion of That 's So Raven , including one about Raven going off to college . Originally Raven - Symoné was offered the spin - off , but she declined it , therefore Disney Channel decided to give it to Kyle Massey . The storyline involves Cory and Victor adjusting to life in Washington , D.C. ; Victor has received a job as the Head Chef to the President . The show takes place while Raven is attending fashion college and Tanya is still in London . The series is similar to its sister show , That 's So Raven . Cory has two best friends , one a boy , Newton Livingston III ( Jason Dolley ) , and one a girl , Meena Paroom ( Maiara Walsh ) . Note that in That 's So Raven , the main character also has two best friends , one a boy and one a girl and Newt and Meena 's persona 's are similar to Chelsea and Eddie . Cory attends a middle school in Washington , D.C. Also in the series , the president 's daughter Sophie ( Madison Pettis ) constantly pesters Cory , like Cory did to Raven in That 's So Raven . Cory also participates in crazy situations in which he learns a moral lesson and will most likely get punished . Candy Smiles plays in Cory 's love life multiple times , and Stickler continuously spies on Cory , Newton and especially Meena 's . It is implied the episode , `` When 6021 Met 4267 '' , that Cory and Victor did move back to San Francisco . In the episode `` That 's So in the House '' , Raven came to show designs of new tour guide uniforms to President Martinez ( John D'Aquino ) . Unfortunately , she has a vision of a clock falling on the President , and tackles him , earning the Secret Service a chance to chase her around the grounds . Cory poses as his sister to display the uniforms , modeled by Newton and Meena . Raven is discovered outside the Oval Office window , and chased , until she actually does save Mr. Martinez from the clock . The episode ends with the credits sequence for That 's So Pooshnick , a show from Meena 's country about a psychic girl who can see the past and always ends up messing up trying to stop the vision from happening again . Stanley and the Juicer have also made special appearances on the show as well . Failed movie attempt ( edit ) In 2011 , to promote her latest film Vampires Suck , Anneliese van der Pol revealed in an interview that a That 's So Raven film had been written but failed to go into production . `` The storyline saw us going to France . ( Raven ) was going to start a fashion line in France . Eddie and ( Chelsea ) were going to fly out and meet her . Of course , something tragic happens . We have to rescue the situation . '' Van der Pol admitted that Raven 's schedule at the time was booked solid for a year and the possibility of the film seemed unlikely . `` But no , It 's not ever happening . If I hear something , I will be the first to sign on . '' She also commented on reprising her role of Chelsea Daniels . Raven 's Home ( edit ) Main article : Raven 's Home On October 27 , 2016 , it was announced that Raven - Symoné will star in and develop a sequel to the original series . Raven departed as a host of The View later in 2016 in order to work on the series full-time.In November 2016 , it was announced that Anneliese van der Pol will reprise her role of Chelsea Daniels . In the new series , Raven Baxter will be a divorced mother of two pre-teens , Nia and Booker . Booker will inherit his mother 's psychic abilities during middle school . Chelsea Daniels is also a divorced mother , who is raising a son , Levi , and moves in with Raven . Indian adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Palak Pe Jhalak Palak Pe Jhalak is the sixth Disney Channel India series to be adapted in Hindi after Art Attack , Good Luck Charlie , The Suite Life of Zack and Cody , Shake It Up and Jessie , and premiered on September 27 , 2015 . Ayesha Kaduskar is seen playing the role of Nysha Kapoor , a character similar to Raven Baxter played by Raven - Symoné . The original That 's So Raven aired on Disney Channel India as well from 2004 - 2010 and also on the number 1 entertainment channel in India Star Plus from 2003 to 2008 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result 2003 BAFTA Children 's Awards International That 's So Raven Nominated BET Comedy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Raven - Symoné Nominated Outstanding Comedy Series That 's So Raven Nominated Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Children / Adolescent Program That 's So Raven Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance in a Youth / Children 's Program Raven - Symoné Won Kids Choice Awards Favorite Female TV Star Raven - Symoné Won NAMIC Vision Awards Best Comedic Performance Raven - Symoné Nominated Children 's That 's So Raven Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress : Comedy Raven - Symoné Nominated Choice TV Show : Comedy That 's So Raven Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actor Kyle Massey Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actress Raven - Symoné Nominated 2005 BET Comedy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Raven - Symoné Nominated Outstanding Comedy Series That 's So Raven Nominated Casting Society of America Best Casting -- Children 's Programming Joey Paul Jensen Won Genesis Awards Children 's Programming That 's So Raven Won Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Female Lead in a Comedy Raven - Symoné Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance in a Youth / Children 's Series / Special Raven - Symoné Won Kids Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Raven - Symoné Won NAMIC Vision Awards Best Comedic Performance Raven - Symoné Nominated Children 's That 's So Raven Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program That 's So Raven Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress : Comedy Raven - Symoné Nominated Choice TV Show : Comedy That 's So Raven Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Television Series -- Guest Starring Young Actor Christopher Malpede Won Outstanding Young Performers in a TV Series Orlando Brown Kyle Massey Anneliese van der Pol Raven - Symoné Won 2006 Casting Society of America Best Casting -- Children 's TV Programming Joey Paul Jensen Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance in a Youth / Children 's Series or Special Raven - Symoné Won Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series Eric Dean Seaton Nominated Kids Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Raven - Symoné Nominated Favorite TV Show That 's So Raven Nominated NAMIC Vision Awards Best Comedic Performance Raven - Symoné Nominated Best Children 's That 's So Raven Won Teen Choice Awards TV -- Choice Actress : Comedy Raven - Symoné Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Family Television Series ( Comedy ) That 's So Raven Nominated 2007 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Raven - Symoné Nominated Outstanding Performance in a Youth / Children 's Program -- Series or Special Kyle Massey Nominated Raven - Symoné Won Outstanding Children 's Program That 's So Raven Won Kids Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Raven - Symoné Nominated NAMIC Vision Awards Children 's That 's So Raven Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program That 's So Raven Nominated Writers Guild of America Children 's Episodic & Specials Deborah Swisher ( `` Fur Better or Worse '' ) Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actor Kyle Massey Won 2008 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance in a Youth / Children 's Program ( Series or Special ) Raven - Symoné Won Outstanding Children 's Program That 's So Raven Won Kids Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Raven - Symoné Nominated NAMIC Vision Awards Best Performance -- Comedy Raven - Symoné Nominated See also ( edit ) Disney portal 2000s portal Television portal So Weird References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` On T.O. , Jim Roe and how some media covers cable ratings ( AKA I have T.O. 's back on this ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Raven - Symoné to Exit ' The View ' for Disney Channel 's ' That 's So Raven ' Spinoff '' . Variety . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Morales , Lisa ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Raven - Symoné Becomes Latest To Leave ' The View ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` That 's So Raven spin - off Raven 's Home a go at Disney Channel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raven Symone To Star in Disney Channel Original Series That 's So Raven ; Production To Begin in Los Angeles Nov. 9 '' . Free Online Library . November 8 , 2001 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ' That 's So Raven ' Cast Reunited -- And It 's About To Happen Again '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2006 . Retrieved July 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo '' . Videogames.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2007 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Collectible Barbies : Become A Barbie Collector - Barbie Signature '' . Barbiecollector.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vanderberg , Marcus ( March 16 , 2005 ) . `` BHM Star : Raven - Symoné '' . AOL Black Voices . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` That 's So Raven - Supernatural Style : Orlando Brown , T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh , Kyle Orlando Massey , Raven ( VII ) , Rondell Sheridan , Anneliese van der Pol , Debbie '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` That 's So Raven - Disguise the Limit : Orlando Brown , T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh , Kyle Orlando Massey , Raven ( VII ) , Rondell Sheridan , Anneliese van der Pol , Debbie Alle '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` That 's So Raven - Raven 's House Party : Raven - Symoné , Orlando Brown '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` That 's So Raven - Raven 's Makeover Madness : Raven , Orlando Brown , Anneliese van der Pol , Kyle Massey , Rondell Sheridan , T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana : David Kendall ( II ) , Lee Shallat Chemel , Casey Lynn De Stefano , Andrew Tsao , Henry Chan ( IV ) , Jim Drake ( II ) : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hannah Montana - One in a Million : Miley Cyrus : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( September 4 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Anneliese Van Der Pol Explains Why Vampires Suck ! '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raven - Symoné to star in That 's So Raven spin - off at Disney Channel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Chelsea 's Back ! Anneliese van der Pol Returning for That 's So Raven Sequel Series '' . E ! News . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` That 's So Raven Spinoff : Meet Raven 's ' Confident ' Psychic Daughter and ' Young Donald Glover ' - Type Son '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Serrao , Nivea ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` That 's So Raven : Anneliese van der Pol to return as Chelsea in sequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2003 '' . bafta.org . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BET COMEDY AWARDS ( List of Award Winners and Nominees ) '' . Who 's Dated Who ? . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 NAACP Image Awards '' . infoplease.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards Press Site '' . nickkcapress.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TEEN CHOICE AWARDS ( List of Award Winners and Nominees ) '' . Who 's Dated Who ? . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 25th Annual Young Artist Awards - Winners and Nominations '' . youngartistawards.org . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BET COMEDY AWARDS ( List of Award Winners and Nominees ) '' . Who 's Dated Who ? . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Society of America , USA '' . imdb.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Humane Society of the United States ( February 8 , 2007 ) . `` The Animal Power of the 21st Genesis Awards ! '' . prnewswire.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NAACP Image Awards '' . infoplease.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kids Choice Awards 2005 , Date , Kids Choice Awards 2005 Winners , 2005 Kids Choice Awards Winners by Category '' . altiusdirectory.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Children 's Program 2005 '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` TEEN CHOICE AWARDS ( List of Award Winners and Nominees ) '' . Who 's Dated Who ? . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 26th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards '' . youngartistawards.org . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Society of America , USA '' . imdb.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` AALBC. com 's Thumper 's Corner Discussion Board : The 37th NAACP Image Awards Winners Announced '' . thumperscorner.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Television Academy '' . Television Academy . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 Host / Nominee Release - Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2006 Press Site '' . nickkcapress.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winners Release - Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2006 Press Site '' . nickkcapress.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 12TH ANNUAL NAMIC VISION AWARD NOMINEES '' ( PDF ) . 1.prweb.com . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TEEN CHOICE AWARDS ( List of Award Winners and Nominees ) '' . Who 's Dated Who ? . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 27th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards '' . youngartistawards.org . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` January 2006 - blackfilm.com - features - The 38th NAACP Image Awards nominations '' . blackfilm.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 38th NAACP Image Awards '' . aalbc.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Host / Nominees Release / Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2007 Press Kit '' . nickkcapress.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 KCA Winners Release / Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2007 Press Kit '' . nickkcapress.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Children 's Program 2007 '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - 2007 Writers Guild Awards Television & Radio Nominees Announced - TheFutonCritic.com '' . thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WRITERS GUILD OF AMERICA , USA ( List of Award Winners and Nominees ) '' . Who 's Dated Who ? . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 28th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards '' . youngartistawards.org . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2008 Press Kit '' . nickkcapress.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards -- 2008 Winners List -- Pictures and Video - Allie is Wired '' . allieiswired.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ M.I. `` 14th NAMIC Vision Awards Nominees '' . mykiru.ph . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : That 's So Raven Official website That 's So Raven on IMDb That 's So Raven at TV.com That 's So Raven Episodes Season 1 `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' Soundtracks That 's So Raven That 's So Raven Too ! Video games That 's So Raven : Psychic on the Scene Spin - offs Cory in the House Raven 's Home Indian Adaptation Palak Pe Jhalak Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) As the Bell Rings ( 2007 -- 09 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! 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( 2004 -- 2005 ) Related topics Children 's programming on the American Broadcasting Company Disney 's One Too Saturday morning programming on Disney Channel Jambalaya Studios Disney Television Animation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That%27s_So_Raven&oldid=826454004 '' Categories : 2000s American black sitcoms 2000s American supernatural television series 2000s American teen sitcoms 2003 American television series debuts 2007 American television series endings ABC Kids American fantasy television series American high school television series Disney Channel shows English - language television programs Psychic powers in television Television series about friendship Television series by Disney Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television shows set in San Francisco That 's So Raven Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 05 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does that's so raven take place | [
"The show was set in San Francisco and revolved around teenager Raven Baxter, played by Raven-Symoné, her friends Eddie (Orlando Brown) and Chelsea (Anneliese van der Pol), her family members; mother Tanya Baxter (T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh), father Victor Baxter (Rondell Sheridan) and brother Cory (Kyle Massey). The title character drew on her psychic powers, ingenuity, and talent as a fashion designer as well as a variety of disguises to get into and out of amusing adolescent and pre-adolescent situations."
] | [
"San Francisco"
] |
-6741752655151928614 | Cleveland Brown | Cleveland Brown - wikipedia Cleveland Brown Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the character . For the NFL team , see Cleveland Browns . Cleveland Brown Family Guy / The Cleveland Show character First appearance `` Death Has a Shadow '' ( Family Guy ) Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Mike Henry Information Full name Cleveland Orenthal Brown Aliases C - Cup Chocolate Rain Kendall Francois Cassius Gay Cleveland Brownie Doughboy Tubby C - Bro Hot Brown Occupation Deli owner ( former ) Cable television installer Therapist Postal worker Family LeVar Brown ( father ) Evelyn Brown ( mother ) Broderick Brown ( brother ) Madame Claude ( Cousin ) Spouse ( s ) Loretta Brown ( deceased ex-wife ) Donna Tubbs - Brown ( wife ) Children Cleveland Brown Jr. ( son ) Roberta Tubbs ( step - daughter ) Rallo Tubbs ( step - son ) Nationality American Cleveland Orenthal Brown Sr. is a fictional character from the animated television series Family Guy , and its spin - off series The Cleveland Show . He is voiced by Mike Henry . In the first seven seasons of Family Guy , Cleveland is a frequently recurring character . As one of Peter Griffin 's neighbors and friends , Cleveland is also one of the few recurring African American characters on the show . He was conceived during the seventh - inning stretch of a Cleveland Indians game . His established profession was that of a deli owner . In the earlier seasons of Family Guy , Cleveland frequently appeared alongside his wife Loretta Brown ( voiced by Alex Borstein ) , until their divorce was portrayed in the Family Guy season 4 episode `` The Cleveland -- Loretta Quagmire '' . The pilot episode of The Cleveland Show depicts Cleveland 's farewell to the familiar characters and settings of Family Guy . The Cleveland Show establishes its setting of Stoolbend , Virginia as Cleveland 's childhood home town , and introduces a new family and set of characters supporting Cleveland as lead . Following The Cleveland Show 's cancellation in 2013 , Cleveland returned to Family Guy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personality 2 Development 3 References 4 External links Personality ( edit ) Cleveland is usually depicted as exceedingly peaceful , patient , and sweet , and only on rare occasions has he been known to lose his temper and resort to violence . However , Cleveland gets visibly annoyed with racist behavior . He often acts as the voice of caution when other characters hatch harebrained schemes . Cleveland 's speech is slow , almost elongated . Various flashbacks give conflicting histories of his speech patterns . A flashback in the episode `` Death Lives '' shows that Peter Griffin met Cleveland in the 1970s , when Cleveland already spoke in the slow manner that he is known for . Likewise , in the premiere of his spin - off , it is revealed that Cleveland talked in a slow manner when he was in high school . In the fourth season episode `` Blind Ambition '' , an out - of - continuity flashback depicts Cleveland as a fast - talking auctioneer when a totem pole falls over onto his head , resulting in a slower rate of speech . One of the running gags throughout the series is that Peter 's shenanigans frequently destroy the front wall of Cleveland 's house , revealing him in the bathtub . He then exclaims : `` What the hell ? ! No , no , no , no , no , no ! '' as the upstairs floor tilts and the tub crashes to the ground . In the pilot of his spin - off , this gag was the last straw that convinced Cleveland to leave Quahog . However , even several states away , the Griffins ' antics are still seen to cause this event , such as when debris from the missile that Brian , Stewie , Dan Aykroyd and Chevy Chase destroy happens to fall right on Cleveland 's new house in the episode `` Spies Reminiscent of Us '' . In `` Brian 's Got a Brand New Bag '' , Cleveland 's old , and now unoccupied house is destroyed when Peter watches the movie Road House and beats up Brian , which results in a car crashing into the house , and the empty bathtub crashes to the ground . Afterward , Peter says `` Oh , that 's right . Cleveland moved . '' In the Cleveland Show episode `` Gone with the Wind '' , the same running gag affects his former wife Loretta Brown , and she winds up dead after breaking her neck on the ground . In Something , Something , Dark Side , this gag is parodied when R2 - D2 ( played by Cleveland ) slips off Luke 's ( Chris Griffin ) X-Wing ship and falls into the swamp after they crash land on Dagobah . Cleveland 's bathtub accidents have been caused by Peter 's giraffe stumbling backwards into his house , the flying missile as stated above , Peter and Lois trying to move their mentally retarded horse by driving into it , missing , and driving into his house , and other accidents . Cleveland sometimes will show some sexual deviance or arousal towards attractive women . This is shown in the episode `` Petarded '' , when Peter brings seven prostitutes into his house to get back custody of his children and prove to child services that Cleveland is an unfit father . Cleveland responds , `` Peter ! You and five of those prostitutes get out ! '' In the Family Guy episode `` Love Blactually '' , it is suggested that he may have contracted genital warts by having sex with a woman that Brian was previously involved with . Development ( edit ) Writers named the character Cleveland Brown in reference to the similarly named football team , although his last name was n't revealed until after Family Guy returned from cancellation in 2005 . Furthering this connection , a commercial aired during Super Bowl XLV that showed many TV characters wearing NFL jerseys , with everyone in Quahog wearing New England Patriots jerseys except Cleveland , who is wearing a Cleveland Browns jersey in reference to his name . Mike Henry voices both Cleveland Brown and Herbert , as well as some minor recurring characters like Bruce the performance artist and The Greased up Deaf Guy . Henry met MacFarlane at the Rhode Island School of Design and kept in touch with him after they graduated . A few years later , MacFarlane contacted him about being part of the show ; he agreed and came on as both a writer and voice actor . Henry based Cleveland 's voice on one of his basketball partners in Virginia . During the show 's first four seasons , he was credited as a guest star , but beginning with season five 's `` Prick Up Your Ears '' , he has been credited as a main cast member . During a live broadcast of `` Loveline , '' Seth McFarlane announced that a Family Guy spin - off featuring Cleveland was currently in the works with the studio and writers . The series was the first new product of MacFarlane 's $100 million deal with Fox . The series was mentioned in the final moments of the Family Guy season 7 episode `` Baby Not on Board '' , with Cleveland telling Quagmire `` Did I tell you I 'm getting a spin - off '' . It premiered on September 27 , 2009 on Fox , right after The Simpsons . The Cleveland Show is an animated series focusing on the character of Cleveland Brown and his family as Cleveland moves from Rhode Island to Virginia . His newly introduced family includes his high school sweetheart , Donna , who is now his second wife , her 15 - year - old daughter , Roberta , and her 5 - year - old son , Rallo . Cleveland Jr. also is in the family but is now much fatter than he appeared on Family Guy , and also suffers from astigmatism . Though several of these details were changed , it was announced that Cleveland 's neighbors would include a family of talking anthropomorphic bears , a redneck couple and a Victorian - era British family , and one of his son 's soccer rivals includes a boy voiced by Kanye West . Cleveland was officially written out of Family Guy during season eight before The Cleveland Show was broadcast ; however , it had been hinted that he might come back for a visit in the future , including the episode `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' , although fantasies and film parodies are generally accepted as non-canon Family Guy episodes . He appeared in a cameo in `` Spies Reminiscent of Us '' , in which he dealt with the indignity of having his new house wrecked in the same fashion as his old one in Quahog , as well as appearing in the season 8 episode `` The Splendid Source '' , where he joins the gang on a road trip to find the source of a dirty joke Chris Griffin told at school . In the Family Guy episode `` Life of Brian '' , Cleveland and Donna are seen mourning over Brian 's ( now undone ) death . Again he appears for a full episode in season 10 , Cool Hand Peter where him , Peter , Joe , and Quagmire go on a road trip to Louisiana together . Cleveland makes yet another short appearance in season 8 , Episode 13 `` Go Stewie Go '' , where Cleveland appears in the Griffins ' house along with other characters just to investigate Meg 's normal boyfriend . Another idea had been that Peter Griffin and possibly other Family Guy characters would be traveling in the South and make a guest appearance on The Cleveland Show . Additionally , Cleveland appeared at the end of the American Dad ! episode `` Hurricane ! '' , which was part of a crossover storyline with Family Guy and The Cleveland Show . The Cleveland Show aired its last episode on May 13 , 2013 and was cancelled on July 16 . On the same day , Seth MacFarlane revealed that Cleveland will return to Family Guy during the 12th season in the episode `` He 's Bla - ack ! '' . In that episode , Peter , Quagmire , and Joe mock The Cleveland Show , but still accept him back into their group of friends . Peter and Cleveland are excited to hang out again but later ca n't after Lois and Donna have an argument about parenting which ends with the two women forbidding their husbands to be friends with each other anymore . However the fight is eventually resolved and Peter and Cleveland can be friends again . Cleveland replaces Mort Goldman in the opening credits soon after the episode on - wards . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nikki Finke . `` Primetime Pilot Panic : Updated Hot List '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( May 4 , 2008 ) . `` Fox adopts ' Family Guy ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Jonathan Green , Gabe Miller ( writers ) & Matt Engstrom ( director ) ( April 3 , 2011 ) . `` The Essence of Cleveland '' . The Cleveland Show . Season 2 . Episode 18 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Behind the scenes of ' Family Guy ' * * * Character ' voice ' star to speak ( excerpt ) '' . The Advocate . November 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kraus , Leah ; Venkateswaren , Nandini ( September 11 , 2008 ) . `` Mike Henry of `` Family Guy '' talks voices , gags and instinct `` . Campus Times . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seth McFarlane Loveline Westwood One January 16 , 2008 Jump up ^ Dean , Josh ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's $2 Billion Family Guy Empire '' . Fast Company . Retrieved October 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` MacFarlane reveals next season ' Family Guy ' details '' . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( May 4 , 2008 ) . `` Fox adopts ' Family Guy ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Zap2it Fall TV Preview 2008 : FOX 's New Shows - Zap2it - News & Features '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ The Cleveland Show video : Mike Henry and Seth MacFarlane on TV.com Jump up ^ Interview with McFarlane on FOX . Retrieved on the 27.07. 08 Jump up ^ `` TV Show News and Ratings - Live Feed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Fickett , Travis ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Fox Animation : The Future and Beyond '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / SethMacFarlane : RT @ spartygirl8356 : '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Cleveland Brown at Fox.com Cleveland Brown on IMDb The Cleveland Show Characters Cleveland Brown Cleveland Brown Jr . Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Da Doggone Daddy - Daughter Dinner Dance '' `` The One About Friends '' `` A Brown Thanksgiving '' `` Field of Streams '' `` Love Rollercoaster '' Season 2 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Browner '' `` Cleveland Live ! '' `` It 's the Great Pancake , Cleveland Brown '' `` Beer Walk ! '' `` How Do You Solve a Problem Like Roberta ? '' `` Back to Cool '' `` Your Show of Shows '' Season 3 `` BFFs '' `` The Hurricane ! '' `` Nightmare on Grace Street '' `` Skip Day '' Season 4 `` Turkey Pot Die '' `` The Hangover : Part Tubbs '' `` California Dreamin ' ( All the Cleves Are Brown ) '' Related Night of the Hurricane Family Guy American Dad ! Animation Domination Family Guy Characters Griffin family Peter Lois Meg Chris Stewie Brian Other characters Quagmire Cleveland Mayor West Herbert Cleveland Jr . Production Cast members Guest stars Writers Awards `` The 100th Episode Special '' Media releases The Life of Larry shorts Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Live in Vegas Seasons 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Hallmarks Road to ... episodes Star Wars episodes Merchandise Home video Video games Family Guy Video Game ! ( 2006 ) Family Guy Online ( 2012 ) Back to the Multiverse ( 2012 ) Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff ( 2014 ) Family Guy : Another Freakin ' Mobile Game ( 2017 ) See also Criticism Night of the Hurricane The Cleveland Show American Dad ! Animation Domination `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleveland_Brown&oldid=802436586 '' Categories : Fictional African - American people Fictional businesspeople Family Guy characters The Cleveland Show characters Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Fictional characters from Rhode Island Animated human characters Fictional characters who became a protagonist in a spin - off Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Gaeilge Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 04 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does loretta's voice on family guy | [
"In the earlier seasons of Family Guy, Cleveland frequently appeared alongside his wife Loretta Brown (voiced by Alex Borstein), until their divorce was portrayed in the Family Guy season 4 episode \"The Cleveland–Loretta Quagmire\". The pilot episode of The Cleveland Show depicts Cleveland's farewell to the familiar characters and settings of Family Guy. The Cleveland Show establishes its setting of Stoolbend, Virginia as Cleveland's childhood home town, and introduces a new family and set of characters supporting Cleveland as lead. Following The Cleveland Show's cancellation in 2013, Cleveland returned to Family Guy."
] | [
"Alex Borstein"
] |
-3566116914274135455 | Human (Rag'n'Bone Man song) | Human ( Rag'n'Bone Man song ) - wikipedia Human ( Rag'n'Bone Man song ) `` Human '' Single by Rag'n'Bone Man from the album Human Released 21 July 2016 Format Digital download Length 3 : 19 Label Sony Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Jamie Hartman Rory Graham Producer ( s ) Two Inch Punch Rag'n'Bone Man singles chronology `` Healed '' ( 2016 ) `` Human '' ( 2016 ) `` Skin '' ( 2017 ) `` Healed '' ( 2016 ) `` Human '' ( 2016 ) `` Skin '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Human '' on YouTube `` Human '' is a song by British singer and songwriter Rag'n'Bone Man . The song was co-written by Rag'n'Bone Man , Jamie Hartman and produced by Two Inch Punch . It was released as a digital download on 21 July 2016 , through Sony Music and Columbia Records . The song is included on his debut studio album of the same name , released in February 2017 . Contents 1 Composition 2 Critical reception 3 Live performances 4 Chart performance 5 Formats and track listings 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 Tom Thum featuring Ruel cover 9.1 Track listing 10 References Composition ( edit ) The song is written in the key of B ♭ minor with a common time tempo of 75 beats per minute . The vocals span from A ♭ to B ♭ in the song . Critical reception ( edit ) Cameron Adams of The Daily Telegraph compared the song to `` Take Me to Church '' by Hozier for both having an `` instant impact , honest lyrics and throwback to ' real ' music in a time of corporate pop . '' In 2018 , the song won a Brit Award for British Single of the Year . Live performances ( edit ) Rag'n'Bone Man performed `` Human '' on Later ... with Jools Holland on 20 September 2016 . He also performed the song on Australian talk show The Morning Show on 28 October 2016 . Another live performance of `` Human '' took place on The Graham Norton Show on 10 February 2017 . He appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on 16 February 2017 . Chart performance ( edit ) On 23 December 2016 , the song reached number two on the UK Singles Chart , scoring the Christmas number two of 2016 . Still , the song was the most downloaded and top - selling single throughout the week , with the lack of streams influencing the overall chart position to be lower , denying the song the coveted Christmas number one . The song was certified Platinum on 17 February 2017 and 2 × Platinum 21 July 2017 by the BPI . It has sold 1,269,000 combined units in the UK as of September 2017 , which comprises 522,000 copies in actual sales and 75 million in streams . In the United States , the song reached at number one on the Billboard Alternative Songs Chart and number two on Rock Airplay . It was certified Gold by the RIAA on 7 July 2017 , and has sold 324,000 copies in the US as of September 2017 . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Digital download `` Human '' -- 3 : 19 Digital download ( Rudimental remix ) `` Human '' ( Rudimental remix ) -- 4 : 21 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 53 Croatia ( HRT ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 10 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Airplay ( IFPI ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 6 Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) 30 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 14 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) 11 Romania ( Media Forest ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 23 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 74 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 20 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 32 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 25 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 74 France ( SNEP ) 183 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Italy ( FIMI ) 56 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 28 Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 89 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 61 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 33 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 66 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 85 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 5 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 5 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 31 Israel ( Media Forest ) 15 Italy ( FIMI ) 43 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 50 Poland ( ZPAV ) 68 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 26 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 2 × Platinum 800,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 4 × Platinum 200,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) 3 × Platinum 60,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 522,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 324,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Worldwide 21 July 2016 Digital download Sony Italy 7 October 2016 Contemporary hit radio United States 21 March 2017 Columbia Tom Thum featuring Ruel cover ( edit ) `` Human '' Single by Tom Thum featuring Ruel Released 8 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) Format Digital download , streaming Length 3 : 30 Label Tom Thum Producer ( s ) Tom Thum Ruel singles chronology `` Do n't Tell Me '' ( 2017 ) `` Human '' ( 2017 ) `` Dazed & Confused '' ( 2018 ) `` Do n't Tell Me '' ( 2017 ) `` Human '' ( 2017 ) `` Dazed & Confused '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` Human '' on YouTube In December 2017 , Australian hip hop beat box vocalist Tom Thum featuring Australian Ruel released a cover version . Tom Thum vocally performed every layer of the song 's instrumental , with Ruel on the song 's lead vocal . The video clip was filmed as part of YouTube Australia 's Pop - Up Space in Sydney 's AFTRS studios . Matching inventive beat boxing against a tender , emphatic vocal , the clip itself is draped with digital effects , ultra-addictive eye - candy . Track listing ( edit ) One - track single `` Human '' -- 3 : 30 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Human '' . Australasian Performing Right Association . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Human - Single by Rag'n'Bone Man on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Apple Music . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Beech , Mark ( 19 December 2016 ) . `` Little Mix , Clean Bandit , Rag ' N ' Bone Man Fight For Christmas No. 1 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rag'n'Bone Man `` Human '' Sheet Music in B Minor `` . Musicnotes.com . Musicnotes , Inc . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cameron ( 27 October 2016 ) . `` Rag ' n ' Bone Man , aka Rory Graham , to make album after hit Human '' . The Daily Telegraph . News Corp Australia . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ; Snapes , Laura ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) . `` All the wins and performances from the Brit awards 2018 -- as they happened '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Rag'n'Bone Man - Later with Jools Holland Performance Just Confirmed '' . Pressparty . Sony Music UK . 14 September 2016 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rag'n'Bone Man performs ' Human ' LIVE - watch now '' . Yahoo7 . Yahoo !. 28 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 17 , Series 20 , The Graham Norton Show - BBC One '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100 - Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . ^ Jump up to : `` British single certifications -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Human in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin ( 14 March 2017 ) . `` Rag'n'Bone Man 's ' Human ' Hits No. 1 on Alternative Songs Chart '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Rag n Bone Man -- Human '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 14 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Human : Rag'n'Bone Man '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Human ( Rudimental Remix ) : Rag'n'Bone Man '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rag'n'Bone Man Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia ARC TOP 40 '' . HRT . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201707 into search . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201703 into search . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Rag'n'Bone Man Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greek Top 20 Chart , Week 5 , 2017 '' . airplaychart.gr . Archived from the original on 1 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Song Sales , 21 January 2017 '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rag'n'Bone Man Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Human '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Sia '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Airplay : Feb 11 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 41 , 2016 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ tOOL , Niv Maman , NTT , Niv tHE . `` Week Chart : 50 11 - 12 - 17 17 - 12 - 17 '' . www.mediaforest.ro . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 6 ) '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201648 into search . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201646 into search . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 Slovenian official singles chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rag'n'Bone Man Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rag'n'Bone Man Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rag'n'Bone Man Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rag'n'Bone Man Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 - Single - Charts 2016 '' . oe3.orf.at . Archived from the original on 28 December 2016 . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles Annuel 2016 ( physique + téléchargement + streaming ) '' . SNEP ( Syndicat National de l'Edition phonographique ) . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2016 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( Click on Scarica allegato to download the zipped file containing the year - end chart PDF documents ) ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Singles 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles Annuel 2017 ( physique + téléchargement + streaming ) '' . SNEP ( Syndicat National de l'Edition phonographique ) . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rádiós Top 100 - hallgatottsági adatok alapján - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 - eladási darabszám alapján - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Israel airplay 2017 '' . mediaforest. bizz . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 2017 -- w pierwszej trójce Sheeran , Tiësto i Hyży '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official Year - End singles chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 427 '' . auspOp. 1 July 2017 . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Enter Rag'n'Bone Man in the field Interpret . Enter Human in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rag'n'Bone Man `` Human '' '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Rag _́ n _́ Bone Man ; ' Human ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Rag'n'Bone Man -- Human '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rag N Bone Man -- Human '' . elportaldemusica.es . Productores de Música de España . Jump up ^ `` Rag'n'Bone Man - Human '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Archived from the original on 17 December 2016 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Rag'n'Bone Man ; ' Human ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Worldwide releases for digital single of `` Human '' : For Brazil : `` Human - Single by Rag'n'Bone Man on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( BR ) ( in Portuguese ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . For Japan : `` Human - Single by Rag'n'Bone Man on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( JP ) ( in Japanese ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . For New Zealand : `` Human - Single by Rag'n'Bone Man on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( NZ ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . For the UK : `` Human - Single by Rag'n'Bone Man on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . For the US : `` Human - Single by Rag'n'Bone Man on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RAG ' N ' BONE MAN `` Human '' ( Radio Date : 07 / 10 / 2016 ) `` . radiodate.it . Radio Airplay S.R.L . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Mainstream > Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Thum '' . Triple J Unearthed . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Thum - Human ft . Ruel ( Rag n Bone Man cover ) '' . YouTube . 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Thum x Ruel Combine To Reinvent Rag'n'Bone Man '' . Clash Music . 7 December 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Thum Premieres New Music Video for `` Human '' Featuring Ruel `` . PM Studios . 11 December 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Human ( feat . Ruel ) -- Single by iTunes '' . iTunes Australia . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Ruel ( singer ) Discography Extended plays Ready Singles `` Do n't Tell Me '' `` Dazed & Confused '' `` Younger '' Featured singles `` Human '' Related articles M - Phazes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_(Rag%27n%27Bone_Man_song)&oldid=850000899 '' Categories : 2016 singles 2017 singles Rag'n'Bone Man songs Ruel ( singer ) songs Sony Music Entertainment singles Songs written by Jamie Hartman Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Greece Number - one singles in Hungary Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Switzerland Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Wallonia ) number - one singles Brit Award for British Single Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Song articles with missing songwriters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Eesti فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Scots 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 21 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the song i am only human after all | [
"\"Human\" is a song by British singer and songwriter Rag'n'Bone Man. The song was co-written by Rag'n'Bone Man, Jamie Hartman and produced by Two Inch Punch.[1] It was released as a digital download on 21 July 2016, through Sony Music[2] and Columbia Records.[3] The song is included on his debut studio album of the same name, released in February 2017.\n"
] | [
"British singer and songwriter Rag'n'Bone Man"
] |
4528129054565819495 | Pledge of Allegiance (United States) | Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) - wikipedia Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. oath of allegiance . For the general topic of oaths of allegiance , see Oath of allegiance . For other uses , see Pledge of Allegiance ( disambiguation ) . Pledge of Allegiance ( Bellamy versions ) ( changes are bolded and underlined ) 1892 ( first version ) `` I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1892 to 1923 `` I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1923 to 1954 `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1954 ( current version ) 4 U.S.C. § 4 `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America . It was originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch , a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools . The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892 , and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942 . The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945 . The most recent alteration of its wording came on Flag Day in 1954 , when the words `` under God '' were added . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recital 2 Origins 2.1 Balch and Bellamy pledges 2.2 Francis Bellamy 's account 3 Changes 3.1 Addition of `` under God '' 4 Salute 5 Music 6 Controversy 6.1 Legal challenges 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Recital ( edit ) Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge , as do many government meetings at local levels , and meetings held by many private organizations . All states except Hawaii , Iowa , Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly - scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools , although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students can not be compelled to recite the Pledge , nor can they be punished for not doing so . In a number of states , state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this . The United States Flag Code says : The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag -- `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' -- should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart . When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart . Persons in uniform should remain silent , face the flag , and render the military salute . Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform . Origins ( edit ) Balch and Bellamy pledges ( edit ) The Pledge of Allegiance , as it exists in its current form , was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy ( 1855 -- 1931 ) , who was a Baptist minister , a Christian socialist , and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy ( 1850 -- 1898 ) . There did exist a previous version created by Rear Admiral George Balch , a veteran of the Civil War , who later become auditor of the New York Board of Education . Balch 's pledge , which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference , read : We give our heads and hearts to God and our country ; one country , one language , one flag ! Balch was a proponent of teaching children , especially those of immigrants , loyalty to the United States , even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school . Balch 's pledge , which predates Bellamy 's by 5 years and was embraced by many schools , by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s , and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference , is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge . Bellamy , however , did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it , referring to the text as `` too juvenile and lacking in dignity . '' The Bellamy `` Pledge of Allegiance '' was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children 's magazine The Youth 's Companion as part of the National Public - School Celebration of Columbus Day , a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in the Americas . The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham , a marketer for the magazine , as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to sell flags to public schools . According to author Margarette S. Miller , this campaign was in line both with Upham 's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest . According to Miller , Upham `` would often say to his wife : ' Mary , if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded , and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution , I shall not have lived in vain . ' '' Bellamy 's original Pledge read : I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . Students reciting a pledge on Flag Day in 1899 The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point . Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds . As a socialist , he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity but decided against it , knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans . Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth 's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag . By June 29 , 1892 , Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations . This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335 . Subsequently , the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12 , 1892 , during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World 's Columbian Exposition ( the Chicago World 's Fair ) , Illinois . Francis Bellamy 's account ( edit ) In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge , Francis Bellamy said , `` At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was ( sic ) at a low ebb . The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools . '' James Upham `` felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse , '' so his publication `` fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost , which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year ( 1892 - 93 ) . As the World 's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas , Upham sought to link the publication 's flag drive to the event , `` so that every school in the land ... would have a flag raising , under the most impressive conditions . '' Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying `` not only the superintendents of education in all the States , but ( he ) also worked with governors , Congressmen , and even the President of the United States . '' The publication 's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12 , 1892 , to be Columbus Day for which The Youth 's Companion made `` an official program for universal use in all the schools . '' Bellamy recalled that the event `` had to be more than a list of exercises . The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity . '' Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event , and `` There was also an oration suitable for declamation . '' Bellamy held that `` Of course , the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag , with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison . '' He found `` There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute . The Balch salute , which ran , `` I give my heart and my hand to my country , one country , one language , one flag , '' seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity . '' After working on the idea with Upham , Bellamy concluded , `` It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea . I especially stressed the word ' allegiance ' ... Beginning with the new word allegiance , I first decided that ' pledge ' was a better school word than ' vow ' or ' swear ' ; and that the first person singular should be used , and that ' my ' flag was preferable to ' the . ' '' Bellamy considered the words `` country , nation , or Republic , '' choosing the last as `` it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution . The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Republic for which it stands . '' Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures , and concluded `` all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words , one Nation indivisible . '' Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution , Liberté , égalité , fraternité ( `` liberty , equality , fraternity '' ) , but held that `` fraternity was too remote of realization , and ... ( that ) equality was a dubious word . '' Concluding `` Liberty and justice were surely basic , were undebatable , and were all that any one Nation could handle . If they were exercised for all . they involved the spirit of equality and fraternity . '' After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth 's Companion , the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program . Bellamy noted that , `` In later years the words ' to my flag ' were changed to ' to the flag of the United States of America ' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools . '' Bellamy disliked the change , as `` it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition . '' Changes ( edit ) A plaque in Lansing , MI , dated 1918 , listing the Balch Pledge , which was used parallel to the Bellamy Pledge until the National Flag Conference in 1923 . In 1906 , The Daughters of the American Revolution 's magazine , The American Monthly , listed the `` formula of allegiance '' as being the Balch Pledge of Allegiance , which reads : I pledge allegiance to my flag , and the republic for which it stands . I pledge my head and my heart to God and my country . One country , one language and one flag . In subsequent publications of the Daughters of the American Revolution , such as in 1915 's `` Proceedings of the Twenty - Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution '' and 1916 's annual `` National Report , '' the Balch Pledge , listed as official in 1906 , is now categorized as `` Old Pledge '' with Bellamy 's version under the heading `` New Pledge . '' However , the `` Old Pledge '' continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923 . In 1923 , the National Flag Conference called for the words `` my Flag '' to be changed to `` the Flag of the United States , '' so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US . The words `` of America '' were added a year later . Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time , in the following form , on June 22 , 1942 : I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . Addition of `` under God '' ( edit ) `` Under God '' redirects here . For the book , see Under God ( book ) . Louis Albert Bowman , an attorney from Illinois , was the first to suggest the addition of `` under God '' to the pledge . The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea . He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . At a meeting on February 12 , 1948 , he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words `` under God '' added . He said that the words came from Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address . Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words `` under God '' , all the reporters ' transcripts of the speech as delivered do , as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said `` that the nation shall , under God , have a new birth of freedom . '' Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings . In 1951 , the Knights of Columbus , the world 's largest Catholic fraternal service organization , also began including the words `` under God '' in the Pledge of Allegiance . In New York City , on April 30 , 1951 , the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words `` under God '' after the words `` one nation . '' Over the next two years , the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide . On August 21 , 1952 , the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal , and copies of this resolution were sent to the President , the Vice President ( as Presiding Officer of the Senate ) , and the Speaker of the House of Representatives . The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24 , 1952 , adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president , Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart . Several State Fraternal Congresses acted likewise almost immediately thereafter . This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbus policy for the entire nation . These attempts were eventually a success . At the suggestion of a correspondent , Representative Louis C. Rabaut ( D - Mich . ) , of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add the words `` under God '' to the Pledge in 1953 . Rev. Dr. George MacPherson Docherty ( left ) and President Eisenhower ( second from left ) on the morning of February 7 , 1954 , at the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church . Before February 1954 , no endeavor to get the pledge officially amended had succeeded . The final successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty . Some American presidents honored Lincoln 's birthday by attending services at the church Lincoln attended , New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln 's pew on the Sunday nearest February 12 . On February 7 , 1954 , with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln 's pew , the church 's pastor , George MacPherson Docherty , delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled `` A New Birth of Freedom . '' He argued that the nation 's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose . He noted that the Pledge 's sentiments could be those of any nation : `` There was something missing in the pledge , and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life . '' He cited Lincoln 's words `` under God '' as defining words that set the US apart from other nations . President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very recently , just a year before . He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service . Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8 , 1954 , Rep. Charles Oakman ( R - Mich . ) , introduced a bill to that effect . Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day , June 14 , 1954 . Eisenhower said : From this day forward , the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town , every village and rural school house , the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty ... In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America 's heritage and future ; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country 's most powerful resource , in peace or in war . The phrase `` under God '' was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance on June 14 , 1954 , by a Joint Resolution of Congress amending § 4 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942 . On October 6 , 1954 , the National Executive Committee of the American Legion adopted a resolution , first approved by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954 , which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought forward the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance . Even though the movement behind inserting `` under God '' into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge , author Kevin M. Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed . Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push - back against atheistic communism during the Cold War , but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a challenge to the New Deal played the larger role . Salute ( edit ) Swearing of the Pledge is accompanied by a salute . An early version of the salute , adopted in 1887 , known as the Balch Salute , which accompanied the Balch pledge , instructed students to stand with their right hand outstretched toward the flag , the fingers of which are then brought to the forehead , followed by being placed flat over the heart , and finally falling to the side . In 1892 , Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute . It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag , palm down , and ended with the palm up . Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute , which was adopted in Germany later , the US Congress stipulated that the hand - over-the - heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the US would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute . Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on December 22 , 1942 , when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22 , 1942 . Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 ( Section 301 ( b ) ( 1 ) of title 36 , United States Code ) , language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian clothes to render a proper hand salute during the raising and lowering of the flag , when the colors are presented , and during the National Anthem . Music ( edit ) Musical setting by Irving Caesar A musical setting for `` The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' was created by Irving Caesar , at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase `` under God '' was signed into law on Flag Day , June 14 , 1954 . The composer , Irving Caesar , wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime . Dedicated to social issues , he donated all rights of the musical setting to the U.S. government , so that anyone can perform the piece without owing royalties . It was sung for the first time on the floor of the House of Representatives on Flag Day , June 14 , 1955 by the official Air Force choral group the `` Singing Sergeants '' . A July 29 , 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge . Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted , including by Beck ( 2003 ) , Lovrekovich ( 2002 and 2001 ) , Roton ( 1991 ) , Fijol ( 1986 ) , and Girardet ( 1983 ) . Controversy ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance In 1940 , the Supreme Court , in Minersville School District v. Gobitis , ruled that students in public schools , including the respondents in that case -- Jehovah 's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry -- could be compelled to swear the Pledge . In 1943 , in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , the Supreme Court reversed its decision . Justice Robert H. Jackson , writing for the 6 to 3 majority , went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds , and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country , concluding with : If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation , it is that no official , high or petty , can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics , nationalism , religion , or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein . If there are any circumstances which permit an exception , they do not now occur to us . In a later case , the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge . First graders of Japanese ancestry pledging allegiance to the American flag ( 1942 , photo by Dorothea Lange ) . Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds . One objection is that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it , and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing , which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance . Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day , small children in schools , can not really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making . Another criticism is that a government requiring or promoting the phrase `` under God '' violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment . In 2004 , linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address , but to Lincoln and his contemporaries , `` under God '' meant `` God willing '' , so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd . Legal challenges ( edit ) Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah 's Witnesses , a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God , and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag . They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment . The first case was in 1935 , when two children , Lillian and William Gobitas , ages ten and twelve , were expelled from the Minersville , Pennsylvania , public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance . In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow , whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase `` under God '' an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public school . In 2004 , the Supreme Court heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , an appeal of the ruling , and rejected Newdow 's claim on the grounds that he was not the custodial parent , and therefore lacked standing , thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school - sponsored recitation . On January 3 , 2005 , a new suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California on behalf of three unnamed families . On September 14 , 2005 , District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor . Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals , Judge Karlton issued an order stating that , upon proper motion , he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to `` one Nation under God . '' A 2005 Bill , H.R. 2389 , to prohibit the Supreme Court 's and most federal courts from considering any legal challenges to the government 's requiring or promoting of the Pledge of Allegiance , died in the Senate after having passed in the House . This action is viewed in general as court stripping by Congress of the constitutional power of the judiciary . Even if a similar bill is enacted , its practical effect may not be clear : proponents of the bill have said that it is a valid exercise of Congress 's power to regulate the jurisdiction of the federal courts under Article III , Section 2 of the Constitution , but opponents say Congress does not have the authority to prevent the Supreme Court from hearing claims based on the Bill of Rights , since this can only be done through Constitutional Amendment . Judges and legal analysts have said that if Congress can remove from the judicial branch the ability to determine if legislation is constitutional , the US separation of powers would be disturbed , or rendered non-functional . Mark J. Pelavin , former Associate Director of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism , said of court stripping in regard to the Pledge of Allegiance that : Today 's House adoption of the so - called `` Pledge Protection Act '' is a shameful effort to strip our federal courts of their ability to uphold the rights of all Americans . By removing the jurisdiction of federal courts , including the Supreme Court , from cases involving the Pledge , this legislation sets a dangerous precedent : threatening religious liberty , compromising the vital system of checks and balances upon which our government was founded , and granting Congress the authority to strip the courts ' jurisdiction on any issue it wishes . Today , the issue was the Pledge of Allegiance , but tomorrow it could be reproductive rights , civil rights , or any other fundamental concern . -- Mark J. Pelavin , Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism In 2006 , in the Florida case Frazier v. Alexandre , a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution . As a result of that decision , a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called `` unpatriotic '' by a teacher . In 2009 , a Montgomery County , Maryland , teacher berated and had school police remove a 13 - year - old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom . The student 's mother , assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland , sought and received an apology from the teacher , as state law and the school 's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge . On March 11 , 2010 , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the words `` under God '' in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District . In a 2 -- 1 decision , the appellate court ruled that the words were of a `` ceremonial and patriotic nature '' and did not constitute an establishment of religion . Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented , writing that `` the state - directed , teacher - led daily recitation in public schools of the amended ' under God ' version of the Pledge of Allegiance ... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution . '' On November 12 , 2010 , in a unanimous decision , the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge 's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students ' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary . A United States Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13 , 2011 . In September 2013 , a case was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court , arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts . In May 2014 , Massachusetts ' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists , saying that the words `` under God '' represent a patriotic , not a religious , exercise . In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit , ruling that `` ... the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who do n't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message . '' The case against the Matawan - Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase `` under God '' in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion , making non-believers `` second - class citizens . '' In a twenty - one page decision , Bauman wrote , `` Under ( the association members ' ) reasoning , the very constitution under which ( the members ) seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional , an absurd proposition which ( association members ) do not and can not advance here . '' Bauman said the student could skip the pledge , but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have `` conscientious scruples '' that do not allow it . He noted , `` As a matter of historical tradition , the words ' under God ' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words ' In God We Trust ' from every coin in the land , than the words ' so help me God ' from every presidential oath since 1789 , or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787 . '' See also ( edit ) Australian citizenship affirmation , a similar concept Ceremonial deism Flag Salute Loyalty oaths in the United States Youth 's Companion Building , where the Pledge of Allegiance was written and published Separation of church and state , which provides more information surrounding `` under god '' in the pledge References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Pledge of Allegiance '' . Historic Documents . Independence Hall Association : ushistory.org . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Title 4 , Chapter 1 , Section 4 , US Code '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Melanie . `` One Nation , Indivisible '' . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Captain and Brevet Lieutenant Colonel George T. Balch , Ordnance Corps Hall of Fame Inductee 2001 , U.S. Army Ordnance Corps '' . www.goordnance.army.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Society & Community . Faith in America : The Legal Dilemma '' . NOW with Bill Moyers . PBS . June 29 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Pledge of Allegiance and Our Flag of the United States '' . Their History and Meaning . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Amy ( September 2015 ) , `` PR Gimmick to Patriotic Vow ; Francis Bellamy had no idea how famous , and controversial , his quick ditty would become '' , Smithsonian Magazine Jump up ^ `` American & State Pledges '' . Speck 's Web . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ U.S. Code 2011 , Title 4 , Chap. 1 , Sec. 4 . Government Printing Office . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubal , Timothy ( October 2008 ) . Cultural Movements and Collective Memory : Christopher Columbus and the Rewriting of the National Origin Myth . Basingstoke , Hampshire , GBR : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 61576 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy '' . Freemasonry.bcy.ca . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Overland Monthly . Samuel Carson . 1891 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine . National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution . 1906 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Frances Bellamy . `` '' A Brief Synopsis of the Story of the Origin of the Pledge taken from the Detailed Narrative by Frances Bellamy , Author of the Pledge `` '' . Congressional Record 91 Cong . Rec. ( 1945 ) House : 5510 -- 5511 . ^ Jump up to : Bellamy , Francis , `` The Story of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag , '' University of Rochester Library Bulletin , Vol . VIII , Winter 1953 . Jump up ^ Margarette S. Miller ( 1946 ) . I Pledge Allegiance . Christopher Publishing House , Youth 's companion . Jump up ^ Francis Bellamy -- The word `` to '' was inserted between `` my Flag and '' and `` the Republic '' in October 1892 . Jump up ^ Dr. John W. Baer . `` The Pledge of Allegiance A Short History '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Miller , Margarette S. ( 1976 ) . Twenty Three Words : A Biography of Francis Bellamy : Author of the Pledge of Allegiance . Portsmouth , Vir. : Printcraft Press . pp. 63 - 65 ISBN 0 - 686 - 15626 - 9 Jump up ^ Congressional Serial Set . U.S. Government Printing Office . 1917 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Proceedings of the ... Continental Congress of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution . The Congress . 1915 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 77 - 623 , Chap. 435 , 56 Stat. 377 , H.J. Res. 303 , enacted June 22 , 1942 . ^ Jump up to : Baer , John W. ( 2007 ) . The Pledge of Allegiance : A Revised History and Analysis , 1892 -- 2007 . Annapolis , MD : Free State Press . Jump up ^ Merriman , Scott A. ( 2007 ) . Religion and the Law in America : An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 863 - 7 . p. 110 . Jump up ^ `` Knights of Columbus Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Knights of Columbus . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` How the words `` UNDER GOD '' came to be added to the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Broadway , Bill . `` How ' Under God ' Got in There , '' The Washington Post , 6 July 2002 . Retrieved 4 Feb. 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 83 - 396 , Chap. 297 , 68 Stat. 249 , H.J. Res. 243 , enacted June 14 , 1954 . Jump up ^ `` God In America : God in the White House '' . PBS . Jump up ^ `` How ' One Nation ' Did n't Become ' Under God ' Until The ' 50s Religious Revival '' . NPR . Jump up ^ Leepson , Marc ( 2006 ) . Flag : An American Biography . Macmillan . p. 171 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32309 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Rendering Hand Salute of U.S. Flag '' . Military.com . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 1957 - 04 - 20 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 1960 - 09 - 19 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Irving Caesar Welcome '' . www.irvingcaesar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` '' Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' H. Con . Res. 161 Statute 69 Pages B24 - B25 Concurrent Resolutions - July 26 , 1955 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Copyright Office , Copyright search for `` The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' `` . Jump up ^ West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 , 642 ( U.S. Supreme Court 1943 ) . ^ Jump up to : Holloman ex rel . Holloman v. Harland , 370 F. 3d 1252 ( 11th Cir. 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Lane v. Owens ; 03 - B - 1544 , United States District Court , District of Colorado Jump up ^ Olander , Herbert T. ( December 1941 ) . `` Children 's Knowledge of the Flag Salute '' . The Journal of Educational Research . 35 ( 4 ) : 300 -- 305 . JSTOR 27528245 . Jump up ^ `` Court upholds ' under God ' in Pledge of Allegiance '' . Associated Press . 2010 - 03 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) . `` I Might Have Guessed Parson Weems Would Figure In There Somewhere '' . Language Log . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) . `` '' ( Next ) Under God , '' Phrasal Idiom `` . Language Log . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jehovah 's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God 's Kingdom , Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York , 1993 , pp. 196 - 197 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Salute Cases '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Minersville School District v. Gobitis , 310 U.S. 586 , 60 S. Ct. 1010 , 84 L. Ed . 1375 ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ Kravets , David ( September 16 , 2005 ) , `` Federal judge rules Pledge of Allegiance is unconstitutional '' , The Chicago Defender , archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 11 , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 Jump up ^ `` Retired Federal Judges Urge Congress Not to Pass `` Court - Stripping '' Measure that Would Deny Rights in `` . Brennancenter.org. 2005 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are : Mark J. Pelavin , Senior Advisor to the President '' . Union for Reform Judaism . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Court - stripping and Legislating Against the First Amendment ( 12 July 2006 ) '' . Jewsonfirst.org . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Frazier v. Alexandre , 434 F. Supp. 2d 1350 ( S.D. Fla . May 31 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Frazier v. Alexandre , No. 05 - 81142 ( S.D. Fla . May 31 , 2006 ) '' . National School Boards Association . March 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jenna ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` Pledge of Allegiance dispute results in Md. teacher having to apologize '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Chea , Terence ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` Fed . appeals court upholds ' under God ' in pledge '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Newdow vs. Rio Linda Union School District ( 9th Cir . March 12 , 2010 ) . Text Jump up ^ `` Pledge of Allegiance 's God reference now upheld by court '' . LA Times . March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Freedom from Religion Foundation v. Hanover School District ( 1st Cir . Nov 12 , 2010 ) . Text Jump up ^ Lavoie , Denise ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Court OKs NH law allowing ' God ' pledge in schools '' . The Boston Globe . Boston , MA : Christopher M. Mayer . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 16 . The constitutionality of a New Hampshire law ... Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` High court spurns atheist 's ' under God ' challenge '' . San Francisco Chronicle . San Francisco , CA : Hearst Corporation . A Sacramento atheist 's challenge to the addition of `` under God '' to the Pledge of Allegiance ... Jump up ^ Supreme Court of the United States ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Freedom From Religion Foundation , Petitioner v. United States , et al '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Under God ' part of Pledge of Allegiance under review in Massachusetts '' . CNN.com. 2013 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts court rules ' under God ' in pledge does not discriminate against atheists '' . The Washington Post . 2014 - 05 - 09 . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Under God ' is not discriminatory and will stay in pledge , judge says '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Salvador Rizzo . `` Hearing ' Under God ' in Pledge of Allegiance does not violate rights of atheist students , NJ judge rules '' . NorthJersey.com . Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Refuses To Kick God Out Of Public Schools '' . Forbes . 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Martin , Leisa A. ( May -- June 2008 ) . `` Examining the Pledge of Allegiance '' . Social Studies . 99 ( 3 ) : 127 -- 131 . doi : 10.3200 / tsss. 99.3. 127 - 131 . John W. Baer ( 2007 ) . The Pledge of Allegiance : A Revised History and Analysis , 1892 -- 2007 ( Free State Press , Inc . ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 9650620 - 2 - 2 Excerpt , Chapter Eight : `` Under God '' and Other Questions About the Pledge . Richard J. Ellis ( 2005 ) . To the Flag : The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance ( Lawrence : University of Kansas Press ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1372 - 2 Marc Leepson ( 2005 ) . Flag : An American Biography ( Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin 's Press ) ISBN 0 - 312 - 32308 - 5 Kevin M. Kruse ( 2015 ) . One Nation Under God : How Corporate America Invented Christian America , Basic Books , ISBN 0465049494 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutPledge of Allegiance ( United States ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource 4 U.S.C. § 4 Docherty 's Sermon Manuscript , Feb. 7 , 1954 Minister Reprises `` Under God '' Sermon ( hide ) National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)&oldid=843570118 '' Categories : 1892 documents American culture American nationalism Oaths of allegiance Flags of the United States Pledge of Allegiance Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2017 All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from October 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Iñupiak Italiano Latina Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 00 : 49 . 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"The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. It was originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch, a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools.[3][4] The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892, and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942.[5] The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945. The most recent alteration of its wording came on Flag Day in 1954, when the words \"under God\" were added.[6]"
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6247126099482502662 | Away goals rule | Away goals rule - wikipedia Away goals rule Jump to : navigation , search The away goals rule is a method of breaking ties in association football and other sports when teams play each other twice , once at each team 's home ground . By the away goals rule , the team that has scored more goals `` away from home '' will win if scores are otherwise equal . The away goals rule is most often invoked in two - leg fixtures , where the initial result is determined by the aggregate score -- i.e. the scores of both games are added together . But if the away team scores 1 away that would equal to 2 home goals scored in a competitive match . In many competitions , the away goals rule is the first tie - breaker in such cases , with a penalty shootout as the second tie - breaker if each team has scored the same number of away goals . Rules vary as to whether the away goals rule applies only to the end of normal time of the second leg , or applies in extra time as well . It was first introduced by UEFA in 1965 -- 66 European Cup Winners ' Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rationale 2 Usage 3 Anomalies 4 Summary 5 References Rationale ( edit ) Originally , the away goal rule was introduced in football as an expedited way of doing away with playoffs or tie breakers on neutral grounds to resolve a logistical , physical and calendar problem when two teams were so closely matched the final score over the two legs remained in absolute parity , which could remain even after a third game tie breaker . Now , the away goals rule is intended to encourage the away team to be more aggressive . In football , at least , it sometimes leads to a nervous first leg : the home team is unwilling to commit large numbers of players to attack lest they concede a goal , whilst the away team attempts to defend and snatch an away goal to aid them in the second leg . Such tactics arguably make the second leg more exciting , after a low - scoring first leg leaves both sides with a chance to win . There are sometimes debates over whether the away goals rule gives an unfair advantage to the team playing away first -- with the other team squandering their home advantage in the first leg due to away goal fears -- and this may be a factor in its somewhat patchy adoption for competitions . There is also the issue that if extra time is played in the second leg , the away team gets an extra 30 minutes to take advantage of the away goals rule . This can be countered by the fact that in extra time , the home team has the advantage of playing the extra 30 minutes at home . Anecdotal evidence certainly suggests that most teams feel an away goal puts them in the driving seat , such as Liverpool being able to draw 1 -- 1 at Arsenal in the 2008 UEFA Champions League quarterfinals ; Liverpool did eliminate Arsenal to advance to the semifinals . Liverpool won the second game 4 -- 2 , making the aggregate score for the tie Liverpool 5 -- 3 Arsenal , therefore , the away goal scored by Liverpool in the first leg was not required . Many commentators have described the importance of a team being away to score an away goal , even when losing that leg of the tie , as it mathematically does give that team a chance to redeem itself on home soil by leveling the tie on aggregate while using the away goal as a tiebreaker . For example , in the 2007 UEFA Champions League round of 16 , while Bayern Munich lost the first leg 3 -- 2 at Real Madrid , Bayern later won 2 -- 1 at home to level the tie on aggregate , but it was Bayern 's away goals scored during their first leg loss that let them advance . In a recent instance , at the 2013 UEFA Champions League semifinals , despite falling 4 -- 1 in the first leg at Dortmund , Real Madrid would have been able to advance if at home it managed to hold Dortmund to 3 -- 0 . ( Real Madrid scored two goals in the last ten minutes to win the second leg , 2 -- 0 , but were unable to score the third goal that would have sent them through to the finals . ) In the other semifinal , however , after Barcelona was shut out at Bayern Munich , 4 -- 0 , commentators considered Barcelona essentially eliminated , because Bayern could seal the tie by scoring one away goal even if Barcelona managed to score five goals . The away goals rule results in the `` lead '' of the two - legged tie swinging back and forth . For instance , in the 2005 UEFA Champions League round of 16 between Barcelona and Chelsea , Barcelona was ahead on aggregate after a 2 -- 1 win in the first leg at home . During the second leg held in London , Chelsea first scored three straight goals to take the lead on aggregate ( 4 -- 2 ) , but Barcelona responded with two goals to level the aggregate score at 4 -- 4 while taking the lead on away goals ( 2 -- 1 ) . Chelsea scored again , though , to advance on aggregate , 5 -- 4 . Usage ( edit ) The away goals rule is applied in many football competitions that involve two - leg fixtures , including the knockout stages of the UEFA Champions League , UEFA Europa League , CAF Champions League , CAF Confederation Cup and any two - legged playoffs in qualification for the FIFA World Cup or European Championships . Major League Soccer in the U.S. and Canada introduced the away goals rule in the MLS Cup Playoffs , in which the conference semifinals and finals ( the quarterfinals and semifinals of the overall tournament ) are two - legged , for the first time in 2014 . The rule was first applied in this competition when the Seattle Sounders defeated FC Dallas in the 2014 Western Conference Semifinals . In CONMEBOL competitions before 2005 , for example , the Copa Libertadores , CONMEBOL used neither the away goals rule nor extra time in any of its competitions . Ties that were level on aggregate went to an immediate penalty shootout . Since 2005 , two - legged ties have been decided on points , followed by goal difference and the away goals rule , if the result is still tied , the penalty shootout is used . The Copa Libertadores finals became the only exception to the away goals rule and also only in the finals is employed extra time . In Latin America , an example of a tournament that always has used this rule is Copa do Brasil ( Brazil Cup ) . The away goals rule is sometimes used in round robin competitions ( that is , leagues or qualifying groups ) , where it may be used to break ties involving more than two teams . For example , away goals are the third tiebreaker in the group stage of both the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup . In Group C of the UEFA Champions League 2000 -- 01 , Olympique Lyonnais took the second qualifying spot ahead of Olympiacos on away goals . Because other tiebreakers take precedence , the away goals rule is rarely invoked in such tournaments . In many group tournaments , the away goals rule is never applicable ; for example , in World Cup qualification . The away goals rule was first applied in the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup when Budapest Honvéd beat Dukla Prague in the second round in 1965 -- 66 . It was introduced in the Fairs Cup in 1966 -- 67 , and in the European Cup in 1967 -- 68 for the first round , 1968 -- 69 for the second round , and 1970 -- 71 for later rounds . Previously , ties level on aggregate had gone to a playoff on neutral ground . Anomalies ( edit ) If the two clubs contesting a two - legged fixture share the same stadium , each club may be the home club in one leg , and the rule may still apply . For example , the 2003 UEFA Champions League Semi-Finals drew Inter Milan and AC Milan together . Both legs were played at the San Siro , their shared stadium in Milan : First leg : AC Milan 0 -- 0 Inter Milan Second leg : Inter Milan 1 -- 1 AC Milan With an aggregate of 1 -- 1 , AC Milan was declared the winner because they were the `` away '' side in the second game . In this example , as in many such cases , most tickets for each leg will be reserved for the `` home '' side 's fans , so the designation was not totally arbitrary . Not all competitions with the away goals rule suffer from this anomaly , however : the Copa do Brasil has developed its rules to avoid some anomalies , such as the above . In that Cup , if two teams share either the same stadium or the same home town , neither is considered the home club and thus the away goals rule does not apply . This exception was seen , for example , in the 2006 final between Flamengo and Vasco , when both legs were played at the Maracanã Stadium . More anomalous was a qualification play - off for the 1991 World Youth Championship between Australia and Israel : Australia won on away goals even though , due to security concerns arising from the First Intifada , Israel 's `` home '' leg was played in Australia . The same situation occurred in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification tie between the Bahamas and the British Virgin Islands , when the Bahamas advanced on the away goals rule even though both legs were played in the Bahamas . There has been at least one case of a wrong application of the away goals rule by a referee in an international club tournament . It happened in a second - round tie in the 1971 -- 72 European Cup Winners ' Cup between Rangers and Sporting Clube de Portugal . This fixture had the following scorelines : First leg : Rangers 3 -- 2 Sporting Second leg , after 90 minutes : Sporting 3 -- 2 Rangers Second leg , after extra time : Sporting 4 -- 3 Rangers Since the teams were now level 6 -- 6 on aggregate , the Dutch referee Laurens van Raavens ordered a penalty shootout , which Sporting won 3 -- 0 . Rangers appealed the loss , however , on the grounds that Van Raavens should not have ordered the shootout , since the Rangers goal in extra time in Lisbon gave them a lead of three away goals to two . Rangers won the appeal and went on to win the Cup Winners ' Cup that season . CONCACAF has a different rule for its CONCACAF Champions League , employing away goals at the end of full - time of the second leg , but not applying the rule at the end of extra time . MLS adopted this version of the rule for its playoffs in 2014 . For example , the semifinal of the 2008 -- 09 CONCACAF Champions League between Cruz Azul and the Puerto Rico Islanders had the following scorelines : First leg : Puerto Rico Islanders 2 -- 0 Cruz Azul Second leg , after 90 minutes : Cruz Azul 2 -- 0 Puerto Rico Islanders Second leg , after extra time : Cruz Azul 3 -- 1 Puerto Rico Islanders Since CONCACAF does not apply the away goals rule for goals scored after extra time , the game went to a penalty shootout , which Cruz Azul won 4 -- 2 . The away goals rule can also apply to forfeited matches . Celtic lost their away tie to Legia Warsaw 4 -- 1 in the 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League third qualifying round . In their home leg , Legia brought on an ineligible player which automatically gave Celtic a 3 -- 0 win . The forfeiture meant that the tie ended 4 -- 4 , meaning Celtic qualified to the next round on away goals . Summary ( edit ) Below is a summary of the variations of rules used in different competitions . In most examples in the table below , a penalty shootout is used to determine the winner if all criteria used remain tied . The exception is Primera División de México play - offs , where the higher seed , which has the better regular season record , wins the tie if the aggregate score is level . Aggregate score is level after regulation ( 90 mins ) of second leg Away goals rule applied after regulation time ? Extra time played ? Away goals rule applied after extra time ? Examples Yes Yes Yes FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Champions League and Europa League Yes Yes No CONCACAF Champions League and MLS Cup Playoffs AFC Champions League and AFC Cup Yes No N / A Copa Libertadores and Copa Sudamericana ( except finals ) CAF Champions League and Confederation Cup Liga MX play - offs ( except final ) Copa do Brasil ( except final ) No Yes Yes EFL Cup semi-finals No Yes No English Football League play - off semi-finals No No N / A Copa do Brasil final ( e.g. , 2017 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example : IFAB ( July 2007 ) . `` Procedures to determine the winner of a match or home - and - away '' . Laws of the Game 2007 / 2008 ( PDF ) . Zurich : FIFA . p. 54 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Away Goals : Competition rules may provide that where teams play each other home and away , if the scores are equal after the second match , any goals scored at the ground of the opposing team will count double . Jump up ^ For example , after a 1 -- 1 draw away from home : `` Reds away goal delights Benitez '' . Liverpool : BBC . 2008 - 04 - 02 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 . We are in a good position ... The away goal is always important in the Champions League . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/7332209.stm Jump up ^ Kevin McCarra at the Bernabeu Stadium ( 2003 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Real Madrid 3 - 1 Manchester United Soccer '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` BBC SPORT Soccer Europe Bayern M 2 - 1 R Madrid ( agg 4 - 4 ) '' . BBC News . 2007 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Peter Shard ( 2013 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Dortmund , Bayern resist the pitfalls of complacency Soccer '' . BDlive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` BBC SPORT Soccer Europe Chelsea 4 - 2 Barcelona '' . BBC News . 2005 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major League Soccer to introduce away - goals rule for first time in 2014 MLS Cup Playoffs '' . Major League Soccer. 2014 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2006 -- 07 , Rule 4.05 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA . March 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 11 . If two or more teams are equal on points on completion of the group matches , the following criteria are applied to determine the rankings : higher number of points obtained in the group matches played among the teams in question ; superior goal difference from the group matches played among the teams in question ; higher number of goals scored away from home in the group matches played among the teams in question ; superior goal difference from all group matches played ; higher number of goals scored in all group matches played ; higher number of coefficient points accumulated by the club in question , as well as its association , over the previous five seasons Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Cup 2006 -- 07 , Rule 4.06 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA . March 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 11 . If two or more teams are equal on points on completion of the group matches , the following criteria are applied to determine the rankings : superior goal difference from all group matches played ; higher number of goals scored ; higher number of goals scored away ; higher number of wins ; higher number of away wins ; higher number of coefficient points accumulated by the club in question , as well as its association , over the previous five seasons Jump up ^ Slavík , Jirí ; Karel Stokkermans ( 2004 - 04 - 15 ) . `` UEFA European Competitions 2000 -- 01 : UEFA Champions League 2000 -- 01 : Group C '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 5 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Regulations , 2006 FIFA World Cup , page 6 : `` In the league system the ranking in each group is determined as follows : ( a ) greater number of points obtained in all the group matches ; If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above criterion , their ranking shall be determined as follows : ( b ) greater number of points obtained in the group matches between the teams concerned ; ( c ) goal difference resulting from the group matches between the teams concerned ; ( d ) greater number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned ; ( e ) goal difference in all the group matches ; ( f ) greater number of goals scored in all the group matches ; ( g ) a play - off on neutral ground . '' Jump up ^ Zea , Antonio ; Marcel Haisma ( 2008 - 01 - 09 ) . `` European Champions ' Cup and Fairs ' Cup 1966 -- 67 -- Details '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Zea , Antonio ; Marcel Haisma ( 2008 - 01 - 09 ) . `` European Champions ' Cup and Fairs ' Cup 1967 -- 68 -- Details '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Zea , Antonio ; Marcel Haisma ( 2008 - 01 - 09 ) . `` European Champions ' Cup and Fairs ' Cup 1968 -- 69 -- Details '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Cruyff pulls the strings '' . UEFA. 2006 - 01 - 01 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ross , James ( 2007 - 06 - 21 ) . `` European Competitions 1964 -- 65 '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 19 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Oceania U-20 World Cup 1991 Qualifiers '' . Rsssf.com. 2002 - 08 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bermuda and Bahamas march on , FIFA.com Jump up ^ `` Celtic : Legia Warsaw 's Champions League appeal bid fails '' . BBC Sport. 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Away_goals_rule&oldid=807663148 '' Categories : Association football terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Malti მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 11 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | do away goals count in champions league playoffs | [
"There is also the issue that if extra time is played in the second leg, the away team gets an extra 30 minutes to take advantage of the away goals rule. This can be countered by the fact that in extra time, the home team has the advantage of playing the extra 30 minutes at home."
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"This can be countered by the fact that in extra time, the home team has the advantage of playing the extra 30 minutes at home."
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2425400977798038579 | United States men's national basketball team | United States Men 's national Basketball team - wikipedia United States Men 's national Basketball team `` United States national basketball team '' redirects here . For the women 's team , see United States women 's national basketball team . `` Team USA Basketball '' redirects here . For the video game , see Team USA Basketball ( video game ) . United States 2019 FIBA World Cup FIBA ranking 1 ( 28 February 2018 ) Joined FIBA 1934 FIBA zone FIBA Americas National federation USA Basketball Coach Jeff Van Gundy : FIBA AmeriCup FIBA World Cup Qualifiers Gregg Popovich : FIBA World Cup Olympic Games Nickname ( s ) Team USA Olympic Games Appearances 18 Medals Gold : ( 1936 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1960 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1996 , 2000 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 ) Silver : ( 1972 ) Bronze : ( 1988 , 2004 ) FIBA World Cup Appearances 17 Medals Gold : ( 1954 , 1986 , 1994 , 2010 , 2014 ) Silver : ( 1950 , 1959 , 1982 ) Bronze : ( 1974 , 1990 , 1998 , 2006 ) FIBA AmeriCup Appearances 9 Medals Gold : ( 1992 , 1993 , 1997 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2017 ) Silver : ( 1989 ) Uniforms Home Alternate Away First international United States 2 -- 0 Spain ( forfeit ) Berlin , Germany -- August 7 , 1936 Biggest win United States 156 -- 73 Nigeria London , United Kingdom -- August 2 , 2012 Biggest defeat United States 37 -- 62 Soviet Union Santiago , Chile -- January 28 , 1959 The USA Basketball Men 's National Team , commonly known as the United States Men 's National Basketball Team , has won medals in seventeen Olympic tournaments , coming away with fifteen golds . In the professional era , the team won the Olympic gold medal in 1992 , 1996 , 2000 , 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 . Two of its gold medal - winning teams were inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in August 2010 -- the 1960 team , which featured six Hall of Famers ( 4 players , 2 coaches ) , and the 1992 `` Dream Team '' , featuring 14 Hall of Famers ( 11 players , 3 coaches ) . The team is currently ranked first in the FIBA World Rankings . Traditionally composed of amateur players , the U.S. dominated the first decades of international basketball , winning a record seven consecutive Olympic gold medals . However , by the end of the 1980s , American amateurs were no longer competitive against seasoned professionals from the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia . In 1989 , FIBA modified its rules and allowed USA Basketball to field teams with National Basketball Association players . The first such team , known as the `` Dream Team '' , won the gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , being superior in all matches . With the introduction of NBA players , the team was able to spark a second run of dominance in the 1990s . Facing increased competition , the U.S. failed to win a medal at the 2002 FIBA World Championship , finishing sixth . The 2004 Olympic team , being depleted by a number of withdrawals , lost three games on its way to a bronze medal , a record that represented more losses in a single year than the country 's Olympic teams had suffered in all previous Olympiads combined . Determined to put an end to these failures , USA Basketball initiated a long - term project aimed at creating better , more cohesive teams . The U.S. won its first seven games at the 2006 FIBA World Championship in Japan before losing against Greece in the semi-finals ; ending the competition with the bronze medal . The team won gold two years later -- at the 2008 Summer Olympics -- in a dominant fashion . This success was followed up at the 2010 FIBA World Championship , where despite fielding a roster featuring no players from the 2008 Olympic team , the U.S. did not lose a single game en route to defeating host Turkey for the gold medal . The Americans continued this streak of dominance in the 2010s by going undefeated and capturing gold at the 2012 Summer Olympics , and 2014 FIBA World Cup . At the 2016 Summer Olympics , the team , led by Mike Krzyzewski for a record third time , convincingly won its fifteenth gold medal , making him the most decorated coach in USA Basketball history . Contents 1 History 1.1 1936 -- 68 1.2 1970s -- 1980s 1.2. 1 Controversy at the 1972 Summer Olympics 1.2. 2 1976 -- 80 : Bounce back and boycott 1.2. 3 1984 Summer Olympics 1.2. 4 1988 Summer Olympics 1.3 1990s 1.3. 1 1992 Summer Olympics 1.3. 2 1994 FIBA World Championship 1.3. 3 1996 Summer Olympics 1.3. 4 1998 FIBA World Championship 1.4 2000s 1.4. 1 2000 Summer Olympics 1.4. 2 2002 FIBA World Championship 1.4. 3 2004 Summer Olympics 1.4. 4 2006 -- 08 1.4. 5 2008 Summer Olympics 1.5 2010s 1.5. 1 2010 FIBA World Championship 1.5. 2 2012 Summer Olympics 1.5. 3 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup 1.5. 4 2016 Summer Olympics 2 Honors 2.1 Other awards 3 Competitions 3.1 Olympic Games 3.2 FIBA World Cup 3.3 FIBA AmeriCup 4 Team 4.1 Current roster 4.2 Past rosters 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) 1936 -- 68 ( edit ) See also : 1936 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1960 , 1964 , and 1968 United States men 's Olympic basketball teams Game between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the 1952 Olympics The US men were dominant from the first Olympic tournament to hold basketball , held in Berlin in 1936 , going 5 -- 0 to win the gold , and joined by continental neighbors Canada and Mexico on the medal platform . Through the next six tournaments , the United States went undefeated , collecting gold while not losing a single contest in the games held in London , Helsinki , Melbourne , Rome , Tokyo , and Mexico City . Participation in these tournaments were limited to amateurs , but the US teams during this period featured players who would later go on to become superstars in professional basketball , including all - time greats Bill Russell , Oscar Robertson , Jerry West , and Jerry Lucas ; the latter three competed on the 1960 Rome team often credited as the best U.S. roster until the formation of the 1992 Dream Team . Alex Groza and Ralph Beard , both briefly NBA stars , made the 1948 squad as Kentucky Wildcats , with 3 - time Oklahoma State All - American and 6 - time AAU All - American , and Hall of Famer Bob Kurland leading the way . The 1952 team included big man Clyde Lovellette of the University of Kansas , a future Hall of Famer and NBA star . Kurland once again led the team to victory . The 1956 team was led by San Francisco Dons Bill Russell and K.C. Jones . The 1960 team included nine future NBA players , including not just Robertson , Lucas and West , but Bob Boozer , Adrian Smith ( 1966 All Star game MVP ) , Jay Arnette , Terry Dischinger , Rookie of the Year in 1963 , and another Hall of Famer in Walt Bellamy . 1970s -- 1980s ( edit ) Controversy at the 1972 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : 1972 Olympic Men 's Basketball Final The 1972 Olympic men 's basketball gold medal game , marking the first ever loss for the USA in Olympic play , is arguably the most controversial in Olympic history . The United States rode their seven consecutive gold medals and 63 -- 0 Olympic record to Munich for the 1972 Summer Olympics . The team won its first eight games in convincing fashion , setting up a final against the Soviet Union . With three seconds left in the gold medal game , American forward Doug Collins sank two free throws to put the Americans up 50 -- 49 . Immediately following Collins ' free throws , the Soviets inbounded the ball and failed to score . Soviet coaches claimed that they had requested a timeout before Collins ' foul shots . The referees ordered the clock reset to three seconds and the game 's final seconds replayed . The horn sounded as a length - of - the - court Soviet pass was being released from the inbounding player , the pass missed its mark , and the American players began celebrating . Nevertheless , final three seconds were replayed for a third time . This time , the Soviets ' Alexander Belov and the USA 's Kevin Joyce and Jim Forbes went up for the pass , and Belov caught the long pass from Ivan Edeshko near the American basket . Belov then laid the ball in for the winning points as the buzzer sounded . The US players voted unanimously to refuse their silver medals , and at least one team member , Kenny Davis , has directed in his will that his heirs are never to accept the medals , even posthumously . It was later revealed that game officials might have been bribed by the Communist party . 1976 -- 80 : bounce Back and boycott ( edit ) Main articles : Basketball at the 1976 Summer Olympics and Basketball at the 1980 Summer Olympics After the controversial loss in Munich , 1976 saw Dean Smith coach the USA to a 7 -- 0 record and its eighth Olympic gold medal in Montreal . The success at this tournament pushed the USA 's all - time Olympic record to an impressive 78 -- 1 . The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan prompted the United States and 66 other countries to boycott the 1980 Olympics in Moscow . The 1980 U.S. team , which featured a number of future NBA players , was the youngest American national team ever assembled . This team featured : Mark Aguirre , Rolando Blackman , Sam Bowie , Michael Brooks , Bill Hanzlik , Alton Lister , Rodney McCray , Isiah Thomas , Darnell Valentine , Danny Vranes , Buck Williams and Al Wood . Unable to compete in the Olympics due to the boycott , it instead participated in the `` Gold Medal Series '' , a series of games against NBA all - star teams in various U.S. cities , recording a 5 -- 1 record . It was coached by Dave Gavitt . 1984 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : 1984 United States men 's Olympic basketball team Michael Jordan , Patrick Ewing , and Chris Mullin , future members of the ' 92 Dream Team , made their Olympic debuts in 1984 . Jordan led the team with 17.1 points per game , and Bob Knight coached the team to an 8 -- 0 record and another Olympic gold . Members of the Team USA during the 1987 Pan American Games 1988 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 1988 Summer Olympics A roster that included future NBA all - stars David Robinson , Danny Manning , and Mitch Richmond came up short , winning the bronze medal . The American team lost in the semifinals , but then regrouped and went on to beat Australia 78 -- 49 in the bronze medal game . Dan Majerle led the team in scoring , averaging 14.1 points per game . This was the last time the American Team consisted of amateur college stars . 1990s ( edit ) The decade started with a semifinal loss to Yugoslavia in the 1990 FIBA World Championship , followed by another semifinal defeat to Puerto Rico in the 1991 Pan American Games in Havana . 1992 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team Michael Jordan as part of the Dream Team during the 1992 Olympics The decades - long use of `` shamateurs '' by the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia prompted FIBA to modify its rules and allow NBA players in the 1992 Olympics and beyond . The team assembled by USA Basketball for the tournament in Barcelona in 1992 was one of the most illustrious collections of talent assembled in the history of international sport . Of the twelve players on the team , ten were named in 1996 among the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History , the NBA 's official list of the 50 greatest players of the league 's first 50 years . Magic Johnson and Larry Bird served as co-captains . Because of this star line - up , the team 's games usually featured opposing teams asking for pregame photos and autographs with their U.S. opponents . The USA team was so much better than the competition that head coach Chuck Daly did not call a single timeout during the tournament . The 1992 Dream Team won by an average of 43.8 points , an Olympic record , and the closest a team came to challenging the U.S. was Croatia , which was beaten by 32 . Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen became the first players to win both NBA championship and Olympic gold medal in the same year , having played for the Chicago Bulls . Regarding drug - testing the athletes , according to USA Basketball spokesman Craig Miller , `` Since 1990 , all of our teams have been tested in competition . I believe since around 1988 we have also been subject to out - of - competition testing . We have been 100 percent fully compliant with USADA and WADA . '' 1994 FIBA World Championship ( edit ) The United States fielded another team composed of professional players in the 1994 World Championship , held in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . This was an entirely new roster , as USA Basketball elected to showcase stars who were not present at the 1992 Olympics . Composed primarily of younger NBA players , the team lacked the widespread appeal of its predecessor but nevertheless continued its dominance . Those players were Derrick Coleman , Joe Dumars , Kevin Johnson , Larry Johnson , Shawn Kemp , Dan Majerle , Reggie Miller , Alonzo Mourning , Shaquille O'Neal , Mark Price , Steve Smith and Dominique Wilkins . Coached by Don Nelson of the Golden State Warriors , this team easily captured the gold medal in tournament play . The team was marketed as `` Dream Team II '' . 1996 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : 1996 United States men 's Olympic basketball team The third team composed of NBA players participated in the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta . The star quality of the team was impressive as it featured five members of the original Dream Team ( Barkley , Malone , Pippen , Robinson , and Stockton ) , plus two other members of the NBA 50 Greatest Players list , Hakeem Olajuwon and Shaquille O'Neal . Lenny Wilkens coached the team . The Americans won another gold medal with an average margin of victory of 31.8 points per game . They captured the gold medal after defeating Yugoslavia 95 -- 69 . With Atlanta being home to the Hawks , these games were the first Olympics to take place in a city with an NBA team since the league started allowing its players to compete in the Olympics . The team was commonly referred to and marketed as `` Dream Team III '' . 1998 FIBA World Championship ( edit ) The 1998 World Championship in Athens , Greece was different from the previous teams , as none of its players were current members of NBA teams . Because of a labor dispute that led to a lockout , no active NBA players were permitted to compete in the tournament . The 12 NBA players picked before the lockout were Tim Duncan , Tim Hardaway , Vin Baker , Gary Payton , Terrell Brandon , Kevin Garnett , Tom Gugliotta , Grant Hill , Allan Houston , Christian Laettner , Glen Rice , and Chris Webber . The replacement team was composed largely of players from American colleges , the minor - league Continental Basketball Association , or European pro leagues . The unheralded roster captured a bronze medal , considered a solid achievement given its lack of top - notch talent . The team was nicknamed the `` Dirty Dozen '' for its work ethic and teamwork . Undrafted free agent Brad Miller became a two - time NBA All - Star . Some of the other team members -- including Trajan Langdon , Kiwane Garris , David Wood and Michael Hawkins -- had brief spells in the NBA . All went on to have careers in Europe , with Langdon being named to the Euroleague 's All - Decade Team for the 2000s . 2000s ( edit ) 2000 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2000 Summer Olympics -- Men 's tournament During the late 1990s , international basketball began to gather attention as more and more foreign players became stars in the NBA . Therefore , the 2000 U.S. team had the enormous task of proving that American basketball could remain the best in the world . The new team that was assembled again featured NBA players , but this time few of them were considered to be true superstars , as several elite players elected not to participate . The U.S. team participated in the 2000 Olympics in Sydney , Australia and was coached by Rudy Tomjanovich . It won its first two games by lopsided margins , but faced more difficult competition thereafter . In a preliminary game against Lithuania , the U.S. team won 85 -- 76 , marking the first time a team of professional American players failed to win by double digits . Two games later , in a 106 -- 94 victory over France , Vince Carter pulled off one of the most famous dunks in basketball history , jumping over the 7 ft 2 in ( 2.18 m ) French center Frédéric Weis on his way to the basket . ( The French media would dub Carter 's feat le dunk de la mort -- `` the dunk of death '' . ) A shock came in the semifinals when the United States defeated Lithuania by the close score of 85 -- 83 . Lithuanian star ( and future NBA player , first with the Indiana Pacers and later with the Golden State Warriors ) Šarūnas Jasikevičius missed a desperation 3 at the buzzer that would have won the game . The closeness of the semifinal game was so shocking that NBC took the unusual step of showing the gold medal game live rather than on tape delay . ( The game started around 2 p.m. Sydney time on Sunday , October 1 , which is late Saturday evening in the USA . NBC originally planned to show the game almost 24 hours later during its Sunday prime time broadcast . ) The USA won the gold medal against France in a close game , 85 -- 75 . Though the US went undefeated on its way to the gold medal , the team began to lose its aura of invincibility for the first time . 2002 FIBA World Championship ( edit ) The 2002 team competed in the World Championship in Indianapolis , Indiana , USA . Coached by George Karl , the team finished a surprisingly disappointing sixth in the competition . During the tournament , Argentina defeated the USA in the second preliminary round group stage , thus becoming the first team ever to defeat a USA team composed of NBA players . Yugoslavia knocked out the USA in the quarterfinals , becoming the first team ever to defeat USA team of NBA players in knockout stage . Then Spain repeated the outcome in the 5th place playoff . To a greater degree than in 2000 , a number of top NBA players declined to participate , forcing USA Basketball to resort to picking mostly second - tier players . George Karl had a dispute with Paul Pierce , one of the few superstars on the team , which led to Karl benching Pierce , the team 's leading scorer , in Team USA 's final game . The group has been considered as one of sport 's greatest flops , as they failed to produce as previous teams had . The United States lost 3 games in the tournament to countries with current or future NBA stars , like Argentina ( led by Manu Ginóbili ) , Yugoslavia ( led by Peja Stojaković and Vlade Divac ) and Spain ( led by Pau Gasol ) . Two NBA superstars , Ray Allen and Jason Kidd , accepted roles to play on the World Championship team , but were unable to play on that team due to injuries . Many other superstars , including Kobe Bryant , Shaquille O'Neal , and Kevin Garnett , turned down invitations to play in that tournament . 2004 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics -- Men 's tournament See also : Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics -- Men 's team squads Team USA members warm up before the game in 2004 in Belgrade Arena The close outcome of 2000 and the humiliating results of 2002 prompted a number of NBA superstars to agree to join the team for the FIBA Americas Championship 2003 , dubbed as the Dream Team IV , which the squad was required to participate in to qualify for the 2004 Summer Olympics . The team easily cruised to a first - place finish , earning it a spot in Athens , Greece , the following summer . However , the dominant team that competed in 2003 could not be kept together . Nine of its 12 players elected not to participate in Athens . The new team consisted of some young NBA stars early in their careers , such as Dwyane Wade , LeBron James and Carmelo Anthony . Only Richard Jefferson , Tim Duncan and Allen Iverson were part of the 2003 FIBA Americas San Juan gold medal team . The team was coached by Larry Brown . After struggles in several exhibition matches , the vulnerability of the 2004 team was confirmed when Puerto Rico defeated them 92 -- 73 , from which they earned the nickname `` Nightmare team '' ( as mock opposed to the Dream Team concept ) , in the first game of the Olympic tournament in Athens . The 19 point defeat was the most lopsided loss for the USA in the history of international competition . After the game , Larry Brown had strong comments about his coaching performance : `` I 'm humiliated , not for the loss -- I can always deal with wins and losses -- but I 'm disappointed because I had a job to do as a coach , to get us to understand how we 're supposed to play as a team and act as a team , and I do n't think we did that '' . After winning close games against Greece and Australia , The USA fell to Lithuania , dropping to 2 -- 2 in the Olympic tournament . Even after an 89 -- 53 win over Angola , the Americans entered the knockout rounds in fourth place due to goal average , the lowest seed of their group . The Americans faced undefeated Spain in their quarterfinal game , winning 102 -- 94 . However , the semifinal match saw the team defeated by Argentina 89 -- 81 , ending the United States ' hold on the gold medal . The USA did rebound to capture the bronze medal by defeating Lithuania . Still , it marked only the third time that an American team failed to win gold ( excluding the 1980 Moscow Olympics boycott ) , and the first time for an American team composed of professionals . 2006 -- 08 ( edit ) Following the disappointments in 2002 and 2004 , USA Basketball appointed Jerry Colangelo to be solely responsible for selecting the team . Colangelo made it clear that he would ask players for a three - year commitment -- the 2006 FIBA World Championship and the 2008 Summer Olympics . In the 2006 Worlds , the team was eliminated by Greece in the semifinal , losing the game 101 -- 95 . The head coach was Duke University 's Mike Krzyzewski , with assistants Jim Boeheim , Mike D'Antoni , and Nate McMillan . While some prominent players , such as Tim Duncan and Kevin Garnett , stated that they did not plan to play for the team , superstars Dwyane Wade , Kobe Bryant and LeBron James publicly announced their commitment for the 2006 Worlds and the ensuing 2008 Olympics . Wade , James and Carmelo Anthony were named captains of the 2006 USA World Championship Team . 2008 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : 2008 United States men 's Olympic basketball team See also : Basketball at the 2008 Summer Olympics -- Men and Basketball at the 2008 Summer Olympics -- Men 's team rosters The USA players standing prior to a game against China in the Beijing Olympics Oprah Winfrey with the Redeem Team at September 3 taping of season - opening September 8 , 2008 Oprah Winfrey Show at the Jay Pritzker Pavilion The United States Team , dubbed Dream Team V or the Redeem Team , dominated Group B in pool play , defeating China , Angola , Greece , world champion Spain , and Germany by an average of 32.2 points . After finishing first in their group , the USA earned the right to play the fourth - place finishers in Group A , Australia . The United States soundly defeated Australia 116 -- 85 in the quarterfinal . Next up for the Americans in the semifinals was the 2004 Olympic gold medalist Argentina , led by Manu Ginóbili -- the team that had beaten them in the semifinals four years prior . However , Ginóbili was hobbled by an ankle injury and only played sparing minutes in the first half . Behind Carmelo Anthony 's 21 points , the USA defeated Argentina 101 -- 81 to reach the gold medal game . On August 24 , the United States defeated Spain 118 -- 107 to capture the Olympic gold medal with the electrifying spark by team U.S.A. leading scorer Dwyane Wade adding 27 points with 4 3 's and 100 % shooting inside the line . The victory ended an eight - year drought at major international competitions ( Olympics & World Championships ) with the first win since 2000 . 2010s ( edit ) 2010 FIBA World Championship ( edit ) Main article : 2010 United States men 's FIBA World Championship team Due to winning gold at the 2008 Olympics , the USA automatically qualified for the World Championships . The USA had not won the FIBA World Championship since 1994 . It was initially believed that there would be only 2 -- 3 spots available with most players returning from the 2008 Olympic team . However , by early July 2010 , all ten invited players declined to participate , due to injury , free agency , rest , or personal commitments . Due to the roster being filled with 12 new players and the lack of star power , the team was dubbed the `` B Team '' . Also , the coaches were criticized for selecting too many guards and inexperienced players , and not enough tall players . However , the team won all five of its preliminary games , four of those by double digits ( the exception being the win against Brazil by 2 points ) . The success continued in the knockout stage with victories by 55 , 10 and 15 . In the 2010 FIBA World Championship Final , the USA beat host nation Turkey by 17 points and won the gold medal . Tournament MVP Kevin Durant broke several Team USA scoring records ( most points in a tournament - 205 , most points in a single game - 38 , and average points per game - 22.8 ) . In addition , Lamar Odom became the first player to win the NBA and FIBA World championships in the same year . Team USA executive director Jerry Colangelo has said he 's open to anyone from the 2010 team to play in future tournaments . 2012 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : 2012 United States men 's Olympic basketball team The 2012 team practicing in Washington , D.C. The US team , dubbed Dream Team VI , clinched a berth in the 2012 Olympics in London by winning the 2010 World Championship . The Olympic team lost some players to injuries who might have made the team , and appeared to be short on big men . Their roster featured five players returning from the 2008 Olympic team and five others from the 2010 World Championship team . The US went undefeated but appeared vulnerable at times in winning five exhibition games . They finished the tournament with a perfect 8 -- 0 record , defeating opponents by an average of 32 points while trailing in the fourth quarter only once . The Americans often played with a small lineup that emphasized speed , quickness , and outside shooting . The team set an Olympic single - game record with 156 points scored against Nigeria in the preliminary round . In a rematch of the 2008 finals , Team USA again narrowly defeated Spain to capture the gold . This was announced as the final Olympic Games for Kobe Bryant . By winning the gold medal , the USA automatically qualified for the 2014 FIBA World Cup . 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2014 United States FIBA Basketball World Cup team The United States had automatically qualified for the World Cup by virtue of the gold medal won by their 2012 Olympic team . The Americans were widely expected to win the World Cup . The roster was filled with two players returning from the 2012 Olympic team , three from the 2010 FIBA Championship Team , and seven other professional NBA players. The 2014 roster featured four players 6 feet 10 inches ( 2.08 m ) or larger , the most of any USA team since Mike Krzyzewski began coaching the team in 2006. The team was also the youngest American team since 1992 , when professionals were first allowed on the team ; the average player was 24.08 years old , roughly a half - year younger than their 2010 team . The team , dubbed Dream Team VII , advanced to the knockout phase after starting the tournament 5 -- 0 during the group stage . They went undefeated 9 -- 0 in the tournament , winning by an average margin of 33.0 points . The United States was just the third country in World Cup history to repeat as champions . Combined with their 2010 World Championship along with gold by their 2008 and 2012 Olympic teams , they also became the first country in FIBA basketball history to win four consecutive major titles . The United States defeated Serbia in the World Cup Final by 37 points and clinched a berth for the 2016 Summer Olympics . 2016 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : 2016 United States men 's Olympic basketball team Multiple withdrawals left the 2016 U.S. team with just two players with prior Olympic experience ( Durant and Anthony ) . The Americans seemed vulnerable in the preliminary round , narrowly defeating Australia , Serbia and France by a combined 16 points . However , the team gained momentum in the quarterfinal match against Argentina , winning 105 -- 78 . The U.S. team then defeated Spain in the semifinals setting up a rematch versus Serbia in the gold medal game . The Americans proved their superiority , easily defeating their rival by 30 points . The team averaged 100.9 points ( with an average margin of victory at 22.5 points ) a game with Anthony ( he won a record third straight Olympic gold medal ) and Durant as top scorers . Krzyzewski stepped down as the most decorated coach in USA Basketball history , winning three Olympic gold medals and two FIBA World Cups . Honors ( edit ) Members of the 2008 United States men 's Olympic basketball team in a huddle Members of the 2010 United States men 's FIBA World Championship team on defense versus Lithuania Members of the 2012 United States men 's Olympic basketball team on the bench Olympic Games Champions ( 15 ) : 1936 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1960 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1996 , 2000 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1972 Third place ( 2 ) : 1988 , 2004 FIBA World Cup Champions ( 5 ) : 1954 , 1986 , 1994 , 2010 , 2014 Runners - up ( 3 ) : 1950 , 1959 , 1982 Third place ( 4 ) : 1974 , 1990 , 1998 , 2006 FIBA AmeriCup Champions ( 7 ) : 1992 , 1993 , 1997 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2017 Runners ( 1 ) : 1989 Competition Total Olympic Games 15 18 FIBA World Cup 5 12 FIBA AmeriCup 7 - 8 Total 27 5 6 38 Other awards ( edit ) Pan American Games Champions ( 8 ) : 1951 , 1955 , 1959 , 1963 , 1967 , 1975 , 1979 , 1983 Runners - up : ( 3 ) : 1987 , 1995 , 1999 Third place ( 3 ) : 1991 , 2011 , 2015 Goodwill Games Champions ( 3 ) : 1986 , 1998 , 2001 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1990 Third place ( 1 ) : 1994 World University Games Champions ( 14 ) : 1965 , 1967 , 1973 , 1977 , 1979 , 1981 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 , 2005 , 2015 Runners - up ( 4 ) : 1970 , 1985 , 1987 , 2017 Third place ( 3 ) : 1983 , 2001 , 2009 Competitions ( edit ) Olympic Games ( edit ) The U.S. team has achieved unparalleled success in the Olympic play . While always being at a disadvantage to the Eastern Bloc countries that had used their best and most experienced professional players listed as soldiers of workers in a profession to breach the amateur rules , the U.S. team ( typically composed of AAU or collegiate players ) did surprisingly well , winning nine out of eleven Olympic tournaments they had entered before the introduction of NBA players . The U.S. is the only Western country that achieved success in a team sport during the Eastern Bloc dominance . Canada 's results in ice hockey and Western European football teams ' results in soccer significantly deteriorated after the introduction of the Eastern Bloc countries and their quasi-professional players in the late 1940s and early 1950s . In 1992 , the U.S. team was represented by the NBA players for the first time and defeated its opponents by an average of 44 points en route to the gold medal against Croatia . The Americans have continued to dominate the Olympic tournaments ever since . Olympic Games record Olympic Games qualification record Manager ( s ) Year Round Position Pld PF PA PD Pld PF PA PD 1936 Champions 1st of 23 5 * 5 0 154 69 + 85 -- Needles 1948 Champions 1st of 23 8 8 0 524 256 + 268 Qualified as defending champions Browning 1952 Champions 1st of 23 8 8 0 562 406 + 156 Qualified as world runners - up Womble 1956 Champions 1st of 15 8 8 0 793 365 + 428 Qualified as world champions Tucker 1960 Champions 1st of 16 8 8 0 815 476 + 339 Qualified as world runners - up Newell 1964 Champions 1st of 16 9 9 0 704 434 + 270 Qualified as defending champions Iba 1968 Champions 1st of 16 9 9 0 739 505 + 234 Qualified as defending champions 1972 Runners - up 2nd of 16 9 8 660 401 + 259 Qualified as defending champions Iba 1976 Champions 1st of 12 7 * * 7 0 586 500 + 86 Qualified as Olympic runners - up Smith 1980 withdrew Qualified as defending champions Gavitt 1984 Champions 1st of 12 8 8 0 763 506 + 257 Qualified as hosts Knight 1988 Third place 3rd of 12 8 7 733 490 + 243 Qualified as defending champions Thompson 1992 Champions 1st of 12 8 8 0 938 588 + 350 Qualified as continental champions Daly Champions 1st of 12 8 8 0 816 562 + 254 Qualified as world champions and hosts Wilkens 2000 Champions 1st of 12 8 8 0 760 587 + 173 Qualified as continental champions Tomjanovich Third place 3rd of 12 8 5 705 668 + 37 Qualified as continental champions Brown 2008 Champions 1st of 12 8 8 0 850 627 + 223 Qualified as continental champions Krzyzewski 2012 Champions 1st of 12 8 8 0 924 667 + 257 Qualified as world champions 2016 Champions 1st of 12 8 8 0 807 627 + 180 Qualified as world champions 2020 TBD TBD Total 15 titles 18 / 19 143 138 5 12833 8734 + 4099 * Includes a 2 -- 0 win over Spain by a forfeit . * * Includes a 2 -- 0 win over Egypt by a forfeit . FIBA World Cup ( edit ) In the pre-NBA era , the U.S. was represented by military basketball teams or second - rate collegiate players as tournaments were usually staged in the middle of NCAA and AAU seasons . This resulted in a relatively poor performance of the U.S. team that had to play the best European and South American professionals . After the introduction of NBA players in 1994 , the U.S. continued to view the tournament as insignificant compared to the Olympics , generally sending younger and less experienced squads . FIBA World Cup record FIBA World Cup qualification record Manager ( s ) Year Round Position Pld PF PA PD Pld PF PA PD 1950 Runners - up 2nd of 10 6 5 258 233 + 25 Qualified as Olympic champions Carpenter 1954 Champions 1st of 12 9 9 0 614 388 + 226 Qualified as Olympic champions Womble 1959 Runners - up 2nd of 13 9 7 641 582 + 59 Qualified as Olympic champions Bennett 1963 Fourth place 4th of 13 9 6 754 635 + 119 Qualified as Olympic champions Pinholster 1967 Fourth place 4th of 13 9 7 675 583 + 92 Qualified as Olympic champions Fischer 1970 Fifth place 5th of 13 9 6 703 577 + 126 Qualified as Olympic champions Fischer Third place 3rd of 14 9 8 938 758 + 180 Qualified as world 5th place Bartow 1978 Fifth place 5th of 14 10 6 908 843 + 65 Qualified as world 3rd place Oates 1982 Runners - up 2nd of 13 9 7 857 768 + 89 Qualified as world 5th place Weltlich 1986 Champions 1st of 24 10 9 845 712 + 133 Qualified as world runners - up Olson 1990 Third place 3rd of 16 8 6 804 710 + 94 Qualified as continental runners - up Krzyzewski 1994 Champions 1st of 16 8 8 0 961 659 + 302 Qualified as Olympic and continental champions Nelsen 1998 Third place 3rd of 16 9 7 739 634 + 105 Qualified as Olympic and continental champions Tomjanovich 2002 Sixth place 6th of 16 9 6 832 679 + 153 Qualified as Olympic champions and hosts Karl 2006 Third place 3rd of 24 9 8 932 748 + 184 Qualified as continental 4th place Krzyzewski Champions 1st of 24 9 9 0 835 614 + 221 Qualified as Olympic champions Krzyzewski 2014 Champions 1st of 24 9 9 0 941 644 + 297 Qualified as Olympic champions 2019 TBD 6 5 506 396 + 110 Van Gundy Total 5 titles 17 / 17 150 123 27 13237 10767 + 2470 FIBA americup ( edit ) Prior to the implementation of a new FIBA competition system in 2017 , the U.S. team used different players depending on the circumstances . In 1992 , 1999 , 2003 and 2007 , the Americans sent in NBA players as they needed to qualify for the Olympics . In 1989 and 2005 , the U.S. also used the tournament for qualification purposes but sent in either college players ( in 1989 NBA players were n't allowed ) or NBA Development League , CBA and European leagues players ( in 2005 the U.S. team did n't need to win gold in order to qualify for the World Championship ) . In 1993 , 1997 and 2001 , the U.S. team entered the tournament without any specific purpose and was represented by CBA players in 1993 and 1997 , and by junior players in 2001 . In 1980 , 1984 , 1988 , 1995 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 and 2015 , the American team did n't enter the tournament . In 2017 , the U.S. participated for the first time in ten years with a squad of NBA G League players and professionals from European leagues . The American team automatically qualifies for each tournament , as the U.S. and Canada are the only team members of the North American zone , which receives two berths . FIBA AmeriCup record Manager ( s ) Year Round Position Pld PF PA PD 1980 did not participate 1984 1988 1989 Runners - up 2nd of 12 8 6 776 740 + 36 Cremins 1992 Champions 1st of 10 6 6 0 727 418 + 309 Daly 1993 Champions 1st of 10 7 6 710 659 + 51 Thibault 1995 did not participate 1997 Champions 1st of 10 9 8 845 759 + 86 McHone 1999 Champions 1st of 10 10 10 0 978 662 + 316 Brown 2001 did not participate 2003 Champions 1st of 10 10 10 0 1017 708 + 309 Brown 2005 Fourth place 4th of 10 10 6 846 850 − 4 McHone 2007 Champions 1st of 10 10 10 0 1167 772 + 395 Krzyzewski 2009 did not participate 2011 2013 2015 2017 Champions 1st of 12 5 5 0 414 316 + 98 Van Gundy Total 7 titles 9 / 18 75 65 10 7480 5884 + 1596 Team ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) See also : 2019 United States FIBA Basketball World Cup team Pool for the 2019 FIBA World Cup and 2020 Olympics . United States men 's national basketball team -- 2018 -- 2020 roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Age -- Date of birth Height Club Ctr . Barnes , Harrison 7003944200000000000 ♠ 25 -- ( 1992 - 05 - 30 ) May 30 , 1992 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) Dallas Mavericks Beal , Bradley 7003904800000000000 ♠ 24 -- ( 1993 - 06 - 28 ) June 28 , 1993 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) Washington Wizards Booker , Devin 7003782800000000000 ♠ 21 -- ( 1996 - 10 - 30 ) October 30 , 1996 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) Phoenix Suns Butler , Jimmy 7004104310000000000 ♠ 28 -- ( 1989 - 09 - 14 ) September 14 , 1989 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) Minnesota Timberwolves Conley Jr. , Mike 7004111350000000000 ♠ 30 -- ( 1987 - 10 - 11 ) October 11 , 1987 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) Memphis Grizzlies Cousins , DeMarcus 7004100980000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 08 - 13 ) August 13 , 1990 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) Golden State Warriors Curry , Stephen 7004109800000000000 ♠ 30 -- ( 1988 - 03 - 14 ) March 14 , 1988 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Golden State Warriors F / C Davis , Anthony 7003915700000000000 ♠ 25 -- ( 1993 - 03 - 11 ) March 11 , 1993 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) New Orleans Pelicans DeRozan , DeMar 7004104690000000000 ♠ 28 -- ( 1989 - 08 - 07 ) August 7 , 1989 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) San Antonio Spurs Drummond , Andre 7003900500000000000 ♠ 24 -- ( 1993 - 08 - 10 ) August 10 , 1993 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) Detroit Pistons Durant , Kevin 7004107810000000000 ♠ 29 -- ( 1988 - 09 - 29 ) September 29 , 1988 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) Golden State Warriors George , Paul 7004102010000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 05 - 02 ) May 2 , 1990 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) Oklahoma City Thunder Gordon , Eric 7004106940000000000 ♠ 29 -- ( 1988 - 12 - 25 ) December 25 , 1988 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Houston Rockets Green , Draymond 7004102600000000000 ♠ 28 -- ( 1990 - 03 - 04 ) March 4 , 1990 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) Golden State Warriors Griffin , Blake 7004106130000000000 ♠ 29 -- ( 1989 - 03 - 16 ) March 16 , 1989 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) Detroit Pistons Harden , James 7004104500000000000 ♠ 28 -- ( 1989 - 08 - 26 ) August 26 , 1989 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) Houston Rockets Harris , Tobias 7003939600000000000 ♠ 25 -- ( 1992 - 07 - 15 ) July 15 , 1992 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) Los Angeles Clippers Hayward , Gordon 7004102410000000000 ♠ 28 -- ( 1990 - 03 - 23 ) March 23 , 1990 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) Boston Celtics Irving , Kyrie 7003951000000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1992 - 03 - 23 ) March 23 , 1992 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Boston Celtics James , LeBron 7004121500000000000 ♠ 33 -- ( 1984 - 12 - 30 ) December 30 , 1984 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) Los Angeles Lakers Jordan , DeAndre 7004108510000000000 ♠ 29 -- ( 1988 - 07 - 21 ) July 21 , 1988 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) Dallas Mavericks G / F Leonard , Kawhi 7003977800000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1991 - 06 - 29 ) June 29 , 1991 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) Toronto Raptors Lillard , Damian 7004101270000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 07 - 15 ) July 15 , 1990 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Portland Trail Blazers Love , Kevin 7004108030000000000 ♠ 29 -- ( 1988 - 09 - 07 ) September 7 , 1988 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) Cleveland Cavaliers Lowry , Kyle 7004117000000000000 ♠ 32 -- ( 1986 - 03 - 25 ) March 25 , 1986 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) Toronto Raptors McCollum , C.J. 7003969600000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1991 - 09 - 19 ) September 19 , 1991 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Portland Trail Blazers Middleton , Khris 7003973400000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1991 - 08 - 12 ) August 12 , 1991 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) Milwaukee Bucks Oladipo , Victor 7003946800000000000 ♠ 25 -- ( 1992 - 05 - 04 ) May 4 , 1992 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Indiana Pacers Paul , Chris 7004120230000000000 ♠ 32 -- ( 1985 - 05 - 06 ) May 6 , 1985 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Houston Rockets Thomas , Isaiah 7004106500000000000 ♠ 29 -- ( 1989 - 02 - 07 ) February 7 , 1989 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Denver Nuggets Thompson , Klay 7004102840000000000 ♠ 28 -- ( 1990 - 02 - 08 ) February 8 , 1990 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) Golden State Warriors Turner , Myles 7003804800000000000 ♠ 22 -- ( 1996 - 03 - 24 ) March 24 , 1996 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) Indiana Pacers Walker , Kemba 7004101950000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 05 - 08 ) May 8 , 1990 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) Charlotte Hornets Wall , John 7004100740000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 09 - 06 ) September 6 , 1990 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Washington Wizards Westbrook , Russell 7004107370000000000 ♠ 29 -- ( 1988 - 11 - 12 ) November 12 , 1988 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Oklahoma City Thunder Head Coach Gregg Popovich Assistant Coaches Mike Brown Dan Craig Mark Few Alex Jensen Jay Larrañaga Jamahl Mosley Ime Udoka David Vanterpool Jay Wright Managing Director Jerry Colangelo Legend Past rosters ( edit ) Olympic Games 1996 Summer Olympics 2000 Summer Olympics 2004 Summer Olympics 2008 Summer Olympics 2012 Summer Olympics 2016 Summer Olympics FIBA World Cup 1994 FIBA World Championship 1998 FIBA World Championship 2002 FIBA World Championship 2006 FIBA World Championship 2010 FIBA World Championship 2014 FIBA World Cup FIBA AmeriCup 2003 Tournament of the Americas 2005 FIBA Americas Championship 2007 FIBA Americas Championship 2017 FIBA AmeriCup See also ( edit ) United States men 's national under - 19 basketball team United States men 's national under - 17 basketball team United States men 's national 3x3 team United States women 's national basketball team United States women 's national under - 19 basketball team United States women 's national under - 17 basketball team United States women 's national 3x3 team USA Basketball Basketball in the United States Notes ( edit ) In 2001 , the U.S. was represented by NJCAA players . USA Basketball does n't include their results in the national team 's record . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` USA Men 's National Team '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ Tyler Benson . `` The Role of Sports in The Soviet Union '' . blogs.bu.edu . Jump up ^ `` Soviet Sports and Intelligence Activities '' ( PDF ) . Central Intelligence Agency . Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ `` Soviet Sports as an Instrument of Political Propaganda '' ( PDF ) . Central Intelligence Agency . Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ `` Men 's Olympic Games All - Time Results & Standings '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ `` USA Men 's Olympic Team History '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ `` Games of the XXXIth Olympiad -- 2016 '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ `` USA Men 's Olympic Team History '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men '' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men '' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gary Smith ( 1992 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Pieces of Silver '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ By Frank Saraceno . Classic 1972 USA vs. USSR Basketball game . / / espn.go.com ( August 6 , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Chris Elzey ( American Studies Purdue University ) `` 03 Seconds From Gold '' ( 2002 ) `` Journal of Sports History '' ( vol 29 , issue 3 , page 518 -- 522 ) / / la84foundation.org Jump up ^ `` 120 years , 120 stories ( Part 15 ) : Soviets beat the Americans amidst controversies involving communist judges '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men '' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` USAB : Games of the XXIInd Olympiad -- 1980 '' . Usabasketball.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marc Berman ( 11 July 2012 ) . `` Unique cast of characters responsible for building Dream Team '' . New York Post . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Jan Hubbard . `` Why Can Pros Compete in International Events ? '' . USA Basketball . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Jet Magazine Jul 13 , 1992 . Johnson Publishing Company . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men '' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived February 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1994 World Championship for Men '' ... fiba.com archive. 1994 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( August 15 , 1994 ) . `` BASKETBALL ; Dream Team Ends Its Sequel Predictably '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men '' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` VIBE Magazine -- 1996 '' . vibe.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. ( July 23 , 1996 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Competitors Without a Competition '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Stars Locked Out Of Team USA '' . cbs.com. 1998 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` THIRTEENTH WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP -- 1998 '' . usabasketball.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men '' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 World Championship for Men '' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Will Leitch ( 2016 - 06 - 29 ) . `` The Dream Team hangs over every USA basketball team '' . Sports on Earth . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball : `` Dream Team IV '' löst Tickets für Sydney -- SPIEGEL ONLINE `` . Spiegel.de. 1999 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Page 2 : This Dream Team is doomed '' . ESPN.com. 1999 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. : 3 - for - 24 from 3 - point range '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men '' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men '' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Coach Krzyzewski putting legacy at risk '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Sheridan , Chris . `` ' 08 Olympians to skip basketball worlds '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Thamel , Pete ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Not the Redeem Team , but Still Chasing a Dream '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thamel , Pete ( 2010 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Durant Lifts Americans Back to Top at Worlds '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( August 12 , 2012 ) . `` A Close Game , a Statement by James '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` El Dream Team VII sufre ante Australia La Crónica de Hoy '' . Cronica.com.mx. 2016 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Games of the XXXIth Olympiad -- 2016 '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ The U.S. was represented by the University of Kansas team . USA Basketball does n't include their results in its records . Jump up ^ The U.S. was represented by the Purdue University team . USA Basketball does n't include their results in its records . Jump up ^ Tyler Benson . `` The Role of Sports in The Soviet Union '' . blogs.bu.edu . Jump up ^ `` Soviet Sports and Intelligence Activities '' ( PDF ) . Central Intelligence Agency . Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ `` Soviet Sports as an Instrument of Political Propaganda '' ( PDF ) . Central Intelligence Agency . Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ `` Men 's Olympic Games All - Time Results & Standings '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ `` USA Men 's Olympic Team History '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ `` Games of the XXVth Olympiad -- 1992 '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ `` USA Men 's World Cup Team History '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ `` MEN 'S TOURNAMENT OF THE AMERICAS -- 1992 '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ `` MEN 'S TOURNAMENT OF THE AMERICAS -- 1999 '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ `` MEN 'S TOURNAMENT OF THE AMERICAS -- 2003 '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ `` MEN 'S FIBA AMERICAS CHAMPIONSHIP 2007 '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ `` FIBA Americas Championship -- 1989 '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ `` FIBA Americas Championship -- 2005 '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ `` FIBA Americas Championship -- 1993 '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ `` FIBA Americas Championship -- 1997 '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ `` FIBA Americas Championship -- 2001 '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ `` FIBA AmeriCup -- 2017 '' . USA Basketball . Jump up ^ `` 2018 - 20 USA Men 's National Team Roster '' . USA Basketball . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States men 's national basketball team . Official website FIBA Profile U.S. Olympic Basketball Team Rosters and Stats United States men 's national basketball team Olympic Games Results 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 FIBA World Cup Results 1950 1954 1959 1963 1967 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2019 United States men 's national basketball team squads United States Olympic Games squads United States basketball squad -- 1936 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal Balter Bishop Fortenberry Gibbons Johnson Knowles Lubin Mollner Piper Ragland Schmidt Shy Swanson Wheatley Coach : Needles United States basketball squad -- 1948 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal Beck Beard Groza Barker Lumpp Rollins Jones Boryla Barksdale Renick Carpenter Robinson Kurland Pitts Coach : Browning United States basketball squad -- 1952 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 3 Hoag 4 Hougland 5 Keller 6 Kelley 7 Kenney 8 Lienhard 9 Lovellette 10 Freiberger 11 Glasgow 12 McCabe 13 Pippin 14 Williams 15 Bontemps 16 Kurland Coach : Womble United States basketball squad -- 1956 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 3 Cain 4 Hougland 5 Jones 6 Russell 7 Walsh 8 Evans 9 Haldorson 10 Tomsic 11 Boushka 12 Ford 13 Jeangerard 14 Darling Coach : Tucker United States basketball squad -- 1960 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 3 West 4 Bellamy 5 Boozer 6 Dischinger 7 Haldorson 8 Imhoff 9 Kelley 10 Lane 11 Lucas 12 Smith 13 Arnette 14 Robertson Coach : Newell United States basketball squad -- 1964 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barnes 5 Bradley 6 Brown 7 Caldwell 8 Counts 9 Davies 10 Hazzard 11 Jackson 12 McCaffrey 13 Mullins 14 Shipp 15 Wilson Coach : Iba United States basketball squad -- 1968 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barrett 5 Clawson 6 Dee 7 Fowler 8 Haywood 9 Hosket 10 King 11 Saulters 12 Scott 13 Silliman 14 Spain 15 White Coach : Iba United States basketball squad -- 1972 Summer Olympics -- Silver medal 4 Davis 5 Collins 6 Henderson 7 Bantom 8 B. Jones 9 D. Jones 10 Forbes 11 Brewer 12 Burleson 13 McMillen 14 Joyce 15 Ratleff Coach : Iba United States men 's basketball squad -- 1976 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Ford 5 Sheppard 6 Dantley 7 Davis 8 Buckner 9 Grunfeld 10 Carr 11 May 12 Armstrong 13 LaGarde 14 Hubbard 15 Kupchak Coach : Smith United States men 's basketball squad -- 1984 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Alford 5 Turner 6 Ewing 7 Fleming 8 Robertson 9 Jordan 10 Kleine 11 Koncak 12 Mullin 13 Tisdale 14 Perkins 15 Wood Coach : Knight United States men 's basketball squad -- 1988 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal 4 Richmond 5 C. Smith IV 6 Coles 7 Hawkins 8 Grayer 9 C.D. Smith 10 Anderson 11 Augmon 12 Majerle 13 Manning 14 Reid 15 Robinson Coach : Thompson United States men 's basketball squad -- 1992 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly United States men 's basketball squad -- 1996 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barkley 5 Hill 6 Hardaway 7 Robinson 8 Pippen 9 Richmond 10 Miller 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 O'Neal 14 Payton 15 Olajuwon Coach : Wilkens United States men 's basketball squad -- 2000 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Smith 5 Kidd 6 Houston 7 Mourning 8 Hardaway 9 Carter 10 Garnett 11 Baker 12 Allen 13 McDyess 14 Payton 15 Abdur - Rahim Coach : Tomjanovich United States men 's basketball squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal 4 Iverson 5 Marbury 6 Wade 7 Boozer 8 Anthony 9 James 10 Okafor 11 Marion 12 Stoudemire 13 Duncan 14 Odom 15 Jefferson Coach : Brown United States men 's basketball squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Boozer 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Wade 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Bosh 13 Paul 14 Prince 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Chandler 5 Durant 6 James 7 Westbrook 8 Williams 9 Iguodala 10 Bryant 11 Love 12 Harden 13 Paul 14 Davis 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2016 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Butler 5 Durant 6 Jordan 7 Lowry 8 Barnes 9 DeRozan 10 Irving 11 Thompson 12 Cousins 13 George 14 Green 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States FIBA World Cup squads United States squad -- 1950 FIBA World Championship -- Silver medal 4 Fisher 5 Heffley 6 Jaquet 7 Kahler 8 Langdon 9 Metzger 10 Parks 11 Reese 12 Slocum 13 Stanich 14 Williams Coach : Carpenter United States squad -- 1954 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 5 Gott 6 Hamilton 7 Johnson 8 Kelley 9 Minter ( MVP ) 10 Penwell 11 Retherford 12 Sheets 13 Solomon 14 Stratton Coach : Womble United States squad -- 1959 FIBA World Championship -- Silver medal 4 Baker 5 Coshow 6 D'Antonio 7 Hodges 8 Jeangerard 9 McDonald 10 Miller 11 Olsen 12 Riley 13 Vayda 14 Welsh 15 White Coach : Bennett United States squad -- 1963 FIBA World Championship -- 4th place 4 McCaffrey 5 Peterson 6 Reed 7 Gibson 8 Adams 9 Shipp 10 Jackson 11 Bowerman 12 Torrence 13 Ernst 14 Smallwood 15 Kojis Coach : Pinholster United States squad -- 1967 FIBA World Championship -- 4th place 4 McKenzie 5 Benson 6 Cunningham 7 Clawson 8 Miller 9 Silliman 10 Paulk 11 Barrett 12 Carrier 13 Tucker 14 Rhine 15 Williams Coach : Fischer United States squad -- 1970 FIBA World Championship -- 5th place 4 Brody 5 Walton 6 Washington 7 Luchini 8 Silliman 9 Wolfe 10 Williams 11 Wilmore 12 Hillman 13 Isaac 14 McDonald 15 Smith Coach : Fischer United States squad -- 1974 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Lucas 5 Boswell 6 Meriweather 7 Schmidt 8 Kelley 9 Buckner 10 Wilkins 11 Grote 12 Burden 13 Oleynick 14 Short 15 Gerard Coach : Bartow ; McCutchan United States squad -- 1978 FIBA World Championship -- 5th place 4 Hoffman 5 D. Jackson 6 Parker 7 Delph 8 Smith 9 Hall 10 Drollinger 11 Schneeberger 12 M. Jackson 13 - 14 Wansley 15 Kiffin Coach : Oates United States squad -- 1982 FIBA World Championship -- Silver medal 4 Carr 5 Turner 6 Jones 7 Kitchel 8 Kleine 9 Pinone 10 Reynolds 11 Rivers 12 Sundvold 13 Thomas 14 West 15 Wiggins Coach : Weltlich United States squad -- 1986 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Amaker 5 Bogues 6 Elliott 7 Gilliam 8 Hammonds 9 Kerr 10 McKey 11 Robinson 12 Seikaly 13 Shaw 14 C. Smith 15 K. Smith Coach : Olson United States squad -- 1990 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 D. Smith 5 Randall 6 Mayberry 7 Williams 8 C. Smith 9 Anderson 10 Stith 11 Day 12 Gatling 13 Laettner 14 Owens 15 Mourning Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 1994 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Dumars 5 Price 6 Coleman 7 Kemp 8 Smith 9 Majerle 10 Miller 11 K. Johnson 12 Wilkins 13 O'Neal ( MVP ) 14 Mourning 15 L. Johnson Coach : Nelson United States squad -- 1998 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Langdon 5 Hawkins 6 Garris 7 Sasser 8 J. King 9 Edwards 10 Oliver 11 Alexis 12 G. King 13 Wood 14 Amaya 15 Miller Coach : Tomjanovich United States squad -- 2006 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Johnson 5 Hinrich 6 James 7 Jamison 8 Battier 9 Wade 10 Paul 11 Bosh 12 Howard 13 Miller 14 Brand 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2010 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Durant ( MVP ) 6 Rose 7 Westbrook 8 Gay 9 Iguodala 10 Granger 11 Curry 12 Gordon 13 Love 14 Odom 15 Chandler Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2014 FIBA World Cup -- Gold medal 4 Curry 5 Thompson 6 Rose 7 Faried 8 Gay 9 DeRozan 10 Irving ( MVP ) 11 Plumlee 12 Cousins 13 Harden 14 Davis 15 Drummond Coach : Krzyzewski United States FIBA AmeriCup squads United States squad -- 1989 Tournament of the Americas -- Silver medal Bullard Corchiani Davis Dennis Laettner Matthews Monroe Owens Payton Perry Simmons Smith Coach : Cremins United States squad -- 1992 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly United States squad -- 1993 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal Copa Ellis Jent Jordan A. Martin B. Martin Mason Neal Rahilly Recasner Weems White Coach : Thibault United States squad -- 1997 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal Beck Burns Farmer Griffin Holmes Jordan LaRue Martin McDonald Millard Sasser Williams Coach : McHone United States squad -- 1999 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal Baker Brand Duncan Garnett Gugliotta Hamilton Hardaway Houston Kidd Payton Smith Szczerbiak Coach : Brown United States squad -- 2003 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal 4 Iverson 5 Kidd 6 McGrady 7 O'Neal 8 Carter 9 Collison 10 Bibby 11 Martin 12 Allen 13 Duncan 14 Brand 15 Jefferson Coach : Brown United States squad -- 2005 FIBA Americas Championship -- 4th place 4 Edney 5 Perry 6 Greer 7 Bell 8 Scales 9 Hamilton 10 Slay 11 Chubb 12 Felix 13 McGhee 14 Beasley 15 Lang Coach : McHone United States squad -- 2007 FIBA Americas Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Prince 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Stoudemire 13 Miller 14 Chandler 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2017 FIBA AmeriCup -- Gold medal 4 Marshall 5 Baron 6 Drew II 7 R. Williams 8 C.J. Williams 9 Munford 10 Hearn 11 Plumlee 12 Hilliard 13 Warney ( MVP ) 14 Holmes 15 Brown Coach : Van Gundy United States Pan American Games squads United States basketball squad -- 1951 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Adkins Atha Babcock Barksdale Faszholz Gilbert Kern Lambdin Leslie E. Longfellow Murray O'Neill Powell Turner Coach : Fischer / J. Longfellow United States men 's basketball squad -- 1955 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Byrd Faulkner Hoverder Kelley Kenney LeBuhn Leslie Olson Paxson Poole Rundell Silas Wilfong Williams Coach : Pilgrim United States men 's basketball squad -- 1959 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Adams Bon Salle Boozer Boushka Byrd Evans Goldstein Haldorson Jeangerard Robertson Smith Swartz Thompson West Coach : Schaus United States men 's basketball squad -- 1963 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Adams Bradds Ernst Gibson Jackson Kojis McKinney Peterson Reed Shipp Smallwood Torrence Coach : Pinholster United States men 's basketball squad -- 1967 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Carey Carrier Clawson Dove Fowler Logan Rhine Silliman Sullivan Unseld White Williams Coach : Fischer United States men 's basketball squad -- 1971 Pan American Games -- 7th place Buse Chones Davis Forbes Ford Jones McAdoo Taylor Terry Westphal Wilmore Witte Coach : Gudger United States men 's basketball squad -- 1975 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Birdsong Bond Cook Davis Douglas Grunfeld Hassett LaGarde Parish Parkinson Robey Rollins Coach : Harshman United States men 's basketball squad -- 1979 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Brooks Clancy Duren Lester Macy McHale O'Koren Sampson Thomas Tolbert Vranes Woodson Coach : Knight United States men 's basketball squad -- 1983 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Cage Jordan Master Mullin Perkins Pinckney Price Reynolds Sitton Stokes Tisdale Wood Coach : Hartman United States men 's basketball squad -- 1987 Pan American Games -- Silver medal Anderson Berry Chapman Dembo Ellison Garrett Lane Lebo Manning Richardson Robinson Smart Coach : Crum United States men 's basketball squad -- 1991 Pan American Games -- Bronze medal Bennett Dehere G. Hill T. Hill Jackson Keefe Laettner Montross Murray Peplowski Weatherspoon Williams Coach : Keady United States basketball squad -- 1995 Pan American Games -- Silver medal Davis Gay Jamerson Lewis Martin Paddock Robinson Thomas Weems White Williams Wynder Coach : Thibault United States men 's basketball squad -- 1999 Pan American Games -- Silver medal Bailey Blackwell Hawkins Holmes Houston Lindeman Martin Moore Smith Steigenga Thomas Williams Coach : McHone United States men 's basketball squad -- 2003 Pan American Games -- 4th place Barrett Childress Diogu Gordon Hayes Hill Jackson Johnson Mouton Okafor Paulding Stepp Coach : Izzo United States men 's basketball squad -- 2007 Pan American Games -- 5th place Dorsey Ellington Foster Gist Hibbert Leunen Low Maynor Neitzel Reynolds Weaver White Coach : Wright United States men 's basketball squad -- 2011 Pan American Games -- Bronze medal Ahearn Butch Dentmon Dyson Ehambe Lewis Lyons Major Sloan Stiemsma Sumpter Thomas Coach : Tibbetts United States men 's basketball squad -- 2015 Pan American Games -- Bronze medal 4 Trimble 5 Langford 6 Brown 7 Baker 8 Brogdon 9 Valentine 10 Long 11 Randolph 12 Wilkins 13 Tarczewski 14 Prince 15 Hollins Coach : Few Links to related articles FIBA Basketball World Cup winners 1950 : Argentina 1954 : United States 1959 : Brazil 1963 : Brazil 1967 : Soviet Union 1970 : Yugoslavia 1974 : Soviet Union 1978 : Yugoslavia 1982 : Soviet Union 1986 : United States 1990 : Yugoslavia 1994 : United States 1998 : Yugoslavia 2002 : Yugoslavia 2006 : Spain 2010 : United States 2014 : United States 2019 : TBD Summer Olympics men 's basketball tournament winners 1936 : United States ( USA ) 1948 : United States ( USA ) 1952 : United States ( USA ) 1956 : United States ( USA ) 1960 : United States ( USA ) 1964 : United States ( USA ) 1968 : United States ( USA ) 1972 : Soviet Union ( URS ) 1976 : United States ( USA ) 1980 : Yugoslavia ( YUG ) 1984 : United States ( USA ) 1988 : Soviet Union ( URS ) 1992 : United States ( USA ) 1996 : United States ( USA ) 2000 : United States ( USA ) 2004 : Argentina ( ARG ) 2008 : United States ( USA ) 2012 : United States ( USA ) 2016 : United States ( USA ) 2020 : TBD USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year 1980 : Thomas 1981 : Boyle 1982 : Rivers 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan & Perkins 1985 : Person 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Manning 1988 : Majerle 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Mourning 1991 : Laettner 1992 : U.S. men 's national team 1993 : Finley 1994 : O'Neal 1995 : Allen 1996 : Pippen 1997 : Boykins 1998 : Brand 1999 : Payton 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Duhon 2002 : Miller 2003 : Duncan 2004 : May & Paul 2005 : Williams 2006 : Anthony 2007 : Kidd 2008 : U.S. men 's national team 2009 : McAdoo 2010 : Durant 2011 : Parker 2012 : James 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Irving 2015 : Brunson 2016 : Anthony & Durant 2017 : Warney FIBA Basketball World Cup hosts 1950 : Argentina ( CABB ) 1954 : Brazil ( CBB ) 1959 : Chile ( FEBACHILE ) 1963 : Brazil ( CBB ) 1967 : Uruguay ( FUBB ) 1970 : Yugoslavia ( KSJ ) 1970 : Puerto Rico ( FBPR ) 1978 : Philippines ( BAP ) 1982 : Colombia ( FCB ) 1986 : Spain ( FEB ) 1990 : Argentina ( CABB ) 1994 : Canada ( CB ) 1998 : Greece ( EOK ) 2002 : United States ( USAB ) 2006 : Japan ( JBA ) 2010 : Turkey ( TBF ) 2014 : Spain ( FEB ) 2019 : China ( CBA ) 2023 : Philippines ( SBP ) / Japan ( JBA ) / Indonesia ( PERBASI ) National basketball teams of the Americas ( FIBA Americas ) Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Belize Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Montserrat Mexico Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico St. Lucia St. Kitts and Nevis St. Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Uruguay United States U.S. Virgin Islands Venezuela Basketball in the United States USA Basketball Men 's national teams Senior U19 U18 U17 U16 Women 's national teams Senior U23 U19 U18 U17 U16 3x3 Paralympic teams National sports teams of the United States A1 Grand Prix American football M U19 M U18 M U17 M U16 Australian rules football Badminton Ball hockey Bandy Baseball M U23 M U18 M U17 Basketball M U19 M U18 M U17 M U16 W U23 W U19 W U18 W U17 W U16 W 3x3 M Para W Para Beach handball Cricket Equestrian Field hockey Floorball Goalball W U19 Gymnastics M U18 M U16 W U18 Handball Ice hockey M U20 M U18 M U17 M U16 W U22 W U18 M Para W Para Inline hockey Kabaddi Korfball Lacrosse M U19 W U19 Indoor Netball Quidditch Roller derby Para rugby Roller hockey Rugby league Rugby union M U20 M7 W7 Skiing Soccer M U23 M U21 M U20 M U18 M U17 M U16 W U23 W U20 W U18 W U17 W U16 Futsal Beach soccer Para Softball M U19 M Slow W U19 W Slow Speedway Squash Tennis Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Track and field Volleyball M U23 M U21 M U19 W U23 W U20 W U18 Beach Water polo Olympics Pan American Games Paralympics World University Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_men%27s_national_basketball_team&oldid=854663079 '' Categories : United States men 's national basketball team National basketball teams National sports teams of the United States 1934 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using infobox national basketball team with unknown parameters Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Žemaitėška 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 23 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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"United States \n2019 FIBA World Cup\nFIBA ranking\n1 (28 February 2018)Joined FIBA\n1934FIBA zone\nFIBA AmericasNational federation\nUSA BasketballCoach\nJeff Van Gundy:FIBA AmeriCupFIBA World Cup QualifiersGregg Popovich:FIBA World CupOlympic GamesNickname(s)\nTeam USAOlympic GamesAppearances\n18Medals\n Gold: (1936, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2008, 2012, 2016) Silver: (1972) Bronze: (1988, 2004)FIBA World CupAppearances\n17Medals\n Gold: (1954, 1986, 1994, 2010, 2014) Silver: (1950, 1959, 1982) Bronze: (1974, 1990, 1998, 2006)FIBA AmeriCupAppearances\n9[N]Medals\n Gold: (1992, 1993, 1997, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2017) Silver: (1989)Uniforms\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHome\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlternate\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAway\n\nFirst international\n United States 2–0 Spain (forfeit)Berlin, Germany – August 7, 1936Biggest win\n United States 156–73 Nigeria London, United Kingdom – August 2, 2012Biggest defeat\n United States 37–62 Soviet Union Santiago, Chile – January 28, 1959"
] | [
"Gregg Popovich"
] |
9019989765841694725 | Put a Little Love in Your Heart | Put a Little Love in Your Heart - wikipedia Put a Little Love in Your Heart Jump to : navigation , search `` Put a Little Love in Your Heart '' Single by Jackie DeShannon from the album Put a Little Love in Your Heart B - side `` Always Together '' Released June 1969 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded 1969 Genre Pop Length 2 : 39 Label Imperial Records Songwriter ( s ) Jackie DeShannon , Jimmy Holiday , Randy Myers Producer ( s ) VME Jackie DeShannon singles chronology `` Trust in Me '' ( 1969 ) `` Put a Little Love in Your Heart '' ( 1969 ) `` Love Will Find a Way '' ( 1969 ) `` Trust in Me '' ( 1969 ) `` Put a Little Love in Your Heart '' ( 1969 ) `` Love Will Find a Way '' ( 1969 ) `` Put a Little Love in Your Heart '' is a song originally performed in 1969 by Jackie DeShannon , who composed it with her brother , Randy Myers , and Jimmy Holiday . In the U.S. , it was DeShannon 's highest - charting hit , reaching number 4 on the Hot 100 in August 1969 and number 2 on the Adult Contemporary charts . In late 1969 , the song reached number one on South Africa 's hit parade . The song rivaled the success of her signature song , `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Charts 2 Annie Lennox and Al Green version 2.1 Personnel 2.2 Charts 2.2. 1 Weekly charts 2.2. 2 Year - end charts 3 Other versions 4 References 5 External links Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Peak position Canadian Singles Chart 12 South African Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 Chart US Billboard Adult Contemporary Annie Lennox and Al Green version ( edit ) `` Put a Little Love in Your Heart '' US edition Single by Annie Lennox and Al Green from the album Scrooged B - side `` A Great Big Piece of Love '' by The Spheres of Celestial Influence Released 1988 Recorded 1988 Genre Pop Label A&M Records Songwriter ( s ) Jackie DeShannon , Jimmy Holiday , Randy Myers Producer ( s ) David A. Stewart Annie Lennox singles chronology `` Put a Little Love in Your Heart '' ( 1988 ) Put a Little Love in Your Heart1988 `` Why '' ( 1992 ) Why 1992 Al Green singles chronology `` Everything 's Gonna Be Alright '' ( 1987 ) Everything 's Gonna Be Alright1987 `` Put a Little Love in Your Heart '' ( 1988 ) Put a Little Love in Your Heart1988 `` As Long as We 're Together '' ( 1989 ) As Long as We 're Together1989 In 1988 , Annie Lennox and Al Green recorded a version that was released as the ending theme song to the 1988 film Scrooged . The song reached number 9 in the US on the Hot 100 in January 1989 and climbed all the way to number 2 on the US Adult Contemporary chart , as well as becoming a top 40 hit in several countries worldwide . Although credited to Lennox , the song was produced by her Eurythmics partner David A. Stewart . The video was directed by Sophie Muller . Personnel ( edit ) Annie Lennox - vocals Al Green - vocals Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 -- 89 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 6 Austrian Singles Chart German Singles Chart 20 Irish Singles Chart 30 Swiss Singles Chart 11 UK Singles Chart 28 US Billboard Hot 100 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 51 Other versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) RIAA gold record for `` Put a Little Love in Your Heart '' , by Jackie DeShannon Susan Raye covered the song on her debut 1969 album , One Night Stand . The song was released as a single and peaked at number 30 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart . The Dave Clark Five recorded a version in 1969 . Issued as a single in the UK , it spent four weeks in the top 75 , reaching number 31 , three positions below that attained by Annie Lennox and Al Green in 1988 . Andy Williams - Get Together with Andy Williams ( 1969 ) David Ruffin formerly of The Temptations recorded a version as well on his sophomore solo album Feeling Good in 1969 . Siw Malmkvist made a Swedish version in 1970 , Pröva lite kärlek nå'n gång with lyrics by the wellknown Swedish journalist and songwriter Peter Himmelstrand . Malmkvist 's version appeared on her album Underbara Siw ( Wonderful Siw ) , which was awarded a Swedish Grammis the same year . Cilla Black - Sweet Inspiration ( 1970 ) Circle Jerks Tongue - in - cheek version appeared as the final track on their 1982 album Wild in the Streets . At the end of Richard Donner 's film Scrooged ( 1988 ) , Bill Murray breaks the fourth wall to lead a sing - along of the song . Dolly Parton included a gospel - inspired version of the song on her Slow Dancing with the Moon album in 1993 . Judith Durham - Mona Lisas ( 1996 ) Anne Murray - What a Wonderful World ( 1999 ) Mary Mary 's version was featured in the 2002 film Stuart Little 2 . Darren Criss , Jeremy Jordan , Carlos Valdes , and John Barrowman perform the song during `` Duet '' , the musical crossover episode between the series The Flash and Supergirl ( 2017 ) Leonard Nimoy covered the song on his 1974 album Outer Space / Inner Mind . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Steve ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` 15 Best Songs From ' 80s Movies ( Besides `` The Power of Love '' ) `` . browardpalmbeach.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 51 , No. 8 , December 23 , 1989 '' . RPM . December 23 , 1999 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ British Hit Singles , 12th edition , Guinness Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Flashback : When Bill Murray Played a Sleazy Lounge Singer on ' Saturday Night Live ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Put A Little Love In Your Heart lyrics at Dolly Parton On - Line Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Annie Lennox Studio albums Diva Medusa Bare Songs of Mass Destruction A Christmas Cornucopia Nostalgia Compilations The Annie Lennox Collection Singles `` Put a Little Love in Your Heart '' `` Why '' `` Precious '' `` Walking on Broken Glass '' `` Cold '' `` Little Bird '' `` Love Song for a Vampire '' `` No More `` I Love You 's '' '' `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' `` Waiting in Vain '' `` Something So Right '' `` Pavement Cracks '' `` Into the West '' `` A Thousand Beautiful Things '' `` Wonderful '' `` Dark Road '' `` Sing '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` Shining Light '' `` Pattern of My Life '' `` Full Steam '' ( with David Gray ) `` Universal Child '' `` God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen '' `` The Holly and the Ivy '' `` I Put A Spell On You '' `` Summertime '' Other songs `` Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye '' `` Step by Step '' `` Angel ' 97 '' Related articles Discography Eurythmics The Tourists Al Green Studio albums Initial R&B albums Back Up Train Green Is Blues Al Green Gets Next to You Let 's Stay Together I 'm Still in Love with You Call Me Livin ' for You Al Green Explores Your Mind Al Green Is Love Full of Fire Have a Good Time The Belle Album Truth n ' Time Gospel albums The Lord Will Make a Way Higher Plane Precious Lord I 'll Rise Again Trust in God He Is the Light Soul Survivor I Get Joy From My Soul Love Is Reality Do n't Look Back Later secular albums Your Heart 's in Good Hands I Ca n't Stop Everything 's OK Lay It Down Other albums Al Green 's Greatest Hits Al Green 's Greatest Hits , Volume II Cream of Al Green Tokyo Live The Christmas Album White Christmas Hi Life : The Best of Al Green Al Greatest Hits More Greatest Hits Greatest Gospel Hits Take Me to the River Feels Like Christmas L-O-V-E : The Essential Al Green The Love Songs Collection Absolute Best The Definitive Greatest Hits What Makes the World Go ' Round ? Singles `` Tired of Being Alone '' `` Let 's Stay Together '' `` Look What You Done for Me '' `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' `` You Ought to Be with Me '' `` Call Me ( Come Back Home ) '' `` Here I Am ( Come and Take Me ) '' `` Livin ' for You '' `` Let 's Get Married '' `` Sha - La - La ( Make Me Happy ) '' `` L-O-V-E ( Love ) '' `` Full of Fire '' `` Love and Happiness '' `` Put a Little Love in Your Heart '' ( with Annie Lennox ) `` Love Is a Beautiful Thing '' `` Keep On Pushing Love '' Related articles Discography Book : Al Green Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Put_a_Little_Love_in_Your_Heart&oldid=839097519 '' Categories : 1968 singles 1988 singles Songs written by Jackie DeShannon Songs written by Jimmy Holiday Jackie DeShannon songs Annie Lennox songs Al Green songs Susan Raye songs The Dave Clark Five songs Andy Williams songs 1968 songs Imperial Records singles A&M Records singles Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 07 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | put a little love in your heart composer | [
"\"Put a Little Love in Your Heart\" is a song originally performed in 1969 by Jackie DeShannon, who composed it with her brother, Randy Myers, and Jimmy Holiday. In the U.S., it was DeShannon's highest-charting hit, reaching number 4 on the Hot 100 in August 1969 and number 2 on the Adult Contemporary charts.[1] In late 1969, the song reached number one on South Africa's hit parade."
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"Jackie DeShannon, who composed it with her brother, Randy Myers, and Jimmy Holiday"
] |
90914663372753743 | New York, I Love You XOXO | New York , I Love You XOXO - wikipedia New York , I Love You XOXO `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' Gossip Girl episode Episode no . Season 6 Episode 10 Directed by Mark Piznarski Written by Stephanie Savage Featured music `` Bonnie & Clyde '' by Great Northern `` Pon de Replay '' by Rihanna `` It 's Time '' by Imagine Dragons `` Road to Nowhere '' by Release the Sunbird `` Body of Work '' by The Mynabirds `` You 've Got the Love '' by Florence and the Machine `` Kill Me '' by The Pretty Reckless Original air date December 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 17 ) Running time 40 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey Michelle Trachtenberg as Georgina Sparks William Baldwin as William van der Woodsen Margaret Colin as Eleanor Waldorf Wallace Shawn as Cyrus Rose Zuzanna Szadkowski as Dorota Kishlovsky Desmond Harrington as Jack Bass Connor Paolo as Eric van der Woodsen Sofia Black - D'Elia as Sage Spence Michael Bloomberg as himself Lisa Loeb as herself Alex Bento as Henry Bass Uncredited : Ella Rae Peck as Lola Rhodes Jessica Szohr as Vanessa Abrams Katie Cassidy as Juliet Sharp Willa Holland as Agnes Andrews Kristen Bell as herself Rachel Bilson as herself Episode chronology ← Previous `` The Revengers '' Next → -- Gossip Girl ( season 6 ) List of Gossip Girl episodes `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' is the series finale of Gossip Girl . The episode serves as the tenth episode of the sixth season and the show 's 121st episode overall . Written by Stephanie Savage , and directed by Mark Piznarski , the series finale originally aired on The CW Television Network ( The CW ) in the United States on December 17 , 2012 . Gossip Girl follows the lives of a group of young adults coming from a wealthy background . In this final episode , the death of Bart Bass rushes Chuck Bass ( Ed Westwick ) to marry Blair Waldorf ( Leighton Meester ) and the identity of Gossip Girl is revealed . A five - year flash forward takes place and shows the wedding of Dan Humphrey ( Penn Badgley ) to Serena van der Woodsen ( Blake Lively ) . `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' received favorable reviews from television critics . Upon its initial airing , the finale was viewed in the United States by 1.55 million people and garnered a 0.8 / 2 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , registering as the season 's most - watched episode . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 2.1 Casting 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The series finale picked up where the previous episode left off , where Chuck Bass ( Ed Westwick ) and Bart argue on the roof ending with Bart falling off the building . Chuck and Blair Waldorf ( Leighton Meester ) leave the scene and hide from the police as Chuck is considered `` a person of interest '' in the case . Jack Bass ( Desmond Harrington ) , Chuck 's uncle , comes to help him and suggests the two get married since spousal privilege prevents a wife from unwillingly testifying against her husband . Chuck thus proposes to Blair who tearfully accepts . Serena van der Woodsen ( Blake Lively ) discovers the alternate chapter about her that Dan Humphrey ( Penn Badgley ) wrote and put in her bag before she left for Los Angeles . She reads the chapter and decides to stay in New York to confront Dan . William van der Woodsen ( William Baldwin ) shows up to support Lily Bass ( Kelly Rutherford ) and tells Ivy Dickens ( Kaylee DeFer ) that he used her to get back to Lily . With the death of Bart Bass , Nate Archibald ( Chace Crawford ) who is running the newspaper The Spectator , is no longer indebted to him ( Bart paid his debts to control him ) and he decides to find out for good who Gossip Girl is . Jack and Georgina Sparks ( Michelle Trachtenberg ) deal with the arrangements of Chuck and Blair 's wedding . Before the ceremony , Serena and Blair have a conversation over why she is still talking to Dan after he published a negative chapter about her a few weeks ago . Overhearing their conversation , Dan leaves and gives to Nate his final chapter , which is about Gossip Girl . Blair and Chuck are married by Cyrus ( Wallace Shawn ) and right after , the police arrive to question them . At the same time , everyone 's phones ring : Dan 's chapter has been published in The Spectator , in which he reveals that he is Gossip Girl . Various characters react over the Gossip Girl reveal , including Vanessa ( Jessica Szohr ) , Juliet ( Katie Cassidy ) , Agnes ( Willa Holland ) and Lola ( Ella Rae Peck ) , as well as Mayor Michael Bloomberg . Rachel Bilson , preparing to audition for a role in the adaptation of Dan 's book , is told of Gossip Girl 's identity by Kristen Bell , who shares a conspiratorial wink with the audience . Dan finally explains why he created Gossip Girl and says Jenny ( Taylor Momsen ) knew it all along . 5 Years Later : It 's the day of Dan and Serena 's wedding . Chuck and Blair are now parents of a son named Henry . Nate , now a successful businessman with The Spectator flourishing , is likely to run for Mayor of New York . Ivy has written an autobiography about her career as a con artist in the Upper East Side , which was adapted into a film starring both Lola and Olivia Burke ( Hilary Duff ) . Blair and Jenny have become business partners in the fashion world and together they have created a clothing line called `` J for Waldorf '' . Lily and William are back together while Rufus ( Matthew Settle ) is in a relationship with Lisa Loeb . Jack Bass and Georgina have also become a couple . The final scene shows the new generation of high school kids on the Upper East Side , mirroring the elite and the exclusion . The show ends as a new Gossip Girl is teased as `` there will always be someone on the outside wanting to get in . '' Production ( edit ) The episode was written by Stephanie Savage , while Mark Piznarski directed it . On October 31 , 2012 , TVLine revealed the title of the finale would be `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' . Filming of the episode took place in October 2012 in New York . Some scenes were filmed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art while Blair and Chuck 's wedding scene was filmed near the Bethesda Terrace . Featured music included Great Northern 's cover of `` Bonnie & Clyde '' , Rihanna 's Pon De Replay , Imagine Dragons 's `` It 's Time '' , Release the Sunbird 's cover of Talking Heads ' `` Road to Nowhere '' , The Mynabirds ' `` Body of Work '' , Florence and the Machine 's `` You 've Got the Love '' , and The Pretty Reckless ' `` Kill Me '' as closing song . On October 5 , 2012 , executive producers Stephanie Savage and Sara Goodman told the reveal of who was behind Gossip Girl would happen in the sixth and final season . Savage said they did n't plan at first to reveal the identity of Gossip Girl but that they changed their minds because of the fifth season 's storyline . On November 14 , 2012 , TVLine announced there would be a flashforward in the finale . Savage later told there would also be a flashback . Costume designer Eric Daman dressed Blair ( Meester ) with a headband and Chuck ( Westwick ) with a scarf ( in the flashback ) as a tribute to previous seasons . Blair wore an Elie Saab dress for her wedding , while Serena ( Lively ) wore a Missoni dress . Serena 's wedding dress was designed by Georges Chakra . Jenny ( Momsen ) and Blair both wore Zuhair Murad dresses to Serena and Dan 's wedding while Georgina 's dress was designed by Robert Rodriguez . Kristen Bell , narrator of the series , appears onscreen in this finale for the first time . Casting ( edit ) Several former cast members returned for the finale . Desmond Harrington reprised his role as Chuck 's uncle , Jack Bass . News of Connor Paolo and Taylor Momsen 's returns surfaced on October 16 , 2012 when Kelly Rutherford posted on Instagram a picture of them on set . Katie Cassidy , Ella Rae Peck , Jessica Szohr , and Willa Holland also returned for small appearances . Long - time narrator Kristen Bell appeared in the episode as herself reading her lines alongside Rachel Bilson . On Bell 's cameo Savage told : `` It was really funny and very , very special to be shooting with her . She 's an intimate part of our family but yet we never get to see her . To be able to make her a part of our storytelling just felt like the perfect way to crown her work with us over the years . '' She added : `` If you 're going to have those two ladies together in a scene then we wanted to have fun and play to their strengths . So Josh Schwartz and I came up with the whole idea ... To be able to have Kristen onscreen for the finale was great . And to have Rachel do it with her was just the icing on the cake . '' The episode also included cameo - appearances by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and Lisa Loeb . Loeb , who had previously appeared in the show during the first season , ended up as Rufus ' final partner . The writers made this choice so that he would not be alone but with someone from `` his world '' , another musician . Reception ( edit ) `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' was first broadcast on December 17 , 2012 in the United States on The CW Television Network ( The CW ) . The episode in the United States was watched by 1.55 million people and scored a 0.8 / 2 Nielsen rating / share in the adults among the 18 -- 49 demographic , making it the most watched episode since April 25 , 2011 . Sandra Gonzalez of Entertainment Weekly gave a positive review of the final installment , summarizing it as `` a perfect balance of nostalgia , mythology , wit , trickery , and closure '' . Despite calling the choice of Dan being Gossip Girl `` edgy , daring and probably dripping in inconsistency , '' she was satisfied that `` it did n't turn out to be an unknown person or peripheral character . The writers chose Gossip Girl straight from the heart of the gang -- and that decision deserves some respect . '' She also appreciated the flashbacks describing them as `` charming '' as well as Chuck and Blair 's wedding , which she called `` gorgeous '' , and enjoyed the guest - star appearances . Writing for Newsday , Verne Gay thought the reveal of who was behind Gossip Girl was not surprising but was `` a nice sort of perverse poetic justice . '' The Hollywood Reporter 's Philiana Ng wrote the episode `` reminded viewers of what Gossip Girl ultimately is and should be remembered as : a soapy , cheeky guilty pleasure . '' Rating it 4.8 / 5 , Courtney Morrison of TV Fanatic described the finale as `` epic '' . She liked Desmond Harrington 's return and picked the five - year flash forward as a highlight of the episode . Even if she was surprised that Dan turned out to be Gossip Girl , she found that it `` made sense '' . However The A.V. Club gave the episode a grade F , citing that it was `` excruciatingly boring '' . They also criticised the revelation that Dan was Gossip Girl `` so he not only , um , used Gossip Girl as a platform for spreading rumors , denigrating his friends , revealing his sister 's sex life in public and embarrassing ways , and , oh yes , nearly getting himself expelled ( that is some ninja double - crossing skill ) -- he was using it to try to impress a girl that was literally the subject of his stalker - takedown - campaign for at least two years , if not for the run of the entire show . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Grey 's Anatomy , Gossip Girl , Fringe , Glee , Justified , Once Upon and More '' . TVLine . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Gossip Girl Series Finale Set For December -- and There 's a Twist ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Christine ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl : Photos of Blake Lively & Penn Badgley filming at The Met '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Jade ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl wedding : Leighton Meester and Ed Westwick sport matching finery as they film in Central Park '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dibdin , Emma ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' series finale recap : ' New York , I Love You XOXO ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Riles , Cortney ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` '' Gossip Girl '' Music Recap : No Greater Goodbye `` . Neon Tommy . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Interscope : Do n't miss @ ImagineDragons # ItsTime on the final episode of ... '' Twitter . December 17 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Perez ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Pays Homage To Sex And The City : The Music Behind The Finale ! '' . PerezHilton.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana Ng ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' Will Be Revealed in Season 6 ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( December 16 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Co-Creator on the `` Emotional '' End and the Big Reveal That Almost Did n't Happen `` . TV Guide . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` New Spoiler Alert ! : Fringe ' Observations , ' Grey 's Death Takes a Toll and Gossip Girl Finale Twist ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Davis , Jennifer ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` 5 Questions With Gossip Girl Costume Designer , Eric Daman '' . InStyle . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gossip Girl Fashion Credits : Every Season In One Place ! '' . InStyle . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Kate ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl 's Costume Designer Recalls His Favorite Fashion Moments '' . People . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gossip Girl Fashion Credits : Every Season In One Place ! '' . InStyle . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gossip Girl Fashion Credits : Every Season In One Place ! '' . InStyle . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gossip Girl Fashion Credits : Every Season In One Place ! '' . InStyle . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guess Who 's Back ! Which Two Gossip Girl Troublemakers Will Return For the Final Season ? '' . Wetpaint . October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl : Jenny and Eric Back For Finale ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' scoop : Katie Cassidy returning for the finale ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Exclusive : Kristen Bell to Appear in Series Finale -- But Is She You - Know - Who ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wayne , Julia ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Season 6 : What Was Kristen Bell 's Role in the Finale ? '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Series Finale : EP Stephanie Savage Answers All Your Burning Questions ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Emily ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Farewell , `` Gossip Girl '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Lisa Loeb Explains Her Cameo on the ' Gossip Girl ' Finale '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Markovitz , Adam ( May 13 , 2008 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' recap : Serena 0 ; Lisa Loeb 1 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' 1600 Penn ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustments for ' Gossip Girl ' Finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' series finale : Talk about it here ! ( Updated ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` OMG , LOL , XOXO : The ' Gossip Girl ' is a guy : Dan Humphrey '' . Newsday . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' Series Finale : Mysterious Blogger 's Identity Finally Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courntey ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Review : The Final Chapter '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl : `` New York , I Love You , XOXO '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' on IMDb `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' at TV.com `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' at The CW.com hide Gossip Girl Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Wild Brunch '' `` Victor , Victrola '' `` Hi , Society '' `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' `` Desperately Seeking Serena '' `` All About My Brother '' `` Much ' I Do ' About Nothing '' Season 2 `` Summer , Kind of Wonderful '' `` Never Been Marcused '' `` The Dark Night '' `` The Ex Files '' `` The Serena Also Rises '' `` Seder Anything '' `` Valley Girls '' `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Season 3 `` Reversals of Fortune '' `` The Freshman '' `` The Lost Boy '' `` Enough About Eve '' `` They Shoot Humphreys , Do n't They ? '' `` The Last Days of Disco Stick '' `` The Debarted '' `` The Hurt Locket '' `` Last Tango , Then Paris '' Season 4 `` Belles de Jour '' `` Double Identity '' `` The Undergraduates '' `` Touch of Eva '' `` Easy J '' `` Gaslit '' `` The Townie '' `` Petty in Pink '' `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Season 5 `` Yes , Then Zero '' `` All the Pretty Sources '' `` Rhodes to Perdition '' `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' `` The End of the Affair ? '' `` Father and the Bride '' `` G.G. '' `` The Backup Dan '' Season 6 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Lily van der Woodsen Rufus Humphrey Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series OMFGG -- Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1 Gossip Girl : Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl : Thailand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York,_I_Love_You_XOXO&oldid=812834092 '' Categories : 2012 American television episodes American television series finales Gossip Girl ( season 6 ) episodes Michael Bloomberg Television episodes about weddings Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 03 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does serena end up with in gossip girl | [
"Gossip Girl follows the lives of a group of young adults coming from a wealthy background. In this final episode, the death of Bart Bass rushes Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) to marry Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) and the identity of Gossip Girl is revealed. A five-year flash forward takes place and shows the wedding of Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley) to Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively)."
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"Dan Humphrey"
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-9113235092740604776 | Triple Entente | Triple Entente - wikipedia Triple Entente Jump to : navigation , search European military alliances prior to World War I The Triple Entente ( from French entente ( ɑ̃tɑ̃t ) `` friendship , understanding , agreement '' ) refers to the understanding linking the Russian Empire , the French Third Republic , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo - Russian Entente on 31 August 1907 . The understanding between the three powers , supplemented by agreements with Japan and Portugal , was a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria - Hungary , and Italy . However , Italy did not side with Germany and Austria during World War I and joined the Entente instead in the Treaty of London ( 1915 ) . Historians continue to debate the importance of the alliance system as one of the causes of World War I . At the start of World War I in 1914 , all three Triple Entente members entered it as Allied Powers against the Central Powers : Germany and Austria - Hungary . However , the Triple Entente , unlike the Triple Alliance or the Franco - Russian Alliance , was not an alliance of mutual defense . Thus , Britain felt free to make its own foreign policy decisions in the 1914 July Crisis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Franco - Russian Alliance 1.2 Entente cordiale 1.3 Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 2 Britain 3 France 4 Russia 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources Background ( edit ) Russia had previously been a member of the League of the Three Emperors , an alliance in 1873 with Austria - Hungary and Germany . The alliance was part of German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck ′ s plan to isolate France diplomatically ; he feared that France 's revanchist aspirations might make it to regain its losses in 1871 after the Franco - Prussian War . The alliance also served to fight against progressive sentiments , which the conservative rulers found unsettling , such as the First International . However , the League faced great difficulty with the growing tensions between Russia and Austria - Hungary , mainly over the Balkans , where the rise of nationalism and the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire made many former Ottoman provinces struggle for independence . The situation in the Balkans , especially in the wake of the Serbo - Bulgarian War and the 1878 Treaty of Berlin , which made Russia feel cheated of its gains made in the Russo - Turkish War , prevented the League from being renewed in 1887 . In an attempt to stop Russia from allying with France , Bismarck signed the secret Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1887 . The treaty assured that both parties would remain neutral if war broke out . The alliance between Russia and France and Bismarck ′ s exclusion of Russia from the German financial market in 1887 prevented the treaty from being renewed in 1890 . That ended the alliance between Germany and Russia . Franco - Russian alliance ( edit ) After the Reinsurance Treaty was not renewed in 1890 , Russian leaders grew alarmed at the country 's diplomatic isolation and joined the Franco - Russian Alliance in 1894 . Irish historian Ciaran Geraghty , a revisionist , claims that the lapse of the Reinsurance Treaty is the leading long - term cause for the First World War . Entente cordiale ( edit ) In 1904 , Britain and France signed a series of agreements , the Entente cordiale , mostly in solving colonial disputes . That heralded the end of British splendid isolation and was partly a response to growing German antagonism , as expressed in the expansion of the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial Navy ) to become a battle fleet that could threaten the supremacy of the British Royal Navy . The Entente , unlike the Triple Alliance and the Franco - Russian Alliance , was not an alliance of mutual defence and so Britain was free to make its own foreign policy decisions in 1914 . As British Foreign Office Official Eyre Crowe minuted , `` The fundamental fact of course is that the Entente is not an alliance . For purposes of ultimate emergencies it may be found to have no substance at all . For the Entente is nothing more than a frame of mind , a view of general policy which is shared by the governments of two countries , but which may be , or become , so vague as to lose all content '' . Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 ( edit ) In 1907 , Britain and Russia signed the Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 to end their rivalry in Central Asia , nicknamed The Great Game . Britain ( edit ) In the last decade of the nineteenth century , Britain continued its policy of `` splendid isolation '' , with its primary focus on defending its massive overseas empire . However , by the early 1900s , the German threat had increased dramatically , and in Britain thought it was in need of allies . For most of the 19th century , Britain had regarded France and Russia as its two most dangerous rivals , but with the growing threat of Germany , policy began to change for several reasons : France and Britain had signed five separate agreements regarding spheres of influence in North Africa in 1904 , the Entente cordiale . The Tangier Crisis later encouraged co-operation between the two countries from their mutual fear of apparent German expansionism . Russia was defeated in the Russo - Japanese War , which resulted in less concern over Russian imperialism and encouraged Russia to secure its position elsewhere . France was already allied to Russia in the Dual Alliance . Britain was frightened about the rising threat of German imperialism . Kaiser Wilhelm II had announced to the world his intentions to create a global German empire and to develop a strong navy . Britain , traditionally having control of the seas , saw that a serious threat to its own empire and navy . In 1907 , the Anglo - Russian Entente was agreed , which attempted to resolve a series of long - running disputes over Persia , Afghanistan and Tibet and helped to address British fears about the Baghdad Railway , which would help German expansion in the Near East . France ( edit ) Main article : French Third Republic During the Franco - Prussian War of 1870 -- 1871 , Prussia defeated the Second French Empire , resulting in the establishment of the Third Republic . In the Treaty of Frankfurt , Prussia forced France to cede Alsace - Lorraine to the new German Empire . Ever since , relations had been poor . France , worried about the escalating military development of Germany , began building up its own war industries and army to deter to German aggression . Also , France developed a strong bond with Russia by ratifying the Franco - Russian Alliance , which was designed to create a strong counter to the Triple Alliance . France ′ s main concerns were to protect against an attack from Germany and to regain Alsace - Lorraine . A 1914 Russian poster in which the upper inscription reads `` agreement '' . The uncertain Britannia ( right ) and Marianne ( left ) look to the determined Mother Russia ( centre ) to lead them in the coming war . Russia ( edit ) Main article : Russian Empire Russia had by far the largest manpower reserves of all the six European powers , but it was also the most backward economically . Russia shared France ′ s worries about Germany . After the Germans started to reorganise the Ottoman army , Russia feared that they would come to control the Dardanelles , a vital trade artery that carried two fifths of Russia 's exports . There was also Russia 's long history of rivalry with Austria - Hungary . Austria - Hungary had recently annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina , greatly angering Russia , which had considered itself the leader of the Slavic world ( Pan-Slavism ) . Russia viewed the invasion as another step towards annexing Serbia and Montenegro . Russia had also recently lost the humiliating Russo - Japanese War , a cause of the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the apparent transformation into a constitutional monarchy . To counter its enemies militarily and politically , Russia sought to revive the Franco - Russian Alliance . Although it was perceived as useless during the war with Japan , the alliance was valuable in the European theatre . Russia also signed the Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 with Britain to counteract the threat of the Triple Alliance . The alignment of the autocratic Russian Empire with Europe 's two largest democracies was controversial on both sides . Many Russian conservatives mistrusted the secular France and recalled British past diplomatic maneuvers to block Russian influence in the Near East . In turn , prominent French and British journalists , academics and parliamentarians found the reactionary tsarist regime distasteful . Mistrust persisted even during wartime , with British and French politicians expressing relief when Tsar Nicholas II abdicated and was replaced by the Russian Provisional Government after the February Revolution in 1917 . An offer of political asylum for the Romanovs was even withdrawn by the British king for fear popular reaction . Also , France never brought up the subject of asylum with the deposed tsar . See also ( edit ) World War I portal Allies of World War I Central Powers ( allies of Germany in World War I ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Gildea , Barricades and Borders : Europe 1800 - 1914 ( 3rd ed. 2003 ) ch 15 Jump up ^ Feuchtwanger 2002 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Gildea 2003 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Henig 2002 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Holborn 1982 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Holborn 1982 , p. 249 . ^ Jump up to : Holborn 1982 , pp. 304 - 305 . Jump up ^ Reinsurance Treaty Jump up ^ `` http://www.semper.click/info-triple_entente/ '' . www. semper. click . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 26 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hamilton , K.A. ( 1977 ) . `` Great Britain and France , 1911 -- 1914 '' . In Hinsley , F.H. British Foreign Policy Under Sir Edward Grey . Cambridge University Press . p. 324 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 21347 - 9 . Jump up ^ Fiona K. Tomaszewski , A Great Russia : Russia and the Triple Entente , 1905 to 1914 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Gareth Russell ( 2014 ) . The Emperors : How Europe 's Rulers Were Destroyed by the First World War . Amberley . pp. 164 -- 65 . Sources ( edit ) Albrecht - Carrié , René . A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna ( 1958 ) Andrew , Christopher . Théophile Délcassé and the Making of the Entente Cordiale , 1898 -- 1905 ( 1968 ) . Clark , Christopher . The Sleepwalkers : How Europe went to war in 1914 ( 2012 ) , pp. 124 -- 35 , 190 - 96 , 293 - 313 , 438 - 42 , 498 - 505 . Fay , Sidney Bradshaw . The Origins of the World War ( 2nd ed. 1934 ) vol 1 pp 105 -- 24 , 312 - 42 , vol 2 pp 277 -- 86 , 443 - 46 Hamel , Catherine . La commémoration de l'alliance franco - russe : La création d'une culture matérielle populaire , 1890 - 1914 ( French ) ( MA thesis , Concordia University , 2016 ) ; online Henig , Ruth Beatrice ( 2002 ) . The origins of the First World War ( Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26185 - 6 ) Hughes , Michael . Diplomacy before the Russian Revolution : Britain , Russia , and the Old Diplomacy , 1894 -- 1917 ( , 2000 ) . Kennan , George F. The decline of Bismarck 's European order : Franco - Russian relations , 1875 - 1890 ( 1979 ) . Kennan , George F. The fateful alliance : France , Russia , and the coming of the First World War ( Manchester UP , 1984 ) . Langer , William F. The Franco - Russian Alliance , 1890 - 1894 ( 1930 ) Langer , William F. The Diplomacy of Imperialism : 1890 - 1902 ( 1950 ) pp 3 -- 66 . Neilson , Keith . Britain and the Last Tsar : British Policy and Russia , 1894 -- 1917 ( Oxford , 1995 ) . Schmitt , Bernadotte . Triple Alliance and Triple Entente ( 1971 ) Sontag , Raymond . European Diplomatic History : 1871 - 1932 ( 1933 ) , basic short summary Taylor , A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) advanced coverage Tomaszewski , Fiona . `` Pomp , Circumstance , and Realpolitik : The Evolution of the Triple Entente of Russia , Great Britain , and France . '' Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas vol. 3 ( 1999 ) : 362 - 380 . in JSTOR , in English Tomaszewski , Fiona K. A Great Russia : Russia and the Triple Entente , 1905 - 1914 ( Greenwood , 2002 ) ; also excerpt and text search ( hide ) Diplomacy of the Great Powers 1871 -- 1913 Great powers Austria -- Hungary France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States Alliances Triple Alliance Dual Alliance Triple Entente Franco - Russian Alliance Entente Cordiale Anglo - Russian Entente Anglo - Japanese Alliance Trends Ottoman Decline Eastern Question Revanchism New Imperialism Scramble for Africa Pan-Slavism The Great Game The Great Rapprochement Treaties and agreements Treaty of Frankfurt League of the Three Emperors Treaty of Berlin Reinsurance Treaty Treaty of Paris Treaty of Björkö Taft -- Katsura Agreement Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 Japan -- Korea Annexation Treaty Racconigi agreement Events Congress of Berlin Berlin Conference Weltpolitik German Naval Laws Anglo - German naval arms race Dreadnought Fashoda Incident Annexation of Hawaii First Moroccan Crisis Algeciras Conference Agadir Crisis Bosnian crisis Wars Russo - Turkish First Sino - Japanese Spanish -- American Banana Wars Philippine -- American Boxer Rebellion Second Boer Russo - Japanese Italo - Turkish Balkan Wars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triple_Entente&oldid=843022637 '' Categories : Causes of World War I France in World War I British Empire in World War I Russian Empire in World War I History of international relations World War I by country France -- United Kingdom relations Russia -- United Kingdom relations 20th - century military alliances Military alliances involving France Military alliances involving Russia Military alliances involving the United Kingdom Treaties of the United Kingdom ( 1801 -- 1922 ) 1907 establishments in Europe Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 09 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the triple entente formed between france britain and russia | [
"The Triple Entente (from French entente [ɑ̃tɑ̃t] \"friendship, understanding, agreement\") refers to the understanding linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August 1907. The understanding between the three powers, supplemented by agreements with Japan and Portugal, was a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy."
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"31 August 1907"
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-6174191651629874609 | Do You Want to Know a Secret | Do You Want to Know a Secret - wikipedia Do You Want to Know a Secret Jump to : navigation , search `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' 1964 sheet music cover , Metric Music , New York Song by the Beatles from the album Please Please Me Released 22 March 1963 Recorded 11 February 1963 , EMI Studios , London Genre Pop Length 1 : 56 Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) McCartney -- Lennon Producer ( s ) George Martin Audio sample `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' file help `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' Sleeve of Vee - Jay 7 '' single , released a year after the album in March 1964 Single by the Beatles from the album Introducing ... the Beatles B - side `` Thank You Girl '' Released 23 March 1964 Recorded 11 February 1963 , EMI Studios , London Genre Pop Length 1 : 56 Label Vee - Jay , VJ 587 Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin The Beatles singles chronology `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' ( 1964 ) Ca n't Buy Me Love 1964 `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' ( 1964 ) Do You Want to Know a Secret1964 `` Love Me Do '' ( 1964 ) Love Me Do 1964 `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' is a song by English rock group the Beatles from the 1963 album Please Please Me , sung by George Harrison . In the United States , it was the first top ten song to feature Harrison as a lead singer , reaching No. 2 on the Billboard chart in 1964 as a single released by Vee - Jay , VJ 587 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Recording 3 Single release 4 Personnel 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Charts 5.2 Certifications 6 The Billy J. Kramer version 6.1 Chart performance 7 Other covers 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' , written in autumn 1962 , was primarily composed by John Lennon but credited to Lennon -- McCartney . The 1963 version by Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas ( a UK no . 2 ) credited the composition to `` McCartney - Lennon '' . The song was inspired by `` I 'm Wishing '' , a tune from Walt Disney 's 1937 animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs which Lennon 's mother , Julia Lennon , would sing to him as a child . The first two lines of the song in Disney 's movie ( `` Want to know a secret ? Promise not to tell ? '' ) come right after the opening lyrics ( `` You 'll never know how much I really love you ... You 'll never know how much I really care ... '' ) . McCartney has said it was a `` 50 -- 50 collaboration written to order '' , i.e. , for Harrison to sing , but Lennon , who always claimed the song as his own , explained in a 1980 interview that he had realized as soon as he had finished writing the song that it best suited Harrison . Recording ( edit ) In 1980 , Lennon said that he gave `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' to Harrison to sing because `` it only had three notes and he was n't the best singer in the world '' , but added `` he has improved a lot since then . '' The song was recorded as part of their marathon ten - hour recording session on 11 February 1963 along with nine other songs for Please Please Me . Harrison sang two songs on Please Please Me -- this song by Lennon -- McCartney and `` Chains '' by Goffin / King . `` Do n't Bother Me '' would be Harrison 's debut composition and appeared on the Beatles ' next UK album With The Beatles . Single release ( edit ) `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' was released a year later as a single by Vee - Jay in the United States on 23 March 1964 , reaching the number two spot behind another Beatles song , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' in Billboard , reaching number three on the Cash Box chart , but reaching number one for two weeks in the chart published by the Teletheatre Research Institute . In the U.S. , it was the most successful Beatles song on which Harrison sang lead vocal until `` Something '' peaked at # 1 as part of a double - sided number one hit with `` Come Together '' in 1969 . Personnel ( edit ) George Harrison -- lead vocals , lead guitar John Lennon -- acoustic guitar , backing vocals Paul McCartney -- bass , backing vocals Ringo Starr -- drums Engineered by Norman Smith As per Ian MacDonald : Revolution in the Head Charts and certifications ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position German Media Control Singles Chart 34 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone The Billy J. Kramer version ( edit ) `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' Single by Billy J. Kramer with the Dakotas from the album Little Children B - side `` I 'll Be on My Way '' ( Lennon -- McCartney ) Released 26 April 1963 Format 45 RPM Recorded 1963 Genre Pop , beat Length 2 : 01 Label Parlophone ( UK ) Imperial ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin Billy J. Kramer with the Dakotas singles chronology `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' ( 1963 ) `` Bad to Me '' ( 1963 ) `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' ( 1963 ) `` Bad to Me '' ( 1963 ) The Beatles ' version was never released as a single in the UK , where a cover version by Billy J. Kramer with the Dakotas ( released b / w `` I 'll Be on My Way '' , Parlophone R5023 , 26 April 1963 ) reached number two in the Record Retailer chart , and hit number one in the NME chart ( used by Radio Luxembourg ) and the BBC 's Pick of the Pops chart , which were more widely recognised at the time . It appeared on his album , Little Children . It reached number eight in the Irish Singles Chart . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 ) Peak position United Kingdom ( Record Retailer ) United Kingdom ( NME ) Other covers ( edit ) Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1964 album The Chipmunks Sing the Beatles Hits . The song reached the No. 1 position on Billboard in 1981 and No. 2 in the United Kingdom in a cover version by Stars on 45 as part of a medley . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark . The Beatles : All These Years , Volume One -- Tune In . Crown Archetype , 2013 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 8305 - 3 , pp. 733 - 734 Jump up ^ Distant Melody 2007 . Jump up ^ Harry , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Sheff 2000 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark . The Beatles : All These Years , Volume One -- Tune In . Crown Archetype , 2013 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 8305 - 3 , p. 873 Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts '' ( Enter `` Beatles '' in the search box ) ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Frank ( 1983 ) . The Cash Box Singles Charts , 1950 - 1981 . Metuchen , NJ & London : The Scarecrow Press , Inc. p. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Beatles -- Do You Want To Know a Secret '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Calkin 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Chart History Details : Billy J. Kramer & the Dakotas '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Rees , Lazell & Osborne 1995 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Lindsay Planer . `` The Chipmunks Sing the Beatles Hits - The Chipmunks Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . References ( edit ) Calkin , Graham ( 2009 ) . `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' . Graham Calkin 's Beatles Pages . Retrieved 30 November 2009 . Rees , Dafydd ; Lazell , Barry ; Osborne , Roger ( 1995 ) . 40 Years of `` NME '' Charts ( 2nd ed . ) . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 0829 - 2 . `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) '' . Distant Melody. 2007 . Retrieved 3 January 2007 . Harry , Bill . The Ultimate Beatles Encyclopedia . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Please Please Me Alan W. Pollack 's Notes on `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' Please Please Me Songs Side one `` I Saw Her Standing There '' `` Misery '' `` Anna ( Go to Him ) '' `` Chains '' `` Boys '' `` Ask Me Why '' `` Please Please Me '' Side two `` Love Me Do '' `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Baby It 's You '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' `` A Taste of Honey '' `` There 's a Place '' `` Twist and Shout '' Outtakes `` Tip of My Tongue '' `` Hold Me Tight '' `` Bésame Mucho '' Related articles The Beatles discography Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_You_Want_to_Know_a_Secret&oldid=808710557 '' Categories : 1960s ballads 1963 singles 1964 singles The Beatles songs Billy J. Kramer songs Pop ballads Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney Vee - Jay Records singles Songs published by Northern Songs 1963 songs Parlophone singles Imperial Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) EngvarB from September 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for United States Use dmy dates from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 17 : 08 . About Wikipedia | who sings do you want to know a secret | [
"\n\n\"Do You Want to Know a Secret?\"\n\n\n\n1964 sheet music cover, Metric Music, New York\n\n\n\nSong by the Beatles\n\n\nfrom the album Please Please Me\n\n\nReleased\n22 March 1963\n\n\nRecorded\n11 February 1963,\nEMI Studios, London\n\n\nGenre\nPop\n\n\nLength\n1:56\n\n\nLabel\nParlophone\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nMcCartney–Lennon\n\n\nProducer(s)\nGeorge Martin\n\n\n\n\n\nAudio sample\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Do You Want to Know a Secret?\"\n\n\nfile\nhelp\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"the Beatles"
] |
-5553074766565687395 | Eric Stonestreet | Eric Stonestreet - wikipedia Eric Stonestreet Jump to : navigation , search Eric Stonestreet Stonestreet at the 2015 PaleyFest Eric Allen Stonestreet ( 1971 - 09 - 09 ) September 9 , 1971 ( age 46 ) Kansas City , Kansas , U.S. Alma mater Kansas State University ( 1996 ) Occupation Actor , comedian Years active 1999 -- present Eric Allen Stonestreet ( born September 9 , 1971 ) is an American actor and comedian . He is best known for portraying Cameron Tucker in the ABC mockumentary sitcom Modern Family , for which he received two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series out of three nominations . Stonestreet first rose to prominence in a recurring role on CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . He has appeared in films and telefilms including ; Bad Teacher ( 2011 ) , Identity Thief ( 2013 ) , The Loft ( 2013 ) , Confirmation ( 2016 ) . He also provided the voice of Duke in The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Stonestreet was born in Kansas City , Kansas , the son of Jamey Anne ( née Ball ) and Vincent Anthony `` Vince '' Stonestreet . During his childhood , he wanted to become a clown . As a child , he created a clown character named Fizbo , and by age 11 was performing at 6 - and 7 - year - olds ' birthday parties ; Stonestreet recalled in 2012 , `` I do n't know where the name Fizbo came from . I do know one day that 's what my dad was calling me and that 's the name that I printed on my business cards . '' The name Fizbo was used for a clown character he periodically plays on Modern Family . Stonestreet graduated from Piper High School and Kansas State University where he was a brother of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity , graduating with a degree in sociology in 1996 . While at KSU , he performed in plays including his first , Prelude to a Kiss , for which he auditioned on a dare and won the smallest role ; All My Sons ; and Twelfth Night . He went on to study improv at ImprovOlympic and The Second City Training Center in Chicago , and moved to Los Angeles to begin his professional acting career . Career ( edit ) Stonestreet plays Cameron Tucker in ABC 's Modern Family . He is also notable for his role as Ronnie Litre on CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . He also guest starred in television shows , such as Dharma & Greg , ER , Malcolm in the Middle , The Mentalist , NCIS , Nip / Tuck , Party of Five , Spin City , The West Wing , Pushing Daisies , Greg the Bunny , Providence , Close to Home , Crossing Jordan , Bones , Monk , and American Horror Story . Early on in his career , Stonestreet was featured in Northwestern University 's 1996 football TV commercial campaign as the `` purple pride guy . '' He made his film debut in Almost Famous , as desk clerk Sheldon . He also played Dr. Benson in Girls Will Be Girls , Ed the Trucker in The Island , and Courtney 's Neighbor in Ninja Cheerleaders . In 2007 , Stonestreet appeared in the short film `` Vinny 's Vault , '' which was produced during the reality show On the Lot . He also appeared in the movies Identity Thief as Big Chuck , and Bad Teacher as Kirk . In his role as Cameron on Modern Family , Stonestreet earned three consecutive Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2010 , 2011 and 2012 ) , winning the award in 2010 and 2012 . He also received three Golden Globe Award nominations ( 2010 , 2011 and 2013 ) for his work on the series . In 2013 , he appeared in a series of advertisements for Australian retail store Big W. In the fall of the same year , Stonestreet played the `` Fan Coach '' in the AT&T `` Be A Fan '' commercial series that ran during the college football season , in addition to appearing in a MasterCard / Stand Up 2 Cancer commercial as himself . In 2014 , he performed in `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's music video for `` Tacky , '' a parody of Pharrell 's `` Happy . '' In the same year , he also starred in the remake of the Belgian thriller The Loft . He regularly appears onstage at IO West improv Theatre in Los Angeles . In 2017 , Stonestreet began starring as the host of the ABC reality series The Toy Box . Personal Life ( edit ) Despite his most prominent role being a gay character , Stonestreet is heterosexual and has lightheartedly described himself as `` openly straight '' . His gay co-star , Jesse Tyler Ferguson , who plays Stonestreet 's character 's partner Mitchell Pritchett , jokingly called Stonestreet `` gay - for - pay '' . Stonestreet is a supporter of the LGBT community ; he declined to be photographed with Rick Santorum , an opponent of same - sex marriage . Stonestreet enjoys attending multiple sports events and has driven the pace car at several NASCAR events . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Almost Famous Sheldon the Desk Clerk 2003 F.A.T. Ranger 2003 Girls Will Be Girls Dr. Benson 2003 Street of Pain Floyd Short film Straight - Jacket Labor Organizer Knuckle Sandwich Bill 2005 Saddam 17 The Clerk Short film 2005 The Island Ed the Trucker 2007 The Drifter Delivery Guy Short film 2007 Stories USA Floyd Segment : `` Street of Pain '' 2008 Ninja Cheerleaders Beergut 2008 American Crude Phil Father vs. Son Doug 2011 Bad Teacher Kirk 2013 Identity Thief Big Chuck 2014 The Loft Marty Landry 2016 The Secret Life of Pets Duke ( voice ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Dharma & Greg Chester Episode : `` See Dharma Run '' 2000 I 've Got a Secret Himself Unknown episodes 2000 Malcolm in the Middle Phil Episode : `` Malcolm Babysits '' 2000 Party of Five Irv 2 episodes 2000 Spin City The Dentist Episode : `` Smile '' 2000 ER Willie Episode : `` Mars Attacks '' The West Wing Staffer # 1 Episode : `` Bad Moon Rising '' 2002 Greg the Bunny Wilson ( uncredited ) Episode : `` Welcome to Sweetknuckle Junction '' 2002 Providence Ted Stout Episode : `` Eye of the Storm '' 2001 -- 2005 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Ronnie Litre 12 episodes 2005 Close to Home Andrew Morgan Episode : `` Under Threat '' 2006 13 Graves Andrew Schoch Television film 2007 Crossing Jordan Steve Anderman Episode : `` D.O.A. '' 2007 Bones D.C. Cop 2 episodes 2007 On the Lot Actor 2 episodes 2007 American Dad ! Brett Episode : `` Dope & Faith '' 2008 The Mentalist Malcom Boatwright Episode : `` Red Hair and Silver Tape '' 2008 Pushing Daisies Leo Burns Episode : `` Comfort Food '' 2008 NCIS Harvey Ames Episode : `` Silent Night '' 2009 This Might Hurt Brad Maynard Television film 2009 Monk Boom Boom Episode : `` Mr. Monk and the UFO '' 2009 Nip / Tuck Wesley Clovis Episode : `` Wesley Clovis '' 2009 -- present Modern Family Cameron Tucker Main role Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2010 , 2012 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2011 -- 14 ) Nominated -- Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film ( 2011 -- 13 ) Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2012 -- 13 , 2015 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 , 2015 ) Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Comedy Actor Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Male Scene Stealer Nominated -- Television Critics Association Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy Good News Week Himself Episode : `` 8.37 '' 2011 American Horror Story : Murder House Derrick Episode : `` Piggy Piggy '' 2013 -- 2016 Sofia the First Minimus ( voice ) 11 episodes 2014 Sesame Street Himself Episode : `` Hansel & Gretel Playdate '' 2015 Jeopardy ! Himself 2 episodes 2016 Blue Peter Himself Episode : `` 4915 '' 2016 Confirmation Kenneth Duberstein Television film 2017 The F Word Himself `` Episode Seven '' 2017 -- present The Toy Box Himself ( host ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Eric Stonestreet '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stated on Inside the Actors Studio , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Engle , Time ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Eric Stonestreet talks Emmys , clowns , gay marriage and Tonganoxie '' . Kansas City Star . Kansas City , Kansas . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Maullar , Marci ( n.d. ) . `` K - State Alum wins an Emmy for his role in ABC Comedy Series '' ( Press release ) . Kansas State University Theatre Dept . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moore , Debi ( 2014 - 12 - 22 ) . `` The Loft Arriving One Week Later than Originally Announced '' . Dreadcentral.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Announces Expert Mentors and Young Judges Appearing on Upcoming Toy - Competition Series ' The Toy Box , ' Premiering Friday , April 7 '' ( Press release ) . ABC . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah talks to the cast of Modern Family '' . The Oprah Winfrey Show . p. 2 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All In The Family '' . Out.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Daniel ( 25 July 2014 ) . `` Modern Family 's Gay Dad Says NO WAY to Rick Santorum Photo '' . The Advocate . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Peter - what time is it on TV ? Episode 4915 Series 0 cast list and preview '' . Radiotimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Eric Stonestreet on IMDb Awards for Eric Stonestreet Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Art Carney ( 1954 ) Art Carney ( 1955 ) Art Carney ( 1956 ) Carl Reiner ( 1957 ) Carl Reiner ( 1958 ) Tom Poston ( 1959 ) Don Knotts ( 1961 ) Don Knotts ( 1962 ) Don Knotts ( 1963 ) Don Knotts ( 1966 ) Don Knotts ( 1967 ) Werner Klemperer ( 1968 ) Werner Klemperer ( 1969 ) Michael Constantine ( 1970 ) Edward Asner ( 1971 ) Edward Asner ( 1972 ) Ted Knight ( 1973 ) Rob Reiner ( 1974 ) Edward Asner ( 1975 ) Ted Knight ( 1976 ) Gary Burghoff ( 1977 ) Rob Reiner ( 1978 ) Robert Guillaume ( 1979 ) Harry Morgan ( 1980 ) Danny DeVito ( 1981 ) Christopher Lloyd ( 1982 ) Christopher Lloyd ( 1983 ) Pat Harrington , Jr. ( 1984 ) John Larroquette ( 1985 ) John Larroquette ( 1986 ) John Larroquette ( 1987 ) John Larroquette ( 1988 ) Woody Harrelson ( 1989 ) Alex Rocco ( 1990 ) Jonathan Winters ( 1991 ) Michael Jeter ( 1992 ) Michael Richards ( 1993 ) Michael Richards ( 1994 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1995 ) Rip Torn ( 1996 ) Michael Richards ( 1997 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1998 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1999 ) Sean Hayes ( 2000 ) Peter MacNicol ( 2001 ) Brad Garrett ( 2002 ) Brad Garrett ( 2003 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 2004 ) Brad Garrett ( 2005 ) Jeremy Piven ( 2006 ) Jeremy Piven ( 2007 ) Jeremy Piven ( 2008 ) Jon Cryer ( 2009 ) Eric Stonestreet ( 2010 ) Ty Burrell ( 2011 ) Eric Stonestreet ( 2012 ) Tony Hale ( 2013 ) Ty Burrell ( 2014 ) Tony Hale ( 2015 ) Louie Anderson ( 2016 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) : Bakkedahl , Chlumsky , Cole , Colin , Dunn , DuVall , Franklin , Hale , Louis - Dreyfus , Richardson , Scheer , Scott , Simons , Sutherland , Walsh Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) LCCN : no2010152180 VIAF : 151696141 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Stonestreet&oldid=842956091 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male television actors American people of German descent Kansas State University alumni Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Male actors from Kansas City , Kansas Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 20 : 51 . 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"Eric Allen Stonestreet (born September 9, 1971)[1] is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for portraying Cameron Tucker in the ABC mockumentary sitcom Modern Family, for which he received two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series out of three nominations."
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2975338297244093572 | Nashville Predators | Nashville Predators - Wikipedia Nashville Predators Jump to : navigation , search Nashville Predators 2017 -- 18 Nashville Predators season Conference Western Division Central Founded 1998 History Nashville Predators 1998 -- present Home arena Bridgestone Arena City Nashville , Tennessee Colors Gold , Navy , White Media FS Predators The Game ( 102.5 FM ) Owner ( s ) Predators Holdings LLC General manager David Poile Head coach Peter Laviolette Captain Roman Josi Minor league affiliates Milwaukee Admirals ( AHL ) Stanley Cups 0 Conference championships 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) Presidents ' Trophy 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Division championships 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Official website nhl.com/predators The Nashville Predators are a professional ice hockey team based in Nashville , Tennessee . They are members of the Central Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Predators ' television broadcasting rights are held by Fox Sports Tennessee , whereas radio broadcasting rights are held by WPRT - FM . The Predators have played their home games at Bridgestone Arena since 1998 . The club was founded in 1998 when the NHL granted an expansion franchise to Craig Leipold . After five seasons , the Predators qualified for their first Stanley Cup playoffs during the 2003 -- 04 season . In 2008 , ownership of the club was transferred from Leipold to a locally based ownership group . The Predators advanced to their first Stanley Cup Finals in 2017 , but were defeated by the Pittsburgh Penguins in six games . In the following season , the Predators won their first Presidents ' Trophy and Central Division title . The Predators are presently affiliated with one minor league team , the Milwaukee Admirals of the American Hockey League . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Bringing the NHL to Nashville 1.2 Early years ( 1998 -- 2005 ) 1.3 After the lockout ( 2005 -- 2014 ) 1.3. 1 New ownership group 1.4 Peter Laviolette era ( 2014 -- present ) 2 Team information 2.1 Facilities 2.2 Fan traditions 2.3 Jersey and logo 2.4 Ownership 2.4. 1 Ownership dispute 3 Season - by - season record 4 Players 4.1 Current roster 4.2 Team captains 4.3 First - round draft picks 4.4 Franchise scoring leaders 5 NHL awards and trophies 6 Franchise individual records 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bringing the NHL to Nashville ( edit ) In late 1995 , rumors began to circulate that the New Jersey Devils would be relocating to the planned Nashville Arena . Nashville offered a $20 million relocation bonus to any team that would relocate , and the Devils attempted to terminate their lease with the NJSEA before ultimately restructuring it to stay in New Jersey . In August 1997 , Barry Trotz was named as the first head coach of the Nashville Predators . After the attempt to get the Devils , NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman stated Nashville would probably be considered in upcoming expansion . The arena was opened in 1996 , and after an attempt to bring the National Basketball Association 's Sacramento Kings did not materialize , the city instead went after a hockey team . In January 1997 , a group led by Wisconsin businessman Craig Leipold made a formal presentation before the NHL requesting an expansion franchise . When Bettman and league officials visited Nashville to tour the arena , thousands gathered on the arena plaza to greet them . In June , the league granted conditional franchises to Nashville , Columbus , Ohio , Atlanta and Minneapolis -- Saint Paul . The Nashville team would be scheduled to begin play in 1998 if they met the NHL requirement of selling 12,000 season tickets before March 31 , 1998 . Of the four cities , Nashville was the only one with a completed arena and therefore began play first . One month later , Leipold named former Washington Capitals general manager David Poile as the franchise 's first general manager . Portland Pirates ' head coach Barry Trotz was named the franchise 's first head coach on August 6 . On September 25 , 1997 , Leipold and team president Jack Diller held a press conference where they unveiled the franchise 's new logo , a saber - toothed cat ( Smilodon floridanus ) . The logo was a reference to a partial Smilodon skeleton found beneath downtown Nashville in 1971 during construction of the First American National Bank building , now the UBS Tower . Once the logo was unveiled , the franchise held a vote among fans to choose a name . Three candidates were culled from 75 : `` Ice Tigers , '' `` Fury '' and `` Attack . '' Leipold added his own submission to the vote , `` Predators . '' On November 13 , Leipold revealed at a press conference that his submission had won out and that the new franchise would be known as the `` Nashville Predators . '' When awarded a franchise , the city of Nashville paid 31.50 % of the $80 million fee to join the league . The city has engaged an affiliate of the team to operate the arena , and that agreement protects the city against annual arena operating losses over approximately $3.8 million . The $15 million payroll of the team was the lowest of the NHL . Early years ( 1998 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) The Predators began play during the 1998 -- 99 season , taking to the ice for the first time on October 10 , 1998 , where they lost 1 -- 0 at home to the Florida Panthers . It was the only sold out game of the Predators ' first five bouts in Nashville . Three nights later , on October 13 , they defeated the Carolina Hurricanes 3 -- 2 for their first win . Forward Andrew Brunette scored the first goal . The Predators , in their first year of existence , finished second - to - last in the Western Conference with a 28 -- 47 -- 7 record . In the 1999 -- 2000 season , the Predators finished with a similar record to the previous season , and finished last in the Western Conference behind the Calgary Flames . However , during a game versus the New York Islanders on February 20 , 2000 , the Predators scored four goals in 3 minutes and 38 seconds . To begin the 2000 -- 01 season , the Predators played two games in Japan against the Pittsburgh Penguins . Each team won a game in front of the largest crowds ever to see a hockey game in Japan . Backed by the goaltending duo of Mike Dunham and Tomas Vokoun , Nashville finished the season in tenth place in the Western Conference , ten points out of a playoff spot with a total of 80 total points . During the 2001 -- 02 season , the Predators recorded their 100th victory on December 6 , 2001 . With that win , Nashville became the second - fastest expansion team of the 1990s to reach the 100 - win plateau . In the 2002 -- 03 season , head coach Barry Trotz broke the record for most games coached by the original coach of an expansion team ( 392 games ) . The club had failed to qualify for the Stanley Cup playoffs for their first five years as a franchise . However , in the 2003 -- 04 season , the Predators finished eighth in the Western Conference , qualifying for their first post-season berth . The Predators were eliminated by the Detroit Red Wings in six games in the first round of the 2004 Stanley Cup playoffs . The following 2004 -- 05 season was wiped out by a labor dispute between NHL owners and players . After the lockout ( 2005 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Chris Mason became the ninth goaltender to score a goal in the NHL during the 2005 -- 06 season . In the 2005 -- 06 season , the Predators set an NHL record by winning their first four games by one goal each ( although two of those were shootout victories , which would have been tie games in previous seasons ) . They also became only the fourth NHL franchise to start the season 8 -- 0 ; the last time a team did so was the Toronto Maple Leafs , who set the mark with a 10 -- 0 start in the 1993 -- 94 season . The Predators set the franchise mark for wins in a season with a 2 -- 0 shutout of the Phoenix Coyotes on March 16 , 2006 . In that match , Chris Mason became the ninth goaltender to score a goal . By the end of the season , the Predators had accumulated 106 points -- their first 100 - point season -- and clinched home ice advantage in the first round of the playoffs for the first time in team history . They finished the season with an NHL - best 32 -- 8 -- 1 record at home . However , the Predators would be eliminated by the San Jose Sharks in five games in the first round of the 2006 playoffs . During the off - season , the Predators acquired veteran center Jason Arnott from free agency on July 2 , 2006 . In the following season , Arnott and David Legwand led the team in goals with 27 each . Late in the season , the Predators traded two former first round draft picks , Scottie Upshall and Ryan Parent , plus their first and third - round pick in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft , to the Philadelphia Flyers for five - time NHL All - Star Peter Forsberg . The Predators finished the season ranked fourth in the Western Conference with a franchise record 110 points , finishing third overall behind the Buffalo Sabres and the Red Wings . They were defeated by the Sharks in the first round of the 2007 playoffs for the second year in a row , losing the series 4 -- 1 . The roster saw a depletion in talent during the off - season . With multiple potential buyers , and rumors of the franchise moving hounding the team until almost mid-season , the Predators were not expected to be successful during the 2007 -- 08 season . Chris Mason , former backup goaltender to Tomas Vokoun ( who was traded to the Florida Panthers ) had a shaky season and shared net - minding duties with Dan Ellis . Ellis , who was signed from the Dallas Stars before the season began , had a 233 : 39 long shutout streak ( fifth longest in league history ) nearing the end of the season that helped Nashville attain the eighth playoff spot with 91 points . The Predators met the Presidents ' Trophy - winning ( and eventual Stanley Cup winners ) Red Wings in the first round of the playoffs and were defeated 4 -- 2 , their fourth - straight first - round knockout . New ownership group ( edit ) The first off - season of settling in under new ownership was a quiet one for the Predators with little personnel movement . As such , the Predators began the 2008 -- 09 season with little expectation . Following a strong push after the All - Star break and no movement at the trade deadline , the team found themselves still battling for a playoff spot into the last week of the season . Buoyed by the return of Steve Sullivan after almost two seasons recovering from a back injury , the Predators finished with 88 points , settling for tenth place in the Western Conference , missing the playoffs for the first time in five seasons . The 2009 -- 10 season saw the debut of Colin Wilson with the Predators . The Predators made few major additions to their roster in the 2009 off - season , signing former San Jose Sharks forward Marcel Goc ( who was extended for another year by the club in mid-season ) and former Montreal Canadiens defenseman Francis Bouillon . The 2009 -- 10 season also saw the much - anticipated debut of top prospect Colin Wilson . However , due to a groin injury suffered in training camp , Wilson spent the first week - and - a-half of the season on the sidelines , and was sent to the Milwaukee Admirals of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) in November . He returned to the club in February and scored 11 points in his next 15 games and finished the season with 15 points in 35 games . 2010 also saw a breakout year for the last pick in the 2005 Draft , Patric Hornqvist , as the 23 - year - old Swede scored 30 in the 2009 -- 10 season , becoming the fourth Predator to do so ( the others being Steve Sullivan , Paul Kariya and Jason Arnott ) . The Predators qualified for the 2010 playoffs , facing the Chicago Blackhawks in the first round . The Predators earned their first postseason road win on April 16 , 2010 when they beat the Blackhawks 4 -- 1 at the United Center , although they lost the overall series in six games . On July 9 , 2010 , the Predators announced that defenseman Shea Weber would become the club 's fifth captain . In the following years ' playoffs , the Predators advanced to the second round of the playoffs for the first time in franchise history . They defeated the Anaheim Ducks in the first round , winning the fourth game of the series at Bridgestone Arena on April 24 , 2011 . Two days prior , Predators ' goaltender Pekka Rinne was nominated as a Vezina Trophy finalist for his performance during the 2010 -- 11 season . The Predators played against the number - one ranked team in the NHL in the second round , the Vancouver Canucks . The Predators lost the series 4 -- 2 . On June 22 , 2011 , the Predators unveiled their modified logo set for the 2011 -- 12 season . With the color scheme simplified to blue , gold and white and eliminating orange , silver and steel , the Predators cleaned up their primary logo and wordmark . A new alternate logo incorporating elements from a guitar pick and the Tennessee state flag was also introduced . In the beginning of the 2011 -- 12 season , on November 3 , 2011 , the Predators signed goaltender Pekka Rinne to a seven - year , $49 million deal . It was the largest contract awarded in Predators ' history , as well as making Rinne the highest paid goaltender in the NHL that year . On February 27 , 2012 , during the NHL 's trade deadline , the Predators acquired Andrei Kostitsyn and Paul Gaustad from the Montreal Canadiens and the Buffalo Sabres , respectively . The Predators surrendered draft picks to bolster their team for the 2012 playoffs . The season also saw the return of Russian forward Alexander Radulov to the Predators after a four - year hiatus to play in the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) . For the second year in a row , and the second time in the team 's history , the Predators won a first - round series in the Stanley Cup playoffs , defeating the Red Wings in a best - of - seven series 4 -- 1 . However , for the second year in a row , the Predators were ousted in the Western Conference second round , this time to the Phoenix Coyotes . The Predators signed Shea Weber to a 14 - year contract in 2013 , after the Philadelphia Flyers made a front - loaded offer sheet for Weber . The following 2012 -- 13 season as a result of the 2012 -- 13 NHL lockout . The Predators failed to qualify for the playoffs in the shortened season , the first time they failed to do so since the 2008 - 09 season . After the season , the Predators signed Weber through a front - loaded $110 million , 14 - year offer sheet , $68 million of it as a signing bonus , from the Philadelphia Flyers on July 19 . The offer sheet was the richest in NHL history in terms of total money , money per season , and length , surpassing the previous offer sheet record set by Thomas Vanek . The following season saw the departure of center David Legwand , the first player ever drafted by the Predators , the club 's all - time leading scorer , and was co-leading scorer for the season at the time . Agreeing to waive his `` no - trade clause '' , he was traded on March 5 , 2014 , to his hometown team , the Detroit Red Wings , in exchange for prospect forward Calle Jarnkrok , forward Patrick Eaves and a third - round pick in the upcoming 2014 NHL Entry Draft . After missing the playoffs for a second season in a row , the Predators opted not to renew the contract of Barry Trotz as its head coach after 15 years , although he was offered an unnamed position within the organization . On May 6 , 2014 , the Predators announced Peter Laviolette as their new head coach . Peter Laviolette era ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) In Peter Laviolette 's first season as the Predators ' head coach , the Predators finished second in the Central Division . Despite having home advantage in the first round of the 2015 playoffs , they lost the first round in six games to the Chicago Blackhawks , who went on to win the Stanley Cup . For the following 2015 -- 16 season , the Predators finished as the Western Conference 's first wild - card , earning 96 points . When they advanced to the second - round after beating the Anaheim Ducks in Game 7 , it was the franchise 's first seven - game series and seven - game series win . They were eliminated in seven games by the San Jose Sharks , who went on to win the conference . P.K. Subban during the 2017 Stanley Cup Finals . The Predators traded Shea Weber to the Montreal Canadiens for Subban in 2016 . In the 2016 off - season , on June 29 , 2016 , the Predators traded Weber to the Montreal Canadiens in exchange for defenseman P.K. Subban . The trade surprised many hockey fans because the details to this trade were kept strictly confidential until the deal was already made . On September 7 , 2016 , the Predators announced Mike Fisher would replace Weber as the sixth captain of the club . In the 2016 -- 17 season , the Predators finished fourth in the Central Division with 94 points , which earned them the second wild card spot in the Western Conference . The 2016 -- 17 season marked the first time the Predators sold out all 41 regular season home games . Their eighth - place finish in the conference gave them a first - round Stanley Cup playoff matchup against the Chicago Blackhawks , who finished first in the conference during the regular season . The Predators swept the Blackhawks in four games . This was the first time that an eighth seed swept a playoff series against the top seed in the conference in NHL history as well as the first time that there had been a sweep by an eighth seed against a top seed in a best - of - seven playoff series in the history of North American major league professional sports . In the second round of the Stanley Cup playoffs , the Predators defeated the St. Louis Blues in six games , marking the first time the team advanced to the Western Conference Finals . On May 16 , the Predators became the first team in 20 years ( since the Detroit Red Wings in 1997 ) to achieve ten - straight wins at home in the postseason . On May 22 , 2017 the Predators defeated the Anaheim Ducks 6 -- 3 and won the series four games to two , winning the Western Conference , and advancing to the club 's first Stanley Cup Finals . In the Finals , the Predators went down 2 -- 0 against the Penguins , although the Predators battled back and evened the series at two , winning Games 3 and 4 at home . Returning to Pittsburgh , the Predators lost 6 -- 0 before being eliminated at home 2 -- 0 in game 6 of the Finals . On April 5 , 2018 , the Predators clinched their first division title in team history while also claiming their first Presidents ' Trophy . They defeated the Colorado Avalanche in the first round of the playoffs in six games , and then lost to the Winnipeg Jets in seven games in the second round . Team information ( edit ) Facilities ( edit ) The Predators have played their home games at Bridgestone Arena since 1998 . The Nashville Predators have played their home games at Bridgestone Arena since their inaugural season in 1998 . Opened in 1996 , Bridgestone Arena is a multi-purpose venue in downtown Nashville . The Predators ' practice facility is located at Centennial Sportsplex , a multi-use athletic complex located next to Centennial Park . Both facilities are owned by the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County . Fan traditions ( edit ) Fans of the Nashville Predators have modified the octopus - throwing tradition of Detroit Red Wings fans to show their support : on occasion , a fan will throw a catfish onto the ice . The Tennessean newspaper of Nashville cites the first instance of this as being on October 30 , 2003 . On May 16 , 2017 , during Game 3 of the Western Conference Final at Bridgestone Arena , country music singer , songwriter , and record producer Keith Urban , who had performed the National Anthem prior to the game , was seen on the Jumbotron hoisting a massive catfish that Tennessee Titans left tackle , Taylor Lewan had with him at the game . Lewan , along with fellow Titans offensive linemen Jack Conklin , Quinton Spain , Ben Jones , and Josh Klein , and Titans quarterback Marcus Mariota , served as the hype men prior to the game , another Predators playoff tradition prior to home games , which included them waving gold Predators towels , Mariota encouraging the crowd to get louder , Lewan hoisting the catfish , and the offensive linemen chugging beer . Section 303 is where a section of fans at the Bridgestone Arena sit , stand , and cheer , colloquially known as The Cellblock . The group refers to themselves as `` the loudest section of the loudest arena in the NHL . '' The fan - based organization has been recognized by the Predators ' front office . A large banner was produced by the front office for posting on the wall behind the section . On April 3 , 2008 , with the Predators clinging to a 3 -- 2 lead with 4 : 30 in their final home game of the regular season , a sellout crowd at what was then known as the Sommet Center , gave the team a standing ovation through the entirety of the final TV timeout . The Predators went on to win the game against the St. Louis Blues and advanced to the playoffs that year , where the `` standing O '' during the final TV timeout has since become a fan tradition . The mascot of the Predators is Gnash , a blue saber - toothed cat . Introduced in 1998 , Gnash 's trademark includes stunts , such as very fast rappels , zip lines , and a pendulum swing that takes him under the scoreboard and just inches off the ice . To go along with the saber - toothed cat mascot , Predators fans proudly use their Fang Fingers during each power play of the game . There are foam saber - fang gloves that can be purchased , but most fans simply curl their index and middle fingers on each hand into fang shapes and brandish them in an up - and - down motion . Fang Fingers are done to the horror sounds from the Alfred Hitchcock movie , Psycho . Fans are also known for a variety of chants taunting players of the opposing team , particularly the goalie . For example , after each Predators goal , fans call the opposing goalie 's name , accompanied by shouts of `` It 's all your fault '' and other epithets . These cheers are sometimes said to originate from tradition at college football games , but some of these derive from traditions held by fans of pre-NHL hockey clubs Nashville Dixie Flyers , Nashville South Stars , Nashville Nighthawks , and Nashville Knights . Nashville 's fanbase is said by many to be among the loudest in the National Hockey League , with sound levels reaching over 120 dB during the playoffs . This has contributed to the team also being called `` Smashville '' . Jersey and logo ( edit ) Nashville 's third jersey logo ( 2001 -- 2007 ) ; a more detailed , three - quarters front view of the team 's saber - toothed cat logo . For the 2011 -- 12 season , the Nashville Predators changed their jersey design and color scheme . The home jerseys are a bright gold with navy and white highlights , while the away jerseys are white with gold and navy highlights . Furthermore , the Predators changed their logo , making it purely white , gold and navy . The jerseys have a guitar pick on the shoulder with the Tennessee state tri-star inside it , lines meant to be guitar lines on the numbers , and piano keys along the neck line inside the jersey as a nod to Nashville 's internationally - known music heritage . From the 2016 -- 17 season gold helmets became a permanent part of the home uniform . Ownership ( edit ) The franchise was initially owned by a group led by Craig Leipold . On May 23 , 2007 , Leipold was reported to have reached a tentative agreement to sell the team to Research in Motion chairman and co-CEO Jim Balsillie . At the time , Leipold indicated that the team would play the 2007 -- 08 season in Nashville but that the future of the team after that was not clear . On June 23 , information was leaked by several sources indicating that Leipold no longer wanted to sell the Predators to Balsillie . Subsequently , a campaign to land the team in Kansas City , Missouri , received a boost in late June 2007 . The Canadian National Post , citing anonymous sources , reported that Leipold planned to sell the team to San Jose venture capitalist William `` Boots '' Del Biaggio III , who wanted to relocate the club to Kansas City 's new Sprint Center for the 2008 -- 09 season . Del Biaggio , who had a contract with Anschutz Entertainment Group to own an NHL club that would play home games in Sprint Center , had made an offer reported to be for about $190 million for the Predators . Del Biaggio had entered an agreement two years earlier , in 2005 , to purchase the Pittsburgh Penguins , but the club backed out of the deal after it won the NHL draft lottery and took Sidney Crosby with the first overall pick . On July 19 , 2007 , a group of local business owners known as Our Team Nashville held a rally at the Sommet Center to encourage fans to buy season tickets in order to help the Predators meet the attendance figures needed to keep the team in Nashville . They drew approximately 7,500 fans and sold the equivalent of 726 full season tickets during the rally . The rally was heavily supported by George Plaster , then a sportscaster on WGFX 104.5 `` The Zone '' sports radio in Nashville . On August 1 , 2007 , the group released a letter of intent from Craig Leipold . After negotiations with the City of Nashville , the local group headed by David Freeman reached an agreement with Nashville Mayor Karl Dean , and the NHL Board of Governors approved the sale on November 29 , 2007 . The $172 million acquisition of the Nashville Predators included repayment of existing debt of approximately $61 million and $2.2 million in fees and expenses . The sale of the Predators to the Tennessee - based group included Del Biaggio , who had been trying to move the team to Kansas City . The locally based buyers held 73 % of the team , while Del Biaggio and a minority partner acquired about 27 % of the club . In June 2008 , Del Biaggio ran into legal trouble over a multitude of unpaid loans , culminating in his filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy . Furthermore , it was alleged that Del Biaggio acquired the loans he used to buy his stake in the team through fraudulent means , prompting an FBI investigation and criminal charges . The charges culminated in a 97 - month prison sentence for Del Biaggio . Under United States bankruptcy law , a trustee was appointed to sell Del Biaggio 's assets , including his stake in the Predators , to pay off his creditors . In November 2011 , it was announced that Calgary businessman W. Brett Wilson had purchased a 5 % interest in the Nashville Predators . On March 1 , 2010 , during the 2009 -- 10 season , the Predator 's front office saw Freeman stepped down as chairman of the Nashville Predators in favor of Thomas Cigarran . Cigarran announced on September 2 that the local ownership group had completed the purchase of the Del Biaggio stake . Ownership dispute ( edit ) On June 23 , 2016 , Freeman filed a $250 million lawsuit against the Nashville Predators and Cigarran . His claim was that his ownership stake has been improperly diluted by Cigarran failing to notify him of capital calls , and that he had not received loan guaranty fees that the ownership group had agreed to pay him . The lawsuit stated that Freeman initially owned a 48 % share , while the holding company for the Nashville Predators stated that Freeman controlled less than 1 % of ownership in the team at the time of the suit . This dilution was exacerbated by the existence of two classes of investments in the Predators : the common units owned by Freeman were subject to capital calls ; the Series A units originally owned by Del Biaggio and his minority partner were not subject to capital calls . The dispute was sent to court - ordered arbitration on July 29 , 2016 , under the supervision of NHL commissioner Gary Bettman . As of January 25 , 2018 , arbitration was continuing in the unresolved dispute . The outcome may remain undislosed , as the arbitration is private . Season - by - season record ( edit ) This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Predators . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Nashville Predators seasons . GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime Losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2013 -- 14 82 38 32 12 88 216 242 6th , Central Did not qualify 2014 -- 15 82 47 25 10 104 232 208 2nd , Central Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Blackhawks ) 2015 -- 16 82 41 27 14 96 228 215 4th , Central Lost in Second Round , 3 -- 4 ( Sharks ) 2016 -- 17 82 41 29 12 94 240 224 4th , Central Lost in Stanley Cup Finals , 2 -- 4 ( Penguins ) 2017 -- 18 82 53 18 11 117 267 211 1st , Central Lost in Second Round , 3 -- 4 ( Jets ) Players ( edit ) Main article : List of Nashville Predators players Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated May 10 , 2018 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Sweden ! Arvidsson , Viktor Viktor Arvidsson 6.0 ! LW 25 2014 Skellefteå , Sweden 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 United States ! Bitetto , Anthony Anthony Bitetto 2.0 ! D 27 2012 Island Park , New York 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 United States ! Bonino , Nick Nick Bonino 4.0 ! C 30 2017 Hartford , Connecticut 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 Canada ! Carrier , Alexandre Alexandre Carrier 2.0 ! D 21 2015 Quebec City , Quebec 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Sweden ! Ekholm , Mattias Mattias Ekholm ( A ) 2.0 ! D 28 2009 Borlänge , Sweden 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Canada ! Ellis , Ryan Ryan Ellis ( A ) 2.0 ! D 27 2009 Hamilton , Ontario 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Russia ! Emelin , Alexei Alexei Emelin 2.0 ! D 32 2017 Tolyatti , Soviet Union 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Switzerland ! Fiala , Kevin Kevin Fiala 6.0 ! LW 21 2014 St. Gallen , Switzerland 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Sweden ! Forsberg , Filip Filip Forsberg ( A ) 6.0 ! LW 23 2013 Östervåla , Sweden 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 Canada ! Gaudreau , Frederick Frederick Gaudreau 4.0 ! C 25 2016 Bromont , Quebec 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 United States ! Grosenick , Troy Troy Grosenick 1.0 ! G 28 2018 Brookfield , Wisconsin 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 United States ! Hartman , Ryan Ryan Hartman 7.0 ! RW 23 2018 Hilton Head Island , South Carolina 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Canada ! Hartnell , Scott Scott Hartnell 6.0 ! LW 36 2017 Regina , Saskatchewan 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 Canada ! Irwin , Matt Matt Irwin 2.0 ! D 30 2016 Victoria , British Columbia 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Sweden ! Jarnkrok , Calle Calle Jarnkrok 4.0 ! C 26 2014 Gävle , Sweden 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 Canada ! Johansen , Ryan Ryan Johansen ( A ) 4.0 ! C 25 2016 Vancouver , British Columbia 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 Switzerland ! Josi , Roman Roman Josi ( C ) 2.0 ! D 27 2008 Bern , Switzerland 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 Sweden ! Lindback , Anders Anders Lindback 1.0 ! G 30 2017 Gävle , Sweden 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Finland ! Rinne , Pekka Pekka Rinne 1.0 ! G 35 Kempele , Finland 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Finland ! Salomaki , Miikka Miikka Salomaki 7.0 ! RW 25 2011 Raahe , Finland 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 Finland ! Saros , Juuse Juuse Saros 1.0 ! G 23 2013 Forssa , Finland 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Canada ! Sissons , Colton Colton Sissons 4.0 ! C 24 2012 North Vancouver , British Columbia 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 United States ! Smith , Craig Craig Smith 7.0 ! RW 28 2009 Madison , Wisconsin 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 Canada ! Subban , P.K. P.K. Subban 2.0 ! D 29 2016 Toronto , Ontario 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Finland ! Tolvanen , Eeli Eeli Tolvanen 7.0 ! RW 19 2017 Vihti , Finland 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Canada ! Turris , Kyle Kyle Turris 4.0 ! C 28 2017 New Westminster , British Columbia 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 United States ! Watson , Austin Austin Watson 6.0 ! LW 26 Ann Arbor , Michigan 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Switzerland ! Weber , Yannick Yannick Weber 2.0 ! D 29 2016 Morges , Switzerland 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Canada ! Zolnierczyk , Harry Harry Zolnierczyk 6.0 ! LW 30 2016 Toronto , Ontario Team captains ( edit ) Roman Josi as an alternate captain during the 2017 Stanley Cup Finals . Josi was later named captain of the Predators in 2017 . Tom Fitzgerald , 1998 -- 2002 Greg Johnson , 2002 -- 2006 Kimmo Timonen , 2006 -- 2007 Jason Arnott , 2007 -- 2010 Shea Weber , 2010 -- 2016 Mike Fisher , 2016 -- 2017 Roman Josi , 2017 -- present First - round draft picks ( edit ) Main article : List of Nashville Predators first - round draft picks Franchise scoring leaders ( edit ) David Legwand is the franchise 's all - time leader in points , goals , and assists . He was also the final member of the inaugural team to retire or move . These are the top - ten point - scorers , goal scorers , and assist leaders in franchise regular season history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . * -- current Predators player Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G David Legwand 956 210 356 566 . 59 Martin Erat RW 723 163 318 481 . 67 Shea Weber 763 166 277 443 . 58 Kimmo Timonen 573 79 222 301 . 53 Roman Josi * 481 78 214 292 . 61 Jean - Pierre Dumont RW 388 93 174 267 . 69 Steve Sullivan LW 317 100 163 263 . 83 Craig Smith * RW 516 123 138 261 . 51 Filip Forsberg * LW 331 117 138 255 . 77 Scott Walker RW 410 96 151 247 . 60 Goals Player Pos David Legwand 210 Shea Weber 166 Martin Erat RW 163 Craig Smith * RW 123 Filip Forsberg * LW 117 Mike Fisher * 111 Jason Arnott 107 Patric Hornqvist RW 106 Scott Hartnell * LW 106 Steve Sullivan LW 100 Assists Player Pos David Legwand 356 Martin Erat RW 318 Shea Weber 277 Kimmo Timonen 222 Roman Josi * 214 Ryan Suter 200 Jean - Pierre Dumont RW 174 Steve Sullivan LW 163 Scott Walker RW 151 Cliff Ronning 145 NHL awards and trophies ( edit ) Main article : List of Nashville Predators award winners Lester Patrick Trophy David Poile : 2000 -- 01 Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy Steve Sullivan : 2008 -- 09 NHL Foundation Player Award Mike Fisher : 2011 -- 12 Mark Messier Leadership Award Shea Weber : 2015 -- 16 NHL First All - Star Team Shea Weber : 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 NHL Second All - Star Team Pekka Rinne : 2010 -- 11 Shea Weber : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 NHL All - Rookie Team Filip Forsberg : 2014 -- 15 NHL All - Star Game selections Sergei Krivokrasov : 1998 -- 99 Kimmo Timonen : 1999 -- 2000 , 2003 -- 04 , 2006 -- 07 Tomas Vokoun : 2003 -- 04 Jason Arnott : 2007 -- 08 Shea Weber : 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 Ryan Suter : 2011 -- 12 Pekka Rinne : 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Filip Forsberg : 2014 -- 15 Roman Josi : 2015 -- 16 James Neal : 2015 -- 16 P.K. Subban : 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 Franchise individual records ( edit ) Main article : List of Nashville Predators records Most games played : David Legwand , 956 Most games played , goaltender : Pekka Rinne , 567 Most goals in a season : Jason Arnott ; Filip Forsberg , 33 ( 2008 -- 09 ; 2015 -- 16 ) Most assists in a season : Paul Kariya , 54 ( 2005 -- 06 ) Most points in a season : Paul Kariya , 85 ( 2005 -- 06 ) Most penalty minutes in a season : Patrick Cote , 242 ( 1998 -- 99 ) Most goals in a season , defenseman : Shea Weber , 23 ( 2008 -- 09 and 2013 -- 14 ) Most points in a season , defenseman : Roman Josi , 61 ( 2015 -- 16 ) Most goals in a season , rookie : Filip Forsberg , 26 ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most points in a season , rookie : Filip Forsberg , 63 ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most wins in a season : Pekka Rinne , 43 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Most shutouts in a season : Pekka Rinne , 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) See also ( edit ) List of Nashville Predators general managers List of Nashville Predators head coaches Nashville Predators Radio Network References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Preds Unveil New Logos '' . Nashville Predators . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Willis , Thomas ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Photoblog : Predators New Adidas Uniforms for 2017 - 18 '' . Nashville Predators . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nashville Predators Name Peter Laviolette Head Coach '' . NHL.com . Nashville , TN : Nashville Predators. 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ MacFarquhar , Neil ( June 29 , 1995 ) . `` HOCKEY ; Fans Caught Between Devils and Nashville '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( June 8 , 1995 ) . `` 1995 N.H.L. PLAYOFFS ; Devils Reject Offer on New Lease '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( July 14 , 1995 ) . `` HOCKEY ; Devils and New Jersey Call Truce and Strike Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HOCKEY ; Nashville Still Seeks Team '' . The New York Times . July 14 , 1995 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Farber , Michael ( 9 November 1998 ) . `` Hockey - Tonk Town Nashville and its biggest country music stars have taken a down - home hankerin ' to the expansion Predators '' . SI.com . Time , Inc . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank ( January 14 , 1997 ) . `` Cities Line Up To Join The N.H.L '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` N.H.L. Names 4 Cities For Its New Franchises '' . The New York Times . June 18 , 1997 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Expansion Franchise Nashville Chooses Poile For GM ''. Boston Globe . July 10 , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nashville Predators Timeline '' . WSMV . Nashville , TN . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2009 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Tom ( October 2 , 1971 ) . `` Specialists to Study Cave Bones '' . Nashville Tennessean . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Guilday , John E. ( July 1977 ) . `` Sabertooth Cat , Smilodon Floridanus ( Leidy ) , and Associated Fauna From a Tennessee Cave ( 40DV40 ) , the First American Bank Site '' . Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science . 52 ( 3 ) : 84 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Jones , Donald W. ( April 15 , 2008 ) . `` Metropolitan Nashville Council , Analysis Report for April 15 , 2008 '' ( PDF ) . nashville.gov . Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County , Tennessee . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pekka Rinne named a finalist for Vezina Trophy , ontheforecheck.com , April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Predators Eliminate Redwings '' . New York Times . 21 April 2012 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nashville Predators trade David Legwand to Detroit Red Wings '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Cory ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Predators sweep Blackhawks with 4 - 1 win '' . wkrn.com . Jump up ^ `` Ducks Resting Up for Aggressive Preds Down 2 - 1 in West '' . The New York Times . The Associated Press . May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Colton Sissons ' hat trick pushes the Predators into their first Stanley Cup finals appearance '' . espn.com. 2017 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Vingan , Adam ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` Predators win Presidents ' Trophy , Central Division , Western Conference in resilient victory against Capitals '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tennessean.com , Catfish hunters : Fans throw a curve at Preds Jump up ^ Barrett Caldwell on Twitter Jump up ^ NHL ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Marcus Mariota and the @ Titans Offensive Line are hyped for some # StanleyCup Playoff hockey.pic.twitter.com/Oh8QLd14Jy '' . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Apel , Kara ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Keith Urban , Titans Offensive Line Hype Up Preds Fans a Playoff Game '' ( published May 31 , 2017 ) . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bonvissuto , Dominic . `` Section 303 : I came , I saw - I yawned '' . Nashville City Paper . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` An Introduction To Smashville '' . NHL.com . Nashville Predators. 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Godfrey , Steven ( 17 April 2015 ) . `` How the Nashville Predators built a fan base in the heart of college football country '' . SBNation.com . Vox Media , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Nashville Knights hockey team statistics and history at hockeydb.com '' . www.hockeydb.com . Jump up ^ `` Preds ' postseason run has turned Music City into Smashville '' . FOX Sports . Associated Press . 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Bratten , Brooks ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Preds Adopt Gold Helmets for Every Home Game '' . NHL.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Balsillie attempting to buy Predators , tsn.ca , May 23 , 2007 . Archived October 16 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Billionaire To Buy Predators '' . newschannel5.com . Nashville , TN : WorldNow . May 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cox , Damien ( 23 June 2007 ) . `` NHL calling the tune in Nashville '' . TheStar.com . Toronto , ON : Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Covitz , Randy . Kansas City 's chances for the NHL 's Predators get boost Kansas City Star , June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kevin ( July 20 , 2007 ) . `` Local supporters stage successful ticket rally '' . predators.nhl.com . Nashville Predators . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Predators set to sell team to local group '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . 2 August 2007 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ National Post story on Del Biaggio bankruptcy Jump up ^ Maki , Allan ( 13 June 2008 ) . `` Del Biaggio 's trials take another twist '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nashville reaches deal to consolidate ownership '' . The Globe and Mail . 21 July 2010 . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St. Denis takes rare path to NHL '' . The Montreal Gazette . November 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoag , Dirk ( 1 March 2010 ) . `` David Freeman steps down as chairman of the Nashville Predators '' . On the Forecheck . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoag , Dirk ( 2 September 2010 ) . `` Nashville Predators complete purchase of Boots Del Biaggio shares '' . On the Forecheck . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Rau , Nate ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Predators owner sues team , chairman for $250 M '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steimer , Jacob ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Predators lawsuit sent back to arbitration , major win for team '' . Nashville Business Journal . American City Business Journals . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IN RE BIAGGIO Case No. 08 - 30991 TEC , Adv . Proc . No. 12 - 3065 TEC '' . Leagle.com . November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barchenger , Stacey ; Rau , Nate ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Judge rules in favor of Predators , Cigarran , arbitration '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavendish , Steve ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Email Allegations in Preds Ownership Fight '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rau , Nate ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Nashville Predators to name Herb Fritch new chairman , replacing Tom Cigarran '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nashville Predators Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nashville Predators Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nashville Predators . Official website Nashville Predators Founded in 1998 Based in Nashville , Tennessee Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History Records Award winners Personnel Owners Predators Holdings LLC ( Thomas Cigarran , chairman ) General manager David Poile Head coach Peter Laviolette Team captain Roman Josi Current roster Arena Bridgestone Arena Affiliates AHL Milwaukee Admirals Media FS Predators The Game ( 102.5 FM ) Nashville Predators Radio Network Culture and lore Gnash `` I Like It , I Love It '' Links to related articles Nashville Predators seasons 1990s 1990 -- 91 . 1991 -- 92 . 1992 -- 93 . 1993 -- 94 . 1994 -- 95 . 1995 -- 96 . 1996 -- 97 . 1997 -- 98 . 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 National Hockey League Eastern Conference Western Conference Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2017 -- 18 season Sports teams based in Tennessee Baseball PCL Memphis Redbirds Nashville Sounds SL Chattanooga Lookouts Jackson Generals Tennessee Smokies ApL Elizabethton Twins Greeneville Reds Johnson City Cardinals Kingsport Mets Basketball NBA Memphis Grizzlies Football NFL Tennessee Titans LFL Nashville Knights WFA Memphis Dynasty Hockey NHL Nashville Predators SPHL Knoxville Ice Bears Roller derby WFTDA Chattanooga Roller Girls Hard Knox Roller Girls Little City Roller Girls Memphis Roller Derby Nashville Rollergirls Soccer MLS Nashville ( 2019 or 2020 ) USL Nashville SC PDL Memphis City FC Tri-Cities Otters NPSL Chattanooga FC Inter Nashville FC Knoxville Force Ultimate AUDL Nashville Nightwatch College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Austin Peay Belmont Chattanooga East Tennessee State Lipscomb Memphis Middle Tennessee Tennessee Tennessee State Tennessee Tech UT - Martin Vanderbilt Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nashville_Predators&oldid=843415201 '' Categories : Ice hockey clubs established in 1998 Nashville Predators Sports in Nashville , Tennessee Ice hockey teams in Tennessee Central Division ( NHL ) National Hockey League in the Sun Belt 1998 establishments in Tennessee Hidden categories : Twitter username not in Wikidata Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from August 2016 Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 00 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the nashville predators become a team | [
"\n\nNashville Predators\n\n\n 2017–18 Nashville Predators season\n\n\n\n\n\nConference\nWestern\n\n\nDivision\nCentral\n\n\nFounded\n1998\n\n\nHistory\nNashville Predators\n1998–present\n\n\nHome arena\nBridgestone Arena\n\n\nCity\nNashville, Tennessee\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nColors\n\nGold, Navy, White[1][2]\n \n\n\nMedia\nFS Predators\nThe Game (102.5 FM)\n\n\nOwner(s)\nPredators Holdings LLC\n\n\nGeneral manager\nDavid Poile\n\n\nHead coach\nPeter Laviolette[3]\n\n\nCaptain\nRoman Josi\n\n\nMinor league affiliates\nMilwaukee Admirals (AHL)\n\n\nStanley Cups\n0\n\n\nConference championships\n1 (2016–17)\n\n\nPresidents' Trophy\n1 (2017–18)\n\n\nDivision championships\n1 (2017–18)\n\n\nOfficial website\nnhl.com/predators\n\n"
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"1998"
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5967407626278204600 | 2018 Winter Olympics | 2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia 2018 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search `` PyeongChang 2018 '' redirects here . For the Winter Paralympics , see 2018 Winter Paralympics . XXIII Olympic Winter Games Host city Pyeongchang County , South Korea Motto Passion . Connected . Korean : 하나 된 열정 . ( Hanadoen Yeoljeong ) Nations participating 92 Athletes participating 2,922 ( 1,680 men and 1,242 women ) Events 102 in 15 sports Opening ceremony 9 February Closing ceremony 25 February Officially opened by President Moon Jae - in Athlete 's Oath Mo Tae - bum Olympic Torch Kim Yu - na Stadium Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Winter < Sochi 2014 Beijing 2022 > Summer < Rio 2016 Tokyo 2020 > Pyeongchang Winter Olympics Hangul 평창 동계 올림픽 대회 Hanja 平 昌 冬季 올림픽 大會 Revised Romanization Pyeongchang Donggye Ollimpik Daehoe McCune -- Reischauer P'yŏngch'ang Tonggye Ollimp'ik Taehoe XXIII Olympic Winter Games Hangul 제 23 회 동계 올림픽 대회 Hanja 第 二 十 三 回 冬季 올림픽 大會 Revised Romanization Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik Daehoe McCune -- Reischauer Cheisipsamhoe Tonggye Ollimp'ik Taehoe Part of a series on the 2018 Winter Olympics Bid process ( bid details ) Venues Torch relay Mascots Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medalists ) World and Olympic records Controversies ( ban on Russian athletes ) Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC KOC POCOG The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( Korean : 제 23 회 동계 올림픽 , translit . Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was a major multi-sport event held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the eve of the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This marks the first time South Korea has hosted the Winter Olympics , and the second time the Olympic games have been held in the country , after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . It also marks the third time East Asia has hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo , Japan ( 1972 ) , and Nagano , Japan ( 1998 ) , and the sixth overall Olympic Games held in East Asia . It was the first of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia , preceding Tokyo 2020 ( Summer ) and Beijing 2022 ( Winter ) . The games featured 102 events in fifteen sports , with the addition of `` big air '' snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing to the Winter Olympic programme . 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . The lead - up to these Games was affected by the ongoing tensions between South Korea and North Korea , and the 2017 -- 18 missile crisis , which led to security concerns , with some countries threatening to skip the games unless their safety was assured . In January 2018 , after their first high - level talks in over two years , North Korea agreed to participate in the Games along with South Korea . The countries also agreed to march together , as a united `` Korea '' , during the opening ceremony , and to field a unified women 's ice hockey team . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding and election 2 Development and preparation 2.1 Medals 2.2 Torch relay 2.3 Venues 2.3. 1 Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) 2.3. 1.1 Alpensia Sports Park 2.3. 2 Stand - alone venues 2.3. 3 Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) 2.4 Ticketing 3 The Games 3.1 Opening ceremony 3.2 Sports 3.3 Participating National Olympic Committees 3.3. 1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee 3.4 Event scheduling 3.5 Calendar 3.6 Medal table 3.7 Podium sweeps 3.8 Records 3.9 Closing ceremony 4 Broadcasting 5 Marketing 5.1 Branding 5.2 Mascots 5.3 Video games 5.4 Sponsors 6 Concerns and controversies 6.1 North Korean relations 6.2 Russian doping 6.2. 1 Participation 6.2. 2 Official sanctions 6.2. 3 Reaction in Russia 6.2. 4 Reactions in Western media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Bidding and election ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics , but lost in the final rounds of voting to Vancouver and Sochi respectively . Munich also launched a bid to host these Games . Prior to Beijing 's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid , Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games , having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics , but received only 25 votes . Annecy ( in southeastern France ) launched their own bid , which failed to secure public support from the local citizens . Their bid ended up receiving seven votes . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban in 2011 , earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting , more votes than its competitors combined . With this , Pyeongchang became the third Asian city to host the Winter Games ; the first two were in Japan , at Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) . 2018 Winter Olympics bidding results City Nation Votes Pyeongchang South Korea 63 Munich Germany 25 Annecy France 7 Development and preparation ( edit ) Pyeongchang Location in South Korea On 5 August 2011 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission . On 4 October 2011 , it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin - sun . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games ( POCOG ) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011 . The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the games as well as forming a design for the venues . The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012 . By then , construction was already underway on the Olympic Village . In June 2012 , construction began on a high - speed rail line that would connect Pyeongchang to Seoul . The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012 . Then - IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013 . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles . 2018 Olympics gold medal 2018 Winter Olympics torch Medals ( edit ) The Games ' medal designs were unveiled on 21 September 2017 . Designed by Lee Suk - woo , they feature a pattern of diagonal ridges on both sides , with the front including the Olympic rings , and the obverse featuring the Games ' emblem , the event name and the discipline . The edge of the medals features extrusions of hangul alphabets , while the ribbons are made from a traditional South Korean textile . Torch relay ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay The torch relay started on 24 October 2017 in Greece and ended at the start of the Olympics on 9 February 2018 . On 1 November 2017 the relay entered Korea . The relay lasted 101 days . There were 7,500 torch bearers to represent the Korean population of 75 million people . There were also 2,018 support runners to guard the torch and act as messengers . The torch and its bearers traveled by a diverse means of transportation , including by turtle ship in Hansando Island , sailboat on the Baengmagang River in Buyeo , marine cable car in Yeosu , zip - wire over Bamseom Island , steam train in the Gokseong Train Village , marine rail bike along the east coast in Samcheok , and by yacht in Busan Metropolitan City . There were also robot torch relays in Jeju and Daejeon . Venues ( edit ) Olympic venues 2018 Main article : Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics Dragon Valley Ski Resort The Olympic events were held in the county of Pyeongchang , except for the ice events , which took place in the neighboring city of Gangneung , and the downhill , combined and super-G events in the Alpine skiing , which took place in the neighboring county of Jeongseon . Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) ( edit ) Alpensia sports park ( edit ) The Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang , was the focus of the 2018 Winter Olympics . Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium -- opening and closing ceremonies Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre -- ski jumping , Nordic combined , snowboarding ( big air ) Alpensia Biathlon Centre -- biathlon Alpensia Cross-Country Centre -- cross-country skiing , Nordic combined Alpensia Sliding Centre -- luge , bobsleigh , and skeleton Olympic Village Yongpyong Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( slalom , giant slalom ) Stand - alone venues ( edit ) Bogwang Phoenix Park in Bongpyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang -- freestyle skiing and snowboard Jeongseon Alpine Centre in Pyeongchang 's neighboring county of Jeongseon -- alpine skiing ( downhill , super-G and combined ) Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) ( edit ) The coastal cluster is located in Pyeongchang 's neighboring city of Gangneung . The Gangneung Olympic Park includes the following four venues : Gangneung Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( men 's competition ) Gangneung Curling Centre -- curling Gangneung Oval -- speed skating Gangneung Ice Arena -- short track speed skating and figure skating In addition , a stand - alone venue is located on the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University : Kwandong Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( women 's competition ) Ticketing ( edit ) Ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and tickets went on sale in October 2016 . Event tickets ranged in price from ₩ 20,000 ( approx . US $ 17 ) to ₩ 900,000 ( ~ US $776 ) while tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies ranged from ₩ 220,000 ( ~ US $190 ) to ₩ 1.5 million ( ~ US $1293 ) . The exact prices were determined through market research ; around 50 % of the tickets were expected to cost about ₩ 80,000 ( ~ US $69 ) or less , and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region , such as biathlon and luge , were made cheaper in order to encourage attendance . By contrast , figure skating and the men 's ice hockey gold - medal game carried the most expensive tickets of the Games . As of 11 October 2017 , domestic ticket sales for the Games were reported to be slow . Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans , only 20.7 % had been sold . International sales were more favorable , with 59.7 % of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold . However , as of 31 January 2018 , 77 % of all tickets had been sold . The Games ( edit ) Opening ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 9 February 2018 ; the US $100 million facility was only intended to be used for the opening and closing ceremonies of these Olympics and the subsequent Paralympics , and is scheduled to be demolished following their conclusion . Sports ( edit ) The 2018 Winter Olympics featured 102 events in 15 sports , making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events . Six new events in existing sports were introduced to the Winter Olympic program in Pyeongchang , including men 's and ladies ' big air snowboarding , mixed doubles curling , men 's and ladies ' mass start speed skating , and mixed team alpine skiing . Alpine skiing ( 11 ) ( details ) Biathlon ( 11 ) ( details ) Bobsleigh ( 3 ) ( details ) Cross-country skiing ( 12 ) ( details ) Curling ( 3 ) ( details ) Figure skating ( 5 ) ( details ) Freestyle skiing ( 10 ) ( details ) Ice hockey ( 2 ) ( details ) Luge ( 4 ) ( details ) Nordic combined ( 3 ) ( details ) Short track speed skating ( 8 ) ( details ) Skeleton ( 2 ) ( details ) Ski jumping ( 4 ) ( details ) Snowboarding ( 10 ) ( details ) Speed skating ( 14 ) ( details ) Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport . For the first time since 1998 , the National Hockey League did not provide accommodations ( including a break in the season for all teams during the Olympics ) to allow its players to participate in the men 's ice hockey tournament . The NHL 's decision stemmed from their demands that the IOC cover the cost of insuring the NHL players who participated in the Games . Although the IOC did pay to insure NHL players in Sochi , the commission was unwilling to do so for Pyeongchang , and was concerned that the NHL 's demand could set a precedent for other professional sports bodies to follow . NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman added that a factor in the decision was that the IOC did not allow the NHL to promote the involvement of its players in the Olympics . The NHL secured the cooperation of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the IOC , who agreed to establish a blacklist forbidding national teams from nominating or accepting players under NHL contract to their Olympic rosters . Participating national Olympic Committees ( edit ) A total of 92 teams qualified at least one athlete to compete in the Games . The number of athletes who qualified per country is listed in the table below ( number of athletes shown in parentheses ) . Six nations made their Winter Olympics debut : Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . Athletes from three further countries -- the Cayman Islands , Dominica and Peru -- qualified to compete , but all three National Olympic Committees returned the quota spots back to the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . Under an historic agreement facilitated by the IOC , qualified athletes from North Korea were allowed to cross the Korean Demilitarized Zone into South Korea to compete in the Games . The two nations marched together under the Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony . A unified Korean team , consisting of 12 players from North Korea and 23 from South Korea , competed in the women 's ice hockey tournament under a special IOC country code designation ( COR ) following talks in Panmunjom on 17 January 2018 . The two nations also participated separately : the South Korea team competed in every sport and the North Korea team competed in alpine skiing , cross-country skiing , figure skating and short track speed skating . See North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics for further details . On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended due to the Russian doping controversy and the investigation into the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi . Individual Russian athletes , who qualified and could demonstrate they had complied with the IOC 's doping regulations , were given the option to compete at the 2018 games as `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' ( OAR ) under the Olympic flag and with the Olympic anthem played at any ceremony . The participating countries at the Winter Olympics 2018 Debuting countries at the Winter Olympics ( hide ) Participating National Olympic Committees Albania ( 2 ) Andorra ( 5 ) Argentina ( 7 ) Armenia ( 3 ) Australia ( 50 ) Austria ( 105 ) Azerbaijan ( 1 ) Belarus ( 33 ) Belgium ( 22 ) Bermuda ( 1 ) Bolivia ( 2 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 4 ) Brazil ( 9 ) Bulgaria ( 21 ) Canada ( 225 ) Chile ( 7 ) China ( 80 ) Chinese Taipei ( 4 ) Colombia ( 4 ) Croatia ( 19 ) Cyprus ( 1 ) Czech Republic ( 93 ) Denmark ( 17 ) East Timor ( 1 ) Ecuador ( 1 ) Eritrea ( 1 ) Estonia ( 22 ) Finland ( 100 ) France ( 106 ) Georgia ( 4 ) Germany ( 153 ) Ghana ( 1 ) Great Britain ( 58 ) Greece ( 4 ) Hong Kong ( 1 ) Hungary ( 19 ) Iceland ( 5 ) India ( 2 ) Iran ( 4 ) Ireland ( 5 ) Israel ( 10 ) Italy ( 120 ) Jamaica ( 3 ) Japan ( 124 ) Kazakhstan ( 46 ) Kenya ( 1 ) Korea ( 35 ) Kosovo ( 1 ) Kyrgyzstan ( 2 ) Latvia ( 34 ) Lebanon ( 3 ) Liechtenstein ( 3 ) Lithuania ( 9 ) Luxembourg ( 1 ) Macedonia ( 3 ) Madagascar ( 1 ) Malaysia ( 2 ) Malta ( 1 ) Mexico ( 4 ) Moldova ( 2 ) Monaco ( 4 ) Mongolia ( 2 ) Montenegro ( 3 ) Morocco ( 2 ) Netherlands ( 33 ) New Zealand ( 21 ) Nigeria ( 3 ) North Korea ( 10 ) Norway ( 109 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( 168 ) Pakistan ( 2 ) Philippines ( 2 ) Poland ( 62 ) Portugal ( 2 ) Puerto Rico ( 1 ) Romania ( 27 ) San Marino ( 1 ) Serbia ( 4 ) Singapore ( 1 ) Slovakia ( 56 ) Slovenia ( 71 ) South Africa ( 1 ) South Korea ( 123 ) ( host nation ) Spain ( 13 ) Sweden ( 116 ) Switzerland ( 166 ) Thailand ( 4 ) Togo ( 1 ) Tonga ( 1 ) Turkey ( 8 ) Ukraine ( 33 ) United States ( 241 ) Uzbekistan ( 2 ) NOCs that participated in 2014 , but not in 2018 . NOCs that participated in 2018 , but not in 2014 . British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Nepal Paraguay Peru Russia Tajikistan Venezuela Virgin Islands Zimbabwe Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Eritrea Ghana Kenya Korea Kosovo Madagascar Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Puerto Rico Singapore South Africa Number of athletes by national Olympic Committee ( edit ) ( show ) IOC Code Country Athletes USA United States 242 CAN Canada 225 SUI Switzerland 169 OAR Olympic Athletes from Russia 168 GER Germany 156 JPN Japan 124 KOR South Korea 123 ITA Italy 122 SWE Sweden 116 NOR Norway 109 FRA France 107 FIN Finland 106 AUT Austria 105 CZE Czech Republic 95 CHN China 80 SLO Slovenia 71 POL Poland 62 GBR Great Britain 58 SVK Slovakia 56 AUS Australia 50 KAZ Kazakhstan 46 COR Korea 35 LAT Latvia 34 NED Netherlands 33 BLR Belarus 33 UKR Ukraine 33 ROU Romania 27 EST Estonia 22 BEL Belgium 22 BUL Bulgaria 21 NZL New Zealand 20 CRO Croatia 19 HUN Hungary 19 DEN Denmark 17 ESP Spain 13 ISR Israel 10 PRK North Korea 10 BRA Brazil 9 LTU Lithuania 9 TUR Turkey 8 CHI Chile 7 ARG Argentina 7 AND Andorra 5 ISL Iceland 5 IRL Ireland 5 BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina COL Colombia GEO Georgia GRE Greece IRI Iran MEX Mexico MON Monaco SRB Serbia TPE Chinese Taipei THA Thailand ARM Armenia JAM Jamaica LBN Lebanon LIE Liechtenstein MKD Macedonia MNE Montenegro NGR Nigeria ALB Albania BOL Bolivia IND India KGZ Kyrgyzstan MAS Malaysia MDA Moldova MGL Mongolia MAR Morocco PAK Pakistan PHI Philippines POR Portugal UZB Uzbekistan AZE Azerbaijan BER Bermuda CYP Cyprus ECU Ecuador ERI Eritrea GHA Ghana HKG Hong Kong KEN Kenya KOS Kosovo LUX Luxembourg MAD Madagascar MLT Malta PUR Puerto Rico SMR San Marino SGP Singapore RSA South Africa TLS East Timor TGA Tonga TOG Togo Apart from the respective delegations , North Korea and South Korea formed a unified Korean women 's ice hockey team . Russian athletes participated as Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) if individually cleared by the IOC . Event scheduling ( edit ) To accommodate primetime broadcasts in the Americas , figure skating events were scheduled with morning start times ; figure skating in particular has typically been one of the most popular Winter Olympic events among U.S. viewers . This scheduling practice had an impact on the events themselves , including skaters having to adjust to the modified schedule , as well as the attendance levels of the sessions themselves . Controversially , eight of the eleven biathlon events were scheduled at night , making it necessary for competitors to ski and shoot under floodlights , with colder temperatures and blustery winds . Calendar ( edit ) See also : Chronological summary of the 2018 Winter Olympics All dates are KST ( UTC + 9 ) OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Event finals EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony February 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Alpine skiing 11 Biathlon 11 Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing 12 Curling Figure skating EG 5 Freestyle skiing 10 Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating 8 Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding 10 Speed skating 14 Daily medal events 0 0 5 6 7 8 9 7 9 6 5 7 10 8 102 Cumulative total 0 0 5 11 18 26 30 39 46 55 61 64 69 76 86 90 98 102 February 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun Total events Medal table ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics medal table Host nation ( South Korea ) Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 14 14 11 39 Germany ( GER ) 14 10 7 31 Canada ( CAN ) 11 8 10 29 United States ( USA ) 9 8 6 23 5 Netherlands ( NED ) 8 6 6 20 6 Sweden ( SWE ) 7 6 14 7 South Korea ( KOR ) 5 8 17 8 Switzerland ( SUI ) 5 6 15 9 France ( FRA ) 5 6 15 10 Austria ( AUT ) 5 6 14 11 Japan ( JPN ) 5 13 12 Italy ( ITA ) 5 10 13 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 6 9 17 14 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 7 15 Belarus ( BLR ) 0 16 China ( CHN ) 6 9 17 Slovakia ( SVK ) 0 18 Finland ( FIN ) 6 19 Great Britain ( GBR ) 0 5 20 Poland ( POL ) 0 21 Hungary ( HUN ) 0 0 Ukraine ( UKR ) 0 0 23 Australia ( AUS ) 0 24 Slovenia ( SLO ) 0 25 Belgium ( BEL ) 0 0 26 Spain ( ESP ) 0 0 New Zealand ( NZL ) 0 0 28 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 0 0 Latvia ( LAT ) 0 0 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 0 0 Total ( 30 NOCs ) 103 102 102 307 Podium sweeps ( edit ) Three podium sweeps were recorded during the Games . Date Sport Event NOC Gold Silver Bronze Ref 10 February Speed skating Women 's 3000 metres Netherlands Carlijn Achtereekte Ireen Wüst Antoinette de Jong 11 February Cross-country skiing Men 's 30 km skiathlon Norway Simen Hegstad Krüger Martin Johnsrud Sundby Hans Christer Holund 20 February Nordic combined Individual large hill / 10 km Germany Johannes Rydzek Fabian Rießle Eric Frenzel Records ( edit ) Main article : World and Olympic records set at the 2018 Winter Olympics On 8 February , the day before the opening of the Games , Noriaki Kasai of Japan took part in the ski jumping qualification . In doing so he became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics . The record was previously held by the Russian luger Albert Demchenko , who had participated seven times . On 11 February , Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer won a gold medal in the men 's 5000m event , making him the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times . He also became the first man to win a total of eight Olympic medals in speed skating . On 12 February , Ireen Wüst of the Netherlands became the first speed skater , male or female , to win ten Winter Olympic medals and the first female Winter Olympian to win nine individual medals . She also won an individual gold medal for the fourth Olympics in a row , the first time this was achieved by a Winter Olympian . On 14 February , Dutch athlete Jorien ter Mors won a speed skating gold medal in the 1000 meters ; on 20 February , she was part of the Dutch short track team that won the bronze in the 3000 metre relay . In doing so , she became the first female athlete to win Olympic medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games . On 15 February , German figure skaters Aliona Savchenko and Bruno Massot set a new ISU best free skating score of 159.31 in pair skating . On 16 February , American Nathan Chen became the first figure skater to land five quadruple jumps in one program . On 19 February , Germany and Canada tied for gold in the two - man bobsleigh event . This was only the second time in history that two countries had tied for a gold medal in this particular event , the first time being in the 1998 Winter Olympics twenty years earlier . On 19 February , Canadian figure skaters Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir set a new ISU best short dance score of 83.67 in ice dance and they set a new ISU best combined total score of 206.07 on 20 February . That same day , Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron set a new ISU best free dance score of 123.35 in ice dance . On 21 February , Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen won a bronze medal in the women 's team sprint ; this was her fourth medal at the 2018 Games and a record fourteenth Olympic medal , surpassing the previous record of fellow Norwegian athlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen who holds a total of thirteen Olympic medals . Then on 25 February Bjørgen won a gold medal in the 30 kilometre classical event , bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen , the most won by any athlete ( male or female ) in Winter Olympics history . On 22 February , Chinese short track speed skater Wu Dajing beat the world record twice en route to winning a gold medal in the men 's 500 metres and became only the second person in history to have skated the discipline in less than 40 seconds ( after American J.R. Celski ) , and the first person to achieve this at `` sea level '' . On 23 February , Russian figure skater Alina Zagitova set a new ISU best short program score of 82.92 in Ladies ' single skating . On 24 February , Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic became the first athlete ever to compete at the Winter Olympics in both alpine skiing and snowboarding . On 17 February , she won a gold medal in the skiing super-G event and one week later , on 24 February , she won a second gold medal in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom . In so doing , she became the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games . On 24 February , Norway won a bronze medal in the alpine skiing mixed team event , their 38th medal at the 2018 Winter Olympics . In doing so , they set a new record for the highest number of medals won at a single Winter Olympics . The USA team held the previous record , winning 37 medals in Vancouver in 2010 . By the end of the Games the Norwegian team had won one further medal , the gold won by Marit Bjørgen on 25 February , setting a new record of 39 Winter Olympic medals in a single Games . Closing ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 25 February 2018 , as Thomas Bach , the IOC president , declared the Games closed , and the cauldron extinguished . Broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long - term broadcast rights deals , including the Games ' local rightsholder SBS , which in July 2011 had extended its rights to the Olympics through to 2024 . SBS sub-licensed its rights to MBC and KBS . On 29 June 2015 , the IOC announced that Discovery Communications had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics across all of Europe outside of Russia , from 2018 through to 2024 . Discovery 's pan-European Eurosport networks were promoted as the main rightsholder of the Games , but Discovery free - to - air channels such as DMAX in Spain , Kanal 5 in Sweden and TVNorge in Norway , were also involved . Discovery was required to sub-licence at least 100 hours of coverage to free - to - air broadcasters in each market ; some of these agreements required certain sports to be exclusive to Eurosport and its affiliated networks . The deal did not initially cover France due to France Télévisions ' rights , which run through to the 2020 Games . In the United Kingdom , Discovery held exclusive pay television rights under license from the BBC , in return for BBC sub-licencing the free - to - air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery . Despite the Russian team being formally banned from competing under its flag in Pyeongchang , Russian state broadcaster Channel One , and sports channel Match TV , still committed to covering the Games with a focus on Russian athletes . Russia was not affected by the Eurosport deal , due to a pre-existing contract held by a marketing agency which runs through to 2024 . In the United States , the Games once again were broadcast by NBCUniversal properties under a long - term contract ; it was NBC 's first Olympics without long - time primary host Bob Costas , who announced on 7 February 2017 his retirement from the role in favour of Mike Tirico . On 28 March 2017 , NBC also said that it would air most primetime coverage simultaneously in all time zones in the United States , and not broadcast on a tape delay as they had in past Olympics ( although as per prior practice , the ceremonies were still delayed to primetime for the U.S. audience , but the network did reverse its previous practice of not streaming the opening ceremony live online ) . U.S. Eastern Time is 14 hours behind Pyeongchang , which allows certain events to be broadcast live in the U.S. primetime hours . NHK and Olympic Broadcasting Services once again filmed portions of the Games , including 90 hours of footage of selected events and the opening ceremonies , in high - dynamic - range 8K resolution video . In South Korea , ATSC 3.0 terrestrial broadcasts at 4K resolution were introduced in 2017 in time for the Olympics . In the U.S. , this footage is being delivered in 4K by NBCUniversal parent Comcast to participating television providers , including its own Xfinity , as well as DirecTV and Dish Network . NBC 's Raleigh , North Carolina affiliate WRAL - TV also held public 4K demonstrations of Olympics content as part of its ATSC 3.0 test broadcasts . The 2018 Winter Olympics were also used to showcase 5G wireless technologies , as part of a collaboration between domestic wireless sponsor KT , and worldwide sponsor Intel . Several venues were outfitted with 5G networks to facilitate features such as live camera feeds from bobsleds , and multi-camera views from cross-country and figure skating events . These were offered as part of public demonstrations coordinated by KT and Intel . Marketing ( edit ) Branding ( edit ) The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013 . It is a stylized representation of the hangul letters ᄑ p and ᄎ ch , being the initial sounds of 평창 Pyeongchang . The left symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven , earth and humanity ( Korean : 천지인 cheon - ji - in ) , and the right symbol a crystal of ice . In the emblem and all official materials , Pyeongchang was stylized in CamelCase as `` PyeongChang '' , in order to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang -- the similarly - named capital of neighbouring North Korea . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Soohorang and Bandabi The official mascots for the Games , Soohorang ( 수 호랑 ) , a white tiger , and Bandabi ( 반 다비 ) , an Asiatic black bear , were unveiled on 2 June 2016 . Video Games ( edit ) Intel Extreme Masters Season 12 -- Pyeongchang Tournament information Sport StarCraft II Location Pyeongchang , South Korea Administrator ( s ) Electronic Sports League Final positions Champions Scarlett Runner - up sOs ← Oakland 2017 Katowice 2018 → In June 2017 , Ubisoft announced that it would release an expansion pack for its winter sports video game Steep entitled Road to the Olympics , which features new game modes and content inspired by the 2018 Winter Olympics . In November 2017 , the IOC announced it would support and sponsor an Intel Extreme Masters StarCraft II tournament in Pyeongchang preceding the Games . Its support of the tournament as a de facto demonstration event came on the heels of a report by the IOC which recognized that eSports `` could be considered as a sporting activity '' . The tournament was won by Sasha `` Scarlett '' Hostyn of Canada ; she became the second North American pro to place first at a major StarCraft II tournament in South Korea , and the first woman to win a major tournament . Sponsors ( edit ) The 2018 Winter Olympics saw increasing granularity in official sponsorship surrounding technology vendors ; Intel signed with the IOC to become part of its Worldwide Olympic Partner program to promote 5G wireless technology , as well as broadcasting technology such as 360 - degree video and virtual reality . Alibaba Group was also named the official e-commerce and cloud services provider . These categories affected how the vendors were allowed to promote themselves within the context of the Olympics ; Samsung could showcase VR experiences but only within the context of its own smartphones due to Intel 's sponsorship rights , Alibaba could not promote Alipay due to Visa Inc. sponsorship rights , and Intel could not promote end - user applications of 5G due to national sponsorship rights held by KT Corporation. . Another sponsor was the incredibles 2 which in february 15 a sneak peek was shown of the movie Concerns and controversies ( edit ) Main article : Concerns and controversies at the 2018 Winter Olympics North Korean relations ( edit ) See also : North Korea -- South Korea relations and North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics Protesters at Gwanghwamun Plaza criticizing the game 's pro-North Korean measures , calling it the `` Pyongyang Olympics '' Due to the state of relations between North and South Korea , concerns were raised over the security of the 2018 Winter Olympics , especially in the wake of tensions over North Korean missile and nuclear tests . On 20 September 2017 , South Korean president Moon Jae - in stated that the country would ensure the security of the Games . The next day , Laura Flessel - Colovic , the French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports , stated that France would pull out of the Games if the safety of its delegation could not be guaranteed . The next day , Austria and Germany raised similar concerns and also threatened to skip the Games . France later reaffirmed its participation . In early December 2017 , the United States Ambassador to the United Nations , Nikki Haley , told Fox News that it was an `` open question '' whether the United States was going to participate in the games , citing security concerns in the region . However , days later the White House Press Secretary , Sarah Huckabee Sanders , stated that the United States would participate . In his New Year 's address on 1 January 2018 , North Korean leader Kim Jong - un proposed talks in Seoul over the country 's participation in the Games , which would be the first high - level talks between the North and South in over two years . Because of the talks , held on 9 January , North Korea agreed to field athletes in Pyeongchang . On 17 January 2018 , it was announced that North and South Korea had agreed to field a unified Korean women 's ice hockey team at the Games , and to enter together under a Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony . These moves were met with opposition in South Korea , including protests and online petitions ; critics argued that the government was attempting to use the Olympics to spread pro-North Korean sentiment , and that the unified hockey team would fail . A rap video entitled `` The Regret for Pyeongchang '' ( 평창 유감 ) , which echoed this criticism and called the event the `` Pyongyang Olympics '' , went viral in the country . Japan 's foreign affairs minister Tarō Kōno warned South Korea to be wary of North Korea 's `` charm offensive '' , and not to ease its pressure on the country . The South Korean President , Moon Jae - in , at the start of the Olympics shook hands with the sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong - un and a prominent figure of the regime , Kim Yo - jong . This marked the first time since the Korean War that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea . In contrast , US Vice President Mike Pence met North Korean defectors in PyeongChang joined by Fred Warmbier , whose son Otto died the year before after being released from North Korean captivity . American officials said that North Korea cancelled a meeting with Pence at the last minute . The apparent softening of relations between the two countries was marred by North Korea dispatching general Kim Yong - chol to head the North Korean delegation present at the closing ceremony . The arrival of Kim , held responsible by South Korea for the deaths of dozens of South Korean navy personnel , was met with ' hostility ' but the government did not oppose his presence at the Olympics . The general ended up being seated in the same stand as the daughter of the president of the USA , Ivanka Trump . Russian doping ( edit ) This article duplicates the scope of other articles , specifically , Concerns and controversies at the 2018 Winter Olympics . Please discuss this issue on the talk page and edit it to conform with Wikipedia 's Manual of Style . ( March 2018 ) Main articles : Doping in Russia , McLaren Report , Oswald Commission , Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics § Doping scandal after Olympics , Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics , and Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics Participation ( edit ) Russia 's participation in the Winter Olympics was affected by the aftermath of its state - sponsored doping program . As a result , the International Olympic Committee suspended the Russian Olympic Committee . Russian athletes whitelisted by the IOC were allowed to compete neutrally in Pyeongchang , but they were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . Official sanctions ( edit ) Approved OAR logo On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended from the 2018 Winter Olympics with immediate effect . Athletes who had no previous drug violations and a consistent history of drug testing were to be allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag as an Olympic Athlete from Russia ( OAR ) . Under the terms of the decree , Russian government officials were barred from the Games , and neither the country 's flag nor anthem would be present . The Olympic Flag and Olympic Anthem were scheduled to be used instead , and on 20 December 2017 the IOC proposed an alternative logo for the uniforms ( shown on right ) . IOC President Thomas Bach said that `` after following due process ( the IOC ) has issued proportional sanctions for this systematic manipulation while protecting the clean athletes '' . By early January 2018 , the IOC had sanctioned 43 Russian athletes from the 2014 Winter Olympics and banned them from competing in the 2018 edition and all other future Olympic Games as part of the Oswald Commission . All but one of these athletes appealed against their bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport . The court overturned the sanctions on 28 athletes meaning that their Sochi medals and results were reinstated but decided that there was sufficient evidence against 11 athletes to uphold their Sochi sanctions . The IOC said in a statement that `` the result of the CAS decision does not mean that athletes from the group of 28 will be invited to the Games . Not being sanctioned does not automatically confer the privilege of an invitation '' and that `` this ( case ) may have a serious impact on the future fight against doping '' . The IOC said `` that the CAS decision does not mean that these 28 athletes are innocent '' and that they would consider an appeal against the court 's decision . The court also decided that none of the 39 athletes should be banned from all future Olympic Games , but only the 2018 Games . Three Russian athletes are still waiting for their hearing which is scheduled to be conducted after the 2018 Games . After the partially successful appeal , 47 Russian athletes and coaches again appealed to the CAS trying to secure an invitation to the Games . The appeal was dismissed on 9 February 2018 , the day of the opening ceremony , which was a welcome decision for the IOC . An original pool of 500 Russian athletes were put forward for consideration for the Games and 111 were immediately removed from consideration . The remaining athletes were required to meet pre-games conditions such as further pre-games tests and reanalysis from stored samples . The athletes would be considered for invitation to the Games only if these requirements were met . None of the athletes who had been sanctioned by the Oswald Commission were still in the pool . The final number of neutral Russian athletes invited to compete was 169 . However , speed skater Olga Graf chose not to compete stating that `` the sport has become a bargaining chip in dirty political games '' . This meant that the final number of neutral Russians competing at the Games was reduced to 168 . During the games , two Russian athletes out of the 168 who competed failed doping tests and were disqualified : curler Aleksandr Krushelnitckii who won a bronze medal in the mixed doubles event ; and bob - sledder Nadezhda Sergeeva who finished 12th in the two - woman event . The IOC expressed their disappointment at the positive doping tests and stated that the Olympic Athletes from Russia team would consequently not be allowed to parade under the Russian flag at the closing ceremony . On 28 February 2018 the IOC announced that it had chosen to reinstate Russia 's Olympic membership , just days after the end of the Winter Games . The surprise decision provoked anger among the international sporting community . The IOC had planned to reinstate Russia after the Games provided there were no more failed tests . Their statement read `` The suspension of the Russian Olympic Committee is automatically lifted with immediate effect . '' Reaction in Russia ( edit ) In the past , Vladimir Putin , the President of Russia , and other officials had said that it would be a humiliation for Russia if its athletes were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . However , his spokesman later said that no boycott had been discussed . After the IOC decision was announced , Ramzan Kadyrov , the Head of Chechnya , announced that no Chechen athletes would participate under a neutral flag . On 6 December , Putin stated that the Russian government would not prevent any athletes from participating at the Games as individuals , but there were calls from other politicians for a boycott . Gennady Zyuganov , a leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation , proposed to send fans with a Soviet Victory Banner . Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov has said that the United States `` fears honest competition '' , affirming Vladimir Putin 's position who had said that the United States used its influence within the International Olympic Committee to `` orchestrate the doping scandal '' . According to Komsomolskaya Pravda , a popular Russian newspaper , 86 % of the Russian population oppose participating in the Olympics under a neutral flag . Despite the OAR designation , many Russian fans still attended the Games , wearing the Russian colours and chanting `` Russia ! '' in unison , in an act of defiance against the ban . Reactions in western Media ( edit ) The IOC 's decision was criticized by Jack Robertson , primary investigator of the Russian doping program on behalf of the World Anti-Doping Agency , who said that the IOC has issued `` a non-punitive punishment meant to save face while protecting the ( IOC 's ) and Russia 's commercial and political interests '' . He also emphasized that Russian whistleblowers provided empirical evidence that `` 99 percent of ( their ) national - level teammates were doping '' . According to Robertson , `` ( WADA ) has discovered that when a Russian athlete ( reaches ) the national level , he or she ( has ) no choice in the matter : ( it is ) either dope , or you 're done '' . `` There is currently no intelligence I have seen or heard about that indicates the state - sponsored doping program has ceased '' , he added . It was also reported that Russian officials intensively lobbied US politicians in an apparent attempt to achieve Grigory Rodchenkov 's ( main whistleblower ) extradition to Russia . Justin Peters of Slate magazine wrote that the IOC `` ended up with a situation that seemed to negate the entire point of the sanctions against Russia . The IOC did not want there to be a Russian Olympic team at the Pyeongchang Games . And yet the hockey , curling , and figure - skating arenas are full of teams of Russian Olympians ... ( this is ) a half - hearted wrist slap issued by an entity that appears more interested in saving face than in protecting athletes '' . CAS decision to overturn life bans of 28 Russian athletes and restore their medals met fierce criticism among Olympic officials , including IOC president Thomas Bach who had said this decision is `` extremely disappointing and surprising '' . Grigory Rodchenkov 's lawyer has said that `` the CAS decision would allow doped athletes to escape without punishment '' . `` ( CAS decision ) provides yet another ill - gotten gain for the corrupt Russian doping system generally , and Putin specifically '' , he added . See also ( edit ) Olympics portal 2018 Summer Youth Olympics 2018 Winter Paralympics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boram , Kim ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` ( Olympics ) S. Korean speed skater Mo Tae - bum takes Olympic Oath '' . Yonhap News Agency . english.yonhapnews.co.kr . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . 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Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 28 Russians have Olympic doping bans lifted '' . nbcsports.com. 1 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Find more about2018 Winter Olympicsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Pyeongchang 2018 Pyeongchang 2018 ( IOC ) Preceded by Sochi Winter Olympics Pyeongchang XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( 2018 ) Succeeded by Beijing Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( Pyeongchang ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea Africa Eritrea Ghana Kenya Madagascar Morocco Nigeria South Africa Togo Americas Argentina Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Ecuador Jamaica Mexico Puerto Rico United States Asia China East Timor Hong Kong India Iran Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Chinese Taipei Thailand Uzbekistan Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Tonga Other Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang mountain cluster Alpensia Resort Alpensia Biathlon Centre Cross-Country Centre Ski Jumping Centre Sliding Centre Convention Centre International Broadcast Centre Yongpyong Alpine Centre Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Pyeongchang Olympic Village Stand - alone venues Bogwang Snow Park Jeongseon Alpine Centre Gangneung coastal cluster Gangneung Olympic Park Gangneung Curling Centre Gangneung Hockey Centre Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung Oval Kwandong Hockey Centre Gangneung Olympic Village Italics indicate non-competition venues . 2010s portal Olympics portal South Korea portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=829132251 '' Categories : 2018 Winter Olympics 2018 in multi-sport events 2018 in South Korean sport 2018 in winter sports February 2018 sports events in Asia Olympic Games in South Korea Sport in Gangneung Sport in Pyeongchang County Winter Olympics by year Winter sports competitions in South Korea Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles containing Korean - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Duplicate articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Аҧсшәа Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Коми Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 73 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 21 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when are the winter olympics and where are they | [
"The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games (Korean: 제23회 동계 올림픽, translit. Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018, was a major multi-sport event held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South Korea, with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018, the eve of the opening ceremony. Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011, during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban, South Africa. This marks the first time South Korea has hosted the Winter Olympics, and the second time the Olympic games have been held in the country, after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. It also marks the third time East Asia has hosted the Winter Games, after Sapporo, Japan (1972), and Nagano, Japan (1998), and the sixth overall Olympic Games held in East Asia. It was the first of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia, preceding Tokyo 2020 (Summer) and Beijing 2022 (Winter).",
"The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games (Korean: 제23회 동계 올림픽, translit. Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018, was a major multi-sport event held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South Korea, with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018, the eve of the opening ceremony. Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011, during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban, South Africa. This marks the first time South Korea has hosted the Winter Olympics, and the second time the Olympic games have been held in the country, after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. It also marks the third time East Asia has hosted the Winter Games, after Sapporo, Japan (1972), and Nagano, Japan (1998), and the sixth overall Olympic Games held in East Asia. It was the first of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia, preceding Tokyo 2020 (Summer) and Beijing 2022 (Winter)."
] | [
"between 9 and 25 February 2018",
"in Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South Korea"
] |
-2411903149818890973 | Apple Watch | Apple Watch - Wikipedia Apple Watch Jump to : navigation , search Apple Watch An Apple Watch with white Sport Band Developer Apple Inc . Manufacturer Quanta Computer ( contract manufacturer ) Type Smartwatch Release date Original : April 24 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 04 - 24 ) Series 1 and Series 2 : September 16 , 2016 ; 17 months ago ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) Series 3 : September 22 , 2017 ; 6 months ago ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) Operating system watchOS System - on - chip used Apple Watch Original : Apple S1 ( 32 - bit ARMv7 ) Apple Watch Series 1 : Apple S1P Apple Watch Series 2 : Apple S2 Apple Watch Series 3 : Apple S3 Memory Original , Series 1 , and Series 2 : 512 MB DRAM Series 3 : 768 MB DRAM Storage Original , Series 1 , and Series 2 : 8 GB Series 3 : 8 or 16 GB Display OLED 38mm 33.96 mm ( 1.337 in ) diagonal , 272 × 340 pixels , 326 dpi 42mm 38.96 mm ( 1.534 in ) diagonal , 312 × 390 pixels , 326 dpi Strengthened Ion - X glass or Sapphire glass Graphics PowerVR SGX543 Connectivity Original , Series 1 , and Series 2 : Bluetooth 4.0 Series 3 : Bluetooth 4.2 All models : NFC , Wi - Fi ( 802.11 b / g / n 2.4 GHz only ) Diagnostics port Power Built - in rechargeable Li - Po battery 38mm 3.8 V 0.78 W h ( 205 mA h ) 42mm 3.78 V 0.93 W h ( 246 mA h ) 38 mm 38.6 mm × 33.3 mm × 10.5 mm ( 1.52 in × 1.31 in × 0.41 in ) 42 mm 42 mm × 35.9 mm × 10.5 mm ( 1.65 in × 1.41 in × 0.41 in ) Backward compatibility iPhone 5s or iPhone 6 and later running iOS 11 or later , connected via Wi - Fi or Bluetooth . Website www.apple.com/watch Apple Watch is a line of smartwatches designed , developed , and marketed by Apple Inc . It incorporates fitness tracking and health - oriented capabilities with integration with iOS and other Apple products and services . Apple Watch relies on a wirelessly connected iPhone to perform many of its default functions such as calling and texting . Series 3 LTE Apple Watches are able to be used without needing to be consistently connected to an iPhone , though an iPhone is still required to set up the device . Most Apple Watches that are currently produced require an iPhone 5s or later with iOS 11 ; the Series 3 LTE model requires an iPhone 6 or later with iOS 11 . The Apple Watch was released on April 24 , 2015 and quickly became the best - selling wearable device with 4.2 million sold in the second quarter of the 2015 fiscal year . The second generation of Apple Watches were released in two tiers in September 2016 : the Apple Watch Series 1 and Apple Watch Series 2 , while the first generation was discontinued . The Apple Watch Series 3 was released on September 22 , 2017 alongside the discontinuation of the Apple Watch Series 2 . Apple still produces the second - generation Series 1 Apple Watch as an entry - level device . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Unveiling and release 2.1 Release 3 Specifications 3.1 Design 3.2 Hardware 3.2. 1 First generation 3.2. 2 Second generation 3.2. 3 Third generation 4 Software 4.1 Version history 4.2 Third - party apps 5 Models 6 Comparison of models 7 Reception 7.1 Sales 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Development ( edit ) The goal of the Apple Watch was to enhance the uses of an iPhone while also providing the user with some additional new features . Kevin Lynch was hired by Apple to make wearable technology for the wrist . He said : `` People are carrying their phones with them and looking at the screen so much . People want that level of engagement . But how do we provide it in a way that 's a little more human , a little more in the moment when you 're with somebody ? '' Apple 's development process was held very much under wraps until a Wired article revealed how some internal design decisions were made . Rumors surrounded an Apple - developed wearable device back as far as 2011 , which conceptualized the device as a variation of the iPod that would curve around the user 's wrist , and feature Siri integration . On February 10 , 2013 , both The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple was beginning to develop an iOS - based smartwatch with a curved display . On February 12 , 2013 , Bloomberg reported that Apple 's smartwatch project was `` beyond the experimentation phase in its development '' , and had a team of at least 100 designers working on the project . Further reports in March 2013 indicated that Apple planned to release the device by the end of the year . In July 2013 , Financial Times reported that Apple had begun hiring more employees to work on the smartwatch , and that it was targeting a possible retail release in late 2014 . Unveiling and release ( edit ) In April 2014 , Apple CEO Tim Cook told The Wall Street Journal that the company was planning to launch new product categories that year , but did not reveal any specifics . In June 2014 , Reuters reported that production was expected to begin in July for a release in October . On September 9 , 2014 , during a press event where the iPhone 6 was also presented , the new product was introduced by Tim Cook as `` the next chapter in Apple 's story '' with a video that focused on its design and the various combinations of bands and case styles that would be available to the consumers . After the reveal video , the auditorium was filled with prolonged applause and a standing ovation as Tim Cook reappeared onstage wearing an Apple Watch . Cook explained that Apple Watch was `` a precise timepiece , a new intimate way to communicate from your wrist , and a comprehensive health and fitness device . '' In comparison to other Apple products and competing smartwatches , marketing of Apple Watch focused more on advertising the device as a fashion accessory ; a 12 - page advertising spread for Apple Watch in an issue of Vogue focused primarily on the different combinations of body and band styles available , and downplayed the technological aspects of it . Apple later focused upon its health and fitness - oriented features , competing against dedicated activity trackers , and with WatchOS 3 , expanded on them with fitness tracking for wheelchair users , social sharing in the Activity app , and a Breathe app to encourage mindfulness . Release ( edit ) Pre-orders for the Apple Watch began on April 10 , 2015 , with the official release on April 24 . The device was not branded as `` iWatch '' ( which would put it in line with its pre-existing product lines such as iPod , iPhone , and iPad ) due to trademark conflicts in certain territories ; in the United States , the `` iWatch '' trademark is owned by OMG Electronics -- who was crowdfunding a device under the same name , and is owned in the European Union by Irish firm Probendi . In July 2015 , Probendi sued Apple Inc. for trademark infringement , arguing that through keyword advertising on the Google search engine , it caused advertising for the Apple Watch to appear on search results pages when users searched for the trademarked term `` iWatch '' . Initially , the Apple Watch was not available at the Apple Store . Beginning on April 10 , 2015 , customers could make appointments for demonstrations and fitting , but the device was not in - stock for walk - in purchases and had to be reserved and ordered online . CNET felt that this distribution model was designed to prevent Apple Store locations from having long line - ups due to the high demand . Selected Apple Watch models were available in limited quantities at luxury boutiques and authorized Apple resellers . On June 4 , 2015 , Apple announced that it did plan to stock Apple Watch models at its retail locations . On August 24 , 2015 , Best Buy announced that it would begin stocking Apple Watch at its retail stores by the end of September . Both T - Mobile US and Sprint also announced plans to offer Apple Watch through its retail stores . On September 9 , 2015 , Apple launched a new subset of Apple Watch in collaboration with Hermès . This collection , dubbed `` Apple Watch Hermès , '' comes in a stainless steel body with crafted leather bands in distinctive styles from Hermès . The following year , Apple launched another subset of Apple Watches in collaboration with Nike dubbed `` Apple Watch Nike + '' . Both subsets feature additional watch faces and bands exclusive to their branding , but otherwise function exactly like standard Apple Watches of their series . Apple Watch went on sale in India on November 6 , 2015 . The device has also launched in Chile , the Philippines , Indonesia , and South Africa . Specifications ( edit ) Design ( edit ) The Apple Watch is available in multiple variants , distinguished by different combinations of casing and interchangeable bands . The watch is available in two sizes : 38 mm ( 1.5 in ) and 42 mm ( 1.7 in ) . The design of the watch has not changed significantly since its release , so customizable bands and accessories are typically compatible with any Apple Watch of the associating size . The casing of the watch includes a mechanism to enable the straps to be interchangeable . For input , the watch includes a `` digital crown '' , which can be turned to scroll or zoom and pressed to return to the home screen , and a touchscreen that features Force Touch technology , which makes it pressure - sensitive and capable of distinguishing between a tap and a press . The watch also has a side button which can be used to display favorite contacts and access Apple Pay . Apple rates the device 's battery for 18 hours of mixed usage . Apple Watch is charged by means of inductive charging , using a cable similar to the MagSafe cable from Apple 's MacBook family of laptops . If the watch 's battery depletes to less than 10 percent , the user is alerted and offered to enable a `` power reserve '' mode , which allows the user to continue to read the time for an additional 72 hours . The watch then reverts to its original mode when recharged . Apple did not explicitly market the first generation Apple Watch as being waterproof , stating that it can withstand splashes of water ( such as rain and hand washing ) , but does not recommend submersion ( IPX7 ) . However , external testing by The Iconfactory and others revealed that Apple Watch can function when submerged in various conditions ( such as swimming ) , although its touchscreen experiences `` erratic '' behavior when submerged . Apple introduced a high level of water resistance with the release of the Apple Watch Series 2 , and the device was explicitly advertised as being suitable for swimming and surfing . Hardware ( edit ) First generation ( edit ) Apple S1 The first - generation Apple Watch uses the single - core S1 system - on - chip . It does not have a built - in GPS chip , instead relying on a paired iPhone for location services . It uses a linear actuator called the `` Taptic Engine '' to provide haptic feedback when an alert or a notification is received , and is used for other purposes by certain apps . The watch is equipped with a built - in heart rate sensor , which uses both infrared and visible - light LEDs and photodiodes . All versions of the first - generation Apple Watch have 8 GB of storage ; the operating system allows the user to store up to 2 GB of music and 75 MB of photos . When the Apple Watch is paired with an iPhone , all music on that iPhone is also available to be controlled and accessed from the Apple Watch . Second generation ( edit ) Main article : Apple Watch Series 2 Apple S1P Apple S2 The second generation has two tiers . The Series 1 has a variant of the Apple S2 processor with GPS removed known as the Apple S1P . It has a lower starting price than first generation watches . The Series 2 has the dual - core Apple S2 processor , water resistance to 50 meters , a display twice as bright , and a GPS receiver . Third generation ( edit ) Main article : Apple Watch Series 3 Apple S3 The third generation of the Apple Watch features a faster processor , the dual - core S3 , Bluetooth 4.2 vs 4.0 on older models , a built - in altimeter for measuring flights of stairs climbed , increased RAM size , and is available in a variant with LTE cellular connectivity . Siri is able to speak on Apple Watch Series 3 due to the increased processing speed of the Watch . The Series 3 Apple Watch is explicitly not compatible with iPhone 5 devices , requiring users to have an iPhone 5s or later for the GPS - only model , or an iPhone 6 or later for the cellular - enabled model . Software ( edit ) Apple Watch runs watchOS , whose interface is based around a home screen with circular app icons . The OS can be navigated using the touchscreen or the crown on the side of the watch . During its debut , the first generation Apple Watch needed to be paired with an iPhone 5 or later running iOS 8.2 or later ; this version of iOS introduced the Apple Watch app , which is used to advertise Apple Watch , pairing with an iPhone , customize settings and loaded apps , and highlight compatible apps from the App Store . With the release of watchOS 4 and the Series 3 Apple Watch , iPhone 5 support was dropped , requiring users to use an iPhone 5s or later with iOS 11 to use watchOS 4 . Apple Watches still running watchOS 3 or below remain compatible with the iPhone 5 . The Apple Watch is capable of receiving notifications , messages , and phone calls via a paired iPhone . `` Glances '' allowed users to swipe between pages containing widget - like displays of information ; however , this feature was replaced by a new Control Center . WatchOS also supports Handoff to send content from Apple Watch to an iOS or OS X device , and act as a viewfinder for an iPhone camera , Siri is also available for voice commands , and is capable of responding with voice prompts on the Series 3 watches . Apple Watch also supports Apple Pay , and enables its use with older iPhone models that do not contain near - field communication ( NFC ) support . Apple Watch 's default apps are designed to interact with their iOS counterparts , such as Mail , Phone , Calendar , Messages , Maps , Music , Photos , Reminders , Remote ( which can control iTunes and Apple TV ) , Stocks , and Wallet . Using the Activity and Workout apps , a user can track their physical activity and send data back to the iPhone for use in its Health app and other HealthKit - enabled software . With WatchOS 3 , Reminders , Home , Find My Friends , Heart Rate , and Breathe were added to the many stock apps . Version History ( edit ) See also : watchOS version history WatchOS 1.0. 1 featured performance improvements and support for additional emoji and languages , and was released on May 29 , 2015 . At WWDC 2015 , Tim Cook announced watchOS 2.0 ; described by CNET as a `` significant revamp '' , it included a new software development kit that allows more direct access to the device 's hardware , new watch faces , the ability to reply to an e-mail , and other features . watchOS 2.0 was set to be released on September 16 , 2015 , but was delayed due to a bug fix taking longer than expected ; it was instead released on September 21 , 2015 . WatchOS 2.0 featured new features and more general improvements to Apple Watch . Following the software update , some users experienced issues with lag . WatchOS 3.0 was announced at WWDC 2016 , with a priority on performance . Users are able to keep apps running in memory as well as receive background updates and refreshed information . Other updates include a new Dock invoked with the side button to replace the performance - laden Glances , an updated Control Center , and new reply options on Messages . Several new watch faces have also been added , including Minnie Mouse , along with the ability to switch watch faces from the lock screen simply by swiping . A new feature called SOS allows users to hold the dock button to make a call to the local emergency line and pull up the user 's Medical ID . Another feature is Activity Sharing , which allows sharing of workouts with friends and even sending their heartbeats to one another . A new app called Breathe guides users through breathing exercises throughout the day , with visuals and haptic feedback . watchOS 3.0 was released to developers on June 13 , 2016 and was made available to the public on September 13 , 2016 . WatchOS 3.1 was released to the public on October 24 , and watchOS 3.2 was released near the end of March , 2017 . Both updates added minor improvements and bug fixes . WatchOS 4.0 was announced at WWDC 2017 on June 5 , 2017 , and released to the public on September 19 . WatchOS 4 features a proactive Siri watch face , personalized activity coaching , and an entirely redesigned music app . It also introduces GymKit , a technology platform to connect workouts with cardio equipment . Third - party apps ( edit ) WatchOS supports third - party applications ; a WatchKit app runs in the background on the iPhone as an application extension while a set of native user interface resources are installed on Apple Watch . Thus , watchOS apps must be bundled within their respective iOS app , and are synced to the watch either manually , or automatically upon installation of the phone app . Starting June 1 , 2016 , the only new watch apps allowed on the App Store will be those developed with the watchOS 2 ( or later ) SDK ; no third - party languages or SDKs can be used to develop apps . Models ( edit ) See also : List of iOS devices § Apple Watch An Apple Store showcase with various Apple Watch models . As of October 2017 , three generations and four series of Apple Watch have been released . The series in bold are the current generation of the device : Apple Watch ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Apple Watch Series 1 ( 2016 -- present ) Apple Watch Series 2 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Apple Watch Series 3 ( 2017 -- present ) Apple Watch Series 2 and Series 3 models are divided into four `` collections '' : Apple Watch , Apple Watch Nike+ , Apple Watch Hermès and Apple Watch Edition . They are differentiated by combinations of cases , bands , and exclusive watch faces ; Apple Watch comes with either aluminum or stainless steel cases , and various watch bands ; Apple Watch Nike+ uses aluminum cases and special variants of sport band ; Apple Watch Hermès uses stainless steel cases and Hermès watch bands ; and Apple Watch Edition comes with ceramic cases ( the original generation Apple Watch Edition used 18 karat gold ) . Apple Watch Series 1 models are only available with aluminum cases and sport bands . Apple Watch Series 3 models are sold in a variant that allows for cellular LTE capability . Each model comes in a 38 - or 42 - millimeter body , with the 42 mm size having a slightly larger screen and battery . Each model has various color and band options . Featured Apple - made bands include colored sport bands , sport loop , woven nylon band , classic buckle , modern buckle , leather loop , milanese loop , and a link bracelet . Comparison of models ( edit ) Specification Original ( Series 0 ) Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 System on chip ( SoC ) Apple S1 Apple S1P Apple S2 Apple S3 Global Positioning System ( GPS ) and GLONASS No No Built - in Built - in , including Galileo and QZSS Cellular ( LTE / UMTS ) No No No Optional ( eSIM ) Water resistance IPX7 splash resistant ( up to 1 meter ) IPX7 splash resistant ( up to 1 meter ) ISO 22810 : 2010 water resistant ( up to 50 meters ) ISO 22810 : 2010 water resistant ( up to 50 meters ) Wireless networking WiFi ( 802.11 b / g / n 2.4 GHz ) WiFi ( 802.11 b / g / n 2.4 GHz ) WiFi ( 802.11 b / g / n 2.4 GHz ) WiFi ( 802.11 b / g / n 2.4 GHz ) Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.0 Bluetooth 4.0 / Bluetooth 4.2 Bluetooth 4.0 Bluetooth 4.2 Heart rate monitor Yes Yes Yes Yes Accelerometer Yes Yes Yes Yes Gyroscope Yes Yes Yes Yes Ambient light sensor Yes Yes Yes Yes Altimeter No No No Yes Display OLED Retina display with Force Touch ( 450 nits ) OLED Retina display with Force Touch ( 450 nits ) Second - generation OLED Retina display with Force Touch ( 1000 nits ) Second - generation OLED Retina display with Force Touch ( 1000 nits ) Central Processing Unit ( CPU ) 520 MHz Single - Core 780 MHz Dual - Core 780 MHz Dual - Core Dual - Core Storage 8 GB 8 GB 8 GB Non-LTE : 8 GB LTE : 16 GB Random Access Memory ( RAM ) 512 MB DRAM 512 MB DRAM 512 MB DRAM 768 MB DRAM OS Versions watchOS 1 to 4 watchOS 3 to 4 watchOS 4 Requires iPhone 5 or later running iOS 8.2 or later iPhone 5 or later running iOS 10 or later Non-LTE : iPhone 5S or later running iOS 11 or later LTE : iPhone 6 or later , running iOS 11 or later Battery 205 mAh , 3.8 V , 0.78 Wh battery capacity ( 38 mm ) 250 mAh , 3.78 V , 0.93 Wh battery capacity ( 42 mm ) 205 mAh , 3.8 V , 0.78 Wh battery capacity ( 38 mm ) 250 mAh , TBC V , TBC Wh battery capacity ( 42 mm ) 273 mAh , 3.77 V , 1.03 Wh battery capacity ( 38 mm ) 334 mAh , 3.80 V , 1.27 Wh battery capacity ( 42 mm ) Non-LTE : 262 mAh , 3.81 V , 1.00 Wh battery capacity ( 38 mm ) TBC mAh , TBC V , TBC Wh battery capacity ( 42 mm ) LTE : 279 mAh , 3.82 V , 1.07 Wh battery capacity ( 38 mm ) 352 mAh , TBC V , 1.34 Wh battery capacity ( 42 mm ) Greenhouse Gas Emissions 50 kg CO e 20 kg CO e 30 kg CO e Non-LTE : 28 kg CO e LTE : 36 kg CO e At time of original release . Reception ( edit ) An Apple Store opens its doors on the first day of sales of the Apple Watch . Following the announcement , initial impressions from technology and watch industry observers were varied ; the watch was praised by some for its `` design , potential capabilities and eventual usefulness '' , while others offered criticism of these same aspects . Venture capitalist Marc Andreessen said he `` ca n't wait '' to try it , and Steve Jobs ' biographer Walter Isaacson described it as `` extremely cool '' and an example of future technology that is `` much more embedded into our lives '' . However , Evan Dashevsky of PC Magazine said it offered nothing new in terms of functionality compared to the Moto 360 , except the customizable vibration notifications . In November 2014 , Apple Watch was listed by Time as one of the 25 Best Inventions of 2014 . Initial reviews for the device have been generally positive with some caveats . Reviewers praised the watch 's potential ability to integrate into everyday life and the overall design of the product , but noted issues of speed and price . Many reviewers described the watch as functional and convenient , while also noting failure to offer as much potential functionality as preceding smartphones . Farhad Manjoo of The New York Times mentioned the device 's steep learning curve , stating it took him `` three long , often confusing and frustrating days '' to become accustomed to it . Some reviewers also compared it to competing products , such as Android Wear devices , and claimed `` The Smartwatch Finally Makes Sense '' . Reviewers had mixed opinions on battery life though , with Geoffrey Fowler of The Wall Street Journal saying `` the battery lives up to its all - day billing , but sometimes just barely , '' and others compared it to the Samsung Gear 2 , which `` strolls through three days of moderate usage . '' Tim Bradshaw of the Financial Times used several applications over a period of days . He concluded that there is no `` killer application '' so far besides telling the time , which is the basic function of a wristwatch anyhow . When using the Apple Watch , some users have reported issues using the heart monitoring feature due to permanent skin conditions including tattoos . The Watch uses photoplethysmography technology ( PPG ) which utilizes the green LED lights to measure heart rates . To gauge a user 's heart rate , the watch flashes green light from the LEDs at the skin and records the amount of this light that is absorbed by the red pigment of the blood . However , under certain circumstances the skin may not allow for the light absorption to be read properly and thus provide inaccurate results . Some users have complained that the logo and text on the back of the Apple Watch Sport model , primarily the space gray version , can be easily worn off . The first generation Apple Watch Edition , where 18 k gold models retailed from US $10,000 to US $17,000 , received a lukewarm reception as the Apple brand `` has n't established its value yet in gold '' compared to similar - priced timepieces from Rolex and Patek Philippe . These Swiss luxury manufacturers were known for their `` products ' intricate craftsmanship ( that ) justifies that high price tag '' . An analyst suggested `` What makes a high - end watch ? It 's the Swiss movements , the inner workings . That 's why collectors buy them . This ( Apple Watch Edition ) has none of that . It 's inserting a high - end case on a piece of electronics '' which was not endlessly upgradable and would become obsolete in a couple years like other tech gadgets . In addition , Apple Retail Stores that carry the Apple Watch Edition would be `` totally antithetical to their current retail model '' , according to the Jewelers ' Security Alliance , since `` You ca n't have people touching it . You ca n't have it out on counters . You have the same problems that retail jewelers have , in terms of distraction thefts , in terms of switching , in terms of grab and runs '' . Apple has apparently given up on competing in the luxury watch market after failing to make much headway , as the second - generation Apple Watch Edition is made of ceramic and sells for US $1,249 . Sales ( edit ) Financial analysts offered early sales estimates from a few million to as many as 34.7 million in the first year . Time 's Tim Bajarin summarized the breadth of reactions , writing that `` there is not enough information yet to determine how this product will fare when it finally reaches the market next year '' . Owing to the inadequacy of materials , the Apple Watch 's delivery was delayed from its initial pre-order release date of April 10 , 2015 . As a result , only 22 percent of the pre-ordered Apple Watches were dispatched in the United States during the weekend after the release date . It is estimated Apple received almost one million Apple Watch pre-orders in the United States during the initial six hours of the pre-order period on April 10 , 2015 , after which it sold out and further orders would start delivering in June . A report later on by an analyst stated that Apple Watch was already a $10 billion business during its first year . Apple has not disclosed any sales figures of for the Apple Watch . An estimate by IDC states Apple shipped over 12 million units in 2015 . In late 2016 , a veteran of the Swiss watch industry said Apple sold about 20 million watches and had a market share of about 50 percent . See also ( edit ) Apple Inc. portal List of iOS devices References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eva Dou ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Who Is Apple 's Watch Maker ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steve T-S on Twitter '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Teardown shows Apple Watch S1 chip has custom CPU , 512MB RAM , 8GB storage '' . AppleInsider . 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Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Price Details in India '' . Jump up ^ Mangalindan , JP ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Apple announces Apple Watch Series 2 on September 7 , 2016 '' . Yahoo Tech . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch 3 vs Apple Watch 2 : What 's new ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Apple silently killed off the Watch Series 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` What You Need to Know About the Apple Watch '' . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone Killer : The Secret History of the Apple Watch '' . WIRED . Jump up ^ `` Rumor : Apple working on wearable iPod with Siri control iMore '' . iMore . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple is ' experimenting ' with curved glass smartwatch , says NYT and WSJ '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Said to Have Team Developing Wristwatch Computer '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple 's Planned ' IWatch ' Could Be More Profitable Than TV '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple on iWatch hiring blitz ahead of possible late 2014 launch , says Financial Times '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple 's Cook on New Products : ' Take the Time to Get It Right ' '' . Digits . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple 's iWatch may launch in October with 2.5 - inch screen , says Reuters '' . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch announced : available for $349 early next year '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Apple Watch is poised to dominate the market for digital fitness trackers '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch is competing as a fashion accessory , and that 's a risky move '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Apple Watch ads in U.S. magazines favor fashion lovers over techies '' . Mashable . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Bradley . `` Apple Watch is n't about fashion design ; it 's about the fashion industry '' . Techradar . Future . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch release date is April 24th , with pricing from $349 to over $10,000 '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Apple companies hold iWatch trademark in U.S. , U.K. , China '' . CNET . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why the Apple Watch is n't called the iWatch '' . CNBC . NBCUniversal News Group . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Apple iWatch does n't exist , but a legal fight over it does '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch launch : Plan ahead -- it 's by appointment only '' . CNET . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple Watch can now be reserved for in - store purchase '' . CNET . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Want an Apple Watch on Friday ? Head to a luxury boutique '' . CNET . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Apple Watch will be available at all Best Buy locations next month '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Apple Watch From Sprint on Friday '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Don . `` Apple 's Pricey Hermès Smartwatch Will Be Available Online Friday '' . fortune.com . Fortune Magazine . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2016/09/apple-nike-launch-apple-watch-nike/ Jump up ^ Diaconescu , Adrian ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Apple Watch finally goes on sale in India starting at the equivalent of $470 '' . Pocketnow . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch coming to India on Nov. 6 , prices and resellers unknown '' . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tanggal Rilis Apple Watch di Indonesia Terkuak : Akhir November ! '' . Makemac . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch -- Buy '' . Apple . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . 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Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 Jump up ^ Apple Watch includes 8 GB of storage , allows 2 GB of music storage and 75 MB of photos . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple Watch -- Compare '' . Apple . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Archive.org link : https://web.archive.org/web/20170712183811/https://www.apple.com/watch/compare/ Jump up ^ Stern , Joanna ( 20 September 2017 ) . `` Apple Watch Series 3 Review : Untethered ... and Unreliable '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple releases first Apple Watch update with watchOS 1.0. 1 , adding new Emoji & languages , app improvements , more '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Get ready for Apple Watch 2.0 '' . CNET . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Previews New Apple Watch Software '' . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Andrew ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` After delay , Apple releases watchOS 2.0 to the public '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why I 'm cheating on my Apple Watch '' . Cult of Mac . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Releases watchOS 3.1 to the public with bug fixes , update through iPhone Watch app 9TO5Mac '' . 9TO5Mac . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Andrew ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Apple releases WatchKit developer tools alongside first iOS 8.2 beta '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple requires all new watchOS apps be native by June 1 '' . AppleInsider. April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anvin VS ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Apple Watch : 18 - Karat Gold Premium Smartwatch Edition To Be Priced At $5000 '' . International Business Times AU . Jump up ^ `` Buy Apple Watch Series 1 '' . apple.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple Watch -- Compare '' . Apple . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Apple Watch Original -- Technical Specifications ^ Jump up to : Apple Watch Series 3 -- Technical Specifications Jump up ^ www.techinsights.com . `` Apple Watch Series 3 Teardown '' . www.techinsights.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Apple introduces Apple Watch Series 2 Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Apple and the Environment . Apple Inc . September 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Series 1 Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Series 2 Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Series 3 ( GPS ) Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . September 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Series 3 ( GPS + Cellular ) Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . September 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bajarin , Tim ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` Nobody Can Predict the Success of Apple 's Watch Yet '' . Time . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zuckerberg is world 's best CEO , Twitter the eighth wonder , says Marc Andreessen '' . CNET . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaban , Hamza ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Walter Isaacson Talks AI , Apple Watch , and His New Book The Innovators '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` There 's Only One Reason to Buy an Apple Watch '' . PC Magazine . September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 25 Best Inventions of 2014 '' . Time . November 20 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Tim ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Apple watch reviews very positive , with some caveats '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . 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What it means , and where on Apple Watch you 'll find it '' . Apple Inc . May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roger Fingas . `` Apple Watch Sport owners report unexpected rear logo damage , other text scratching off '' . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Sport Users Complain That Lettering And Logo Are Wearing Off '' . Consumerist . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.jckonline.com/blogs/cutting-remarks/2016/01/20/what-will-apple-watch-edition-cost-jewelry-and-watch-people-weigh Jump up ^ http://www.jckonline.com/blogs/cutting-remarks/2016/01/20/apple-treated-its-high-end-watch-gold-headed-stepchild Jump up ^ http://www.jckonline.com/blogs/cutting-remarks/2016/09/09/apple-decides-it-wont-be-rolex Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch sales to reach 36 million in first year , analyst predicts '' . CNET . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shara Tibkens . `` Apple Watch delays delays may be due to faulty part '' . CNET . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lance Whitney . `` Apple Watch may have shipped to only 22 percent of preorder buyers so far '' . CNET . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dan Frommer . `` Apple Watch pre-orders were 1 million in the US on its first day , a shopping data firm estimates '' . Quartz . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Is Already a $10 Billion Business '' . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Is A Colossal $10 Billion Business After Just 1 Year In The Market '' . The Cryd 's Daily . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's How Much the Apple Watch Business Is Worth '' . Fortune . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Ron . `` Apple Watch Sales Have Plummeted , Analyst Says '' . Fortune . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick , Statt . `` Apple shipped 11.6 million Apple Watches last year , says IDC ( Feb 24 , 2016 ) '' . TheVerge.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss watch sector set for smartwatch boom '' . Reuters . January 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apple Watch . 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-3984455177433198590 | Cricket World Cup | Cricket World Cup - Wikipedia Cricket World Cup This article is about the men 's tournament . For the women 's tournament , see Women 's Cricket World Cup . For the upcoming tournament , see 2019 Cricket World Cup . For the Twenty20 tournament , see ICC World Twenty20 . ICC Cricket World Cup The World Cup Trophy Administrator International Cricket Council ( ICC ) Format One Day International First tournament 1975 ( England ) Last tournament 2015 ( Australia , New Zealand ) Next tournament 2019 ( England , Wales ) Tournament format ↓ various Number of teams 20 ( all tournaments ) 14 ( until 2015 ) 10 ( current ) Current champion Australia ( 5th title ) Most successful Australia ( 5 titles ) Most runs Sachin Tendulkar ( 2,278 ) Most wickets Glenn McGrath ( 71 ) Tournaments 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 The ICC Cricket World Cup is the international championship of One Day International ( ODI ) cricket . The event is organised by the sport 's governing body , the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , every four years , with preliminary qualification rounds leading up to a finals tournament . The tournament is one of the world 's most viewed sporting events and is considered the `` flagship event of the international cricket calendar '' by the ICC . The first World Cup was organised in England in June 1975 , with the first ODI cricket match having been played only four years earlier . However , a separate Women 's Cricket World Cup had been held two years before the first men 's tournament , and a tournament involving multiple international teams had been held as early as 1912 , when a triangular tournament of Test matches was played between Australia , England and South Africa . The first three World Cups were held in England . From the 1987 tournament onwards , hosting has been shared between countries under an unofficial rotation system , with fourteen ICC members having hosted at least one match in the tournament . The World Cup is open to all members of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , although the highest - ranking teams receive automatic qualification . The remaining teams are determined via the World Cricket League and the ICC World Cup Qualifier . A total of twenty teams have competed in the eleven editions of the tournament , with fourteen competing in the latest edition in 2015 ; the next edition in 2019 will have only ten teams . Australia has won the tournament five times , with the West Indies , India ( twice each ) , Pakistan and Sri Lanka ( once each ) also having won the tournament . The best performance by a non-full - member team came when Kenya made the semi-finals of the 2003 tournament . The tournament is the world 's 3rd biggest sporting event behind the FIFA World Cup , Summer Olympics and just ahead of the Rugby World Cup in terms of viewership and crowd attendance . Contents 1 History 1.1 Before the first Cricket World Cup 1.2 Prudential World Cups ( 1975 -- 1983 ) 1.3 Different champions ( 1987 -- 1996 ) 1.4 Australian treble ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 1.5 Hosts triumph ( 2011 -- 2015 ) 2 Format 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Tournament 3 Trophy 4 Media coverage 5 Selection of hosts 6 Tournament history 7 Results 7.1 Teams ' performances 7.2 Debutant teams 7.3 Overview 8 Awards 8.1 Man of the tournament 8.2 Man of the Match in the Final 9 Tournament records 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History Main article : History of the Cricket World Cup Before the first Cricket World Cup The first international cricket match was played between Canada and the United States , on 24 and 25 September 1844 . However , the first credited Test match was played in 1877 between Australia and England , and the two teams competed regularly for The Ashes in subsequent years . South Africa was admitted to Test status in 1889 . Representative cricket teams were selected to tour each other , resulting in bilateral competition . Cricket was also included as an Olympic sport at the 1900 Paris Games , where Great Britain defeated France to win the gold medal . This was the only appearance of cricket at the Summer Olympics . The first multilateral competition at international level was the 1912 Triangular Tournament , a Test cricket tournament played in England between all three Test - playing nations at the time : England , Australia and South Africa . The event was not a success : the summer was exceptionally wet , making play difficult on damp uncovered pitches , and attendances were poor , attributed to a `` surfeit of cricket '' . Since then , international Test cricket has generally been organised as bilateral series : a multilateral Test tournament was not organised again until the triangular Asian Test Championship in 1999 . The number of nations playing Test cricket increased gradually over time , with the addition of West Indies in 1928 , New Zealand in 1930 , India in 1932 , and Pakistan in 1952 . However , international cricket continued to be played as bilateral Test matches over three , four or five days . In the early 1960s , English county cricket teams began playing a shortened version of cricket which only lasted for one day . Starting in 1962 with a four - team knockout competition known as the Midlands Knock - Out Cup , and continuing with the inaugural Gillette Cup in 1963 , one - day cricket grew in popularity in England . A national Sunday League was formed in 1969 . The first One - Day International match was played on the fifth day of a rain - aborted Test match between England and Australia at Melbourne in 1971 , to fill the time available and as compensation for the frustrated crowd . It was a forty over game with eight balls per over . In the late 1970s , Kerry Packer established the rival World Series Cricket ( WSC ) competition . It introduced many of the now commonplace features of One Day International cricket , including coloured uniforms , matches played at night under floodlights with a white ball and dark sight screens , and , for television broadcasts , multiple camera angles , effects microphones to capture sounds from the players on the pitch , and on - screen graphics . The first of the matches with coloured uniforms was the WSC Australians in wattle gold versus WSC West Indians in coral pink , played at VFL Park in Melbourne on 17 January 1979 . The success and popularity of the domestic one - day competitions in England and other parts of the world , as well as the early One - Day Internationals , prompted the ICC to consider organising a Cricket World Cup . Prudential World Cups ( 1975 -- 1983 ) The Prudential Cup trophy The inaugural Cricket World Cup was hosted in 1975 by England , the only nation able to put forward the resources to stage an event of such magnitude at the time . The 1975 tournament started on 7 June . The first three events were held in England and officially known as the Prudential Cup after the sponsors Prudential plc . The matches consisted of 60 six - ball overs per team , played during the daytime in traditional form , with the players wearing cricket whites and using red cricket balls . Eight teams participated in the first tournament : Australia , England , India , New Zealand , Pakistan , and the West Indies ( the six Test nations at the time ) , together with Sri Lanka and a composite team from East Africa . One notable omission was South Africa , who were banned from international cricket due to apartheid . The tournament was won by the West Indies , who defeated Australia by 17 runs in the final at Lord 's . The 1979 World Cup saw the introduction of the ICC Trophy competition to select non-Test playing teams for the World Cup , with Sri Lanka and Canada qualifying . The West Indies won a second consecutive World Cup tournament , defeating the hosts England by 92 runs in the final . At a meeting which followed the World Cup , the International Cricket Conference agreed to make the competition a quadrennial event . The 1983 event was hosted by England for a third consecutive time . By this stage , Sri Lanka had become a Test - playing nation , and Zimbabwe qualified through the ICC Trophy . A fielding circle was introduced , 30 yards ( 27 m ) away from the stumps . Four fieldsmen needed to be inside it at all times . The teams faced each other twice , before moving into the knock - outs . India , an outsider , quoted at 66 -- 1 to win by bookmakers before the competition began , were crowned champions after upsetting the West Indies by 43 runs in the final . Different champions ( 1987 -- 1996 ) India and Pakistan jointly hosted the 1987 tournament , the first time that the competition was held outside England . The games were reduced from 60 to 50 overs per innings , the current standard , because of the shorter daylight hours in the Indian subcontinent compared with England 's summer . Australia won the championship by defeating England by 7 runs in the final , the closest margin in World Cup final history . The 1992 World Cup , held in Australia and New Zealand , introduced many changes to the game , such as coloured clothing , white balls , day / night matches , and a change to the fielding restriction rules . The South African cricket team participated in the event for the first time , following the fall of the apartheid regime and the end of the international sports boycott . Pakistan overcame a dismal start in the tournament to eventually defeat England by 22 runs in the final and emerge as winners . The 1996 championship was held in the Indian subcontinent for a second time , with the inclusion of Sri Lanka as host for some of its group stage matches . In the semi-final , Sri Lanka , heading towards a crushing victory over India at Eden Gardens after the hosts lost eight wickets while scoring 120 runs in pursuit of 252 , were awarded victory by default after crowd unrest broke out in protest against the Indian performance . Sri Lanka went on to win their maiden championship by defeating Australia by seven wickets in the final at Lahore . Australian treble ( 1999 -- 2007 ) In 1999 the event was hosted by England , with some matches also being held in Scotland , Ireland , Wales and the Netherlands . Twelve teams contested the World Cup . Australia qualified for the semi-finals after reaching their target in their Super 6 match against South Africa off the final over of the match . They then proceeded to the final with a tied match in the semi-final also against South Africa where a mix - up between South African batsmen Lance Klusener and Allan Donald saw Donald drop his bat and stranded mid-pitch to be run out . In the final , Australia dismissed Pakistan for 132 and then reached the target in less than 20 overs and with eight wickets in hand . A crowd of over 10,000 fans welcome the Australian team on completing the first World Cup hat - trick -- Martin Place , Sydney . South Africa , Zimbabwe and Kenya hosted the 2003 World Cup . The number of teams participating in the event increased from twelve to fourteen . Kenya 's victories over Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe , among others -- and a forfeit by the New Zealand team , which refused to play in Kenya because of security concerns -- enabled Kenya to reach the semi-finals , the best result by an associate . In the final , Australia made 359 runs for the loss of two wickets , the largest ever total in a final , defeating India by 125 runs . In 2007 the tournament was hosted by the West Indies and expanded to sixteen teams . Following Pakistan 's upset loss to World Cup debutants Ireland in the group stage , Pakistani coach Bob Woolmer was found dead in his hotel room . Jamaican police had initially launched a murder investigation into Woolmer 's death but later confirmed that he died of heart failure . Australia defeated Sri Lanka in the final by 53 runs ( D / L ) in farcical light conditions , and extended their undefeated run in the World Cup to 29 matches and winning three straight championships . Hosts triumph ( 2011 -- 2015 ) India , Sri Lanka and Bangladesh together hosted the 2011 Cricket World Cup . Pakistan were stripped of their hosting rights following the terrorist attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team in 2009 , with the games originally scheduled for Pakistan redistributed to the other host countries . The number of teams participating in the World Cup dropped down to fourteen . Australia lost their final group stage match against Pakistan on 19 March 2011 , ending an unbeaten streak of 35 World Cup matches , which had begun on 23 May 1999 . India won their second World Cup title by beating Sri Lanka by 6 wickets in the final in Mumbai , and became the first country to win the final on home soil . Australia and New Zealand jointly hosted the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The number of participants remained at fourteen . Ireland was the most successful Associate nation with a total of three wins in the tournament . New Zealand beat South Africa in a thrilling first semi-final to qualify for their maiden World Cup final . Australia defeated New Zealand by seven wickets in the final at Melbourne to lift the World Cup for the fifth time . Format Qualification This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2018 ) Main article : Cricket World Cup qualification The Test - playing nations qualify automatically for the World Cup main event while the other teams have to qualify through a series of preliminary qualifying tournaments . A new qualifying format was introduced for the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The top two teams of the 2011 -- 13 ICC World Cricket League Championship qualify directly . The remaining six teams join the third and fourth - placed teams of 2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Two and the top two teams of the 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three in the World Cup Qualifier to decide the remaining two places . Qualifying tournaments were introduced for the second World Cup , where two of the eight places in the finals were awarded to the leading teams in the ICC Trophy . The number of teams selected through the ICC Trophy had varied throughout the years . The World Cricket League ( administered by the International Cricket Council ) is the qualification system provided to allow the Associate and Affiliate members of the ICC more opportunities to qualify . The name `` ICC Trophy '' has been changed to `` ICC World Cup Qualifier '' . Under the current qualifying process , the World Cricket League , all Associate and Affiliate members of the ICC are able to qualify for the World Cup . Associate and Affiliate members must play between two and five stages in the ICC World Cricket League to qualify for the World Cup finals , depending on the Division in which they start the qualifying process . Process summary in chronological order ( 2011 - 2014 ) : 2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Two : 6 Teams -- Top 2 were promoted to the 2011 -- 13 ICC World Cricket League Championship . The third and fourth - placed teams qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . The fifth and sixth - placed teams were relegated to the Division Three for 2013 . 2011 -- 13 ICC World Cricket League Championship : 8 Teams -- Top 2 automatically qualified for the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The remaining six teams qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three : 6 Teams -- Top 2 were qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . The fifth and sixth - placed teams were relegated to the Division Four for 2014 . 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier : 10 Teams -- Top 2 qualified for the 2015 Cricket World Cup and the 2015 -- 17 ICC World Cricket League Championship . The third and fourth - placed teams qualified for the 2015 -- 17 ICC World Cricket League Championship . The fifth , sixth , seventh , and eighth - placed teams remained in the Division Two for 2015 . The ninth and tenth - placed teams were relegated to the Division Three for 2014 Tournament The captains of the 2007 Cricket World Cup . The format of the Cricket World Cup has changed greatly over the course of its history . Each of the first four tournaments was played by eight teams , divided into two groups of four . The competition consisted of two stages , a group stage and a knock - out stage . The four teams in each group played each other in the round - robin group stage , with the top two teams in each group progressing to the semi-finals . The winners of the semi-finals played against each other in the final . With South Africa returning in the fifth tournament in 1992 as a result of the end of the apartheid boycott , nine teams played each other once in the group phase , and the top four teams progressed to the semi-finals . The tournament was further expanded in 1996 , with two groups of six teams . The top four teams from each group progressed to quarter - finals and semi-finals . A distinct format was used for the 1999 and 2003 World Cups . The teams were split into two pools , with the top three teams in each pool advancing to the Super 6 . The Super 6 teams played the three other teams that advanced from the other group . As they advanced , the teams carried their points forward from previous matches against other teams advancing alongside them , giving them an incentive to perform well in the group stages . The top four teams from the Super 6 stage progressed to the semi-finals , with the winners playing in the final . The format used in the 2007 World Cup involved 16 teams allocated into four groups of four . Within each group , the teams played each other in a round - robin format . Teams earned points for wins and half - points for ties . The top two teams from each group moved forward to the Super 8 round . The Super 8 teams played the other six teams that progressed from the different groups . Teams earned points in the same way as the group stage , but carried their points forward from previous matches against the other teams who qualified from the same group to the Super 8 stage . The top four teams from the Super 8 round advanced to the semi-finals , and the winners of the semi-finals played in the final . The format used in the 2011 and 2015 World Cups featured two groups of seven teams , each playing in a round - robin format . The top four teams from each group proceeded to the knock out stage consisting of quarter - finals , semi-finals and ultimately the final . It is proposed that in 2019 World Cup , the number of teams participating will go down to 10 and all the teams will play against each other once in round robin format , before entering the semifinals . This would be similar to the one used in 1992 World Cup . Trophy Main article : Cricket World Cup Trophy The ICC Cricket World Cup Trophy is presented to the winners of the World Cup . The current trophy was created for the 1999 championships , and was the first permanent prize in the tournament 's history . Prior to this , different trophies were made for each World Cup . The trophy was designed and produced in London by a team of craftsmen from Garrard & Co over a period of two months . The current trophy is made from silver and gilt , and features a golden globe held up by three silver columns . The columns , shaped as stumps and bails , represent the three fundamental aspects of cricket : batting , bowling and fielding , while the globe characterises a cricket ball . The seam is tilted to symbolize the axial tilt of the Earth . It stands 60 centimetres high and weighs approximately 11 kilograms . The names of the previous winners are engraved on the base of the trophy , with space for a total of twenty inscriptions . The ICC keeps the original trophy . A replica differing only in the inscriptions is permanently awarded to the winning team . Media coverage Mello , the mascot of the 2007 World Cup The tournament is the world 's third largest with only the FIFA World Cup and the Summer Olympics exceeding it . The 2011 Cricket World Cup final was televised in over 200 countries to over 2.2 billion television viewers . Television rights , mainly for the 2011 and 2015 World Cup , were sold for over US $1.1 billion , and sponsorship rights were sold for a further US $500 million . The 2003 Cricket World Cup matches were attended by 626,845 people , while the 2007 Cricket World Cup sold more than 672,000 tickets . The 2015 World Cup Sold over 1.1 million tickets which was a Record . Successive World Cup tournaments have generated increasing media attention as One - Day International cricket has become more established . The 2003 World Cup in South Africa was the first to sport a mascot , Dazzler the zebra . An orange mongoose known as Mello was the mascot for the 2007 Cricket World Cup . Stumpy , a blue elephant was the mascot for the 2011 World Cup . On 13 February , the opening of the 2015 tournament was celebrated with a Google Doodle . Selection of hosts Civic Centre , South Africa honours the 2003 World Cup . Main article : Cricket World Cup hosts The International Cricket Council 's executive committee votes for the hosts of the tournament after examining the bids made by the nations keen to hold a Cricket World Cup . England hosted the first three competitions . The ICC decided that England should host the first tournament because it was ready to devote the resources required to organising the inaugural event . India volunteered to host the third Cricket World Cup , but most ICC members preferred England as the longer period of daylight in England in June meant that a match could be completed in one day . The 1987 Cricket World Cup was held in India and Pakistan , the first hosted outside England . Many of the tournaments have been jointly hosted by nations from the same geographical region , such as South Asia in 1987 , 1996 and 2011 , Australasia in 1992 and 2015 , Southern Africa in 2003 and West Indies in 2007 . Tournament history Main article : List of ICC Cricket World Cup finals Year Official Host ( s ) Final venue Result Winner Margin Runner - up Details England London West Indies 291 / 8 ( 60 overs ) West Indies won by 17 runs Scorecard Australia 274 all out ( 58.4 overs ) 1979 Details England London West Indies 286 / 9 ( 60 overs ) West Indies won by 92 runs Scorecard England 194 all out ( 51 overs ) Details England London India 183 all out ( 54.4 overs ) India won by 43 runs Scorecard West Indies 140 all out ( 52 overs ) Details India Pakistan Kolkata Australia 253 / 5 ( 50 overs ) Australia won by 7 runs Scorecard England 246 / 8 ( 50 overs ) 1992 Details Australia New Zealand Melbourne Pakistan 249 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan won by 22 runs Scorecard England 227 all out ( 49.2 overs ) Details Pakistan India Sri Lanka Lahore Sri Lanka 245 / 3 ( 46.2 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets Scorecard Australia 241 / 7 ( 50 overs ) 1999 Details England Wales London Australia 133 / 2 ( 20.1 overs ) Australia won by 8 wickets Scorecard Pakistan 132 all out ( 39 overs ) 2003 Details South Africa Johannesburg Australia 359 / 2 ( 50 overs ) Australia won by 125 runs Scorecard India 234 all out ( 39.2 overs ) 2007 Details West Indies Bridgetown Australia 281 / 4 ( 38 overs ) Australia won by 53 runs ( D / L ) Scorecard Sri Lanka 215 / 8 ( 36 overs ) 2011 Details India Sri Lanka Bangladesh Mumbai India 277 / 4 ( 48.2 overs ) India won by 6 wickets Scorecard Sri Lanka 274 / 6 ( 50 overs ) 2015 Details Australia New Zealand Melbourne Australia 186 / 3 ( 33.1 overs ) Australia won by 7 wickets Scorecard New Zealand 183 all out ( 45 overs ) 2019 Details England Wales London 2023 Details India Mumbai Notes Jump up ^ England was the sole designated host , but matches were also played in Wales . Jump up ^ The England and Wales Cricket Board was the sole designated host , but matches were also played in Ireland , the Netherlands , and Scotland . Jump up ^ Cricket South Africa was the sole designated host , but matches were also played in Kenya and Zimbabwe . Jump up ^ Eight member countries of the West Indies Cricket Board hosted matches -- Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , Grenada , Guyana , Jamaica , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , and Trinidad and Tobago . Results Twenty nations have qualified for the Cricket World Cup at least once . Seven teams have competed in every tournament , five of which have won the title . The West Indies won the first two tournaments , Australia has won five , India has won two , while Pakistan and Sri Lanka have each won once . The West Indies ( 1975 and 1979 ) and Australia ( 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) are the only teams to have won consecutive titles . Australia has played in seven of the eleven finals ( 1975 , 1987 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2015 ) . England has yet to win the World Cup , but has been runners - up three times ( 1979 , 1987 , 1992 ) . The best result by a non-Test playing nation is the semi-final appearance by Kenya in the 2003 tournament ; while the best result by a non-Test playing team on their debut is the Super 8 ( second round ) by Ireland in 2007 . Sri Lanka as a co-host of the 1996 Cricket World Cup was the first host to win the tournament though the final was held in Pakistan . India won in 2011 as host and was the first team to win in a final played in their own country . Australia repeated the feat in 2015 . England is the only other host to have made the final , in 1979 . Other countries which have achieved or equalled their best World Cup results while co-hosting the tournament are New Zealand as finalists in 2015 ; Zimbabwe who reached the Super Six in 2003 ; and Kenya as semi-finalists in 2003 . In 1987 , co-hosts India and Pakistan both reached the semi-finals , but were eliminated by Australia and England respectively . Australia in 1992 , England in 1999 , South Africa in 2003 , and Bangladesh in 2011 have been the host teams that were eliminated in the first round . Teams ' performances An overview of the teams ' performances in every World Cup : Team \ Host ( 8 ) 1979 ( 8 ) ( 8 ) ( 8 ) 1992 ( 9 ) ( 12 ) 1999 ( 12 ) 2003 ( 14 ) 2007 ( 16 ) 2011 ( 14 ) 2015 ( 14 ) 2019 ( 10 ) 2023 ( 10 ) Afghanistan GP Q Australia RU GP GP GP RU QF Q Bangladesh GP GP S8 GP QF Q Bermuda GP Canada GP GP GP GP East Africa GP England SF RU SF RU RU QF GP GP S8 QF GP Q India GP GP SF GP SF S6 RU GP SF Q Q Ireland S8 GP GP Kenya GP GP SF GP GP Namibia GP Netherlands GP GP GP GP New Zealand SF SF GP GP SF QF SF S6 SF SF RU Q Pakistan GP SF SF SF QF RU GP GP SF QF Q Scotland GP GP GP South Africa SF QF SF GP SF QF SF Q Sri Lanka GP GP GP GP GP GP SF RU RU QF Q United Arab Emirates GP GP West Indies RU GP GP SF GP GP S8 QF QF Q Zimbabwe GP GP GP GP S6 S6 GP GP GP † No longer exists . Before the 1992 World Cup , South Africa was banned due to apartheid . The number of wins followed by Run - rate is the criteria for determining the rankings till the 1987 World Cup . The number of points followed by , head to head performance and then net run - rate is the criteria for determining the rankings for the World Cups from 1992 onwards . Legend W -- Winner RU -- Runner up SF -- Semi-finals S6 -- Super Six ( 1999 -- 2003 ) S8 -- Super Eight ( 2007 ) QF -- Quarter - finals ( 1996 , 2011 -- 2015 ) GP -- Group stage / First round Debutant teams Year Teams Australia , East Africa , England , India , New Zealand , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , West Indies 1979 Canada Zimbabwe none 1992 South Africa Kenya , Netherlands , United Arab Emirates 1999 Bangladesh , Scotland 2003 Namibia 2007 Bermuda , Ireland 2011 none 2015 Afghanistan 2019 none 2023 TBD † No longer exists . Overview The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams over past World Cups , as of the end of group stage of the 2015 tournament . Teams are sorted by best performance , then by appearances , total number of wins , total number of games , and alphabetical order respectively . Appearances Statistics Team Total First Latest Best result Mat . Won Lost Tie NR Win % * Australia 11 2015 Champions ( 1987 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2015 ) 84 62 20 75.30 India 11 2015 Champions ( 1983 , 2011 ) 75 46 27 62.83 West Indies 11 2015 Champions ( 1975 , 1979 ) 71 41 29 0 58.57 Pakistan 11 2015 Champions ( 1992 ) 71 40 29 0 57.97 Sri Lanka 11 2015 Champions ( 1996 ) 73 35 35 50.00 England 11 2015 Runners - up ( 1979 , 1987 , 1992 ) 72 41 29 58.45 New Zealand 11 2015 Runners - up ( 2015 ) 79 48 30 0 61.53 South Africa 7 1992 2015 Semi-finals ( 1992 , 1999 , 2007 , 2015 ) 55 35 18 0 65.45 Kenya 5 2011 Semi-finals ( 2003 ) 29 6 22 0 21.42 Zimbabwe 9 2015 Super 6 ( 1999 , 2003 ) 57 11 42 21.29 Bangladesh 5 1999 2015 Quarter - finals ( 2015 ) , Super 8 ( 2007 ) 32 11 20 0 35.48 Ireland 2007 2015 Super 8 ( 2007 ) 21 7 13 0 35.71 Canada 1979 2011 Group Stage ( 1979 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 ) 18 16 0 0 11.11 Netherlands 2011 Group Stage ( 1996 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 ) 20 18 0 0 10.00 Scotland 1999 2015 Group Stage ( 1999 , 2007 , 2015 ) 14 0 14 0 0 0.00 United Arab Emirates 2015 Group Stage ( 1996 , 2015 ) 11 10 0 0 9.09 Afghanistan 2015 2015 Group Stage ( 2015 ) 6 5 0 0 16.66 Bermuda 2007 2007 Group Stage ( 2007 ) 0 0 0 0.00 East Africa Group Stage ( 1975 ) 0 0 0 0.00 Namibia 2003 2003 Group Stage ( 2003 ) 6 0 6 0 0 0.00 Last Updated : 29 March 2015 Source : Cricinfo The Win percentage excludes no results and counts ties as half a win . † No longer exists . Awards Man of the tournament Main article : Cricket World Cup awards Since 1992 , one player has been declared as `` Man of the Tournament '' at the end of the World Cup finals : Year Player Performance details 1992 Martin Crowe 456 runs Sanath Jayasuriya 221 runs and 7 wickets 1999 Lance Klusener 281 runs and 17 wickets 2003 Sachin Tendulkar 673 runs and 2 wickets 2007 Glenn McGrath 26 wickets 2011 Yuvraj Singh 362 runs and 15 wickets 2015 Mitchell Starc 22 wickets Man of the Match in the Final There were no Man of the Tournament awards before 1992 but Man of the Match awards have always been given for individual matches . Winning the Man of the Match in the final is logically noteworthy , as this indicates the player deemed to have played the biggest part in the World Cup final . To date the award has always gone to a member of the winning side . The Man of the Match award in the final of the competition has been awarded to : Year Player Performance details Clive Lloyd 102 1979 Viv Richards 138 * Mohinder Amarnath 3 / 12 and 26 David Boon 75 1992 Wasim Akram 33 and 3 / 49 Aravinda de Silva 107 * and 3 / 42 1999 Shane Warne 4 / 33 2003 Ricky Ponting 140 * 2007 Adam Gilchrist 149 2011 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 91 * 2015 James Faulkner 3 / 36 Tournament records Main article : List of Cricket World Cup records Sachin Tendulkar , the leading run - scorer in World Cup history . World Cup records Batting Most runs Sachin Tendulkar 2,278 ( 1992 -- 2011 ) Highest average ( min . 20 inns . ) AB de Villiers 63.52 ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Highest score Martin Guptill v West Indies 237 * ( 2015 ) Highest partnership Chris Gayle & Marlon Samuels ( 2nd wicket ) v Zimbabwe 372 ( 2015 ) Most runs in a tournament Sachin Tendulkar 673 ( 2003 ) Most hundreds Sachin Tendulkar 6 ( 1992 -- 2011 ) Bowling Most wickets Glenn McGrath 71 ( 1996 -- 2007 ) Lowest average ( min . 1000 balls bowled ) Glenn McGrath 18.19 ( 1996 -- 2007 ) Best strike rate ( min . 1000 balls bowled ) Lasith Malinga 23.8 ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Best economy rate ( min . 1000 balls bowled ) Andy Roberts 3.24 ( 1975 -- 1983 ) Best bowling figures Glenn McGrath v Namibia 7 / 15 ( 2003 ) Most wickets in a tournament Glenn McGrath 26 ( 2007 ) Fielding Most dismissals ( wicket - keeper ) Kumar Sangakkara 54 ( 2003 -- 2015 ) Most catches ( fielder ) Ricky Ponting 28 ( 1996 -- 2011 ) Team Highest score Australia v Afghanistan 417 / 6 ( 2015 ) Lowest score Canada v Sri Lanka 36 ( 2003 ) Highest win % Australia 74 % ( Played 84 , Won 62 ) Most consecutive wins Australia 27 ( 20 Jun 1999 -- 19 Mar 2011 , one N / R excluded ) Most consecutive tournament wins Australia 3 ( 1999 -- 2007 ) See also Cricket portal ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup ICC World Twenty20 ICC Champions Trophy Women 's Cricket World Cup References Jump up ^ ICC Cricket World Cup : About Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . -- International Cricket Council . 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External links Official ICC Cricket World Cup website Official ICC website Cricket World Cup Tournaments England 1975 England 1979 England / Wales 1983 India / Pakistan 1987 Australia / New Zealand 1992 Pakistan / India / Sri Lanka 1996 England / Scotland / Wales / Ireland / Netherlands 1999 South Africa / Zimbabwe 2003 West Indies 2007 India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2011 Australia / New Zealand 2015 England / Wales 2019 India 2023 Finals 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Squads 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Statistics 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Qualification 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Awards Format History Hosts Qualification Records Centuries Five - wicket hauls Teams Trophy ICC Cricket World Cup winners 1975 : West Indies 1979 : West Indies 1983 : India 1987 : Australia 1992 : Pakistan 1996 : Sri Lanka 1999 : Australia 2003 : Australia 2007 : Australia 2011 : India 2015 : Australia ICC Cricket World Cup hosts 1975 : England 1979 : England 1983 : England / Wales 1987 : India / Pakistan 1992 : Australia / New Zealand 1996 : Pakistan / India / Sri Lanka 1999 : England / Scotland / Wales / Ireland / Netherlands 2003 : South Africa / Zimbabwe / Kenya 2007 : West Indies 2011 : India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2015 : Australia / New Zealand 2019 : England / Wales 2023 : India International cricket International Cricket Council ( ICC ) ICC Awards ICC members Forms Test ( women 's ) One Day International ( women 's ) Twenty20 International ( women 's ) Global events World Cup ( qualifier ) World Twenty20 ( qualifier ) Women 's World Cup ( qualifier ) Women 's World Twenty20 ( qualifier ) Under - 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cross indoor mountain bike marathon trials Darts BDO PDC Finswimming Fishing freshwater fly fishing Gymnastics acrobatic aerobic Kendo Kickboxing Orienteering foot ski mountain bike trail Pétanque Powerlifting men women Professional boxing men women Mounted games Racquetball Sambo Shooting practical handgun practical rifle practical shotgun Skiing flying Ski mountaineering Squash individual doubles team Roller Sports aggressive roller freestyle artistic skating inline alpine inline downhill inline freestyle inline speed skating skateboarding Swimming short course Triathlon Aquathlon Duathlon Ironman Wrestling Armwrestling Sumo Wushu Other Yo - yo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cricket_World_Cup&oldid=853946253 '' Categories : Cricket World Cup International Cricket Council events Quadrennial sporting events Recurring sporting events established in 1975 World championships in cricket One Day International cricket competitions World cups Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from July 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Башҡортса Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 डोटेली 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 23 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has won the cricket world cup the most times | [
"The World Cup is open to all members of the International Cricket Council (ICC), although the highest-ranking teams receive automatic qualification. The remaining teams are determined via the World Cricket League and the ICC World Cup Qualifier. A total of twenty teams have competed in the eleven editions of the tournament, with fourteen competing in the latest edition in 2015; the next edition in 2019 will have only ten teams. Australia has won the tournament five times, with the West Indies, India (twice each), Pakistan and Sri Lanka (once each) also having won the tournament. The best performance by a non-full-member team came when Kenya made the semi-finals of the 2003 tournament. The tournament is the world's 3rd biggest sporting event behind the FIFA World Cup, Summer Olympics and just ahead of the Rugby World Cup in terms of viewership and crowd attendance.[citation needed]\n"
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"Australia"
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6888745197011937527 | Topher Grace | Topher Grace - wikipedia Topher Grace Jump to : navigation , search Topher Grace Grace at the Tribeca premiere of The Giant Mechanical Man in 2012 Christopher John Grace ( 1978 - 07 - 12 ) July 12 , 1978 ( age 39 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1998 -- present Spouse ( s ) Ashley Hinshaw ( m . 2016 ) Christopher John `` Topher '' Grace ( / ˈtoʊfər / ; born July 12 , 1978 ) is an American actor . He is known for playing Eric Forman in the Fox sitcom That ' 70s Show , Eddie Brock / Venom in Sam Raimi 's film Spider - Man 3 , Carter Duryea in the film In Good Company , and Edwin in the 2010 film Predators . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Other 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 5.4 Music videos 5.5 Theatre 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Grace was born in New York City , the son of Pat , an assistant to the schoolmaster of the New Canaan Country School , and John Grace , a Madison Avenue executive . He has a sister , Jenny . Grace grew up in Darien , Connecticut , where actress Kate Bosworth was a middle - school friend ; and actress Chloë Sevigny -- who later appeared with him in high school stage plays -- was sometimes his babysitter . Career ( edit ) Grace was cast as Eric Forman on Fox 's That ' 70s Show , which debuted in 1998 . He played the role until season 7 . His character was written out and replaced with a new character named Randy Pearson ( Josh Meyers ) . Grace made a brief guest appearance in the final episode . Grace plays a prep school student who uses marijuana and introduces his girlfriend to freebasing in director Steven Soderbergh 's 2000 film Traffic , as well as having uncredited cameos as himself in Soderbergh 's Ocean 's Eleven and its 2004 sequel , Ocean 's Twelve . `` The joke is that you 're supposed to play the worst version of yourself and I do n't think too many people are comfortable with that . I never thought for a second that people were really going to think that 's what I was like . I think that people will know that I was faking it in those movies , '' he told Flaunt magazine in 2007 . He planned to cameo in Ocean 's Thirteen . However , due to his role in Spider - Man 3 , he had to abandon these plans . As Grace said , `` I was doing reshoots on Spider - Man 3 . I was bummed . I actually talked to Steven Soderbergh about that and we had a thing and then I could n't do it . '' He appeared in director Mike Newell 's 2003 film Mona Lisa Smile . Grace at the Spider - Man 3 premiere , April 2007 In 2004 , Grace played the leading roles in Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! and In Good Company . That same year , he starred in P.S. , which received only a limited theatrical release . Grace won the National Board of Review 's 2004 award for Breakthrough Performance Actor for his work in In Good Company and P.S. On January 15 , 2005 , Grace hosted Saturday Night Live . In 2007 , Grace portrayed Eddie Brock / Venom in Spider - Man 3 , directed by Sam Raimi. Grace himself was a fan of the comics and read the Venom stories as a kid . In 2009 , Grace became the subject of a recurring column on the entertainment / pop culture site Videogum , entitled `` What 's Up With Topher Grace ? '' . In 2010 , Grace appeared in the ensemble comedy Valentine 's Day and played the character of Edwin in Predators , the newest installment of the science fiction franchise . In 2011 , Grace appeared in the 1980s retro comedy Take Me Home Tonight . He co-wrote the script and co-produced the film . Grace also starred opposite Richard Gere in the spy thriller The Double . In 2012 , Grace starred alongside Mary Elizabeth Winstead and Matthew Gray Gubler in the social film The Beauty Inside , which won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Approach to an Original Daytime Program or Series in 2013 . The film was directed by Drake Doremus and written by Richard Greenberg . In 2014 , Grace starred in the indie thriller The Calling , alongside Susan Sarandon , and appeared in Christopher Nolan 's sci - fi adventure Interstellar , in a supporting role . In October 2013 , Grace joined HBO comedy pilot People In New Jersey with Sarah Silverman , but in January 2014 , the pilot was passed on . Grace co-starred in the comedy film American Ultra ( 2015 ) , alongside Jesse Eisenberg and Kristen Stewart , playing a CIA agent . That same year , he co-starred in Truth , with Robert Redford and Cate Blanchett , and based on the story of CBS 's 60 Minutes report that George W. Bush had received preferential treatment to keep him out of the Vietnam War . Grace played Mike Smith , a researcher on the story . In January 2014 , Grace joined the upcoming supernatural - thriller Delirium , which centers on a man recently released from a mental institute who inherits a mansion after his parents die . After a series of disturbing events , he comes to believe it is haunted . Personal life ( edit ) Grace started dating actress Ashley Hinshaw in January 2014 , and the two were engaged in January 2015 . On May 29 , 2016 , Grace and Hinshaw married near Santa Barbara , California . On August 1 , 2017 , Hinshaw confirmed that she and Grace are expecting their first child . Other ( edit ) Grace is a supporter of FINCA International , a microfinance organization . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Traffic Seth Abrahams Young Hollywood Award for Breakthrough Performance -- Male Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Ocean 's Eleven Himself Uncredited 2002 Pinocchio Leonardo ( voice ) 2003 Mona Lisa Smile Tommy Donegal Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! Pete Monash Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor -- Comedy Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Hissy Fit Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Liplock ( shared w / Kate Bosworth ) P.S. F. Scott Feinstadt National Board of Review of Motion Pictures for Best Breakthrough Performance by an Actor New York Film Critics Online Award for Best Breakthrough Nominated -- International Online Cinema Award for Best Breakthrough Ocean 's Twelve Himself Uncredited In Good Company Carter Duryea National Board of Review of Motion Pictures for Best Breakthrough Performance by an Actor New York Film Critics Online Award for Best Breakthrough Nominated -- International Online Cinema Award for Best Breakthrough 2007 Spider - Man 3 Eddie Brock / Venom Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Rumble ( with Tobey Maguire , James Franco and Thomas Haden Church ) Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain Nominated -- MTV Movie Award for Best Villain 2008 Personal Effects Clay ( voice ) Uncredited Valentine 's Day Jason Morris Death Bed Subtext Ben Short film Predators Edwin 2011 Take Me Home Tonight Matt Franklin Also writer and executive producer 2011 The Double Ben Geary 2012 The Giant Mechanical Man Doug 2013 The Big Wedding Jared Griffin 2014 Don Peyote Glavin Culpepper 2014 The Calling Ben Wingate 2014 Playing It Cool Scott 2014 Interstellar Getty 2015 American Ultra Agent Adrian Yates 2015 Truth Mike Smith 2017 War Machine Matt Little 2017 Opening Night Nick 2017 Delirium Completed 2018 Under the Silver Lake Completed 2018 Mississippi Requiem Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 -- 2006 That ' 70s Show Eric Forman Series regular , 179 episodes Main cast ( Seasons 1 - 7 ) Special guest cast ( Season 8 ) Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for TV Breakout Performance ( 1999 ) Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actor ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actor Comedy ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series - Leading Young Actor ( 1999 ) Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series Young Ensemble ( 1999 ) 2002 What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Guard 1 ( voice ) Episode : `` Space Ape at the Cape '' 2003 King of the Hill Chris ( voice ) Episode : `` Megalo Dale '' 2005 Saturday Night Live Host Episode : `` Topher Grace / The Killers '' 2005 Stella Older Kevin Episode : `` Paper Route '' 2005 Robot Chicken Eric Forman ( voice ) Episode : `` Gold Dust Gasoline '' 2008 The Simpsons Donny ( voice ) Episode : `` The Debarted '' 2011 Too Big to Fail Jim Wilkinson Television film 2012 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Cameraman Episode : `` Seth Rogen Wears a Plaid Shirt & Brown Pants '' 2012 The Beauty Inside Alex 6 episodes ; Daytime Emmy New Approaches Original Daytime Program or Series 2013 People in New Jersey Carl Levin Unsold pilot 2015 The Muppets Himself Episode : `` Pilot '' 2015 Drunk History Milton Bradley Episode : `` Games '' 2016 TripTank Leonard ( voice ) Episode : `` Sick Day '' 2017 Workaholics Noel Episode : `` Weed the People '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role 2007 Spider - Man 3 Eddie Brock / Venom ( voice ) Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Cheap Trick -- In The Street Eric Forman With cast of That ' 70s Show 2011 Atomic Tom -- `` Do n't You Want Me Baby '' As himself With cast of Take Me Home Tonight Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2012 Lonely , I 'm Not Porter Second Stage Theatre References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Topher Grace '' . New Hampshire Union Leader . February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Borgna ( 2005 ) . Time Almanac 2006 : With Information Please . Time Inc. p. 295 . ISBN 1 - 932994 - 41 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Topher Grace Profile '' . E !. Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Logan ( May 24 , 2005 ) . `` Deadpan Alley '' . New York . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( December 21 , 2004 ) . `` The personification of Grace '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher and Topher Grace to Return to That ' 70s Show ? '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Sitcoms that Lost Their Lead Actors and Kept Going '' . Splitsider . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( April 22 , 2007 ) . `` No Topher Grace Cameo in `` Oceans 13 '' . Rotten Tomatoes ; accessed September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Topher Grace '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Topher Grace profile '' . The SNL Archives . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Murray . `` Topher Grace Talks About Venom and Spiderman 3 '' . About.com Entertainment . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Up With Topher Grace ? '' , Videogum ; retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Mystery of What the Hell Topher Grace Is Doing in Predators Deepens '' . Topless Robot . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Faris , Fogler `` Kids '' again in comedy film , Reuters , February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Browne , Niall ( 2011 ) . `` Richard Gere & Topher Grace See ' Double ' '' , Screen Rant ; accessed September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A shape - shifting lead played by fans shows inner beauty '' . Creativity Online . July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Venable , Nick . `` Susan Sarandon and Topher Grace Join Indie Thriller The Calling '' . cinemablend.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike . `` Topher Grace In ' Interstellar ' -- Supporting Role In Chris Nolan Movie '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Topher Grace & Sarah Silverman Topline HBO Comedy Pilot ' People In New Jersey ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Kiefer , Halle . `` HBO Passes on People in New Jersey '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Topher Grace Joins ' American Ultra ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita . `` Topher Grace Cast In ' Truth ' Movie About Dan Rather - George W Bush Scandal '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Topher Grace to Star in Supernatural Thriller ' Home ' for Blumhouse '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McRady , Rachel ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Topher Grace Engaged to Actress Ashley Hinshaw : See Her Ring ! '' . Us Weekly . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Elizabeth ; Quinn , Dave ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` That ' 70s Show Star Topher Grace Ties the Knot with Ashley Hinshaw '' . People . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Karla ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Ashley Hinshaw Confirms She Is Expecting First Child With Husband Topher Grace '' . Us Weekly . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Topher Grace about FINCA on Jimmy Fallon , finca.org , March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lonely , I 'm Not ' , With Topher Grace as a Post-Meltdown Corporate Star , Opens in NYC '' . Yahoo News . 7 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) Topher Grace on IMDb IGN Films interview ( December 22 , 2004 ) About.com interview ( January 2004 ) Awards for Topher Grace National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance Alicia Silverstone ( 1995 ) Renée Zellweger ( 1996 ) Bai Ling ( 1997 ) Billy Crudup / Angelina Jolie ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank / Wes Bentley ( 1999 ) Jamie Bell / Michelle Rodriguez ( 2000 ) Hayden Christensen / Naomi Watts ( 2001 ) Maggie Gyllenhaal / Derek Luke ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron / Paul Giamatti ( 2003 ) Emmy Rossum / Topher Grace ( 2004 ) Q'orianka Kilcher / Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson / Rinko Kikuchi / Ryan Gosling ( 2006 ) Ellen Page / Emile Hirsch ( 2007 ) Viola Davis / Dev Patel ( 2008 ) Gabourey Sidibe / Jeremy Renner ( 2009 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2010 ) Rooney Mara / Felicity Jones ( 2011 ) Quvenzhané Wallis / Tom Holland ( 2012 ) Adèle Exarchopoulos / Michael B. Jordan ( 2013 ) Jack O'Connell ( 2014 ) Abraham Attah / Jacob Tremblay ( 2015 ) Lucas Hedges / Royalty Hightower ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 1995 Apollo 13 Kevin Bacon , Tom Hanks , Ed Harris , Bill Paxton , Kathleen Quinlan , Gary Sinise The Birdcage Hank Azaria , Christine Baranski , Dan Futterman , Gene Hackman , Nathan Lane , Dianne Wiest , Robin Williams The Full Monty Mark Addy , Paul Barber , Robert Carlyle , Deirdre Costello , Steve Huison , Bruce Jones , Lesley Sharp , William Snape , Hugo Speer , Tom Wilkinson , Emily Woof 1998 Shakespeare in Love Ben Affleck , Simon Callow , Jim Carter , Martin Clunes , Judi Dench , Joseph Fiennes , Colin Firth , Gwyneth Paltrow , Geoffrey Rush , Antony Sher , Imelda Staunton 1999 American Beauty Annette Bening , Wes Bentley , Thora Birch , Chris Cooper , Peter Gallagher , Allison Janney , Kevin Spacey , Mena Suvari 2000 Traffic Steven Bauer , Benjamin Bratt , James Brolin , Don Cheadle , Erika Christensen , Clifton Collins Jr. , Benicio del Toro , Michael Douglas , Miguel Ferrer , Albert Finney , Topher Grace , Luis Guzmán , Amy Irving , Tomas Milian , D.W. Moffett , Dennis Quaid , Peter Riegert , Jacob Vargas , Catherine Zeta - Jones Complete list ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) VIAF : 69184744 LCCN : no2004095610 ISNI : 0000 0000 5434 5339 GND : 1019538759 SUDOC : 154804428 BNF : cb14623314d ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topher_Grace&oldid=809334765 '' Categories : 1978 births Male actors from Connecticut American male film actors American male voice actors American male television actors Living people Daytime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners People from Darien , Connecticut 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Български Català Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Limburgs Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 13 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played eric forman on the 70 show | [
"Christopher John \"Topher\" Grace (/ˈtoʊfər/; born July 12, 1978)[1] is an American actor. He is known for playing Eric Forman in the Fox sitcom That '70s Show, Eddie Brock/Venom in Sam Raimi's film Spider-Man 3, Carter Duryea in the film In Good Company, and Edwin in the 2010 film Predators."
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"Christopher John \"Topher\" Grace"
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-8142556525484599560 | Lynn Cohen | Lynn Cohen - wikipedia Lynn Cohen This article is about the American actress . For American - Canadian photographer , see Lynne Cohen . Lynn Cohen Lynn Harriette Kay ( 1933 - 08 - 10 ) August 10 , 1933 ( age 84 ) Kansas City , Missouri , U.S. Years active 1983 -- present Spouse ( s ) Gilbert L. Frazen ( 1957 -- 1960 ; his death ; 1 child ) Ronald T. Cohen ( 1964 -- present ) Lynn Cohen ( born August 10 , 1933 ) is an American actress . She is best known for playing Magda in the HBO series Sex and the City and the 2008 film of the same name , as well as its 2010 sequel , and Mags in The Hunger Games : Catching Fire . She has also played Judge Elizabeth Mizener several times on Law & Order , and has appeared in the movies Munich , Vanya on 42nd Street , Synecdoche , New York , and Eagle Eye . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Early life ( edit ) She was born in Kansas City , Missouri , and is Jewish . Filmography ( edit ) Manhattan Murder Mystery ( 1993 ) Law & Order ( 1993 -- 2006 ) Vanya on 42nd Street ( 1994 ) Walking and Talking ( 1996 ) I Shot Andy Warhol ( 1996 ) Everything Relative ( 1996 ) My Divorce ( 1997 ) Hurricane ( 1997 ) Deconstructing Harry ( 1997 ) Once We Were Strangers ( 1997 ) Meschugge ( 1998 ) Cradle Will Rock ( 1999 ) Sex and the City ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Fast Food Fast Women ( 2000 ) Ten Hundred Kings ( 2000 ) The Jimmy Show ( 2001 ) Fishing ( 2002 ) Hi - Yah ! ( 2002 ) The Station Agent ( 2003 ) Evergreen ( 2004 ) Last Call ( 2004 ) The Last Days of Leni Riefenstahl ( 2005 ) While the Widow Is Away ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Invincible ( 2006 ) The Hottest State ( 2006 ) Delirious ( 2006 ) The Summoning of Everyman ( 2007 ) Ablution ( 2007 ) Across The Universe ( 2007 ) Then She Found Me ( 2007 ) Deception ( 2008 ) Sex and the City ( 2008 ) Synecdoche , New York ( 2008 ) Where Is Joel Baum ? ( 2008 ) Eavesdrop ( 2008 ) Eagle Eye ( 2008 ) Staten Island ( 2009 ) Damages ( 2009 ) , ( Appearance in two episodes ) Nurse Jackie ( 2009 -- 2012 ) A Little Help ( 2010 ) Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) The Extra Man ( 2010 ) Red Dead Redemption ( 2010 ) Hello Lonesome ( 2010 ) Somewhere Tonight ( 2011 ) Not Waving But Drowning ( 2012 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) They Came Together ( 2014 ) The Affair ( 2014 ) Getting On ( 2014 ) The Cobbler ( 2014 ) Master of None ( 2015 ) All in Time ( 2015 ) Chicago Med ( 2016 ) , ( Appearance in one episode ) Sollers Point ( 2017 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://insidemovies.ew.com/2012/08/02/lynn-cohen-mags-the-hunger-games-catching-fire/ Jump up ^ Jewish Light Online External links ( edit ) Lynn Cohen on IMDb Lynn Cohen at the Internet Broadway Database Lynn Cohen at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Lynn Cohen on Facebook GND : 1061413470 ISNI : 0000 0000 5673 4020 LCCN : no2009037659 VIAF : 83584542 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lynn_Cohen&oldid=837321474 '' Categories : 1933 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Kansas City , Missouri American film actresses Jewish American actresses American television actresses Living people Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Nederlands Русский Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 02 : 46 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who played magda in sex and the city | [
"Lynn Cohen (born August 10, 1933) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Magda in the HBO series Sex and the City and the 2008 film of the same name, as well as its 2010 sequel, and Mags in The Hunger Games: Catching Fire.[1]"
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"Lynn Cohen"
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6060258906565125029 | Western Roman Empire | Western Roman Empire - wikipedia Western Roman Empire Jump to : navigation , search `` Western Empire '' redirects here . For the Frankish State , see Carolingian Empire . Roman Empire Senatus Populusque Romanus Imperium Romanum Western division of the Roman Empire 285 -- 476 Tremissis depicting Flavius Julius Nepos ( 474 - 480 ) , the de jure last Emperor of the Western Court The Western Roman Empire at its greatest extent ca . AD 395 Capital Mediolanum ( 286 -- 402 ) Ravenna ( 402 -- 476 ) Languages Latin ( official ) Koine Greek , Aquitanian , Gaulish , Common Brittonic , Gothic , Neo-Punic , Berber Religion Roman religion until 4th century Christianity ( state church ) after 380 Government Autocracy , Tetrarchy ( 293 -- 313 ) Emperor 395 -- 423 Honorius 457 -- 461 Majorian 475 -- 476 Romulus Augustulus Consul 395 Flavius Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius , Flavius Anicius Probinus 476 Basiliscus , Flavius Armatus Legislature Roman Senate Historical era Late Antiquity Division of Diocletianus 285 Division after Constantine I 337 Division by Valentinian I 364 Division after Theodosius I 395 Deposition of Romulus Augustus 4 September 476 Area 395 2,000,000 km ( 770,000 sq mi ) Currency Roman currency Preceded by Succeeded by Roman Empire Kingdom of Italy ( 476 - 493 ) Visigothic Kingdom Domain of Soissons Domain of Moor Sub-Roman Britain Kingdom of Burgundy Francia Vandal Kingdom Alamannia Suebic Kingdom of Galicia Armorica Today part of Various countries ( show ) Algeria Andorra Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia France Germany Gibraltar Guernsey Hungary Italy Jersey Liechtenstein Libya Luxembourg Malta Monaco Morocco Netherlands Portugal San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Switzerland Tunisia United Kingdom Vatican City In historiography , the Western Roman Empire consists of the western provinces of the Roman Empire at any one time during which they were administered by a separate independent Imperial court , coequal with ( or only nominally subordinate to ) that administering the eastern half . Both `` Western Roman Empire '' and `` Eastern Roman Empire '' ( or `` Byzantine Empire '' ) are modern terms describing de facto independent entities ; however , at no point did the Romans consider the Empire split into two , but rather considered it a single state governed by two separate Imperial courts out of administrative expediency . The view that the Empire was impossible to govern by one emperor was established by Diocletian following the disastrous civil wars and disintegration of the Crisis of the 3rd century , and was instituted in Roman law by his introduction of the Tetrarchy in AD 285 , a form of government which was legally to endure in one form or another for centuries . The Western Court was periodically abolished and recreated for the next two centuries until final abolition by Zeno in 480 , by which time there was little effective central control left in the area legally administered by the Western Court . The Western Roman Empire existed intermittently in several periods between the 3rd and 5th centuries , after Diocletian 's Tetrarchy and the reunifications associated with Constantine the Great and Julian the Apostate ( 331 / 2 -- 363 ) . Theodosius I divided the Empire upon his death ( in 395 ) between his two sons . Finally , eighty - five years later , Zeno of the Eastern Empire recognized the reality of the Western Empire 's reduced domain -- Roman power ceased to exist even in the Italian Peninsula -- after the deposition of Romulus Augustus and the subsequent death of Julius Nepos , and therefore proclaimed himself the sole emperor of the Roman Empire . The rise of Odoacer of the Foederati to rule over Italy in 476 was popularized by eighteenth - century historian Edward Gibbon as a demarcating event for the end of the Western Empire and is sometimes used to mark the transition from Antiquity to the Middle Ages . Imperial rule was reimposed in large parts of the West in the sixth century by the armies of the Eastern Roman Empire but political upheaval in the East Roman heartlands saw the Western provinces slip away once more , this time for good . Frankish king Charlemagne would be declared in AD 800 in an attempt to revive the Western Roman Empire ; this new imperial line would evolve in time into the Holy Roman Empire , which revived the imperial title but was otherwise in no meaningful sense an extension of Roman traditions or institutions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Rebellions , uprisings , and political developments 1.2 Economic stagnation in the West 1.3 Crisis of the 3rd century 1.4 Tetrarchy 1.5 Constantine the Great 1.6 Second division 1.7 Final division 2 Economic factors 3 Sack of Rome and Fall of the Western Roman Empire 3.1 Last Emperor 4 Political change after the empire 's fall 4.1 Barbarian Kingdoms 4.2 Theodoric 4.3 East Roman reconquest 5 Legacy 5.1 Attempted restorations 6 List of Western Roman Emperors 6.1 Gallic Emperors ( 259 to 273 ) 6.2 Tetrarchy ( 293 to 313 ) 6.3 Constantinian dynasty ( 313 to 363 ) 6.4 Non-dynastic ( 363 to 364 ) 6.5 Valentinian dynasty ( 364 to 392 ) 6.6 Non-dynastic ( 392 to 394 ) 6.7 Theodosian dynasty ( 394 to 455 ) 6.8 Non-dynastic ( 455 to 480 ) 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) As the Roman Republic expanded , it reached a point where the central government in Rome could not effectively rule the distant provinces . Communications and transportation were especially problematic given the vast extent of the Empire . News of invasion , revolt , natural disasters , or epidemic outbreak was carried by ship or mounted postal service , often requiring much time to reach Rome and for Rome 's orders to be realized in the province of origin . For this reason , provincial governors had de facto rule in the name of the Roman Republic . Prior to the establishment of the Empire , the territories of the Roman Republic had been divided in 43 BC among the members of the Second Triumvirate : Mark Antony , Octavian and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus . Antony received the provinces in the East : Achaea , Macedonia and Epirus ( roughly modern Greece , Albania and the coast of Croatia ) , Bithynia , Pontus and Asia ( roughly modern Turkey ) , Syria , Cyprus , and Cyrenaica . These lands had previously been conquered by Alexander the Great ; thus , much of the aristocracy was of Greek origin . The whole region , especially the major cities , had been largely assimilated into Greek culture , Greek often serving as the lingua franca . The Roman Republic before the conquests of Octavian Octavian obtained the Roman provinces of the West : Italia ( modern Italy ) , Gaul ( modern France ) , Gallia Belgica ( parts of modern Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg ) , and Hispania ( modern Spain and Portugal ) . These lands also included Greek and Carthaginian colonies in the coastal areas , though Celtic tribes such as Gauls and Celtiberians were culturally dominant . Lepidus received the minor province of Africa ( roughly modern Tunisia ) . Octavian soon took Africa from Lepidus , while adding Sicilia ( modern Sicily ) to his holdings . Upon the defeat of Mark Antony , a victorious Octavian controlled a united Roman Empire . While the Roman Empire featured many distinct cultures , all were often said to experience gradual Romanization . While the predominantly Greek culture of the East and the predominantly Latin culture of the West functioned effectively as an integrated whole , political and military developments would ultimately realign the Empire along those cultural and linguistic lines . Rebellions , uprisings , and political developments ( edit ) Minor rebellions and uprisings were fairly common events throughout the Empire . Conquered tribes or cities would revolt , and the legions would be detached to crush the rebellion . While this process was simple in peacetime , it could be considerably more complicated in wartime , as for example in the Great Jewish Revolt . In a full - blown military campaign , the legions , under generals such as Vespasian , were far more numerous . To ensure a commander 's loyalty , a pragmatic emperor might hold some members of the general 's family hostage . To this end , Nero effectively held Domitian and Quintus Petillius Cerialis , governor of Ostia , who were respectively the younger son and brother - in - law of Vespasian . The rule of Nero ended only with the revolt of the Praetorian Guard , who had been bribed in the name of Galba . The Praetorian Guard , a figurative `` sword of Damocles '' , were often perceived as being of dubious loyalty . Following their example , the legions at the borders increased participation in the civil wars . The main enemy in the West was arguably the Germanic tribes behind the rivers Rhine and Danube . Augustus had tried to conquer them but ultimately pulled back after the Teutoburg reversal . The Parthian Empire , arch - rival of Rome , at its greatest extent , c. 60 BC The Parthian Empire , in the East , on the other hand , was too remote and powerful to be conquered . Any Parthian invasion was confronted and usually defeated ; similarly , Parthians repelled some attempts of Roman invasion , however , even after successful wars of conquest , such as those implemented by Trajan and Septimius Severus . Those distant territories were forsaken to prevent unrest and also to ensure a more healthy and lasting peace with the Persians . The Parthians were followed by the Sasanian Empire , which continued hostilities with the Roman Empire . Controlling the western border of Rome was reasonably easy because it was relatively close and also because of the disunity between the Germanic foes , however , controlling both frontiers altogether during wartime was difficult . If the emperor was near the border in the East , chances were high that an ambitious general would rebel in the West and vice versa . This wartime opportunism plagued many ruling emperors and indeed paved the road to power for several future emperors . Economic stagnation in the West ( edit ) Rome and the Italian peninsula began to experience an economic slowdown as industries and money began to move outward . By the beginning of the 2nd century AD , the economic stagnation of Italia was seen in the provincial - born Emperors , such as Trajan and Hadrian . Economic problems increased in strength and frequency . The Roman Empire in 268 Crisis of the 3rd century ( edit ) Starting on 18 March 235 , with the assassination of the Emperor Alexander Severus , the Roman Empire sank into a 50 - year civil war , now known as the Crisis of the Third Century . The rise of the bellicose Sassanid dynasty in Parthia posed a major threat to Rome in the east . Demonstrating the increased danger , Emperor Valerian was captured by Shapur I in 259 . His eldest son and heir - apparent , Gallienus , succeeded and took up the fight on the eastern frontier . Gallienus ' son , Saloninus , and the Praetorian Prefect Silvanus were residing in Colonia Agrippina ( modern Cologne ) to solidify the loyalty of the local legions . Nevertheless , Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus - the local governor of the German provinces -- rebelled ; his assault on Colonia Agrippina resulted in the deaths of Saloninus and the prefect . In the confusion that followed , an independent state known as the Gallic Empire emerged . Its capital was Augusta Treverorum ( modern Trier ) , and it quickly expanded its control over the German and Gaulish provinces and over all of Hispania and Britannia . It had its own senate , and a partial list of its consuls still survives . It maintained Roman religion , language , and culture , and was far more concerned with fighting the Germanic tribes than other Romans . However , in the reign of Claudius Gothicus ( 268 to 270 ) , large expanses of the Gallic Empire were restored to Roman rule . At roughly the same time , several eastern provinces seceded under the Palmyrene Empire , under the rule of Queen Zenobia . In 272 , Emperor Aurelian finally managed to reclaim Palmyra and its territory for the empire . With the East secure , his attention was turned to the West , taking the Gallic Empire a year later . Because of a secret deal between Aurelian and Gallic Emperor Tetricus I and his son Tetricus II , the Gallic army was swiftly defeated . In exchange , Aurelian spared their lives and gave the two former rebels important positions in Italy . The organization of the Empire under the Tetrarchy . Tetrarchy ( edit ) Main article : Tetrarchy The external borders were mostly stable for the remainder of the Crisis of the Third Century , although , between the death of Aurelian in 275 and the accession of Diocletian ten years later , at least eight emperors or would - be emperors were killed , many assassinated by their own troops . Under Diocletian , the political division of the Roman Empire began . In 285 , he promoted Maximian to the rank of Augustus ( Emperor ) and gave him control of the Western regions of the Empire . In 293 , Galerius and Constantius Chlorus were appointed as their subordinates ( Caesars ) , creating the First Tetrarchy . This system effectively divided the Empire into four major regions and created separate capitals besides Rome as a way to avoid the civil unrest that had marked the 3rd century . In the West , the capitals were Maximian 's Mediolanum ( now Milan ) and Constantius ' Trier . In the East , the capitals were Sirmium and Nicomedia . On 1 May 305 , the two senior Augusti stepped down , and their respective Caesars were promoted to Augusti and appointed two new Caesars , thus creating the Second Tetrarchy . Constantine the Great ( edit ) Main article : Constantine the Great The system of the Tetrarchy quickly ran aground when the Western Roman Empire 's Constantius died unexpectedly in 306 , and his son Constantine the Great was proclaimed Augustus of the West by the legions in Britain . A crisis followed as several claimants attempted to rule the Western half . In 308 , the Augustus of the East , Galerius , arranged a conference at Carnuntum which revived the Tetrarchy by dividing the West between Constantine and a newcomer named Licinius . Constantine was far more interested in conquering the whole empire . Through a series of battles in the East and the West , Licinius and Constantine stabilized their respective parts of the Roman Empire by 314 , and began to compete for sole control of a reunified state . Constantine emerged victorious in 324 after the surrender and murder of Licinius following the Battle of Chrysopolis . The Tetrarchy ended , but the idea of dividing the Roman Empire between two emperors had been validated . Very strong emperors would reunite it under their single rule , but with their death the Roman Empire would be divided again and again between the East and the West . Second division ( edit ) Division of the Roman Empire among the Caesars appointed by Constantine I : from west to east , the territories of Constantine II , Constans I , Dalmatius and Constantius II . After the death of Constantine I ( May 337 ) , this was the formal division of the Empire , until Dalmatius was killed and his territory divided between Constans and Constantius . Constantius was born in 317 at Sirmium , Pannonia . He was the third son of Constantine the Great , and second by his second wife Fausta , the daughter of Maximian . Constantius was made Caesar by his father on 13 November 324 . The Roman Empire was under the rule of a single Emperor , but , with the death of Constantine in 337 , civil war erupted among his three sons , dividing the Empire into three parts . The West was unified in 340 under Constans , who was assassinated in 350 under the order of the usurper Magnentius ; after Magnentius lost the Battle of Mursa Major and committed suicide , a complete reunification of the whole Empire occurred in 353 , with Constantius II . Constantius II focused most of his power in the East and is regarded as the first emperor of the Byzantine Empire . Under his rule , the city of Byzantium - only recently re-founded as Constantinople - was fully developed as a capital . In 361 , Constantius II became ill and died , and Constantius Chlorus ' grandson Julian , who had served as Constantius II 's Caesar , assumed power . Julian was killed in 363 in the Battle of Samarra against the Persian Empire and was succeeded by Jovian , who ruled only until 364 . Final division ( edit ) The division of the Empire after the death of Theodosius I , ca. 395 AD superimposed on modern borders . Western Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire Stone - carved relief depicting the liberation of a besieged city by a relief force , with those defending the walls making a sortie ( i.e. a sudden attack against a besieging enemy from within the besieged town ) ; Western Roman Empire , early 5th century AD Following the death of Jovian , Valentinian I emerged as Emperor in 364 . He immediately divided the Empire once again , giving the eastern half to his brother Valens . Stability was not achieved for long in either half , as the conflicts with outside forces ( tribes ) intensified . In 376 , the Visigoths , fleeing before the Ostrogoths , who in turn were fleeing before the Huns , were allowed to cross the river Danube and settle into the Balkans by the Eastern government . Mistreatment caused a full - scale rebellion , and in 378 they inflicted a crippling defeat on the Eastern Roman field army in the Battle of Adrianople , in which Valens also died . The campaigns to subdue them were only partly successful , and they officially became semi-independent foederati under their own leaders . More than in the East , there was also opposition to the Christianizing policy of the Emperors in the western half of the Empire . In 379 , Valentinian I 's son and successor Gratian declined to wear the mantle of Pontifex Maximus , and in 382 he rescinded the rights of pagan priests and removed the Altar of Victory from the Roman Curia , a decision which caused dissatisfaction among the traditionally pagan aristocracy of Rome . Theodosius I later decreed a ban on all religions except Christianity . The political situation was unstable . In 383 , a powerful and popular general named Magnus Maximus seized power in the West and forced Gratian 's half - brother Valentinian II to flee to the East for aid ; in a destructive civil war , the Eastern Emperor Theodosius I restored him to power . In 392 , the Frankish and pagan magister militum Arbogast assassinated Valentinian II and proclaimed an obscure senator named Eugenius as Emperor . In 394 the forces of the two halves of the Empire again clashed with great loss of life . Again Theodosius I won , and he briefly ruled a united Empire until his death in 395 . He was the last Emperor to rule both parts of the Roman Empire ; his older son Arcadius inherited the eastern half while the younger Honorius got the western half . Both were still minors and neither was capable of ruling effectively . Honorius was placed under the tutelage of the half - Roman / half - barbarian magister militum Flavius Stilicho while Rufinus became the power behind the throne in the east . Rufinus and Stilicho were rivals , and their disagreements were exploited by the Gothic leader Alaric I who again rebelled following the death of Theodosius I. Neither half of the Empire could raise forces sufficient even to subdue Alaric 's men , and both tried to use Alaric against the other half . Alaric himself tried to establish a long - term territorial and official base , but was never able to do so . Stilicho tried to defend Italy and bring the invading Goths under control , but to do so he stripped the Rhine frontier of troops and the Vandals , Alans , and Suevi invaded Gaul in large numbers . Stilicho became a victim of court intrigues and was killed in 408 . While the East began a slow recovery and consolidation , the West began to collapse entirely . Alaric 's men sacked Rome in 410 . Economic factors ( edit ) The West , less urbanized with a spread - out populace , may have experienced an economic decline throughout the Late Empire in some provinces . Southern Italy , northern Gaul ( except for large towns and cities ) to some extent Spain and the Danubian areas may have suffered . The East was not so destitute , especially as Emperors like Constantine the Great and Constantius II had invested heavily in the eastern economy . As a result , the Eastern Empire could afford large numbers of professional soldiers and augment them with mercenaries , while the Western Roman Empire could not afford this to the same extent . Even in major defeats , the East could , certainly not without difficulties , buy off its enemies with a ransom . The political , economic and military control of the Eastern Empire 's resources remained safe in Constantinople , which was well fortified and located at the crossroads of several major trade and military routes . In contrast , the Western Empire was more fragmented . Its capital was transferred to Ravenna in 402 largely for defensive reasons , and it had easy access to the imperial fleet of the Eastern Empire but was isolated in other aspects as it was surrounded by swamps and marshes . The economic power remained focused on Rome and its hyper - rich senatorial aristocracy which dominated much of Italy and Africa in particular . After Gallienus banned senators from army commands in the mid-3rd century , the senatorial elite lost all experience of -- and interest in -- military life . In the early 5th century the wealthy landowning elite of the Roman Senate largely barred its tenants from military service , but it also refused to approve sufficient funding for maintaining a sufficiently powerful mercenary army to defend the entire Western Empire . The West 's most important military area had been northern Gaul and the Rhine frontier in the 4th century , when Trier frequently served as the capital of the Empire and many leading Western generals were Barbarians . After the civil war in 394 between Theodosius I and Eugenius , the new Western government installed by Theodosius I increasingly had to divert military resources from Britain and the Rhine to protect Italy . This , in turn , led to further rebellions and civil wars because the Western imperial government was not providing the military protection the northern provinces expected and needed against the barbarians . The Western Empire 's resources were much limited , and the lack of available manpower forced the government to rely ever more on confederate barbarian troops operating under their own commanders , where the Western Empire would often have difficulties paying . In certain cases deals were struck with the leaders of barbaric mercenaries rewarding them with land , which led to the Empire 's decline as less land meant there would be less tax revenue to support the military . As the central power weakened , the State gradually lost control of its borders and provinces , as well as control over the Mediterranean Sea . Roman Emperors tried to maintain control of the sea , but , once the Vandals conquered North Africa , imperial authorities had to cover too much ground with too few resources . The loss of the African provinces might have been the worse reversal on the West 's fortunes , since they were among its wealthiest territories and supplied the essential grain imports to Italy . In many places , the Roman institutions collapsed along with the economic stability . In some regions , such as Gaul and Italy , the settlement of barbarians on former Roman lands seems to have caused relatively little disruption . Sack of Rome and fall of the Western Roman Empire ( edit ) See also : Fall of the Western Roman Empire Germanic and Hunnic invasions of the Roman Empire , 100 -- 500 AD The Roman Empire during the reigns of Majorian ( west ) and Leo I ( east ) in 460 AD . Roman rule in the west would last less than two more decades , whereas the territory of the east would remain static until the reconquests of Justinian I . Remaining as emperor after the death of Stilicho in 408 , Honorius reigned until his own death in 423 . His reign was filled with usurpations and invasions . In 410 , Rome was sacked by Alaric 's forces . This event made a great impression on contemporaries , as this was the first time since the Gallic invasions of the 4th century BC that the city had fallen to a foreign enemy . Under Alaric 's successors , the Goths then settled in Gaul ( 412 -- 418 ) , from where they operated as Roman allies against the Vandals , Alans , and Suevi in Spain , and against the usurper Jovinus ( 413 ) . Meanwhile , another usurper , Constantine ( 406 -- 411 ) , had stripped Roman Britain of its defenses when he crossed over to Gaul in 407 , leaving the Romanized population subject to invasions , first by the Picts and then by the Saxons , Angli , and the Jutes who began to settle permanently from about 440 onwards . Honorius ' death in 423 was followed by turmoil until the Eastern Roman government with the force of arms installed Valentinian III as Western Emperor in Ravenna , with Galla Placidia acting as regent during her son 's minority . After a violent struggle with several rivals , and against Placidia 's wish , Aetius rose to the rank of magister militum . Aetius was able to stabilize the Western Empire 's military situation somewhat , relying heavily on his Hunnic allies . With their help , he defeated the Burgundians , who had occupied part of southern Gaul after 407 , and settled them in Savoy as Roman allies ( 433 ) . Later that century , as Roman power faded away , the Burgundians extended their rule to the Rhone valley . Meanwhile , pressure from the Visigoths and a rebellion by Bonifacius , the governor of Africa , induced the Vandals under their king Gaiseric to cross over from Spain in 429 . They temporarily halted in Numidia ( 435 ) before moving eastward and capturing Carthage , from where they established an independent state with a powerful navy ( 439 ) . The Vandal fleet became a constant danger to Roman sea trade and the coasts and islands of the western and central Mediterranean . In 444 , the Huns , who had been employed as Roman allies by Aetius , were united under their ambitious king Attila . Turning against their former ally , the Huns became a formidable threat to the Empire . Attila then received a plea for help and the ring of Honoria , the Emperor 's sister . Threatening war , he claimed half of the Western Empire 's territory as his dowry . The Western and the Eastern Roman Empires by 476 Faced with refusal , he invaded Gaul and was only stopped in the battle of the Catalaunian Plains by a combined Roman - Germanic army led by Aetius . The next year , Attila invaded Italy and proceeded to march upon Rome , but an outbreak of disease in his army , Pope Leo 's plea for peace , and reports of a campaign of Marcianus directed at his headquarters in Pannonia induced him to halt this campaign . Attila unexpectedly died a year later ( 453 ) . Aetius was slain in 454 by Valentinian , who was then himself murdered by the dead general 's supporters a year later . With the end of the Theodosian dynasty , a new period of dynastic struggle ensued . The Vandals took advantage of the unrest and sailed up to Rome , which they plundered in 455 . The instability caused by usurpers throughout the Western Empire helped these tribes in their conquests , and by the 450s the Germanic tribes had become usurpers themselves . During the next twenty years , several Western Emperors were installed by Constantinople , but their authority relied upon barbarian commanders ( Ricimer ( 456 -- 472 ) , Gundobad ( 473 -- 475 ) ) . Majorian was the last emperor to campaign in Gaul and Spain in 458 - 460 before being deposed and murdered by Ricimer . From the 460s onwards , imperial control was effectively restricted to Italy and southern Gaul as the remaining Western provinces refused to accept Ricimer 's appointment of Libius Severus in 461 . In 475 , Orestes , a former secretary of Attila , drove Emperor Julius Nepos out of Ravenna and proclaimed his own son Romulus Augustus as emperor . In 476 , Orestes refused to grant Odoacer and the Heruli federated status , prompting an invasion . Orestes was killed and Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustus , installed himself as ruler over Italy and sent the Imperial insignia to Constantinople . Although isolated pockets of Roman rule continued even after 476 , the city of Rome itself was under the rule of the barbarians , and the control of Rome over the West had effectively ended . Three rump states continued under Roman rule in some form or another after 476 : Julius Nepos controlled Dalmatia until his murder in 480 . Syagrius ruled the Domain of Soissons until his murder in 487 . Lastly , a Roman - Moor realm survived in north Africa , resisting Vandal incursions , and becoming a part of the Eastern Roman Empire c. 533 when Belisarius defeated the Vandals . Europe in 477 AD . Highlighted areas are Roman lands that survived the deposition of Romulus Augustulus . Last Emperor ( edit ) By convention , the Western Roman Empire is deemed to have ended on 4 September 476 , when Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustulus , but the historical record calls this determination into question . Julius Nepos still claimed to be Emperor of the West , and ruled a rump state in Dalmatia . He was recognized as such by Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno and by Syagrius , who had managed to preserve Roman sovereignty in an exclave in northern Gaul , known today as the Domain of Soissons . Odoacer proclaimed himself ruler of Italy and began to negotiate with Zeno . Zeno eventually granted Odoacer patrician status as recognition of his authority and accepted him as his own viceroy of Italy . Zeno , however , insisted that Odoacer had to pay homage to Julius Nepos as the Emperor of the Western Empire . Odoacer accepted this condition and issued coins in the name of Julius Nepos throughout Italy . This , however , was mainly an empty political gesture , as Odoacer never returned any real power or territories to Julius Nepos . The murder of Julius Nepos in 480 prompted Odoacer to invade Dalmatia , annexing it to his Kingdom of Italy . Recognising that no direct roman control remained over the territories legally governed by the western emperor , Zeno did not appoint a new western emperor after the death of Julius Nepos . Instead Zeno abolished the juridical division of the position of emperor into two separate courts , declaring himself the sole emperor of a reunited roman empire . As such , the ( eastern ) roman emperors after 480 are the successors of the western ones , albeit only in a juridical sense . Political change after the Empire 's fall ( edit ) Barbarian kingdoms ( edit ) Barbarian kingdoms in 526 Main article : Barbarian kingdoms In the context of the Western Roman Empire , the term `` barbarian kingdoms '' most often refers to the germanic kingdoms that sprung from the formerly western roman territory . Their beginnings , together with the end of the Western Roman Empire , marks the transition from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages . The barbarian kingdoms gradually replaced the old roman system , specifically in the praetorian prefectures of Gaul and Italy , during the sixth and seventh centuries . Among the more powerful and important kingdoms were the frankish kingdom ( which would go on to develop into the Carolingian Empire and later France and the Holy Roman Empire ) , the visigothic kingdom , the ostrogothic kingdom of italy and the vandalic kingdom . The vandalic and ostrogothic kingdoms were reconquered by the Roman Empire under emperor Justinian in the sixth century and the visigothic kingdom was conquered during the spread of Islam in the eighth century . 6th - century Visigothic coin , struck in the name of emperor Justinian I . These kingdoms were originally foederati , polities created to utilize germanic warriors in exchange for allowing them to settle within the borders of the empire , and were nominally vassals or client states to the western roman emperor . Even after the fall of the Western Roman Empire , they considered themselves vassals ( at least nominally ) to the roman emperor in Constantinople . Among other things , the barbarian kings continued to strike coins in the name of the roman emperor , rather than in their own names , as late as the sixth century . The relations between the romans in the east and the barbarian kingdoms were not necessarily bad . For instance , the frankish king Clovis was granted the title of consul by emperor Anastasius after defeating the visigoths in the Battle of Vouillé in 507 . The relations between the barbarian kingdoms and the Byzantine Empire grew weaker over time and appear to have been gone by the seventh and eighth centuries when the kingdoms adopted the feudalism characteristic of the european middle ages . Theodoric ( edit ) The Ostrogothic Kingdom , which rose from the ruins of the late Western Roman Empire Odoacer was replaced by Theodoric the Great , king of the Ostrogoths , in 493 . Theoderic had been ordered by emperor Zeno , as his subservient , to deal with Odoacer and was granted the title of `` dux '' of Italy after defeating Odoacer . While in principle Theodoric was a subordinate , a viceroy of the Emperor of the East , in fact he was his equal as a de facto independent monarch . Following Theodoric 's death in 526 , the Western half of the Empire was now fully controlled by Germanic tribes ( though many of them continued to recognize Roman law and made claims to continuity ) , while the Eastern half had established itself under the Justinian dynasty . While the East would make some attempts to recapture the West , the territory once ruled by the western court was never fully recaptured . East Roman reconquest ( edit ) The Eastern Roman Empire , by reoccupying some of the former Western Roman Empire 's lands , enlarged its territory considerably during Justinian 's reign from 527 ( red ) to 565 ( orange ) . Throughout Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages , the Eastern Roman Empire , or the Byzantine Empire , laid claims on areas of the West which had been occupied by several tribes . In the 6th century , the Eastern Roman Empire managed to reconquer large areas of the former Western Roman Empire . The most successful were the campaigns of the generals Belisarius and Narses on behalf of the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I from 533 to 554 . The Vandal - occupied former Roman territory in North Africa was regained , particularly the territory centered around the city of Carthage . Less than a year later , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , Dalmatia , and the Balearic Islands were easily captured by the invading Roman legions . The campaign eventually moved into Italy and the Byzantines reconquered it completely . Minor territories were taken as far west as the southern coast of the Iberian Peninsula . Only three years after Justinian had died , the Lombards had invaded Italy , but the wealthiest parts of the province remained securely in Roman hands throughout the seventh century . Although some eastern emperors occasionally attempted to campaign in the West , none were as successful as Justinian . After 600 , events conspired to drive the Western provinces out of Constantinople 's control , with imperial attention focused on the pressing issues of war with Sasanian Persia and then the rise of Arab power . For a while , the West remained important , with the Emperor Constans II ruling from Sicily a Roman Empire that still stretched from North Africa to the Caucasus in the 660s , but thereafter imperial attention declined rapidly , with Constantinople itself being besieged in the 670s , renewed war with the Arabs in the 680s , and then a period of chaos between 695 and 717 , during which time Africa was finally lost to the Romans once and for all . The Emperor Leo III restored order , but his doctrinal reforms , known as the Iconoclastic Controversy , proved extremely unpopular in the West , and led to the final breakdown in imperial rule over Rome itself . Byzantine rule continued in Sicily throughout the eighth century , with the island slowly being overrun by the Arabs over the course of the ninth century . In Italy , a few strongholds in Calabria ultimately provided a base for modest imperial expansion , which reached its peak in the early eleventh century , with most of southern Italy under `` Roman '' rule of a sort . This , however , was undone by further Byzantine civil war , and the slow conquest of the region by the Byzantines ' former mercenaries , the Normans , who finally put an end to imperial rule in Western Europe in 1071 . Legacy ( edit ) Further information : Legacy of the Roman Empire , Romance languages , Corpus Juris Civilis , Civil law ( legal system ) , Latin alphabet , Literature , Bust ( sculpture ) , Concrete , and Cities On the left : Emperor Honorius on the consular diptych of Anicius Petronius Probus ( 406 ) On the right : Consular diptych of Constantius III ( a co-emperor with Honorius in 421 ) , produced for his consulate in 413 or 417 As the Western Roman Empire crumbled , the new Germanic rulers who conquered the provinces upheld many Roman laws and traditions . Many of the invading Germanic tribes were already Christianized , although most were followers of Arianism . They quickly converted to official imperial Christianity , gaining more loyalty from the local Roman populations , as well as the recognition and support of the powerful Bishop of Rome . Although they initially continued to recognize indigenous tribal laws , they were more influenced by Roman Law and gradually incorporated it as well . Roman Law , particularly the Corpus Juris Civilis collected by order of Justinian I , is the ancient basis on which the modern Civil law stands . In contrast , Common law is based on the Germanic Anglo - Saxon law . Latin as a language never really disappeared . It combined with neighboring Germanic and Celtic languages , giving rise to many modern Romance languages such as Italian , French , Spanish , Portuguese , Romanian and a large number of minor languages and dialects . Today , more than 900 million people are native speakers worldwide . Latin also influenced Germanic languages such as English , German , and Dutch ; all surviving Celtic languages , Albanian , and such Slavic languages as Polish and Czech , and even the non-Indo - European Hungarian . It survives in its `` purer '' form as the language of the Catholic Church ( the Mass was spoken exclusively in Latin until 1969 ) , and was used as a lingua franca between many nations . It remained the language of medicine , law , diplomacy ( most treaties were written in Latin ) , of intellectuals and scholarship . The Latin alphabet was expanded due to the splits of I into I and J and of U into U , V , and in places ( especially Germanic languages and Polish ) W ; it is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today . Roman numerals continue to be used , but were mostly replaced by Arabic numerals . A very visible legacy of the Western Roman Empire is the Roman Catholic Church . The Church slowly began to replace Roman institutions in the West , even helping to negotiate the safety of Rome during the late 5th century . In many cases the only source of law and civil administration was the local bishop , often himself a former governor like St. Ambrose of Milan and St. Germanus of Auxerre . As Rome was invaded by Germanic tribes , many assimilated , and by the middle of the medieval period ( c. 9th and 10th centuries ) the central , western , and northern parts of Europe had been largely converted to Roman Catholicism and acknowledged the Pope as the Vicar of Christ . The pope has consistently held the title of `` Pontifex Maximus '' since before the fall of the Western Roman Empire and retains it to this day , this title was formerly used by the high priest of the old roman polytheism . Though gone in modern times , the roman senate survived the intial collapse of the Western Roman Empire . Its authority even seems to have increased under the rule of Italy by Odoacer and later the Ostrogoths , evident by that the senate in 498 managed to install Symmachus as pope despite both Theoderic of Italy and emperor Anastasius supporting the other candidate , Laurentius . When exactly the senate disappeared is unclear , it is known that the institution remained into the sixth century as gifts from the senate were received by emperor Tiberius II in 578 and 580 in hope of aid against the invading Lombards . The traditional senate building , Curia Julia , was rebuilt into a church under pope Honorius I in 630 , probably with permission from the eastern emperor Heraclius . Attempted restorations ( edit ) Map of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne , who was crowned as `` Roman Emperor '' by the pope Leo III in the year 800 in opposition to the Roman Empire in the east at the time being ruled by Irene , a woman . Though abolished , the idea of splitting the imperial court into two to more effectively govern the territory of the empire remained as an idea in the east . The earliest attempt at crowning a new western emperor occurred during the gothic wars under emperor Justinian I. Belisarius , an accomplished general that had already successfully campaigned to restore roman control over North Africa and large parts of Italy ( including Rome itself ) , was offered the position of Western Roman Emperor by the ostrogoths during his siege of Ravenna ( the ostrogothic , and previously western roman , capital ) in 540 . The ostrogoths made the offer to avoid losing their control of Italy by offering the title and fealty to Belisarius . Belisarius feigned to accept to enter the city , whereupon he immediately relinquished the title . Despite Belisarius relinquishing the title , the offer had made Justinian suspicious and Belisarius was ordered to return east . At the end of emperor Tiberius II 's reign in 582 , the byzantine empire retained control over relatively large parts of the regions reconquered under Justinian . Tiberius chose two Caesares , the general Maurice and the governor Germanus , and married his two daughters to them . Germanus had clear connections to the western provinces , and Maurice to the eastern provinces . It is possible that Tiberius had planned to divide the empire into western and eastern administrative units once more , but if those plans existed they were never realized . At the death of Tiberius , Maurice inherited the entire empire as Germanus had refused the throne . The ideal of the Roman Empire as a mighty Christian Empire with a single ruler further continued to appeal to many powerful rulers in western Europe . Under the principle of translatio imperii , the Holy Roman Empire explicitly proclaimed itself as the continuation of the Western Roman Empire . The title of the Western Roman Emperor was revived when Charlemagne , King of the Franks and Lombards , was crowned as Emperor of the Romans of the West by Pope Leo III in 800 . The emperors of the Carolingian and Holy Roman empires were never recognised as `` Roman Emperors '' by the Eastern Roman Emperors , who were in direct succession to the ancient Roman Emperors . Charlemagne 's position as `` Emperor '' was recognised by the byzantine emperor Michael I in the early 800s , but he reserved the title of `` Roman Emperor '' for himself . The Holy Roman Empire continued to regard itself as the successor state of the Western Roman Empire until its downfall in 1806 . The French King Louis XIV , as well as French Emperor Napoleon I , and the Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini , among others , also tried to resurrect the Empire , albeit unsuccessfully . List of Western Roman emperors ( edit ) Gallic Emperors ( 259 to 273 ) ( edit ) Postumus : 259 to 268 Laelianus : 268 Usurper Marcus Aurelius Marius : 268 Victorinus : 268 to 271 Domitianus : 271 Usurper Tetricus I : 271 to 273 Tetricus II : 271 to 273 Son and co-emperor of Tetricus I Tetrarchy ( 293 to 313 ) ( edit ) Augusti are shown with their Caesares and regents further indented Maximian : 293 to 305 Constantius Chlorus : 293 to 305 Constantius Chlorus : 305 to 306 Flavius Valerius Severus : 305 to 306 Flavius Valerius Severus : 306 to 307 Constantine I : 306 to 313 Maxentius / Maximian : 307 to 308 Licinius : 308 to 313 Maxentius : 308 to 312 Usurper Domitius Alexander : 308 to 309 African usurper Constantinian dynasty ( 313 to 363 ) ( edit ) Constantine the Great : 306 to 337 Sole emperor of the empire from 324 to 337 Constantine II : 337 to 340 Emperor of Gaul , Britannia , and Hispania Constantius II : 337 to 361 Emperor of the east from 337 to 353 , Sole emperor of the empire from 353 to 360 Constans I : 337 to 350 Emperor of Italy and Africa 337 - 340 , emperor of the west from 340 to 350 Magnentius : 350 to 353 Usurper Julian : 355 to 363 Emperor of the west from 355 to 361 , Sole emperor of the empire from 361 to 363 Non-dynastic ( 363 to 364 ) ( edit ) Jovian : 363 to 364 Valentinian dynasty ( 364 to 392 ) ( edit ) Valentinian I : 364 to 375 Gratian : 367 to 375 Gratian : 375 to 383 Valentinian II : 375 to 383 Magnus Maximus : 383 to 388 Usurper Valentinian II : 383 to 392 Non-dynastic ( 392 to 394 ) ( edit ) Eugenius : 392 to 394 Theodosian dynasty ( 394 to 455 ) ( edit ) Theodosius I : 394 to 395 Sole emperor Honorius : 395 to 423 Flavius Stilicho : 395 to 408 Power behind the throne Constantius III : 421 Constantine III : 407 to 411 Usurper Priscus Attalus : 409 to 410 / 414 to 415 Usurper Jovinus : 411 to 412 Usurper Valentinian III : 423 to 455 Galla Placidia : 423 to 433 Regent Aëtius : 433 to 454 Regent Joannes : 423 to 425 Usurper Non-dynastic ( 455 to 480 ) ( edit ) Petronius Maximus : 455 not recognized in Constantinople Avitus : 455 to 456 not recognized in Constantinople Ricimer : 456 to 472 Power behind the throne Majorian : 457 to 461 Libius Severus : 461 to 465 not recognized in Constantinople Anthemius : 467 to 472 Olybrius : 472 not recognized in Constantinople Glycerius : 473 to 474 not recognized in Constantinople Julius Nepos : 474 to 480 In exile 475 to 480 Romulus Augustus : 475 to 476 not recognized in Constantinople Flavius Orestes : 475 to 476 Power behind the throne Flavius Orestes was killed by revolting Germanic mercenaries . Their chieftain , Odoacer , assumed control of Italy as a de jure representative of Julius Nepos and Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno . See also ( edit ) Byzantine Empire Carolingian Empire Holy Roman Empire Legacy of the Roman Empire Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taagepera , Rein ( 1979 ) . `` Size and Duration of Empires : Growth - Decline Curves , 600 B.C. to 600 A.D '' . Social Science History . Duke University Press . 3 ( 3 / 4 ) : 24 . JSTOR 1170959 . doi : 10.2307 / 1170959 . Jump up ^ DiMaio Jr. , M. & Frakes , R. ' DIR - Constantius II ' from De Imperatoribus Romanis ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Williams and Friell ( 1999 ) , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Kidner et al. Making Europe : People , Politics , and Culture vol. 1 ( 2009 ) , 198 -- 203 . Jump up ^ Michael Frassetto , The Early Medieval World : From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne vol. 1 `` Coins and Coinage '' , page 203 . Jump up ^ `` Clovis I '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ The Making of Orthodox Byzantium Jump up ^ Levillain , Philippe ( 2002 ) . The Papacy : Gaius - Proxies . Psychology Press . p. 907 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92230 - 2 . Jump up ^ Walter Emil Kaegi ( 27 mars 2003 ) . Heraclius , Emperor of Byzantium . Cambridge University Press . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81459 - 1 . Jump up ^ Moorhead , John ( 1994 ) . Justinian . pp. 84 - 86 Jump up ^ Whitby ( 1988 ) p. 7 . Jump up ^ Pearse , Roger . `` John , Bishop of Nikiu : Chronicle . London ( 1916 ) . English Translation '' . www.tertullian.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 . References ( edit ) Henning Börm : Das weströmische Kaisertum nach 476 . In : Josef Wiesehöfer et al. ( eds . ) , Monumentum et instrumentum inscriptum . Stuttgart 2008 , pp. 47 -- 69 . Henning Börm : Westrom . Von Honorius bis Justinian . Stuttgart 2013 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 17 - 023276 - 1 ( Review in English ) . John Moorhead . Justinian , Longman 1994 . Michael Whitby ( 1988 ) . The Emperor Maurice and his historian : Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan warfare . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822945 - 3 Neil Christie : The Fall of the Western Roman Empire . London 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 75966 - 0 . Kaj Sandberg : The So - Called Division of the Roman Empire . Notes On A Persistent Theme in Western Historiography . In : Arctos 42 ( 2008 ) , 199 - 213 . El Housin Helal Ouriachen : La ciudad bética durante la Antigüedad Tardía . Persistencias y mutaciones locales en relación con la realidad urbana del Mediterraneo y del Atlántico , PhD thesis , Universidad de Granada . Granada 2009 . Stephen Williams och J.G.P. Friell : The Rome that did not fall : the survival of the East in the fifth century , CRC Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 203 - 98231 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Western Roman Empire . 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Vlams Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 00 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was rome divided into east and west | [
"In historiography, the Western Roman Empire consists of the western provinces of the Roman Empire at any one time during which they were administered by a separate independent Imperial court, coequal with (or only nominally subordinate to) that administering the eastern half. Both \"Western Roman Empire\" and \"Eastern Roman Empire\" (or \"Byzantine Empire\") are modern terms describing de facto independent entities; however, at no point did the Romans consider the Empire split into two, but rather considered it a single state governed by two separate Imperial courts out of administrative expediency. The view that the Empire was impossible to govern by one emperor was established by Diocletian following the disastrous civil wars and disintegration of the Crisis of the 3rd century, and was instituted in Roman law by his introduction of the Tetrarchy in AD 285, a form of government which was legally to endure in one form or another for centuries. The Western Court was periodically abolished and recreated for the next two centuries until final abolition by Zeno in 480, by which time there was little effective central control left in the area legally administered by the Western Court."
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"AD 285"
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7967875638334240742 | 2017 US Open – Women's Singles | 2017 US Open -- women 's singles - wikipedia 2017 US Open -- women 's singles Women 's Singles 2017 US Open Champion Sloane Stephens Runner - up Madison Keys Final score 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 Details Draw 128 ( 16 Q / 8 WC ) Seeds 32 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women mixed WC Singles men women quad WC Doubles men women quad ← 2016 US Open 2018 → Main article : 2017 US Open ( tennis ) Angelique Kerber was the defending champion , but was defeated in the first round by Naomi Osaka . Kerber became the second US Open defending champion to lose in the first round after Svetlana Kuznetsova in 2005 . Sloane Stephens won her first Grand Slam title , defeating Madison Keys in the final , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 . It was the first all - American women 's final at the US Open since 2002 , and the second time in three years that the final featured two first - time Grand Slam singles finalists from the same country . Stephens became the second unseeded woman in the Open Era to win the US Open after Kim Clijsters in 2009 . For the first time since 1981 at the US Open -- and at any Grand Slam event since the 1985 Wimbledon Championships -- all four semifinalists were American . Both occasions were also the last time that four players from the same country accomplished these feats . In addition , Kaia Kanepi became the first qualifier to reach the US Open quarterfinals since Barbara Gerken , also in 1981 . This was Maria Sharapova 's first Grand Slam appearance since the 2016 Australian Open , following a suspension for violating the anti-doping rules . Sharapova was unseeded in Grand Slam for the first time since the 2009 French Open , was awarded a wildcard into the main draw and advanced to the fourth round , where she lost to Anastasija Sevastova . Garbiñe Muguruza became the new WTA No. 1 player at the end of the tournament despite losing in the fourth round , after Karolína Plíšková ( who held the top ranking at the start of the tournament ) failed to defend her finalist points from 2016 . Eight of the top nine seeds ( with the exception of Kerber ) were in contention for the no . 1 ranking at the start of the tournament . Venus Williams became the first player in history to reach the semifinals of the US Open 10 years apart and then do so another 10 years apart ( 1997 , 2007 , and 2017 ) . Contents 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Draw 3.1 Key 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.3. 3 Section 3 3.3. 4 Section 4 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 5 3.4. 2 Section 6 3.4. 3 Section 7 3.4. 4 Section 8 4 References 5 External links Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Karolína Plíšková ( Quarterfinals ) 02 . Simona Halep ( First round ) 03 . Garbiñe Muguruza ( Fourth round ) 04 . Elina Svitolina ( Fourth round ) 05 . Caroline Wozniacki ( Second round ) 06 . Angelique Kerber ( First round ) 07 . Johanna Konta ( First round ) 08 . Svetlana Kuznetsova ( Second round ) 09 . Venus Williams ( Semifinals ) 10 . Agnieszka Radwańska ( Third round ) 11 . Dominika Cibulková ( Second round ) 12 . Jeļena Ostapenko ( Third round ) 13 . Petra Kvitová ( Quarterfinals ) 14 . Kristina Mladenovic ( First round ) 15 . Madison Keys ( Final ) 16 . Anastasija Sevastova ( Quarterfinals ) 17 . Elena Vesnina ( Third round ) 18 . Caroline Garcia ( Third round ) 19 . Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova ( First round ) 20 . CoCo Vandeweghe ( Semifinals ) 21 . Ana Konjuh ( First round ) 22 . Peng Shuai ( Second round ) 23 . Barbora Strýcová ( Second round ) 24 . Kiki Bertens ( First round ) 25 . Daria Gavrilova ( Second round ) 26 . Anett Kontaveit ( First round ) 27 . Zhang Shuai ( Third round ) 28 . Lesia Tsurenko ( First round ) 29 . Mirjana Lučić - Baroni ( Second round ) 30 . Julia Görges ( Fourth round ) 31 . Magdaléna Rybáriková ( Third round ) 32 . Lauren Davis ( First round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2017 US Open -- Women 's Singles Qualifying Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Karolína Plíšková 6 20 CoCo Vandeweghe 7 6 20 CoCo Vandeweghe 15 Madison Keys 6 6 15 Madison Keys 6 6 Q Kaia Kanepi 15 Madison Keys 0 PR Sloane Stephens 6 6 9 Venus Williams 6 7 13 Petra Kvitová 6 6 9 Venus Williams 6 5 PR Sloane Stephens 6 0 7 PR Sloane Stephens 6 7 16 Anastasija Sevastova 6 6 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round Ka Plíšková 6 6 M Linette Ka Plíšková 6 6 V Cepede Royg 0 6 Q N Gibbs 6 Q N Gibbs 6 6 Ka Plíšková 7 6 R Ozaki 6 6 7 27 S Zhang 6 5 Q D Lao 7 6 R Ozaki 0 PR S Lisicki 7 0 27 S Zhang 6 6 27 S Zhang 6 6 6 Ka Plíšková 6 6 23 B Strýcová 6 6 J Brady 0 M Doi 23 B Strýcová J Brady 6 6 J Brady 6 6 A Petkovic 6 J Brady 6 7 WC T Townsend 6 M Niculescu 6 6 A Bogdan 6 6 A Bogdan 6 M Niculescu 6 6 M Niculescu 6 6 14 K Mladenovic Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 10 A Radwańska 6 7 P Martić 6 10 A Radwańska 7 6 Q S Zhuk 6 Y Putintseva 5 Y Putintseva 7 6 10 A Radwańska 5 6 O Jabeur 6 7 20 C Vandeweghe 7 6 WC B Minor 5 O Jabeur 6 A Riske 6 20 C Vandeweghe 7 6 20 C Vandeweghe 6 6 20 C Vandeweghe 6 7 26 A Kontaveit 7 L Šafářová 6 L Šafářová 6 6 6 L Šafářová 6 6 N Hibino 6 7 N Hibino 6 C Bellis 6 5 L Šafářová 6 6 K Nara 6 6 K Nara S Sorribes Tormo K Nara 6 6 M Vondroušová 6 6 8 S Kuznetsova 6 8 S Kuznetsova 6 7 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round E Svitolina 6 6 6 K Siniaková 0 7 E Svitolina 6 6 E Rodina 7 6 E Rodina E Bouchard 6 E Svitolina 6 7 S Rogers 6 6 S Rogers 5 WC K Day 6 S Rogers 7 7 Q A Kiick 25 D Gavrilova 6 6 6 25 D Gavrilova 6 6 E Svitolina 6 6 17 E Vesnina 6 6 15 M Keys 7 6 Q A Blinkova 17 E Vesnina 6 6 M Brengle K Flipkens K Flipkens 6 6 17 E Vesnina 6 T Maria 6 6 15 M Keys 6 6 WC A Kratzer T Maria E Mertens 6 15 M Keys 6 6 15 M Keys 6 7 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 12 J Ostapenko 6 6 L Arruabarrena 6 12 J Ostapenko 6 6 Q L Kerkhove S Cîrstea S Cîrstea 6 6 12 J Ostapenko D Kasatkina 6 6 6 D Kasatkina 6 6 Q Wang 7 D Kasatkina 7 6 C McHale 6 6 C McHale 5 19 A Pavlyuchenkova 6 D Kasatkina 28 L Tsurenko Q K Kanepi 6 6 Y Wickmayer 6 6 Y Wickmayer Q K Kanepi 0 6 6 Q K Kanepi 6 6 F Schiavone 6 Q K Kanepi 6 7 D Allertová 6 7 N Osaka 6 5 Q R Peterson 6 D Allertová 6 5 N Osaka 6 6 N Osaka 6 7 6 A Kerber Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 5 C Wozniacki 6 7 Q M Buzărnescu 5 5 C Wozniacki 7 M Barthel E Makarova 6 6 6 E Makarova 6 6 E Makarova 6 Q İ Soylu C Suárez Navarro 6 6 C Suárez Navarro 6 6 C Suárez Navarro 7 6 M Puig 7 6 29 M Lučić - Baroni 6 6 29 M Lučić - Baroni 6 6 7 C Suárez Navarro 6 24 K Bertens 9 V Williams 6 6 M Sakkari 6 6 M Sakkari 7 6 R Hogenkamp 5 5 WC Ar Rodionova 5 WC Ar Rodionova 7 7 M Sakkari P Parmentier 6 0 6 9 V Williams 6 6 O Dodin 6 7 O Dodin 5 Q V Kužmová 6 9 V Williams 7 6 9 V Williams 6 6 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 13 P Kvitová 7 7 J Janković 5 5 13 P Kvitová 6 6 H Watson A Cornet A Cornet 6 6 13 P Kvitová 6 6 Q A Zaja 18 C Garcia 0 E Alexandrova 6 6 E Alexandrova 6 0 Q T Martincová 0 18 C Garcia 6 6 18 C Garcia 6 6 13 P Kvitová 7 6 31 M Rybáriková 6 6 G Muguruza 6 C Giorgi 31 M Rybáriková 7 7 Kr Plíšková 6 6 Kr Plíšková 6 6 PR M Eguchi 31 M Rybáriková Q C Liu 6 6 G Muguruza 6 6 Y Duan 7 7 Y Duan 0 V Lepchenko 0 G Muguruza 6 6 G Muguruza 6 6 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 7 J Konta 6 A Krunić 6 6 A Krunić 6 6 PR A Tomljanović 7 6 PR A Tomljanović J Larsson 5 A Krunić S Zheng 6 6 30 J Görges 6 6 A Van Uytvanck 6 S Zheng A Beck 0 30 J Görges 6 6 30 J Görges 6 6 30 J Görges 6 21 A Konjuh 6 0 PR S Stephens 6 6 A Barty 6 6 A Barty 6 7 A Sasnovich 6 6 A Sasnovich 6 J Boserup A Barty PR S Stephens 7 6 PR S Stephens 6 6 R Vinci 5 PR S Stephens 6 5 6 J Čepelová 7 11 D Cibulková 7 11 D Cibulková 6 6 6 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 16 A Sevastova 7 6 C Witthöft 5 16 A Sevastova 6 6 I-C Begu 6 Q K Kozlova Q K Kozlova 6 7 16 A Sevastova 6 6 D Vekić 6 6 D Vekić B Haddad Maia D Vekić 6 6 WC A Hesse 22 S Peng 0 22 S Peng 6 6 16 A Sevastova 5 6 6 32 L Davis 5 5 WC M Sharapova 7 WC S Kenin 7 7 WC S Kenin 6 7 N Vikhlyantseva 6 Q S Vickery 6 6 Q S Vickery 6 6 WC S Kenin 5 V Golubic 5 7 5 WC M Sharapova 7 6 T Babos 7 5 7 T Babos 7 WC M Sharapova 6 6 WC M Sharapova 6 6 6 S Halep 6 Flag Icon Key List of National Flags References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ben Rothenberg ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` Naomi Osaka Ousts Angelique Kerber , the Defending Champion , at the U.S. Open '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sloane Stephens beats Madison Keys to win US Open '' . BBC Sport. 9 September 2017 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ E.J. Crawford ( 9 September 2017 ) . `` Day 13 Recap : Stephens stands tall , a US Open champion '' . usopen.org . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sloane Stephens surges past Madison Keys to win US Open title '' . Guardian . 10 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Clarey and Ben Rothenberg ( 6 September 2017 ) . `` U.S. Open : Madison Keys Completes All - American Semifinals ; Nadal Advances '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Cacciola ( 4 September 2017 ) . `` CoCo Vandeweghe 's Hard Work Is Taking Her Further '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Piers Newbery ( 4 September 2017 ) . `` Maria Sharapova knocked out of US Open by Anastasija Sevastova '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Courtney Nguyen ( 23 August 2017 ) . `` Battle for No. 1 : Eight players set to fight for top spot at US Open '' . Women 's Tennis Association . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Women 's Singles main draw US Open women 's singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2017 WTA Tour `` 2016 2018 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) WTA Premier Mandatory tournaments Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) WTA Premier 5 tournaments Dubai ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Toronto ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Wuhan ( S , D ) WTA Premier tournaments Brisbane ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Charleston ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Birmingham ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Stanford ( S , D ) New Haven ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) WTA International tournaments Auckland ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Hobart ( S , D ) Taiwan ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Kuala Lumpur ( S , D ) Monterrey ( S , D ) Biel ( S , D ) Bogotá ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Rabat ( S , D ) Prague ( S , D ) Strasbourg ( S , D ) Nuremberg ( S , D ) Nottingham ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Mallorca ( S , D ) Bucharest ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Nanchang ( S , D ) Quebec City ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Seoul ( S , D ) Guangzhou ( S , D ) Tashkent ( S , D ) Linz ( S , D ) Hong Kong ( S , D ) Tianjin ( S , D ) Luxembourg City ( S , D ) Team events Fed Cup World Group I + World Group II WG I Play - offs WG II Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa WTA Finals , Singapore ( S , D ) WTA Elite Trophy , Zhuhai ( S , D ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_US_Open_ -- _Women % 27s_Singles&oldid = 860991875 '' Categories : 2017 US Open ( tennis ) 2017 WTA Tour US Open ( tennis ) by year -- Women 's Singles 2017 in women 's tennis 2017 in American women 's sport Hidden categories : Pages using infobox tennis tournament year footer with an unknown event Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Latviešu Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2018 , at 13 : 05 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who won us open 2017 women's singles | [
"Women's Singles\n2017 US OpenChampion\n Sloane StephensRunner-up\n Madison KeysFinal score\n6–3, 6–0DetailsDraw\n128 (16Q / 8WC)Seeds\n32Events\n\n\n\nSingles\n\nmen\n\nwomen\n\n\n\nboys\n\ngirls\n\n\nDoubles\n\nmen\n\nwomen\n\nmixed\n\nboys\n\ngirls\n\n\nLegends\n\nmen\n\nwomen\n\nmixed\n\n\nWC Singles\n\nmen\n\nwomen\n\nquad\n\n\nWC Doubles\n\nmen\n\nwomen\n\nquad\n\n\n← 2016 ·\nUS Open\n· 2018 →\n"
] | [
"Sloane Stephens"
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8887627040474585566 | Jalen Hurts | Jalen Hurts - wikipedia Jalen Hurts Jump to : navigation , search Jalen Hurts Hurts in 2018 Alabama Crimson Tide -- No. 2 Position Quarterback Class Junior Career history College Alabama ( 2016 -- present ) Bowl games 2016 Peach Bowl 2017 National Championship Game 2018 Sugar Bowl 2018 National Championship Game High school Channelview ( TX ) Born : ( 1998 - 08 - 07 ) August 7 , 1998 ( age 19 ) Houston , Texas Height 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) Weight 218 lb ( 99 kg ) Career highlights and awards CFP national champion ( 2018 ) First - team All - SEC ( 2016 ) SEC champion ( 2016 ) SEC Offensive Player of the Year ( 2016 ) SEC Freshman of the Year ( 2016 ) Stats at ESPN.com Jalen Hurts ( born August 7 , 1998 ) is an American football quarterback for the Alabama Crimson Tide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 College career 2.1 Freshman season 2.2 Sophomore season 2.3 Statistics 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Early years ( edit ) Hurts attended Channelview High School in Channelview , Texas . Hurts 's father , Averion , was the football coach at Channelview High School throughout his sons ' high school careers . As a senior , he passed for 2,384 yards with 26 touchdown passes and rushed for 1,391 yards and 25 touchdowns . Hurts was a second - team all - district selection as a sophomore and was named the District 21 - 6A Overall MVP as a junior during his high school playing years . He played against the Texas A&M freshman standout running back Trayveon Williams throughout his high school career . Hurts was rated as a four - star recruit and was ranked among the top dual - threat quarterbacks in the Class of 2016 . Although Texas A&M made a strong push to recruit Hurts after the departure of their starting quarterback , Kyler Murray , they ultimately failed in their efforts after Hurts proceeded to commit to the University of Alabama on June 5 , 2015 . He was recruited by Alabama 's Defensive Line Coach Bo Davis and Offensive Coordinator Lane Kiffin . Hurts finished high school academically ranking 39th in his class . In addition to football , Hurts participated in powerlifting . As a sophomore in high school , Hurts was squatting 500 pounds of weight . He would eventually become Regional Finalist in the Powerlifting 198 - pound weight class . College career ( edit ) Freshman season ( edit ) As a true freshman at Alabama in 2016 , Hurts competed to open the season as the starting quarterback . Blake Barnett started the first game against the USC Trojans , but by the second game , Hurts had taken over the starting role , becoming the first true freshman to start at quarterback for Alabama in 32 years ( Vince Sutton in 1984 was the last ) . Hurts produced a historic freshman season under head coach Nick Saban . He threw for 2,780 yards and 23 touchdowns with nine interceptions . His completion percentage was at 62.8 percent , and he finished the season with a quarterback rating of 139.12 . He rushed for a total of 954 yards and 13 touchdowns , breaking the school single season record for rushing yards by a quarterback , surpassing Steadman Shealy 's previous record of 791 yards . He finished the 2016 season with 36 overall touchdowns breaking Blake Sims 's previous record for touchdowns in a single season for the Crimson Tide with a total of 35 which he set in 2014 . Hurts became the first quarterback coached by Nick Saban to rush for more than 11 touchdowns in a single season . He was the first player in Alabama history to pass for 300 yards and rush for 100 yards in the same game and the first quarterback to rush for 120 yards or more in multiple games . In the Iron Bowl game against Auburn , Hurts completed 75 % of his passes , which set a new Iron Bowl record . Alabama concluded its 2016 -- 2017 regular season with a perfect 12 -- 0 ( 8 -- 0 SEC ) record . On November 30 , 2016 , Hurts was declared as one out of the ten finalists for the Manning Award which is given to the nation 's top college quarterback . On December 3 , 2016 , he led his team to win the 2016 SEC Championship over the Florida Gators and was subsequently named SEC Offensive Player of the Year , SEC Freshman of the Year , and received Freshman All - American from several publications . Hurts was featured on the cover page of Sports Illustrated College Football Playoff magazine on December 6 , 2016 . On January 9 , 2017 , top - seeded Alabama lost the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship against the Clemson Tigers by a score of 35 -- 31 . The bowl game was played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa . Sophomore season ( edit ) In 2017 , Hurts led the Tide to a 13 -- 1 season , giving them a playoff spot as a # 4 seed , where they played Clemson in the 2017 Sugar Bowl . Hurts was the offensive MVP in that game , with Da'Ron Payne being the defensive MVP in a 24 -- 6 win over the Tigers . Hurts was benched at halftime of the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship for true freshman Tua Tagovailoa . Statistics ( edit ) Year Team Games Passing Rushing GS Cmp Att Pct Yards TD Int Rtg Att Yards Avg TD 2016 Alabama 15 14 240 382 62.8 2,780 23 9 139.1 191 954 5.0 13 2017 Alabama 14 14 154 254 60.6 2,081 17 150.7 154 855 5.6 8 Career 29 28 394 636 61.9 4,861 40 10 144.3 345 1,809 5.2 21 Personal life ( edit ) Jalen Hurts 's parents are Pamela and Averion Hurts . Hurts has two siblings , a younger sister , Kynnedy , and an older brother , named after their father , Averion , who was the starting quarterback for Texas Southern University who is now a youth football coach / retired football player . Hurts 's parents still attend his football games every week . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jalen Hurts Recruiting Profile '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas dual - threat QB Jalen Hurts commits to Alabama '' . Jump up ^ `` Meet Alabama 's promising freshman quarterback and former powerlifter '' . Jump up ^ `` Jalen Hurts ready to compete at QB position after helping Tide prepare for Clemson '' . Jump up ^ `` Who is Jalen Hurts ? Five things to know about freshman competing for Alabama starting job '' . 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Byington , Alex ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Before Hurts , Sutton left his mark as freshman QB '' . Times Daily . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jalen Hurts takes definitive lead in QB battle as Alabama rolls '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Football Stat Pack : Crimson Tide defense leads nation ; Jalen Hurts sets Iron Bowl records '' . Jump up ^ `` Photo : Jalen Hurts featured on cover of Sports Illustrated '' . 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Russo , Ralph ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Watson and Clemson dethrone top - ranked Tide , 35 -- 31 '' . Associated Press . Tampa , Florida : AP Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jalen Hurts May Not Be the Flashiest QB , but He 's a Vital and Overlooked Part of Alabama 's Offense '' . Sports Illustrated . 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Womack , Chris ( 26 November 2016 ) . `` The role Jalen Hurts ' family played on his path to becoming the Crimson Tide starting QB '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jalen Hurts . Jalen Hurts on Twitter Alabama Crimson Tide bio Alabama Crimson Tide starting quarterbacks Walker Burr Tutwiler Johnston Drennen Wyatt Ward T. Smith Hannon Peebles Moody Joplin Harsh Creen Hagan Lenoir Sewell Stephenson Bartlett Rosenfeld Gillis Hubert Barnes Brasfield McClintock Vines J. Tucker Campbell Howell R. Smith Riley Bradford Hughes DeShane McWhorter Gilmer Self Morrow Brown Avinger Salem Hobson Starr Walls B. Smith Jackson Trammell Namath Sloan Stabler Trimble Hunter Hayden Davis Todd Rutledge Shealy Jacobs Lewis Shula Sutton Dunn D. Smith Hollingsworth Woodson Barker Burgdorf Kitchens Phillips Zow Watts L. Tucker Croyle Pennington Avalos Guillon Wilson McElroy McCarron Sims Coker Bateman Barnett Hurts Southeastern Conference Football Player of the Year Overall 1933 : Feathers 1934 : Howell 1935 : Geny 1936 : Gilbert 1937 : Hinkle 1938 : Cafego 1939 : Kavanaugh & Foxx 1940 : Elrod 1941 : Jenkins 1942 : Sinkwich 1943 1944 : McWilliams 1945 : Gilmer 1946 : Trippi 1947 : Connerly 1948 : Rauch 1949 : Tidwell 1950 : Parilli 1951 : Wade 1952 : Parker 1953 : Parker 1954 : A. Davis 1955 : Majors 1956 : Majors 1957 : Michaels 1958 : Cannon 1959 : Cannon 1960 : Gibbs 1961 : Trammell 1962 : Stovall 1963 : Sidle 1964 : Frederickson 1965 : Sloan 1966 : Spurrier 1967 : Goodridge 1968 : Scott 1969 : A. Manning 1970 : Sullivan 1971 : Musso 1972 : T. Davis 1973 : Collins 1974 : Felker 1975 : DuBose 1976 : Goff 1977 : C. Alexander 1978 : McClendon 1979 : Cribbs 1980 : Walker 1981 : Walker 1982 : Walker 1983 : White 1984 : Bell 1985 : Jackson 1986 : Bennett 1987 : W. Davis 1988 : Rocker 1989 : E. Smith 1990 : Matthews 1991 : Matthews 1992 : Hearst 1993 : Shuler 1994 : Barker 1995 : Wuerffel 1996 : Wuerffel 1997 : P. Manning 1998 : Couch 1999 : S. Alexander 2000 : R. Johnson 2001 : Grossman Offensive 2002 : Pinner 2003 : E. Manning 2004 : Campbell 2005 : Cutler 2006 : McFadden 2007 : McFadden 2008 : Tebow 2009 : Tebow & Ingram 2010 : Newton 2011 : Richardson 2012 : Manziel 2013 : Mason 2014 : Cooper 2015 : Henry 2016 : Hurts 2017 : K. Johnson Defensive 2002 : Pollack 2003 : Lavalais 2004 : Pollack 2005 : Ryans 2006 : Willis 2007 : Dorsey 2008 : Er . Berry 2009 : McClain 2010 : Fairley 2011 : Claiborne & Mathieu 2012 : Clowney & J. Jones 2013 : Mosley & Sam 2014 : Ray 2015 : Ragland 2016 : Allen 2017 : R. Smith Special Teams 2004 : Williams 2005 : Green 2006 : Vaughn 2007 : F. Jones 2008 : James 2009 : Arenas 2010 : Peterson 2011 : Adams 2012 : Sturgis & Sanders 2013 : C. Jones 2014 : Murphy 2015 : Ev . Berry 2016 : Carlson 2017 : Carlson 2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football -- consensus national champions Anthony Averett Tony Brown Rashaan Evans Minkah Fitzpatrick Da'Shawn Hand Damien Harris Najee Harris Ronnie Harrison Jalen Hurts Da'Ron Payne Calvin Ridley Bo Scarbrough JK Scott Tua Tagovailoa Head coach Nick Saban Assistant coaches Burton Burns Brian Daboll Karl Dunbar Brent Key Mike Locksley Joe Pannunzio Jeremy Pruitt Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalen_Hurts&oldid=826977150 '' Categories : 1998 births Living people Players of American football from Texas American football quarterbacks Alabama Crimson Tide football players Hidden categories : Twitter username same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 02 : 02 . About Wikipedia | where did jalen hurts play high school football | [
"\nJalen Hurts\n\n\nHurts in 2018\n\n\n\nAlabama Crimson Tide – No. 2\n\n\nPosition\nQuarterback\n\n\nClass\nJunior\n\n\nCareer history\n\n\nCollege\n\n\nAlabama (2016–present)\n\n\n\n\nBowl games\n\n\n2016 Peach Bowl\n2017 National Championship Game\n2018 Sugar Bowl\n2018 National Championship Game\n\n\n\n\nHigh school\nChannelview (TX)\n\n\nPersonal information\n\n\nBorn:\n(1998-08-07) August 7, 1998 (age 19)\nHouston, Texas\n\n\nHeight\n6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)\n\n\nWeight\n218 lb (99 kg)\n\n\nCareer highlights and awards\n\n\n\n\n\nCFP national champion (2018)\nFirst-team All-SEC (2016)\nSEC champion (2016)\nSEC Offensive Player of the Year (2016)\nSEC Freshman of the Year (2016)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStats at ESPN.com\n\n\n\n\n"
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"Channelview (TX)"
] |
8445188725452987812 | List of countries by cigarette consumption per capita | List of countries by cigarette consumption per capita - wikipedia List of countries by cigarette consumption per capita Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of countries by annual per capita consumption of tobacco cigarettes . Cigarettes are smoked by over 1 billion people , which is nearly 20 % of the world population in 2014 . About 800 million of these smokers are men . While smoking rates have leveled off or declined in developed nations , especially among men , in developing nations tobacco consumption continues to rise . More than 80 % of all smokers now live in countries with low or middle incomes , and 60 % in just 10 countries , a list headed by China . Smokers are over half of adult males in Indonesia ( 57 % , but mostly kretek , a local form of cigarette ) and China ( 53 % estimated ) , and nearly half in Bangladesh , though for women the figure is much lower . Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006 falling from 42 % to 20.8 % of adults , with further significant decline to 18 % by 2012 . There are large regional differences in smoking rates , with Kentucky , West Virginia , Oklahoma and Mississippi topping the list , and Idaho , California and Utah at significantly lower rates . In Australia the incidence of smoking is in decline , with figures from 2011 -- 13 showing 16.1 % of the population ( over 18 ) to be daily smokers , a decline from 22.4 % in 2001 . Young adults are the most likely age group to smoke , with a marked decline in smoking rates with increasing age . The prevalence of smoking is strongly associated with socioeconomic disadvantage ( low earners ) , with over double the rate in the most disadvantaged quintile of the population as compared to the least . Smoking rates in rural areas is higher than in city areas ; for example , some areas in Tasmania have smoking rates of over 36 % according to one study . 2018 rankings ( edit ) Ranking Country / Territory Number of cigarettes per person aged ≥ 15 per year China 4124.53 Belarus 3831.62 Lebanon 3023.15 Macedonia 2732.23 Russia 2690.33 6 Slovenia 2637.03 7 Denmark 2353.28 8 Luxembourg 2283.00 9 Canada 2249.79 10 Serbia 2249.79 11 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2233.46 12 Czech Republic 2194.01 13 Kazakhstan 2156.59 14 Azerbaijan 2114.33 15 Greece 2086.09 16 South Korea 2072.57 17 Austria 1987.52 18 Jordan 1855.05 19 Ukraine 1853.66 20 Estonia 1758.63 21 Mozambique 1713.00 22 Croatia 1709.30 23 United States 1687.56 24 Cyprus 1643.67 25 Switzerland 1633.86 26 Tunisia 1628.46 27 Romania 1619.82 28 Slovakia 1617.59 29 Turkey 1580.91 30 Armenia 1545.13 31 Kuwait 1517.26 32 Bulgaria 1504.72 33 Germany 1480.04 34 Italy 1442.87 35 Iceland 1396.06 36 Poland 1396.06 37 Hungary 1395.97 38 Saudi Arabia 1395.14 39 Cuba 1391.98 40 Netherlands 1391.98 41 Georgia 1378.45 42 North Korea 1378.23 43 Argentina 1359.40 44 Israel 1346.21 45 Libya 1332.77 46 Indonesia 1322.30 47 Philippines 1291.08 48 Malta 1266.14 49 Haiti 1264.74 50 Vietnam 1226.92 51 Egypt 1215.30 52 Iraq 1187.65 53 Albania 1177.42 54 Belgium 1154.25 55 Uruguay 1135.16 56 Lithuania 1123.86 57 Portugal 1114.11 58 Moldova 1112.80 59 Montenegro 1083.41 60 Ireland 1083.41 61 Norway 1082.87 62 Finland 1082.87 63 Algeria 1041.18 64 Latvia 1024.09 65 France 1022.88 66 Brunei 992.81 67 Bahrain 968.68 68 Australia 957.20 69 Mongolia 955.72 70 Chile 929.55 71 Thailand 925.00 72 Turkmenistan 895.24 73 Sweden 868.89 74 Iran 835.51 75 Laos 831.00 76 Namibia 827.48 77 United Kingdom 826.13 78 Papua New Guinea 740.25 79 United Arab Emirates 715.01 80 Qatar 697.73 81 Kyrgyzstan 682.83 82 Morocco 679.95 83 New Zealand 671.12 84 Singapore 664.98 85 Bangladesh 651.63 86 Equatorial Guinea 649.00 87 Cambodia 644.99 88 Fiji 617.69 89 Jamaica 609.67 90 Seychelles 589.66 91 Malaysia 583.67 92 Oman 576.55 93 Venezuela 572.84 94 Uzbekistan 565.39 95 Gabon 559.05 96 South Africa 537.03 97 Tajikistan 533.04 98 Cape Verde 514.86 99 Brazil 510.59 100 Pakistan 503.90 101 Senegal 491.78 102 Honduras 489.01 103 Angola 488.80 104 Nicaragua 487.84 105 Ivory Coast 477.01 106 Djibouti 475.89 107 Syria 458.63 108 Botswana 448.81 109 Costa Rica 432.33 110 Sudan 427.75 111 Swaziland 427.08 112 Belize 400.10 113 South Sudan 398.48 114 Yemen 388.23 115 Antigua and Barbuda 361.63 116 Colombia 359.39 117 Hong Kong 345.32 118 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 338.29 119 Barbados 333.09 120 Mexico 329.26 121 Sri Lanka 322.44 122 Sierra Leone 309.58 123 Bahamas 301.22 124 Bolivia 299.49 125 Congo 293.84 126 Comoros 289.42 127 El Salvador 280.35 128 Mauritius 261.40 129 Kenya 256.57 130 Togo 249.85 131 Dominican Republic 245.36 132 Mali 236.09 133 Saint Lucia 231.55 134 Grenada 224.33 135 Panama 224.27 136 Maldives 215.42 137 Burkina Faso 213.20 138 Madagascar 205.82 139 Myanmar 205.55 140 Ecuador 190.98 141 Guatemala 189.50 142 Cameroon 184.17 143 Central African Republic 177.76 144 Guinea - Bissau 174.84 145 Nigeria 172.68 146 Paraguay 166.00 147 Gambia 165.93 148 Zambia 164.55 149 Chad 156.31 150 Bhutan 155.09 151 Mauritania 134.92 152 Zimbabwe 133.53 153 Benin 122.10 154 Ghana 120.85 155 Somalia 116.66 156 Peru 116.33 157 Haiti 113.93 158 Eritrea 113.58 159 India 110.93 160 São Tomé and Príncipe 110.65 161 Niger 105.36 162 Liberia 104.36 163 Tanzania 101.12 164 Burundi 97.73 165 Trinidad and Tobago 97.03 166 Lesotho 87.69 167 Afghanistan 83.81 168 Nepal 83.00 169 Mozambique 81.71 170 Tonga 81.07 171 Malawi 80.02 172 Suriname 79.24 173 Guyana 76.58 174 Vanuatu 76.20 175 Ethiopia 75.80 176 Democratic Republic of the Congo 74.39 177 Samoa 54.21 178 Rwanda 53.24 179 Uganda 41.08 180 Kiribati 28.03 181 Solomon Islands 26.42 182 Guinea 14.96 The worldwide average is 1083 cigarettes per year per person above age 14 according to the same source . See also ( edit ) Health and fitness portal Prevalence of tobacco consumption References ( edit ) `` WCR '' = World Cancer Report 2014 . World Health Organization . 2014 . Chapter 2.1 . ISBN 92 - 832 - 0429 - 8 . ERC. ( 2007 ) . World Cigarettes 1 : The 2007 Report . ERC Statistics Intl PIc . Dead Link Population data is from Central Intelligence Agency . ( 2007 ) . The World Factbook 2007 . Washington : Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ WCR , pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ WCR , pp. 82 -- 86 Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5644a2.htm#fig Jump up ^ 2012 Surgeon General 's Report -- Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults Jump up ^ State - Specific Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking Among Adults and Quitting Among Persons Aged 18 -- 35 Years -- United States , 2006 , Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , September 28 , 2007 , 56 ( 38 ) ; 993 -- 996 , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics Smoking Profiles of Health , Australia , 2011 - 13 , 07 / 06 / 2013 Jump up ^ World Lung Association , Cigarette Consumption 2014 Tobacco Atlas Smoking Country and region Albania Argentina Brazil Canada China Colombia East Timor Ecuador Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Iran Ireland Italy Japan Korea North South Macau Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sweden Syria Taiwan Tokelau Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Vietnam Religion Smoking in Jewish law Tobacco fatwa Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Kinnikinnick Pipe bag Health Health effects of tobacco ( Nicotine poisoning Nicotine withdrawal ) Passive smoking Third - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is smoking most common in the world | [
"Cigarettes are smoked by over 1 billion people, which is nearly 20% of the world population in 2014. About 800 million of these smokers are men. While smoking rates have leveled off or declined in developed nations, especially among men, in developing nations tobacco consumption continues to rise. More than 80% of all smokers now live in countries with low or middle incomes, and 60% in just 10 countries, a list headed by China.[1] Smokers are over half of adult males in Indonesia (57%, but mostly kretek, a local form of cigarette) and China (53% estimated), and nearly half in Bangladesh, though for women the figure is much lower.[2]"
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"China"
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3499015738013769495 | Cellular respiration | Cellular respiration - wikipedia Cellular respiration This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Typical eukaryotic cell Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , and then release waste products . The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions , which break large molecules into smaller ones , releasing energy in the process , as weak so - called `` high - energy '' bonds are replaced by stronger bonds in the products . Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity . Cellular respiration is considered an exothermic redox reaction which releases heat . The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps , most of which are redox reactions themselves . Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion reaction , it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell because of the slow release of energy from the series of reactions . Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar , amino acids and fatty acids , and the most common oxidizing agent ( electron acceptor ) is molecular oxygen ( O ) . The chemical energy stored in ATP ( its third phosphate group is weakly bonded to the rest of the molecule and is cheaply broken allowing stronger bonds to form , thereby transferring energy for use by the cell ) can then be used to drive processes requiring energy , including biosynthesis , locomotion or transportation of molecules across cell membranes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Aerobic respiration 1.1 Aerobic respiration summed up 1.2 Glycolysis 1.3 Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 1.4 Citric acid cycle 1.5 Oxidative phosphorylation 2 Efficiency of ATP production 3 Fermentation 4 Anaerobic respiration 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Aerobic respiration Aerobic respiration ( red arrows ) is the main means by which both fungi and animals utilize chemical energy in the form of organic compounds that were previously created through photosynthesis ( green arrow ) . Aerobic respiration requires oxygen ( O ) in order to create ATP . Although carbohydrates , fats , and proteins are consumed as reactants , it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle . The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water , but the energy transferred is used to break bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ) , by substrate - level phosphorylation , NADH and FADH Simplified reaction : C H O ( s ) + 6 O ( g ) → 6 CO ( g ) + 6 H O ( l ) + heat ΔG = − 2880 kJ per mol of C H O The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously . The potential of NADH and FADH is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the `` terminal electron acceptor '' . Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation . This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane . This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group . Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration ( 2 from glycolysis , 2 from the Krebs cycle , and about 34 from the electron transport system ) . However , this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix , and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose . Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism ( which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose ) . However some anaerobic organisms , such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration , yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules ( not oxygen ) as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain . They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation . The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells , and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells . Aerobic respiration summed up 1 . Glycolysis : -- - 2 ATPs + Glucose → 2 Pyruvic Acid + 4 Hydrogen + 4 ATPs 2 . Formation of Acetyl CoA : -- - 2 Pyruvic Acid + 2 CoA → 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 Carbon Dioxide + 2 Hydrogen 3 . Krebs Cycle : -- - 2 Acetyl CoA + 3 O2 → 6 Hydrogen + 4 Carbon Dioxide + 2 ATPs 4 . Electron Transport System : -- - 12 Hydrogen + 3 O2 → 6 Water + 32 ATPs Overall Reaction : -- - Glucose + 6 O2 → 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + 36 ATPs Glycolysis Out of the cytoplasm it goes into the Krebs cycle with the acetyl CoA . It then mixes with CO and makes 2 ATP , NADH , and FADH . From there the NADH and FADH go into the NADH reductase , which produces the enzyme . The NADH pulls the enzyme 's electrons to send through the electron transport chain . The electron transport chain pulls H ions through the chain . From the electron transport chain , the released hydrogen ions make ADP for an end result of 32 ATP . O attracts itself to the left over electron to make water . Lastly , ATP leaves through the ATP channel and out of the mitochondria . Main article : Glycolysis Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms . This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen . In humans , aerobic conditions produce pyruvate and anaerobic conditions produce lactate . In aerobic conditions , the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) , generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP . Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced , however , two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase . The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to increase the reactivity ( decrease its stability ) in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two pyruvate molecules by the enzyme aldolase . During the pay - off phase of glycolysis , four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate - level phosphorylation to make four ATP , and two NADH are produced when the pyruvate are oxidized . The overall reaction can be expressed this way : Glucose + 2 NAD + 2 P + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H + 2 H O + heat Starting with glucose , 1 ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6 - phosphate . Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6 - phosphate as well with the help of glycogen phosphorylase . During energy metabolism , glucose 6 - phosphate becomes fructose 6 - phosphate . An additional ATP is used to phosphorylate fructose 6 - phosphate into fructose 1 , 6 - disphosphate by the help of phosphofructokinase . Fructose 1 , 6 - diphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with three carbon chains which later degrades into pyruvate . Glycolysis can be literally translated as `` sugar splitting '' . Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate Main article : Pyruvate decarboxylation Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl - CoA and CO by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( PDC ) . The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes . In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl - CoA , one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO is formed . Citric acid cycle Main article : Citric acid cycle This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle . When oxygen is present , acetyl - CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis . Once acetyl - CoA is formed , aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur . When oxygen is present , the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle . However , if oxygen is not present , fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur . In the presence of oxygen , when acetyl - CoA is produced , the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle ( Krebs cycle ) inside the mitochondrial matrix , and is oxidized to CO while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH . NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation . To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule , two acetyl - CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle . Two waste products , H O and CO , are created during this cycle . The citric acid cycle is an 8 - step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes . During the cycle , acetyl - CoA ( 2 carbons ) + oxaloacetate ( 4 carbons ) yields citrate ( 6 carbons ) , which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate ( 6 carbons ) . Isocitrate is modified to become α - ketoglutarate ( 5 carbons ) , succinyl - CoA , succinate , fumarate , malate , and , finally , oxaloacetate . The net gain of high - energy compounds from one cycle is 3 NADH , 1 FADH , and 1 GTP ; the GTP may subsequently be used to produce ATP . Thus , the total yield from 1 glucose molecule ( 2 pyruvate molecules ) is 6 NADH , 2 FADH , and 2 ATP . Oxidative phosphorylation Main articles : Oxidative phosphorylation , Electron transport chain , Electrochemical gradient , and ATP synthase In eukaryotes , oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae . It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient ( chemiosmotic potential ) across the boundary of inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle . ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP . The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and , with the addition of two protons , water is formed . Efficiency of ATP production The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide . It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation . Step coenzyme yield ATP yield Source of ATP Glycolysis preparatory phase − 2 Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6 - phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm . Glycolysis pay - off phase Substrate - level phosphorylation 2 NADH 3 or 5 Oxidative phosphorylation : Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP ( instead of usual 2.5 ) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 2 NADH 5 Oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle Substrate - level phosphorylation 6 NADH 15 Oxidative phosphorylation 2 FADH Oxidative phosphorylation Total yield 30 or 32 ATP From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes . Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration , such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate ( from glycolysis ) , phosphate , and ADP ( substrates for ATP synthesis ) into the mitochondria . All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient . Pyruvate is taken up by a specific , low Km transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex . The phosphate carrier ( PiC ) mediates the electroneutral exchange ( antiport ) of phosphate ( H PO ; P ) for OH or symport of phosphate and protons ( H ) across the inner membrane , and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the proton motive force . The ATP - ADP translocase ( also called adenine nucleotide translocase , ANT ) is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane . The driving force is due to the ATP ( − 4 ) having a more negative charge than the ADP ( − 3 ) , and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient . The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H are needed to make 1 ATP . Obviously this reduces the theoretical efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28 -- 30 ATP molecules . In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons . Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria . An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons . When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis . The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat . This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals . Stoichiometry of aerobic respiration and most known fermentation types in eucaryotic cell . Numbers in circles indicate counts of carbon atoms in molecules , C6 is glucose C H O , C1 carbon dioxide CO . Mitochondrial outer membrane is omitted . According to some of newer sources the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36 -- 38 , but only about 30 -- 32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose , because : ATP : NADH + H and ATP : FADH ratios during the oxidative phosphorylation appear to be not 3 and 2 , but 2.5 and 1.5 respectively . Unlike in the substrate - level phosphorylation , the stoichiometry here is difficult to establish . ATP synthase produces 1 ATP / 3 H. However the exchange of matrix ATP for cytosolic ADP and Pi ( antiport with OH or symport with H ) mediated by ATP -- ADP translocase and phosphate carrier consumes 1 H / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer , so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H . The mitochondrial electron transport chain proton pump transfers across the inner membrane 10 H / 1 NADH + H ( 4 + 2 + 4 ) or 6 H / 1 FADH ( 2 + 4 ) . So the final stoichiometry is 1 NADH + H : 10 H : 10 / 4 ATP = 1 NADH + H : 2.5 ATP 1 FADH : 6 H : 6 / 4 ATP = 1 FADH : 1.5 ATP ATP : NADH + H coming from glycolysis ratio during the oxidative phosphorylation is 1.5 , as for FADH , if hydrogen atoms ( 2H + 2e ) are transferred from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial FAD by the glycerol phosphate shuttle located in the inner mitochondrial membrane . 2.5 in case of malate - aspartate shuttle transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial NAD So finally we have , per molecule of glucose Substrate - level phosphorylation : 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 ATP ( directly GTP ) from Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation 2 NADH + H from glycolysis : 2 × 1.5 ATP ( if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms ) or 2 × 2.5 ATP ( malate - aspartate shuttle ) 2 NADH + H from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and 6 from Krebs cycle : 8 × 2.5 ATP 2 FADH from the Krebs cycle : 2 × 1.5 ATP Altogether this gives 4 + 3 ( or 5 ) + 20 + 3 = 30 ( or 32 ) ATP per molecule of glucose The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis , because pyruvate is not transferred to the mitochondrion and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide ( CO ) , but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm . Fermentation Main article : Fermentation Without oxygen , pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation . The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion , but remains in the cytoplasm , where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell . This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate . Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis . In the absence of oxygen , fermentation prevents the buildup of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD+ for glycolysis . This waste product varies depending on the organism . In skeletal muscles , the waste product is lactic acid . This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation . In strenuous exercise , when energy demands exceed energy supply , the respiratory chain can not process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH . During anaerobic glycolysis , NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate . Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction . Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen . During recovery , when oxygen becomes available , NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP . In yeast , the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide . This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation . The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate - level phosphorylation , which does not require oxygen . Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose : only 2 ATP are produced per glucose , compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration . This is because the waste products of fermentation still contain chemical potential energy that can be released by oxidation . Ethanol , for example , can be burned in an internal combustion engine like gasoline . Glycolytic ATP , however , is created more quickly . For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment , they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions . For multicellular organisms , during short bursts of strenuous activity , muscle cells use fermentation to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration , so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted , as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves , such as sprinting . Anaerobic respiration Main article : Anaerobic respiration Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor ( such as oxygen ) to produce large amounts of energy , to drive the bulk production of ATP . Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen ( aerobic respiration ) nor pyruvate derivatives ( fermentation ) is the final electron acceptor . Rather , an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate or nitrate is used . Such organisms are typically found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean . See also Maintenance respiration : maintenance as a functional component of cellular respiration Pasteur point Respirometry : research tool to explore cellular respiration Tetrazolium chloride : cellular respiration indicator Complex 1 : NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductes References Jump up ^ Bailey , Regina . `` Cellular Respiration '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Rich , P.R. ( 2003 ) . `` The molecular machinery of Keilin 's respiratory chain '' . Biochemical Society Transactions . 31 ( Pt 6 ) : 1095 -- 1105 . doi : 10.1042 / BST0311095 . PMID 14641005 . Jump up ^ Reece1 Urry2 Cain3 Wasserman4 Minorsky5 Jackson6 , Jane1 Lisa2 Michael3 Steven4 Peter5 Robert6 ( 2010 ) . Campbell Biology Ninth Edition . Pearson Education , Inc. p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cellular Respiration '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Porter , R. ; Brand , M. ( 1 September 1995 ) . `` Mitochondrial proton conductance and H+ / O ratio are independent of electron transport rate in isolated hepatocytes '' . The Biochemical Journal ( Free full text ) . 310 ( Pt 2 ) : 379 -- 382 . doi : 10.1042 / bj3100379 . ISSN 0264 - 6021 . PMC 1135905 . PMID 7654171 . ^ Jump up to : Stryer , Lubert ( 1995 ) . Biochemistry ( fourth ed . ) . New York -- Basingstoke : W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 978 - 0716720096 . External links A detailed description of respiration vs. fermentation Kimball 's online resource for cellular respiration Cellular Respiration and Fermentation at Clermont College Library resources about Cellular respiration Resources in your library hide Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_respiration&oldid=846417750 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Metabolism Plant physiology Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 17 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the net number of atp formed when one molecule of glucose is converted to pyruvate is | [
"Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms. This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen. In humans, aerobic conditions produce pyruvate and anaerobic conditions produce lactate. In aerobic conditions, the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid), generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced, however, two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase. The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to increase the reactivity (decrease its stability) in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two pyruvate molecules by the enzyme aldolase. During the pay-off phase of glycolysis, four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation to make four ATP, and two NADH are produced when the pyruvate are oxidized. The overall reaction can be expressed this way:"
] | [
"Four"
] |
-1686768137240127547 | The Lego Ninjago Movie | The Lego Ninjago Movie - Wikipedia The Lego Ninjago Movie Jump to : navigation , search The Lego Ninjago Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by Charlie Bean Paul Fisher Bob Logan Produced by Dan Lin Phil Lord Christopher Miller Chris McKay Maryann Garger Roy Lee Screenplay by Bob Logan Paul Fisher William Wheeler Tom Wheeler Jared Stern John Whittington Story by Hilary Winston Bob Logan Paul Fisher William Wheeler Tom Wheeler Dan Hageman Kevin Hageman Based on Lego Ninjago by Lego Lego Construction Toys Starring Dave Franco Justin Theroux Fred Armisen Abbi Jacobson Olivia Munn Kumail Nanjiani Michael Peña Zach Woods Jackie Chan Music by Mark Mothersbaugh Cinematography David Scott Edited by David Burrows Garret Elkins Ryan Folsey Julie Rogers John Venzon Production companies Warner Bros. Pictures Vertigo Entertainment Lin Pictures Animal Logic Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date September 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) ( Regency Village Theater ) September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) ( Denmark ) September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 101 minutes Country United States Denmark Language English Budget $70 million Box office $123.1 million The Lego Ninjago Movie is a 2017 3D computer - animated martial arts comedy film directed by Charlie Bean , Paul Fisher and Bob Logan . The film was written by Logan , Fisher , William Wheeler , Tom Wheeler , Jared Stern and John Whittington . It stars Dave Franco , Justin Theroux , Fred Armisen , Abbi Jacobson , Olivia Munn , Kumail Nanjiani , Michael Peña , Zach Woods and Jackie Chan . The story within a story focuses on Lloyd Garmadon , a teenage ninja , as he attempts to accept the truth about his villainous father , while a new threat emerges to endanger his homeland . Based on the Lego Ninjago toy line , it is an international co-production of the United States and Denmark , the first theatrical film to be based on an original Lego property , and the third installment of The Lego Movie franchise . It was released in the United States on September 22 , 2017 , in 3D , 2D and Dolby Cinema by Warner Bros. Pictures . The film has a 54 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , and it grossed $123.1 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development 3.1 Filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A young boy ventures into an old relic shop , where he meets the mysterious owner , Mr. Liu , who begins to tell the boy the legend of Ninjago . Ninjago is a city within the Lego Universe that is frequently attacked by the evil Lord Garmadon , who is the father of Lloyd Garmadon and ex-husband of Misako ( AKA Koko ) . Ninjago despises Lloyd for being Lord Garmadon 's son , which puts Lloyd under emotional stress . They do not know that Lloyd is part of the secret ninja force , consisting of Nya , Zane , Jay , Cole , Kai and their master named Wu , who always stop Garmadon from taking over the city by fighting with mechs . On Lloyd 's birthday , Garmadon attacks the city once again only to be defeated . He escapes and fires nine generals of his Shark Army for failing to help him . He then begins to plan a big attack to conquer Ninjago , and his GIT 's show him plans to build a gigantic mech that is immune to weapons . Meanwhile , Lloyd and his friends see the return of Master Wu , back from a long trip he took . Master Wu tells them they are n't real ninjas if they use only mechs to fight , and discusses with Lloyd that his element is green , confusing Lloyd . Master Wu tells Lloyd he must not be angry at Garmadon ; he must use his mind to fight . Wu mentions an Ultimate Weapon , giving Lloyd the hope of defeating Garmadon once and for all , despite being forbidden to use the weapon . The next day Garmadon attacks the city with his giant mech and defeats Lloyd . As Garmadon declares his rule over Ninjago , Lloyd returns with the Ultimate Weapon . He fires it , revealing it to be a laser that attracts a real - life cat named Meowthra . Meowthra starts destroying the city while trying to get the laser . Garmadon points the laser to make the cat destroy the other mechs , before Lloyd breaks it . As Garmadon celebrates his victory , Lloyd reveals that he is the Green Ninja , and tells Garmadon that he wishes he was n't his father , leaving Garmadon confused . Lloyd meets up with his friends and Master Wu , who are all upset with him for using the weapon . Wu tells them they must use an Ultimate , Ultimate Weapon to stop Meowthra from destroying the city , which they would reach by crossing the Forest of Dangers , the Canyon of Death , and the Temple of Fragile Foundations . Garmadon overhears Wu talking about the weapon and follows close behind . He meets up with Wu and fights him , only to end up in a cage , defeated . However , Wu loses his balance and falls off a bridge into a river , telling Lloyd he must use inner peace before getting swept away . The ninjas decide to continue on , with Garmadon leading them much to Lloyd 's disappointment . They are caught by the Shark Army , who want revenge for being fired by Garmadon and shot out of his volcano lair . The ninjas try to fight , but are easily defeated . They retreat leaving Lloyd and Garmadon behind to be caught by the Shark Army . The Shark Army begin to drop Lloyd and Garmadon into a replica volcano , but the rest of the ninjas save the day using stealth fighting . They all work together with Garmadon to escape the angry Shark Army by building a makeshift helicopter , and Lloyd and Garmadon bond together in the process . They eventually crash down onto the Temple of Fragile Foundations . Garmadon reveals that it is his home , as well as Koko formerly being a ninja warrior herself . He tells Lloyd that he wishes he had stayed with him and his mom after deciding to conquer Ninjago , but he could n't change so he had to stay behind . The ninjas find the Ultimate Ultimate Weapon , consisting of a set of trinkets , only to have it stolen by Garmadon who still wants to take over the city . He offers for Lloyd to be his general , but Lloyd rejects his offer . Out of fury , Garmadon locks all of them in the temple as it begins to collapse . Lloyd realizes that inner peace means for them to unleash their power within , and they successfully do this , using their elemental powers and escaping from the collapsing temple . As they fall of a cliff , Wu saves them with his ship , the Destiny 's Bounty and they head towards Ninjago . Garmadon arrives and tries to control Meowthra with the weapons but Meowthra eats Garmadon instead . Lloyd and the crew arrive and begin fighting Garmadon 's army . As Lloyd approaches Meowthra , he reveals to everyone that he is the green ninja , and realizes that green means life , which brings everything together . He comforts Meowthra and tells Garmadon he forgives him and that he 's sorry . Garmadon cries tears of fire , which causes Meowthra to spit him out . After reconciling , Garmadon moves in with Lloyd and Koko , Meowthra becomes the mascot of Ninjago , and Lloyd is hailed as a hero . As the story concludes , Mr. Liu tells the boy that he will start to train him as a ninja . A mid-credits scene also shows a gag reel of a cup stunt performed by Chan as Liu at the film 's opening . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of The Lego Movie characters and List of Lego Ninjago characters Dave Franco as Lloyd Garmadon , the Green Ninja , leader of the Secret Ninja Force , Lord Garmadon and Misako 's son , and Master Wu 's nephew . Michael Peña as Kai , the hotheaded , red Ninja of Fire and Nya 's brother . Kumail Nanjiani as Jay , the quiet and cautious , blue Ninja of Lightning . Abbi Jacobson as Nya , the strong , silver Ninja of Water , Kai 's sister , and Jay 's crush . Zach Woods as Zane , the robotic , white Ninja of Ice . Fred Armisen as Cole , the laid - back , music - loving black Ninja of Earth . Jackie Chan as Master Wu , the wisecracking leader of the group , Lord Garmadon 's brother and Lloyd 's uncle . Chan also plays Mr. Liu , an elderly shopkeeper who appears in the live - action part of the film to explain the story of Ninjago to a young boy , played by Kaan Guldur . Justin Theroux as Lord Garmadon , the Dark Ninja , an evil warlord , the father of Lloyd , the ex-husband of Misako and the brother of Master Wu . Olivia Munn as Misako `` Koko '' , Lord Garmadon 's ex-wife and Lloyd 's mother . She was formerly known as the legendary `` Lady Iron Dragon '' . Randall Park as Chen the Cheerleader Retta as Maggie the Cheerleader Constance Wu as the Mayor of Ninjago Charlyne Yi as Terri , an IT Nerd . Vanara Taing as Asimov , an IT Nerd . Chris Hardwick as Radio DJ Robin Roberts as herself , a Lego caricature of the newscaster . In the UK version , she is replaced by Kate Garraway . Michael Strahan as himself , a Lego caricature of the known media personality and former New York Giants member . In the UK version , he is replaced by Ben Shephard . David Burrows as Fuchsia Ninja Alex Kauffman as Ninja Computer Ali Wong as General Olivia , the fish - themed general of Garmadon 's Shark Army . Todd Hansen as General Omar , the shark - themed general of Garmadon 's Shark Army . Doug Nicholas as General Jollty , the general of Garmadon 's Shark Army . Bobby Lee as Pilates Studios Owner Laura Kightlinger as Mrs. Laudita Pearl and Ruby as Meowthra , a live - action cat that terrorizes Ninjago . Development ( edit ) On September 17 , 2013 , Warner Bros. announced that it was developing an animated Ninjago film based on the Lego toy line Lego Ninjago . The Hageman brothers , who wrote Lego Ninjago : Masters of Spinjitzu show and co-wrote the story of The Lego Movie , would write the adaptation . Charlie Bean was announced as director , and The Lego Movie team of Dan Lin , Roy Lee , and Phil Lord and Chris Miller as producers . On June 27 , 2016 , the film 's voice cast was announced , including Dave Franco , Michael Peña , Kumail Nanjiani , Zach Woods , Fred Armisen , Jackie Chan , and Abbi Jacobson . Additional voice cast included Justin Theroux as Lord Garmadon and Olivia Munn as Koko . Filming ( edit ) In order to give the film a more believable father - son atmosphere , Dave Franco and Justin Theroux recorded most of their lines where their characters interact with each other together in a single recording studio . During the process , Franco openly admitted he found himself uncontrollably crying while recording some of his lines . Franco stated `` I found myself getting caught up in the moment and basically crying harder than I have in any live - action movie I 've ever been in '' . Jackie Chan choreographed all of Master Wu 's fight scenes in live action before they were recreated in animation for the film . Chan found the experience new to him as well as interesting . `` Everything the stunt team does , the ninjas do also '' . Chan commented . Soundtrack ( edit ) Mark Mothersbaugh , who composed the score for The Lego Movie , returned to score The Lego Ninjago Movie . The Lego Ninjago Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Mark Mothersbaugh , various artists Released September 15 , 2017 Recorded 2017 Trackdown Studios ( Sydney ) Genre Film soundtrack , film score Length 60 : 09 Label WaterTower Music Producer Mark Mothersbaugh , Shawn Patterson , Bartholomew Mark Mothersbaugh chronology Brad 's Status ( 2017 ) Brad 's Status 2017 The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) Thor : Ragnarok 2017 Singles from The Lego Ninjago Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Heroes '' Released : September 15 , 2017 No . Title Writer ( s ) ( ( ( extra_column ) ) ) Length 1 . `` Heroes '' ( Performed by Blaze n Vill ) Blaze n Vill Blaze n Vill 3 : 26 2 . `` Operation New Me '' Jingle Punks Jingle Punks 2 : 37 3 . `` Bad Blood '' ( maybe ft . Kendrick Lamar ) Taylor Swift , Kendrick Lamar ( only ft. him ) , Max Martin , and Shellback Taylor Swift maybe ft . Kendrick Lamar 3 : 19 Total length : 1 : 09 : 00 Release ( edit ) The Lego Ninjago Movie was released by Warner Bros. Pictures on September 22 , 2017 , in 2D and 3D . It was originally scheduled for a September 23 , 2016 release . A short film , The Master , that promoted the feature film was shown in front of screenings of Storks , which took the original September 23 release date . On February 8 , 2017 , the first trailer was released . The trailer was shown in front of screenings of The Lego Batman Movie . On July 22 , 2017 , a second trailer for the film was shown as part of San Diego Comic - Con and released on YouTube later in the day . Both trailers feature the song `` Bad Blood '' by Taylor Swift , with the second trailer also featuring `` It Must Have Been Love '' by Roxette , `` Ai n't Gonna Die Tonight '' by Macklemore and `` I Wanna Go Out '' by American Authors . The Lego Ninjago Movie was originally planned for an IMAX release , as evident in trailers ( attached to Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales and Transformers : The Last Knight ) , and Facebook , but was cancelled and only received non-IMAX presentations and them eventually , Kingsman : The Golden Circle took over the IMAX screenings . Marketing ( edit ) Over twenty Lego sets inspired by scenes from the film were released for the film including a set of Collectible Minifigures . A video game by TT Fusion based on the film , The Lego Ninjago Movie Video Game , was released on September 22 , 2017 , for Windows PC , Nintendo Switch , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . The game is similar to previous Lego games , with some new features such as multiplayer and new techniques . Home media ( edit ) The Lego Ninjago Movie was released on Digital HD on December 12 , 2017 , and DVD and Blu - ray on December 19 , 2017 , by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The Lego Ninjago Movie has grossed $59.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $63.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $123 million . In North America , the film was released alongside Kingsman : The Golden Circle and Friend Request . Various tracking services had the film projected to gross anywhere from $27 -- 44 million from 4,047 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after making $5.8 million on its first day , weekend projections were lowered to $21 million . It ended up debuting to $21.2 million , finishing third at the box office and ranking as the lowest opening of the Lego franchise by over 50 % . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 54 % based on 118 reviews and an average rating of 5.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Despite ample charm and a few solid gags , The Lego Ninjago Movie suggests this franchise 's formula is n't clicking like it used to . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 55 out of 100 based on 33 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Accolades ( edit ) List of Accolades Award / Film Festival Category Recipient ( s ) Result 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Feature Gregory Jowle , Fiona Childton , Miles Green , Kim Taylor Nominated Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Arthur Terzis , Wei Hei , Jean - Marc Ariu , Gibson Radsavanh for `` Garma Mecha Man '' Nominated Matthew Everitt , Christian So , Loic Miermont , Fiona Darwin for `` Garmadon '' Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Kim Taylor , Angela Ensele , Felicity Coonan , Jean Pascal leBlanc for `` Ninjago City '' Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Mothersbaugh to Score ' The Lego Ninjago Movie ' '' . Film Music Reporter . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The LEGO Ninjago Movie ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Allesandro , Anthony ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' Ropes $38 M+ ; ' Ninjago ' Dulls Sword To $21 M ; ' Friend Request ' A Loner With $1.8 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Past , present and future releases to Past , Present and Future Releases UK Recent and Upcoming Movie '' . www.launchingfilms.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lego Ninjago Movie cast revealed '' . Brickset . June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lego Ninjago Movie ' : Dave Franco , Justin Theroux , Jackie Chan Join Voice Cast '' . Variety . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Shephard and Kate Garraway star in The LEGO Ninjago Movie '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Tron : Uprising ' Director to Helm ' Ninjago ' for Warner Bros. ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Franco Cried Uncontrollably Filming The Lego Ninjago Movie '' . CINEMABLEND. 2017 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to the Herald Sun '' . www.heraldsun.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Watch Jackie Chan Create Real - Life Stunts for The LEGO Ninjago Movie '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Batman Lego Movie , ' Lego ' Sequel Get Release Dates '' . Variety . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Ninjago '' Coming to Theaters on September 23 , 2016 `` . Warner Bros. May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` New Lego Short ' The Master ' to Debut Before ' Storks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Opam , Kwame ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Comic - Con trailer for The Lego Ninjago Movie is all about family '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) . `` The LEGO Ninjago Movie Video Game Announced and Dated '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` New Details on The LEGO Ninjago Movie Video Game - IGN Video '' . IGN. 2017 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` THE LEGO NINJAGO MOVIE -- Official Movie Site -- Digital Movie Available 12 / 12 & On Blu - ray TM 12 / 19 '' . THE LEGO NINJAGO MOVIE -- Official Movie Site -- Digital Movie Available 12 / 12 & On Blu - ray TM 12 / 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The LEGO Ninjago Movie DVD Release Date December 19 , 2017 '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lego Ninjago Movie , Warner Home Video , 2017 - 12 - 19 , retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 Jump up ^ `` ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' and ' Lego Ninjago ' will battle ' It ' for box office victory '' . Los Angeles Times . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` September B.O. Booming To Near All - Time $700 M Record As ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' & ' Lego Ninjago ' Enter Fall Fray '' . Deadline.com . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Ninjago Movie reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Lego Ninjago Movie on IMDb The Lego Ninjago Movie on Rotten Tomatoes The Lego Movie Films Main films The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Spin - off films The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Video games The Lego Movie Videogame Lego Dimensions The Lego Ninjago Movie Video Game Miscellaneous Characters `` Everything Is Awesome '' The Lego Movie : 4D - A New Adventure The Master Unikitty ! List of Lego films and TV series Category Warner Bros. 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The Lego Movie Sequel ( 2019 ) Theatrical feature - length films The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie ( 1981 ) Bugs Bunny 's 3rd Movie : 1001 Rabbit Tales ( 1982 ) Daffy Duck 's Fantastic Island ( 1983 ) Daffy Duck 's Quackbusters ( 1988 ) Batman : Mask of the Phantasm ( 1993 ) Space Jam ( 1996 ) Quest for Camelot ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) Osmosis Jones ( 2001 ) Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Storks ( 2016 ) The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Teen Titans Go ! To the Movies ( 2018 ) Smallfoot ( 2018 ) The Lego Movie Sequel ( 2019 ) Other TV series Freakazoid ! Histeria ! Coconut Fred 's Fruit Salad Island Detention Baby Blues Ozzy & Drix ¡ Mucha Lucha ! ( characters ) 3 South Xiaolin Showdown Firehouse Tales Johnny Test characters Road Rovers Mad ThunderCats Waynehead Mike Tyson Mysteries Bunnicula Right Now Kapow Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Wacky Races Green Eggs and Ham Television specials A Miser Brothers ' Christmas ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! Spooky Games ( 2012 ) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special ( 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Holidays ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Scarecrow ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mecha Mutt Menace ( 2013 ) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2 : Villains in Paradise ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Ghastly Goals ( 2014 ) Tom and Jerry : Santa 's Little Helpers ( 2014 ) Lego DC Comics : Batman Be-Leaguered ( 2014 ) Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Beach Beastie ( 2015 ) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III : Magical Friendship ( 2015 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Knight Time Terror ( 2015 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Super Hero High ( 2016 ) Direct - to - video films Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation ( 1992 ) Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo on Zombie Island ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Witch 's Ghost ( 1999 ) Wakko 's Wish ( 1999 ) Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders ( 2000 ) Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo and the Cyber Chase ( 2001 ) Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring ( 2002 ) Baby Looney Tunes ' Eggs - traordinary Adventure ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Legend of the Vampire ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Monster of Mexico ( 2003 ) Batman : Mystery of the Batwoman ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Loch Ness Monster ( 2004 ) Kangaroo Jack : G'Day U.S.A. ! ( 2004 ) ¡ Mucha Lucha ! : The Return of El Maléfico ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars ( 2005 ) Aloha , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry ( 2005 ) The Batman vs. Dracula ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! in Where 's My Mummy ? ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! ( 2005 ) Superman : Brainiac Attacks ( 2006 ) Tom and Jerry : Shiver Me Whiskers ( 2006 ) Teen Titans : Trouble in Tokyo ( 2006 ) Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas ( 2006 ) Chill Out , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2007 ) Superman : Doomsday ( 2007 ) Tom and Jerry : A Nutcracker Tale ( 2007 ) Justice League : The New Frontier ( 2008 ) Batman : Gotham Knight ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Goblin King ( 2008 ) Wonder Woman ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Samurai Sword ( 2009 ) Green Lantern : First Flight ( 2009 ) Superman / Batman : Public Enemies ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! Abracadabra - Doo ( 2010 ) Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths ( 2010 ) Batman : Under the Red Hood ( 2010 ) Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare ( 2010 ) Superman / Batman : Apocalypse ( 2010 ) All - Star Superman ( 2011 ) Green Lantern : Emerald Knights ( 2011 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur ( 2011 ) Batman : Year One ( 2011 ) Justice League : Doom ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Music of the Vampire ( 2012 ) Superman vs. The Elite ( 2012 ) Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( 2012 / 2013 ) Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse ( 2012 ) Big Top Scooby - Doo ! ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mask of the Blue Falcon ( 2013 ) Superman : Unbound ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Adventures : The Mystery Map ( 2013 ) Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox ( 2013 ) Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright ( 2013 ) JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time ( 2014 ) Justice League : War ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery ( 2014 ) Son of Batman ( 2014 ) Batman : Assault on Arkham ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy ( 2014 ) Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon ( 2014 ) Justice League : Throne of Atlantis ( 2015 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League vs. Bizarro League ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! Moon Monster Madness ( 2015 ) The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! ( 2015 ) Batman vs. Robin ( 2015 ) Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery ( 2015 ) Justice League : Gods and Monsters ( 2015 ) Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run ( 2015 ) Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem ( 2015 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Attack of the Legion of Doom ( 2015 ) Batman : Bad Blood ( 2016 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Cosmic Clash ( 2016 ) Justice League vs. Teen Titans ( 2016 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Hollywood ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Gotham City Breakout ( 2016 ) Batman : The Killing Joke ( 2016 ) Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon ( 2016 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Hero of the Year ( 2016 ) Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants ( 2016 ) Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders ( 2016 ) Justice League Dark ( 2017 ) Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy 's Showdown ( 2017 ) The Jetsons & WWE : Robo - WrestleMania ! ( 2017 ) Teen Titans : The Judas Contract ( 2017 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Intergalactic Games ( 2017 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Blowout Beach Bash ( 2017 ) Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Brain Drain ( 2017 ) Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) Batman vs. Two - Face ( 2017 ) Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( 2018 ) Batman : Gotham by Gaslight ( 2018 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : The Flash ( 2018 ) Suicide Squad : Hell to Pay ( 2018 ) Batman Ninja ( 2018 ) Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Super-Villain High ( 2018 ) Short films The Duxorcist ( 1987 ) The Night of the Living Duck ( 1988 ) Box - Office Bunny ( 1990 ) I 'm Mad ( 1994 ) Chariots of Fur ( 1994 ) Carrotblanca ( 1995 ) Another Froggy Evening ( 1995 ) Superior Duck ( 1996 ) Pullet Surprise ( 1997 ) Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension ( 1997 ) From Hare to Eternity ( 1997 ) Father of the Bird ( 1997 ) Little Go Beep ( 2000 ) Chase Me ( 2003 ) The Karate Guard ( 2005 ) DC Showcase : The Spectre ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Jonah Hex ( 2010 ) Coyote Falls ( 2010 ) Fur of Flying ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Green Arrow ( 2010 ) Superman / Shazam ! : The Return of Black Adam ( 2010 ) Rabid Rider ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Catwoman ( 2011 ) I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat ( 2011 ) Daffy 's Rhapsody ( 2012 ) The Master ( 2016 ) See also Warner Animation Group Warner Bros. Cartoons Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Hanna - Barbera Cartoon Network Productions Cartoon Network Studios Williams Street Cartoon Network Studios Europe Category Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Films directed Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 ) 21 Jump Street ( 2012 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) 22 Jump Street ( 2014 ) Films produced Brigsby Bear ( 2017 ) The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse ( 2018 ) Television series created Clone High ( 2002 -- 2003 ) The Last Man on Earth ( 2015 -- present ) Lego The Lego Group History Timeline Interlego AG v Tyco Industries Inc Kirkbi AG v Ritvik Holdings Inc Product ranges Current Architecture City Creator Disney Princess Duplo Elves Friends Ideas Juniors The Lego Batman Movie The Lego Ninjago Movie Mindstorms Minecraft Minifigures Modular Buildings Nexo Knights Ninjago Speed Champions Star Wars Super Heroes Technic Trains Discontinued 4 + Agents Adventurers Alpha Team Aqua Raiders Aquazone Atlantis Avatar : The Last Airbender Baby Batman Belville Bionicle Cars Castle Dino Dino Attack Exo - Force Fabuland Fusion Games Harry Potter Hero Factory The Hobbit Homemaker Indiana Jones Jurassic World Legends of Chima The Lego Movie The Lord of the Rings Mars Mission Mickey Mouse Mixels Monster Fighters Ninja Paradisa Pharaoh 's Quest Pirates Pirates of the Caribbean Power Miners Prince of Persia Quatro Racers RoboRiders Rock Raiders Scooby - Doo The Simpsons Slizer / Throwbots Space Spider - Man Speed Racer SpongeBob SquarePants Sports Spybotics Studios Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Time Cruisers Toy Story Ultra Agents Vikings Wild West World Racers Znap Other products Media Films & TV series The Lego Movie The Lego Batman Movie The Lego Ninjago Movie The Lego Movie Sequel Software Design byME Lego Digital Designer Lego Interactive List of video games Lego Universe Lego Club Magazine Board games Serious Play People Ole Kirk Christiansen Godtfred Kirk Christiansen Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen Jørgen Vig Knudstorp Theme parks Legoland Billund California Deutschland Florida Japan Malaysia Windsor Legoland Discovery Centre Boston Chicago Dallas Fort Worth Kansas City Westchester Events BrickCon BrickFair BrickFest Brickfête Brick Fiesta Brickworld FIRST Lego League FIRST Lego League Jr . Robofest In popular culture A Lego Brickumentary `` Brick Like Me '' The Brick Testament Related companies Merlin Entertainments TT Games Traveller 's Tales TT Fusion TT Games Publishing Other topics Brickfilm LDraw MLCAD Lego gun Lego House Lego tire LUGNET Minifigure Category Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lego_Ninjago_Movie&oldid=835707196 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2017 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s action films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films 2010s martial arts films American action comedy films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American computer - animated films American martial arts films American fantasy adventure films American films Danish comedy films Danish films Films based on toys Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Roy Lee Films produced by Dan Lin Film spin - offs The Lego Movie Lego films Lego Ninjago Films produced by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Films scored by Mark Mothersbaugh Martial arts comedy films Ninja films Sentient toys in fiction Warner Bros. animated films Warner Bros. Animation animated films Films with live action and animation Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 08 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the lego ninjago movie come out | [
"Based on the Lego Ninjago toy line, it is an international co-production of the United States and Denmark, the first theatrical film to be based on an original Lego property, and the third installment of The Lego Movie franchise. It was released in the United States on September 22, 2017, in 3D, 2D and Dolby Cinema by Warner Bros. Pictures.[7] The film has a 54% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, and it grossed $123.1 million."
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"September 22, 2017"
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-3805512936879200952 | Max Zorin | Max Zorin - wikipedia Max Zorin Jump to : navigation , search Max Zorin James Bond character Portrayed by Christopher Walken Information Gender Male Affiliation ex-KGB , Zorin Industries ( Self - employed ) Classification Villain Henchmen May Day ( formerly ) Scarpine Jenny Flex ( formerly ) Pan Ho ( formerly ) Dr. Hans Glaub / Carl Mortner Maximillian `` Max '' Zorin is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the 1985 James Bond film A View to a Kill . He is portrayed by Christopher Walken . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Behind the scenes 3 Henchmen 4 Other appearances 5 References Biography ( edit ) Zorin was born in Dresden around the end of World War II , after which Dresden became part of East Germany . He later moved to France and became a leading businessman , operating on the microchip market . However , it is revealed later in the movie that he was the product of Nazi medical experimentation during the war , in which pregnant women were injected with massive quantities of steroids in an attempt to create `` super-children . '' Most of the pregnancies failed . The few surviving babies grew to become extraordinarily intelligent -- but also psychopathic . After the war , Dr. Hans Glaub ( alias Dr. Carl Mortner ) , the German scientist who conducted the experiments , was spirited away by the Soviet Union , where he continued his experiments with steroids . It is strongly implied that the young Zorin was raised by Mortner as his own father , who was one of Zorin 's closest allies in the movie , and explicitly stated that Zorin was trained by and long - affiliated with the KGB . Among other activities , Mortner organizes a doping programme for Zorin 's thoroughbred race horses , allowing Zorin to win horse races with ease by activating illegal horse steroids by means of implanted microchips ; since the drugs are ' administered ' during the race , they do not show up on blood tests taken beforehand , and the dose is so minute that they dissolve into the system before tests can be taken afterwards . Despite Zorin 's longtime KGB affiliation , his outside activities draw attention that the KGB sees as unwelcome , and at a meeting between Zorin and KGB head General Gogol , Gogol rebukes him . Zorin responds by telling Gogol that he no longer considers himself a KGB employee . Zorin is completely ruthless and displays a near - total lack of loyalty to his own men , as shown when he oversaw the execution of a Soviet spy who attempted to sabotage his oil well operations and when he personally massacres dozens of his own mine workers with a 9mm UZI submachine gun to ensure the success of his own plans . Despite his long - standing and intimate relationship with his right hand woman May Day , he willingly sacrifices her for the sake of his plans , although this betrayal would backfire on him later on . Zorin forms a plan to destroy his only competition in Silicon Valley by triggering a massive earthquake in the San Andreas Fault at high tide , causing the valley to flood . Such a disaster would effectively wipe out all computer companies competing against Zorin in the world microchip market and leave him as the leading supplier of microchips ; it would also kill millions of people . He plans to use his vast resources to set off a super-earthquake in both the San Andreas Fault and Hayward Fault by flooding them both with water from San Andreas Lake and then breaking the geological lock that forbade both faults from moving simultaneously . To accomplish this , Zorin mines underneath the lakes and plans to blast through the lake beds in order to flood the fault , further exacerbating it by pumping water into them via a vast system of oil wells . Once the floodwaters came in , he would set off the explosives necessary to break the lock . Zorin 's plan is foiled by Bond and Zorin 's former lover and henchman May Day , who joins Bond 's side after Zorin attempts to kill her . She pushes a trailer full of explosives out of the valley and into open air , sacrificing her own life in the process . Bond and Stacey Sutton both witness the explosion , which infuriates Zorin and makes him even more determined to get revenge on Bond . When leaving the valley in his airship with Scarpine and Mortner , he captures Stacey and makes away with her , only for Bond to grab hold of a mooring rope as the airship heads for the Golden Gate Bridge . Zorin attempts to kill Bond by flying him into the framework of the bridge , but Bond manages to hold on and bring the airship to a halt by mooring it to the framework . Stacey attacks Zorin and in the scuffle both Scarpine and Mortner are knocked out . She escapes onto the bridge with Bond , and Zorin attempts to attack them both with an axe , but in the scuffle he loses his grip of the framework and falls to his death into San Francisco Bay . Behind the scenes ( edit ) The role was initially offered to David Bowie , who turned it down , saying , `` I did n't want to spend five months watching my stunt double fall off cliffs . '' Rutger Hauer also turned down the part , before Christopher Walken immediately signed on . Legal problems arose before the film 's release when producers became aware there was a pre-existing company named the Zoran Corporation which makes microchips . The Zoran Corporation threatened to sue for defamation . Pre-production crew had neglected to do a trademark search prior to filming . The parties came to an agreement and , because of this , A View to a Kill is the first 007 film with a legal disclaimer inserted . Henchmen ( edit ) May Day ( formerly ) Scarpine Jenny Flex ( formerly ) Pan Ho ( formerly ) Dr. Hans Glaub / Carl Mortner Other appearances ( edit ) Zorin is a playable multiplayer character in the 2002 video game Nightfire . In the 2004 video game James Bond 007 : Everything or Nothing , it is stated that Zorin had an apprentice named Nikolai Diavolo ( voiced by Willem Dafoe ) , who plans to use nanobots to commence the rebirth of the Soviet Union . Diavolo also wishes to kill Bond in order to exact vengeance for Zorin 's death . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nicholas Pegg ( 2004 ) . The Complete David Bowie . Reynolds & Hearn Ltd. p. 561 . Preceded by Kamal Khan General Orlov James Bond Villain A View to a Kill Succeeded by General Georgi Koskov Brad Whitaker James Bond characters James Bond as literary character and as film character Allies Miss Moneypenny Q Bill Tanner 00 Agents Felix Leiter Women Aki Anya Amasova Tracy Bond Tiffany Case Wai Lin Vesper Lynd Pussy Galore Honey Rider Tatiana Romanova Sévérine Natalya Simonova Stacey Sutton Kissy Suzuki Domino Vitali Jinx Johnson Villains and henchmen Julius No Rosa Klebb Ernst Stavro Blofeld Oddjob Auric Goldfinger Emilio Largo Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd Francisco Scaramanga Jaws Hugo Drax Max Zorin Brad Whitaker Necros Alec Trevelyan Xenia Onatopp Le Chiffre Raoul Silva Organisations SPECTRE SMERSH The Union A View to a Kill Characters Stacey Sutton Max Zorin Music `` A View to a Kill '' ( song ) soundtrack Tie - ins video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Zorin&oldid=825423045 '' Categories : Bond villains Fictional business executives Fictional German people Fictional genetically engineered characters Fictional KGB agents A View to a Kill Fictional characters introduced in 1985 Fictional mass murderers Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 09 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played zorin in a view to a kill | [
"Maximillian \"Max\" Zorin is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the 1985 James Bond film A View to a Kill. He is portrayed by Christopher Walken."
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"Christopher Walken"
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-8190787596366844381 | Descendants 2 | Descendants 2 - wikipedia Descendants 2 Jump to : navigation , search Descendants 2 Genre Musical Fantasy Teen Written by Josann McGibbon Sara Parriott Directed by Kenny Ortega Starring Dove Cameron Cameron Boyce Sofia Carson Booboo Stewart China Anne McClain Composer ( s ) David Lawrence Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Judy Taylor Josann McGibbon Sara Parriott Kenny Ortega Producer ( s ) Tracey Jeffrey ( line producer ) Editor ( s ) Don Brochu Running time 111 minutes Production company ( s ) Bad Angels Productions 5678 Productions Disney Channel Original Productions Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Disney Channel Disney XD Lifetime Lifetime Movies Freeform ABC Original release July 21 , 2017 Chronology Preceded by Descendants Descendants 2 is a Disney Channel Original Movie that premiered on July 21 , 2017 on Disney Channel , and was simulcast on Disney - owned networks ABC , Disney XD , Freeform , Lifetime and Lifetime Movies . It is the sequel to the 2015 film Descendants . The film stars Dove Cameron , Cameron Boyce , Sofia Carson , Booboo Stewart , Mitchell Hope and China Anne McClain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Broadcast 5 Home media 6 Reception 7 Other media 7.1 Soundtrack 7.2 Singles 7.2. 1 Promotional singles 7.2. 2 Other charted songs 7.3 Track listing 7.4 Charts 7.5 Novels 7.5. 1 Rise of the Isle of the Lost 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Mal struggles with her new celebrity life as the girlfriend of King Ben , dying her hair blonde , and maintaining a princess - like personality that she is uncomfortable with . She admits her issues to her friends Evie , Carlos , and Jay , but they are content with their new lives in Auradon and do not wish to return to the Isle of the Lost . Evie scolds Mal for relying on her mother 's spell book to solve her issues . Carlos , wishing to ask Jane to the upcoming Cotillion dance , turns to Mal for help to be honest with her . Mal gives him a sweet that will make him speak the truth , but his dog Dude eats it , magically speaking the truth in English and very frankly as a result . Ben eventually discovers Mal 's reliance on magic , and she comes clean about her insecurities , causing the two to have a falling out . Mal returns to the Isle , now ruled by her former friend Uma , Ursula 's daughter , along with Harry and Gil , the sons of Captain Hook and Gaston . Mal visits hair stylist Dizzy Tremaine , Drizella 's daughter , who restores her signature purple hair , saying she felt that Mal 's blonde hair was unnatural . Harry discovers Mal has returned and informs Uma . Ben , Evie , Jay , and Carlos learn of Mal 's departure and sneak onto the island to find her , but Gil recognizes them . Ben confronts Mal , who rejects his feelings for what she thought was both his sake and Auradon 's . Ben leaves dejected , only to be captured by Uma , who orders Mal and her friends to retrieve the Fairy Godmother 's wand or Ben dies . Carlos and Jay return to Auradon Prep , where they create a replica of the wand using a 3D printer . They are caught by Lonnie , Mulan 's daughter , who blackmails them into letting her come with them , having previously been rejected from Jay 's sports team based on her gender . Uma speaks with Ben , bitter that she and the others were not chosen to go to Auradon . Ben takes this into account and invites her to Auradon , but Uma instead plots to make her own way there . Mal 's group return , handing over the fake wand in exchange for Ben , but Uma realizes it is a forgery . The group flee back to Auradon , but Mal and Ben 's relationship is still on the rocks . The villains ' children come to terms that they can not run from their pasts and agree to be honest with themselves and each other . Carlos confesses to Jane but struggles a little bit , while Jay appoints Lonnie as the captain of his team . Aboard a ship during the Cotillion , Ben stuns everyone by appearing with Uma , who he declares as his true love and announces he will destroy the barrier on the Isle . Jane unveils a stain glass display Ben commissioned to show his affection for Mal , who realizes he loved her for who she was all along . Suspecting Uma has given him a love potion , Mal confesses her love for Ben and kisses him , breaking the spell . Feeling infuriated , Uma leaps into the water , using Ursula 's magic seashell to transform into an octopus , Mal fighting back by transforming into a dragon . Ben intervenes , quelling the battle , and Uma returns the ring , that Ben had originally given her , when he had declared her as his true love , and swims away despite his offer still standing . Mal and Ben reunite , Mal surrendering her spell book over to the Fairy Godmother . Mal and Evie request that Dizzy be allowed to attend Auradon Prep . When she is given the offer , Dizzy accepts it immediately . In a post-credit scene , Uma addresses the audience , promising that the story is not over . Cast ( edit ) Dove Cameron as Mal , the daughter of Maleficent Cameron Boyce as Carlos de Vil , the son of Cruella de Vil Sofia Carson as Evie , the daughter of The Evil Queen Booboo Stewart as Jay , the son of Jafar Mitchell Hope as Ben , the son of Belle and Beast Brenna D'Amico as Jane , the daughter of the Fairy Godmother Melanie Paxson as the Fairy Godmother , the headmistress of Auradon Prep and Jane 's mother Bobby Moynihan as the Voice of Dude , Carlos ' dog Thomas Doherty as Harry Hook , the son of Captain Hook Dylan Playfair as Gil , the son of Gaston Dianne Doan as Lonnie , the daughter of Fa Mulan and Li Shang Jedidiah Goodacre as Chad Charming , the son of Cinderella and Prince Charming Zachary Gibson as Doug , the son of Dopey the Dwarf Anna Cathcart as Dizzy Tremaine , the daughter of Drizella Tremaine and granddaughter of Lady Tremaine Dan Payne as the Beast , Queen Belle 's husband and Ben 's father Keegan Connor Tracy as Belle , Beast 's wife and Ben 's mother China Anne McClain as Uma , the daughter of Ursula Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) At the 2015 D23 Expo , Disney announced that a Descendants sequel film had been ordered . An official announcement was made on Disney Channel 's Facebook page on October 15 , 2015 . Deadline Hollywood reported that Parriott and McGibbon would return as screenwriters and executive producers for the sequel and that the cast from the first film was expected to return . Casting ( edit ) On June 10 , 2016 , China Anne McClain , who was already voicing Freddie on the Descendants spinoff series Descendants : Wicked World , was announced to be playing Ursula 's daughter , Uma , in Descendants 2 . In July 2016 it was revealed that Thomas Doherty would play the role of Harry , the son of Captain Hook . In August 2016 , Sarah Jeffery who portrays Audrey revealed that she would not be returning , while Brenna D'Amico revealed that she would be returning in Descendants 2 , as were as Dianne Doan , Jedidiah Goodacre , and Zachary Gibson . On July 19 , 2017 , it was announced on The View that Whoopi Goldberg would be providing the voice for Ursula , the Sea Witch and Uma 's mother . Broadcast ( edit ) Descendants 2 made its debut on Disney Channel in Canada on July 21 , 2017 , at the same time as the United States . In the United States , the film premiered simultaneously across six - Disney owned networks : Disney Channel , Disney XD , Freeform , ABC , Lifetime , and Lifetime Movies . On Disney Channel , the film premiere alongside the world premiere of Raven 's Home , which premiered immediately after . In the UK , the film premiered on Disney Channel and Disney XD on October 20 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Descendants 2 was released on DVD on August 15 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) In total , the film was viewed by 8.92 million viewers across six networks on the night of its premiere , up from its predecessor in 2015 ; at least 13 million people watched a minute of the film . On Disney Channel , the film was watched by 5.33 million viewers , and topped the night on cable television , receiving a 1.20 rating . Although down from the first film , it was the most - viewed telecast on the network since the first film . ABC 's broadcast of the film received a 0.6 / 3 rating / share , drawing 2.41 million viewers ; 0.47 million viewers watched the film on Disney XD with a 0.12 rating , 0.30 million viewers watched the film on Lifetime with a 0.09 rating , 0.26 million viewers watched the film on Freeform with a 0.08 rating , and 0.15 million viewers watched the film on Lifetime Movies with a 0.05 rating . In delayed viewing , the film rose to a total of 21 million viewers . On Disney Channel , the film placed second in the week of its DVR ratings , jumping 92 % to a 2.3 rating , and topped the week in viewer gains , jumping 104 % with an additional 5.54 million viewers , the biggest viewer gain on cable television in two years , totaling to 10.90 million viewers on Disney Channel . On Freeform , the film jumped 207 % with an additional 0.54 million viewers , totaling to 0.80 million viewers on the network ; on Lifetime Movie Network , the film gained 96 % with an additional 0.14 million viewers , totaling to 0.29 million viewers on the network . Other Media ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Descendants 2 ( Original TV Movie Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Descendants cast Released July 21 , 2017 Recorded July -- August 2016 Genre Pop Length 32 : 30 Label Walt Disney Descendants soundtracks chronology Descendants ( 2015 ) Descendants 2015 Descendants 2 ( 2017 ) Singles from Descendants 2 `` Ways to Be Wicked '' Released : April 14 , 2017 `` What 's My Name '' Released : June 2 , 2017 Descendants 2 ( Original TV Movie Soundtrack ) is the soundtrack accompanying the film of the same name . The soundtrack and lead single , `` Ways to Be Wicked '' , was announced on April 12 , 2017 . The soundtrack was released on July 21 , 2017 . The soundtrack debuted at number six on the U.S. Billboard 200 after earning 46,000 album - equivalent units , 35,000 of which were pure sales ; sales for the soundtrack 's debuting week were up from the previous film . It dropped to number nine on the chart for its second week , earning an additional 27,000 units . Singles ( edit ) `` Ways to Be Wicked '' , performed by Dove Cameron , Sofia Carson , Cameron Boyce and Booboo Stewart , premiered on Radio Disney and then was officially released as first single on April 14 along with the pre-order of the soundtrack . It debuted at number 1 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles . The song is produced by Sam Hollander and Josh Edmondson who wrote the song with Grant Michaels and Charity Daw . `` What 's My Name '' , performed by China Anne McClain , Thomas Doherty and Dylan Playfair , premiered on Radio Disney and then was officially released as second single on June 2 , 2017 . Promotional Singles ( edit ) `` Rather Be With You '' , from `` Descendants : Wicked World '' , performed by Dove Cameron , Sofia Carson , Lauryn McClain and Brenna D'Amico , was released as first promotional single on October 28 , 2016 . `` Evil '' , from Wicked World , performed by Dove Cameron , was released on December 9 , 2016 as second promotional single . `` Better Together '' , from Wicked World , performed by Dove Cameron and Sofia Carson , was released as third and final promotional single on March 3 , 2017 . Other charted songs ( edit ) `` Chillin ' Like a Villain '' , performed by Sofia Carson , Cameron Boyce , Booboo Stewart and Mitchell Hope , peaked at number 95 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . `` It 's Goin ' Down '' , performed by Dove Cameron , Sofia Carson , Cameron Boyce , Booboo Stewart , China Anne McClain , Mitchell Hope , Thomas Doherty and Dylan Playfair , peaked at number 77 on the Hot 100 . `` You and Me '' , performed by Dove Cameron , Sofia Carson , Cameron Boyce , Booboo Stewart , Mitchell Hope and Jeff Lewis , debuted at number 20 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles . Track listing ( edit ) Descendants 2 ( Original TV Movie Soundtrack ) -- Standard edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Ways to Be Wicked '' Sam Hollander Josh Edmondson Grant Michaels Charity Daw Dove Cameron Sofia Carson Cameron Boyce Booboo Stewart 3 : 38 2 . `` What 's My Name '' Antonina Armato Tim James Tom Sturges Adam Schmalholz China Anne McClain Thomas Doherty Dylan Playfair 3 : 10 3 . `` Chillin ' Like a Villain '' Armato James Sturges Schmalholz Carson Boyce Stewart Mitchell Hope 3 : 13 4 . `` Space Between '' Shayna Mordue Stephen Mark Conley Tyler Shamy Andy Dodd Cameron Carson 3 : 26 5 . `` It 's Goin ' Down '' Armato James Sturges Schmalholz Cameron Carson Boyce Stewart McClain Hope Doherty Playfair 4 : 12 6 . `` You and Me '' Mitch Allan Nikki Leonti Cameron Carson Boyce Stewart Hope Jeff Lewis 3 : 32 7 . `` Kiss the Girl '' Alan Menken Howard Ashman Cameron Carson Boyce Stewart McClain Doherty 2 : 44 8 . `` Poor Unfortunate Souls '' Menken Ashman McClain 2 : 43 9 . `` Better Together '' ( from Descendants : Wicked World ) Matt Wong Jack Kugell Hannah Jones Cameron Carson 2 : 44 10 . `` Evil '' ( from Descendants : Wicked World ) Dan Book Shelly Peiken Cameron 2 : 54 11 . `` Rather Be with You '' ( from Descendants : Wicked World ) Jeannie Lurie Chen Neeman Aris Archontis Cameron Carson 2 : 14 Total length : 32 : 30 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 64 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 102 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 25 French Albums ( SNEP ) 135 New Zealand Heatseekers Albums ( RMNZ ) 6 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 53 US Billboard 200 6 US Kid Albums ( Billboard ) US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) Novels ( edit ) Rise of the Isle of the Lost ( edit ) A prequel novel called Rise of the Isle of the Lost was released on May 23 , 2017 . The novel details Uma 's rise to power and her earlier history with Mal . The main plot details Uma planning to get the migrating trident of King Triton in order to help bring down the barrier surrounding the Isle of the Lost . In addition to the mentioning of Genie , Grumpy , and Merriwether being teachers at Auradon Prep , a third school called the Serpent Preparatory School for the Education of Miscreants is located on the Isle of the Lost which Uma , Harry Hook , and Gil attended . Serpent Prep is a rival of Dragon Hall . The book also introduced Yen Sid 's Auradon intern Sophie , Ariel 's niece Arrabelle , and Mulan and Shang 's son Li'l Shang who is Lonnie 's brother . There was a mentioning that the Stabbington Brothers from Tangled are also on the Isle of the Lost where they have Stabbington Cousins . Other information listed here that was later referenced in the film was Audrey and Chad breaking up , the introduction of R.O.A.R. , Mal keeping Maleficent 's lizard form as a pet , and Evie having her magic mirror placed in the museum . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Saval , Malina ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Descendants 2 ' Cast Talks ' Bigger ' Sets and Musical Numbers at Disney Channel Premiere '' . Variety . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Descendants 2 Premiering in 2017 ; China Anne McClain Cast as Ursula '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lincoln , Ross A. ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Descendants 2 ' Greenlighted By Disney Channel For 2017 , New Characters Added '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kowalski , Kristine Hope ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` OMG : Are There Major Cast Shakeups Happening In ' Descendants 2 ' ? '' . Twist . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Meet Descendants 2 's Newest Villain Offspring : Captain Hook 's Son , Harry '' . E ! Online News . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants 2 ' casts Gaston 's son -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drizella 's Daughter Has Been Cast in Descendants 2 and She is Adorable '' . Oh My Disney . August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` In an Unprecedented , Far - reaching Programming Event , the Disney Channel Original Movie ' Descendants 2 ' Will Have a Simultaneous Premiere on Five Television Networks Within the Disney ABC Television Group '' ( Press release ) . Disney ABC Television Group . April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Descendants Sequel Ordered at Disney Channel '' . Yahoo ! TV . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` sequel confirmation on Facebook '' . Disney Channel . October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Descendants ' Sequel Set At Disney Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Whoopi Goldberg cast as Ursula in Descendants 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whoopi Goldberg Is the Voice of Uma 's Mom Ursula in Descendants 2 '' . Oh My Disney . July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants 2 ' is bigger ( but also smaller ) than its predecessor ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's `` Descendants 2 '' Amasses 13 Million Total Viewers Across Its Disney Channel , ABC , Disney XD , Freeform , Lifetime and Lifetime Movies Simulcast Premieres `` . The Futon Critic . July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Friday cable ratings : ' Descendants 2 ' gives Disney the win '' . TV by the Numbers . July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' and ' Descendants 2 ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants 2 ' Rises to 21 Million Viewers in Delayed Viewing '' . Variety . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . Variety . August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants 2 ( Original TV Movie Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes. April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ways to Be Wicked - Single '' . iTunes. April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What 's My Name - Single '' . iTunes. April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Descendants 2 '' Stars Debut `` Ways To Be Wicked , '' The First Single From The Movie 's Soundtrack , Tomorrow On Radio Disney `` . PRNewswire. April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Track List for the Descendants 2 Soundtrack Has Dropped and We Are Intrigued '' . OhMyDisney. April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart , Tyler , The Creator and Meek Mill Bow at Nos. 2 & 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Arcade Fire 's ' Everything Now ' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Disney Channel ( @ DisneyChannel ) ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` The first # Descendants2 song , # WaysToBeWicked is finally here ! You can download it now ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` China Anne McClain 's `` What 's My Name '' Debuting On Radio Disney Thursday , iTunes Friday `` . Headline Planet . May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rather Be With You ( From `` Descendants : Wicked World '' ) - Single `` . iTunes . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Evil ( From `` Descendants : Wicked World '' ) - Single `` . iTunes . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Better Together ( From `` Descendants : Wicked World '' ) - Single `` . iTunes . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 : The week of August 12 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 : The week of August 19 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 : The week of August 26 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 431 '' . auspOp . July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Descendants 2 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Albums -- August 12 , 2017 '' . Billboard. 2017 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Descendants 2 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albumes -- Semana 41 : del 06.10. 2017 al 12.10. 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 -- August 12 , 2017 '' . Billboard . August 12 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kid Albums - August 12 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack albums -- August 12 , 2017 '' . Billboard . August 12 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laura Yeffeth , Clamp Design ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Rise of the Isle of the Lost : A Descendants Novel '' . Melissa de la Cruz . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Descendants 2 on IMDb Disney Channel Original Movies 1990s Under Wraps ( 1997 ) You Lucky Dog ( 1998 ) Brink ! 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( 2007 ) Johnny Kapahala : Back on Board ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) Twitches Too ( 2007 ) Minutemen ( 2008 ) Camp Rock ( 2008 ) The Cheetah Girls : One World ( 2008 ) Dadnapped ( 2009 ) Hatching Pete ( 2009 ) Princess Protection Program ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) 2010s Starstruck ( 2010 ) Den Brother ( 2010 ) Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam ( 2010 ) Avalon High ( 2010 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Lemonade Mouth ( 2011 ) Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 ) Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension ( 2011 ) Geek Charming ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Frenemies ( 2012 ) Radio Rebel ( 2012 ) Let It Shine ( 2012 ) Girl vs. Monster ( 2012 ) Teen Beach Movie ( 2013 ) Cloud 9 ( 2014 ) Zapped ( 2014 ) How to Build a Better Boy ( 2014 ) Bad Hair Day ( 2015 ) Teen Beach 2 ( 2015 ) Descendants ( 2015 ) Invisible Sister ( 2015 ) Adventures in Babysitting ( 2016 ) The Swap ( 2016 ) Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 ) Descendants 2 ( 2017 ) Films directed by Kenny Ortega Newsies ( 1992 ) Hocus Pocus ( 1993 ) High School Musical ( 2006 ) The Cheetah Girls 2 ( 2006 ) High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) High School Musical 3 : Senior Year ( 2008 ) Michael Jackson 's This Is It ( 2009 ) Descendants ( 2015 ) The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again ( 2016 ) Descendants 2 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Descendants_2&oldid=807745565 '' Categories : 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical films 2017 television films American films American fantasy films American television films Disney Channel Original Movie films Films based on fairy tales Films directed by Kenny Ortega Films shot in Vancouver Television sequel films Simulcasts Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from June 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Polski Português Română Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 22 : 24 . 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-1454228223909096333 | List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters | List of to Kill a Mockingbird characters - wikipedia List of to Kill a Mockingbird characters Jump to : navigation , search To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960 . It was instantly successful , winning the Pulitzer Prize , and has become a classic of modern American literature , widely read in US high schools and middle schools . The story takes place during three years of the Great Depression in the fictional Maycomb , Alabama . This is a list of the characters : Contents ( hide ) 1 Primary characters 1.1 Atticus Finch 1.2 `` Scout '' Finch 1.3 `` Jem '' Finch 1.4 Dill Harris 1.5 Calpurnia 1.6 Arthur `` Boo '' Radley 1.7 Judge John Taylor 1.8 Miss Maudie Atkinson 1.9 Bob Ewell 1.10 Mayella Ewell 1.11 Tom Robinson 1.12 Aunt Alexandra 2 Minor characters 2.1 Jack Finch 2.2 Francis Hancock 2.3 Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose 2.4 Mr. Heck Tate 2.5 Mr. Braxton Underwood 2.6 Mr. Horace Gilmer 2.7 Dr. Scott Reynolds 2.8 Dolphus Raymond 2.9 Link Deas 2.10 Miss Caroline Fisher 2.11 Reverend Sykes 2.12 Miss Stephanie Crawford 2.13 Miss Rachel Haverford 2.14 Helen Robinson 2.15 Nathan Radley 2.16 Jessie 2.17 Burris Ewell 2.18 Lula 2.19 Mrs. Grace Merriweather 2.20 Walter Cunningham , Jr . 2.21 Walter Cunningham , Sr . 2.22 Little Chuck Little 2.23 Mr. Dick Avery 2.24 Miss Gates 2.25 Eula May 2.26 Cecil Jacobs 2.27 Tim Johnson 2.28 Simon Finch 2.29 Maxwell Green 2.30 Mr. X Billups 2.31 The Barber Sisters ( Miss `` Tutti '' and Miss `` Frutti '' ) 2.32 Mrs. Gertrude Farrow 2.33 Mr. Conner 2.34 Zeebo 3 References Primary characters ( edit ) Atticus Finch ( edit ) Main article : Atticus Finch Atticus Finch is the middle - aged father of Jem and Scout Finch . He is a lawyer and was once known as `` the deadliest shot in Maycomb County '' . Although he was a good shot , he does not like to mention the fact as he does not like the thought of having an advantage over people . He appears to support racial equality and was appointed to represent Tom Robinson , a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman , Mayella Ewell . The town disapproves of him defending Tom especially when he makes clear his intent to defend Tom Robinson to the best of his abilities . He is portrayed by Gregory Peck in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird . `` Scout '' Finch ( edit ) Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch is the narrator and To Kill a Mockingbird is told by an adult Scout who often comments on how she could not understand something at the time but now can appreciate it . She gets in trouble with her teacher Miss Caroline because Miss Caroline expects Scout to learn reading and writing her way . She is a tomboy and spends the most of her time with her brother Jem and best friend Dill . To Jem 's advice to pretend to be a lady and start sewing or something , she answers ' Hell no . ' The rare hints the narrator gives us about her grown - up life reveal that she ultimately has n't changed herself for others . She matures from age 6 to age 9 as the novel progresses but remains naive and idealistic , despite an increased understanding of human nature and racism in her town . At the beginning of the book , Scout is confused by some of the words and names she hears people directing towards her father , such as `` nigger - lover '' . Being only six , Scout does not know how to handle such situations so she tries to resolve her problems by fighting , or by talking to Atticus about what she has heard . By the end of the book , Scout realizes that racism does exist and comes to terms with its presence in her town . Scout also learns how to deal with others , including the Finch family housekeeper , Calpurnia , and her aunt , Alexandra . Scout is the only one of the novel 's primary three children ( Dill , Jem , and herself ) to see and speak to Boo Radley during the course of the novel and realize that he is harmless , despite her initial fear of him . She also stops a mob that is trying to lynch Tom Robinson by talking to the mob leader , Mr. Cunningham , about inviting his son , Walter , over for dinner . Mr. Cunningham then tells the other mob members to get back in their cars and leave them alone . The members listen , and Scout unintentionally saves Tom Robinson 's life . She is portrayed by Mary Badham in the film adaption of To Kill a Mockingbird . Notable quote : `` Until I feared I would lose it , I never loved to read . One does not love breathing . '' `` Jem '' Finch ( edit ) Jeremy Atticus `` Jem '' Finch is Atticus ' son and Scout 's older brother by four years . Jem matures greatly throughout the course of the novel , much more affected by events than Scout seems to be . Being four years Scout 's senior , Jem is seen to have a greater understanding of - and therefore greater difficulty in navigating - the obstacles thrown their way . Jem is seen explaining many things to Scout throughout the novel . Bob Ewell breaks Jem 's arm , subsequently resulting in it being shorter than it had been , in an attempt to protect his sister . He is portrayed by Phillip Alford in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird . Dill Harris ( edit ) Charles Baker `` Dill '' Harris is a short , smart boy who visits Maycomb every summer from Meridian , Mississippi , and stays with his Aunt Rachel ( Aunt Stephanie in the film ) . Dill is the best friend of both Jem and Scout , and his goal throughout the novel is to get Boo Radley to come out of his house . The children concoct many plans to lure Boo Radley out of his house for a few summers until Atticus tells them to stop . In chapter 5 of the novel , Dill promises to marry Scout and they become `` engaged '' . One night Dill runs away from his home in Meridian , arriving in Maycomb County where he hides under Scout 's bed . When she finds Dill , he tells both Scout and Atticus that he was chained to a wall in his father 's basement ; later , he confesses he actually ran away because he felt he was being replaced by his stepfather . Before Dill returned to Meridian after the summer , he went swimming with Jem at the Barker 's Eddy creek . Scout , unfortunately , was unable to participate , because both boys were swimming naked . Unlike Scout and Jem , Dill lacks the security of family support . He is unwanted and unloved by his mother and stepfather : `` They do get on a lot better without me , I can not help them any . '' As Francis ( a cousin of Jem and Scout ) says , `` He has n't got a home , he just gets passed around from relative to relative . '' Dill maintains he has no father ; he does n't know where his father might live , or if he will ever come back . He is played by John Megna in the film adaption of To Kill a Mockingbird . This character is believed to be based on author Truman Capote , a childhood friend of Harper Lee . Calpurnia ( edit ) Calpurnia , nicknamed Cal , is the Finch family 's African - American housekeeper , whom the children love and Atticus deeply respects ( he remarks in her defense that she `` never indulged ( the children ) like most colored nurses '' ) . She is highly regarded by Atticus . She is an important figure in Scout 's life , providing discipline , instruction , and love . She also fills the maternal role for the children after their mother 's death . Calpurnia is a mother herself and raised her son , Zeebo , to adulthood . Calpurnia is one of the few black characters in the novel who is able to read and write , and it is she who taught Scout to write . She learned how to read from Miss Maudie 's aunt , Miss Buford , who taught her how to read out of Blackstone 's Commentaries , a book given to her . Aunt Alexandra despised Calpurnia because Alexandra believed that Calpurnia was not a `` maternal figure '' for Jem and Scout , especially for Scout . Calpurnia is a member of the First Purchase M.E. African Church in Maycomb . While Scout always hears her speak proper English , she is surprised to learn that Calpurnia does not do so at church , especially with the uneducated members of the congregation . While everyone in the novel is filtered through Scout 's perception , Calpurnia in particular appears for a long time more as Scout 's idea of her than as a real person . At the beginning of the novel , Scout appears to think of Calpurnia as the wicked stepmother to Scout 's own Cinderella . However , towards the end of the book , Scout views Calpurnia as someone she can look up to , and realizes Calpurnia has only protected her over the years . She is played by Estelle Evans in the film . Arthur `` Boo '' Radley ( edit ) Arthur `` Boo '' Radley is a recluse in To Kill a Mockingbird . Maycomb children believe he is a horrible person , due to the rumors spread about him and a trial he underwent as a teenager . It is implied during the story that Boo is a very lonely man who attempts to reach out to Jem and Scout for love and friendship , such as leaving them small gifts and figures in a tree knothole . Scout finally meets him at the very end of the book , when he saves the children 's lives from Bob Ewell . Scout describes him as being sickly white , with a thin mouth , thin and feathery hair , and grey eyes , almost as if he were blind . During the same night , when Boo whispers to Scout to walk him back to the Radley house , Scout takes a moment to picture what it would be like to be Boo Radley . While standing on his porch , she realizes his `` exile '' inside his house is really not that lonely . Boo Radley 's heroics in protecting the children from Bob Ewell are covered up by Atticus , Sheriff Tate , and Scout . This can be read as a wise refusal of fame . As Tate notes , if word got out that Boo killed Ewell , Boo would be inundated with gifts and visits , calamitous for him due to his reclusive personality . The precocious Scout recognizes the danger : renown would `` kill the mockingbird '' . Boo Radley is a ghost who haunts the book yet manifests himself at just the right moments in just the right way . He is , arguably , the most potent character in the whole book and as such , inspires the other key characters to save him when he needs saving . After the Tom Robinson trial , Jem and Scout have a different understanding of Boo Radley . `` Scout , I think I 'm beginning to understand something . I think I 'm beginning to understand why Boo Radley 's stayed shut up in the house all this time ... it 's because he wants to stay inside . '' ( 23.117 ) Having seen a sample of the horrible things their fellow townspeople can do , choosing to stay out of the mess of humanity does n't seem like such a strange choice . When Boo finally does come out , he has a good reason : Bob Ewell is trying to murder the Finch children . No one sees what happens in the scuffle , but at the end of it , Ewell is dead and Boo carries an unconscious Jem to the Finch house . Finally faced with Boo , Scout does n't recognize him at first , but suddenly realizes who he is . Boo Radley is played by Robert Duvall in the film . Judge John Taylor ( edit ) Judge John Taylor is a white - haired old man with a reputation for running his court in an informal fashion and an enjoyment of singing and dipping tobacco . He is unimportant to the children until he presides over the Tom Robinson trial , in which he shows great distaste for the Ewells and great respect for Atticus . Because of the judge 's sympathies for Tom , Bob Ewell breaks into the judge 's house while the judge 's wife is at church . After the trial , Miss Maudie points out to the children that the judge had tried to help Tom by appointing Atticus to the case instead of Maxwell Green , the new , untried lawyer who usually received court - appointed cases . Judge Taylor knew that Atticus was the only man who would stand a chance at acquitting Tom , or at least would be able to keep the jury thinking for more than just a few minutes . By doing this , Judge Taylor was not giving in or supporting racism . He is portrayed in the film by Paul Fix . Miss Maudie Atkinson ( edit ) Miss Maude `` Maudie '' Atkinson lives across the street from the Finch family . She had known the Finches for many years , having been brought up on the Buford place , which was near the Finches ' ancestral home , Finch 's Landing . She is described as a woman of about 50 who enjoys baking and gardening ; her cakes are especially held in high regard . However , she is frequently harassed by devout `` Foot - Washing Baptists '' , who tell her that her enjoyment of gardening is a sin . The Foot - Washing Baptists also believe that women are a sin as well . Miss Maudie befriends Scout and Jem and tells them stories about Atticus as a boy . It is strongly implied that she and Atticus have a more than platonic relationship . Also , she is one of the few adults that Jem and Scout hold in high regard and respect . She does not act condescendingly towards them , even though they are young children . During the course of the novel , her house burns down ; however , she shows remarkable courage throughout this ( even saying that she wanted to burn it down herself to make more room for her flowers ) . She is not prejudiced , though she talks caustically to Miss Stephanie Crawford , unlike many of her Southern neighbors , and teaches Scout important lessons about racism and human nature . It is important to note that Miss Maudie fully explains that `` it is a sin to kill a mockingbird '' , whereas Atticus Finch initially brings up the subject but does n't go into depth . When Jem gets older , and does n't want to be bothered by Scout , Miss Maudie keeps her from getting angry . Maudie is played by Rosemary Murphy in the film . She is a very kind and sweet innocent friendly neighbor . Bob Ewell ( edit ) Robert E. Lee `` Bob '' Ewell is the main antagonist of To Kill a Mockingbird . He has a daughter named Mayella and a younger son named Burris , as well as six other unnamed children . He is an alcoholic , poaching game to feed his family because he spends whatever money they legally gain via government `` relief checks '' on alcohol . It is implied , and evidence suggests , that he was the one who abused his daughter Mayella , not Tom Robinson ( the African American man accused of doing so ) . Although most everybody in town knows that the Ewells are a disgrace and not to be trusted , it is made clear that Tom Robinson was convicted because he is a Negro whose accuser is white . Upon hearing of Tom 's death , Bob is absolutely gleeful , gloating about his success . After being humiliated at the trial , however , he goes on a quest for revenge , becoming increasingly violent . He begins by spitting in Atticus ' face , followed by a failed attempt to break into the home of Judge Taylor , then finally menacing Helen , the poor widow of Tom Robinson . Ewell later attempts to murder Jem and Scout Finch with a knife to complete his revenge . Boo Radley saves Jem and Scout and it is believed that he kills Ewell with the knife . Heck Tate , the sheriff , puts in the official report that Bob Ewell fell on his own knife and died after lying under a tree for 45 minutes . Ewell is played by James Anderson in the film . Mayella Ewell ( edit ) Mayella Violet Ewell , 19 , is the oldest of the eight Ewell children . Before the trial , Mayella is noted for growing red geraniums outside her otherwise dirty home in order to bring some beauty into her life . Due to her family 's living situation , Mayella has no opportunity for human contact or love . She eventually gets so desperate that she attempts to seduce a black man , Tom Robinson , by saving up nickels to send her siblings to go get ice cream so that Mayella can be alone with Tom . Her father sees this through a window and in punishment he beats her . Ewell then finds the sheriff , Heck Tate , and tells him that his daughter has been raped and beaten by Tom . At the trial , Atticus points out that only the right side of Mayella 's face is injured , suggesting a left - handed assailant ; Tom 's left arm is mangled and useless , but Bob Ewell is left - handed . When Atticus asks her if she has any friends , she becomes confused because she does not know what a friend is . During her testimony she is confused by Atticus ' polite speech and thinks that his use of `` Miss Mayella '' is meant to mock her . She testifies against Tom Robinson . Mayella is played by Collin Wilcox in the film . Tom Robinson ( edit ) Thomas `` Tom '' Robinson is an African - American who is put on trial for the rape of a white woman , Mayella Ewell . Atticus is assigned to defend him , and stands up to a lynch mob intent on exacting their own justice against him before the trial begins . Tom 's left arm is crippled and useless , the result of an accident with a cotton gin when he was a child . Atticus uses this fact as the cornerstone of his defense strategy , pointing out that the nature of Mayella 's facial injuries strongly suggest a left - handed assailant . Tom testifies that he had frequently helped Mayella with household chores because he felt sorry for her and the family 's difficult life - a statement that shocks the all - white , male jury . Despite Atticus ' skilled defense , the jury 's racial prejudices lead them to find Tom guilty . Atticus plans to appeal the verdict , but before he can do so , Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape the prison where he is being held . Tom Robinson is played by Brock Peters . Aunt Alexandra ( edit ) Alexandra Hancock ( née Finch ) is Atticus ' and Jack 's sister , married to James `` Uncle Jimmy '' Hancock . She has a son named Henry and a very spoiled grandson named Francis . Around the middle of the book , Aunt Alexandra decides to leave her husband at Finch 's Landing , the Finch family homestead to come stay with the Finches . Aunt Alexandra does n't consider the black Calpurnia to be a very good motherly figure for Jem and Scout ; she disapproves of Scout being a tomboy and wants to make Scout into a southern belle ( encouraging her to act more ' lady like ' ) . This is the cause of many conflicts between Scout and Alexandra throughout the course of the novel . However , as the trial progresses , Scout comes to see how much her aunt cares for her father and what a strong woman she is . This is especially evidenced by a tea party when Scout is horrified by the racism displayed , and her aunt and Miss Maudie help her deal with her feelings . By the end of the book , it 's clear that Alexandra cares very much for her niece and nephew , though she and Scout will probably never really get along . Minor characters ( edit ) Jack Finch ( edit ) John Hale `` Jack '' Finch is Atticus ' and Alexandra 's younger brother . ( He is about 40 , which is 10 years younger than Atticus . ) Jack smells like alcohol and something sweet , and is said that he and Alexandra have similar features . Jack is a childless doctor who can always make Scout and Jem laugh , and they adore him . He and Miss Maudie are close to the same age ; he frequently teases her with marriage proposals , which she always declines . Jack also has a pet cat named Rose Aylmer , who is mentioned during the Christmas visit . Francis Hancock ( edit ) Francis Hancock is the spoiled grandson of Aunt Alexandra . ( The son of her son , Henry Hancock . ) Every Christmas , Henry and his wife drop Francis at Finch 's Landing , which is the only time Scout and Jem see him . Francis lives in Mobile , Alabama , and is a bit of a tattle - tale . He gets along well with Jem , but often spars with Scout . One Christmas , Francis calls Atticus a `` n * * * * * - lover , '' as well as insisting that he was ruining the family and the likes , which infuriates Scout and causes them to get into a fight . Francis lies about his role in it , telling Uncle Jack that Scout started it by calling him a `` whore lady '' , and Jack therefore punishes Scout . However , she explains the full story and charitably persuades her uncle not to punish Francis about it , but to let Atticus think they had been fighting about something else ( although Atticus later discovers the truth ) . Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose ( edit ) Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose is an elderly woman who lives near the Finches . She is hated by the children , who run by her house to avoid her . Scout describes Mrs. Dubose as `` plain hell . '' A virulent racist , she calls Atticus a `` nigger - lover '' to his children 's faces , and Jem flies into a rage and ravages Mrs. Dubose 's camellia bushes . As a punishment , Jem is required to read to Mrs. Dubose each day for a month . As Jem reads , she experiences a fit of drooling and twitching and does not seem to pay any attention to the words . When an alarm rings , Jem is allowed to leave for the day . She extends the punishment for one extra week and dies shortly after letting Jem go for the last time . Atticus informs him that Mrs. Dubose was terminally ill and had become addicted to morphine . By reading to her , Jem had distracted her so that she could break the addiction . In thanks , she leaves him a candy box with a camellia flower in it ; Jem burns the box in anger , but is later seen by Scout admiring the flower . Atticus tells Jem that Mrs. Dubose was the bravest person he ever knew , and she was trying to teach Jem the importance of bravery and true courage to endure anything when the situation is hopeless , as in her morphine addiction . Mr. Heck Tate ( edit ) Mr. Heck Tate is a friend of Atticus and also the sheriff of Maycomb County . He believes in protecting the innocent although he does n't usually show it . When Tom has been locked in jail and a lynch mob turns up to kill him , the sheriff refuses to hand Tom over , instead dispersing the crowd . At the end of the book , the two men argue over whether Jem or Boo Radley should be held responsible for the death of Bob Ewell . Heck eventually persuades Atticus to accept the theory that Ewell accidentally fell on his own knife , thus saving the harmless , reclusive Boo from the public exposure of a criminal trial . Mr. Braxton Underwood ( edit ) Mr. Braxton Bragg Underwood is a news reporter and a friend of Atticus . He owns and also publishes The Maycomb Tribune . Being a racist , he disagrees with Atticus on principle . He also has a strong belief in justice , as exemplified when he defends Atticus from the Cunningham mob by having his double barrel shotgun loaded and ready to shoot them . He also demonstrates some humanity when he publishes a scathing editorial comparing the killing of Tom Robinson ( a cripple ) to `` the senseless slaughter of songbirds by hunters and children '' . Mr. Horace Gilmer ( edit ) Mr. Horace Gilmer is a lawyer from Abbottsville , and is the prosecuting attorney in the Tom Robinson case . Mr. Gilmer is between the ages of forty and sixty . Mr. Gilmer has a slight cast with one eye , which he uses to his advantage in trial . Mr. Gilmer appeared to be racist in his harsh cross-examination of Tom Robinson , but it is hinted at that he is in fact going easy on Tom . He and Atticus are not rivals and talk to each other during recesses during the case . Dr. scott Reynolds ( edit ) Dr. Reynolds is the Maycomb doctor . He is well known to Scout and Jem . Scout says that he `` had brought Jem and me into the world , had led us through every childhood disease known to man including the time Jem fell out of the tree house , and he had never lost our friendship . Dr. Reynolds said that if we were boil - prone things would have been different ... '' . He inspects Jem 's broken arm and Scout 's minor bruises after the attack from Bob Ewell under the tree . Dolphus Raymond ( edit ) Dolphus Raymond is a white landowner who is jaded by the hypocrisy of the white society and prefers to live among black folks . In fact , he has children with a black woman . Dolphus pretends he is an alcoholic so that the people of Maycomb will have an excuse for his behavior , but in fact he only drinks Coca Cola out of a paper bag to try to hide it . When Dill and Scout discover that he is not a drunk , they are amazed . He shows Scout how sometimes you can pretend to be someone you 're not so people will be more understanding of you . Link Deas ( edit ) Link Deas owns cotton fields and a store in Maycomb who employs Tom and later Helen because she does not get accepted by any other employers in the county due to Tom Robinson 's legal troubles . He announces to the court ( in defense of Tom ) at one point in the trial that he had n't `` had a speck o ' trouble outta him '' in the eight years Tom had been working for him , and gets sent out by Judge John Taylor for doing so . When Bob Ewell starts threatening Helen after the trial , Mr. Deas fiercely defends her and threatens to have Mr. Ewell arrested if he keeps bothering her . He is on Tom Robinson 's side during the trial and remains loyal to the family afterward . Miss Caroline Fisher ( edit ) Miss Caroline Fisher is Scout 's first grade teacher and is new to Maycomb , Alabama and its ways . She attempts to teach the first grade class using a new system which she learned from taking certain college courses ( Jem mistakenly refers to it as the `` Dewey Decimal System '' , which is really how library books are organized . ) . She is upset by Scout 's advanced reading capabilities and believes that Scout is receiving lessons from Atticus . She feels as though Scout is trying to outsmart and mock her . In an effort to standardize the class , she forbids Scout from reading with her father . Atticus asks Scout to step into Miss Caroline 's skin . However , he continues to allow Scout to read with him at night so long as she continues to go to school . Miss Caroline has good intentions but proves quite incompetent as a teacher . When Scout tells Miss Fisher that she shamed a student ( Walter Cunningham , Jr . ) by giving him lunch money , she raps Scout 's palms with a ruler ( a punishment unheard of in Maycomb ) . She is also very sensitive and gets emotionally hurt quite easily , as seen when she cries after Burris Ewell yells at her , `` Report and be damned to ye ! Ai n't no snot - nosed slut of a schoolteacher ever born c'n make me do nothin ' ! You ai n't makin ' me go nowhere , missus . You just remember that , you ai n't makin ' me go nowhere ! '' After the Burris Ewell incident , Miss Caroline is seldom seen and soon forgotten . Reverend Sykes ( edit ) Reverend Sykes is the reverend of the First Purchase M.E. African Church in Maycomb County . This is the church Tom Robinson attended . Reverend Sykes forces the congregation to donate 10 dollars for Tom Robinson 's family since at the time , Tom 's wife , Helen , was having trouble finding work . During the trial , when the courtroom was too packed for the children to find seats , Reverend Sykes lets the kids sit with him up in the colored balcony and even saves their seats for them . Miss Stephanie Crawford ( edit ) Stephanie Crawford is the neighborhood gossip who claimed that she saw Boo Radley from her bedroom standing outside of her cleaned window one night . Crawford is one of the first on the scene after a loud gunshot is heard behind the Radley house . Because she is the neighborhood gossip , it is unwise to think of anything that she says as true , because most of the time it is not true at all . She is a friend of Alexandra Hancock . She lets Miss Maudie live with her when Miss Maudie 's house burns down , supposedly in order to steal Miss Maudie 's Lane cake recipe . She is thrilled to pass on gossip to the kids about Boo Radley . She claimed to have witnessed Bob Ewell 's threatening Atticus at the Post Office corner as she was returning from the local Jitney Jungle grocery store . In the film she takes the place of Rachel Haverford and is now Dill 's aunt . Miss Rachel Haverford ( edit ) Miss Rachel Haverford is Dill 's aunt and the Finches ' next door neighbor . She drank neat whiskey heavily after seeing a rattlesnake coiled in her closet , on her washing , when she hung her negligee up . Even though she can be very hard to deal with , she truly does love her nephew . Her family name , in the legends of Maycomb County , is synonymous with jackass . She is also a Southern Belle . In the film , she is not a character and Miss Stephanie takes her place as Dill 's aunt . Helen Robinson ( edit ) Helen Robinson is the wife of Tom Robinson . She is spoken about a few times . She has three children . Employed by Link Deas following the death of her husband , she is repeatedly harassed by Bob Ewell when traveling to work . Upon learning of this , Deas threatens Ewell , forcing him to stop . She is an example of how one person 's actions can have an effect on a lot of people and she elucidates the hardships that surround the Tom Robinson case . Nathan Radley ( edit ) Nathan Radley is the brother of Arthur `` Boo '' Radley and another difficult character to understand in To Kill a Mockingbird . When the children try to catch a view of `` Boo '' late one night through a window , he shoots over their heads with a shotgun ( albeit thinking he was aiming at a black person ) . Nathan also cements up the knothole in which Arthur leaves little gifts for the children . On the other hand , he helps Miss Maudie by saving some of her belongings when her house is on fire . He is more present than his brother , but equally mysterious . Jessie ( edit ) Jessie is Mrs. Dubose 's black nurse . She is the woman who shoos the children out when Mrs. Dubose has her fits , and she seems to care enormously for Mrs. Dubose . When Jem is forced to stay reading to Mrs. Dubose , Jessie kindly leads Jem and Scout to the door when Mrs. Dubose 's alarm goes off . The rumors about Mrs. Dubose concealing a gun about her person involves Jessie ; the book says `` and even if Mrs. Dubose missed , her girl Jessie would n't '' . Burris Ewell ( edit ) Burris Ewell is a son of Bob Ewell and a younger sibling of Mayella Ewell as well as the first antagonist of the novel . Burris is described as being chiefly antagonistic of Little Chuck Little and his teacher Miss Caroline Fisher . He comes to the first day of school , but departs just as everyone else in his family does . Burris is also poor . He has live lice in his hair . Burris also scared his teacher Caroline Fisher . He behaves rudely when she tells him to go home , wash his hair , and come back clean the next day . He refuses , and a student explains to Miss Caroline that Ewell children do n't attend school . All they do is show up for the first day , get marked down on the register , and then they miss the entire school year until the first day of the next year . His famous quote was , `` Report and be damned to ye ! Ai n't no snot - nosed slut of a schoolteacher ever born c'n make me do nothin ' ! You ai n't makin ' me go nowhere , missus . You just remember that , you ai n't makin ' me go nowhere ! '' As of Scout 's first year of school ( the first grade ) , Burris has repeated the first grade three times . Burris is also like his father and is very belligerent . Lula ( edit ) Lula is an African - American woman with a dislike for white people . She does n't like the idea of Calpurnia bringing Atticus Finch 's children , Jem and Scout , with her to church and tells her so but is overruled by the other congregants . According to James Zeebo , Calpurnia 's son , Lula 's said to be , `` a troublemaker from way back , with fancy ideas and haughty ways . '' She 's threatened with being `` churched '' ( subjected to church discipline ) by Reverend Sykes . Mrs. Grace Merriweather ( edit ) Mrs. Grace Merriweather is the producer of the play in which Scout plays as a ham . She tells Everett that `` the ladies of the South Maycomb Alabama Methodist Episcopal Church are behind him one hundred percent . '' She is mostly known for her devotion to the church and is widely held as the most devout lady in Maycomb ; however , like many of her peers , she is very hypocritical and loves to gossip with all the other women . Walter Cunningham , Jr. ( edit ) Walter Cunningham , Jr. is a child who is almost as old as Jem but is in Scout 's class . He lives in a farm . He is too poor to even pay off a 25 - cent debt because the Great Depression hit his poor family hard . Walter is not only too poor but also his family is too proud to take any money . He is invited over to the Finches ' house once , after engaging in a fight with Scout , where he covers up all of his dinner with molasses , much to Scout 's vocal dismay . This teaches Scout a lesson in humility and compassion . Walter Cunningham , Sr. ( edit ) Walter Cunningham , Sr. is Walter Cunningham Jr. 's father . He appears only twice , once at the beginning of the story when he has to pay off the debt to Atticus ( Walter Cunningham Sr. was his client ) by giving him firewood , vegetables and other supplies . He also leads the mob that comes to lynch Tom Robinson the night before the trial . Only when Scout talks to him about his son and how much he owes to Atticus does he reconsider and call off the mob . Scout innocently shames him because Scout reminds him of all the things that Atticus has done for him and for Maycomb County . After the verdict is given in the trial , Atticus tells Jem that one of the Cunninghams had changed his thoughts about Tom and pleaded that Tom was not guilty to the jury . Little Chuck Little ( edit ) Little Chuck Little is a student in Scout 's first grade class who has the mindset of an adult . His real name is Charles . He is depicted as chiefly antagonistic of Burris Ewell . He is presented in the novel when Miss Caroline is frightened by Burris ' lice . He warned Miss Caroline that if Burris was n't released from class , he might try something that would put their classmates at risk . When Burris starts advancing on Little Chuck after his warning / veiled insult , Little Chuck 's hand moved to his pocket ( implying that he was going to pull out a knife ) while saying , `` Watch your step , Burris . I 'd soon 's kill you as look at you . Now go home . '' Scared by Little Chuck 's bravery and his implied knife , Burris retreats . From this we see , through the narrative view of Scout , his gentlemanly attitude and how it calms Miss Caroline down . Little Chuck may be even more intelligent than originally meets the eye , as he easily could have been bluffing about the aforementioned implied knife to scare Burris into retreating . Mr. Dick Avery ( edit ) Mr. Dick Avery is an overweight neighbor who tells Jem and Scout that dramatic changes in the weather are caused by disobedient and misbehaving children . After it snows , they build a snowman that resembles him . Mr. Avery can also be seen in the story pushing a mattress out of a window when Miss Maudie 's house catches fire . The kids , including Jem and Scout , always waited for him to do something interesting . For instance , Jem claims that one night he urinated from his front porch in an impressive arc . Miss Gates ( edit ) Miss Gates is a third grade teacher at Scout 's school who insists that America is n't prejudiced like Hitler 's Germany . Despite this , Scout has heard her say that the blacks need to be taught a lesson after Tom 's trial . Eula May ( edit ) Eula May is Maycomb 's most prominent telephone operator . She sends out public announcements , invitations , and activates the fire alarm . She announced the closing of schools when it snowed and announced the rabid dog that entered Maycomb . Also , Eula May knows everybody in the town because of her unique job . Cecil Jacobs ( edit ) Cecil Jacobs teases Scout and Jem at school . Scout almost gets into a fight with Cecil over the trial of Tom Robinson . Scout beats up Cecil Jacobs because he says Atticus is a `` Nigger Lover . '' He gives a current event on Adolf Hitler and later frightens Scout and Jem on their way to the Halloween pageant . He and Scout then pair up at the carnival . At the Halloween pageant afterwards , Cecil was a cow . He hints that black people are not as good as white people while talking about Hitler during current events . He also tends to take jokes too far . However importantly he shows how prejudice is passed on from parent to child . Tim Johnson ( edit ) Tim Johnson is a dog belonging to Harry Johnson ( a character in the book who is mentioned once but is never seen ) . He is infected by rabies in chapter 10 and goes mad , putting everyone in the town at risk . Atticus is forced to shoot Tim Johnson before he reaches the Radley House or attacks anyone . When Atticus shoots the dog , his excellent marksmanship is revealed to Scout and Jem ( his nickname used to be One - Shot Finch ) . The dog 's body is collected by Zeebo . Simon Finch ( edit ) Simon Finch is the founder of Finch 's Landing . He is referred to in the first chapter of the book , being a direct ancestor of Atticus . He is a Cornish Methodist , and emigrated from England to avoid religious persecution , landing in Philadelphia before settling in Alabama . He was married , with one son , six daughters . He is also an apothecary . Maxwell Green ( edit ) Maxwell Green is the new lawyer in town . He is normally the judicially - assigned defense attorney but Judge Taylor assigned Tom Robinson 's case to Atticus to give Tom Robinson a better chance . Mr. X Billups ( edit ) Mr. X Billups who is seen only once in the book , going to the trial , is described as a `` funny man '' . X is his name , and not his initial . He was asked repeated times what his name was until he signed it . X was the name he had been given when he was born because his parents marked his birth certificate with an X instead of a name . The Barber sisters ( Miss `` Tutti '' and Miss `` Frutti '' ) ( edit ) The Barber Sisters ( Miss Sarah , nicknamed `` Tutti '' and Miss Frances , nicknamed `` Frutti '' ) are maiden sisters who live in the only house in Maycomb with a cellar . They were originally from Clanton , Alabama ; and are rumored to be Republicans . Besides their Yankee ways , both sisters are deaf ( Tutti completely deaf ; Frutti uses an ear trumpet ) , and had a Halloween prank pulled on them by some `` wicked '' schoolchildren ( Scout claims she was not included ) who put all of their furniture in their cellar . Mrs. gertrude Farrow ( edit ) Mrs. Farrow is a lady in the missionary society who visits the Finch house occasionally . Mr. Conner ( edit ) Mr. Conner is mentioned early on in the book . He was locked in an outhouse by `` Boo '' Radley and his friends . After taking the teenagers to court , Mr. Conner accused them of `` disorderly conduct , disturbing the peace , assault and battery , and using abusive and profane language in the presence and hearing of a female . '' He added the last charge after claiming that the teens had `` cussed so loud he was sure every lady in Maycomb heard them . '' Zeebo ( edit ) Zeebo is Calpurnia 's eldest son . He is one of just four people in First Purchase Church who can read , so he is the vocal leader , leading hymns in the Negro First Purchase Church by `` lining , '' reading a line of verse and having the congregation repeat it . Calpurnia taught Zeebo how to read . He is also the garbage man of Maycomb , and took away the dead rabid dog , Tim Johnson . When a fellow church member , a woman named Lula , tries to make the children feel bad for attending church with his mother , Zeebo welcomes Scout and Jem with open arms . He is kind but very quiet . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools '' , Renaissance Learning , Inc. , 2008 . Retrieved on July 11 , 2008 . See also `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools Archived 2012 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , Renaissance Learning , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved on May 1 , 2011 . where To Kill a Mockingbird appears at number 2 . Jump up ^ `` To Kill A Mockingbird Guide at studentshare.net ; Release Year : 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` Edmond Public Schools - Edmond Public Schools '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Radley ( Boo ) in To Kill a Mockingbird '' . Jump up ^ Lee , Harper ( 1960 ) . To Kill a Mockingbird . United States of America : Warner Books . p. 81 . ( hide ) Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) Characters Atticus Finch Film To Kill a Mockingbird Prequel Go Set a Watchman Other To Kill a Mockingbird in popular culture Broken Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_characters&oldid=834430515 '' Categories : To Kill a Mockingbird Fictional characters from Alabama Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 18 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played boo in to kill a mockingbird | [
"When Boo finally does come out, he has a good reason: Bob Ewell is trying to murder the Finch children. No one sees what happens in the scuffle, but at the end of it, Ewell is dead and Boo carries an unconscious Jem to the Finch house. Finally faced with Boo, Scout doesn’t recognize him at first, but suddenly realizes who he is. Boo Radley is played by Robert Duvall in the film."
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"Robert Duvall"
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8942522107825871620 | Cuban Missile Crisis | Cuban Missile Crisis - wikipedia Cuban Missile Crisis `` Missile Crisis '' redirects here . For the Cyprus Missile Crisis , see Cyprus Missile Crisis . Cuban Missile Crisis Part of the Cold War Date October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ( naval blockade of Cuba ended November 20 ) Location Cuba Result Withdrawal of the Soviet Union 's nuclear missiles from Cuba Withdrawal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation Creation of a nuclear hotline between the United States and the Soviet Union Belligerents Soviet Union Cuba Supported by : Warsaw Pact United States Italy Turkey Supported by : NATO Commanders and leaders Nikita Khrushchev Anastas Mikoyan Rodion Malinovsky Issa Pliyev Georgy Abashvili Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Che Guevara John F. Kennedy Robert McNamara Maxwell D. Taylor Curtis LeMay George Whelan Anderson Jr . Robert F. Kennedy Amintore Fanfani Giulio Andreotti Cemal Gürsel Casualties and losses 64 Soviet citizens dead ( statistics of the MoD of the RF for 1962 -- 1964 ) 1 U-2 spy aircraft lost 1 aircraft damaged 1 killed The Cuban Missile Crisis , also known as the October Crisis of 1962 ( Spanish : Crisis de Octubre ) , the Caribbean Crisis ( Russian : Карибский кризис , tr . Karibsky krizis , IPA : ( kɐˈrjipskjɪj ˈkrjizjɪs ) ) , or the Missile Scare , was a 13 - day ( October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba . The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full - scale nuclear war . In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961 and the presence of American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy and Turkey , Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed to Cuba 's request to place nuclear missiles on the island to deter a future invasion . An agreement was reached during a secret meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962 and construction of a number of missile launch facilities started later that summer . The 1962 United States elections were under way , and the White House had for months denied charges that it was ignoring dangerous Soviet missiles 90 miles ( 140 km ) from Florida . The missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium - range ( SS - 4 ) and intermediate - range ( R - 14 ) ballistic missile facilities . The U.S. established a naval blockade on October 22 to prevent further missiles from reaching Cuba ; Oval Office tapes during the crisis revealed that Kennedy had also put the blockade in place as an attempt to provoke Soviet - backed forces in Berlin as well . It announced that they would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the weapons already in Cuba be dismantled and returned to the Soviet Union . After a long period of tense negotiations , an agreement was reached between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev . Publicly , the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union , subject to United Nations verification , in exchange for a U.S. public declaration and agreement to avoid invading Cuba again . Secretly , the United States also agreed that it would dismantle all U.S. - built Jupiter MRBMs , which had been deployed in Turkey against the Soviet Union ; there has been debate on whether or not Italy was included in the agreement as well . When all offensive missiles and Ilyushin Il - 28 light bombers had been withdrawn from Cuba , the blockade was formally ended on November 21 , 1962 . The negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union pointed out the necessity of a quick , clear , and direct communication line between Washington and Moscow . As a result , the Moscow -- Washington hotline was established . A series of agreements reduced U.S. -- Soviet tensions for several years until the United States and Russia began to build their nuclear arsenal even further . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earlier U.S. actions 2 Balance of power 3 Soviet deployment of missiles in Cuba 4 Missiles reported 4.1 Aerial images find Soviet missiles 4.2 President notified 4.3 Responses considered 5 Operational plans 6 Blockade 6.1 Speech to the nation 6.2 Crisis deepens 6.3 International response 6.4 Soviet broadcast 6.5 U.S. alert level raised 6.6 Blockade challenged 6.7 Stalemate 7 Secret negotiations 7.1 Crisis continues 7.2 Drafting response 7.3 Nuclear launch - averted 8 Crisis ends 9 Aftermath 9.1 Soviet leadership 9.2 Cuban leadership 9.3 US leadership 9.4 Human casualties 10 Later revelations 11 In popular culture 11.1 Media representations 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 15.1 Historiography 15.2 Primary sources 15.3 Lesson plans 16 External links Earlier US actions ( edit ) The U.S. was concerned about an expansion of communism , and a Latin American country openly allying with the Soviet Union was regarded by the U.S. as unacceptable since the end of World War II , and the start of the Cold War . Such an involvement would also directly defy the Monroe Doctrine , a U.S. policy limiting U.S. involvement in European colonies and European affairs but holding that the Western Hemisphere was in the U.S. sphere of influence . The Kennedy administration had been publicly embarrassed by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in May 1961 , which had been launched under President John F. Kennedy by CIA - trained forces of Cuban exiles . Afterward , former President Dwight Eisenhower told Kennedy that `` the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do . '' The half - hearted invasion left Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive and , as one Soviet adviser wrote , `` too young , intellectual , not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations ... too intelligent and too weak . '' U.S. covert operations against Cuba continued in 1961 with the unsuccessful Operation Mongoose . In addition , Khrushchev 's impression of Kennedy 's weaknesses was confirmed by the President 's response during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , particularly to the building of the Berlin Wall . Speaking to Soviet officials in the aftermath of the crisis , Khrushchev asserted , `` I know for certain that Kennedy does n't have a strong background , nor , generally speaking , does he have the courage to stand up to a serious challenge . '' He also told his son Sergei that on Cuba , Kennedy `` would make a fuss , make more of a fuss , and then agree . '' In January 1962 , U.S. Army General Edward Lansdale described plans to overthrow the Cuban government in a top - secret report ( partially declassified 1989 ) , addressed to Kennedy and officials involved with Operation Mongoose . CIA agents or `` pathfinders '' from the Special Activities Division were to be infiltrated into Cuba to carry out sabotage and organization , including radio broadcasts . In February 1962 , the US launched an embargo against Cuba , and Lansdale presented a 26 - page , top - secret timetable for implementation of the overthrow of the Cuban government , mandating guerrilla operations to begin in August and September . `` Open revolt and overthrow of the Communist regime '' would occur in the first two weeks of October . Balance of power ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When Kennedy ran for president in 1960 , one of his key election issues was an alleged `` missile gap '' with the Soviets leading . In fact , the US led the Soviets by a wide margin that would only increase . In 1961 , the Soviets had only four intercontinental ballistic missiles ( R - 7 Semyorka ) . By October 1962 , they may have had a few dozen , with some intelligence estimates as high as 75 . The U.S. , on the other hand , had 170 ICBMs and was quickly building more . It also had eight George Washington - and Ethan Allen - class ballistic missile submarines , with the capability to launch 16 Polaris missiles , each with a range of 2,500 nautical miles ( 4,600 km ) . Khrushchev increased the perception of a missile gap when he loudly boasted to the world that the Soviets were building missiles `` like sausages '' but Soviet missiles ' numbers and capabilities actually were nowhere close to his assertions . The Soviet Union had medium - range ballistic missiles in quantity , about 700 of them , but they were very unreliable and inaccurate . The US had a considerable advantage in total number of nuclear warheads ( 27,000 against 3,600 ) and in the technology required for their accurate delivery . The US also led in missile defensive capabilities , naval and air power ; but the Soviets had a 2 -- 1 advantage in conventional ground forces , more pronounced in field guns and tanks , particularly in the European theater . Soviet deployment of missiles in Cuba ( edit ) In May 1961 , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was persuaded by the idea of countering the US 's growing lead in developing and deploying strategic missiles by placing Soviet intermediate - range nuclear missiles in Cuba , despite the misgivings of the Soviet Ambassador in Havana , Alexandr Ivanovich Alexeyev , who argued that Castro would not accept the deployment of the missiles . Khrushchev faced a strategic situation in which the US was perceived to have a `` splendid first strike '' capability that put the Soviet Union at a huge disadvantage . In 1962 , the Soviets had only 20 ICBMs capable of delivering nuclear warheads to the US from inside the Soviet Union . The poor accuracy and reliability of the missiles raised serious doubts about their effectiveness . A newer , more reliable generation of ICBMs would become operational only after 1965 . Therefore , Soviet nuclear capability in 1962 placed less emphasis on ICBMs than on medium and intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( MRBMs and IRBMs ) . The missiles could hit American allies and most of Alaska from Soviet territory but not the Contiguous United States . Graham Allison , the director of Harvard University 's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs , points out , `` The Soviet Union could not right the nuclear imbalance by deploying new ICBMs on its own soil . In order to meet the threat it faced in 1962 , 1963 , and 1964 , it had very few options . Moving existing nuclear weapons to locations from which they could reach American targets was one . '' A second reason that Soviet missiles were deployed to Cuba was because Khrushchev wanted to bring West Berlin , controlled by the American , British and French within Communist East Germany , into the Soviet orbit . The East Germans and Soviets considered western control over a portion of Berlin a grave threat to East Germany . Khrushchev made West Berlin the central battlefield of the Cold War . Khrushchev believed that if the U.S. did nothing over the missile deployments in Cuba , he could muscle the West out of Berlin using said missiles as a deterrent to western countermeasures in Berlin . If the U.S. tried to bargain with the Soviets after it became aware of the missiles , Khrushchev could demand trading the missiles for West Berlin . Since Berlin was strategically more important than Cuba , the trade would be a win for Khrushchev , as Kennedy recognized : `` The advantage is , from Khrushchev 's point of view , he takes a great chance but there are quite some rewards to it . '' Thirdly , from the perspective of the Soviet Union and of Cuba , it seemed that the United States wanted to increase its presence in Cuba . With actions like attempting to expel Cuba from the Organization of American States , placing economic sanctions on the nation and conducting secret operations on containing communism and Cuba , it was assumed that America was trying to invade Cuba . As a result , to try and prevent this , the USSR would place missiles in Cuba and neutralize the threat . More than 100 US - built missiles having the capability to strike Moscow with nuclear warheads were deployed in Italy and Turkey in 1961 . Khrushchev was also reacting in part to the nuclear threat of obsolescent Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missiles that had been installed by the US in Turkey in April 1962 . Additionally , placing nuclear missiles on Cuba was a way for Khrushchev to display and assert his strict political dominance ; this was a much - needed display after numerous individuals within the Soviet Union began to doubt Khrushchev 's power as they believed that he was appeasing the Americans . Another major reason why Khrushchev placed missiles on Cuba was to level the playing field . Before this event , America had the upper hand as they could launch from Turkey and destroy USSR before they would have a chance to react . After the transmission of nuclear missiles , Khrushchev had finally established mutually assured destruction . Mutually assured destruction means that if America decided to launch a nuclear strike against the USSR , the latter would react by launching a nuclear strike against America . Additionally , placing nuclear missiles on Cuba was a way for the USSR to show their support for Cuba and support the people in Cuba whose rights were taken away by the United States , as the latter had become their ally after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 . According to Khrushchev , the Soviet Union 's motives were `` aimed at allowing Cuba to live peacefully and develop as its people desire '' . An indirect reason why Khrushchev placed missiles on Cuba would be to try and draw the line to how far the Soviet Union can go regarding threatening the United States . Prior to this , there was no clear barrier to how the United States was willing to react , and with new president John F. Kennedy , it was unknown to the Soviet Union to what they can do to manipulate the United States . By placing missiles on Cuba , next to the doorstep of the United States , it would be clear to the extent of which the United States would react . In early 1962 , a group of Soviet military and missile construction specialists accompanied an agricultural delegation to Havana . They obtained a meeting with Cuban leader Fidel Castro . The Cuban leadership had a strong expectation that the U.S. would invade Cuba again and enthusiastically approved the idea of installing nuclear missiles in Cuba . However , according to another source , Castro objected to the missiles deployment that would have made him look like a Soviet puppet , but he was persuaded that missiles in Cuba would be an irritant to the U.S. and help the interests of the entire socialist camp . Also , the deployment would include short - range tactical weapons ( with a range of 40 km , usable only against naval vessels ) that would provide a `` nuclear umbrella '' for attacks upon the island . By May , Khrushchev and Castro agreed to place strategic nuclear missiles secretly in Cuba . Like Castro , Khrushchev felt that a U.S. invasion of Cuba was imminent and that to lose Cuba would do great harm to the communists , especially in Latin America . He said he wanted to confront the Americans `` with more than words ... the logical answer was missiles . '' The Soviets maintained their tight secrecy , writing their plans longhand , which were approved by Rodion Malinovsky on July 4 and Khrushchev on July 7 . From the very beginning , the Soviets ' operation entailed elaborate denial and deception , known as `` maskirovka '' . All the planning and preparation for transporting and deploying the missiles were carried out in the utmost secrecy , with only a very few told the exact nature of the mission . Even the troops detailed for the mission were given misdirection by being told that they were headed for a cold region and being outfitted with ski boots , fleece - lined parkas , and other winter equipment . The Soviet codename was Operation Anadyr . The Anadyr River flows into the Bering Sea , and Anadyr is also the capital of Chukotsky District and a bomber base in the far eastern region . All the measures were meant to conceal the program from both internal and external audiences . Specialists in missile construction under the guise of `` machine operators , '' `` irrigation specialists , '' and `` agricultural specialists '' arrived in July . A total of 43,000 foreign troops would ultimately be brought in . Marshal Sergei Biryuzov , chief of the Soviet Rocket Forces , led a survey team that visited Cuba . He told Khrushchev that the missiles would be concealed and camouflaged by palm trees . The Cuban leadership was further upset when in September , the U.S. Congress approved Joint Resolution 230 , which expressed Congress 's resolve to prevent the creation of an externally - supported military establishment . On the same day , the US announced a major military exercise in the Caribbean , PHIBRIGLEX - 62 , which Cuba denounced as a deliberate provocation and proof that the US planned to invade Cuba . The Soviet leadership believed , based on its perception of Kennedy 's lack of confidence during the Bay of Pigs Invasion , that he would avoid confrontation and accept the missiles as a fait accompli . On September 11 , the Soviet Union publicly warned that a US attack on Cuba or on Soviet ships that were carrying supplies to the island would mean war . The Soviets continued the Maskirovka program to conceal their actions in Cuba . They repeatedly denied that the weapons being brought into Cuba were offensive in nature . On September 7 , Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin assured United States Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson that the Soviet Union was supplying only defensive weapons to Cuba . On September 11 , the Telegrafnoe Agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza ( Soviet News Agency TASS ) announced that the Soviet Union had no need or intention to introduce offensive nuclear missiles into Cuba . On October 13 , Dobrynin was questioned by former Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles about whether the Soviets planned to put offensive weapons in Cuba . He denied any such plans . On October 17 , Soviet embassy official Georgy Bolshakov brought President Kennedy a personal message from Khrushchev reassuring him that `` under no circumstances would surface - to - surface missiles be sent to Cuba . '' As early as August 1962 , the U.S. suspected the Soviets of building missile facilities in Cuba . During that month , its intelligence services gathered information about sightings by ground observers of Russian - built MiG - 21 fighters and Il - 28 light bombers . U-2 spyplanes found S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 ) surface - to - air missile sites at eight different locations . CIA director John A. McCone was suspicious . Sending antiaircraft missiles into Cuba , he reasoned , `` made sense only if Moscow intended to use them to shield a base for ballistic missiles aimed at the United States . '' On August 10 , he wrote a memo to Kennedy in which he guessed that the Soviets were preparing to introduce ballistic missiles into Cuba . With important Congressional elections scheduled for November , the crisis became enmeshed in American politics . On August 31 , Senator Kenneth Keating ( R - New York ) , who received his information from Cuban exiles in Florida , warned on the Senate floor that the Soviet Union may be constructing a missile base in Cuba . He charged the Kennedy administration of covering up a major threat to the US . Air Force General Curtis LeMay presented a pre-invasion bombing plan to Kennedy in September , and spy flights and minor military harassment from U.S. forces at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base were the subject of continual Cuban diplomatic complaints to the US government . Map created by American intelligence showing Surface - to - Air Missile activity in Cuba , September 5 , 1962 The first consignment of R - 12 missiles arrived on the night of September 8 , followed by a second on September 16 . The R - 12 was a medium - range ballistic missile , capable of carrying a thermonuclear warhead . It was a single - stage , road - transportable , surface - launched , storable liquid propellant fueled missile that could deliver a megaton - class nuclear weapon . The Soviets were building nine sites -- six for R - 12 medium - range missiles ( NATO designation SS - 4 Sandal ) with an effective range of 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) and three for R - 14 intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( NATO designation SS - 5 Skean ) with a maximum range of 4,500 kilometres ( 2,800 mi ) . On October 7 , Cuban President Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado spoke at the UN General Assembly : `` If ... we are attacked , we will defend ourselves . I repeat , we have sufficient means with which to defend ourselves ; we have indeed our inevitable weapons , the weapons , which we would have preferred not to acquire , and which we do not wish to employ . '' Missiles reported ( edit ) The missiles in Cuba allowed the Soviets to target effectively most of the Continental U.S. The planned arsenal was forty launchers . The Cuban populace readily noticed the arrival and deployment of the missiles and hundreds of reports reached Miami . U.S. intelligence received countless reports , many of dubious quality or even laughable , most of which could be dismissed as describing defensive missiles . Only five reports bothered the analysts . They described large trucks passing through towns at night that were carrying very long canvas - covered cylindrical objects that could not make turns through towns without backing up and maneuvering . Defensive missiles could turn . The reports could not be satisfactorily dismissed . A U-2 reconnaissance photograph of Cuba , showing Soviet nuclear missiles , their transports and tents for fueling and maintenance . Aerial images find Soviet missiles ( edit ) The United States had been sending U-2 surveillance over Cuba since the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion . The first issue that led to a pause in reconnaissance flights took place on August 30 , when a U-2 operated by the U.S. Air Force 's Strategic Air Command flew over Sakhalin Island in the Soviet Far East by mistake . The Soviets lodged a protest and the US apologized . Nine days later , a Taiwanese - operated U-2 was lost over western China to an SA - 2 surface - to - air missile . US officials were worried that one of the Cuban or Soviet SAMs in Cuba might shoot down a CIA U-2 , initiating another international incident . In a meeting with members of the Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance ( COMOR ) on September 10 , Secretary of State Dean Rusk and National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy heavily restricted further U-2 flights over Cuban airspace . The resulting lack of coverage over the island for the next five weeks became known to historians as the `` Photo Gap . '' No significant U-2 coverage was achieved over the interior of the island . US officials attempted to use a Corona photoreconnaissance satellite to obtain coverage over reported Soviet military deployments , but imagery acquired over western Cuba by a Corona KH - 4 mission on October 1 was heavily covered by clouds and haze and failed to provide any usable intelligence . At the end of September , Navy reconnaissance aircraft photographed the Soviet ship Kasimov , with large crates on its deck the size and shape of Il - 28 light bomber fuselages . In September 1962 , analysts from the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) noticed that Cuban surface - to - air missile sites were arranged in a pattern similar to those used by the Soviet Union to protect its ICBM bases , leading DIA to lobby for the resumption of U-2 flights over the island . Although in the past the flights had been conducted by the CIA , pressure from the Defense Department made the authority be transferred to the Air Force . Following the loss of a CIA U-2 over the Soviet Union in May 1960 , it was thought that if another U-2 were shot down , an Air Force aircraft arguably being used for a legitimate military purpose would be easier to explain than a CIA flight . When the reconnaissance missions were reauthorized on October 9 , poor weather kept the planes from flying . The U.S. first obtained U-2 photographic evidence of the missiles on October 14 , when a U-2 flight piloted by Major Richard Heyser took 928 pictures on a path selected by DIA analysts , capturing images of what turned out to be an SS - 4 construction site at San Cristóbal , Pinar del Río Province ( now in Artemisa Province ) , in western Cuba . President notified ( edit ) One of the first U-2 reconnaissance images of missile bases under construction shown to President Kennedy on the morning of October 16 , 1962 On October 15 , the CIA 's National Photographic Interpretation Center ( NPIC ) reviewed the U-2 photographs and identified objects that they interpreted as medium range ballistic missiles . This identification was made , in part , on the strength of reporting provided by Oleg Penkovsky , a double agent in the GRU working for CIA and MI6 . Although he provided no direct reports of the Soviet missile deployments to Cuba , technical and doctrinal details of Soviet missile regiments that had been provided by Penkovsky in the months and years prior to the Crisis helped NPIC analysts correctly identify the missiles on U-2 imagery . That evening , the CIA notified the Department of State and at 8 : 30 pm EDT , Bundy chose to wait until the next morning to tell the President . McNamara was briefed at midnight . The next morning , Bundy met with Kennedy and showed him the U-2 photographs and briefed him on the CIA 's analysis of the images . At 6 : 30 pm EDT , Kennedy convened a meeting of the nine members of the National Security Council and five other key advisors , in a group he formally named the Executive Committee of the National Security Council ( EXCOMM ) after the fact on October 22 by the National Security Action Memorandum 196 . Without informing the members of EXCOMM , President Kennedy tape recorded all of their proceedings , and Sheldon M. Stern , head of the Kennedy library transcribed some of them . Responses considered ( edit ) President Kennedy meets in the Oval Office with General Curtis LeMay and the reconnaissance pilots who found the missile sites in Cuba . The US had no plan in place because its intelligence had been convinced that the Soviets would never install nuclear missiles in Cuba . The EXCOMM quickly discussed several possible courses of action : Do nothing : American vulnerability to Soviet missiles was not new . Diplomacy : Use diplomatic pressure to get the Soviet Union to remove the missiles . Secret approach : Offer Castro the choice of splitting with the Russians or being invaded . Invasion : Full force invasion of Cuba and overthrow of Castro . Air strike : Use the US Air Force to attack all known missile sites . Blockade : Use the US Navy to block any missiles from arriving in Cuba . As the article describes , both the US and the Soviet Union considered many possible outcomes of their actions and threats during the crisis ( Allison , Graham T. ; Zelikow , Philip D . ) . This game tree models how both actors would have considered their decisions . It is broken down into a simple form for basic understanding . The Joint Chiefs of Staff unanimously agreed that a full - scale attack and invasion was the only solution . They believed that the Soviets would not attempt to stop the US from conquering Cuba . Kennedy was skeptical : They , no more than we , can let these things go by without doing something . They ca n't , after all their statements , permit us to take out their missiles , kill a lot of Russians , and then do nothing . If they do n't take action in Cuba , they certainly will in Berlin . Kennedy concluded that attacking Cuba by air would signal the Soviets to presume `` a clear line '' to conquer Berlin . Kennedy also believed that US allies would think of the country as `` trigger - happy cowboys '' who lost Berlin because they could not peacefully resolve the Cuban situation . President Kennedy and Secretary of Defense McNamara in an EXCOMM meeting . The EXCOMM then discussed the effect on the strategic balance of power , both political and military . The Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that the missiles would seriously alter the military balance , but McNamara disagreed . An extra 40 , he reasoned , would make little difference to the overall strategic balance . The US already had approximately 5,000 strategic warheads , but the Soviet Union had only 300 . McNamara concluded that the Soviets having 340 would not therefore substantially alter the strategic balance . In 1990 , he reiterated that `` it made no difference ... The military balance was n't changed . I did n't believe it then , and I do n't believe it now . '' The EXCOMM agreed that the missiles would affect the political balance . Kennedy had explicitly promised the American people less than a month before the crisis that `` if Cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the United States ... the United States would act . '' Also , credibility among US allies and people would be damaged if the Soviet Union appeared to redress the strategic balance by placing missiles in Cuba . Kennedy explained after the crisis that `` it would have politically changed the balance of power . It would have appeared to , and appearances contribute to reality . '' President Kennedy meets with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko in the Oval Office ( October 18 , 1962 ) On October 18 , Kennedy met with Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs , Andrei Gromyko , who claimed the weapons were for defensive purposes only . Not wanting to expose what he already knew and to avoid panicking the American public , Kennedy did not reveal that he was already aware of the missile buildup . By October 19 , frequent U-2 spy flights showed four operational sites . On the night of October 19 at 23 : 56 a helicopter from USS Essex CVS - 9 squadron HSS - 2 crashed into the Gulf of Mexico . Lt. Cmdr . James Robert Hughes and AM - 3 George Blythe perished . Their bodies were never recovered . On October 22 , 1962 a second helicopter crashed into the Gulf , that also was from HSS - 2 stationed on the Essex . Lost that night were Lt. Cmdr . Witkowski and Enlisted Serviceman 50 AZ Murphy . The details of the deaths of October 19 , 1962 have never been provided to the families affected . There are numerous rumors that exist from bad storms , Soviet interference with the flight , or a one - way suicide recon mission . However , the most consistently repeated accounts from on deck witnesses indicate that the helicopter on October 19 was `` shot down . '' Operational plans ( edit ) Two Operational Plans ( OPLAN ) were considered . OPLAN 316 envisioned a full invasion of Cuba by Army and Marine units , supported by the Navy following Air Force and naval airstrikes . However , Army units in the US would have had trouble fielding mechanized and logistical assets , and the US Navy could not supply enough amphibious shipping to transport even a modest armored contingent from the Army . OPLAN 312 , primarily an Air Force and Navy carrier operation , was designed with enough flexibility to do anything from engaging individual missile sites to providing air support for OPLAN 316 's ground forces . Blockade ( edit ) A US Navy P - 2H Neptune of VP - 18 flying over a Soviet cargo ship with crated Il - 28s on deck during the Cuban Crisis . Kennedy met with members of EXCOMM and other top advisers throughout October 21 , considering two remaining options : an air strike primarily against the Cuban missile bases or a naval blockade of Cuba . A full - scale invasion was not the administration 's first option . McNamara supported the naval blockade as a strong but limited military action that left the US in control . However , the term `` blockade '' was problematic . According to international law , a blockade is an act of war , but the Kennedy administration did not think that the Soviets would be provoked to attack by a mere blockade . Additionally , legal experts at the State Department and Justice Department concluded that a declaration of war could be avoided if another legal justification , based on the Rio Treaty for defense of the Western Hemisphere , was obtained from a resolution by a two - thirds vote from the members or the Organization of American States ( OAS ) . Admiral Anderson , Chief of Naval Operations wrote a position paper that helped Kennedy to differentiate between what they termed a `` quarantine '' of offensive weapons and a blockade of all materials , claiming that a classic blockade was not the original intention . Since it would take place in international waters , Kennedy obtained the approval of the OAS for military action under the hemispheric defense provisions of the Rio Treaty : Latin American participation in the quarantine now involved two Argentine destroyers which were to report to the U.S. Commander South Atlantic ( COMSOLANT ) at Trinidad on November 9 . An Argentine submarine and a Marine battalion with lift were available if required . In addition , two Venezuelan destroyers ( Destroyers ARV D - 11 Nueva Esparta '' and `` ARV D - 21 Zulia '' ) and one submarine ( Caribe ) had reported to COMSOLANT , ready for sea by November 2 . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago offered the use of Chaguaramas Naval Base to warships of any OAS nation for the duration of the `` quarantine . '' The Dominican Republic had made available one escort ship . Colombia was reported ready to furnish units and had sent military officers to the U.S. to discuss this assistance . The Argentine Air Force informally offered three SA - 16 aircraft in addition to forces already committed to the `` quarantine '' operation . This initially was to involve a naval blockade against offensive weapons within the framework of the Organization of American States and the Rio Treaty . Such a blockade might be expanded to cover all types of goods and air transport . The action was to be backed up by surveillance of Cuba . The CNO 's scenario was followed closely in later implementing the `` quarantine . '' On October 19 , the EXCOMM formed separate working groups to examine the air strike and blockade options , and by the afternoon most support in the EXCOMM shifted to the blockade option . However , reservations about the plan continued to be voiced as late as the October 21 , the paramount concern being that once the blockade was put into effect , the Soviets would rush to complete some of the missiles . Consequently , the US could find itself bombing operational missiles if blockade failed to force Khrushchev to remove the missiles already on the island . Speech to the nation ( edit ) President Kennedy signs the Proclamation for Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba at the Oval Office on October 23 , 1962 . At 3 : 00 pm EDT on October 22 , President Kennedy formally established the Executive Committee ( EXCOMM ) with National Security Action Memorandum ( NSAM ) 196 . At 5 : 00 pm , he met with Congressional leaders who contentiously opposed a blockade and demanded a stronger response . In Moscow , Ambassador Foy D. Kohler briefed Khrushchev on the pending blockade and Kennedy 's speech to the nation . Ambassadors around the world gave notice to non-Eastern Bloc leaders . Before the speech , U.S. delegations met with Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker , British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan , West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer , and French President Charles de Gaulle to brief them on the US intelligence and their proposed response . All were supportive of the U.S. position . Shortly before his speech , Kennedy called former President Dwight Eisenhower . Kennedy 's conversation with the former President also revealed that the two were conspiring during the Cuban Missile Crisis . The two also anticipated that Khruschev would respond to the Western world in a matter that was similar to his response during the Suez Crisis and would possibly wind up trading off Berlin . Address on the Buildup of Arms in Cuba Kennedy addressing the nation on October 22 , 1962 about the buildup of arms on Cuba Problems playing this file ? See media help . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Cuban Missile Crisis On October 22 at 7 : 00 pm EDT , Kennedy delivered a nationwide televised address on all of the major networks announcing the discovery of the missiles . He noted : It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States , requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union . Kennedy described the administration 's plan : To halt this offensive buildup , a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated . All ships of any kind bound for Cuba , from whatever nation or port , will , if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons , be turned back . This quarantine will be extended , if needed , to other types of cargo and carriers . We are not at this time , however , denying the necessities of life as the Soviets attempted to do in their Berlin blockade of 1948 . During the speech , a directive went out to all U.S. forces worldwide , placing them on DEFCON 3 . The heavy cruiser USS Newport News was designated flagship for the blockade , with USS Leary as Newport News 's destroyer escort . Crisis deepens ( edit ) Khrushchev 's October 24 , 1962 letter to Kennedy stating that the blockade of Cuba `` constitute ( s ) an act of aggression ... '' On October 23 , at 11 : 24 am EDT , a cable , drafted by George Wildman Ball to the U.S. Ambassador in Turkey and NATO , notified them that they were considering making an offer to withdraw what the US knew to be nearly - obsolete missiles from Italy and Turkey , in exchange for the Soviet withdrawal from Cuba . Turkish officials replied that they would `` deeply resent '' any trade involving the U.S. 's missile presence in their country . Two days later , on the morning of October 25 , American journalist Walter Lippmann proposed the same thing in his syndicated column . Castro reaffirmed Cuba 's right to self - defense and said that all of its weapons were defensive and Cuba would not allow an inspection . International response ( edit ) Three days after Kennedy 's speech , the Chinese People 's Daily announced that `` 650,000,000 Chinese men and women were standing by the Cuban people . '' In West Germany , newspapers supported the U.S. 's response by contrasting it with the weak American actions in the region during the preceding months . They also expressed some fear that the Soviets might retaliate in Berlin . In France on October 23 , the crisis made the front page of all the daily newspapers . The next day , an editorial in Le Monde expressed doubt about the authenticity of the CIA 's photographic evidence . Two days later , after a visit by a high - ranking CIA agent , the newspaper accepted the validity of the photographs . Also in France , in the October 29 issue of Le Figaro , Raymond Aron wrote in support of the American response . On October 24 , Pope John XXIII sent a message to the Soviet embassy in Rome to be transmitted to the Kremlin in which he voiced his concern for peace . In this message he stated , `` We beg all governments not to remain deaf to this cry of humanity . That they do all that is in their power to save peace . '' Soviet broadcast ( edit ) The crisis was continuing unabated , and in the evening of October 24 , the Soviet news agency TASS broadcast a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy in which Khrushchev warned that the United States 's `` outright piracy '' would lead to war . However , that was followed at 9 : 24 pm by a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy , which was received at 10 : 52 pm EDT . Khrushchev stated , `` if you weigh the present situation with a cool head without giving way to passion , you will understand that the Soviet Union can not afford not to decline the despotic demands of the USA '' and that the Soviet Union views the blockade as `` an act of aggression '' and their ships will be instructed to ignore it . US alert level raised ( edit ) Adlai Stevenson shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to the United Nations , October 25 , 1962 . The US requested an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council on October 25 . US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson confronted Soviet Ambassador Valerian Zorin in an emergency meeting of the Security Council , challenging him to admit the existence of the missiles . Ambassador Zorin refused to answer . The next day at 10 : 00 pm EDT , the US raised the readiness level of SAC forces to DEFCON 2 . For the only confirmed time in US history , B - 52 bombers went on continuous airborne alert , and B - 47 medium bombers were dispersed to various military and civilian airfields and made ready to take off , fully equipped , on 15 minutes ' notice . One eighth of SAC 's 1,436 bombers were on airborne alert , and some 145 intercontinental ballistic missiles stood on ready alert , some of which targeted Cuba , and Air Defense Command ( ADC ) redeployed 161 nuclear - armed interceptors to 16 dispersal fields within nine hours , with one third maintaining 15 - minute alert status . Twenty - three nuclear - armed B - 52s were sent to orbit points within striking distance of the Soviet Union so that it would believe that the US was serious . Jack J. Catton later estimated that about 80 percent of SAC 's planes were ready for launch during the crisis ; David A. Burchinal recalled that , by contrast : the Russians were so thoroughly stood down , and we knew it . They did n't make any move . They did not increase their alert ; they did not increase any flights , or their air defense posture . They did n't do a thing , they froze in place . We were never further from nuclear war than at the time of Cuba , never further . By October 22 , Tactical Air Command ( TAC ) had 511 fighters plus supporting tankers and reconnaissance aircraft deployed to face Cuba on one - hour alert status . However , TAC and the Military Air Transport Service had problems . The concentration of aircraft in Florida strained command and support echelons , which faced critical undermanning in security , armaments , and communications ; the absence of initial authorization for war - reserve stocks of conventional munitions forced TAC to scrounge ; and the lack of airlift assets to support a major airborne drop necessitated the call - up of 24 Reserve squadrons . On October 25 at 1 : 45 am EDT , Kennedy responded to Khrushchev 's telegram by stating that the US was forced into action after receiving repeated assurances that no offensive missiles were being placed in Cuba , and when the assurances proved to be false , the deployment `` required the responses I have announced ... I hope that your government will take necessary action to permit a restoration of the earlier situation . '' A declassified map used by the U.S. Navy 's Atlantic Fleet showing the position of American and Soviet ships at the height of the crisis . Blockade challenged ( edit ) At 7 : 15 am EDT on October 25 , USS Essex and USS Gearing attempted to intercept Bucharest but failed to do so . Fairly certain that the tanker did not contain any military material , the US allowed it through the blockade . Later that day , at 5 : 43 pm , the commander of the blockade effort ordered the destroyer USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. to intercept and board the Lebanese freighter Marucla . That took place the next day , and Marucla was cleared through the blockade after its cargo was checked . At 5 : 00 pm EDT on October 25 , William Clements announced that the missiles in Cuba were still actively being worked on . That report was later verified by a CIA report that suggested there had been no slowdown at all . In response , Kennedy issued Security Action Memorandum 199 , authorizing the loading of nuclear weapons onto aircraft under the command of SACEUR , which had the duty of carrying out first air strikes on the Soviet Union . During the day , the Soviets responded to the blockade by turning back 14 ships that were presumably carrying offensive weapons . Stalemate ( edit ) The next morning , October 26 , Kennedy informed the EXCOMM that he believed only an invasion would remove the missiles from Cuba . However , he was persuaded to give the matter time and continue with both military and diplomatic pressure . He agreed and ordered the low - level flights over the island to be increased from two per day to once every two hours . He also ordered a crash program to institute a new civil government in Cuba if an invasion went ahead . At this point , the crisis was ostensibly at a stalemate . The Soviets had shown no indication that they would back down and had made several comments to the contrary . The US had no reason to believe otherwise and was in the early stages of preparing for an invasion , along with a nuclear strike on the Soviet Union if it responded militarily , which was assumed . Secret negotiations ( edit ) At 1 : 00 pm EDT on October 26 , John A. Scali of ABC News had lunch with Aleksandr Fomin , the cover name of Alexander Feklisov , the KGB station chief in Washington , at Fomin 's request . Following the instructions of the Politburo of the CPSU , Fomin noted , `` War seems about to break out . '' He asked Scali to use his contacts to talk to his `` high - level friends '' at the State Department to see if the US would be interested in a diplomatic solution . He suggested that the language of the deal would contain an assurance from the Soviet Union to remove the weapons under UN supervision and that Castro would publicly announce that he would not accept such weapons again in exchange for a public statement by the US that it would avoid invading Cuba . The US responded by asking the Brazilian government to pass a message to Castro that the US would be `` unlikely to invade '' if the missiles were removed . Mr. President , we and you ought not now to pull on the ends of the rope in which you have tied the knot of war , because the more the two of us pull , the tighter that knot will be tied . And a moment may come when that knot will be tied so tight that even he who tied it will not have the strength to untie it , and then it will be necessary to cut that knot , and what that would mean is not for me to explain to you , because you yourself understand perfectly of what terrible forces our countries dispose . Consequently , if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war , then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope , let us take measures to untie that knot . We are ready for this . -- Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy , October 26 , 1962 On October 26 at 6 : 00 pm EDT , the State Department started receiving a message that appeared to be written personally by Khrushchev . It was Saturday at 2 : 00 am in Moscow . The long letter took several minutes to arrive , and it took translators additional time to translate and transcribe it . Robert F. Kennedy described the letter as `` very long and emotional . '' Khrushchev reiterated the basic outline that had been stated to Scali earlier in the day : `` I propose : we , for our part , will declare that our ships bound for Cuba are not carrying any armaments . You will declare that the United States will not invade Cuba with its troops and will not support any other forces which might intend to invade Cuba . Then the necessity of the presence of our military specialists in Cuba will disappear . '' At 6 : 45 pm EDT , news of Fomin 's offer to Scali was finally heard and was interpreted as a `` set up '' for the arrival of Khrushchev 's letter . The letter was then considered official and accurate although it was later learned that Fomin was almost certainly operating of his own accord without official backing . Additional study of the letter was ordered and continued into the night . Crisis continues ( edit ) Direct aggression against Cuba would mean nuclear war . The Americans speak about such aggression as if they did not know or did not want to accept this fact . I have no doubt they would lose such a war . -- Che Guevara , October 1962 S - 75 Dvina with V - 750V 1D missile ( NATO SA - 2 Guideline ) on a launcher . An installation similar to this one shot down Major Anderson 's U-2 over Cuba . Castro , on the other hand , was convinced that an invasion of Cuba was soon at hand , and on October 26 , he sent a telegram to Khrushchev that appeared to call for a pre-emptive nuclear strike on the US in case of attack . However , in a 2010 interview , Castro expressed regret about his earlier stance on first use : `` After I 've seen what I 've seen , and knowing what I know now , it was n't worth it at all . '' Castro also ordered all anti-aircraft weapons in Cuba to fire on any US aircraft : the orders had been to fire only on groups of two or more . At 6 : 00 am EDT on October 27 , the CIA delivered a memo reporting that three of the four missile sites at San Cristobal and the two sites at Sagua la Grande appeared to be fully operational . It also noted that the Cuban military continued to organize for action but was under order not to initiate action unless attacked . At 9 : 00 am EDT on October 27 , Radio Moscow began broadcasting a message from Khrushchev . Contrary to the letter of the night before , the message offered a new trade : the missiles on Cuba would be removed in exchange for the removal of the Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey . At 10 : 00 am EDT , the executive committee met again to discuss the situation and came to the conclusion that the change in the message was because of internal debate between Khrushchev and other party officials in the Kremlin . Kennedy realized that he would be in an `` insupportable position if this becomes Khrushchev 's proposal '' because the missiles in Turkey were not militarily useful and were being removed anyway and `` It 's gon na -- to any man at the United Nations or any other rational man , it will look like a very fair trade . '' Bundy explained why Khrushchev 's public acquiescence could not be considered : `` The current threat to peace is not in Turkey , it is in Cuba . '' McNamara noted that another tanker , the Grozny , was about 600 miles ( 970 km ) out and should be intercepted . He also noted that they had not made the Soviets aware of the blockade line and suggested relaying that information to them via U Thant at the United Nations . A Lockheed U-2F , the high altitude reconnaissance type shot down over Cuba , being refueled by a Boeing KC - 135 Q. The aircraft in 1962 was painted overall gray and carried USAF military markings and national insignia . While the meeting progressed , at 11 : 03 am EDT a new message began to arrive from Khrushchev . The message stated , in part : `` You are disturbed over Cuba . You say that this disturbs you because it is ninety - nine miles by sea from the coast of the United States of America . But ... you have placed destructive missile weapons , which you call offensive , in Italy and Turkey , literally next to us ... I therefore make this proposal : We are willing to remove from Cuba the means which you regard as offensive ... Your representatives will make a declaration to the effect that the United States ... will remove its analogous means from Turkey ... and after that , persons entrusted by the United Nations Security Council could inspect on the spot the fulfillment of the pledges made . '' The executive committee continued to meet through the day . Throughout the crisis , Turkey had repeatedly stated that it would be upset if the Jupiter missiles were removed . Italy 's Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani , who was also Foreign Minister ad interim , offered to allow withdrawal of the missiles deployed in Apulia as a bargaining chip . He gave the message to one of his most trusted friends , Ettore Bernabei , the general manager of RAI - TV , to convey to Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr . Bernabei was in New York to attend an international conference on satellite TV broadcasting . Unknown to the Soviets , the US regarded the Jupiter missiles as obsolescent and already supplanted by the Polaris nuclear ballistic submarine missiles . The engine of the Lockheed U-2 shot down over Cuba on display at Museum of the Revolution in Havana . On the morning of October 27 , a U-2F ( the third CIA U-2A , modified for air - to - air refueling ) piloted by USAF Major Rudolf Anderson , departed its forward operating location at McCoy AFB , Florida . At approximately 12 : 00 pm EDT , the aircraft was struck by a S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 Guideline ) surface - to - air missile launched from Cuba . The aircraft was shot down , and Anderson was killed . The stress in negotiations between the Soviets and the US intensified ; it was only later believed that the decision to fire the missile was made locally by an undetermined Soviet commander , acting on his own authority . Later that day , at about 3 : 41 pm EDT , several US Navy RF - 8A Crusader aircraft , on low - level photoreconnaissance missions , were fired upon . On October 28 , 1962 , Khrushchev told his son Sergei that the shooting down of Anderson 's U-2 was by the `` Cuban military at the direction of Raul Castro . '' At 4 : 00 pm EDT , Kennedy recalled members of EXCOMM to the White House and ordered that a message should immediately be sent to U Thant asking the Soviets to suspend work on the missiles while negotiations were carried out . During the meeting , General Maxwell Taylor delivered the news that the U-2 had been shot down . Kennedy had earlier claimed he would order an attack on such sites if fired upon , but he decided to not act unless another attack was made . Forty years later , McNamara said : We had to send a U-2 over to gain reconnaissance information on whether the Soviet missiles were becoming operational . We believed that if the U-2 was shot down that -- the Cubans did n't have capabilities to shoot it down , the Soviets did -- we believed if it was shot down , it would be shot down by a Soviet surface - to - air - missile unit , and that it would represent a decision by the Soviets to escalate the conflict . And therefore , before we sent the U-2 out , we agreed that if it was shot down we would n't meet , we 'd simply attack . It was shot down on Friday ... Fortunately , we changed our mind , we thought `` Well , it might have been an accident , we wo n't attack . '' Later we learned that Khrushchev had reasoned just as we did : we send over the U-2 , if it was shot down , he reasoned we would believe it was an intentional escalation . And therefore , he issued orders to Pliyev , the Soviet commander in Cuba , to instruct all of his batteries not to shoot down the U-2 . Ellsberg said that Robert Kennedy ( RFK ) told him in 1964 that after the U-2 was shot down and the pilot killed , he ( RFK ) told Soviet ambassador Dobrynin , `` You have drawn first blood ... ( T ) he president had decided against advice ... not to respond militarily to that attack , but he ( Dobrynin ) should know that if another plane was shot at , ... we would take out all the SAMs and antiaircraft ... And that would almost surely be followed by an invasion . '' Drafting response ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emissaries sent by both Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to meet at the Yenching Palace Chinese restaurant in the Cleveland Park neighborhood of Washington , DC , on Saturday evening , October 27 . Kennedy suggested to take Khrushchev 's offer to trade away the missiles . Unknown to most members of the EXCOMM , Robert Kennedy had been meeting with the Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin in Washington to discover whether the intentions were genuine . The EXCOMM was generally against the proposal because it would undermine NATO 's authority , and the Turkish government had repeatedly stated it was against any such trade . As the meeting progressed , a new plan emerged , and Kennedy was slowly persuaded . The new plan called for him to ignore the latest message and instead to return to Khrushchev 's earlier one . Kennedy was initially hesitant , feeling that Khrushchev would no longer accept the deal because a new one had been offered , but Llewellyn Thompson argued that it was still possible . White House Special Counsel and Adviser Ted Sorensen and Robert Kennedy left the meeting and returned 45 minutes later , with a draft letter to that effect . The President made several changes , had it typed , and sent it . After the EXCOMM meeting , a smaller meeting continued in the Oval Office . The group argued that the letter should be underscored with an oral message to Dobrynin that stated that if the missiles were not withdrawn , military action would be used to remove them . Rusk added one proviso that no part of the language of the deal would mention Turkey , but there would be an understanding that the missiles would be removed `` voluntarily '' in the immediate aftermath . The President agreed , and the message was sent . October 29 , 1962 EXCOMM meeting held in the White House Cabinet Room . President Kennedy , Robert McNamara and Dean Rusk . At Rusk 's request , Fomin and Scali met again . Scali asked why the two letters from Khrushchev were so different , and Fomin claimed it was because of `` poor communications . '' Scali replied that the claim was not credible and shouted that he thought it was a `` stinking double cross . '' He went on to claim that an invasion was only hours away , and Fomin stated that a response to the US message was expected from Khrushchev shortly and urged Scali to tell the State Department that no treachery was intended . Scali said that he did not think anyone would believe him , but he agreed to deliver the message . The two went their separate ways , and Scali immediately typed out a memo for the EXCOMM . Within the US establishment , it was well understood that ignoring the second offer and returning to the first put Khrushchev in a terrible position . Military preparations continued , and all active duty Air Force personnel were recalled to their bases for possible action . Robert Kennedy later recalled the mood : `` We had not abandoned all hope , but what hope there was now rested with Khrushchev 's revising his course within the next few hours . It was a hope , not an expectation . The expectation was military confrontation by Tuesday ( October 30 ) , and possibly tomorrow ( October 29 ) ... '' At 8 : 05 pm EDT , the letter drafted earlier in the day was delivered . The message read , `` As I read your letter , the key elements of your proposals -- which seem generally acceptable as I understand them -- are as follows : 1 ) You would agree to remove these weapons systems from Cuba under appropriate United Nations observation and supervision ; and undertake , with suitable safe - guards , to halt the further introduction of such weapon systems into Cuba . 2 ) We , on our part , would agree -- upon the establishment of adequate arrangements through the United Nations , to ensure the carrying out and continuation of these commitments ( a ) to remove promptly the quarantine measures now in effect and ( b ) to give assurances against the invasion of Cuba . '' The letter was also released directly to the press to ensure it could not be `` delayed . '' With the letter delivered , a deal was on the table . However , as Robert Kennedy noted , there was little expectation it would be accepted . At 9 : 00 pm EDT , the EXCOMM met again to review the actions for the following day . Plans were drawn up for air strikes on the missile sites as well as other economic targets , notably petroleum storage . McNamara stated that they had to `` have two things ready : a government for Cuba , because we 're going to need one ; and secondly , plans for how to respond to the Soviet Union in Europe , because sure as hell they 're going to do something there . '' At 12 : 12 am EDT , on October 27 , the US informed its NATO allies that `` the situation is growing shorter ... the United States may find it necessary within a very short time in its interest and that of its fellow nations in the Western Hemisphere to take whatever military action may be necessary . '' To add to the concern , at 6 : 00 am , the CIA reported that all missiles in Cuba were ready for action . A U.S. Navy HSS - 1 Seabat helicopter hovers over Soviet submarine B - 59 , forced to the surface by U.S. Naval forces in the Caribbean near Cuba ( October 28 -- 29 , 1962 ) On October 27 , Khrushchev also received a letter from Castro , what is now known as the Armageddon Letter ( dated the day before ) , which was interpreted as urging the use of nuclear force in the event of an attack on Cuba : `` I believe the imperialists ' aggressiveness is extremely dangerous and if they actually carry out the brutal act of invading Cuba in violation of international law and morality , that would be the moment to eliminate such danger forever through an act of clear legitimate defense , however harsh and terrible the solution would be , '' Castro wrote . Nuclear launch - averted ( edit ) Later that same day , what the White House later called `` Black Saturday , '' the US Navy dropped a series of `` signaling depth charges '' ( practice depth charges the size of hand grenades ) on a Soviet submarine ( B - 59 ) at the blockade line , unaware that it was armed with a nuclear - tipped torpedo with orders that allowed it to be used if the submarine was damaged by depth charges or surface fire . As the submarine was too deep to monitor any radio traffic , the captain of the B - 59 , Valentin Grigorievitch Savitsky , decided that a war might already have started and wanted to launch a nuclear torpedo . The decision to launch these required agreement from all three officers on board , but one of them , Vasili Arkhipov , objected and so the nuclear launch was narrowly averted . On the same day a U-2 spy plane made an accidental , unauthorized ninety - minute overflight of the Soviet Union 's far eastern coast . The Soviets responded by scrambling MiG fighters from Wrangel Island ; in turn , the Americans launched F - 102 fighters armed with nuclear air - to - air missiles over the Bering Sea . Crisis ends ( edit ) On Saturday , October 27 , after much deliberation between the Soviet Union and Kennedy 's cabinet , Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in Turkey and possibly southern Italy , the former on the border of the Soviet Union , in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba . There is some dispute as to whether removing the missiles from Italy was part of the secret agreement . Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that it was , and when the crisis had ended McNamara gave the order to dismantle the missiles in both Italy and Turkey . At this point , Khrushchev knew things the US did not : First , that the shooting down of the U-2 by a Soviet missile violated direct orders from Moscow , and Cuban antiaircraft fire against other US reconnaissance aircraft also violated direct orders from Khrushchev to Castro . Second , the Soviets already had 162 nuclear warheads on Cuba that the US did not then believe were there . Third , the Soviets and Cubans on the island would almost certainly have responded to an invasion by using those nuclear weapons , even though Castro believed that every human in Cuba would likely die as a result . Khrushchev also knew but may not have considered the fact that he had submarines armed with nuclear weapons that the US Navy may not have known about . ( See the section above on `` Depth charges against a Soviet submarine armed with nuclear weapons '' . ) Khrushchev knew he was losing control . President Kennedy had been told in early 1961 that a nuclear war would likely kill a third of humanity , with most or all of those deaths concentrated in the US , the USSR , Europe and China ; Khrushchev may well have received similar reports from his military . With this background , when Khrushchev heard Kennedy 's threats relayed by Robert Kennedy to Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin , he immediately drafted his acceptance of Kennedy 's latest terms from his dacha without involving the Politburo , as he had previously , and had them immediately broadcast over Radio Moscow , which he believed the US would hear . In that broadcast at 9 : 00 am EST , on October 28 , Khrushchev stated that `` the Soviet government , in addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at the building sites for the weapons , has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as ' offensive ' and their crating and return to the Soviet Union . '' At 10 : 00 am , October 28 , Kennedy first learned of Khrushchev 's solution to the crisis with the US removing the 15 Jupiters in Turkey and the Soviets would remove the rockets from Cuba . Khrushchev had made the offer in a public statement for the world to hear . Despite almost solid opposition from his senior advisers , Kennedy quickly embraced the Soviet offer . `` This is a pretty good play of his , '' Kennedy said , according to a tape recording that he made secretly of the Cabinet Room meeting . Kennedy had deployed the Jupiters in March of the year , causing a stream of angry outbursts from Khrushchev . `` Most people will think this is a rather even trade and we ought to take advantage of it , '' Kennedy said . Vice President Lyndon Johnson was the first to endorse the missile swap but others continued to oppose the offer . Finally , Kennedy ended the debate . `` We ca n't very well invade Cuba with all its toil and blood , '' Kennedy said , `` when we could have gotten them out by making a deal on the same missiles on Turkey . If that 's part of the record , then you do n't have a very good war . '' Kennedy immediately responded , issuing a statement calling the letter `` an important and constructive contribution to peace . '' He continued this with a formal letter : I consider my letter to you of October twenty - seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out ... The US will make a statement in the framework of the Security Council in reference to Cuba as follows : it will declare that the United States of America will respect the inviolability of Cuban borders , its sovereignty , that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs , not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba , and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against Cuba , either from US territory or from the territory of other countries neighboring to Cuba . Kennedy 's planned statement would also contain suggestions he had received from his adviser Schlesinger Jr. in a `` Memorandum for the President '' describing the `` Post Mortem on Cuba . '' Kennedy 's Oval Office telephone conversation with Eisenhower soon after Khrushchev 's message arrived revealed that the President was planning to use the Cuban Missile Crisis to escalate tensions with Khrushchev and in the long run , Cuba as well . The President also claimed that he thought the crisis would result in direct military confrontations in Berlin by the end of the next month . He also claimed in his conversation with Eisenhower that the Soviet leader had offered to withdraw from Cuba in exchange for the withdrawal of missiles from Turkey and that while the Kennedy Administration had agreed not to invade Cuba , they were only in process of determining Khrushchev 's offer to withdraw from Turkey . When former US President Harry Truman called President Kennedy the day of Khrushchev 's offer , the President informed him that his Administration had rejected the Soviet leader 's offer to withdraw missiles from Turkey and was planning on using the Soviet setback in Cuba to escalate tensions in Berlin . Removal of Missiles in Cuba November 11 , 1962 -- NARA -- 193868 The US continued the blockade ; in the following days , aerial reconnaissance proved that the Soviets were making progress in removing the missile systems . The 42 missiles and their support equipment were loaded onto eight Soviet ships . On November 2 , 1962 , Kennedy addressed the US via radio and television broadcasts regarding the dismantlement process of the Soviet R - 12 missile bases located in the Caribbean region . The ships left Cuba on November 5 to 9 . The US made a final visual check as each of the ships passed the blockade line . Further diplomatic efforts were required to remove the Soviet IL - 28 bombers , and they were loaded on three Soviet ships on December 5 and 6 . Concurrent with the Soviet commitment on the IL - 28s , the US government announced the end of the blockade from 6 : 45 pm EST on November 20 , 1962 . At the time when the Kennedy administration thought that the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved , nuclear tactical rockets stayed in Cuba since they were not part of the Kennedy - Khrushchev understandings and the Americans did not know about them . However , the Soviets changed their minds , fearing possible future Cuban militant steps , and on November 22 , 1962 , Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union Anastas Mikoyan told Castro that the rockets with the nuclear warheads were being removed as well . In his negotiations with the Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin , Robert Kennedy informally proposed that the Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed `` within a short time after this crisis was over . '' The last U.S. missiles were disassembled by April 24 , 1963 and were flown out of Turkey soon afterward . The practical effect of the Kennedy - Khrushchev Pact was that the US would not invade Cuba . It is possible that Khrushchev placed the missiles in Cuba only to get Kennedy to remove the missiles from Italy and Turkey and that the Soviets had no intention of resorting to nuclear war if they were out - gunned by the U.S. Because the withdrawal of the Jupiter missiles from NATO bases in Italy and Turkey was not made public at the time , Khrushchev appeared to have lost the conflict and become weakened . The perception was that Kennedy had won the contest between the superpowers and that Khrushchev had been humiliated . However , both Kennedy and Khrushchev took every step to avoid full conflict despite pressures from their respective governments . Khrushchev held power for another two years . Aftermath ( edit ) The nuclear - armed Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missile . The US secretly agreed to withdraw the missiles from Italy and Turkey . Soviet leadership ( edit ) The enormity of how close the world came to thermonuclear war impelled Krushchev to propose a far - reaching easing of tensions with the US . In a letter to President Kennedy dated October 30 , 1962 , Krushchev outlined a range of bold initiatives to forestall the possibility of a further nuclear crisis , including proposing a non-aggression treaty between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) and the Warsaw Pact or even the disbanding these military blocs , a treaty to cease all nuclear weapons testing and even the elimination of all nuclear weapons , resolution of the hot - button issue of Germany by both East and West formally accepting the existence of West Germany and East Germany , and US recognition of the government of mainland China . The letter invited counter-proposals and further exploration of these and other issues through peaceful negotiations . Krushschev invited Norman Cousins , the editor of a major US periodical and an anti-nuclear weapons activist , to serve as liaison with President Kennedy , and Cousins met with Krushchev for four hours in December 1962 . Kennedy 's response to Krushchev 's proposals was lukewarm but Kennedy expressed to Cousins that he felt constrained in exploring these issues due to pressure from hardliners in the US national security apparatus . The US and the USSR did shortly thereafter agree on a treaty banning atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons , known as the `` Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' . Further after the crisis , the U.S. and the Soviet Union created the Moscow -- Washington hotline , a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington . The purpose was to have a way that the leaders of the two Cold War countries could communicate directly to solve such a crisis . The compromise embarrassed Khrushchev and the Soviet Union because the withdrawal of US missiles from Italy and Turkey was a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev . Khrushchev went to Kennedy as he thought that the crisis was getting out of hand , but the Soviets were seen as retreating from circumstances that they had started . Khrushchev 's fall from power two years later was in part because of the Soviet Politburo 's embarrassment at both Khrushchev 's eventual concessions to the US and this ineptitude in precipitating the crisis in the first place . According to Dobrynin , the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as `` a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation . '' Cuban leadership ( edit ) Cuba perceived the outcome as a betrayal by the Soviets , as decisions on how to resolve the crisis had been made exclusively by Kennedy and Khrushchev . Castro was especially upset that certain issues of interest to Cuba , such as the status of the US Naval Base in Guantánamo , were not addressed . That caused Cuban -- Soviet relations to deteriorate for years to come . On the other hand , Cuba continued to be protected from invasion . US leadership ( edit ) The worldwide U.S. Forces DEFCON 3 status was returned to DEFCON 4 on November 20 , 1962 . General Curtis LeMay told the President that the resolution of the crisis was the `` greatest defeat in our history '' , however his was a minority position . He had pressed for an immediate invasion of Cuba as soon as the crisis began and still favored invading Cuba even after the Soviets had withdrawn their missiles . Twenty - five years later , LeMay still believed that `` We could have gotten not only the missiles out of Cuba , we could have gotten the Communists out of Cuba at that time . '' Critics , including Seymour Melman , and Seymour Hersh suggested that the Cuban Missile Crisis encouraged the United States ' use of military means , such as the case in the later Vietnam War . Human casualties ( edit ) U-2 pilot Anderson 's body was returned to the US and was buried with full military honors in South Carolina . He was the first recipient of the newly created Air Force Cross , which was awarded posthumously . Although Anderson was the only combatant fatality during the crisis , 11 crew members of three reconnaissance Boeing RB - 47 Stratojets of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing were also killed in crashes during the period between September 27 and November 11 , 1962 . Seven crew died when a Military Air Transport Service Boeing C - 135B Stratolifter delivering ammunition to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base stalled and crashed on approach on October 23 . Later Revelations ( edit ) Schlesinger , a historian and adviser to Kennedy , told National Public Radio in an interview on October 16 , 2002 that Castro did not want the missiles , but Khrushchev pressured Castro to accept them . Castro was not completely happy with the idea , but the Cuban National Directorate of the Revolution accepted them , both to protect Cuba against US attack and to aid the Soviet Union . Schlesinger believed that when the missiles were withdrawn , Castro was more angry with Khrushchev than with Kennedy because Khrushchev had not consulted Castro before deciding to remove them . Although Castro was infuriated by Khrushchev , he planned on striking the US with remaining missiles if an invasion of the island occurred . In early 1992 , it was confirmed that Soviet forces in Cuba had , when the crisis broke , already received tactical nuclear warheads for their artillery rockets and Il - 28 bombers . Castro stated that he would have recommended their use if the US invaded despite Cuba being destroyed . Arguably , the most dangerous moment in the crisis was not recognized until the Cuban Missile Crisis Havana conference , in October 2002 . Attended by many of the veterans of the crisis , they all learned that on October 27 , 1962 , USS Beale had tracked and dropped signaling depth charges ( the size of hand grenades ) on B - 59 , a Soviet Project 641 ( NATO designation Foxtrot ) submarine . Unknown to the US , it was armed with a 15 - kiloton nuclear torpedo . Running out of air , the Soviet submarine was surrounded by American warships and desperately needed to surface . An argument broke out among three officers aboard B - 59 , including submarine captain Valentin Savitsky , political officer Ivan Semonovich Maslennikov , and Deputy brigade commander Captain 2nd rank ( U.S. Navy Commander rank equivalent ) Vasili Arkhipov . An exhausted Savitsky became furious and ordered that the nuclear torpedo on board be made combat ready . Accounts differ about whether Arkhipov convinced Savitsky not to make the attack or whether Savitsky himself finally concluded that the only reasonable choice left open to him was to come to the surface . During the conference , McNamara stated that nuclear war had come much closer than people had thought . Thomas Blanton , director of the National Security Archive , said , `` A guy called Vasili Arkhipov saved the world . '' Fifty years after the crisis , Graham T. Allison wrote : Fifty years ago , the Cuban missile crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster . During the standoff , US President John F. Kennedy thought the chance of escalation to war was `` between 1 in 3 and even , '' and what we have learned in later decades has done nothing to lengthen those odds . We now know , for example , that in addition to nuclear - armed ballistic missiles , the Soviet Union had deployed 100 tactical nuclear weapons to Cuba , and the local Soviet commander there could have launched these weapons without additional codes or commands from Moscow . The US air strike and invasion that were scheduled for the third week of the confrontation would likely have triggered a nuclear response against American ships and troops , and perhaps even Miami . The resulting war might have led to the deaths of over 100 million Americans and over 100 million Russians . BBC journalist Joe Matthews published the story , on October 13 , 2012 , behind the 100 tactical nuclear warheads mentioned by Graham Allison in the excerpt above . Khrushchev feared that Castro 's hurt pride and widespread Cuban indignation over the concessions he had made to Kennedy might lead to a breakdown of the agreement between the Soviet Union and the US . To prevent that , Khrushchev decided to offer to give Cuba more than 100 tactical nuclear weapons that had been shipped to Cuba along with the long - range missiles but , crucially , had escaped the notice of U.S. intelligence . Khrushchev determined that because the Americans had not listed the missiles on their list of demands , keeping them in Cuba would be in the Soviet Union 's interests . Anastas Mikoyan was tasked with the negotiations with Castro over the missile transfer deal that was designed to prevent a breakdown in the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union . While in Havana , Mikoyan witnessed the mood swings and paranoia of Castro , who was convinced that Moscow had made the agreement with the US at the expense of Cuba 's defense . Mikoyan , on his own initiative , decided that Castro and his military not be given control of weapons with an explosive force equal to 100 Hiroshima - sized bombs under any circumstances . He defused the seemingly intractable situation , which risked re-escalating the crisis , on November 22 , 1962 . During a tense , four - hour meeting , Mikoyan convinced Castro that despite Moscow 's desire to help , it would be in breach of an unpublished Soviet law , which did not actually exist , to transfer the missiles permanently into Cuban hands and provide them with an independent nuclear deterrent . Castro was forced to give way and , much to the relief of Khrushchev and the rest of the Soviet government , the tactical nuclear weapons were crated and returned by sea to the Soviet Union during December 1962 . In popular Culture ( edit ) The American popular media , especially television , made frequent use of the events of the missile crisis and both fictional and documentary forms . Jim Willis includes the Crisis as one of the 100 `` media moments that changed America . '' Sheldon Stern finds that a half century later there are still many `` misconceptions , half - truths , and outright lies '' that have shaped media versions of what happened in the White House during those harrowing two weeks . Historian William Cohn argued in a 1976 article that television programs are typically the main source used by the American public to know about and interpret the past . According to Cold War historian Andrei Kozovoi , the Soviet media proved somewhat disorganized as it was unable to generate a coherent popular history . Khrushchev lost power and was airbrushed out of the story . Cuba was no longer portrayed as a heroic David against the American Goliath . One contradiction that pervaded the Soviet media campaign was between the pacifistic rhetoric of the peace movement that emphasizes the horrors of nuclear war and the militancy of the need to prepare Soviets for war against American aggression . Media representations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Listed chronologically ) Thirteen Days , Robert F. Kennedy 's account of the crisis , released in 1969 ; It became the basis for numerous films and documentaries . Topaz , 1969 film by Alfred Hitchcock based on the 1967 novel by Leon Uris , set during the run - up to the crisis The Missiles of October , 1974 TV docudrama about the crisis Matinee , 1993 film starring John Goodman set during the Cuban Missile Crisis in which an independent - filmmaker decides to seize the opportunity to debut an atomic themed film . seaQuest 2032 , 1995 TV Show , ( Season 3 Episode , `` Second Chance '' ) , seaQuest inadvertently travels back to 1962 where their presence accidentally interferes with the Cuban Missile Crisis K - 19 : The Widowmaker , Docudrama about the history just before the crisis Thirteen Days ( film ) , 2000 docudrama directed by Roger Donaldson about the crisis The Fog of War , 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed by Errol Morris , which won that years ' Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . Ur , a 2009 short novel by Stephen King , is about three men who discover through a magic Kindle that in another `` Ur '' , the Cuban Missile Crisis escalated into a nuclear war and ended that `` Ur '' . Call of Duty : Black Ops , 2010 video game , set during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis . The Kennedys ( TV miniseries ) , 2011 production chronicling the lives of the Kennedy family , including a dramatization of the crisis X-Men : First Class , 2011 superhero film set during the Cuban Missile Crisis , which depicts the crisis as being escalated by a group of mutants with the goal of establishing a mutant ruling class after the subsequent war . The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner . Daniel Ellsberg , Bloomsbury USA , New York , 2017 See also ( edit ) Cold War portal Cuba portal Soviet Union portal United States portal Bomber gap Cuba -- Soviet Union relations Leninsky Komsomol class cargo ships List of nuclear close calls Mutual assured destruction Norwegian rocket incident Nuclear disarmament Nuclear warfare Nuclear weapon Soviet Navy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ McNamara mistakenly dates the shooting down of USAF Major Rudolf Anderson 's U-2 on October 26 . Jump up ^ In his biography , Castro did not compare his feelings for either leader at that moment but makes it clear that he was angry with Khrushchev for failing to consult with him . ( Ramonet 1978 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 55 years ago the first Soviet ballistic missiles were delivered to Cuba '' . Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation ( in Russian ) . 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Len Scott ; R. Gerald Hughes ( 2015 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis : A Critical Reappraisal . Taylor & Francis . p. 17 . ISBN 9781317555414 . ^ Jump up to : David Von Pein 's JFK Channel ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` JFK TALKS WITH DWIGHT EISENHOWER ABOUT THE CUBAN CRISIS ( OCTOBER 22 , 1962 ) '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : JFK Library ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Phone Call with General Eisenhower during Cuban Missile Crisis '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : rmm413c ( August 13 , 2008 ) . `` JOHN F. KENNEDY TAPES : Truman on Cuban Missile Crisis '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Absher , Kenneth Michael ( 2009 ) . `` Mind - Sets and Missiles : A First Hand Account of the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Strategic Studies Institute , United States Army War College . ^ Jump up to : Franklin , Jane ( 1997 ) . Cuba and the United States : A Chronological History . Melbourne : Ocean Press . ISBN 1 - 875284 - 92 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group USA . Jump up ^ Rodriguez ( October 1989 ) . Shadow Warrior : The CIA Hero of 100 Unknown Battles . John Weisman . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 66721 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 3447 -- Embargo on All Trade With Cuba '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . February 3 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Correll , John T. ( August 2005 ) . `` Airpower and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Air Force Magazine . 88 ( 8 ) . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Alexeyev , Alexandr . `` Interview '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 92 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Jump up ^ The Cuban missile crisis , 1962 : a National Security Archive documents reader . Chang , Laurence. , Kornbluh , Peter. , National Security Archive ( U.S. ) ( ( Rev. ed . ) ed . ) . New York : New Press . 1998 . ISBN 1565844742 . OCLC 40952458 . Jump up ^ BRIDGET. , KENDALL , ( 2017 ) . COLD WAR . ( S.l. ) : BBC BOOKS . ISBN 178594259X . OCLC 964650411 . Jump up ^ Wingrove , Paul ( 2012 - 10 - 22 ) . `` Cuban missile crisis : Nikita Khrushchev 's Cuban gamble misfired Paul Wingrove '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ The Cuban missile crisis , 1962 : a National Security Archive documents reader . Chang , Laurence. , Kornbluh , Peter. , National Security Archive ( U.S. ) ( ( Rev. ed . ) ed . ) . New York : New Press . 1998 . ISBN 1565844742 . OCLC 40952458 . Jump up ^ http://schoolshistory.org.uk/topics/world-history/cold-war-1945-1972/cuban-missile-crisis-why-were-missiles-there/ Jump up ^ The Cuban missile crisis , 1962 : a National Security Archive documents reader . Chang , Laurence. , Kornbluh , Peter. , National Security Archive ( U.S. ) ( ( Rev. ed . ) ed . ) . New York : New Press . 1998 . ISBN 1565844742 . OCLC 40952458 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Soviet Cuban Missile Crisis : Castro , Mikoyan , Kennedy , Khruschev , and the Missiles of November '' . The National Security Archive . October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weldes , Jutta ( 1999 ) . Constructing National Interests : The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 3111 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , James H. `` Soviet Deception in the Cuban Missile Crisis '' ( PDF ) . Learning from the Past . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cool Crisis Management ? It 's a Myth , Ask JFK '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Joint resolution expressing the determination of the United States with respect to the situation in Cuba -- P.L. 87 - 733 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . October 3 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Blight , James G. ; Bruce J. Allyn ; David A. Welch ( 2002 ) . Cuba on the Brink : Castro , the Missile Crisis , and the Soviet Collapse ; ( revised for the Fortieth Anniversary ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2269 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Days the World Held Its Breath '' . July 31 , 1997 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 80 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2003 ) . Averting ' the Final Failure ' : John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings . Stanford University Press . p. 26 . ISBN 9780804748469 . Jump up ^ Zak , Anatoly ( 2012 ) . `` Rockets : R - 12 '' . Morristown , New Jersey : RussianSpaceWeb.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` R - 12 / SS - 4 SANDAL '' . Global Security . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` R - 14 / SS - 5 SKEAN '' . Global Security . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sidney Graybeal -- 29 January 1998 '' . Episode 21 . George Washington University , National Security Archive . March 14 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Pedlow , Gregory , The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance . CIA . 1962 . Jump up ^ `` Project RAZOR '' . Taiwan Air Blog , updated April 11 , 2007 . Retrieved : September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Project RAZOR '' . Taiwan Air Blog , updated April 15 , 2007 . Retrieved : September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Max Holland . `` The ' Photo Gap ' That Delayed Discovery of Missiles . '' Studies in Intelligence , Vol. 49 , No. 4 ; published online April 15 , 2007 . Retrieved : March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joseph Caddell . `` Corona over Cuba : The Missile Crisis and the Early Limitations of Satellite Imagery Intelligence . '' Intelligence & National Security ; published online February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved : March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Remarks by LTG Ronald L. Burgess Jr. , Director , Defense Intelligence Agency Archived June 4 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Association of Former Intelligence Officers , August 12 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vladislav Zubok & Constantine Pleshkov , Inside the Kremlin 's Cold War , 1996 , page 264 , Harvard Press , Massachusetts ISBN 0 - 674 - 45532 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Revelations from the Russian Archives '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Off the Record Meeting on Cuba : The White House '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . October 16 , 1962 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Security Action Memorandum 196 '' . JFK Presidential Library and Museum . October 22 , 1962 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Averting The Final Failure , John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings , Sheldon M. Stern , Stanford University Press , 2003 . Jump up ^ The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality ( Stanford Nuclear Age Series ) , Sheldon M. Stern , Stanford University Press , 2012 Jump up ^ Allison , Graham T. ; Zelikow , Philip D. ( 1999 ) ( 1971 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . pp. 111 -- 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 01349 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Robert ( 1971 ) . Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 09896 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Axelrod , Alan ( 2009 ) . The Real History of the Cold War : A New Look at the Past . New York : Sterling Publishing Co. pp. 332 , 335 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6302 - 1 . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , Robert Evan ( 1989 ) . New world new mind : moving toward conscious evolution . The University of Michigan , Doubleday . Jump up ^ Blight , James G. ; David A. Welch ( 1989 ) . On the Brink : Americans and Soviets Reexamine the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 22634 - 3 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` John F. Kennedy : `` 378 -- The President 's News Conference , '' September 13 , 1962 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California -- Santa Barbara . Jump up ^ Kennedy , J. ( December 17 , 1962 ) . `` After Two Years : A conversation with the president '' . In ' Public Papers of the Presidents : John F. Kennedy , 1962 ' . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office : 889 -- 904 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Online Highways LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` JFK on the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . The History Place . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Global Security . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kamps , Charles Tustin , `` The Cuban Missile Crisis '' , Air & Space Power Journal , AU Press , Air University , Maxwell Air Force Base , Alabama , Fall 2007 , Volume XXI , Number 3 , page 88 . Jump up ^ `` Third VP - 18 '' . Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons ( PDF ) . 2 . Naval Aviation History Office . November 9 , 2000 . p. 2 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Naval Quarantine of Cuba , 1962 '' . Report on the Naval Quarantine of Cuba , Operational Archives Branch , Post 46 Command File , Box 10 , Washington , DC . Naval History & Heritage Command . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Ernest R May ( 2011 ) . `` John F Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . BBC History of the Cold War . ^ Jump up to : The Naval Quarantine of Cuba , 1962 : Abeyance and Negotiation , 31 October -- 13 November ( Report ) . Department of the Navy , Naval Historical Center . January 2001 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gibson , David R. ( 2012 ) Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 99 -- 101 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 3504 -- Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . October 23 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Buffet , Cyril ; Touze , Vincent . `` Brinkmanship '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis exhibition . The Caen Mémorial . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JFK Tapes '' JFK and Dwight Eisenhower during the Cuban Missile Crisis `` . October 22 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1962 Year In Review : Cuban Missile Crisis '' . United Press International , Inc. 1962 . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy '' . Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 Volume VI , Kennedy - Khrushchev Exchanges Document 63 . United States Department of State , Bureau of Public Affairs , Office of the Historian . October 24 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : `` Khruschev Letter to President Kennedy '' . October 24 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronology 1 : October 26 , 1962 to November 15 , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 . The National Security Archive . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Buffet , Cyril ; Touze , Vincent . `` Germany , between Cuba and Berlin '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis exhibition . The Caen Mémorial . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pope John Helped settle the Cuban missile crisis '' . The Telegraph . June 4 , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Outright Piracy '' . Jump up ^ Stephanie Ritter ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` SAC during the 13 Days of the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Air Force Global Strike Command . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Jerry , ed . ( October 8 , 1997 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , October 18 -- 29 , 1962 '' . History and Politics Out Loud . Northwestern University . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sowa , Tom ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Buried treasures '' . The Spokesman Review . Spokane , WA . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyland , Vista ; Klyne D. Nowlin ( January 2012 ) . `` WW III , A Close Call '' ( PDF ) . The Intercom. 35 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Kohn , R.H. ; Harahan , J.P. ( 1988 ) . `` U.S. Strategic Air Power , 1948 -- 1962 : Excerpts from an Interview with Generals Curtis E. LeMay , Leon W. Johnson , David A. Burchinal , and Jack J. Catton '' . International Security . 12 ( 4 ) : 78 -- 95 . doi : 10.2307 / 2538995 . JSTOR 2538995 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , K.C. `` Boarding MARUCLA : A personal account from the Executive Officer of USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr '' . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helms , Richard ( January 19 , 1962 ) . `` Memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence : Meeting with the Attorney General of the United States Concerning Cuba '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University , National Security Archive . Jump up ^ Проблемы борьбы с лженаукой ( обсуждение в Президиуме РАН ) , quote : `` Документы заседания Президиума ЦК КПСС весьма лаконичны , но благодаря тому , что в архиве я нашел выписку из решения Президиума ЦК КПСС , слово в слово совпадающую с тем , что обсуждалось на встрече разведчика с журналистом , стало совершенно очевидно , кто был истинным автором плана урегулирования Карибского кризиса . '' Jump up ^ `` Chronology 1 : September 28 , 1962 to October 26 , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 . The National Security Archive . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Department of State Telegram Transmitting Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis , October 1962 . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . 26 October 1962 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Henry ( October 28 , 1962 ) . `` Attack us at your Peril , Cocky Cuba Warns US '' . The Sunday Times . London . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jeffrey ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Cuban model no longer works , says Fidel Castro '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Baggins , Brian . `` Cuban History Missile Crisis '' . Marxist History : Cuba ( 1959 -- present ) . Marxists Internet Archive . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christopher , Andrew ( March 1 , 1996 ) . For the President 's Eyes Only : Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush . Harper Perennial . p. 688 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 092178 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Week The World Stood Still : Inside The Secret Cuban Missile Crisis '' By Sheldon M. Stern , 2012 Jump up ^ Dorn , A. Walter ; Pauk , Robert ( April 2009 ) . `` Unsung Mediator : U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Diplomatic History . 33 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 292 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2008. 00762. x . Jump up ^ Pocock , Chris . 50 Years of the U-2 : The Complete Illustrated History of the ' Dragon Lady ' . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , Ltd. p. 406 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7643 - 2346 - 1 . LCCN 2005927577 . Jump up ^ `` Was Castro Out of Control In 1962 ? '' . Jump up ^ Fontova , Humberto . `` Raul Castro meets with Bill Clinton in New York ( To Thank Him ? ) '' . Jump up ^ `` An Act of Terrorism by Castro , An Abortion of Justice by Obama '' . Jump up ^ `` U-2 Pilot Maj . Rudy Anderson : The Only American Killed During the Cuban Missile Crisis -- Defense Media Network '' . Jump up ^ Robert McNamara ( 2004 ) ( 1964 ) . Interview included as special feature on Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( DVD ) . Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , p. 206 ) . Jump up ^ Frey , Jennifer ( January 14 , 2007 ) . `` At Yenching Palace , Five Decades of History to Go '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson , David R. ( 2012 ) Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . pp. 135 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nuclear Files : Key Issues : Nuclear Weapons : Cold War : Cuban Missile Crisis : Timline '' . www.nuclearfiles.org . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 , Volume VI , Kennedy - Khrushchev Exchanges -- Office of the Historian '' . history.state.gov . Jump up ^ Evans , Michael . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : Audio Clips '' . Jump up ^ Blight , James G. and Janet M. Lang ( 2012 ) . `` The Armageddon Letters : Kennedy , Khrushchev , Castro in the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1679 - 2 . Jump up ^ Taubman , William ( 2004 ) . Khrushchev : The Man and His Era . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 573 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1679 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Submarines of October '' . George Washington University , National Security Archive . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : Press Release , 11 October 2002 , 5 : 00 pm '' . George Washington University , National Security Archive . October 11 , 2002 . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Dobbs , One Minute to Midnight , Vintage , Random House , 2009 . Includes photograph of B - 59 surfacing . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of Submarine Contact During the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . National Security Archive of the George Washington University . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Edward Wilson ( 2012 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Thank you Vasili Arkhipov , the man who stopped nuclear war '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ( June 2008 ) . `` Why We Should Still Study the Cuban Missile Crisis '' ( PDF ) . Special Report 205 . United States Institute of Peace . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schoenherr , Steven ( April 10 , 2006 ) . `` The Thirteen Days , October 16 -- 28 , 1962 '' . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2008 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jim Hershberg ( Spring 1995 ) . `` Anatomy of a Controversy : Anatoly F. Dobrynin 's Meeting With Robert F. Kennedy , Saturday , 27 October 1962 '' . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Dominic D.P. Failing to Win p. 105 Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , pp. 206 - 207 ) Jump up ^ McNamara and Blight ( 2003 , pp. 189 - 190 ) Jump up ^ McNamara and Blight ( 2003 , p. 190 ) . Ellsberg ( 2017 , pp. 208 - 210 ) . Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , p. 2 ) . See also Ellsberg , Daniel ; Goodman , Amy ; González , Juan ( December 6 , 2017 ) , Daniel Ellsberg Reveals He was a Nuclear War Planner , Warns of Nuclear Winter & Global Starvation , Democracy Now , retrieved December 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ The Fog of War : Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara , by James G. Blight , Janet M. Lang , Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 , p. 37 , ISBN 9780742580220 Jump up ^ Crises in U.S. Foreign Policy : An International History Reader , by Michael H. Hunt , Yale University Press , 1996 , p. 287 , ISBN 9780300065978 Jump up ^ Bruce W. Nelan ( October 6 , 1997 ) . `` Armageddon 's Echoes '' . CNN . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Faria , Miguel A. ( 2002 ) . Cuba in Revolution : Escape from a Lost Paradise . Macon , GA : Hacienda Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9641077 - 3 - 1 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur Jr . `` Memorandum for the President : Post Mortem on Cuba , October 29 , 1962 -- full text Jump up ^ `` Radio and television remarks on dismantling of Soviet missile bases in Cuba , 2 November 1962 '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Jump up ^ Glover , Jonathan ( 2000 ) . Humanity : a moral history of the twentieth century . Yale University Press . p. 464 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08700 - 0 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur ( 2002 ) . Robert Kennedy and his times . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 1088 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Garthoff , Raymond L. ( July 1988 ) . `` Did Khrushchev Bluff in Cuba ? No '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . pp. 40 -- 43 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 - 14 , citing Message from Chairman Krushchev to President Kennedy , October 30 , 1962 , in Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 - 1963 , vol. 11 , ( Washington , DC , US Government Printing Office , 1997 ) , pages 309 - 317 Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 - 14 Jump up ^ William Taubman , Khrushchev : The Man and His Era ( 2004 ) p. 579 . ^ Jump up to : Ignacio , Ramonet ( 2007 ) . Fidel Castro : My Life . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 102626 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Militaryhistory.about.com '' . Jump up ^ Melman , Seymour ( 1988 ) . The Demilitarized Society : Disarmament and Conversion . Montreal : Harvest House . Jump up ^ Hersh , Seymour ( 1978 ) . The Dark Side of Camelot . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Alwyn T. , `` Boeing 's B - 47 Stratojet '' , Specialty Press , North Branch , Minnesota , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58007 - 071 - 3 , page 178 . Jump up ^ `` Aviation Safety '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Arms Control Today '' . Arms Control Association . November 1 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Evans , Michael . `` The Submarines of October '' . nsarchive.gwu.edu . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ( 2008 ) . One Minute to Midnight : Kennedy , Khrushchev , and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4358 - 3 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham ( 2012 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis at 50 '' . Foreign Affairs . 91 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ВЗГЛЯД / `` США и Россия : кризис 1962 - го '' `` . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , Joe . `` Cuban missile crisis : The other , secret one '' . BBC News Magazine . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Priscilla Roberts ( 2012 ) . Cuban Missile Crisis : The Essential Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 267 . ISBN 9781610690669 . Jump up ^ Jim Willis ( 2010 ) . 100 Media Moments that Changed America . ABC - CLIO . pp. 97 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Sheldon Stern ( 2012 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality . Stanford University Press . p. viii . Jump up ^ Cohn , William H. ( 1976 ) . `` History for the masses : Television portrays the past '' . Journal of Popular Culture . 10 ( 2 ) : 280 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Kozovoi , Andrei ( 2014 ) . `` Dissonant Voices '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . 16 ( 3 ) : 29 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Haruya Anami , `` ' Thirteen Days ' Thirty Years After : Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited , '' Journal of American & Canadian Studies ( 1994 ) Issue 12 , pp 69 -- 88 . Further reading ( edit ) Allison , Graham ; Zelikow , Philip ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision , Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Barrett , David M. and Max Holland ( 2012 ) . Blind Over Cuba : The Photo Gap and the Missile Crisis . College Station , TX : Texas A&M University Press , 2012 . Campus , Leonardo ( 2014 ) . I sei giorni che sconvolsero il mondo . La crisi dei missili di Cuba e le sue percezioni internazionali ( = Six Days that Shook the World . The Cuban Missile Crisis and Its International Perceptions ) . Florence : Le Monnier . ISBN 9788800745321 Chayes , Abram ( 1974 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis . International crises and the role of law . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 825320 - 4 . Diez Acosta , Tomás ( 2002 ) . October 1962 : The `` Missile '' Crisis As Seen from Cuba . New York : Pathfinder . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87348 - 956 - 0 . Divine , Robert A. ( 1988 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : M. Wiener Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 910129 - 15 - 2 . Dobbs , Michael ( 2008 ) . One Minute to Midnight : Kennedy , Khrushchev and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War . New York : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7891 - 2 . Feklisov , Aleksandr ; Kostin , Sergueï ( 2001 ) . The Man Behind the Rosenbergs : By the KGB Spymaster Who Was the Case Officer of Julius Rosenberg , Klaus Fuchs , and Helped Resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Enigma Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929631 - 08 - 7 . Frankel , Max ( 2004 ) . High Noon in the Cold War : Kennedy , Khrushchev , and the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 46505 - 4 . Fursenko , Aleksandr ; Naftali , Timothy J. ( 1998 ) . One Hell of a Gamble : Khrushchev , Castro , and Kennedy , 1958 -- 1964 . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31790 - 9 . Fursenko , Aleksandr ( Summer 2006 ) . `` Night Session of the Presidium of the Central Committee , 22 -- 23 October 1962 '' . Naval War College Review . 59 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2011 . George , Alice L. ( 2003 ) . Awaiting Armageddon : How Americans Faced the Cuban Missile Crisis . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2828 - 1 . Gibson , David R. ( 2012 ) . Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15131 - 1 . Gonzalez , Servando ( 2002 ) . The Nuclear Deception : Nikita Khrushchev and the Cuban Missile Crisis . Oakland , CA : Spooks Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9711391 - 5 - 2 . Jones , Milo ; Silberzahn , Philppe ( 2013 ) . Constructing Cassandra , Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA , 1947 -- 2001 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0804793360 . Khrushchev , Sergei ( October 2002 ) . `` How My Father And President Kennedy Saved The World '' . American Heritage . 53 ( 5 ) . Polmar , Norman ; Gresham , John D. ( 2006 ) . DEFCON - 2 : Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War During the Cuban Missile Crisis . Foreword by Tom Clancy . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 67022 - 3 . Pope , Ronald R. ( 1982 ) . Soviet Views on the Cuban Missile Crisis : Myth and Reality in Foreign Policy Analysis . Washington , DC : Univ . Press of America . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 2584 - 2 . Powers , Thomas , `` The Nuclear Worrier '' ( review of Daniel Ellsberg , The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner , New York , Bloomsbury , 2017 , ISBN 9781608196708 , 420 pp . ) , The New York Review of Books , vol . LXV , no . 1 ( January 18 , 2018 ) , pp. 13 -- 15 . Pressman , Jeremy ( 2001 ) . `` September Statements , October Missiles , November Elections : Domestic Politics , Foreign - Policy Making , and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Security Studies . 10 ( 3 ) : 80 -- 114 . doi : 10.1080 / 09636410108429438 . Russell , Bertrand ( 1963 ) . Unarmed Victory . London : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 327024 - 7 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2003 ) . Averting ' the Final Failure ' : John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4846 - 9 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2005 ) . The Week the World Stood Still : Inside the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5077 - 6 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2012 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . Trahair , Richard C.S. ; Miller , Robert L. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage , Spies , and Secret Operations . New York : Enigma Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929631 - 75 - 9 . Matthews , Joe ( October 2012 ) . `` Cuban missile crisis : The other , secret one '' . BBC . Historiography ( edit ) Allison , Graham T. ( September 1969 ) . `` Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . American Political Science Review . 63 ( 3 ) : 689 -- 718 . JSTOR 1954423 . Dorn , A. Walter ; Pauk , Robert ( April 2009 ) . `` Unsung Mediator : U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Diplomatic History . 33 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 292 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2008. 00762. x . Garthoff , Raymond L. ( Spring 2004 ) . `` Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . Project MUSE. 6 ( 2 ) : 21 -- 56 . doi : 10.1162 / 152039704773254759 . ISSN 1520 - 3972 . Gibson , David R. ( 2011 ) . `` Avoiding Catastrophe : The Interactional Production of Possibility during the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . The American Journal of Sociology. 117 ( 2 ) : 361 -- 419 . doi : 10.1086 / 661761 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 661761 . Jones , John A. ; Jones , Virginia H. ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Through the Eye of the Needle : Five Perspectives on the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Rhetoric & Public Affairs . Project MUSE. 8 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 144 . doi : 10.1353 / rap. 2005.0044 . Jones , Milo ; Silberzahn , Philppe ( 2013 ) . Constructing Cassandra , Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA , 1947 -- 2001 . Stanford University Press . pp. 135 -- 191 . ISBN 978 - 0804793360 . Lebow , Richard Ned ( October 1990 ) . `` Domestic Politics and the Cuban Missile Crisis : The Traditional and Revisionist Interpretations Reevaluated '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 4 ) : 471 -- 492 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00103. x . Primary sources ( edit ) Chang , Laurence ; Kornbluh , Peter , eds. ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : A National Security Archive Documents Reader ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 474 - 2 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . JFK in History . John F. Kennedy Library . `` Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 '' . Presidential Recordings Program . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2011 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Wilson Center Digital Archive . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Keefer , Edward C. ; Sampson , Charles S. ; Smith , Louis J. , eds. ( 1996 ) . Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath . Foreign relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 . XI . Washington , D.C : U.S. Government Printing Office . ISBN 0 - 16 - 045210 - 4 . Kennedy , Robert F. ( 1969 ) . Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31834 - 0 . May , Ernest R. ; Zelikow , Philip D. , eds. ( 2002 ) ( 1997 ) . The Kennedy Tapes : Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32259 - 0 . McAuliffe , Mary S. , ed . ( October 1992 ) . `` CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . Historical Review Program . Washington , DC : Central Intelligence Agency . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : The 40th Anniversary '' . National Security Archive : Special Exhibits . Gelman Library : The George Washington University . `` The World On the Brink : John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Interactive Exhibits . John F. Kennedy Library . Gavrov , Sergei , ed . ( November 2013 ) . `` America and Russia : The Crisis of 1962 . On the 50th anniversary of the missile crisis '' . Moscow : Vzglyad ( Russia ) . Dallek , Robert . `` If We Listen to Them , None of Us Will Be Alive . '' In Camelot 's Court , 279 -- 334 . New York : HarperCollins , 2013 . Lesson plans ( edit ) `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Slideshows for Educators . Bureau of Public Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2011 . Moser , John ; Hahn , Lori ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : ' The Missiles of October ' '' . EDSITEment : Lesson Plans . National Endowment for the Humanities . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' , 2012 , Harvard Kennedy School , Belfer Center 's 50th anniversary of the crisis -- commemorative website Cuban Missile Crisis : Операция Анадырь ( Operation Anadyr ) on Flickr Cuban Missile Crisis and the Fallout from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Topics . History Channel . 2011 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Nuclear Weapons History : Cold War . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . `` Cuban Missile Crisis Bibliography '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 October 1962 : DEFCON 4 , DEFCON 3 Spartacus Educational ( UK ) : Cuban Missile Crisis Document -- Britain 's Cuban Missile Crisis No Time to Talk : The Cuban Missile Crisis The 32nd Guards Air Fighter Regiment in Cuba ( 1962 -- 1963 ) S. Isaev . The short film Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 ( 1992 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The Woodrow Wilson Center 's Digital Archive has a collection of primary source archival documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis . 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Fitzgerald ( grandfather ) Fidel Castro Timeline Early life Cuban Revolution Participation 26th of July Movement `` History Will Absolve Me '' Primacy Premiership Land reform Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Machurucuto Incident Intervention in Angola Presidency Transfer of duties Death and state funeral Family Ángel Castro y Argiz ( father ) Ramón Castro Ruz ( brother ) Raúl Castro ( brother ) Juanita Castro ( sister ) Mirta Diaz - Balart ( wife ) Natalia Revuelta Clews ( lover ) Vilma Espín ( sister - in - law ) Alina Fernández ( daughter ) Fidel Castro Díaz - Balart ( son ) Mariela Castro ( niece ) Alejandro Castro Espín ( nephew ) Popular culture Films Fidel : The Untold Story ( 2001 ) Fidel ( 2002 ) Comandante ( 2003 ) Looking for Fidel ( 2004 ) 638 Ways to Kill Castro ( 2006 ) Other Guerrilla War ( 1987 ) The Real Fidel Castro ( 2003 ) Fidel Castro Handbook ( 2006 ) Killing Castro ( 2006 ) The Cuba Wars ( 2008 ) Other Assassination attempts Robert Maheu Awards and honours Birán Eponymous things Politics Religious views My Life Granma ( yacht ) United States intervention in Latin America Policy Monroe Doctrine ( 1823 ) Platt Amendment ( 1901 -- 04 ) Roosevelt Corollary / Big Stick ideology ( 1904 ) Good Neighbor policy ( 1933 ) Dollar diplomacy Banana Wars Wars Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) Border War ( 1910 -- 19 ) United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution ( 1916 -- 19 ) Overt actions and occupations Paraguay expedition ( 1858 ) First Occupation of Cuba ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Panama -- Colombia separation and Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty ( 1903 ) Second Occupation of Cuba ( 1906 -- 09 ) Occupations of Honduras Occupation of Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 33 ) Occupation of Veracruz ( 1914 ) Occupation of Haiti ( 1915 -- 34 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 24 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) Invasion of Grenada ( 1983 ) Invasion of Panama ( 1989 ) Covert actions 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Bay of Pigs Invasion ( 1961 ) Operation MONGOOSE Project FUBELT 1973 Chilean coup d'état Disputed claims 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt 2004 Haitian rebellion Other Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) United States involvement in regime change in Latin America Foreign policy of the United States Latin America -- United States relations History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal Armed conflicts involving Cuba External & international Ten Years ' War Cuban War of Independence Spanish -- American War World War I World War II 1952 Cuban Coup Cuban Revolution Escambray Rebellion Congo Crisis Bay of Pigs Invasion Sand War Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War Ñancahuazú Guerrilla Eritrean War of Independence South African Border War Yom Kippur War Ethiopian Civil War Angolan Civil War Ogaden War Nicaraguan Revolution Salvadoran Civil War Invasion of Grenada Related articles Military history Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces Cold War Sphere of influence Intervention in Angola GND : 4136402 - 8 NARA : 10639962 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&oldid=850336990 '' Categories : Cuban Missile Crisis Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution Cold War conflicts Conflicts in 1962 1962 in international relations Cold War history of Cuba Cold War history of the Soviet Union Cold War history of the United States 1962 in Cuba 1962 in the Soviet Union 1962 in the United States Blockades Cold War military history of Cuba History of Cuba History of Key West , Florida Nuclear history of the Soviet Union Nuclear history of the United States Fidel Castro Nikita Khrushchev Presidency of John F. 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"\nThe Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis of 1962 (Spanish: Crisis de Octubre), the Caribbean Crisis (Russian: Карибский кризис, tr. Karibsky krizis, IPA: [kɐˈrʲipskʲɪj ˈkrʲizʲɪs]), or the Missile Scare, was a 13-day (October 16–28, 1962) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba. The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war.[2]\n"
] | [
"Italy and Turkey"
] |
-7534713139205259660 | Wedge Antilles | Wedge Antilles - wikipedia Wedge Antilles Wedge Antilles Star Wars character Denis Lawson as Wedge in A New Hope ( 1977 ) First appearance Star Wars ( 1977 ) Last appearance Star Wars Rebels -- `` In the Name of the Rebellion , Part One '' ( 2017 ) Created by George Lucas Portrayed by Denis Lawson Voiced by David Ankrum ( Episode IV , Rogue One ) Meshach Taylor ( Star Wars radio dramatization ) Don Scardino ( The Empire Strikes Back radio dramatization ) Jon Matthews ( Return of the Jedi radio dramatization ) Chris Cox ( Star Wars Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy , Rogue Squadron III ) Denis Lawson ( Rogue Squadron II Matthew Mercer ( Disney Infinity 3.0 ) Nathan Kress ( Lego Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Star Wars Rebels ) Michael Daingerfield ( The Yoda Chronicles , The Freemaker Adventures ) Information Gender Male Occupation X-wing pilot , Phantom Squadron commander , Flight instructor Legends : Rogue Squadron commander , Wraith Squadron commander , New Republic general , Supreme Commander of Corellia 's armed forces Affiliation Rebel Alliance , New Republic Legends : Rogue Squadron , Galactic Alliance , Confederation , Jedi Coalition Family Legends : Jagged Antilles ( father , deceased ) Zena Antilles ( mother , deceased ) Syal Antilles Fel ( sister ) Soontir Fel ( brother - in - law ) Davin Fel ( nephew , deceased ) Chak Fel ( nephew , deceased ) Cherith Fel ( niece , deceased ) Jagged Fel ( nephew ) Wynssa Fel ( niece ) Cem Fel ( nephew ) Jaina Solo Fel ( niece - in - law ) Spouse ( s ) Legends : Iella Wessiri Children Legends : Syal Antilles ( daughter ) Myri Antilles ( daughter ) Homeworld Corellia Wedge Antilles is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise . He is a supporting character portrayed by Denis Lawson in the original Star Wars trilogy . Antilles is a starfighter pilot for the Rebel Alliance , and founded Rogue Squadron with his friend Luke Skywalker . Wedge is notable for being the only Rebel pilot to have survived both attack runs on the Death Stars at the battles of Yavin and Endor . He also appears in the Star Wars expanded universe , most notably as the lead character in most of the X-Wing novels . Contents 1 Depiction 2 Appearances 2.1 Films 2.2 Television 2.3 Novels 2.4 Legends 3 In popular culture 4 References 5 External links Depiction ( edit ) Wedge first appears in Star Wars during the Rebels ' Death Star attack briefing . In this scene Wedge is portrayed by Colin Higgins and voiced by David Ankrum , who dubs the character throughout the film . Denis Lawson plays the character for the remaining scenes filmed in the X-wing cockpit . Lawson also portrays Antilles in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi . In the former , Lawson 's voice was dubbed over by an unidentified actor , while Lawson used his own voice in the latter , masking his natural Scottish accent with an imitation of an American accent . David Ankrum reprises his role as the voice of Wedge in Rogue One . Coincidentally , Denis Lawson is the maternal uncle of Ewan McGregor , who played Obi - Wan Kenobi in the prequel trilogy . Appearances ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Wedge appears towards the end of Star Wars as `` Red Two '' , an X-wing pilot and a member of Red Squadron . His considerable dogfighting prowess is shown in the Battle of Yavin when he saves Luke Skywalker by shooting down a TIE fighter that Luke had been unable to shake off . Along with Luke , he is one of only two X-Wing pilots to survive until the final attack run along the Death Star 's trench . However , his X-wing is damaged , and he is forced to disengage before the Death Star is destroyed . He and Luke are the only two X-Wing pilots to survive the battle , along with a Y - wing and the Millennium Falcon . Wedge appears in The Empire Strikes Back as a member of the newly formed Rogue Squadron . He flies a snowspeeder against the Empire 's AT - AT ground assault with Wes Janson as his harpoon gunner . Their snowspeeder inflicts the first casualty against the AT - AT attack group by firing a harpoon trailing a tow cable into one of the walker 's legs and circling the walker several times , causing it to trip and fall and allowing Rebel forces to destroy the walker . After the battle , Wedge is seen and heard wishing Luke a safe trip . Wedge appears towards the end of Return of the Jedi as the leader of Red Squadron in the Battle of Endor . Along with Lando Calrissian , who pilots the Millennium Falcon with Nien Nunb , he leads the fighter attack on the second Death Star . His dogfighting prowess is shown again in this battle , as Wedge personally shoots down a number of Imperial TIE fighters , and appears to easily navigate the narrow and treacherous flight spaces inside the Death Star that lead to its core . When he and Lando reach the Death Star 's core , Wedge destroys the power regulator on the core 's north tower , while Lando destroys the core itself . He later appears at the victory celebration at the Ewok village on Endor . Wedge does not appear in Star Wars : The Force Awakens . However , Denis Lawson confirmed in a May 2014 interview that he was asked to reprise the role . Lawson declined , saying that it would have `` bored ( him ) '' . Wedge is not seen on screen in Rogue One : A Star Wars Story , but his voice is briefly heard over the intercom in the Rebel base on Yavin IV . He was intentionally omitted from the film 's climactic battle in order to avoid a continuity error with the first Star Wars film , which takes place immediately after Rogue One . Television ( edit ) In the television series Star Wars : Rebels , Wedge is voiced by Nathan Kress . He first appeared in the episode The Antilles Extraction , the third episode of the third season . The episode establishes Wedge 's canon backstory as an Imperial TIE fighter pilot who with the help of Sabine Wren defected from the Empire , and joined the Rebel Alliance . Wedge later appeared in the episode `` Double Agent Droid , '' the nineteenth episode of the third season , and again in both parts of the third season finale Zero Hour , the twenty - first and twenty - second episodes , respectively . Wedge 's last appearance in Rebels was in the first part of `` In the Name of the Rebellion '' , the third episode of the fourth season . Novels ( edit ) Wedge is featured in the Star Wars : Aftermath trilogy by Chuck Wendig , consisting of the novels Aftermath ( 2015 ) , Life Debt ( 2016 ) , and Empire 's End ( 2017 ) . In this series , Wedge establishes a new unit called Phantom Squadron , which sees action on the planets Kashyyyk and Jakku . Following the Battle of Jakku , which ends the Galactic Civil War , Wedge relocates to Hosnian Prime , where he serves as a flight instructor . Wedge makes a brief appearance in Claudia Gray 's 2015 novel Star Wars : Lost Stars , in which he recruits Thane Kyrell , one of the novel 's protagonists , into the Rebel Alliance . Legends ( edit ) In April 2014 , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise . Star Wars Legends literature explains that Wedge 's parents were killed when their starship - refueling depot exploded . He piloted a freighter before joining the Rebel Alliance as a starfighter pilot . Wedge is the lead character in most of the Star Wars : X-Wing novels by Michael A. Stackpole and Aaron Allston , set in the Star Wars expanded universe . Several Dark Horse Comics series focus on Wedge and Rogue Squadron , and the character also appears in other expanded universe works including the New Jedi Order and Legacy of the Force novels . Wedge is one of two main player characters in the Rogue Squadron video game series ( Luke Skywalker is the other ) , and Wedge appears as a minor character in Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy , helping the player during one mission . He is also a playable character in Lego Star Wars III : The Clone Wars . In popular culture ( edit ) IGN named Wedge the 24th greatest Star Wars character of all time , claiming `` Wedge Antilles may be the most important ancillary character in the Star Wars universe '' . Wedge was portrayed by three voice actors in the Star Wars radio series from National Public Radio : Meshach Taylor in A New Hope , Don Scardino in The Empire Strikes Back , and Jon Matthews in Return of the Jedi . Two characters named Biggs and Wedge appear frequently in RPGs made by Square . They are named for Antilles and another X-wing pilot , Biggs Darklighter . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Antilles , Wedge '' . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bray , Adam ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Split Personalities : Star Wars Movie Characters Played By Multiple Actors '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 2004 ) , disc 1 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 2004 ) , disc 1 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 2004 ) , disc 1 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Rich ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` Wedge Antilles actor rejected ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' role because it would ' bore ' him '' . TheVerge . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leadbeater , Alex ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : Cameos you probably missed '' . ScreenRant.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' : Where Was Wedge Antilles During the Battle of Scarif ? '' . SlashFilm.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Kress on Twitter : ' I 'll be playing Wedge in the upcoming season 3 of # StarWarsRebels . Check out the trailer ! ' '' . Twitter . 2016 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Aftermath novel adds to Star Wars saga '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` How Chuck Wendig 's Star Wars : Aftermath novel sets the stage for The Force Awakens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Aftermath novel reveals tragic , violent uprising after Return of the Jedi '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wedge Antilles - # 24 Star Wars Character '' . IGN . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Square Co ( 1994 - 10 - 11 ) . Final Fantasy III . Super Nintendo Entertainment System . Square Soft . Wedge : Hard to believe an Esper 's been found intact there , 1000 years after the War of the Magi ... External links ( edit ) Wedge Antilles in the StarWars.com Databank Wedge Antilles on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Wedge Antilles on IMDb Hunting for the fake Wedge - StarWars.com Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Iden Versio Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Lists The Clone Wars characters Rebels characters Legends characters KotOR Groups Militaries Clone trooper Stormtrooper Droid Army Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker Solo Music Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Planets and moons Alderaan Bespin Coruscant Dagobah Endor Hoth Jakku Kashyyyk Naboo Tatooine Yavin Species A -- E Bantha Droid Ewok F -- J Hutt K -- O P -- T Sarlacc Tusken Raiders U -- Z Wookiee List of creatures Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Terrestrial vehicles Landspeeder Speeder bike Sandcrawler Walkers Starfighters A-wing B - wing TIE fighter X-wing Y - wing Spacecraft Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Mos Eisley Cantina Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wedge_Antilles&oldid=853886826 '' Categories : Fictional aviators Fictional generals Star Wars characters Fictional orphans Fictional characters introduced in 1977 Fictional revolutionaries Fictional war veterans Fictional characters who became a protagonist in a spin - off Male characters in film Fictional smugglers Space pirates Fictional commanders Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Türkçe Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 16 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in the original star wars trilogy who is the only rebel pilot to survive all three movies | [
"Wedge Antilles is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. He is a supporting character portrayed by Denis Lawson in the original Star Wars trilogy.[1] Antilles is a starfighter pilot for the Rebel Alliance, and founded Rogue Squadron with his friend Luke Skywalker. Wedge is notable for being the only Rebel pilot to have survived both attack runs on the Death Stars at the battles of Yavin and Endor.[1] He also appears in the Star Wars expanded universe, most notably as the lead character in most of the X-Wing novels.\n"
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"Wedge Antilles"
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8879810711077966311 | Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black) | Hey Hey , My My ( into the black ) - wikipedia Hey Hey , My My ( into the black ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Hey Hey , My My ( Into the Black ) '' Single by Neil Young and Crazy Horse from the album Rust Never Sleeps B - side `` My My , Hey Hey ( Out of the Blue ) '' Released August 27 , 1979 Format 45 RPM Record Recorded October 22 , 1978 , The Cow Palace , Daly City , California Genre Hard rock Length 5 : 18 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Neil Young , Jeff Blackburn Producer ( s ) Neil Young , David Briggs , Tim Mulligan `` Hey Hey , My My ( Into the Black ) '' is a song written by Canadian musician Neil Young . Combined with its acoustic counterpart `` My My , Hey Hey ( Out of the Blue ) '' , it bookends Young 's successful 1979 album Rust Never Sleeps . Inspired by electropunk group Devo , the rise of punk and what Young viewed as his own growing irrelevance , the song significantly revitalized Young 's career at the time , and today crosses generations , inspiring admirers from punk to grunge . The song is about the alternatives of continuing to produce similar music ( `` to rust '' or -- in `` My My , Hey Hey ( Out of the Blue ) '' -- `` to fade away '' ) or to burn out . A line from the acoustic version of the song , `` it 's better to burn out than to fade away , '' became infamous after being quoted in Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain 's suicide note . Young later said that he was so shaken that he dedicated his 1994 album Sleeps with Angels to Cobain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Legacy 2.1 Quotations 3 References 4 External links Origins ( edit ) The song `` Hey , Hey , My , My ... '' and the title phrase of the album , `` rust never sleeps '' on which it was featured sprang from Young 's encounters with Devo and in particular Mark Mothersbaugh . Devo was asked by Young in 1977 to participate in the creating of his film Human Highway . A scene in the film shows Young playing the song in its entirety with Devo , who clearly want little to do with anything `` radio - friendly '' ( of note is Mothersbaugh changing `` Johnny Rotten '' to `` Johnny Spud '' ) . The famous line `` It 's better to burn out than it is to rust '' is often credited to Young 's friend Jeff Blackburn of The Ducks . Some reviewers viewed Young 's career as skidding after the release of American Stars ' N Bars and Comes a Time . With the explosion of punk in 1977 , some punks felt that Young and his contemporaries were becoming obsolete . Young worried that they were right . The death of Elvis Presley that same year seemed to sound a death knell for rock , as The Clash cried , `` No Elvis , Beatles or The Rolling Stones in 1977 ! '' in the song `` 1977 '' . From Young 's fear of becoming obsolete sprang an appreciation of the punk ethic , and the song was born , initially an acoustic lament that became `` My My , Hey Hey ( Out of the Blue ) '' . Upon embarking on a tour with his backing band Crazy Horse , the song took on new life in a rock arrangement , punctuated by Young 's guitar solos that would go on to inspire players of the proto - grunge scene , including Sonic Youth , The Meat Puppets , Pixies and Dinosaur Jr . Legacy ( edit ) Upon its release , Rust Never Sleeps was hailed as a commercial and critical revitalization for Young , and the successful , bizarre tour ( featuring oversized amps , road crews dressed as Jawas from the then - new film Star Wars ( called Road - eyes ) , sound technicians in lab coats , audio recordings from Woodstock played from disintegrating tapes , etc . ) earned him a new generation of fans and good will , buoyed mainly by `` Hey Hey , My My '' . As Young 's commercial popularity waned in the 1980s , an underground rock movement began to embrace the artist . At a time when glam metal and bubblegum pop saturated commercial airwaves , disaffected bands used Young as a prime example of the perfect blend of noise and melody , braggadocio and vulnerability , folk and hard rock . A collection of Neil Young covers titled The Bridge emerged in the late ' 80s , featuring a veritable who 's - who of the pre-Nirvana grunge scene . When Nirvana appeared on the national stage with Nevermind , Cobain and Young took to acknowledging one another in the press . `` Hey Hey , My My 's '' most memorable influence on modern rock comes from the line `` It 's better to burn out than to fade away '' ( actually only spoken in full in the acoustic `` My My , Hey Hey '' and the Human Highway film recording ) . Kurt Cobain 's suicide note ended with the same line , shaking Young and inadvertently cementing his place as the so - called `` Godfather of Grunge '' . Ex-Beatle John Lennon commented on the message of the song in a 1980 interview with David Sheff from Playboy : Sheff : You disagree with Neil Young 's lyric in Rust Never Sleeps : `` It 's better to burn out than to fade away ... '' Lennon : I hate it . It 's better to fade away like an old soldier than to burn out . If he was talking about burning out like Sid Vicious , forget it . I do n't appreciate the worship of dead Sid Vicious or of dead James Dean or dead John Wayne . It 's the same thing . Making Sid Vicious a hero , Jim Morrison -- it 's garbage to me . I worship the people who survive -- Gloria Swanson , Greta Garbo . They 're saying John Wayne conquered cancer -- he whipped it like a man . You know , I 'm sorry that he died and all that -- I 'm sorry for his family -- but he did n't whip cancer . It whipped him . I do n't want Sean worshiping John Wayne or Johnny Rotten or Sid Vicious . What do they teach you ? Nothing . Death . Sid Vicious died for what ? So that we might rock ? I mean , it 's garbage you know . If Neil Young admires that sentiment so much , why does n't he do it ? Because he sure as hell faded away and came back many times , like all of us . No , thank you . I 'll take the living and the healthy . Young would reply two years later when asked to respond to Lennon 's comments : The rock'n'roll spirit is not survival . Of course the people who play rock'n'roll should survive . But the essence of the rock'n'roll spirit to me , is that it 's better to burn out really bright than to sort of decay off into infinity . Even though if you look at it in a mature way , you 'll think , `` well , yes ... you should decay off into infinity , and keep going along '' . Rock'n'roll does n't look that far ahead . Rock'n'roll is right now . What 's happening right this second . Is it bright ? Or is it dim because it 's waiting for tomorrow -- that 's what people want to know . And that 's why I say that . The song also influenced Britpop artists . Oasis covered the song on their 2000 world tour , including it on their live album and DVD Familiar to Millions . Not coincidentally , the band acknowledged Cobain 's attachment to the song by dedicating it to him when they played it in Seattle on the sixth anniversary of his death . Scottish band Big Country recorded a version , which can be heard on their Under Covers album , and the remastered edition of their live album Without the Aid of a Safety Net . It is also used as live - intro to System of a Down 's `` Kill Rock ' n Roll '' in some live performances . The song still appears frequently on FM radio today , most often on `` classic rock '' stations . Young 's penchant for `` bookending '' an album with the same song in different renditions , first seen on Tonight 's the Night , returned on his second `` comeback '' album , Freedom , in 1989 , with `` Rockin ' in the Free World '' . Young performs the song at nearly every concert in one form or another . It is included on his Greatest Hits . Many other bands and singers have played or recorded covers of this song : System of a Down ( Festival of Hurricane in 2005 ) , Dave Matthews Band , Cross Canadian Ragweed , Battleme ( closing track of the Sons of Anarchy Season 3 finale ) , Rick Derringer , Nomeansno ( FUBAR soundtrack ) , Mexican rock & roll band El Tri , Finnish glam rock band Negative , Argentine rock band La Renga , Chromatics , Jake Bugg ( played live at the 2013 Glastonbury Festival ) , Axel Rudi Pell on his 2014 album Into the Storm . Romanian act Fjord covered the song for their 2016 album Textures . Brazilian doom metal band HellLight recorded a version for an album of covers ( The Light That Brought Darkness in 2012 ) . Blixa Bargeld and Teho Teardo covered the song on their 2017 album Fall . The song is the title theme of Dennis Hopper 's movie Out of the Blue . The song was included at # 93 in Bob Mersereau 's book The Top 100 Canadian Singles ( 2010 ) . Peter Buck of R.E.M. has acknowledged in interviews that his band 's first hit , `` The One I Love '' , is actually a rewriting on Neil Young 's `` Hey Hey , My My '' . Quotations ( edit ) Courtney Love , singer for Hole and Cobain 's widow , alludes both to this song and her husband 's suicide note in the song `` Reasons To Be Beautiful '' from the album Celebrity Skin . In `` Reasons To Be Beautiful , '' she changes the verse to `` It 's better to rise than fade away . '' Def Leppard begins their song `` Rock of Ages '' with the lines `` I got something to say / It 's better to burn out than fade away '' ; the same lines were used in the movie Highlander by The Kurgan and used in the Queen song `` Gimme The Prize ( Kurgan 's Theme ) '' on their A Kind Of Magic album . Metalcore band Killswitch Engage have quoted the line in their song `` New Awakening '' . The lyrics of the song , in particular `` out of the blue and into the black '' , are an epigraph and also a prominent feature in Stephen King 's It . Lana Del Rey mentions the song through the lyrics `` out of the black , into the blue '' on her song `` Get Free '' from her fifth studio album Lust for Life ( Lana Del Rey album ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shakey : Neil Young 's Biography , Jimmy McDonough , 2002 , Anchor Jump up ^ Oh Yes , It 's Devo : An Interview with Jerry Casale Brian L. Knight , The Vermont Review , Retrieved December 15 , 2007 Jump up ^ Shakey : Neil Young 's Biography , Jimmy McDonough , 2002 , Anchor , pp. 534 - 535 Jump up ^ The Last Gang in Town : The Story and Myth of the Clash , Marcus Gray , 1996 , New York : Henry Holt and Company , pp. 187 - 188 ^ Jump up to : `` Neil and The Beatles '' . HyperRust.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Oasis Pay Tribute to Cobain '' . NME news . 2000 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved December 15 , 2007 Jump up ^ FjordVEVO ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) , Fjord - Hey Hey , My My ( Into The Black ) ( Neil Young Cover Video ) , retrieved 2016 - 10 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Funeral Doom / The Light That Brought Darkness , by Helllight '' . Helllight . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Song lyrics at Metrolyrics HyperRust Never Sleeps - a Neil Young database with information and further lyrics Kurt Cobain and Neil Young - details the connection between Nirvana and Young , as well as Cobain 's suicide note Sonic Youth and Neil Young - details Sonic Youth 's involvement with Young during the early 1990s Ruth Israel , Rachel Auger and Patrick McAllister - Theatrical Blues Performance dedicated to Neil Young ( hide ) Neil Young Crazy Horse The Stray Gators Promise of the Real Studio albums Neil Young Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere After the Gold Rush Harvest On the Beach Tonight 's the Night Zuma American Stars ' n Bars Comes a Time Hawks & Doves Re ac tor Trans Everybody 's Rockin ' Old Ways Landing on Water This Note 's for You Freedom Ragged Glory Harvest Moon Sleeps with Angels Mirror Ball Broken Arrow Silver & Gold Are You Passionate ? Greendale Prairie Wind Living with War Chrome Dreams II Fork in the Road Le Noise Americana Psychedelic Pill A Letter Home Storytone The Monsanto Years Peace Trail Hitchhiker EPs Eldorado Live albums Time Fades Away Rust Never Sleeps Live Rust Life Arc Weld Unplugged Year of the Horse Road Rock Vol. 1 Earth Soundtracks Journey Through the Past Where the Buffalo Roam Philadelphia Dead Man Compilations Decade Lucky Thirteen Greatest Hits Archives series The Archives Vol. 1 1963 -- 1972 Archives Performance series Live at the Fillmore East Live at Massey Hall 1971 Sugar Mountain -- Live at Canterbury House 1968 Live at the Riverboat 1969 Dreamin ' Man Live ' 92 A Treasure Live at the Cellar Door Bluenote Café Unreleased albums Homegrown Chrome Dreams Songs `` Mr. Soul '' `` Broken Arrow '' `` Expecting to Fly '' `` Sugar Mountain '' `` The Loner '' `` I 've Been Waiting for You '' `` Cinnamon Girl '' `` Down by the River '' `` Cowgirl in the Sand '' `` Helpless '' `` Ohio '' `` Tell Me Why '' `` After the Gold Rush '' `` Only Love Can Break Your Heart '' `` Southern Man '' `` Do n't Let It Bring You Down '' `` When You Dance I Can Really Love '' `` Bad Fog of Loneliness '' `` A Man Needs a Maid '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Are You Ready for the Country ? '' `` Old Man '' `` The Needle and the Damage Done '' `` Cortez the Killer '' `` Will to Love '' `` Like a Hurricane '' `` Love Is a Rose '' `` Lotta Love '' `` Hey Hey , My My ( Into the Black ) '' `` Pocahontas '' `` Powderfinger '' `` Sedan Delivery '' `` Rockin ' in the Free World '' `` No More '' `` Wrecking Ball '' `` Downtown '' `` Let 's Impeach the President '' `` Angry World '' `` A Rock Star Bucks a Coffee Shop '' Films and Videos Journey Through the Past Human Highway Neil Young in Berlin Solo Trans Year of the Horse Greendale Neil Young : Heart of Gold CSNY / Déjà Vu Neil Young Trunk Show Neil Young Journeys Books Waging Heavy Peace : A Hippie Dream Related Discography The Squires The Mynah Birds Buffalo Springfield Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young The Stills -- Young Band The Bridge : A Tribute to Neil Young Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi Pono Old Black Farm Aid Bridge School Benefit Pegi Young ( former wife ) Carrie Snodgress Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hey_Hey,_My_My_(Into_the_Black)&oldid=806134837 '' Categories : Neil Young songs 1979 singles Songs written by Neil Young Oasis ( band ) songs Songs about suicide Song recordings produced by David Briggs ( producer ) 1979 songs Reprise Records singles Music videos directed by Julien Temple Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Slovenčina Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 22 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who said its better to burn out than fade away | [
"\nSheff: You disagree with Neil Young's lyric in Rust Never Sleeps: \"It's better to burn out than to fade away...\"\n"
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"Neil Young"
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-8084811193718111951 | List of FIFA World Cup finals | List of FIFA World Cup finals - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals For a list of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals , see List of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals . List of FIFA World Cup finals France celebrating after their win against Croatia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final Founded 1930 Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 204 ( qualifiers ) 32 ( finals ) Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament has taken place every four years , except in 1942 and 1946 , when the competition was cancelled due to World War II . The most recent World Cup , hosted by Russia in 2018 , was won by France , who beat Croatia 4 -- 2 in regulation time . The World Cup final match is the last of the competition , and the result determines which country is declared world champions . If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw , an additional 30 - minute period of play , called extra time , is added . If such a game is still tied after extra time , it is then decided by a penalty shoot - out . The team winning the penalty shoot - out are then declared champions . The tournament has been decided by a one - off match on every occasion except 1950 , when the tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match ( and one of the last two matches of the tournament ) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions . Therefore , this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . In the 21 tournaments held , 79 nations have appeared at least once . Of these , 13 have made it to the final match , and eight have won . With five titles , Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament . Italy and Germany have four titles . Current champion France , along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina , have two titles each , while England and Spain have one each . The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy , and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy . The 1970 and 1994 , along with the 1986 , 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams ( Brazil -- Italy and Argentina -- Germany respectively ) . As of 2018 , the 1934 final remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final . The final match of the most recent tournament in Russia took place at the country 's biggest sports complex , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on a Sunday . The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday . As of 2018 , only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup final . Six nations have won the final as host : Uruguay , Italy , England , Germany , Argentina and France . Two nations have lost the final as host : Brazil and Sweden . Contents 1 List of finals 2 Results 3 Footnotes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of finals ( edit ) 1930 1978 1950 , 2014 1962 1966 1938 , 1998 2006 1934 , 1990 2002 1970 , 1986 1982 1958 1954 1994 2018 2022 Locations of FIFA World Cup finals Key to the list of finals Match was won during extra time Match was won on a penalty shoot - out The `` Year '' column refers to the year the World Cup was held , and wikilinks to the article about that tournament . The wikilinks in the `` Final score '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . List of finals matches , their venues and locations , the finalists , and final scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance References 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo , Uruguay 80,000 1934 Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome , Italy 50,000 1938 Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris , France 45,000 1950 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 199,854 1954 West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern , Switzerland 60,000 1958 Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna , Sweden 51,800 1962 Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago , Chile 69,000 1966 England 4 -- 2 West Germany Wembley Stadium London , England 93,000 1970 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 107,412 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich , West Germany 75,200 1978 Argentina 3 -- 1 Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires , Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid , Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena , United States 94,194 1998 France 3 -- 0 Brazil Stade de France Saint - Denis , France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama , Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1 -- 1 France Olympiastadion Berlin , Germany 69,000 Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg , South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 74,738 2018 France 4 -- 2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 78,011 Upcoming finals Year Team 1 Team 2 Venue Location Attendance References 2022 Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail , Qatar 2026 TBD United States Results ( edit ) Map of winning countries Results by nation National team Wins Runners - up Total finals Years won Years runners - up Brazil 5 7 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 1950 , 1998 Germany 8 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Italy 6 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 1970 , 1994 Argentina 5 1978 , 1986 1930 , 1990 , 2014 France 1998 , 2018 2006 Uruguay 0 1930 , 1950 -- England 0 1966 -- Spain 0 -- Netherlands 0 -- 1974 , 1978 , 2010 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1934 , 1962 Hungary 0 -- 1938 , 1954 Sweden 0 -- 1958 Croatia 0 -- 2018 Results by confederation Confederation Appearances Winners Runners - up UEFA 28 12 16 CONMEBOL 14 9 5 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This follows FIFA 's consideration that the national teams of West Germany / Germany , Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic , Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro / Serbia , and USSR / Russia are combined respectively for record - keeping . Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers , but Brazil 's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous `` final '' appearance for the team . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final , rather , the tournament was decided by a 4 - team round robin phase . Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . Jump up ^ Score was 2 -- 2 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 120 minutes . Brazil won 3 -- 2 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes . Italy won 5 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup opening matches FIFA World Cup referees References ( edit ) Book : FIFA World Cup General `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Laws of the Game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Spotlight on Brazil '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil ( World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil ) '' . Globo TV . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11174070/Russias-Luzhniki-Stadium-ahead-of-schedule-for-2018-World-Cup-Final.html Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1934 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Italy 1934 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1938 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Janela , Mike ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Brazil 1950 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Switzerland 1954 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Sweden 1958 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Chile 1962 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- England 1966 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1970 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- West Germany 1974 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Argentina 1978 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Spain 1982 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1986 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 FIFA World Cup USA '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- USA 1994 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1998 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Japan & South Korea 2002 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zidane off as Italy win World Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netherlands 0 -- 1 Spain ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estadio Do Maracana , Rio de Janeiro '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup Final venues Estadio Centenario ( 1930 ) Stadio Nazionale PNF ( 1934 ) Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir ( 1938 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 1950 ) Wankdorf Stadium ( 1954 ) Råsunda Stadium ( 1958 ) Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1966 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1970 ) Olympiastadion ( 1974 ) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ( 1978 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1982 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1986 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1990 ) Rose Bowl ( 1994 ) Stade de France ( 1998 ) International Stadium Yokohama ( 2002 ) Olympiastadion ( 2006 ) FNB Stadium ( 2010 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 2014 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2018 ) Lusail Iconic Stadium ( 2022 ) TBA ( 2026 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals&oldid=854075621 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup - winning countries Lists of FIFA World Cup matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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"\nList of finals matches, their venues and locations, the finalists, and final scores\n\n\nYear\n\nWinners\n\nFinal score[2]\n\nRunners-up\n\nVenue\n\nLocation\n\nAttendance\n\nReferences\n\n\n1930\n\nUruguay \n\n4–2\n\n Argentina\n\nEstadio Centenario\n\nMontevideo, Uruguay\n\n80,000\n\n[7][8]\n\n\n1934\n\nItaly \n\n 2–1[n 3]\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\nStadio Nazionale PNF\n\nRome, Italy\n\n50,000\n\n[9][10]\n\n\n1938\n\nItaly \n\n4–2\n\n Hungary\n\nStade Olympique de Colombes\n\nParis, France\n\n45,000\n\n[11][12]\n\n\n1950[n 4]\n\nUruguay \n\n2–1[n 5]\n\n Brazil\n\nEstádio do Maracanã\n\nRio de Janeiro, Brazil\n\n199,854[13]\n\n[14][15]\n\n\n1954\n\nWest Germany \n\n3–2\n\n Hungary\n\nWankdorf Stadium\n\nBern, Switzerland\n\n60,000\n\n[16][17]\n\n\n1958\n\nBrazil \n\n5–2\n\n Sweden\n\nRåsunda Stadium\n\nSolna, Sweden\n\n51,800\n\n[18][19]\n\n\n1962\n\nBrazil \n\n3–1\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\nEstadio Nacional\n\nSantiago, Chile\n\n69,000\n\n[20][21]\n\n\n1966\n\nEngland \n\n 4–2[n 6]\n\n West Germany\n\nWembley Stadium\n\nLondon, England\n\n93,000\n\n[22][23]\n\n\n1970\n\nBrazil \n\n4–1\n\n Italy\n\nEstadio Azteca\n\nMexico City, Mexico\n\n107,412\n\n[24][25]\n\n\n1974\n\nWest Germany \n\n2–1\n\n Netherlands\n\nOlympiastadion\n\nMunich, West Germany\n\n75,200\n\n[26][27]\n\n\n1978\n\nArgentina \n\n 3–1[n 7]\n\n Netherlands\n\nEstadio Monumental\n\nBuenos Aires, Argentina\n\n71,483\n\n[28][29]\n\n\n1982\n\nItaly \n\n3–1\n\n West Germany\n\nSantiago Bernabéu\n\nMadrid, Spain\n\n90,000\n\n[30][31]\n\n\n1986\n\nArgentina \n\n3–2\n\n West Germany\n\nEstadio Azteca\n\nMexico City, Mexico\n\n114,600\n\n[32][33]\n\n\n1990\n\nWest Germany \n\n1–0\n\n Argentina\n\nStadio Olimpico\n\nRome, Italy\n\n73,603\n\n[34][35]\n\n\n1994\n\nBrazil \n\n 0–0[n 8]\n\n Italy\n\nRose Bowl\n\nPasadena, United States\n\n94,194\n\n[36][37]\n\n\n1998\n\nFrance \n\n3–0\n\n Brazil\n\nStade de France\n\nSaint-Denis, France\n\n80,000\n\n[38][39]\n\n\n2002\n\nBrazil \n\n2–0\n\n Germany\n\nInternational Stadium\n\nYokohama, Japan\n\n69,029\n\n[40][41]\n\n\n2006\n\nItaly \n\n 1–1[n 9]\n\n France\n\nOlympiastadion\n\nBerlin, Germany\n\n69,000\n\n[42][43]\n\n\n2010\n\nSpain \n\n 1–0[n 10]\n\n Netherlands\n\nSoccer City\n\nJohannesburg, South Africa\n\n84,490\n\n[44][45]\n\n\n2014\n\nGermany \n\n 1–0[n 11]\n\n Argentina\n\nEstádio do Maracanã\n\nRio de Janeiro, Brazil\n\n74,738\n\n[46][47]\n\n\n2018\n\nFrance \n\n4–2\n\n Croatia\n\nLuzhniki Stadium\n\nMoscow, Russia\n\n78,011\n\n\n\n\nUpcoming finals\n\n\nYear\n\nTeam 1\n\nv\n\nTeam 2\n\nVenue\n\nLocation\n\nAttendance\n\nReferences\n\n\n2022\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLusail Iconic Stadium\n\nLusail, Qatar\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2026\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTBD\n\nUnited States\n\n\n\n\n",
"\nList of finals matches, their venues and locations, the finalists, and final scores\n\n\nYear\n\nWinners\n\nFinal score[2]\n\nRunners-up\n\nVenue\n\nLocation\n\nAttendance\n\nReferences\n\n\n1930\n\nUruguay \n\n4–2\n\n Argentina\n\nEstadio Centenario\n\nMontevideo, Uruguay\n\n80,000\n\n[7][8]\n\n\n1934\n\nItaly \n\n 2–1[n 3]\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\nStadio Nazionale PNF\n\nRome, Italy\n\n50,000\n\n[9][10]\n\n\n1938\n\nItaly \n\n4–2\n\n Hungary\n\nStade Olympique de Colombes\n\nParis, France\n\n45,000\n\n[11][12]\n\n\n1950[n 4]\n\nUruguay \n\n2–1[n 5]\n\n Brazil\n\nEstádio do Maracanã\n\nRio de Janeiro, Brazil\n\n199,854[13]\n\n[14][15]\n\n\n1954\n\nWest Germany \n\n3–2\n\n Hungary\n\nWankdorf Stadium\n\nBern, Switzerland\n\n60,000\n\n[16][17]\n\n\n1958\n\nBrazil \n\n5–2\n\n Sweden\n\nRåsunda Stadium\n\nSolna, Sweden\n\n51,800\n\n[18][19]\n\n\n1962\n\nBrazil \n\n3–1\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\nEstadio Nacional\n\nSantiago, Chile\n\n69,000\n\n[20][21]\n\n\n1966\n\nEngland \n\n 4–2[n 6]\n\n West Germany\n\nWembley Stadium\n\nLondon, England\n\n93,000\n\n[22][23]\n\n\n1970\n\nBrazil \n\n4–1\n\n Italy\n\nEstadio Azteca\n\nMexico City, Mexico\n\n107,412\n\n[24][25]\n\n\n1974\n\nWest Germany \n\n2–1\n\n Netherlands\n\nOlympiastadion\n\nMunich, West Germany\n\n75,200\n\n[26][27]\n\n\n1978\n\nArgentina \n\n 3–1[n 7]\n\n Netherlands\n\nEstadio Monumental\n\nBuenos Aires, Argentina\n\n71,483\n\n[28][29]\n\n\n1982\n\nItaly \n\n3–1\n\n West Germany\n\nSantiago Bernabéu\n\nMadrid, Spain\n\n90,000\n\n[30][31]\n\n\n1986\n\nArgentina \n\n3–2\n\n West Germany\n\nEstadio Azteca\n\nMexico City, Mexico\n\n114,600\n\n[32][33]\n\n\n1990\n\nWest Germany \n\n1–0\n\n Argentina\n\nStadio Olimpico\n\nRome, Italy\n\n73,603\n\n[34][35]\n\n\n1994\n\nBrazil \n\n 0–0[n 8]\n\n Italy\n\nRose Bowl\n\nPasadena, United States\n\n94,194\n\n[36][37]\n\n\n1998\n\nFrance \n\n3–0\n\n Brazil\n\nStade de France\n\nSaint-Denis, France\n\n80,000\n\n[38][39]\n\n\n2002\n\nBrazil \n\n2–0\n\n Germany\n\nInternational Stadium\n\nYokohama, Japan\n\n69,029\n\n[40][41]\n\n\n2006\n\nItaly \n\n 1–1[n 9]\n\n France\n\nOlympiastadion\n\nBerlin, Germany\n\n69,000\n\n[42][43]\n\n\n2010\n\nSpain \n\n 1–0[n 10]\n\n Netherlands\n\nSoccer City\n\nJohannesburg, South Africa\n\n84,490\n\n[44][45]\n\n\n2014\n\nGermany \n\n 1–0[n 11]\n\n Argentina\n\nEstádio do Maracanã\n\nRio de Janeiro, Brazil\n\n74,738\n\n[46][47]\n\n\n2018\n\nFrance \n\n4–2\n\n Croatia\n\nLuzhniki Stadium\n\nMoscow, Russia\n\n78,011\n\n\n\n\nUpcoming finals\n\n\nYear\n\nTeam 1\n\nv\n\nTeam 2\n\nVenue\n\nLocation\n\nAttendance\n\nReferences\n\n\n2022\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLusail Iconic Stadium\n\nLusail, Qatar\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2026\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTBD\n\nUnited States\n\n\n\n\n",
"\nList of finals matches, their venues and locations, the finalists, and final scores\n\n\nYear\n\nWinners\n\nFinal score[2]\n\nRunners-up\n\nVenue\n\nLocation\n\nAttendance\n\nReferences\n\n\n1930\n\nUruguay \n\n4–2\n\n Argentina\n\nEstadio Centenario\n\nMontevideo, Uruguay\n\n80,000\n\n[7][8]\n\n\n1934\n\nItaly \n\n 2–1[n 3]\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\nStadio Nazionale PNF\n\nRome, Italy\n\n50,000\n\n[9][10]\n\n\n1938\n\nItaly \n\n4–2\n\n Hungary\n\nStade Olympique de Colombes\n\nParis, France\n\n45,000\n\n[11][12]\n\n\n1950[n 4]\n\nUruguay \n\n2–1[n 5]\n\n Brazil\n\nEstádio do Maracanã\n\nRio de Janeiro, Brazil\n\n199,854[13]\n\n[14][15]\n\n\n1954\n\nWest Germany \n\n3–2\n\n Hungary\n\nWankdorf Stadium\n\nBern, Switzerland\n\n60,000\n\n[16][17]\n\n\n1958\n\nBrazil \n\n5–2\n\n Sweden\n\nRåsunda Stadium\n\nSolna, Sweden\n\n51,800\n\n[18][19]\n\n\n1962\n\nBrazil \n\n3–1\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\nEstadio Nacional\n\nSantiago, Chile\n\n69,000\n\n[20][21]\n\n\n1966\n\nEngland \n\n 4–2[n 6]\n\n West Germany\n\nWembley Stadium\n\nLondon, England\n\n93,000\n\n[22][23]\n\n\n1970\n\nBrazil \n\n4–1\n\n Italy\n\nEstadio Azteca\n\nMexico City, Mexico\n\n107,412\n\n[24][25]\n\n\n1974\n\nWest Germany \n\n2–1\n\n Netherlands\n\nOlympiastadion\n\nMunich, West Germany\n\n75,200\n\n[26][27]\n\n\n1978\n\nArgentina \n\n 3–1[n 7]\n\n Netherlands\n\nEstadio Monumental\n\nBuenos Aires, Argentina\n\n71,483\n\n[28][29]\n\n\n1982\n\nItaly \n\n3–1\n\n West Germany\n\nSantiago Bernabéu\n\nMadrid, Spain\n\n90,000\n\n[30][31]\n\n\n1986\n\nArgentina \n\n3–2\n\n West Germany\n\nEstadio Azteca\n\nMexico City, Mexico\n\n114,600\n\n[32][33]\n\n\n1990\n\nWest Germany \n\n1–0\n\n Argentina\n\nStadio Olimpico\n\nRome, Italy\n\n73,603\n\n[34][35]\n\n\n1994\n\nBrazil \n\n 0–0[n 8]\n\n Italy\n\nRose Bowl\n\nPasadena, United States\n\n94,194\n\n[36][37]\n\n\n1998\n\nFrance \n\n3–0\n\n Brazil\n\nStade de France\n\nSaint-Denis, France\n\n80,000\n\n[38][39]\n\n\n2002\n\nBrazil \n\n2–0\n\n Germany\n\nInternational Stadium\n\nYokohama, Japan\n\n69,029\n\n[40][41]\n\n\n2006\n\nItaly \n\n 1–1[n 9]\n\n France\n\nOlympiastadion\n\nBerlin, Germany\n\n69,000\n\n[42][43]\n\n\n2010\n\nSpain \n\n 1–0[n 10]\n\n Netherlands\n\nSoccer City\n\nJohannesburg, South Africa\n\n84,490\n\n[44][45]\n\n\n2014\n\nGermany \n\n 1–0[n 11]\n\n Argentina\n\nEstádio do Maracanã\n\nRio de Janeiro, Brazil\n\n74,738\n\n[46][47]\n\n\n2018\n\nFrance \n\n4–2\n\n Croatia\n\nLuzhniki Stadium\n\nMoscow, Russia\n\n78,011\n\n\n\n\nUpcoming finals\n\n\nYear\n\nTeam 1\n\nv\n\nTeam 2\n\nVenue\n\nLocation\n\nAttendance\n\nReferences\n\n\n2022\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLusail Iconic Stadium\n\nLusail, Qatar\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2026\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTBD\n\nUnited States\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Brazil",
"Italy",
"Croatia"
] |
-7258546877577963967 | Respiratory center | Respiratory center - wikipedia Respiratory center Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that Apneustic center be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2017 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Respiratory center Respiratory groups in the respiratory center and their influence Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and pons , in the brainstem . The respiratory center is made up of three major respiratory groups of neurons , two in the medulla and one in the pons . In the medulla they are the dorsal respiratory group , and the ventral respiratory group . In the pons , the pontine respiratory group includes two areas known as the pneumotaxic centre and the apneustic centre . The respiratory centre is responsible for generating and maintaining the rhythm of respiration , and also of adjusting this in homeostatic response to physiological changes . The respiratory center receives input from chemoreceptors , mechanoreceptors , the cerebral cortex , and the hypothalamus in order to regulate the rate and depth of breathing . Input is stimulated by altered levels of oxygen , carbon dioxide , and pH , by hormonal changes relating to stress , and anxiety from the hypothalamus , and also by signals from the cerebral cortex to give a conscious control of respiration . Injury to respiratory groups can cause various breathing disorders that may require mechanical ventilation , and is usually associated with a poor prognosis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Respiratory groups 1.1 Dorsal respiratory group 1.2 Ventral respiratory group 1.3 Pontine respiratory group 1.3. 1 Pneumotaxic center 1.3. 2 Apneustic center 2 Respiratory rhythm 3 Clinical significance 4 See also 5 References Respiratory groups ( edit ) The respiratory centre is divided into three major groups , two in the medulla and one in the pons . The two groups in the medulla are the dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group . In the pons , the pontine respiratory group is made up of two areas -- the pneumotaxic centre and the apneustic centre . The dorsal and ventral medullary groups control the basic rhythm of respiration . Dorsal respiratory group ( edit ) In the medulla , the dorsal respiratory group makes up the inhalation area of respiratory control . Location : Dorsal portion of medulla Nucleus : Solitary nucleus Ventral respiratory group ( edit ) In the medulla , the ventral respiratory group make up the exhalation area of respiratory control . Location : Antero - lateral part of medulla , about 5 mm anterior and lateral to dorsal respiratory group Nucleus : Nucleus ambiguus and nucleus retro ambiguus . Function : It generally causes expiration but can cause either expiration or inspiration depending upon which neuron in the group is stimulated . It sends inhibitory impulse to the apneustic center . Pontine respiratory group ( edit ) In the pons , the pontine respiratory group includes the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers . These have connections between them and from both to the solitary nucleus . Pneumotaxic center ( edit ) Location : Upper part of pons Nuclei : Subparabrachial nucleus and the medial parabrachial nucleus of the parabrachial area . Function : It controls both rate and pattern of breathing . Limit inspiration . Apneustic center ( edit ) Location : Pons ( lower part ) Functions : It discharges stimulatory impulse to the inspiratory center causing inspiration . It receives inhibitory impulse from pneumotaxic center and from stretch receptor of lung . It discharges inhibitory impulse to expiratory center . Respiratory rhythm ( edit ) Further information : Central pattern generator Breathing is the repetitive process of bringing air into the lungs and taking waste products out . The oxygen brought in from the air is a constant , on - going need of an organism to maintain life . This need is still there during sleep so that the functioning of this process has to be automatic and be part of the autonomic nervous system . The in - breath is followed by the out - breath , giving the respiratory cycle of inhalation and exhalation . The number of cycles per minute is the respiratory rate . The respiratory rate is set in the respiratory center by the dorsal respiratory group , in the medulla , and these neurons are mostly concentrated in the solitary nucleus that extends the length of the medulla . The basic rhythm of respiration is that of quiet , restful breathing known as eupnea . Quiet breathing only requires the activity of the dorsal group which activates the diaphragm , and the external intercostal muscles . Exhalation is passive and relies on the elastic recoil of the lungs . When the metabolic need for oxygen increases , inspiration becomes more forceful and the neurons in the ventral group are activated to bring about forceful exhalation . Clinical significance ( edit ) Depression of the respiratory centre can be caused by : brain trauma , brain damage , a brain tumour , or ischemia . A depression can also be caused by drugs including opioids , and sedatives . The respiratory centre can be stimulated by amphetamine , to produce faster and deeper breaths . Normally at therapeutic doses , this effect is not noticeable , but may be evident when respiration is already compromised . See also ( edit ) Control of respiration Cough center Gag reflex Pre-Bötzinger complex References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard ( 2008 ) . Principles of anatomy and physiology ( 12 . ed . ) . Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley . p. 905 . ISBN 978 - 0470 - 23347 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pocock , Gillian ; Richards , Christopher D. ( 2006 ) . Human physiology : the basis of medicine ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 332 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 856878 - 0 . Jump up ^ Song , G ; Poon , CS ( 15 November 2004 ) . `` Functional and structural models of pontine modulation of mechanoreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes '' . Respiratory physiology & neurobiology. 143 ( 2 - 3 ) : 281 -- 92 . doi : 10.1016 / j. resp. 2004.05. 009 . PMID 15519561 . Jump up ^ Song , Gang ; Yu , Yunguo ; Poon , Chi - Sang ( 2006 ) . `` Cytoarchitecture of Pneumotaxic Integration of Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Information in the Rat '' . Journal of Neuroscience. 26 ( 1 ) : 300 -- 10 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 3029 - 05.2006 . PMID 16399700 . Jump up ^ Hall , John ( 2011 ) . Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology ( 12th ed . ) . Philadelphia , Pa. : Saunders / Elsevier . pp. 505 -- 510 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 4574 - 8 . Jump up ^ Derrickson , Bryan ( 2008 ) . Principles of anatomy and physiology ( 12th ed . ) . Hoboken , N.J. : John Wiley . pp. 905 -- 909 . ISBN 978 - 0470 - 39234 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Westfall DP , Westfall TC ( 2010 ) . `` Miscellaneous Sympathomimetic Agonists '' . In Brunton LL , Chabner BA , Knollmann BC . Goodman & Gilman 's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics ( 12th ed . ) . New York , USA : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 9780071624428 . ( hide ) Anatomy of the medulla Grey matter Cranial nuclei afferent : Solitary nucleus tract Dorsal respiratory group Gustatory nucleus Vestibular nuclei Lateral Medial Inferior efferent : Hypoglossal nucleus Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Inferior salivatory nucleus Dorsal Gracile nucleus Cuneate nucleus Accessory cuneate nucleus Ventral Ventral respiratory group Arcuate nucleus of medulla Rostral ventromedial medulla Botzinger complex Pre-Bötzinger complex White matter Dorsal Sensory Sensory decussation Medial lemniscus Juxtarestiform body Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Motor Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Ventral Descending tracts Olivocerebellar tract Rubro - olivary tract Surface Front Pyramid Anterior median fissure Anterolateral sulcus Olive Inferior olivary nucleus Back Posterior median sulcus Posterolateral sulcus Area postrema Vagal trigone Hypoglossal trigone Medial eminence Inferior cerebellar peduncle Grey Reticular formation Gigantocellular Parvocellular Ventral Lateral Paramedian Raphe nuclei Obscurus Magnus Pallidus Perihypoglossal nuclei Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_center&oldid=812918661 '' Categories : Brainstem Medulla oblongata Pons Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from November 2017 All articles to be merged Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Español Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 17 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the body’s respiratory center located what is the name of the structure | [
"The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and pons, in the brainstem. The respiratory center is made up of three major respiratory groups of neurons, two in the medulla and one in the pons. In the medulla they are the dorsal respiratory group, and the ventral respiratory group. In the pons, the pontine respiratory group includes two areas known as the pneumotaxic centre and the apneustic centre."
] | [
"in the medulla oblongata and pons, in the brainstem"
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859465244952233516 | The Great Gig in the Sky | The Great Gig in the Sky - wikipedia The Great Gig in the Sky `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' Song by Pink Floyd from the album The Dark Side of the Moon Published World Copyrights Ltd Released 1 March 1973 Recorded September 1972 -- January 1973 Genre Progressive rock Length 4 : 36 Label Harvest Songwriter ( s ) Richard Wright , Clare Torry Producer ( s ) Pink Floyd Echoes : The Best of Pink Floyd track listing 26 tracks Disc one `` Astronomy Domine '' `` See Emily Play '' `` The Happiest Days of Our Lives '' `` Another Brick in the Wall ( Part 2 ) '' `` Echoes '' `` Hey You '' `` Marooned '' `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun '' `` Money '' `` Keep Talking '' `` Sheep '' `` Sorrow '' Disc two `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond ( Parts I -- VII ) '' `` Time '' `` The Fletcher Memorial Home '' `` Comfortably Numb '' `` When the Tigers Broke Free '' `` One of These Days '' `` Us and Them '' `` Learning to Fly '' `` Arnold Layne '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Jugband Blues '' `` High Hopes '' `` Bike '' Audio sample file help `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' is the fifth track on The Dark Side of the Moon , the 1973 album by the English progressive rock band Pink Floyd . The song features music by Richard Wright and non-lexical vocals by Clare Torry . Contents 1 Composition 2 Clare Torry 's vocals 3 Quotes from those involved 4 Lawsuit 5 Spoken parts 6 Reception 7 Live performances 8 Commercial re-use 9 Use in films 10 Cover versions 11 Personnel 12 References 13 External links Composition ( edit ) Fender ' Duo 1000 ' double - neck steel guitar ( 1962 ) , purchased in Seattle in October 1970 by David Gilmour , and used on ' Great Gig in the Sky ' ; displayed at the Pink Floyd : Their Mortal Remains exhibition The song began life as a Richard Wright chord progression , known variously as `` The Mortality Sequence '' or `` The Religion Song '' . During 1972 it was performed live as a simple organ instrumental , accompanied by spoken - word samples from the Bible and snippets of speeches by Malcolm Muggeridge , a British writer known for his conservative religious views . When the band came to record Dark Side in 1973 , the lead instrument had been switched to a piano . Various sound effects were tried over the track , including recordings of NASA astronauts communicating on space missions , but none were satisfactory . Finally , a couple of weeks before the album was due to be finished , the band thought of having a female singer `` wail '' over the music . Clare Torry 's vocals ( edit ) As the band began casting around for a singer , album engineer Alan Parsons suggested Clare Torry , a 25 - year - old songwriter and session vocalist . Parsons had previously worked with Torry , and had liked her voice on a compilation album of covers . An accountant from Abbey Road Studios called Dennis contacted Torry and tried to arrange a session for the same evening , but she was initially unenthusiastic . Torry was not a particular fan of Pink Floyd , and she had various other commitments , including , she later admitted , tickets to see Chuck Berry that evening . Eventually , however , a session was scheduled for the following Sunday . The band played the instrumental track for Torry and asked her to improvise a vocal . At first , Torry struggled to define what the band wanted , but then she was inspired to pretend that she herself was an instrument . She performed two complete takes , the second one more emotional than the first . David Gilmour asked for a third take , but halfway through Torry stopped , feeling she was getting repetitive and had already done the best she could . The final album track was assembled from all three takes . The members of the band were deeply impressed by Torry 's performance , but were so reserved in their outward response that she left under the impression that her vocals would never make the final cut . She only became aware they were used when she saw the album at a local record store , spotted her name in the credits and purchased it . Quotes from those involved ( edit ) Richard Wright : Great Gig in the Sky ? It was just me playing in the studio , playing some chords , and probably Dave or Roger saying `` Hmm ... that sounds nice . Maybe we could use that for this part of the album . '' And then , me going away and trying to develop it . So then I wrote the music for that , and then there was a middle bit , with Clare Torry singing , that fantastic voice . We wanted something for that bit , and she came in and sang on it . Roger Waters : It was something that Rick had already written . It 's a great chord sequence . `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' and the piano part on `` Us and Them , '' in my view , are the best things that Rick did -- they 're both really beautiful . And Alan ( Parsons ) suggested Clare Torry . I 've no idea whose idea it was to have someone wailing on it . Clare came into the studio one day , and we said , `` There 's no lyrics . It 's about dying -- have a bit of a sing on that , girl . '' I think she only did one take . And we all said , `` Wow , that 's that done . Here 's your sixty quid . '' Alan Parsons : She ( Torry ) had done a covers album ; I can remember that she did a version of `` Light My Fire . '' I just thought she had a great voice . When the situation came up , they started head - scratching , saying , `` Who are we going to get to sing on this ? '' I said , `` I 've got an idea -- I know this girl . '' She came , and in a couple of hours it was all done . She had to be told not to sing any words : when she first started , she was doing `` Oh yeah baby '' and all that kind of stuff , so she had to be restrained on that . But there was no real direction -- she just had to feel it . David Gilmour : Clare Torry did n't really look the part . She was Alan Parsons ' idea . We wanted to put a girl on there , screaming orgasmically . Alan had worked with her previously , so we gave her try . And she was fantastic . We had to encourage her a little bit . We gave her some dynamic hints : `` Maybe you 'd like to do this piece quietly , and this piece louder . '' She did maybe half a dozen takes , and then afterwards we compiled the final performance out of all the bits . It was n't done in one single take . Clare Torry : I went in , put the headphones on , and started going ' Ooh - aah , baby , baby -- yeah , yeah , yeah . ' They said , ' No , no -- we do n't want that . If we wanted that we 'd have got Doris Troy . ' They said , ' Try some longer notes ' , so I started doing that a bit . And all this time , I was getting more familiar with the backing track . ( ... ) That was when I thought , ' Maybe I should just pretend I 'm an instrument . ' So I said , ' Start the track again . ' One of my most enduring memories is that there was a lovely can ( i.e headphone ) balance . Alan Parsons got a lovely sound on my voice : echoey , but not too echoey . When I closed my eyes -- which I always did -- it was just all - enveloping ; a lovely vocal sound , which for a singer , is always inspirational . Chris Thomas , who was brought in to assist Alan Parsons in mixing the album mentions that they were actually in mixdown at the time . On the DVD Classic Albums : Pink Floyd -- The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon , various members mention that they had this song and were n't quite sure what to do with it . Wright further mentions that when she finished , she was apologetic about her performance even though those present were amazed at her improvisation . Lawsuit ( edit ) In 2004 , Torry sued Pink Floyd and EMI for songwriting royalties , on the basis that her contribution to `` Great Gig in the Sky '' constituted co-authorship with Richard Wright . Originally , she had been paid the standard Sunday flat studio rate of £ 30 ( equivalent to £ 400 in 2016 ) . In 2005 , prior to a hearing in the High Court , an out - of - court settlement was reached . Although the terms of the settlement were not disclosed , all pressings after 2005 list the composition to Richard Wright and Clare Torry . Spoken parts ( edit ) On Classic Albums : Pink Floyd -- The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon , it is pointed out that during the recording of the album , in which death and life had been a consistent theme , the members of the band went around asking questions and recording responses by the folks working inside Abbey Road . Among the questions , they were asked `` Are you afraid of dying ? '' The responses of doorman Gerry O'Driscoll and the wife of their road Manager Peter Watts were used , as well as other spoken parts throughout the album ( `` I 've always been mad '' `` That geezer was cruisin ' for a bruisin '' ) ( At 0 : 38 ) And I am not frightened of dying . Any time will do , I do n't mind . Why should I be frightened of dying ? There 's no reason for it -- you 've got to go sometime . -- Gerry O'Driscoll , Abbey Road Studios janitorial `` browncoat '' ( At 3 : 33 , faintly ) I never said I was frightened of dying . -- Patricia ' Puddie ' Watts , wife of road manager Peter Watts Reception ( edit ) In a contemporary review for The Dark Side of the Moon , Lloyd Grossman of Rolling Stone described `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' as a track ( Pink Floyd ) could have `` shortened or dispensed '' . Live performances ( edit ) An early incarnation of the song , titled `` The Mortality Sequence '' and lacking the vocals later contributed by Clare Torry , was performed by Pink Floyd throughout 1972 . In its final version , `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' was performed live from 1973 -- 1975 , and from 1987 -- 1994 . During the band 's 1974 -- 1975 tour , David Gilmour played both pedal steel guitar and the Hammond organ , allowing Richard Wright to concentrate solely on piano ( his keyboards were arranged where he could n't play both ) . Gilmour 's pedal steel for `` Great Gig '' was located accordingly beside Wright 's Hammond . Starting in 1987 , additional touring keyboardist Jon Carin took over the Hammond parts . Up to three singers performed the vocals , each taking different parts of the song . On the 1974 -- 75 tour , vocal duties were handled by Venetta Fields and Carlena Williams , both former members of The Blackberries . On the Delicate Sound of Thunder video , the vocals are shared by Rachel Fury , Durga McBroom and Margret Taylor . Clare Torry returned for the Knebworth ' 90 concert . The 1994 live album P U L S E features a version sung by Sam Brown , Durga McBroom and Claudia Fontaine . When the Floyd 's manager , Steve O'Rourke , died in 2003 , Gilmour , Wright , and Mason played `` Fat Old Sun '' and `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' at O'Rourke's funeral . Commercial re-use ( edit ) A short clip of the song was used in a 1974 TV advertisement for Dole bananas . A re-recorded version was used as the backing music in a UK television advertisement for the analgesic Nurofen in 1990 . The band was not involved in this version , but Clare Torry again did the vocal with Neil Conti on drums and Lati Kronlund on bass . ' Rick wrote that music . He remade it for them . It 's down to the writer . If my name had been on that track too it would n't have happened . I would n't do it . But that 's Rick 's business . I did n't approve of it , but I have no control over it . ' -- David Gilmour , Use in films ( edit ) The Clare Torry section was used in Good Morning , Night , an Italian movie about the 1978 Aldo Moro kidnapping and assassination . Cover versions ( edit ) On the Easy Star All - Stars ' Dub Side of the Moon album , there are two different dub music versions of the track , `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' ( Track 4 ) and `` Great Dub in the Sky '' ( Track 11 ) . The London Philharmonic Orchestra performs an instrumental version , arranged by Jaz Coleman and conducted by Peter Scholes , on the 1995 album Us and Them : Symphonic Pink Floyd . Phish does a live cover on track 6 of disc 3 of Live Phish Vol. 7 . Seattle local band The Squirrels did a full - length parody `` tribute '' of The Dark Side of the Moon in 1999 entitled The Not - So - Bright Side of the Moon . Their version of `` Great Gig '' has vocalist Baby Cheevers singing after guitarist Joey Kline says `` Sorry , the girl did n't show up ! '' On the 2009 Flaming Lips remake of Dark Side , Peaches performs Clare Torry 's vocals and Henry Rollins recreates the interview samples . The progressive metal band Dream Theater performs this song in their `` Official Bootlegs : Covers '' series , with Theresa Thomason taking over vocal duties . The Bluecoats Drum and Bugle Corps , from Canton , Ohio , played an arrangement of the song with multiple trumpets performing the vocal part for their Drum Corps International world championship winning 2016 show `` Down Side Up . '' The Australian Pink Floyd Show performed the song with Ola Bieńkowska doing a near - exact replica of the vocal . Personnel ( edit ) Richard Wright -- piano , Hammond organ David Gilmour -- pedal steel guitar Roger Waters -- bass Nick Mason -- drums with : Clare Torry -- vocals References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ Some CD pressings merge `` Speak to Me '' and `` Breathe '' . Citations ^ Jump up to : Povey 2007 , Discography : The Dark Side of the Moon : `` ... all pressings after 2005 bear the credit Richard Wright / Clare Torry . '' Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , p. 142 ; Mabbett 1995 ; Blake 2008 , pp. 198 . See also Nerpil , Hannah ( 19 September 2008 ) . `` Richard Wright 's Greatest Hits : 10 Pink Floyd Classics '' . The Times Online . London . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Most of the material in this paragraph is compiled from Blake 2008 , pp. 198 -- 199 ; Harris 2006 , pp. 141 -- 144 ; Mason 2005 , pp. 174 . Jump up ^ Blake 2008 , pp. 198 Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Torry , Clare . `` Pink Floyd Clare Torry `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' interview '' ( Interview ) . 5 : 48 . I was convinced it would never see the light of day because they had n't commented . They had n't said `` great '' , `` awful '' , nothing ! I honestly thought they did n't like it . And I did n't give it much thought because I never thought anybody would hear it . Jump up ^ Torry , Clare . `` Pink Floyd Clare Torry `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' interview '' ( Interview ) . 6 : 44 . There used to be a record shop in King 's Road ( ... ) near where I lived , and there in the window was this now - familiar cover , `` Pink Floyd new album '' , so I thought `` oh I wonder if that 's what I did '' , see I had no idea . And so I walked in and opened the album . ( ... ) I do n't think it had a title when I did the singing , it was just called `` scat '' or something , and there it was `` Great Gig in the Sky '' , vocals Clare Torry , so I thought `` oh I 'll have to buy that '' . Jump up ^ Kendall , Charlie ( 1984 ) . `` Shades of Pink -- The Definitive Pink Floyd Profile '' . The Source Radio Show . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dark Side ' at 30 : Roger Waters '' . Rolling Stone . March 12 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dark Side ' at 30 : Alan Parsons '' . Rolling Stone . March 12 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2009 . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dark Side ' at 30 : David Gilmour '' . Rolling Stone . March 12 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris , John ( October 2005 ) . `` Clare Torry - Brain Damage exclusive '' . Brain Damage . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Nick Wright interview , Classic Albums : Pink Floyd -- The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon Jump up ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seventies Singer '' . 2005 . Retrieved 23 January 2009 . A female vocalist may have become the first British artist to win an out - of - court settlement for a piece of music recorded over 30 years ago . Clare Torry was paid £ 30 to perform on Pink Floyd 's 1973 album ' Dark Side of the Moon ' and was given a written credit at the time . Yet the session singer , who contributed to the track The Great Gig in the Sky , has taken her claim to the High Court where she has won a half - share on copyright ownership on the song performed . Although most details of the case are secret , the Daily Telegraph has reported the singer secured a cash payment with Pink Floyd and their label , EMI . Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , pp. 135 ^ Jump up to : Sutcliffe , Phil ; Henderson , Peter ( March 1998 ) . `` The True Story of Dark Side of the Moon '' . Mojo ( 52 ) . Retrieved from `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2011 . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . on 23 December 2010 . There is confusion in this article over who `` Puddie '' or `` Puddy '' Watts is . For clarification see Harris 2006 or David Gilmour 's response to the Mojo article , retrieved from http://pinkfloyd.1accesshost.com/artic/letter.htm Jump up ^ Grossman , Lloyd ( 24 May 1973 ) . `` Pink Floyd : Dark Side of the Moon '' . Rolling Stone . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Mason 2005 Jump up ^ Manning , Toby ( 2006 ) . `` Which One 's Pink ? '' . The Rough Guide to Pink Floyd ( 1st ed . ) . London : Rough Guides . p. 147 . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 575 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Dole Bananas Commercial '' . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Echoes FAQ '' . Retrieved 29 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Phil Sutcliffe ( July 1995 ) . `` The 30 Year Technicolor Dream '' . Mojo Magazine . Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Bibliography Blake , Mark ( 2008 ) . Comfortably Numb -- The Inside Story of Pink Floyd . Da Capo . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81752 - 7 . Harris , John ( 2006 ) . The Dark Side of the Moon ( third ed . ) . Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 779090 - 6 . Mabbett , Andy ( 1995 ) . The Complete Guide to the Music of Pink Floyd . London : Omnibus . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 4301 - X . Mason , Nick ( 2005 ) . Philip Dodd , ed . Inside Out : A Personal History of Pink Floyd ( Paperback ed . ) . Phoenix . ISBN 0 - 7538 - 1906 - 6 . Povey , Glenn ( 2007 ) . Echoes . Mind Head Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9554624 - 0 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Dark Side of the Moon Songs Side one `` Speak to Me '' `` Breathe '' `` On the Run '' `` Time '' `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' Side two `` Money '' `` Us and Them '' `` Any Colour You Like '' `` Brain Damage '' `` Eclipse '' Related articles Dark Side of the Moon Tour The Dark Side of the Moon Live Dark Side of the Rainbow Darkside Tribute albums Dub Side of the Moon Dubber Side of the Moon The Flaming Lips and Stardeath and White Dwarfs Doing The Dark Side of the Moon From the Dark Side of the Moon Return to the Dark Side of the Moon Us and Them : Symphonic Pink Floyd Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Gig_in_the_Sky&oldid=839658198 '' Categories : 1973 songs Pink Floyd songs The Flaming Lips songs Peaches ( musician ) songs Rock instrumentals Songs about death Songs written by Richard Wright ( musician ) Song recordings produced by David Gilmour Song recordings produced by Roger Waters Song recordings produced by Richard Wright ( musician ) Song recordings produced by Nick Mason Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2013 Use British English from June 2012 Use dmy dates from June 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 May 2018 , at 20 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the great gig in the sky | [
"Songwriter(s)\nRichard Wright, Clare Torry[1]",
"Songwriter(s)\nRichard Wright, Clare Torry[1]"
] | [
"Richard Wright",
"Clare Torry"
] |
-3240962908736256041 | Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film) | Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Long Haul ( film ) - wikipedia Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Long Haul ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Theatrical release poster Directed by David Bowers Produced by Nina Jacobson Brad Simpson Screenplay by Jeff Kinney David Bowers Based on Hard Luck , The Long Haul and Old School by Jeff Kinney Starring Jason Drucker Alicia Silverstone Tom Everett Scott Charlie Wright Owen Asztalos Narrated by Jason Drucker Music by Edward Shearmur Cinematography Anthony B. Richmond Edited by Troy Takaki Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Color Force TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $22 million Box office $40.1 million Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul is a 2017 American family road comedy film directed by David Bowers . It is the fourth installment in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series , and is based on the ninth and tenth books in the series , The Long Haul and Old School , and one element based on the eighth book , Hard Luck about Meemaw . Despite not being a reboot , the original cast members from the first three films do not reprise their roles . It was theatrically released on May 19 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox . The film grossed $40 million worldwide on a $22 million budget , and was panned by critics , mainly due to its recasting . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Cultural references 4 Release 4.1 Trailer reactions 4.2 Box office 4.3 Critical response 4.4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) One year after the previous film , while at the Corny 's family restaurant , the Heffley family plans to attend Meemaw 's 90th birthday . However , after Greg rescues his younger brother Manny , who got stuck inside a tube in the play area , Greg ends up in a ball pit with a diaper stuck on his hand . He subsequently becomes infamous after the people around him record him and post the footage on the internet , leading Greg to be dubbed as `` Diaper Hands '' . Later , at the Heffley residence , Greg learns that Player Expo is taking place not very far from Meemaw 's house in Indianapolis . Greg 's gaming star , Mac Digby , will be attending , and Greg hopes to meet him and get in one of his videos so he will gain popularity . He acknowledges that he will have to somehow sneak off from the road trip and attend the Expo without his parents ' knowledge , however . The Heffley family hits the road , where Greg , Rodrick , Frank , and Manny 's devices are immediately confiscated by Susan , who wants the road trip to be absolutely technology - free . After arriving at a motel , Greg discreetly gets into the car and takes his phone out of the bag Susan had put it in and plans to use it . Later , when Greg and Rodrick are relaxing in the hot tub , Rodrick hears a notification from Greg 's phone and discovers his plans to go to Player Expo . Greg discourages Rodrick from telling Susan , saying that they had a rock band video game tournament there that Rodrick could participate in . Liking the idea , Rodrick opts to go with Greg to the Expo . Going to sleep , Greg is annoyed by a loud bang noise created by the Beardo siblings , who playfully crash a trolley into a wall , and storms out of the room . He confronts them but Brandi , the eldest sibling , rolls the trolley -- which is meant for Greg -- into their car , leaving a huge scratch . Just as Mr. Beardo comes out of his motel room , Brandi blames Greg responsible and Mr. Beardo goes after him but he manages to outrun him . Greg returns to his room , but the next morning , he actually slept next to Mr. Beardo , who chases him again , but he manages to escape from the motel with his family . The Heffleys attend a county fair where Manny wins a pig , but Mr. Beardo and his family notices Greg and begins chasing after him but manages to outrun again . Back at the road , the Heffleys , unable to take care of the pig , drop it off at the petting zoo , much to Manny 's dismay , but not before Greg reroutes the GPS to the Player Expo convention . Checking at the hotel room , Greg and Rodrick sneak out to go to Player Expo using the excuse that they are going to get a present for Meemaw . However , after Frank and Susan sees their children on live TV , they go to get the boys themselves . Greg finally sees Mac Digby participating in a video game competition . Desperate to be in one of his videos , Greg instructs Rodrick to record him going up on stage with Mac so his popularity will boost . But the attempt fails when Susan storms into the stage and inadvertently reveals that he is Diaper Hands to the public , causing them to chant at him . Susan opens up to Greg and says that all she wanted was a nice road trip that would bring the family closer together , and she accuses Greg of not caring . Greg snaps back at Susan , saying that she does n't care about what he wants , which is why he had to sneak out to the Expo in the first place . Hurt by her son 's words , Susan hands her phone to Greg because she does n't care anymore . On the road again , the tarp on the boat -- hitched to the car -- carrying the majority of their belongings flies off all across the road . The Heffleys recover their belongings but the Beardo 's van pulls up and begins stealing suitcases and clothes . This causes Susan to be very upset that the trip became a disaster . Greg saw his family hit rock bottom . He encourages them to continue the trip . They found the Beardos . They get into the motel room , where the Beardos occupied , and successfully retrieve their belongings . After encountering some obstacles , the Heffleys celebrate happily at Meemaw 's and get their car fixed , but the radiator breaks due to the AC not being cranked up all the way . A Spanish - speaking man , Mr. Luis , who works for a towing company pulls over to assist them , but none of the Heffleys can understand him , except Manny , who speaks in fluent Spanish ( thanks to the Spanish tutorial CD Susan put in during the road trip ) to the man and explains their current situation . Luis then tows their car and Manny gives him instructions to the petting zoo where his pig is , and the two reunite . At the end , Greg explains that although the road trip was n't perfect , he still would n't change a thing . He says that Manny was allowed to keep his pig as a pet , Rodrick was able to get a new van , and Dad was able to explain having time off from work to bond with family . Greg expresses excitement for where they 'll be going next year , but Susan steps in to say they will be flying . In a mid-credits scene , two girls take selfies with Greg , who they recognize as Diaper Hands . Cast ( edit ) Jason Drucker as Gregory `` Greg '' Heffley Alicia Silverstone as Susan Heffley , Greg 's mother Tom Everett Scott as Frank Heffley , Greg 's father Charlie Wright as Rodrick Heffley , Greg 's older brother Owen Asztalos as Rowley Jefferson , Greg 's best friend Wyatt and Dylan Walters as Manny Heffley , Greg 's little brother Joshua Hoover as Mac Digby , a popular internet gamer who Greg idolizes Chris Coppola as Mr. Beardo , the main antagonist of the film Kimberli Lincoln as Mrs. Beardo , Mr. Beardo 's wife Mira Silverman as Brandi Beardo , Mr. Beardo 's rude and spoiled daughter who blames Greg for damaging their car Mimi Gould as Meemaw , Susan 's grandmother and Greg 's great - grandmother Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In 2012 , the series ' third entry , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days was described as the last live action film in the franchise . In August 2012 , while doing press for the film , author Jeff Kinney and actors Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron each indicated that there were no plans for a fourth movie , but did not dismiss the possibility entirely . Kinney replied to inquiries regarding the possibility of another sequel , stating , `` At present , we do n't have a fourth film in development , but you never know ! '' When describing the likelihood of starring in another film in the series , Gordon explained , `` Dog Days most likely will be the last movie . The main problem is ( the cast ) is getting older . You ca n't stop it . There 's no way to temporarily stop us from changing and growing up . You know , that 's the problem because the characters are supposed to be timeless . '' In March 2013 , Gordon stated in a Spreecast live stream that there would not be a fourth live action film . Previously , Kinney had indicated that instead of making a live action film of the third novel , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw , instead he would like to see Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever adapted into an animated film , stating in an interview , `` I hope that it gets made into an animated movie . but I 'd really like to see it turn into an animated television special . '' Pre-production ( edit ) On July 29 , 2016 , it was announced that a fourth live - action Diary of a Wimpy Kid film was in production , and will have a completely different cast , as many of the members from the original cast were too old and have outgrown from their roles . Jason Drucker and Owen Asztalos portray Greg and Rowley , with David Bowers returning as the director . Alicia Silverstone and Tom Everett Scott portray Greg 's parents , Susan and Frank , and Charlie Wright portrays Greg 's older brother Rodrick . Filming ( edit ) Filming of The Long Haul began on September 20 , 2016 , in Atlanta , and concluded on November 18 , 2016 . Cultural references ( edit ) The film somewhat acts as a parody film , referencing two films directed by Alfred Hitchcock . The film in one scene parodies the film The Birds , where the Heffley family getting mauled by seagulls . The film also parodies the film Psycho in the third act , where Greg Heffley is caught by Mr. Beardo in the shower , which Greg is stuck in , which Mr. Beardo nearly catches him , and wet mud goes down the drain . Additionally , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul also referenced a scene of the film Are We There Yet ? . Release ( edit ) The film was released on May 17 , 2017 , in the Philippines , May 19 , 2017 , in the United States , and May 20 , 2017 , in the United Kingdom . Trailer reactions ( edit ) On February 23 , 2017 , a theatrical poster and teaser trailer were released , and the following month , the official trailer was released . Both trailers received negative feedback from fans for its recasting of the main characters , most notably Charlie Wright as Rodrick . To further express their outrage , the fans took to social media and started the hashtag `` # NotMyRodrick '' ( a parody of the `` # NotMyPresident '' trend that followed the election of U.S. president Donald Trump ) , which has spawned countless online memes . Other hashtags included `` # NotMyHeffleys '' and `` # NotMyRowley '' . Both trailers received significant backlash from audiences , and the official trailer received over 46 thousand dislikes , compared to only 9 thousand likes . Box office ( edit ) As of August 12 , 2017 , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul had grossed $20.7 million in the United States and Canada and $17.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $38.2 million , against a production budget of $22 million thus making the film the lowest grossing film of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series . In North America , the film was released alongside Everything , Everything and Alien : Covenant , and was initially projected to gross around $12 million from 3,129 theaters during its opening weekend . However , after grossing $2 million on its first day , projections were lowered to $7 million . It ended up finishing with $7.1 million , placing 6th at the box office and marking the lowest opening of the franchise . Critical response ( edit ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul has received mostly negative reviews . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 20 % based on 65 reviews and an average rating of 4.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an all - new cast but the same juvenile humor , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul finds the franchise still stuck in arrested -- and largely unfunny -- development . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 39 out of 100 based on 16 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Home media ( edit ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul was released on Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on August 1 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray and DVD on August 8 , 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rechtshaffen , Michael ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) - Financial Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Alien : Covenant , ' No. 8 in the franchise , is poised to unseat ' Guardians ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diary Of A Wimpy Kid : new film confirmed for 2017 '' . Jump up ^ Wimpy Kid ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Movie Sneak Peek '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` Zachary Gordon Talks `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days '' `` . ClevverTV. 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zachary Gordon & Robert Capron Interview - Diary of a Unwimpy Kid : Dog Days '' . HeyUGuysBlog. 3 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Cavna ( 3 August 2012 ) . `` Jeff Kinney on the challenges of his latest film , ' Dog Days ' '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Hiramine , Brie . `` YIKES : ' Diary of a Wimpy Kid ' Fans Are Freaking Out About the New Rodrick Heffley '' . J - 14 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Official Trailer ( HD ) 20th Century FOX '' . www.youtube.com . 20th Century Fox . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Alien : Covenant ' Lost Its Bite At The B.O. With $36.1 M Opening , - 34 % From ' Prometheus ' '' . Deadline.com . May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul DVD Release Date August 8 , 2017 '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Release Date , News & Reviews - Releases.com '' . www.releases.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul on IMDb Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul at Tomatazos The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Films directed by David Bowers Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Astro Boy ( 2009 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules ( 2011 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days ( 2012 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid:_The_Long_Haul_(film)&oldid=800687632 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s comedy films American films American sequel films American children 's comedy films American road movies Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( film series ) Films with live action and animation 20th Century Fox films Films directed by David Bowers Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch עברית Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 02 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does diary of a wimpy kid the long hall come out | [
"Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul is a 2017 American family road comedy film directed by David Bowers. It is the fourth installment in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series, and is based on the ninth and tenth books in the series, The Long Haul and Old School, and one element based on the eighth book, Hard Luck about Meemaw. Despite not being a reboot, the original cast members from the first three films do not reprise their roles.[5] It was theatrically released on May 19, 2017, by 20th Century Fox. The film grossed $40 million worldwide on a $22 million budget, and was panned by critics, mainly due to its recasting."
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"May 19, 2017"
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-862343620942968349 | Bass clarinet | Bass clarinet - wikipedia Bass clarinet Jump to : navigation , search Bass clarinet B ♭ bass clarinet Woodwind instrument Classification woodwind instrument Wind Woodwind Single - reed Hornbostel -- Sachs classification 422.211. 2 - 71 ( Single - reeded aerophone with keys ) Playing range Related instruments Clarinet family Soprano clarinet Basset clarinet Basset horn Alto clarinet Contra - alto / contrabass clarinet More articles Category : Clarinetists The bass clarinet is a musical instrument of the clarinet family . Like the more common soprano B ♭ clarinet , it is usually pitched in B ♭ ( meaning it is a transposing instrument on which a written C sounds as B ♭ ) , but it plays notes an octave below the soprano B ♭ clarinet . Bass clarinets in other keys , notably C and A , also exist , but are very rare ( in contrast to the regular A clarinet , which is quite common in classical music ) . Bass clarinets regularly perform in orchestras , wind ensembles / concert bands , occasionally in marching bands , and play an occasional solo role in contemporary music and jazz in particular . Someone who plays a bass clarinet is called a bass clarinetist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Uses 2.1 Musical compositions 2.2 Soloists and ensembles 2.3 In jazz 3 History 4 Notation 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Description ( edit ) Most modern bass clarinets are straight - bodied , with a small upturned silver - colored metal bell and curved metal neck . Early examples varied in shape , some having a doubled body making them look similar to bassoons . The bass clarinet is fairly heavy and is supported either with a neck strap or an adjustable peg attached to its body . While Adolphe Sax imitated its upturned metal bell in his design of the larger saxophones , the two instruments are fundamentally different . Bass clarinet bodies are most often made of grenadilla ( African Blackwood ) or ( more commonly for student - instruments ) plastic resin , while saxophones are typically made of metal . ( Metal bass clarinets exist , but are rare . ) More significantly , all clarinets have a bore that is basically the same diameter along the body . This cylindrical bore differs from the saxophone 's conical one and gives the clarinet its characteristic tone , causing it to overblow at the twelfth compared with the saxophone 's octave . A majority of modern bass clarinets , like other clarinets in the family , have the Boehm system of keys and fingering . However , there are also bass clarinets being manufactured in Germany with the Oehler system of keywork , which is most often known as the ' German '' system in the USA , because it is commonly used in Germany and Austria , as well as Eastern Europe and Turkey ; bass clarinets produced with the Oehler system 's predecessor , the Albert system , are still in use , particularly in these areas . Four modern bass clarinets , from left to right Leblanc L400 , Signet Selmer 1430P , E.M. Winston , Leblanc 330S Most modern Boehm system bass clarinets have an `` extension '' key allowing them to play to the ( written ) E ♭ . This key was originally added to allow easy transposition of parts for the relatively rare bass clarinet pitched in A , but it now finds significant use in concert band and other literature . A significant difference between soprano and bass clarinet key work is a key pad played by the left - hand index finger with a vent that may be uncovered for certain high notes . This allows a form of `` half - hole '' fingering that allows notes in higher registers to be played on the instrument . In addition , older bass clarinets have two register keys , one for middle D ♯ and below , the other for middle E and higher . Newer models typically only have one . The second register key makes the altissimo range much easier to play . Many professional and advanced bass clarinetists own instruments with extensions down to a C ( sounding B ♭ identical to the bassoon 's loweest B ♭ , two octaves below written middle C. At concert pitch this note is the B ♭ below the second ledger line below the bass staff or B ♭ in scientific pitch notation . Overall , the instrument sounds an octave lower than the B ♭ soprano clarinet . As with all wind instruments , the upper limit of the range depends on the quality of the instrument and skill of the clarinetist . According to Aber and Lerstad , who give fingerings up to written C ( sounding B ♭ ) , the highest note commonly encountered in modern solo literature is the E below that ( sounding D , the first D above the treble clef ) . This gives the bass clarinet a usable range of over four octaves , quite close to the range of the bassoon ; indeed , many bass clarinetists perform works originally intended for bassoon or cello because of the plethora of literature for those two instruments and the scarcity of solo works for the bass clarinet . Uses ( edit ) The bass clarinet has been regularly used in scoring for orchestra and concert band since the late 19th century , becoming more common during the middle and latter part of the 20th century . A bass clarinet is not always called for in orchestra music , but is almost always called for in concert band music . In recent years , the bass clarinet has also seen a growing repertoire of solo literature including compositions for the instrument alone , or accompanied by piano , orchestra , or other ensemble . It is also used in clarinet choirs , marching bands , and in film scoring , and has played a minor , but persistent , role in jazz . The bass clarinet has an appealing , rich , earthy tone quite distinct from other instruments in its range , drawing on and enhancing the qualities of the lower range of the soprano and alto instrument . Musical compositions ( edit ) Perhaps the earliest solo passages for bass clarinet -- indeed , among the earliest parts for the instrument -- occur in Mercadante 's 1834 opera Emma d'Antiochia , in which a lengthy solo introduces Emma 's scene in Act 2 . ( Mercadante actually specified a glicibarifono for this part . ) Two years later , Giacomo Meyerbeer wrote an important solo for bass clarinet in Act 4 of his opera Les Huguenots . French composer Hector Berlioz was one of the first of the Romantics to use the bass clarinet in his large - scale works such as the Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale , Op. 15 ( 1840 ) , the Te Deum , Op. 22 ( 1849 ) , and the opera Les Troyens , Op. 29 ( 1863 ) . Later French composers to use the instrument included Maurice Ravel , who wrote virtuosic parts for the bass clarinet in his ballet Daphnis et Chloé ( 1912 ) , La valse ( 1920 ) , and his orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky 's Pictures at an Exhibition ( 1924 ) . The operas , or music dramas as they were later called , of Richard Wagner also make extensive use of the bass clarinet , beginning with Tannhäuser ( 1845 ) . He incorporated the instrument fully into the wind section as both a solo and supporting instrument . Wagner pioneered in exploiting the instrument 's dark , somber tone to represent sadness and melancholy . Wagner was almost completely responsible for making the instrument a permanent member of the opera orchestra . The instrument plays an extensive role in Tristan und Isolde ( 1859 ) , Der Ring des Nibelungen ( 1876 ) , and Parsifal ( 1882 ) . Also around this time , Hungarian pianist and composer Franz Liszt wrote important parts for the instrument in his symphonic poems Ce qu'on entend sur la montagne ( What One Hears on the Mountain ) , Tasso , and his Dante Symphony . Verdi followed suit , using it in Aida ( 1870 ) , La forza del destino , Don Carlo and Falstaff . Following in Verdi 's footsteps , Giacomo Puccini , composer of La Bohème , Tosca and Madame Butterfly , used the instrument in all of his operas , beginning with Edgar in 1889 . The later Romantics used the bass clarinet frequently in their works . All of Gustav Mahler 's symphonies include the instrument prominently , and often contain lengthy solos for the instrument , especially in his Symphony No. 6 in A minor . Richard Strauss wrote for the instrument in all of his symphonic poems except for Don Juan , and the instrument shared the spotlight with the tenor tuba in his 1898 tone poem , Don Quixote , Op. 35 . Strauss wrote for the instrument as he did for the smaller clarinets , and the parts often include playing in very high registers , such as in Also Sprach Zarathustra , Op. 30 . Composers of the Second Viennese School , Schoenberg , Webern and Berg , often favored the instrument over the bassoon , the instrument 's closest relative in terms of range . Russian composers Dmitri Shostakovitch and Sergei Prokofiev used the low concert C and B ♭ ( equivalent to the bassoon 's lowest two notes ) in many of their compositions and an instrument with the extended range is necessary for works such as Shostakovitch 's Symphonies Nos. 4 , 7 , 8 , and 11 , and Leoš Janáček 's Sinfonietta . All of these works exploit the instrument 's dark , powerful lower range . Prokofiev wrote parts for the instrument in his Symphonies Nos. 2 -- 7 and in his ballet Romeo and Juliet . Rachmaninoff used the instrument to great effect in his Symphonies Nos. 2 and 3 and in his symphonic poem , The Isle of The Dead . Igor Stravinsky also took the instrument and wrote complex parts for the instrument throughout his career , most prominently in his ballets The Firebird ( 1910 ) , Petrushka ( 1911 ) and The Rite of Spring ( 1913 ) . In the pair of duets `` A Boy Like That '' and `` I Have a Love '' from West Side Story ( 1957 ) , Leonard Bernstein scored for `` the inky sounds of three bass clarinets '' . Early minimalist Steve Reich 's Music for 18 Musicians ( 1976 ) calls for two bass clarinets , featured prominently in the lower register . Used almost percussively , the effect of deep , staccato repetitions , played beneath a static rhythmic drone , is to create a feeling of slowly fluctuating cycles . Many modern composers employ the bass along with the contra - alto and contrabass clarinets , such as composer and longtime music director Esa - Pekka Salonen of the Los Angeles Philharmonic in his Piano Concerto . A great amount of literature can be found in the wind ensemble , in which there is always a part for the instrument . There are a few major solo pieces for bass clarinet , including : Ann Callaway Concerto for Bass Clarinet and Chamber Orchestra ( 1985 -- 87 ) ( Laureate Press , distr . MMB Press ) Peter Maxwell Davies : The Seas of Kirk Swarf for bass clarinet and strings ( 2007 ) . Dietrich Erdmann : Concerto for bass clarinet and orchestra . Osvaldo Golijov : Dreams and Prayers of Isaac the Blind for Klezmer clarinetist ( soprano clarinets , bass clarinet and / or basset horn ) and string quartet , later arranged for solo clarinetist and string orchestra . Todd Goodman : Concerto for Bass Clarinet and Orchestra Joseph Hallman : Concerto for Bass Clarinet and Chamber Ensemble Rafael Leonardo Junchaya : Concerto Silvestre for bass clarinet and orchestra Op. 14a . Premiered by Marco Antonio Mazzini and the GUSO Orchestra conducted by Steven Decraene in May 2009 . First version for bass clarinet and string orchestra ( Concertino Silvestre Op. 14 ) premiered in Guatemala in July 2009 . David Lang : Press Release for solo bass clarinet ( 1991 ) ( For Evan Ziporyn ) Donald Martino : Triple Concerto for clarinet , bass clarinet , and contrabass clarinet . Thea Musgrave : Concerto for bass clarinet and orchestra . Andrew Rindfleisch : The Light Fantastic for bass clarinet and wind ensemble ( 2003 ) . Jonathan Russell : Bass clarinet concerto ( 2014 ) Jonathan Russell : Double bass clarinet concerto . Josef Schelb : Concerto for bass clarinet and orchestra . Karlheinz Stockhausen : In Freundschaft for unaccompanied bass clarinet , Libra for bass clarinet and electronic music ( a separable component of Sirius ) , and Harmonien for unaccompanied bass clarinet . Benjamin Staern : Worried Souls : concerto for clarinet / bass clarinet and symphony orchestra ( 2012 ) . There is a limited chamber repertoire for bass clarinet and other instruments , notably Leoš Janáček 's suite Mládí ( Youth ) , and Karlheinz Stockhausen 's Kontra - Punkte . Soloists and ensembles ( edit ) It was not until the 1950s that classical performers began to adopt the bass clarinet as their primary instrument . The pioneer was the Czech performer Josef Horák ( 1931 -- 2005 ) , who is credited as having performed the first ever solo bass clarinet recital on March 23 , 1955 . This marked a turning point when the instrument first became thought of as a soloist 's instrument . Because the repertoire of solo music for the bass clarinet was quite small , most bass clarinet soloists specialize in new music , while also arranging works composed for other instruments from earlier eras ( such as the Bach Cello Suites ) . Beginning with Horák , many players have commissioned works for the instrument , and consequently there now exists a repertoire of hundreds of solo works , many by prominent international composers such as Brian Ferneyhough and David Lang . In addition to Horák , other specialist performers include Henri Bok ( Netherlands ) , his student Luís Afonso ( Brazil ) , Dennis Smylie ( United States ) , Tommie Lundberg ( Sweden ) , Harry Sparnaay ( Netherlands , who has worked with important composers such as Luciano Berio , Iannis Xenakis , and Morton Feldman ) , Evan Ziporyn ( United States ) , and Michael Lowenstern ( United States ) ; the latter two are also composers . In October 2005 , the First World Bass Clarinet Convention was held in Rotterdam , Netherlands , at which Horák was the guest of honor and played in one of the many concerts given by the leading bass clarinetists from around the world ( including all the aforementioned performers , as well as many others ) . At least two professional bass - clarinet quartets exist . Rocco Parisi 's Bass Clarinet Quartet is an Italian group whose repertoire includes transcriptions of music by Rossini , Paganini , and Piazzolla . Edmund Welles is the name of a bass clarinet quartet based in San Francisco . Their repertoire includes original `` heavy chamber music '' and transcriptions of madrigals , boogie - woogie tunes , and heavy metal songs . Two of the members of Edmund Welles also perform as a bass clarinet duo , Sqwonk . In jazz ( edit ) While the bass clarinet was seldom heard in early jazz compositions , a bass clarinet solo by Wilbur Sweatman can be heard on his 1924 recording `` Battleship Kate '' and a bass clarinet solo by Omer Simeon can be heard in the 1926 recording `` Someday Sweetheart '' by Jelly Roll Morton and His Red Hot Peppers . Additionally , Benny Goodman recorded with the instrument a few times early in his career . Harry Carney , Duke Ellington 's baritone saxophonist for 47 years , played bass clarinet in some of Ellington 's arrangements , first recording with it on `` Saddest Tale '' in 1934 . He was featured soloist on many Ellington recordings , including 27 titles on bass clarinet . The first jazz album on which the leader solely played bass clarinet was Great Ideas of Western Mann ( 1957 ) by Herbie Mann , better known as a flautist . However , avant - garde musician Eric Dolphy ( 1928 -- 1964 ) was the first major jazz soloist on the instrument , and established much of the vocabulary and technique used by later performers . He used the entire range of the instrument in his solos . Bennie Maupin emerged in the late 1960s as a primary player of the instrument , playing on Miles Davis 's seminal record Bitches Brew as well as several records with Herbie Hancock 's Mwandishi group . His style resembles Dolphy 's in its use of advanced harmonies . While the bass clarinet has been used often since Dolphy , it is typically used by a saxophonist or clarinetist as a second or third instrument ; such musicians include David Murray , Marcus Miller , John Surman , John Gilmore , Bob Mintzer , John Coltrane ( to whom Dolphy 's mother left some of Dolphy 's instruments including his bass clarinet ) , Brian Landrus , James Carter , Steve Buckley , Andy Biskin , Don Byron , Julian Siegel , Gunter Hampel , Michel Portal , and Chris Potter . Very few performers have used the instrument exclusively , but such performers include Berlin - based bass clarinetist Rudi Mahall , and French bass clarinetists Louis Sclavis and Denis Colin . Klezmer clarinetist Giora Feidman is known for idiosyncratic use of the bass clarinet on some klezmer and jazz tunes . History ( edit ) Glicibarifono by Catterini , 1838 There are several instruments that can arguably be considered the first bass clarinet . Probably the earliest is a dulcian - shaped instrument in the Museum Carolino Augusteum in Salzburg . It is incomplete , lacking a crook or mouthpiece , and appears to date from the first half of the eighteenth century . Its wide cylindrical bore and its fingering suggest it was a chalumeau or clarinet in the bass range . Four anonymous bass chalumeaux or clarinets apparently dating from the eighteenth century and having from one to six keys also appear to be among the earliest examples , and one in particular has been suggested to date from before 1750 . However , the authenticity of at least one of these instruments has been questioned . In the Munich Stadtmuseum there is an instrument made c. 1770 by the Mayrhofers of Passau , who are often credited with the invention of the basset horn . It resembles early sickle - shaped basset horns , but has a larger bore and is longer , playing in low B ♭ . Whether this should be considered a low basset horn or a bass clarinet is a matter of opinion . In any case , no further work along this line is known to have been done . A 1772 newspaper article describes an instrument called the `` basse - tube , '' invented by G. Lott in Paris in 1772 . This instrument has not survived and very little is known of it . The article has frequently been cited as the earliest record of a bass clarinet , but recently it has been suggested that the basse - tube was in fact a basset horn . The Klarinetten - Bass by Heinrich Grenser , c. 1793 , had a folded , bassoon - like shape and an extended range , and was presumably intended to serve as a bassoon replacement in military bands . Desfontenelles of Lisieux built a bass clarinet in 1807 whose shape was similar to that of the later saxophone . It had thirteen keys , at a time when most soprano clarinets had fewer . Additional designs were developed by many other makers , including Dumas of Sommières ( who called his instrument a `` Basse guerrière '' ) in 1807 ; Nicola Papalini , c. 1810 ( an odd design , in the form of a serpentine series of curves , carved out of wood ) ; George Catlin of Hartford , Connecticut ( `` clarion '' ) c. 1810 ; Sautermeister of Lyons ( `` Basse - orgue '' ) in 1812 ; Gottlieb Streitwolf in 1828 ; and Catterino Catterini ( `` glicibarifono '' ) in the 1830s . These last four , and several others of the same period , had bassoon - like folded shapes , and most had extended ranges . A straight - bodied instrument without extended range was produced in 1832 by Isaac Dacosta and Auguste Buffet . Finally , Adolphe Sax , a Belgian manufacturer of musical instruments , designed a straight - bodied form of the bass clarinet in 1838 . Sax 's expertise in acoustics led him to include such features as an accurately - placed , large tone holes and a second register hole . His instrument achieved great success and became the basis for all bass clarinet designs since . It should be noted that the instrument on which Anton Stadler first played Mozart 's clarinet concerto was originally called a Bass - Klarinette , but was not a bass clarinet in the modern sense ; since the late eighteenth century this instrument has been called a basset clarinet . Notation ( edit ) Orchestral music for bass clarinet is written using one of two systems : Conventional treble clef in B ♭ . This sounds an octave and a major second lower than written and therefore uses the same fingerings as the soprano clarinet , and is by far the more common of the two . Bass clef in B ♭ . This sounds a major second ( tone , or whole step ) lower than written . The player must , of course , be able to read bass clef . For music written in bass clef , higher passages may be written in treble clef to avoid the use of excessive ledger lines , but this should not be confused with system ( a ) , in which notes sound an octave lower than in system ( b ) . Unlike music for the bassoon , the tenor clef is not used for higher passages . Music is occasionally encountered written for the bass clarinet in A , e.g. in Wagner operas , and Mahler or Rachmaninov symphonies ; this music also tends to be written in bass clef although not invariably ( e.g. Ravel 's La Valse ) . Apparently , bass clarinets in A were once produced by German and French makers , even though the historic record is not particularly clear just where and when such production started and ceased . Since instruments pitched in A were not available to play music that had already been written , bass clarinets produced after 1900 were equipped with the low E ♭ extension key to allow easy transposition of such parts . Until the last half of the 20th century , no new bass clarinets pitched in A were produced . For a brief period starting in the late 1970s , a bass clarinet with Boehm style keywork and pitched in A ( and keyed to low E ♭ , even though the original parts seldom descend below written low E ) was again produced by Selmer Paris . While perfectly functional , such instruments were both expensive and a significant physical burden to the player , who would have to carry two heavy bass clarinets to rehearsals and performances . For these two reasons more than anything else , few modern bass clarinets in A have been sold . At some point after the 1980s , Selmer ceased production of the bass clarinet in A , although examples are still available from factory stock . Very few modern players own a bass clarinet in A ; these parts are therefore played on the B ♭ instrument , transposing them down a semitone . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ An example of this notation is in Paul Dukas 's symphonic poem `` The Sorcerer 's Apprentice '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sadie , Stanley , ed. ( 1984 ) . `` Clarinet '' . The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments . London : Macmillan . Jump up ^ `` Clarinetist '' . The Free Dictionary . Farlex , Inc . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Moennig metal bass clarinet '' . Bass Clarinet A Go Go ! . March 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Aber , Thomas ; Lerstad , Terje . `` Altissimo Fingerings '' . Kunst.no . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Simeone , Nigel ( 2009 ) . Leonard Bernstein , West Side Story . Landmarks in Music Since 1950 . Farnham , Surrey , and Burlington , VT : Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 110 . ISBN 9780754664840 . Jump up ^ Bruce , Keith ( June 20 , 2007 ) . `` The Saint and the Shebeen '' . The Herald . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kovárnová , Emma ( December 2014 ) . `` Josef Horák -- Pioneer of the Bass Clarinet '' . The Clarinet. 41 ( 4 ) : 44 . ISSN 0361 - 5553 . Jump up ^ Mestrom , Maarten ( March 2005 ) . `` The First World Bass Clarinet Convention in Rotterdam 2005 '' . The Clarinet. 32 ( 2 ) : 56 -- 57 . ISSN 0361 - 5553 . Jump up ^ `` Sqwonk -- Bass Clarinet Duo '' . Sqwonk.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Massagli , Luciano ; Volonté , Giovanni M. ( 1999 ) . The New Desor , An updated edition of Duke Ellington 's Story on Records , 1924 -- 1974 . Milan . p. 350 . ^ Jump up to : van der Meer , John Henry ( 1987 ) . `` The Typology and History of the Bass Clarinet '' . J. Amer . Mus . Inst . Soc. 13 : 65 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Rendall , F. Geoffrey ( 1957 ) . The Clarinet ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Ernest Benn Limited . ^ Jump up to : Young , Phillip T. ( 1981 ) . `` A Bass Clarinet by the Mayrhofers of Passau '' . J. Amer . Mus . Inst . Soc. 7 : 36 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Sachs , Curt ( 1940 ) . A History of Musical Instruments . New York : W.W. Norton . Jump up ^ Rice , Albert R. ( 2009 ) . From the Clarinet d'Amour to the Contra Bass : A History of Large Size Clarinets , 1740 -- 1860 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199711178 . Jump up ^ Eliason , Robert E. ( 1983 ) . `` George Catlin , Hartford Musical Instrument Maker ( Part 2 ) '' . Journal of the American Musical Instrument Society . 9 : 21 -- 52 . Further reading ( edit ) Mazzini , Marco A. ( April 2 , 2005 ) . `` Harry Sparnaay '' . Clariperu ( interview ) ( in Spanish ) . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bass Clarinet . Bass Clarinet Bibliography Clarinet Fingering Charts International Bass Clarinet Research Center World Bass Clarinet Foundation World Clarinet Alliance Photo of bass clarinet choir at the 2005 World Bass Clarinet Convention Clarinet Fingering Chart Bass Clarinet Quarter - Tone Fingering Chart Clarinet Clarinet family A ♭ clarinet E ♭ clarinet Soprano clarinet Saxonette Quarter tone clarinet Basset clarinet Clarinette d'amour Basset horn Alto clarinet Bass clarinet Contrabass clarinets Fingering systems Albert Boehm Mazzeo Müller Öhler Clarinet makers Amati - Denak E.K. Blessing Buffet Crampon Johann Christoph Denner Benedikt Eppelsheim Stephen Fox Heinrich Grenser Howarth of London Jupiter Band Instruments Leblanc Iwan Müller Adolphe Sax Selmer Yamaha Corporation Related Clarinet choir Clarinet concerto Clarinet sonata Clarinet quintet Clarinet - violin - piano trio Clarinet - viola - piano trio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bass_clarinet&oldid=799569543 '' Categories : Clarinets B - flat instruments Bass ( sound ) Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 14 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who introduced the bass clarinet as a solo instrument in jazz | [
"The first jazz album on which the leader solely played bass clarinet was Great Ideas of Western Mann (1957) by Herbie Mann, better known as a flautist. However, avant-garde musician Eric Dolphy (1928–1964) was the first major jazz soloist on the instrument, and established much of the vocabulary and technique used by later performers. He used the entire range of the instrument in his solos. Bennie Maupin emerged in the late 1960s as a primary player of the instrument, playing on Miles Davis's seminal record Bitches Brew as well as several records with Herbie Hancock's Mwandishi group. His style resembles Dolphy's in its use of advanced harmonies."
] | [
"Herbie Mann"
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-2681081243915410641 | The Boat (The Office) | The Boat ( the Office ) - wikipedia The Boat ( the Office ) `` The Boat '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 9 Episode 6 Directed by John Krasinski Written by Dan Sterling Production code 9007 Original air date November 8 , 2012 Running time 22 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Josh Groban as Walter Bernard , Jr . Jack Coleman as Robert Lipton Andy Buckley as David Wallace ( Voice only ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` Here Comes Treble '' Next → `` The Whale '' The Office ( U.S. season 9 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes `` The Boat '' is the sixth episode of the ninth season of the American comedy television series The Office and the 182nd episode overall . The episode originally aired on NBC on November 8 , 2012 . It guest stars Josh Groban as Andy 's brother Walter . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) must help his family when his dad loses all of their money , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) is pranked into thinking he is a guest on a radio show , and Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) learns of Oscar Martinez 's ( Oscar Nunez ) affair with Angela Martin 's husband . `` The Boat '' received positive reviews from television critics . The episode was also viewed by 4.83 million viewers and received a 2.4 / 6 percent rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 , ranking third in its timeslot , making it the highest rated episode of the season at the time of its airing . The episode ultimately ranked as the second - highest rated NBC series of the night , after The Voice . Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Cultural references 4 Broadcast and reception 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Reviews 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) learns that his father took all the family money and fled to Argentina with his mistress . Left to pick up the pieces , Andy sells off family heirlooms , and is upset that he has to sell the family boat for lack of any other means for his mother to support herself . Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) convinces him that before he sells the boat , they should take it out for one last sunset cruise , and they drive to Stamford , Connecticut , where the boat is docked . Andy starts to hoist the main sail , but is stopped by a broker who is to sail it to the Caribbean for the buyer . With Erin 's encouragement , Andy decides to take the boat to the Caribbean himself . He then finds his drunken brother Walter ( Josh Groban ) passed out in the liquor closet . Walter comes to and tells Andy he wanted to get the first relapse out of the way before checking into rehab . Andy invites him on the trip , saying they both need family time together and leaves , thanking Erin for her encouragement . Erin says to the camera that she would have loved to go with him if he asked . Back in the office that evening , Pete Miller ( Jake Lacy ) asks Erin to join him for drinks , and she accepts . A local radio show schedules an interview with Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) to discuss Dunder Mifflin , but , unbeknown to Dwight , the interview is later canceled . Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) suggests they all use this to their advantage , and stage an interview for Dwight 's benefit . Dwight believes he is talking to the interviewer through the phone in the break room , but is actually talking to Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) who is using an American accent . They convince him that the information he is giving leads to a hostage situation with CEO David Wallace ( Andy Buckley ) cornered in his house . Dwight calls David and tries to talk him into surrendering to the police . David is confused but nonetheless responds in a way that leads Dwight to believe he was successful . He emerges from the break room and is greeted by a round of applause from his coworkers . Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) overhears Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) confessing to the camera that he is having an affair with Angela 's ( Angela Kinsey ) husband Robert Lipton ( Jack Coleman ) . Oscar makes Kevin promise not to reveal anything . During the day , Angela constantly makes unconscious double entendres and foreshadowing , sorely tempting Kevin to let out what he knows . Afraid that Kevin can not keep his secret , Oscar tries to frame Kevin so that Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) will have him fired , but confesses to Toby that he lied . Later , Robert visits the office , and Oscar acts unnaturally nervous around him . Before Angela 's suspicions can be aroused , Kevin interrupts to cheer Robert on about his upcoming election . Oscar says to the camera that he is proud of how Kevin kept the secret , but Kevin then reveals that he momentarily forgot all about the secret , and begins to laugh uncontrollably . Production ( edit ) Josh Groban made his second appearance as Andy 's younger brother , Walter Bernard , Jr . `` The Boat '' was written by executive producer Dan Sterling , his first credit for the series . He was hired before production on the ninth season started as executive producer , to replace Mindy Kaling , who departed full - time involvement on the series following the eighth season . The episode was also directed by series cast member John Krasinski , his third directing credit for the series after the sixth season episode `` Sabre '' and the eighth - season episode , `` Lotto '' . The episode features the return of Andy 's brother , Walter Jr. , played by Josh Groban , who is now a drunk . He previously appeared in the eighth season episode , `` Garden Party '' . The episode also guest stars Andy Buckley in voice only . Buckley portrayed David Wallace , the CFO of Dunder Mifflin from seasons two to six . He was recently brought back on board near the end of season eight . Following this episode , Ed Helms will be written out of several episodes , in order to film The Hangover Part III . The official website of The Office included several cut scenes from `` The Boat '' within a week of the episode 's release . In the first 57 - second clip , Dwight gets mad when Jim is called a superior salesman and when Nellie claims beet farmers and Battlestar Galactica fans have low IQ levels , during the radio show prank . In the second 53 - second clip , Erin goes through several attempts to cheer up Andy . In the third 37 - second clip , more scenes from the false hostage situation are seen . Cultural references ( edit ) Dwight claims that the radio is using Gotcha journalism . In order to cover up for Oscar , Kevin starts chanting `` U-S-A ! '' , a popular Olympic chant . When Oscar admits that he lied to Toby , Toby goes on a tangential rant about the Scranton Strangler , a reference to a minor plot development that occurred during the show 's sixth and seventh seasons . Broadcast and reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) `` The Boat '' was originally scheduled to air on NBC on November 1 , 2012 but was replaced with a rerun of The Voice . NBC claimed it was for those affected by Hurricane Sandy , however the schedule change happened nationwide . It eventually aired a week later , on November 8 , 2012 . In its original broadcast , `` The Boat '' was viewed by an estimated 4.83 million viewers and received a 2.4 rating / 6 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 2.4 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds , and 6 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked an increase in the ratings from the previous episode , `` Here Comes Treble '' , which had reached a series low in the ratings . The episode tied with the Fox series Glee for third in its timeslot , being beaten by an episode of the ABC series Grey 's Anatomy which received a 3.3 / 8 percent rating and an entry of the CBS drama Person of Interest , which received a 2.9 / 8 percent rating . The Office was also the second highest - rated NBC television program of the night , after an episode of The Voice . Reviews ( edit ) `` The Boat '' received mostly positive reviews from television critics . The A.V. Club reviewer Erik Adams called it `` another solid late - period episode '' , praising Rainn Wilson 's commitment to Dwight throughout the main plotline . He also complimented the Andy - Erin subplot , and considered it superior to the previous episode for featuring more consistency in Andy 's characterization . He also complimented Dan Sterling and John Krasinski 's work on the episode , saying that the script made `` good on previous hints that Andy and Erin 's story wo n't end like Jim and Pam 's '' and that Krasinski 's direction added `` just enough energy not to feel overwhelming '' . He gave the episode a `` B + '' . IGN writer Cindy White called the episode a `` pleasant surprise '' , for its use of the supporting characters and its development of the season 's plotlines . She complimented most of the subplots , and compared Pete and Erin 's romance to Jim and Pam 's from the early seasons of the series . Her only complaint was Andy 's characterization throughout the episode and the ninth season , as a whole , for being `` mopey and self - obsessed . '' Despite this , she gave the episode an 8.0 / 10 , calling it `` Great '' . WhatCulture ! reviewer Joseph Kratzer gave the episode four stars out of five , praising the episode for making the previously unsuccessful Oscar - Senator storyline and the Andy 's bankrupt family storyline entertaining . He also complimented the fact that Jim and Pam 's bickering from the previous episode was not expanded upon , and praised their prank on Dwight , calling it a `` great bit '' and `` an excellent comedic balance to the more serious story of Andy 's inner demons . '' Michael Tedder of New York called the episode `` the single funniest episode of the show since Steve Carell left '' and praised Brian Baumgartner 's performance for hitting `` notes of sweetness , frustration , and emotional confusion that normally get written for the topliners '' . He also praised the plotlines , writing that `` what made this episode so great was that not only did every plot line work ... but every moment positively sang '' . He gave the episode five stars , concluding that `` The Office still has some surprises in it '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shows A -- Z -- Office , The on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Boat '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Office ' Adds Two EPs for Season 9 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Krasinski ( director ) ; Dan Sterling ( writer ) ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` The Boat '' . The Office . Season 9 . Episode 6 . NBC . Jump up ^ John Krasinski ( director ) ; Jennifer Celotta ( writer ) ( February 4 , 2010 ) . `` Sabre '' . The Office . Season 6 . Episode 15 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Lotto '' . The Office . Season 8 . Episode 3 . October 6 , 2011 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Office Exclusive : Josh Groban to Return as Andy 's Brother '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Has The Office Finally Hit Rock Bottom ? '' . CliqueClack. April 28 , 2012 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : White , Cindy ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Office : `` The Boat '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Superstar Salesman Video The Office '' . NBC.com . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheering Up Andy Video The Office '' . NBC.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Office : Hostage Situation '' . Hulu.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Giant , M. ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Boat '' . Television Without Pity . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` More hurricane mess : NBC replaces Thursday comedies with a repeat of The Voice , moves 30 Rock to Wednesday '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up , ' The Office ' , ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Mentalist ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` '' The Boat '' The Office TV Club TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kratzer , Joseph ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` TV Review : The Office 9.6 , `` The Boat '' `` . WhatCulture . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tedder , Michael ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Office Recap : I Think That I Could Surprise You '' . New York . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` The Boat '' at NBC.com `` The Boat '' on IMDb `` The Boat '' at TV.com The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Boat_(The_Office)&oldid=846544525 '' Categories : 2012 American television episodes The Office ( U.S. season 9 ) episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 12 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did andy sail to in the office | [
"Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) learns that his father took all the family money and fled to Argentina with his mistress. Left to pick up the pieces, Andy sells off family heirlooms, and is upset that he has to sell the family boat for lack of any other means for his mother to support herself. Erin Hannon (Ellie Kemper) convinces him that before he sells the boat, they should take it out for one last sunset cruise, and they drive to Stamford, Connecticut, where the boat is docked. Andy starts to hoist the main sail, but is stopped by a broker who is to sail it to the Caribbean for the buyer. With Erin's encouragement, Andy decides to take the boat to the Caribbean himself. He then finds his drunken brother Walter (Josh Groban) passed out in the liquor closet. Walter comes to and tells Andy he wanted to get the first relapse out of the way before checking into rehab. Andy invites him on the trip, saying they both need family time together and leaves, thanking Erin for her encouragement. Erin says to the camera that she would have loved to go with him if he asked. Back in the office that evening, Pete Miller (Jake Lacy) asks Erin to join him for drinks, and she accepts.\n"
] | [
"the Caribbean"
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-7780747865508634865 | Macau | Macau - wikipedia Macau Special Administrative Region of China `` Macao '' redirects here . For other uses of `` Macau '' or `` Macao '' , see Macau ( disambiguation ) . `` RAEM '' redirects here . For the Final Fantasy character , see Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles § Plot . Macao Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China 中華 人民 共和國 澳門 特別 行政區 ( Chinese ) Jūng'wàh Yàhnmàhn Guhng'wòhgwok Oumún Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui ( Cantonese ) Região Administrativa Especial de Macau da República Popular da China ( Portuguese ) Flag Emblem Anthem : `` March of the Volunteers '' 義勇軍 進行曲 Yihyúhnggwān Jeunhàhngkūk Marcha dos Voluntários City flower Nelumbo nucifera 蓮花 Līnfàa Location of Macau within China Status Special administrative region Official languages Chinese Portuguese Official scripts Traditional Chinese Portuguese orthography Ethnic groups ( 2014 ) 95.0 % Chinese 2.0 % Macanese 3.0 % others Demonym Macanese Government Devolved parliamentary multi-party system within socialist republic Chief Executive Fernando Chui Administration and Justice Secretary Sonia Chan Economy and Finance Secretary Lionel Leong Security Secretary Wong Sio Chak Assembly President Ho Iat Seng Court President Sam Hou Fai National representation National People 's Congress 12 deputies ( of 2,924 ) Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference 29 delegates ( of 2,158 ) Legislature Legislative Assembly Autonomy within the People 's Republic of China Portuguese settlement 1557 Sino - Portuguese Treaty of Peking 1 December 1887 Transfer of sovereignty from Portugal 20 December 1999 Area Total 115.3 km ( 44.5 sq mi ) Water ( % ) 73.7 Population 2016 census 650,900 Density 21,411 / km ( 55,454.2 / sq mi ) ( 1st ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $65,732 billion ( 103rd ) Per capita $114,430 ( 2nd ) GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $44.803 billion ( 83rd ) Per capita $77,451 ( 3rd ) HDI ( 2015 ) 0.905 very high 17th Currency Macanese pataca ( MOP ) Time zone Macau Standard Time ( UTC + 8 ) Date format dd - mm - yyyy yyyy 年 mm 月 dd 日 Drives on the left Calling code + 853 ISO 3166 code MO Internet TLD . mo . 澳門 . 澳门 Website gov.mo ^ Cantonese is the de facto standard . ^ For all government use , documents written using Traditional Chinese characters are authoritative over ones inscribed with Simplified Chinese characters . Portuguese shares equal status with Chinese in all official proceedings . ^ The UN does not calculate the HDI of Macau . The government of Macau calculates its own HDI . Macau ( Chinese : 澳門 , Cantonese : ( ōu. mǔːn ) , / məˈkaʊ / ( listen ) ; Portuguese : Macau ) , officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , is an autonomous territory on the western side of the Pearl River estuary in East Asia . Along with Hong Kong , Guangzhou , Shenzhen , Zhuhai , and several other major cities in Guangdong , the territory forms a core part of the Pearl River Delta metropolitan region , the most populated area in the world . With a population of 650,900 in an area of 30.5 km ( 11.8 sq mi ) , it is the most densely populated region in the world . Macau was formerly a colony of the Portuguese Empire , after Ming China leased the territory as a trading post in 1557 . Originally governing under Chinese authority and sovereignty , Portugal was given perpetual occupation rights for Macau in 1887 . Macau remained under Portuguese control until 1999 , when it was returned to China . As a special administrative region , Macau maintains a separate political and economic system apart from mainland China . Macau is the gambling capital of the world . Its economy is heavily dependent on gambling and tourism , with the largest gaming revenue since 2006 . It has a very high Human Development Index and the fourth - highest life expectancy in the world . Macau is among the world 's richest regions and its GDP per capita by purchasing power parity was higher than that of any country in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Portuguese Macau 2.2 Transfer of sovereignty and SAR status 3 Government and politics 3.1 Executive 3.2 Legislature 3.3 Judiciary 3.4 Military 3.5 International relations 3.6 Administrative divisions 4 Geography 4.1 Climate 5 Economy 5.1 Monetary system 6 Demographics 6.1 Language 6.2 Religion 7 Infrastructure 7.1 Education 7.2 Healthcare 7.3 Transport 8 Culture 8.1 Cuisine 8.2 Sports 9 Notable people 10 Sister cities 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Citations 12.2 Sources 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology Main article : Names of Macau Macau Chinese name Traditional Chinese 澳門 Simplified Chinese 澳门 Literal meaning Bay Gate show Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Àomén IPA ( ɑ̂ʊ̯mə̌n ) other Mandarin Xiao'erjing اَوْمٍ Wu Romanization au men Hakka Romanization Au mun Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Oumún IPA ( ōu. mǔːn ) Jyutping Ou3mun2 Canton Romanization ou mun Southern Min Hokkien POJ Ò - mn̂g Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Ó̤ - muòng Macau Special Administrative Region Traditional Chinese 澳門 特別 行政區 ( or 澳門 特區 ) Simplified Chinese 澳门 特别 行政区 ( or 澳门 特区 ) show Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Àomén Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū ( Àomén Tèqū ) Wu Romanization au men deh bih ghan tsen chiu Hakka Romanization Au mun Tet piet hang zin ki ( Au mun Tet ki ) Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Oumún Dahkbiht Hàhngjing Keūi IPA ( ōu. mǔːn tɐ̀k̚. piːt̚ hɐ̏ŋ. tsēŋ khɵ́y ) Jyutping Ou3mun2 Dak6bit6 Hang4zing3 Keoi1 Canton Romanization Ou mun Deg bid Heng jing Kêu Southern Min Hokkien POJ Ò - mn̂g Te̍k - pia̍t Hêng - chèng - khu Portuguese name Portuguese Região Administrativa Especial de Macau ( for `` Macau Special Administrative Region '' ) pronounced ( ʁɨʒiˈɐ̃w̃ ɐdminiʃtɾɐˈtivɐ ( ɨ ) ʃpɨsiˈaɫ dɨ mɐˈkaw ) The present Chinese name ( Chinese : 澳門 ; pinyin : Àomén ; Cantonese Yale : Oumún ) means `` Bay Outlet '' . Macau is otherwise known in Chinese as Haojing ( 濠 鏡 , literally `` Moat Mirror '' ) or Jinghai ( 鏡 海 , literally `` Mirror Sea '' ) . The name Macau is thought to be derived from the A-Ma Temple ( Chinese : 媽 閣 廟 ; pinyin : Māgé Miào ; Cantonese Yale : Māgok Miuh ) , a temple built in 1448 dedicated to Mazu , the goddess of seafarers and fishermen . More precisely , the name Macau corresponds to the Chinese name `` 媽 港 '' ( pinyin : Māgǎng ) , meaning `` Mazu Harbor '' , and referring to the waters adjacent to the Ama Temple . History Main articles : History of Macau , Portuguese Macau , and Transfer of sovereignty over Macau Ruins of St. Paul 's , built in 1602 and destroyed by fire in 1835 The history of Macau is traced back to the Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) , when the region now called Macau came under the jurisdiction of Panyu County , Nanhai Prefecture ( modern Guangdong ) . The first recorded Chinese inhabitants of the area were people seeking refuge in Macau from invading Mongols during the Southern Song . Under the Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , fishermen migrated to Macau from Guangdong and Fujian . The Macau native people were Tanka boat people . Macau did not develop as a major settlement until the Portuguese arrived in the 16th century . In 1513 , Jorge Álvares became the first Portuguese to land in China . In 1535 , Portuguese traders obtained the rights to anchor ships in Macau 's harbours and to carry out trading activities , though not the right to stay onshore . Around 1552 -- 1553 , they obtained temporary permission to erect storage sheds onshore , in order to dry out goods drenched by sea water ; they soon built rudimentary stone houses around the area now called Nam Van . Portuguese Macau In 1557 , the Portuguese established a permanent settlement in Macau , paying an annual rent of 500 taels ( 18.9 kilograms / 41.6 pounds ) of silver . The Portuguese continued to pay an annual tribute up to 1863 in order to stay in Macau . By 1564 , Portugal commanded western trade with India , Japan , and China . In 1631 the Chinese restricted Portuguese commerce in China to the port of Macau . During the 17th century , some 5,000 slaves lived in Macau , in addition to 2,000 Portuguese and 20,000 Chinese . As more Portuguese settled in Macau to engage in trade , they made demands for self - administration ; but this was not achieved until the 1840s . In 1576 , Pope Gregory XIII established the Roman Catholic Diocese of Macau . In 1583 , the Portuguese in Macau were permitted to form a Senate to handle various issues concerning their social and economic affairs under strict supervision of the Chinese authority , but there was no transfer of sovereignty . Macau , c. 1870 Macau prospered as a port but it was the target of repeated failed attempts by the Dutch to conquer it in the 17th century . On 24 June 1622 , the Dutch attacked Macau in the Battle of Macau , in the hope of turning it into a Dutch possession . The Portuguese repulsed their attack and the Dutch never tried to conquer Macau again . The majority of the defenders were African slaves , with only a few Portuguese soldiers and priests . Captain Kornelis Reyerszoon was commander of the 800 - strong Dutch invasion force . The grieving Dutch Governor Jan Pz . Coen said after the defeat that `` The slaves of the Portuguese at Macao served them so well and faithfully , that it was they who defeated and drove away our people there last year '' , and `` Our people saw very few Portuguese '' during the battle . Following the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) , Portugal occupied the empty islands of Taipa and Coloane in 1851 and 1864 respectively . On 1 December 1887 , the Qing and Portuguese governments signed the Sino - Portuguese Treaty of Peking , under which China ceded the right of `` perpetual occupation and government of Macao by Portugal '' in compliance with the statements of the Protocol of Lisbon . In return , Macau Government would cooperate with Hong Kong 's smuggling trade in Indian opium and China would profit from imposing customs taxes . Portugal was also obliged `` never to alienate Macau without previous agreement with China '' , therefore ensuring that negotiation between Portugal and France ( regarding a possible exchange of Macau and Portuguese Guinea with the French Congo ) or with other countries would not go forward -- so that the British commercial interests would be secured ; Macau officially became a territory under Portuguese administration . In 1928 , after the Qing dynasty had been overthrown following the Xinhai Revolution , the Kuomintang ( KMT ) government officially notified Portugal that it would abrogate the Treaty of Amity and Commerce ; the two powers signed a new Sino - Portuguese Friendship and Trade Treaty in place of the abrogated treaty . Changing only a few provisions concerning tariff principles and matters relating to business affairs , the new treaty did not alter the sovereignty of Macau and Portuguese government of Macau remained unchanged . During World War II , unlike Portuguese Timor , which was occupied by the Japanese in 1942 along with Dutch Timor , the Japanese respected Portuguese neutrality in Macau , but only up to a point . Macau enjoyed a brief period of economic prosperity as the only neutral port in South China after the Japanese had occupied Guangzhou and Hong Kong . In August 1943 , Japanese troops seized the British steamer Sian in Macau and killed about 20 guards . The next month they demanded the installation of Japanese `` advisors '' under the threat of overt military occupation . The result was that a virtual Japanese protectorate was created over Macau . The `` O Porto Interior '' in Macau , c. 1900 When it was discovered that `` neutral '' Macau was planning to sell aviation fuel to Japan , aircraft from the USS Enterprise bombed and strafed the hangar of the Naval Aviation Centre on 16 January 1945 to destroy the fuel . American air raids on targets in Macau were also made on 25 February and 11 June 1945 . Following Portuguese government protests , in 1950 the United States paid US $20,255,952 to the government of Portugal . Between the end of the Pacific War and the establishment of the People 's Republic of China , Macau served as a safe haven for refugees of the Chinese Civil War . After the establishment of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 , the Beijing government declared the Sino - Portuguese Treaty invalid as an `` unequal treaty '' imposed by foreigners on China . However , Beijing was not ready to settle the treaty question , allowing the maintenance of `` the status quo '' until a more appropriate time . Influenced by the Cultural Revolution in mainland China and by general dissatisfaction with Portuguese government , riots broke out in Macau in 1966 . In the most serious , the so - called 12 - 3 incident , 6 people were killed and more than 200 people were injured . On 28 January 1967 , the Portuguese government issued a formal apology by means of an `` admission of guilt '' . Shortly after Portugal 's 1974 Carnation Revolution , which overthrew the Estado Novo dictatorship , the new government determined it would relinquish all its overseas possessions . In 1976 , Lisbon redefined Macau as a `` Chinese territory under Portuguese administration '' and granted it a large measure of administrative , financial , and economic autonomy . Three years later , Portugal and China agreed to regard Macau as `` a Chinese territory under ( temporary ) Portuguese administration '' . The Chinese and Portuguese governments commenced negotiations on the question of Macau in June 1986 . The two signed the Sino - Portuguese Joint Declaration the next year , making Macau one of the special administrative regions of China . Transfer of sovereignty and SAR status The Peoples Liberation Army enters Macau after the transfer of sovereignty on 20 December 1999 The Chinese government assumed formal sovereignty over Macau on 20 December 1999 as a special administrative region ( SAR ) after over 400 years of Portuguese colonial rule . This event also marked the end of the Portuguese Empire and European colonialism in Asia . The economy since then has continued to prosper with the sustained growth of tourism from mainland China and the construction of new casinos . Government and politics Main articles : Politics of Macau , Legislative Assembly of Macau , Legal system of Macau , and Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau Macau Government Headquarters The Sino - Portuguese Joint Declaration and Macau Basic Law , Macau 's constitution , promulgated by China 's National People 's Congress in 1993 , specify that Macau 's social and economic system , lifestyle , rights , and freedoms are to remain unchanged for at least 50 years after the transfer of sovereignty to China in 1999 . Under the principle of `` one country , two systems '' , Macau enjoys a high degree of autonomy in all areas except defence and foreign affairs . Macau officials , rather than PRC officials , run Macau through the exercise of separate executive , legislative , and judicial powers , as well as the right to final adjudication . Macau maintains its own currency ( the Macanese pataca ) , customs territory , immigration and border controls and police force . Executive The government in Macau is headed by the Chief Executive of Macau , who is appointed by the central government upon the recommendation of an election committee , whose three hundred members are nominated by corporate and community bodies . The recommendation is made by an election within the committee . The chief executive 's cabinet is made up of five policy secretaries and two commissariats and is advised by the Executive Council of Macau , which has between seven and eleven members . Edmund Ho , a community leader and former banker , was the first chief executive of the Macau SAR , replacing General Vasco Rocha Vieira at midnight on 20 December 1999 . Fernando Chui is the current Chief Executive . The chief executive and the cabinet have their offices in the Macau Government Headquarters , located in the area of São Lourenço . Legislature Legislative Assembly of Macau The legislative organ of the territory is the Legislative Assembly , a 33 - member body comprising 14 directly elected members , 12 indirectly elected members representing functional constituencies and seven members appointed by the chief executive . Any permanent residents at or over 18 years of age are eligible to vote in direct elections . Indirect election is limited to organizations registered as `` corporate voters '' and a 300 - member election committee drawn from broad regional groupings , municipal organizations , and central government bodies . In February 2009 , the Legislative Assembly passed the Macau national security law based on a withdrawn security legislation previously introduced in Hong Kong . Democracy advocates feared that the bill 's excessively broad scope could lead to abuses , a concern which has been heightened after a number of prominent supporters of democracy in Hong Kong were denied entry into Macau in the run - up to the bill 's passage . Judiciary Main article : Legal system of Macau Seat of the Superior Tribunal of Macau The original framework of the legal system , based largely on the Law of Portugal , the Portuguese civil law system , was preserved after 1999 . The territory has its own independent judicial system with a High Court independent of both the local Government and the Central People 's Government of the People 's Republic of China . Judges are selected by a committee and appointed by the chief executive . Foreign judges may serve on the courts . The judicial organs of the Macau are the Public Ministry ; the Courts of First Instance , which are subdivided into the Basic Judicial Court and Administrative Court ; the Court of the Second Instance and the Court of Final Appeal . The legal system of Macau is essentially based on the model of Portuguese law , and is thus part of the family of continental legal systems ( Roman - Germanic ) . From 1987 to 1999 , this legal system was completely modernized with a view to the transfer of sovereignty from Macau to the People 's Republic of China . Thus , a number of new laws and codes have been adopted , including the Criminal Code ( 1995 ) , the Civil Code ( 1999 ) , the Commercial Code ( 1999 ) , the Criminal Procedure Code ( 1996 ) and the Civil Procedure Code ( 1999 ) . Following the transition , major reforms in the legal system continued , such as the use of Chinese language in courts and legislations . From a constitutional point of view , the Macau legal system is characterized by the existence of a text with constitutional force in the Macau SAR , the Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region , promulgated by the National People 's Congress in 1993 . As a rule , the national laws of the People 's Republic of China do not apply to Macau , except for those expressly indicated in Annex III of the Basic Law . At present , they are eleven and deal with matters not included in the autonomy of the Special Administrative Region , such as national defense and external relations . The gambling sector , being a fundamental economic activity for Macau , is subject to a very developed regulation , thus having a good and developed right of the game . There is no death penalty or life imprisonment in Macau , as they are not covered by the Macau Criminal Code . Macau Police vehicles Military Main article : People 's Liberation Army Macau Garrison See also : Military of Macau under Portuguese rule and Liaison Office of the Central People 's Government in the Macau Special Administrative Region Under Portuguese rule , Macau often served as an expeditionary base to Japan and other regions of East Asia from the 16th century onwards , while maintaining a strong garrison mainly to repel Dutch and mainland Chinese attacks . However , since the allied British settled Hong Kong , the need for a strong military presence in Macau dimmed and it became limited before ceasing in 1974 . However , despite having no Portuguese garrison left on the territory , a small security force managed by the local PSP was kept , which proved useful with the escalating triad warfare tensions towards the last decades of Portuguese administration . Also the Capitania dos Portos kept operating a coast guard and the Portuguese airforce kept airfields active until the opening of Macau International Airport in the mid-1990s . In 1999 , upon handover to the PRC , a substantial garrison of the People 's Liberation Army was established in the city helping deliver the last blow to the violence perpetrated by the triads , who were weakened by police action and arrests prior to the handover . The garrison remains , with a large portion of the forces stationed in neighbouring Zhuhai as well . According to the Article 14 , Macau Basic Law , The Central People 's Government shall be responsible for the defense of the Macau Special Administrative Region . And The Government of the Macau SAR shall be responsible for the maintenance of public order in the Region . International relations Main article : Foreign relations of Macau As a special administrative region ( SAR ) of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , Macau 's diplomatic relations and defence are the responsibility of the Central People 's Government of the PRC . Except diplomatic relations and defence , nonetheless , Macau has retained considerable autonomy in all aspects , including economic and commercial relations , customs control . According to Chapter VII of Macau 's basic law , Macau may , on its own , using the name Macau , China or Macao , China , maintain and develop relations and conclude and implement agreements with foreign states and regions and relevant international organisations in the appropriate fields , including the economic , trade , financial and monetary , shipping , communications , tourism , cultural , science and technology , and sports fields . In addition , Macau can participate in international organizations and conferences not limited to states . The Macau government has maintained offices in Lisbon , Taipei , Beijing and in Brussels for the European Union and Geneva for the World Trade Organization . The Special Administrative Region of Macau is member of the World Trade Organization , International Monetary Fund as well as other international cultural and commercial organizations . Administrative divisions Administrative divisions of Macau Macau is divided into 8 parishes . Parish Chinese Area ( km ) Nossa Senhora de Fátima 花 地 瑪 堂 區 3.2 Santo António 花王 堂 區 São Lázaro 望 德 堂 區 0.6 São Lourenço 風 順 堂 區 1.0 Sé 大堂 區 3.4 Nossa Senhora do Carmo 嘉 模 堂 區 7.6 Cotai 路 氹 填 海區 5.8 São Francisco Xavier 聖 方 濟 各 堂 區 7.6 Geography Main article : Geography of Macau Macau is situated 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) southwest of Hong Kong and 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) from Guangzhou of Mainland China . It also has 41 kilometres ( 25 mi ) of coastline , yet only 310 metres ( 1,000 ft ) of land border with Guangdong of Mainland China . It consists of the Macau Peninsula itself and the islands of Taipa and Coloane , which are now connected by landfill forming Cotai . The peninsula is formed by the Zhu Jiang ( Pearl River ) estuary on the east and the Xi Jiang ( West River ) on the west . It borders the Zhuhai Special Economic Zone in mainland China . The main border crossing between Macau and China is known as the Portas do Cerco ( Barrier Gate ) on the Macau side , and the Gongbei Port of Entry on the Zhuhai side . Lago Nam Van , Macau View of the casinos from Science Center View of Taipa from Science Center East China Sea between Taipa and the Macau Peninsula , Macau Macau Peninsula Aerial view of Macau at night View of the old city in Macau with tenement housing in the foreground Macau Peninsula was originally an island , but a connecting sandbar gradually turned into a narrow isthmus . Land reclamation in the 17th century transformed Macau into a peninsula with generally flat terrain , though numerous steep hills still mark the original land mass . Alto de Coloane is the highest point in Macau , with an altitude of 170.6 metres ( 559.7 ft ) . With a dense urban environment , Macau has no arable land , pastures , forest , or woodland . In 2015 , the Chinese government assigned Macau administrative responsibility for 85 km ( 33 sq mi ) of coastal ocean area . Macau skyline Climate Macau has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cwa ) , despite its low elevation coastal location south of the Tropic of Cancer , with average relative humidity between 75 % and 90 % . Similar to much of South China , seasonal climate is greatly influenced by the monsoons , and differences in temperature and humidity between summer and winter are noticeable , though not as great as in mainland China . The average annual temperature of Macau is 22.7 ° C ( 72.9 ° F ) . July is the warmest month , the average temperature being 28.9 ° C ( 84.0 ° F ) . The coolest month is January , with a mean temperature of 14.5 ° C ( 58.1 ° F ) . Located on China 's southern coast , Macau has ample rainfall , with average annual precipitation being 2,120 millimetres ( 83 in ) . However , winter is mostly dry due to the influence of the vast Siberian High affecting much of East Asia . Autumn in Macau , from October to November , is sunny and still pleasantly warm with lower humidity . Winter ( December to early March ) is generally mild with temperatures above 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) most of the time , although they can drop below 8 ° C ( 46 ° F ) at times . Humidity starts to increase from late March . Summer is very warm to hot ( often rising above 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) during the day ) . The hot weather is often followed by heavy rain , thunderstorms and occasional typhoons . Notice that the climate is very similar to Hong Kong 's due to proximity . hide Climate data for Macau ( 1981 -- 2010 , extremes 1901 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 31.5 ( 88.7 ) 35.3 ( 95.5 ) 37.5 ( 99.5 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 38.9 ( 102 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) 38.1 ( 100.6 ) 36.0 ( 96.8 ) 34.2 ( 93.6 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 38.9 ( 102 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 28.4 ( 83.1 ) 30.3 ( 86.5 ) 31.6 ( 88.9 ) 31.5 ( 88.7 ) 30.4 ( 86.7 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 20.1 ( 68.2 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 22.1 ( 71.8 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 28.4 ( 83.1 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 20.9 ( 69.6 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 12.5 ( 54.5 ) 13.6 ( 56.5 ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) 23.6 ( 74.5 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 26.1 ( 79 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 20.3 ( 68.5 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 1.8 ( 28.8 ) 0.4 ( 32.7 ) 3.2 ( 37.8 ) 8.5 ( 47.3 ) 13.8 ( 56.8 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 0.0 ( 32 ) − 1.8 ( 28.8 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 26.5 ( 1.043 ) 59.5 ( 2.343 ) 89.3 ( 3.516 ) 195.2 ( 7.685 ) 311.1 ( 12.248 ) 363.8 ( 14.323 ) 297.4 ( 11.709 ) 343.1 ( 13.508 ) 219.5 ( 8.642 ) 79.0 ( 3.11 ) 43.7 ( 1.72 ) 30.2 ( 1.189 ) 2,058.1 ( 81.028 ) Average precipitation days 5.5 9.9 11.7 12.0 13.9 17.7 16.0 16.0 12.3 6.1 4.6 4.5 130.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 73.8 81.0 84.5 86.1 84.4 84.0 81.8 81.4 77.9 72.4 70.2 68.5 78.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 127.4 79.4 71.5 85.3 136.4 155.3 223.2 195.4 176.5 192.3 172.2 159.1 1,773.9 Source : Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau Climate data for Macau Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average sea temperature ° C ( ° F ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) 29.2 ( 84.6 ) 28.7 ( 83.7 ) 28.3 ( 82.9 ) 26.5 ( 79.7 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 20.9 ( 69.6 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) Mean daily daylight hours 11.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 12.0 12.0 11.0 11.0 12.1 Average Ultraviolet index 7 9 11 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 9 7 7 9.7 Source : Weather Atlas Economy Main articles : Economy of Macau and Gambling in Macau Seat of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino Employed population by occupation 2007 Occupation no . ( ' 000 ) Senior officials / managers 14.6 Professionals 9.9 Technicians 28.1 Clerks 83.7 Service & sale workers 63.2 Workers in agriculture / fishery 0.8 Craft & similar workers 33.7 Macau 's economy is based largely on tourism . Other chief economic activities in Macau are export - geared textile and garment manufacturing , banking and other financial services . The clothing industry provides about three quarters of export earnings , and the gambling , tourism and hospitality industry is estimated to contribute more than 50 % of Macau 's GDP , and 70 % of Macau government revenue . Macau is a founding member of the WTO and has maintained sound economic and trade relations with more than 120 countries and regions , with European Union and Portuguese - speaking countries in particular ; Macau is also a member of the IMF . The World Bank classifies Macau as a high income economy and the GDP per capita of the region in 2006 was US $28,436 . After the 1999 Handover , China eased travel restrictions and visits from the mainland rose rapidly . Together with the liberalization of Macau 's gambling industry in 2001 , which induced significant investment inflows , the average growth rate of the economy between 2001 and 2006 was approximately 13.1 % annually . In a World Tourism Organization report of international tourism for 2006 , Macau ranked 21st in the number of tourists and 24th in terms of tourism receipts . From 9.1 million visitors in 2000 , arrivals to Macau has grown to 18.7 million visitors in 2005 and 22 million visitors in 2006 , with over 50 % of the arrivals coming from mainland China and another 30 % from Hong Kong . Starting in 1962 , the gambling industry had been operated under a government - issued monopoly license by Stanley Ho 's Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau . The monopoly ended in 2002 and several casino owners from Las Vegas attempted to enter the market . With the opening of the Sands Macao , in 2004 and Wynn Macau in 2006 , gambling revenues from Macau 's casinos grew considerably prosperous . In 2007 , Venetian Macau , at the time the second ( in 2017 is seventh ) largest building in the world by floor area , opened its doors to the public , followed by MGM Grand Macau . Numerous other hotel casinos , including Galaxy Cotai Megaresort , opened in 2011 , and plans for a $3.9 billion complex that will be known as Lisboa Palace is expected to be completed by 2017 . In February 2015 , the gambling revenue in Macao fell by 48.6 percent from a year earlier to 19.5 billion patacas ( $2.4 billion ) , the biggest monthly decline that has ever been recorded . Reasons for this fall of revenue are related to the slowdown that the Chinese economy is having and a corruption crackdown by Chinese officials which has constrained lavish spending . In 2002 , the Macau government ended the monopoly system and six casino operating concessions and subconcessions are granted to Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau , Wynn Resorts , Las Vegas Sands , Galaxy Entertainment Group , the partnership of MGM Mirage and Pansy Ho ( daughter of Stanley Ho ) , and the partnership of Melco and Publishing and Broadcasting Limited ( PBL ) . Today , there are 16 casinos operated by the STDM , and they are still crucial in the casino industry in Macau , but in 2004 , the opening of the Sands Macao ushered in the new era . Gambling revenue has made Macau the world 's top casino market , surpassing Las Vegas . The amount of performances performed in Macau has also shown an increasing trend since the early 2010s , including the show House of Dancing Water , concerts , industry trade shows and international art crossovers . Macau is an offshore financial centre , a tax haven , and a free port with no foreign exchange control regimes . The Monetary Authority of Macau regulates offshore finance , while the Macau Trade and Investment Promotion Institute provides services for investment in Macau . In 2007 , Moody 's Investors Service upgraded Macau 's foreign and local currency government issuer ratings to ' Aa3 ' from ' A1 ' , citing its government 's solid finances as a large net creditor . The rating agency also upgraded Macau 's foreign currency bank deposit ceiling to ' Aa3 ' from ' A1 ' . As prescribed by the Macau Basic Law , the government follows the principle of keeping expenditure within the limits of revenues in drawing up its budget , and strives to achieve a fiscal balance , avoid deficits and keep the budget commensurate with the growth rate of its gross domestic product . All financial revenue of the Macau Special Administrative Region shall be managed and controlled by the region itself and shall not be handed over to the Central People 's Government . The Central People 's Government shall not levy any taxes in the Macau Special Administrative Region . Sands Casino , Macau Casino Resort MGM Macau Governador Nobre de Carvalho Bridge , Macau City of Dreams Monetary system Both sides of 100 patacas issued by BNU on 13 July 1992 In Macau , the unit of currency is the pataca , which is currently pegged to the Hong Kong dollar at a rate of HK $1 = MOP1. 03 . The name pataca is a Portuguese word which was applied to the Mexican dollars that were the main circulating coin in the wider region in the second half of the 19th century . In 1894 , the pataca was introduced in both Macau and Portuguese Timor as a unit of account for the Mexican dollar and the other silver dollar coins in circulation . However , the pataca was not the official currency when it was first enacted . In 1901 , it was decided to grant the Banco Nacional Ultramarino the exclusive rights to issue banknotes denominated in patacas , and in the year 1906 , all foreign coins were outlawed . However , the Chinese were suspicious of these paper patacas , being so accustomed to using silver for barter , and as such , the paper patacas circulated at a discount in relation to the silver dollar coins . In 1935 , when China and Hong Kong abandoned the silver standard , the Hong Kong dollar was pegged to sterling at the fixed rate of 1 shilling and 3 pence , whereas the pataca was pegged to the Portuguese escudo at a sterling equivalent rate of only 1 shilling . From 1945 to 1951 , fractional coins of the pataca were minted for issue in Portuguese Timor ; and , in 1952 , similar issues were minted for Macau including an actual pataca coin for the first time . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Macau and Macau people Macau is the most densely populated region in the world , with a population density of 21,185.28 persons per square kilometre in 2016 . Han Chinese make up 95 % of Macau 's population ; another 2 % is of Portuguese and / or mixed Chinese / Portuguese descent , an ethnic group often referred to as Macanese . According to the 2006 by - census , 47 % of the residents were born in mainland China , of whom 74.1 % were born in Guangdong and 15.2 % in Fujian . Meanwhile , 42.5 % of the residents were born in Macau , and those born in Hong Kong , the Philippines and Portugal shared 3.7 % , 2.0 % and 0.3 % respectively . The growth of population in Macau mainly relies on immigrants from mainland China and the influx of overseas workers since its birth rate is one of the lowest in the world . According to The World Factbook , Macau has the fourth highest life expectancy in the world , while its infant mortality rate ranks among the lowest in the world . Language Residents ' usual languages spoken at home Language % Cantonese 85.7 % Mandarin 3.2 % Other Chinese varieties combined 6.7 % Portuguese 0.6 % English 1.5 % Others 2.3 % Many boards and establishments make use of names in Chinese and Portuguese Macau 's official languages are Chinese ( Cantonese ) and Portuguese . Macau still retains its own dialect of Portuguese , called Macanese Portuguese . Other languages -- such as Mandarin , English , and Hokkien -- are spoken by local communities . The Macanese language , a distinctive creole generally known as Patuá , is still spoken by several dozen Macanese . Since Macau has an economy driven by tourism , 14.6 % of the workforce is employed in restaurants and hotels , and 10.3 % in the gambling industry . With the opening of several casino resorts and other major constructions underway , many sectors reportedly experience a shortage of labour , and the government seeks to import labour from neighbouring regions . The number of imported workers stood at a record high of 98,505 in the second quarter of 2008 , representing more than 25 % of the labour force in Macau . Some local workers complain about the lack of jobs due to the influx of cheap imported labour . Some also claim that the problem of illegal labour is severe . Another concern is the widening of income inequality in the region . Macau 's Gini coefficient , a popular measure of income inequality where a low value indicates a more equal income distribution , rose from 0.43 in 1998 to 0.48 in 2006 . It is higher than those of neighbouring regions , such as mainland China ( 0.447 ) , South Korea ( 0.316 ) and Singapore ( 0.425 ) . Ruins of St. Paul 's Religion Main article : Religion in Macau Macau residents are endowed with considerable religious tolerance and freedom . Most Chinese in Macau are profoundly influenced by their own tradition and culture . While most are not religiously affiliated , many take part in Chinese folk religion ( Taoism and Confucianism ) . According to a survey conducted in 2005 , 2007 and 2009 , 55 % of the population do not declare religious affiliation , 30 % follows folk faiths , 10 % are adherents of Buddhism or Taoism , and the remaining 5 % are Christians . Most Christians in Macau are members of the Catholic Church , which is organized and structured in Macau in the Diocese of Macau . Infrastructure Education Main article : Education in Macau University of Macau A fifteen - year free education is currently being offered to residents , that includes a three - year kindergarten , followed by a six - year primary education and a six - year secondary education . The literacy rate of the territory is 93.5 % . The illiterates are mainly among the senior residents aged 65 or above ; the younger generation , for example the population aged 15 -- 29 , has a literacy rate of above 99 % . Currently , there is only one school in Macau where Portuguese is the medium of instruction , Macau Portuguese School . Macau does not have its own region - wide education system ; non-tertiary schools follow either the British , the Chinese , Portuguese , or the Canadian education system . There are currently 10 tertiary educational institutions in the region , four of them being public . In 2006 , the Programme for International Student Assessment , a worldwide test of 15 - year - old schoolchildren 's scholastic performance coordinated by OECD , ranked Macau as the fifth and sixth in science and problem solving respectively . Nevertheless , educational attainment in Macau is relatively low when compared to other high income countries . According to the 2006 by - census , among the resident population aged 14 and above , only 51.8 % has a secondary education and 12.6 % has a tertiary education . As prescribed by the Macau Basic Law Chapter VI Article 121 , the Government of Macau shall , on its own , formulate policies on education , including policies regarding the educational system and its administration , the language of instruction , the allocation of funds , the examination system , the recognition of educational qualifications , and the system of academic awards so as to promote educational development . The government shall also in accordance with law , gradually institute a compulsory education system . Community organizations and individuals may , in accordance with law , run educational undertakings of various kinds . Healthcare See also : List of hospitals in Macau Kiang Wu Hospital Macau is served by one major public hospital , the Hospital Conde S. Januário , and one major private hospital , the Kiang Wu Hospital , both located in Macau Peninsula , as well as a university associated hospital called Macau University of Science and Technology Hospital in Cotai . In addition to hospitals , Macau also has numerous health centres providing free basic medical care to residents . Consultation in traditional Chinese medicine is also available . None of the Macau hospitals are independently assessed through international healthcare accreditation . There are no western - style medical schools in Macau , and thus all aspiring physicians in Macau have to obtain their education and qualification elsewhere . Local nurses are trained at the Macau Polytechnic Institute and the Kiang Wu Nursing College . Currently there are no training courses in midwifery in Macau . A study by the University of Macau , commissioned by the Macau SAR government , concluded that Macau is too small to have its own medical specialist training centre . The Macau Corps of Firefighters ( Portuguese : Corpo de Bombeiros de Macau ) is responsible for ambulance service ( Ambulância de Macau ) . The Macau Red Cross also operates ambulances ( Toyota HiAce vans ) for emergency and non-emergencies to local hospitals with volunteer staff . The organization has a total of 739 uniformed firefighters and paramedics serving from 7 stations in Macau . The Health Bureau in Macau is mainly responsible for coordinating the activities between the public and private organizations in the area of public health , and assure the health of citizens through specialized and primary health care services , as well as disease prevention and health promotion . The Macau Centre for Disease Control and Prevention was established in 2001 , which monitors the operation of hospitals , health centres , and the blood transfusion centre in Macau . It also handles the organization of care and prevention of diseases affecting the population , sets guidelines for hospitals and private healthcare providers , and issues licences . As of 2016 Macau healthcare authorities send patients to Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong in instances where the local Macau hospitals are not equipped to deal with their scenarios , and many Macau residents intentionally seek healthcare in Hong Kong because they place more trust in Hong Kong doctors than in Mainland - trained doctors operating in Macau . Transport Main article : Transport in Macau Air Macau Airbus A321 2011 Macau Yacht Fair Ponte de Amizade ( Friendship Bridge ) from Macau Peninsula ( left ) to Taipa Terminal of Macau International Airport ( left ) and a section of the LRT ( right ) In Macau , traffic drives on the left , unlike in either mainland China or Portugal , but like neighbouring Hong Kong . Macau has a well - established public transport network connecting the Macau Peninsula , Cotai , Taipa Island and Coloane Island . Buses and taxis are the major modes of public transport in Macau . Currently three companies -- Transmac , Transportas Companhia de Macau and Macau Nova Era de Autocarros Públicos operate franchised public bus services in Macau . The trishaw , a hybrid of the tricycle and the rickshaw , is also available , though it is mainly for sightseeing purposes . The newest public bus operator , Macau Nova Era , previously Reolian Public Transport Co. , entered service on 1 August 2011 . This new bus operator operates on the existing routes by Transmac and Transportas Companhia de Macau . Free Casino Shuttle Buses are everywhere in Macau . Due to tourism being the main economic industry in Macau a majority of the larger hotels provide free round trip shuttle bus services which cover the major tourist sites including the airport , Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal , Taipa Temporary Ferry Terminal and other sites . Some Larger hotels such as Venetian Hotel and Holiday Inn even provide a free shuttle between them . The frequency for each route is usually 15 minutes . The taxi system is noted for having a notoriously poor reputation among tourists and even locals . Common complaints include `` constant overcharging , refusal of passengers when the destination or passenger type does not suit the driver , circuitous routes and even violent behaviour . '' In recent years , the Macau government have been making attempts to hold drivers to a higher standard of service through methods such as undercover police prosecuting drivers who violate the taxi regulations on the spot . The Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal and the Taipa Temporary Ferry Terminal provides cross-border transportation services for passengers travelling between Macau and Hong Kong , while the Yuet Tung Terminal in the Inner Harbour serves those travelling between Macau and cities in mainland China , including Shekou and Shenzhen . The Macau Light Rapid Transit or Macau LRT also known as Metro Ligeiro de Macau is a mass transit system in Macau under construction . It will serve the Macau Peninsula , Taipa and Cotai , serving major border checkpoints such as the Border Gate , the Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal , the Lotus Bridge Border and the Macau International Airport . It is planned to open in 2019 . Macau has one active international airport , known as Macau International Airport located at the eastern end of Taipa and neighbouring waters . The airport used to serve as one of the main transit hubs for passengers travelling between mainland China and Taiwan , but now with the introduction of direct flights between those two regions , passenger traffic in this regard has lessened . It is the primary hub for Air Macau . In 2006 , the airport handled about 5 million passengers . Culture Historic Centre of Macau UNESCO World Heritage site Clockwise from top right : Ruins of St. Paul 's ; Casino Lisboa ; St. Joseph Seminary Church ; Governor Nobre de Carvalho Bridge ; A-Ma Temple ; Guia Fortress ; Macau Tower Criteria Cultural : ii , iii , iv , vi Reference 1110 Inscription 2005 ( 29th Session ) Area 16.1678 ha Buffer zone 106.791 ha Main article : Culture of Macau Museum of Macau . Senado Square . Na Tcha Temple , Macau . The mixing of the Chinese and Portuguese cultures and religious traditions for more than four centuries has left Macau with an inimitable collection of holidays , festivals and events . The biggest event of the year is the Macau Grand Prix in November , when the main streets in Macau Peninsula are converted to a racetrack bearing similarities with the Monaco Grand Prix . Other annual events include Macau Arts festival in March , the International Fireworks Display Contest in September , the International Music festival in October and / or November , and the Macau International Marathon in December . The Lunar Chinese New Year is the most important traditional festival and celebration normally takes place in late January or early February . The Pou Tai Un Temple in Taipa is the place for the Feast of Tou Tei , the Earth god , in February . The Procession of the Passion of Our Lord is a well - known Roman Catholic rite and journey , which travels from Saint Austin 's Church to the Cathedral , also taking place in February . A-Ma Temple , which honours the Goddess Matsu , is in full swing in April with many worshippers celebrating the A-Ma festival . In May it is common to see dancing dragons at the Feast of the Drunken Dragon and twinkling - clean Buddhas at the Feast of the Bathing of Lord Buddha . In Coloane Village , the Taoist god Tam Kong is also honoured on the same day . Dragon Boat festival is brought into play on Nam Van Lake in June and Hungry Ghosts ' festival , in late August and / or early September every year . All events and festivities of the year end with Winter Solstice in December . Macau preserves many historical properties in the urban area . The Historic Centre of Macau , which includes some twenty - five historic locations , was officially listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 15 July 2005 during the 29th session of the World Heritage Committee , held in Durban , South Africa . Dom Pedro V theatre . Cuisine Local cooking in Macau consists of a blend of Cantonese and Portuguese cuisines . Many unique dishes resulted from the spice blends that the wives of Portuguese sailors used in an attempt to replicate European dishes . Its ingredients and seasonings include those from Europe , South America , Africa , India , and Southeast Asia , as well as local Chinese ingredients . Typically , Macanese food is seasoned with various spices and flavours including turmeric , coconut milk , cinnamon and bacalhau , giving special aromas and tastes . Famous dishes include minchi , capella , galinha à Portuguesa , galinha à Africana ( African chicken ) , bacalhau , Macanese chili shrimps and stir - fry curry crab . Pork chop bun , ginger milk and Portuguese - style egg tart are also very popular in Macau . Sports This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 2008 Macau F3 Grand Prix in progress Macau has its own professional football league , the Campeonato da 1a Divisão do Futebol , where the Big Three professional football clubs of Portugal have their own branches : S.L. Benfica de Macau , Sporting Clube de Macau and F.C. Porto de Macau . In general , football ( soccer ) has the greatest popularity in Macau , which has a representative international side , Macau national football team . Another common sport is rink hockey , which is often practised by the Portuguese . The national team of Macau is the most powerful of Asia , always participates in the Rink Hockey World Championship in B category and has many Rink Hockey Asian Championship titles . The last Championship was won in Lishui , Zhejiang , at the 2016 Asian Roller Hockey Championship . Macau also has a basketball team , which qualified for the Asian Basketball Championship twice . The automobile racing event Macau Grand Prix is arguably the most important international sporting event in Macau , mainly with Formula 3 , motorcycle road racing and touring car races . Since 1989 , Macau owns a thoroughbred horse racing track called Taipa Racecourse operated by the Macau Jockey Club . The racecourse has a 15,000 seater grandstand . Notable people Stanley Ho , business magnate , father of Macau gambling industry Xian Xinghai ( spelt as Hsien Hsing - hai during his era ) , musician and composer during Sino - Japanese War , known work included Yellow River Cantata Michelle Reis , Hong Kong actress and former Miss Hong Kong Edmund Ho , business leader , chief executive of Macau SAR Jenny Tseng , Cantonese pop singer and actress in the 1970s and 1980s Ming - Na Wen , TV and movie actress , one of the first Chinese - American actresses with a contract role Sister cities Macau is twinned with : Lisbon , Portugal Coimbra , Portugal Porto , Portugal São Paulo , Brazil Linköping , Sweden Praia , Cape Verde Brussels , Belgium Da Nang , Vietnam San Francisco , United States See also Macau portal China portal Asia portal Geography portal Index of Macau - related articles Outline of Macau Cuiheng New Area , since 31 March 2013 , a co-operation pilot zone with Macau References Citations Jump up ^ Macao Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments -- Google Books . p. 49 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Local NPC deputies ' election slated for Dec 17 '' . Macau News . 27 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2018 . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary Results of 2016 Population By - Census '' . Statistics and Census Service . Macau SAR Government . 23 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DSEC - 統計 資料 '' . www.dsec.gov.mo . Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Landler , Mark ( 20 December 1999 ) . `` Portugal Lowers Its Flag , Handing Macao to China '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Branigan , Tania ( 11 May 2011 ) . `` Macau -- gaming capital of the world '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Macau : The world 's gambling capital '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 30 July 2017 . 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Jin . `` The evolution of spellings of ' Macau ' : An examination of early Portuguese and Western archival materials . '' Macao -- cultural interaction and literary representations ( 2014 ) : 3 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` The entry `` Macau history '' in Macau Encyclopedia '' ( in Chinese ) . Macau Foundation . Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Chan , 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Fung , 5 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Fung , 7 . Jump up ^ Joseph Timothy Haydn ( 1885 ) . Dictionary of dates , and universal reference . ( With ) ( 18 ed . ) . Oxford University . p. 522 . MACAO ( in Quang - tong , S. China ) was given to the Portuguese as a commercial station in 1586 ( in return for their assistance against pirates ) , subject to an annual tribute , which was remitted in 1863 . Here Camoens composed part of the `` Lusiad . '' Jump up ^ The Mirror of literature , amusement , and instruction , Volume 7 . London : J. Limbird. 1845 . p. 262 . The Chinese were obliged to restrict the commerce of Portugal to the port of Macau , in 1631 . A partnership was then formed with some Chinese dealers in Canton , who were to furnish exports and take delivery of imports at Macau . This scheme did not suit the Chinese ; they were dissatisfied with their partners , and speedily dissolved the connection . ( Princeton University ) . Jump up ^ George Bryan Souza ( 2004 ) . The Survival of Empire : Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the South China Sea 1630 -- 1754 ( reprint ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 53135 - 7 . soldiers 5000 slaves 20000 Chinese 1643 2000 moradores ( Portuguese inhabitants ) 1644 40000 total inhabitants 1648 Jesuits record Jump up ^ Stephen Adolphe Wurm ; Peter Mühlhäusler ; Darrell T. Tryon ( 1996 ) . Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific , Asia and the Americas . Walter de Gruyter . p. 323 . ISBN 3 - 11 - 013417 - 9 . The Portuguese population of Macau was never very large . Between the period 1601 -- 1669 , a typical cross section of the population consisted of about 600 casados , 100 -- 200 other Portuguese , some 5000 slaves and a growing number of Chinese Jump up ^ Zhidong Hao ( 2011 ) . Macau History and Society ( illustrated ed . ) . Hong Kong University Press . p. 63 . ISBN 988 - 8028 - 54 - 5 . This is a time when there were most African slaves , about 5100 . In comparison there were about 1000 to 2000 during the later Portuguese rule in Macau . Jump up ^ Historical figures of Macau , by CCTV . Jump up ^ `` The entry `` Catholic '' in Macau Encyclopedia '' ( in Chinese ) . Macau Foundation . Archived from the original on 24 December 2007 . Retrieved 6 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Historical figures of Macau by CCTV Jump up ^ History of the Qing ( 清史 稿 ) Jump up ^ Indrani Chatterjee ; Richard Maxwell Eaton , eds. ( 2006 ) . Slavery and South Asian history ( illustrated ed . ) . Indiana University Press . p. 238 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21873 - X . Portuguese , `` he concluded ; '' The Portuguese beat us off from Macau with their slaves. `` 10 The same year as the Dutch ... an English witness recorded that the Portuguese defense was conducted primarily by their African slaves Jump up ^ Middle East and Africa . Taylor & Francis . 1996 . p. 544 . ISBN 1 - 884964 - 04 - 4 . A miscellaneous assemblage of Portuguese soldiers , citizens , African slaves , friars , and Jesuits managed to withstand the attack . Following this defeat , the Dutch made no further attempts to take Macau , although they continued to harass Jump up ^ Christina Miu Bing Cheng ( 1999 ) . Macau : a cultural Janus ( illustrated ed . ) . Hong Kong University Press . p. 159 . ISBN 962 - 209 - 486 - 4 . invaded Macau on 24 June 1622 but was defeated by a handful of Portuguese priests , citizens and African slaves Jump up ^ Steven Bailey ( 2007 ) . Strolling in Macau : A Visitor 's Guide to Macau , Taipa , and Coloane ( illustrated ed . ) . ThingsAsian Press . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 9715940 - 9 - 0 . On June 24 , 1622 , a Dutch fleet under Captain Kornelis Reyerszoon assembled a landing force of some 800 armed sailors , a number thought more than sufficient to overpower Macau 's relatively weak garrison . Macau 's future as a Dutch colony seemed all but assured , since the city 's ... still remained under construction and its defenders numbered only about 60 soldiers and 90 civilians , who ranged from Jesuit priests to African slaves Jump up ^ Ruth Simms Hamilton , ed. ( 2007 ) . Routes of passage : rethinking the African diaspora , Volume 1 , Part 1 . Volume 1 of African diaspora research . Michigan State University Press . p. 143 . ISBN 0 - 87013 - 632 - 1 . Jan Coen , who had been sent to establish a Dutch base on the China coast , wrote about the slaves who served the Portuguese so faithfully : `` It was they who defeated and drove away our people last year . '' ( the University of California ) Jump up ^ Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos ( 1968 ) . Studia , Issue 23 . Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos . p. 89 . 85 , quotes a report from the Dutch governor - general , Coen , in 1623 : `` The slaves of the Portuguese at Macau served them so well and faithfully , that it was they who defeated and drove away from our people last year '' . ( University of Texas ) Jump up ^ Themba Sono ( 1993 ) . Japan and Africa : the evolution and nature of political , economic and human bonds , 1543 -- 1993 . HSRC . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 7969 - 1525 - 3 . 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The Monetary Authority of Macau , the Govt. of Macau SAR . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Macau Trade and Investment Promotion Institute '' . The Macau Trade and Investment Promotion Institute , the Govt. of Macau SAR . Archived from the original on 7 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` the web site of Hemscott and Empowering Inverstors '' . Hemscott.com . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Content -- Basic Law of Macau '' . University of Macau . Archived from the original on 30 October 2007 . Retrieved 25 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Macau Pataca '' . OANDA . Archived from the original on 7 June 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population density -- Persons per sq km 2017 Country Ranks , By Rank , Source : Calculated from the Total Population and Total Area figures reported by the CIA World Factbook 2017 '' . Countries of the World . Archived from the original on 2 October 2017 . 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ISSN 2160 - 0295 . `` Drawing on empirical data obtained from three consecutive territory - wide household surveys conducted in 2005 , 2007 , and 2009 respectively , this paper attempts to shed light on the current religious profile of Macau residents . '' Jump up ^ `` PISA 2006 Science Competencies for Tomorrow 's World '' . Archived from the original on 6 December 2007 . Retrieved 10 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Macau Factsheet '' . The Govt. of Macau SAR . Archived from the original on 14 November 2007 . Retrieved 13 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Macau Polytechnic Institute General Information '' . Macau Polytechnic Institute . Archived from the original on 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 3 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Homepage of the College of Nursing and Midwifery '' . College of Nursing and Midwifery , Macau . Retrieved 13 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Yau , Elaine ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Why Macau spends millions to send its patients to Hong Kong -- some by air '' . South China Morning Post . Archived from the original on 9 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . - Print title : `` Patients running out '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The introduction of Health Bureau , Macau SAR '' . The Govt. of Macau SAR . Archived from the original on 12 September 2007 . Retrieved 13 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The policy and functions of the department of health , Macau SAR '' . The Govt. of Macau SAR . Archived from the original on 12 September 2007 . Retrieved 13 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Macau Yearbook 2007 , 453 -- 454 . Jump up ^ `` Bizcuits Bad taxis , bad Macau tourism MACAU DAILY TIMES 澳門 每 日 時報 '' . macaudailytimes.com.mo . Archived from the original on 29 May 2017 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Macau 's Taxi Shame - World Gaming Magazine '' . World Gaming Magazine . 31 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Macau Yearbook 2007 , 458 . Jump up ^ Chan , 58 . Jump up ^ Fung , 198 . Jump up ^ Macau Yearbook 2007 , 467 -- 468 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Prix Macau '' . Macau Grand Prix Committee . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 4 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Macau Festivals & Events '' . AsiaRooms.com . Archived from the original on 29 December 2007 . Retrieved 4 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mostar , Macau and Biblical vestiges in Israel are among the 17 cultural sites inscribed on UNESCO 's World Heritage List '' . UNESCO . Archived from the original on 13 August 2006 . Retrieved 5 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Macanese Cuisine '' . thisisthelife.com . Archived from the original on 23 December 2007 . Retrieved 4 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Discovering Macau -- fabulous food spice route and early fusion cuisine '' . Discovery.com . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Macau Dining '' . TravelChinaGuide.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities of Macao '' . Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Sources Books Fung , Bong Yin ( 1999 ) . Macau : A General Introduction ( in Chinese ) . Joint Publishing ( H.K. ) Co. Ltd . ISBN 962 - 04 - 1642 - 2 . Chan , S.S. ( 2000 ) . The Macau Economy . Publications Centre , University of Macau . ISBN 99937 - 26 - 03 - 6 . Godinho , Jorge ( 2007 ) . Macau business law and legal system . LexisNexis , Hong Kong . ISBN 978 - 962 - 8937 - 27 - 1 . Government Information Bureau ( 2007 ) . Macau Yearbook 2007 . Government Information Bureau of the Macau SAR . ISBN 978 - 99937 - 56 - 09 - 5 . Further reading Cremer ( Editor ) ( 1988 ) . Macau : City of Commerce and Culture . University of Washington Pr . ISBN 0 - 295 - 96608 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Berlie , Jean A. ( 1999 ) . Macao 2000 . Oxford University Press editor , Oxford , United Kingdom . ISBN 0 - 19 - 592074 - 0 . Berlie , Jean A. ( 2000 ) . Macau 's overview at the turn of the century . St. John 's University Institute of Asian Studies editor , New York . De Pina - Cabral ( 2002 ) . Between China and Europe : Person , Culture and Emotion in Macau . Berg Publishers . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5749 - 5 . Eayrs , James ( 2003 ) . Macau Foreign Policy and Government Guide . International Business Publications , United States . ISBN 0 - 7397 - 6451 - 9 . External links Find more aboutMacauat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maps of Macau . Government Portal of the government of Macau Government Information Bureau Macao Yearbook Cultural Affairs Bureau gambling Inspection and Coordination Bureau General information `` Macau '' . 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Macau from UCB Libraries GovPubs Macau at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Macau profile from the BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of Macau Country Study : Macau from the United States Library of Congress ( August 2000 ) Dr Howard M Scott `` Macao '' Travel Macau Government Tourist Office Macau City Guide Articles related to Macau Macau articles History Historic structures Fernão Pires de Andrade Charles Elliot Anders Ljungstedt Governors Postal history Military under Portuguese rule Transfer of sovereignty Geography Macau Peninsula Coloane Taipa Cotai UM Hengqin Birds Geocode Municipalities Politics Basic Law Commission Against Corruption Elections Foreign relations Gaming law Legal system Legislative Council Military Municipal Council Municipality of the Islands One country , two systems Political parties ( UGDM ) Sino - Portuguese Joint Declaration Government Administration and Justice Economy and Finance Security Social Affairs and Culture Transport and Public Works Economy Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement ( CEPA ) Companies Hengqin Immigration Monetary Authority Pataca ( currency ) Telecommunications Tourism Canidrome Gambling Individual Visit Scheme Macau Tower Transport Air Airlines Air Macau Airport Ferry Pier Mass transit system Road List of Roads Hong Kong -- Zhuhai -- Macau Bridge Reolian Transmac TCM Culture Cuisine Cantonese Education universities Events and festivals Films set in Macau Honours system Languages Cantonese Macanese Portuguese Literature José dos Santos Ferreira Luís de Camões Music Cantopop Opera Names of Macau People Demographics Women Youth Religion Science and Culture Centre Scouting Sport Grand Prix Jockey Club Rugby union Outline Index Category Portal Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau ( Freguesias of Macau ) Freguesias Macau Peninsula N. Sra . de Fátima Sto . António S. Lázaro Sé S. Lourenço Taipa and Coloane N. Sra . do Carmo S. Francisco Xavier Other zones Cotai Macau New Urban Zone University of Macau Hengqin Defunct subdivisions Municipality of Macau Municipality of das Ilhas Defunct territories Lapa , Dom João , and Montanha Note : The freguesias are purely symbolic there are no political administrative subdivisions in Macau after the formation of Instituto para os Assuntos Cívicos e Municipais in 2002 . Provincial - level divisions of China Provinces Anhui Fujian Gansu Guangdong Guizhou Hainan Hebei Heilongjiang Henan Hubei Hunan Jiangsu Jiangxi Jilin Liaoning Qinghai Shaanxi Shandong Shanxi Sichuan Yunnan Zhejiang Autonomous regions Guangxi Inner Mongolia Ningxia Tibet Xinjiang Municipalities Beijing Chongqing Shanghai Tianjin Special administrative regions Hong Kong Macau Other Taiwan Note : Taiwan is claimed by the People 's Republic of China but administered by the Republic of China ( see Political status of Taiwan ) . Metropolitan cities of China Major Metropolitan regions Jingjinji ( JJJ ) Pearl River Delta ( PRD ) / Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area Yangtze River Delta ( YRD ) Central Plain ( Zhongyuan ) Chengyu Cross-Strait Western Coast Guanzhong Mid-Southern Liaoning Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Mid-Reaches ( Yangtze River Valley ) Major Cities National Central Cities Beijing Chongqing Guangzhou Shanghai Tianjin Special Administrative Regions Hong Kong Macau Regional Central Cities Chengdu Nanjing Shenyang Shenzhen Wuhan Xi'an Sub-provincial cities Changchun Chengdu Dalian Guangzhou Hangzhou Harbin Jinan Nanjing Ningbo Qingdao Shenyang Shenzhen Wuhan Xi'an Xiamen Provincial capitals ( Prefecture - level ) Changsha Fuzhou Guiyang Haikou Hefei Kunming Lanzhou Nanchang Shijiazhuang Taiyuan Xining Zhengzhou Taibei Autonomous regional capitals Hohhot Lhasa Nanning Ürümqi Yinchuan Comparatively large cities Anshan Baotou Benxi Datong Fushun Handan Huainan Jilin Luoyang Suzhou Tangshan Qiqihar Wuxi Xuzhou Zibo Prefecture - level cities by Province Hebei Shijiazhuang * Tangshan * Qinhuangdao Handan * Xingtai Baoding Zhangjiakou Chengde Cangzhou Langfang Hengshui Shanxi Taiyuan * Datong * Yangquan Changzhi Jincheng Shuozhou Jinzhong Yuncheng Xinzhou Linfen Lüliang Inner Mongolia Hohhot * Baotou * Wuhai Chifeng Tongliao Ordos Hulunbuir Bayannur Ulanqab Liaoning Shenyang * Dalian * Anshan * Fushun * Benxi * Dandong Jinzhou Yingkou Fuxin Liaoyang Panjin Tieling Chaoyang Huludao Jilin Changchun * Jilin Siping Liaoyuan Tonghua Baishan Songyuan Baicheng Heilongjiang Harbin * Qiqihar * Jixi Hegang Shuangyashan Daqing Yīchun Jiamusi Qitaihe Mudanjiang Heihe Suihua Jiangsu Nanjing * Wuxi * Xuzhou * Changzhou Suzhou * Nantong Lianyungang Huai'an Yancheng Yangzhou Zhenjiang Tàizhou Suqian Zhejiang Hangzhou * Ningbo * Wenzhou Jiaxing Huzhou Shaoxing Jinhua Quzhou Zhoushan Tāizhou Lìshui Anhui Hefei * Wuhu Bengbu Huainan * Ma'anshan Huaibei Tongling Anqing Huangshan Chuzhou Fùyang Sùzhou Lu'an Bozhou Chizhou Xuancheng Fujian Fúzhou * Xiamen * Putian Sanming Quanzhou Zhangzhou Nanping Longyan Ningde Jiangxi Nanchang * Jingdezhen Píngxiang Jiujiang Xinyu Yingtan Ganzhou Jí'ān Yíchun Fǔzhou Shangrao Shandong Jinan * Qingdao * Zibo * Zaozhuang Dongying Yantai Weifang Jĭning Tai'an Weihai Rizhao Laiwu Linyi Dezhou Liaocheng Binzhou Heze Henan Zhengzhou * Kaifeng Luoyang * Pingdingshan Anyang Hebi Xinxiang Jiaozuo Puyang Xuchang Luohe Sanmenxia Nanyang Shangqiu Xinyang Zhoukou Zhumadian Hubei Wuhan * Huangshi Shiyan Yichang Xiangyang Ezhou Jingmen Xiaogan Jinzhou Huanggang Xianning Suizhou Hunan Changsha * Zhuzhou Xiangtan Hengyang Shaoyang Yueyang Changde Zhangjiajie Yiyang Chenzhou Yongzhou Huaihua Loudi Guangdong Guangzhou * Shaoguan Shenzhen * Zhuhai Shantou Foshan Jiangmen Zhanjiang Maoming Zhaoqing Huizhou Meizhou Shanwei Heyuan Yangjiang Qingyuan Dongguan Zhongshan Chaozhou Jieyang Yunfu Guangxi Nanning * Liuzhou Guilin Wuzhou Beihai Fangchenggang Qinzhou Guigang Yùlin Baise Hezhou Hechi Laibin Chongzuo Hainan Haikou * Sanya Sansha Danzhou Sichuan Chengdu * Zigong Panzhihua Luzhou Deyang Mianyang Guangyuan Suining Neijiang Leshan Nanchong Meishan Yibin Guang'an Dazhou Ya'an Bazhong Ziyang Guizhou Guiyang * Liupanshui Zunyi Anshun Bijie Tongren Yunnan Kunming * Qujing Yuxi Baoshan Zhaotong Lìjiang Pu'er Lincang Tibet Lhasa * Shigatse Chamdo Nyingchi Shannan Shaanxi Xi'an * Tongchuan Baoji Xianyang Weinan Yan'an Hanzhong Yúlin Ankang Shangluo Gansu Lanzhou * Jiayuguan Jinchang Baiyin Tianshui Wuwei Zhangye Pingliang Jiuquan Qingyang Dingxi Longnan Qinghai Xining * Haidong Ningxia Yinchuan * Shizuishan Wuzhong Guyuan Zhongwei Xinjiang Ürümqi * Karamay Turpan Hami Taiwan ( none ) Other cities ( partly shown below ) Prefecture - level capitals ( County - level ) ( Inner Mongolia : Ulanhot Xilinhot ) Jiagedaqi , Heilongjiang Enshi , Hubei Jishou , Hunan ( Sichuan : Xichang Kangding Barkam ) ( Guizhou : Xingyi Kaili Duyun ) ( Yunnan : Chuxiong Mengzi Wenshan Jinghong Dali Mangshi Shangri - La Lushui ) ( Gansu : Linxia Hezuo ) ( Qinghai : Yushu Delingha ) ( Xinjiang : Changji Bole Korla Yining Artux Aksu Kashgar Hotan Tacheng Altay ) Province - governed cities ( Sub-prefecture - level ) Jiyuan , Henan ( Hubei : Xiantao Qiánjiang Tianmen Shennongjia ) ( Hainan : Wuzhishan Qionghai Wenchang Wanning Dongfang ) ( Xinjiang - XPCC ( Bingtuan ) cities : Shihezi Aral Tumxuk Wujiaqu Beitun Tiemenguan Shuanghe Kokdala Kunyu ) Former Prefecture - level cities Chaohu , Anhui Yumen , Gansu Dongchuan , Yunnan Shashi , Hubei ( Sichuan : Fuling Wanxian ) ( Jilin : Meihekou Gongzhuling ) Sub-prefecture - level cities ( Prefecture - governed ) Qian'an , Hebei Manzhouli , Inner Mongolia Erenhot , Inner Mongolia Golmud , Qinghai County - level cities by Province Hebei Xinji Jinzhou Xinle Zunhua Qian'an * Wu'an Nangong Shahe Zhuozhou Dingzhou Anguo Gaobeidian Botou Renqiu Huanghua Hejian Bazhou Sanhe Shenzhou Shanxi Gujiao Lucheng Gaoping Jiexiu Yongji Hejin Yuanping Houma Huozhou Xiaoyi Fenyang Inner Mongolia Holingol Manzhouli * Yakeshi Zhalantun Ergun Genhe Fengzhen Ulanhot * Arxan Erenhot * Xilinhot * Liaoning Xinmin Wafangdian Zhuanghe Haicheng Donggang Fengcheng Linghai Beizhen Gaizhou Dashiqiao Dengta Diaobingshan Kaiyuan Beipiao Lingyuan Xingcheng Jilin Yushu Dehui Jiaohe Huadian Shulan Panshi Gongzhuling Shuangliao Meihekou Ji'an Linjiang Fuyu Taonan Da'an Yanji Tumen Dunhua Hunchun Longjing Helong Heilongjiang Shangzhi Wuchang Nehe Hulin Mishan Tieli Tongjiang Fujin Fuyuan Suifenhe Hailin Ning'an Muling Dongning Bei'an Wudalianchi Anda Zhaodong Hailun Jiangsu Jiangyin Yixing Xinyi Pizhou Liyang Changshu Zhangjiagang Kunshan Taicang Qidong Rugao Haimen Dongtai Yizheng Gaoyou Danyang Yangzhong Jurong Jingjiang Taixing Xinghua Zhejiang Jiande Lin'an Yuyao Cixi Fenghua Rui'an Yueqing Haining Pinghu Tongxiang Zhuji Shengzhou Lanxi Yiwu Dongyang Yongkang Jiangshan Wenling Linhai Longquan Anhui Chaohu Jieshou Tongcheng Tianchang Mingguang Ningguo Fujian Fuqing Changle Yong'an Shishi Jinjiang Nan'an Longhai Shaowu Wuyishan Jian'ou Zhangping Fu'an Fuding Jiangxi Leping Ruichang Gongqingcheng Lushan Guixi Ruijin Jinggangshan Fengcheng Zhangshu Gao'an Dexing Shandong Zhangqiu Jiaozhou Jimo Pingdu Laixi Tengzhou Longkou Laiyang Laizhou Penglai Zhaoyuan Qixia Haiyang Qingzhou Zhucheng Shouguang Anqiu Gaomi Changyi Qufu Zoucheng Xintai Feicheng Rongcheng Rushan Laoling Yucheng Linqing Henan Gongyi Xingyang Xinmi Xinzheng Dengfeng Yanshi Wugang Ruzhou Linzhou Weihui Huixian Qinyang Mengzhou Yuzhou Changge Yima Lingbao Dengzhou Yongcheng Xiangcheng Jiyuan * Hubei Daye Danjiangkou Yidu Dangyang Zhijiang Laohekou Zaoyang Yicheng Zhongxiang Yingcheng Anlu Hanchuan Shishou Honghu Songzi Macheng Wuxue Chibi Guangshui Enshi * Lichuan Xiantao * Qianjiang * Tianmen * Hunan Liuyang Liling Xiangxiang Shaoshan Leiyang Changning Wugang Miluo Linxiang Jinshi Yuanjiang Zixing Hongjiang Lengshuijiang Lianyuan Jishou * Guangdong Lechang Nanxiong Taishan Kaiping Heshan Enping Lianjiang Leizhou Wuchuan Gaozhou Huazhou Xinyi Sihui Xingning Lufeng Yangchun Yingde Lianzhou Puning Luoding Guangxi Cenxi Dongxing Guiping Beiliu Jingxi Yizhou Heshan Pingxiang Hainan Wuzhishan * Qionghai * Wenchang * Wanning * Dongfang * Sichuan Dujiangyan Pengzhou Qionglai Chongzhou Jianyang Guanghan Shifang Mianzhu Jiangyou Emeishan Langzhong Huaying Wanyuan Barkam * Kangding * Xichang * Guizhou Qingzhen Chishui Renhuai Xingyi * Kaili * Duyun * Fuquan Yunnan Anning Xuanwei Tengchong Chuxiong * Mengzi * Gejiu Kaiyuan Mile Wenshan * Jinghong * Dali * Ruili Mangshi * Lushui * Shangri - La * Tibet ( none ) Shaanxi Xingping Hancheng Huayin Gansu Yumen Dunhuang Linxia * Hezuo * Qinghai Yushu * Golmud * Delingha * Ningxia Lingwu Qingtongxia Xinjiang Changji * Fukang Bole * Alashankou Korla * Aksu * Artux * Kashgar * Hotan * Yining * Kuytun Korgas Tacheng * Wusu Altay * Shihezi * Aral * Tumxuk * Wujiaqu * Beitun * Tiemenguan * Shuanghe * Kokdala * Kunyu * Taiwan ( none ) Notes * Indicates this city has already occurred above . Direct - controlled Municipalities . Sub-provincial cities as provincial capitals . Separate state - planning cities . Special Economic Zone Cities . Coastal development cities . Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs . Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner , Hulunbuir , Inner Mongolia as part of it . Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China . The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC , due to lack of actual jurisdiction . See Template : Administrative divisions of the Republic of China instead . All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture - level cities by province . Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region ( Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area ) Pearl River Delta Economic Zone Guangdong Province Guangzhou Panyu Huadu Nansha Zengcheng Conghua Shenzhen Bao'an Zhuhai Hengqin Dongguan Zhongshan Cuiheng Foshan Jiangmen Enping Taishan Kaiping Heshan Huizhou Zhaoqing Sihui Gaoyao Special administrative regions Hong Kong New Territories Kowloon Hong Kong Island Macau Macau Peninsula Taipa Coloane Cotai Major cities along the Pearl River Cities ( from upper reaches to lower reaches ) Major Tributaries Bei River Bei Nanxiong Shaoguan Zhenjiang Wujiang Qujiang Yingde Qingyuan Qingxin Qingcheng Foshan Sanshui waterways with Xi Nanhai Chancheng Sanshui Guangzhou Panyu Nansha merged into the Shiziyang Dong River Dong Heyuan Yuancheng Huizhou Huicheng Dongguan Guangzhou Zengcheng Huangpu merged into the Shiziyang Xi River Xi Gui → Li Guilin Diecai Qixing Xiufeng Xiangshan Yanshan Wuzhou Changzhou Wanxiu merged into the Xi Xun Yong → Yu Zuo Chongzuo Jiangzhou Nanning Jiangnan Xixiangtang merged into the Yong → Yu You Baise Youjiang Nanning Xixiangtang merged into the Yong → Yu tributaries of Zuo & You Nanning Jiangnan Xixiangtang Qingxiu Liangqing Yongning Guigang Qintang Gangnan Gangbei Guiping merged into the Xun Qian Liu Long Hechi Jinchengjiang Yizhou merged into the Liu Rong Liuzhou Liubei Liunan Chengzhong Yufeng merged into the Liu tributaries of Long & Rong merged into the Qian Hongshui Beipan Xuanwei Liupanshui Liuzhi merged into the Hongshui Nanpan Qujing Qilin merged into the Hongshui tributaries of Beipan & Nanpan Heshan Laibin Xingbin merged into the Qian tributaries of Liu & Hongshui Guiping merged into the Xun tributaries of Yong → Yu & Qian Wuzhou Changzhou Longxu Wanxiu merged into the Xi tributaries of Gui → Li & Xun Wuzhou Wanxiu Yunfu Yun'an Zhaoqing Gaoyao Duanzhou Dinghu Foshan Sanshui waterways with Bei Gaoming Nanhai Shunde Heshan Jiangmen Pengjiang waterways with Shiziyang & Lingdingyang Zhongshan Jiangmen Jianghai Xinhui Zhuhai Doumen Jinwan Xiangzhou South China Sea Pearl River Pearl Guangzhou Baiyun Foshan Nanhai Guangzhou Liwan Haizhu Yuexiu Tianhe Huangpu Dongguan Shiziyang Shiziyang Pearl tributary of Dong Dongguan Guangzhou Panyu tributary of Bei Nansha waterways with Xi Lingdingyang Lingdingyang Shiziyang Guangzhou Nansha District waterways with Xi Zhongshan Shenzhen Bao'an District Guangming New District Longhua New District Nanshan District , Shenzhen Futian District Luohu District Yantian District Longgang District Pingshan New District Dapeng New District Zhuhai Xiangzhou Jinwan District Doumen District Hong Kong New Territories Hong Kong Island Kowloon Macau Macau Peninsula Taipa Coloane Cotai Jiuzhouyang Jiuzhouyang Lingdingyang South China Sea Major cities along the Yangtze River Major cities along the Yellow River Countries and dependencies of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Palestine Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand East Timor ( Timor - 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Officially the Republic of China , participates as `` Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan , Penghu , Kinmen and Matsu '' , and `` Chinese Taipei '' in short . Portuguese overseas empire North Africa 15th century 1415 -- 1640 Ceuta 1458 -- 1550 Alcácer Ceguer ( El Qsar es Seghir ) 1471 -- 1550 Arzila ( Asilah ) 1471 -- 1662 Tangier 1485 -- 1550 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1487 -- 16th century Ouadane 1488 -- 1541 Safim ( Safi ) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505 -- 1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué ( Agadir ) 1506 -- 1525 Mogador ( Essaouira ) 1506 -- 1525 Aguz ( Souira Guedima ) 1506 -- 1769 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1513 -- 1541 Azamor ( Azemmour ) 1515 -- 1541 São João da Mamora ( Mehdya ) 1577 -- 1589 Arzila ( Asilah ) Sub-Saharan Africa 15th century 1455 -- 1633 Anguim 1462 -- 1975 Cape Verde 1470 -- 1975 São Tomé 1471 -- 1975 Príncipe 1474 -- 1778 Annobón 1478 -- 1778 Fernando Poo ( Bioko ) 1482 -- 1637 Elmina ( São Jorge da Mina ) 1482 -- 1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1508 -- 1547 Madagascar 1498 -- 1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500 -- 1630 Malindi 1501 -- 1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502 -- 1659 Saint Helena 1503 -- 1698 Zanzibar 1505 -- 1512 Quíloa ( Kilwa ) 1506 -- 1511 Socotra 1557 -- 1578 Accra 1575 -- 1975 Portuguese Angola 1588 -- 1974 Cacheu 1593 -- 1698 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 17th century 1645 -- 1888 Ziguinchor 1680 -- 1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá 1687 -- 1974 Bissau 18th century 1728 -- 1729 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 1753 -- 1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879 -- 1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885 -- 1974 Portuguese Congo Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753 . Or 1600 . A factory ( Anosy Region ) and small temporary coastal bases . Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879 . Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s . Middle East ( Persian Gulf ) 16th century 1506 -- 1615 Gamru ( Bandar Abbas ) 1507 -- 1643 Sohar 1515 -- 1622 Hormuz ( Ormus ) 1515 -- 1648 Quriyat 1515 -- ? Qalhat 1515 -- 1650 Muscat 1515 ? -- ? Barka 1515 -- 1633 ? Julfar ( Ras al - Khaimah ) 1521 -- 1602 Bahrain ( Muharraq Manama ) 1521 -- 1529 ? Qatif 1521 ? -- 1551 ? Tarut Island 1550 -- 1551 Qatif 1588 -- 1648 Matrah 17th century 1620 -- ? Khor Fakkan 1621 ? -- ? As Sib 1621 -- 1622 Qeshm 1623 -- ? Khasab 1623 -- ? Libedia 1624 -- ? Kalba 1624 -- ? Madha 1624 -- 1648 Dibba Al - Hisn 1624 ? -- ? Bandar - e Kong Indian subcontinent 15th century 1498 -- 1545 Laccadive Islands ( Lakshadweep ) 16th century Portuguese India 1500 -- 1663 Cochim ( Kochi ) 1501 -- 1663 Cannanore ( Kannur ) 1502 -- 1658 1659 -- 1661 Quilon ( Coulão / Kollam ) 1502 -- 1661 Pallipuram ( Cochin de Cima ) 1507 -- 1657 Negapatam ( Nagapatnam ) 1510 -- 1961 Goa 1512 -- 1525 1750 Calicut ( Kozhikode ) 1518 -- 1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost ( Pulicat ) 1521 -- 1740 Chaul ( Portuguese India ) 1523 -- 1662 Mylapore 1528 -- 1666 Chittagong ( Porto Grande De Bengala ) 1531 -- 1571 Chaul 1531 -- 1571 Chalé 1534 -- 1601 Salsette Island 1534 -- 1661 Bombay ( Mumbai ) 1535 Ponnani 1535 -- 1739 Baçaím ( Vasai - Virar ) 1536 -- 1662 Cranganore ( Kodungallur ) 1540 -- 1612 Surat 1548 -- 1658 Tuticorin ( Thoothukudi ) 1559 -- 1961 Daman and Diu 1568 -- 1659 Mangalore ( Portuguese India ) 1579 -- 1632 Hugli 1598 -- 1610 Masulipatnam ( Machilipatnam ) 1518 -- 1521 Maldives 1518 -- 1658 Portuguese Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) 1558 -- 1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India 1687 -- 1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India 1779 -- 1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli East Asia and Oceania 16th century 1511 -- 1641 Portuguese Malacca ( Malaysia ) 1512 -- 1621 Maluku ( Indonesia ) 1522 -- 1575 Ternate 1576 -- 1605 Ambon 1578 -- 1650 Tidore 1512 -- 1665 Makassar 1557 -- 1999 Macau ( China ) 1580 -- 1586 Nagasaki ( Japan ) 17th century 1642 -- 1975 Portuguese Timor ( East Timor ) 19th century Portuguese Macau 1864 -- 1999 Coloane 1851 -- 1999 Taipa 1890 -- 1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau 1938 -- 1941 Lapa and Montanha ( Hengqin ) 1975 is the year of East Timor 's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia . In 2002 , East Timor 's independence was fully recognized . North America & North Atlantic 15th century ( Atlantic islands ) 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century ( Canada ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Terra Nova ( Newfoundland ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Labrador 1516 -- 1579 ? Nova Scotia South America & Antilles 16th century 1500 -- 1822 Brazil 1534 -- 1549 Captaincy Colonies of Brazil 1549 -- 1572 Brazil 1572 -- 1578 Bahia 1572 -- 1578 Rio de Janeiro 1578 -- 1607 Brazil 1621 -- 1815 Brazil 1536 -- 1620 Barbados 17th century 1621 -- 1751 Maranhão 1680 -- 1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento 18th century 1751 -- 1772 Grão - Pará and Maranhão 1772 -- 1775 Grão - Pará and Rio Negro 1772 -- 1775 Maranhão and Piauí 19th century 1808 -- 1822 Cisplatina ( Uruguay ) 1809 -- 1817 Portuguese Guiana ( Amapá ) 1822 Upper Peru ( Bolivia ) Coats of arms of Portuguese colonies Evolution of the Portuguese Empire Portuguese colonial architecture Portuguese colonialism in Indonesia Portuguese colonization of the Americas Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia Coordinates : 22 ° 10 ′ N 113 ° 33 ′ E / 22.167 ° N 113.550 ° E / 22.167 ; 113.550 GND : 4036791 - 5 LCCN : n00020499 NARA : 10044788 NDL : 00648292 SUDOC : 092000231 VIAF : 144869371 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macau&oldid=850523275 '' Categories : Macau 1999 establishments in Macau Chinese - speaking countries and territories Cities in China Former colonies in Asia Former Portuguese colonies Historic Jewish communities Pearl River Delta Populated coastal places in China Port cities and towns in China Portuguese - speaking countries and territories Special administrative regions of China States and territories established in 1999 South China Hidden categories : Webarchive template other archives CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with short description Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Use dmy dates from December 2016 Use British English from August 2016 Articles containing Yue Chinese - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Кыргызча Ladino Лезги لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 142 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 12 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the former portuguese colony that is now a special administrative region of china is | [
"Macau was formerly a colony of the Portuguese Empire, after Ming China leased the territory as a trading post in 1557. Originally governing under Chinese authority and sovereignty, Portugal was given perpetual occupation rights for Macau in 1887. Macau remained under Portuguese control until 1999, when it was returned to China. As a special administrative region, Macau maintains a separate political and economic system apart from mainland China.[5]\n"
] | [
"Macau"
] |
4721450468272141810 | List of Power Rangers episodes | List of Power Rangers episodes - wikipedia List of Power Rangers episodes Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of Power Rangers episodes . Power Rangers is adapted from the 40 - year - long line of Japanese tokusatsu television series known as Super Sentai . Over 800 episodes have aired since Mighty Morphin Power Rangers premiered in 1993 , with the 832nd episode being the premiere of the 24th season Power Rangers Ninja Steel on January 21 , 2017 . Seasons : 1 2 3 3.5 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 RV 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Films & Specials Series overview ( edit ) Season Title Episodes Originally aired Network First aired Last aired Mighty Morphin Power Rangers 60 August 28 , 1993 ( 1993 - 08 - 28 ) May 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 23 ) FOX ( Fox Kids ) 52 July 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 21 ) May 20 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 20 ) 33 September 2 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 02 ) November 27 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 27 ) 3.5 Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers 10 February 5 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 05 ) February 17 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 17 ) Power Rangers Zeo 50 April 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 20 ) November 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 27 ) 5 Power Rangers Turbo 45 April 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 19 ) November 24 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 24 ) 6 Power Rangers in Space 43 February 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 06 ) November 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 21 ) 7 Power Rangers Lost Galaxy 45 February 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 06 ) December 18 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 18 ) 8 Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue 40 February 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 12 ) November 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 18 ) 9 Power Rangers Time Force 40 February 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 03 ) November 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 17 ) 10 Power Rangers Wild Force 40 February 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 09 ) November 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 16 ) ABC ( ABC Kids ) 11 Power Rangers Ninja Storm 38 February 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 15 ) November 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 15 ) 12 Power Rangers Dino Thunder 38 February 14 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 14 ) November 20 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 20 ) ABC Family ( Jetix ) 13 Power Rangers S.P.D. 38 February 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 05 ) November 14 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 14 ) Toon Disney ( Jetix ) 14 Power Rangers Mystic Force 32 February 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 20 ) November 13 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 13 ) 15 Power Rangers Operation Overdrive 32 February 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 26 ) November 12 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) 16 Power Rangers Jungle Fury 32 February 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 18 ) November 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 03 ) 17 Power Rangers RPM 32 March 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 07 ) December 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 26 ) ABC ( ABC Kids ) RV Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( re-version ) 32 January 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 02 ) August 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 28 ) 18 Power Rangers Samurai 23 February 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 07 ) December 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 10 ) Nickelodeon 19 Power Rangers Super Samurai 22 February 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 18 ) December 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 15 ) 20 Power Rangers Megaforce 22 February 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 02 ) December 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 07 ) 21 Power Rangers Super Megaforce 20 February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) November 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 22 ) 22 Power Rangers Dino Charge 22 February 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 07 ) December 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 12 ) 23 Power Rangers Dino Super Charge 22 January 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 30 ) December 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 10 ) 24 Power Rangers Ninja Steel TBA January 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 21 ) TBA -- These are the networks where the new episodes for those seasons first aired . Other networks that reran the broadcasts of new Power Rangers episodes a few weeks or months later for those seasons , such as ABC ( most seasons ) , ABC Family ( most seasons ) or Nicktoons are not included . Episodes ( edit ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( edit ) Pilots ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original U.S. air date 0 Pilot 1 `` Day of the Dumpster '' TBA TBA May 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 22 ) 0 Pilot 2 `` Day of the Dumpster '' TBA TBA Unaired ( Unaired ) Season 1 ( 1993 - 94 ) ( edit ) Main article : Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( season 1 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code `` Day of the Dumpster '' Adrian Carr Tony Oliver & Shuki Levy August 28 , 1993 ( 1993 - 08 - 28 ) 101 `` High Five '' Adrian Carr Steve Kramer September 7 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 07 ) 102 `` Teamwork '' Robert Hughes Cheryl Saban September 8 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 08 ) 103 `` A Pressing Engagement '' Adrian Carr Jeff Deckman & Ronnie Sperling September 9 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 09 ) 104 5 5 `` Different Drum '' Jeff Reiner Julianne Klemm September 10 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 10 ) 105 6 6 `` Food Fight '' Robert Hughes Cheryl Saban September 4 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 04 ) 106 7 7 `` Big Sisters '' Jeff Reiner Gary Glasberg & Shuki Levy September 30 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 30 ) 107 8 8 `` I , Eye Guy '' David Blyth Stewart St. John September 14 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 14 ) 109 9 9 `` For Whom the Bell Trolls '' Robert Hughes Jeff Deckman & Ronnie Sperling and Stewart St. John September 15 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 15 ) 111 10 10 `` Happy Birthday , Zack '' Jeff Reiner Stewart St. John September 16 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 16 ) 112 11 11 `` No Clowning Around '' Adrian Carr Mark Hoffmeier September 17 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 17 ) 113 12 12 `` Power Ranger Punks '' David Blyth Mark Hoffmeier September 20 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 20 ) 121 13 13 `` Peace , Love and Woe '' Robert Hughes Julianne Klemm September 21 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 21 ) 128 14 14 `` Foul Play in the Sky '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy September 22 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 22 ) 110 15 15 `` Dark Warrior '' Terence H. Winkless Jeff Deckman & Ronnie Sperling and Mark Hoffmeier September 28 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 28 ) 129 16 16 `` Switching Places '' Jeff Reiner Shuki Levy & Steve Kramer October 4 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 04 ) 108 17 17 `` Green with Evil , Part I : Out of Control '' Robert Hughes Gary Glasberg & Stewart St. John October 5 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 05 ) 114 18 18 `` Green with Evil , Part II : Jason 's Battle '' Robert Hughes Tom Wyner & Cheryl Saban and Stewart St. John October 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 06 ) 115 19 19 `` Green with Evil , Part III : The Rescue '' Robert Hughes Mark Ryan & Stewart St. John October 7 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 07 ) 116 20 20 `` Green with Evil , Part IV : Eclipsing Megazord '' Robert Hughes Cindy McKay & Stewart St. John October 8 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 08 ) 117 21 21 `` Green with Evil , Part V : Breaking the Spell '' Robert Hughes Gary Glasberg & Stewart St. John October 9 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 09 ) 118 22 22 `` The Trouble with Shellshock '' David Blyth Stewart St. John & Julianne Klemm October 11 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 11 ) 119 23 23 `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' Robert Hughes Steve Kramer October 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 12 ) 120 24 24 `` The Spit Flower '' David Blyth Peggy Nicoll October 19 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 19 ) 122 25 25 `` Life 's a Masquerade '' Robert Hughes Cheryl Saban October 30 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 30 ) 123 26 26 `` Gung Ho ! '' Robert Hughes Mark Hoffmeier October 25 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 25 ) 124 27 27 `` Wheel of Misfortune '' Terence H. Winkless Mark Ryan & Cheryl Saban November 1 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 01 ) 127 28 28 `` Island of Illusion , Part I '' Terence H. Winkless Chris Schoon & Shuki Levy November 2 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 02 ) 125 29 29 `` Island of Illusion , Part II '' Terence H. Winkless Stewart St. John & Chris Schoon and Shuki Levy November 3 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 03 ) 126 30 30 `` The Rockstar '' Terence H. Winkless Peggy Nicoll November 4 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 04 ) 130 31 31 `` Calamity Kimberly '' Terence H. Winkless Tom Wyner & Julianne Klemm November 5 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 05 ) 131 32 32 `` A Star is Born '' Terence H. Winkless Cheryl Saban November 15 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 15 ) 132 33 33 `` The Yolk 's on You ! '' Terence H. Winkless Cheryl Saban November 16 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 16 ) 133 34 34 `` The Green Candle , Part I '' Robert Hughes Mark McKain & Stewart St. John November 17 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 17 ) 134 35 35 `` The Green Candle , Part II '' Robert Hughes Gary Glasberg & Stewart St. John November 18 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 18 ) 135 36 36 `` Birds of a Feather '' Robert Hughes Julianne Klemm November 22 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 22 ) 136 37 37 `` Clean - Up Club '' Terence H. Winkless Mark Hoffmeier November 23 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 23 ) 137 38 38 `` A Bad Reflection on You '' Robert Hughes Peggy Nicoll November 27 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 27 ) 138 39 39 `` Doomsday , Part I '' Terence H. Winkless Stewart St. John November 29 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 29 ) 139 40 40 `` Doomsday , Part II '' Terence H. Winkless Stewart St. John November 30 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 30 ) 140 41 41 `` Rita 's Seed of Evil '' Robert Hughes Stewart St. John February 7 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 07 ) 143 42 42 `` A Pig Surprise '' Robert Hughes Shuki Levy & Douglas Sloan February 8 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 08 ) 141 43 43 `` Something Fishy '' Robert Hughes Cheryl Saban February 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 09 ) 145 44 44 `` Lions & Blizzards '' Robert Hughes Shell Danielson February 10 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 10 ) 142 45 45 `` Crystal of Nightmares '' Robert Hughes Shuki Levy & Douglas Sloan February 14 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 14 ) 144 46 46 `` To Flea or Not to Flee '' Terence H. Winkless Douglas Sloan February 15 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 15 ) 146 47 47 `` Reign of the Jellyfish '' Terence H. Winkless Stewart St. John February 16 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 16 ) 147 48 48 `` Plague of the Mantis '' Terence H. Winkless Mark Hoffmeier February 17 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 17 ) 148 49 49 `` Return of an Old Friend , Part I '' Worth Keeter Shell Danielson February 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 28 ) 149 50 50 `` Return of an Old Friend , Part II '' Worth Keeter Shell Danielson March 1 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 01 ) 150 51 51 `` Grumble Bee '' John Stewart Cheryl Saban April 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 04 - 28 ) 151 52 52 `` Two Heads Are Better Than One '' John Stewart Mark Hoffmeier April 29 , 1994 ( 1994 - 04 - 29 ) 152 53 53 `` Fowl Play '' John Stewart Peggy Nicoll May 2 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 02 ) 153 54 54 `` Trick or Treat '' Worth Keeter Daniel J. Sarnoff & Ellen Levy - Sarnoff May 3 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 03 ) 155 55 55 `` Second Chance '' Worth Keeter Mark Litton May 4 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 04 ) 157 56 56 `` On Fins and Needles '' Worth Keeter Douglas Sloan May 5 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 05 ) 156 57 57 `` Enter ... The Lizzinator '' Worth Keeter Stewart St. John May 6 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 06 ) 154 58 58 `` Football Season '' Terence H. Winkless Cheryl Saban May 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 09 ) 158 59 59 `` Mighty Morphin ' Mutants '' Terence H. Winkless Douglas Sloan May 16 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 16 ) 159 60 60 `` An Oyster Stew '' Terence H. Winkless Shell Danielson May 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 23 ) 160 Season 2 ( 1994 - 95 ) ( edit ) Main article : Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( season 2 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 61 `` The Mutiny , Part I '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson July 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 21 ) 201 62 `` The Mutiny , Part II '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson July 29 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 29 ) 202 63 `` The Mutiny , Part III '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson August 5 , 1994 ( 1994 - 08 - 05 ) 203 64 `` The Wanna - Be Ranger '' John Stewart Ellen Levy - Sarnoff & Daniel J. Sarnoff September 13 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 13 ) 204 65 5 `` Putty on the Brain '' John Stewart Mark Litton September 14 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 14 ) 205 66 6 `` Bloom of Doom '' John Stewart Cheryl Saban September 17 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 17 ) 206 67 7 `` The Green Dream '' John Stewart Stewart St. John September 19 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 19 ) 210 68 8 `` The Power Stealer '' Terence H. Winkless Tony Oliver & Barbara A. Oliver September 20 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 20 ) 207 69 9 `` The Beetle Invasion '' Terence H. Winkless Mark Hoffmeier September 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 21 ) 208 70 10 `` Welcome to Venus Island '' Terence H. Winkless Mark Hoffmeier September 24 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 24 ) 209 71 11 `` The Song of Guitardo '' Terence H. Winkless Shell Danielson & Shuki Levy September 26 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 26 ) 211 72 12 `` Green No More , Part I '' John Stewart Stewart St. John September 27 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 27 ) 212 73 13 `` Green No More , Part II '' John Stewart Stewart St. John September 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 28 ) 213 74 14 `` Missing Green '' John Stewart Ellen Levy - Sarnoff & Daniel J. Sarnoff October 3 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 03 ) 215 75 15 `` Orchestral Maneuvers in the Park '' Jerry P. Jacobs Douglas Sloan October 4 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 04 ) 214 76 16 `` Beauty and the Beast '' John Stewart Cheryl Saban October 10 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 10 ) 216 77 17 `` White Light , Part I '' Jonathan Tzachor Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson October 17 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 17 ) 217 78 18 `` White Light , Part II '' Jonathan Tzachor Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson October 18 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 18 ) 218 79 19 `` Two for One '' Jerry P. Jacobs Douglas Sloan October 24 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 24 ) 219 80 20 `` Opposites Attract '' Jerry P. Jacobs Cheryl Saban October 25 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 25 ) 221 81 21 `` Zedd 's Monster Mash '' Jerry P. Jacobs Cheryl Saban October 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 28 ) 220 82 22 `` The Ninja Encounter , Part I '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson November 2 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 02 ) 223 83 23 `` The Ninja Encounter , Part II '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson November 3 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 03 ) 224 84 24 `` The Ninja Encounter , Part III '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson November 4 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 04 ) 225 85 25 `` A Monster of Global Proportions '' Jerry P. Jacobs Douglas Sloan November 5 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 05 ) 226 86 26 `` Zedd Waves '' Jerry P. Jacobs Mark Litton November 7 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 07 ) 222 87 27 `` The Power Transfer , Part I '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn November 8 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 08 ) 231 88 28 `` The Power Transfer , Part II '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn November 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 09 ) 232 89 29 `` Goldar 's Vice-Versa '' Terence H. Winkless Douglas Sloan November 12 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 12 ) 233 90 30 `` Mirror of Regret '' Terence H. Winkless Cheryl Saban November 14 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 14 ) 234 91 31 `` When is a Ranger Not a Ranger ? '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn November 15 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 15 ) 235 92 32 `` Rocky Just Wants to Have Fun '' Terence H. Winkless Mark Hoffmeier November 16 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 16 ) 228 93 33 `` Lights , Camera , Action '' Terence H. Winkless Daniel J. Sarnoff & Ellen Levy - Sarnoff November 17 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 17 ) 240 94 34 `` Where There 's Smoke , There 's Fire '' John Stewart Jerry P. Jacobs November 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 21 ) 237 95 35 `` Scavenger Hunt '' John Stewart Stewart St. John November 22 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 22 ) 227 96 36 `` The Great Bookala Escape '' John Stewart Judd Lynn November 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 23 ) 239 97 37 `` Forever Friends '' Terence H. Winkless Cheryl Saban November 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 28 ) 238 98 38 `` A Reel Fish Story '' Terence H. Winkless Ellen Levy - Sarnoff & Douglas Sloan November 29 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 29 ) 236 99 39 `` Rangers Back in Time , Part I '' Terence H. Winkless Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 04 ) 229 100 40 `` Rangers Back in Time , Part II '' Terence H. Winkless Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 11 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 11 ) 230 101 41 `` The Wedding , Part I '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 13 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 13 ) 241 102 42 `` The Wedding , Part II '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 14 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 14 ) 242 103 43 `` The Wedding , Part III '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 15 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 15 ) 243 104 44 `` Return of the Green Ranger , Part I '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy February 20 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 20 ) 244 105 45 `` Return of the Green Ranger , Part II '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy February 21 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 21 ) 245 106 46 `` Return of the Green Ranger , Part III '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 22 ) 246 107 47 `` Best Man for the Job '' John Weil Mark Hoffmeier April 29 , 1995 ( 1995 - 04 - 29 ) 250 108 48 `` Storybook Rangers , Part I '' John Weil Douglas Sloan & Cheryl Saban May 1 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 01 ) 247 109 49 `` Storybook Rangers , Part II '' John Weil Douglas Sloan & Cheryl Saban May 2 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 02 ) 248 110 50 `` Wild West Rangers , Part I '' Armand Garabidian Mark Litton May 8 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 08 ) 251 111 51 `` Wild West Rangers , Part II '' Armand Garabidian Mark Litton May 9 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 09 ) 252 112 52 `` Blue Ranger Gone Bad '' John Weil Judd Lynn May 20 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 20 ) 249 Season 3 ( 1995 ) ( edit ) Main article : Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( season 3 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 113 `` A Friend in Need , Part I '' Worth Keeter Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson September 2 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 02 ) 301 114 `` A Friend in Need , Part II '' Worth Keeter Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson September 9 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 09 ) 302 115 `` A Friend in Need , Part III '' Worth Keeter Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson September 9 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 09 ) 303 116 `` Ninja Quest , Part I '' Terence H. Winkless Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson September 11 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 11 ) 304 117 5 `` Ninja Quest , Part II '' Terence H. Winkless Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson September 12 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 12 ) 305 118 6 `` Ninja Quest , Part III '' Terence H. Winkless Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson September 13 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 13 ) 306 119 7 `` Ninja Quest , Part IV '' Terence H. Winkless Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson September 14 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 14 ) 307 120 8 `` A Brush with Destiny '' Terence H. Winkless Gilles Wheeler September 18 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 18 ) 308 121 9 `` Passing the Lantern '' Armand Garabidian Kati Rocky September 19 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 19 ) 309 122 10 `` Wizard for a Day '' Armand Garabidian Mark Hoffmeier September 20 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 20 ) 310 123 11 `` Fourth Down and Long '' Armand Garabidian Mark Litton September 23 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 23 ) 311 124 12 `` Stop the Hate Master , Part I '' Bob Radler Stewart St. John September 25 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 25 ) 313 125 13 `` Stop the Hate Master , Part II '' Bob Radler Stewart St. John September 26 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 26 ) 314 126 14 `` Final Face - Off '' Armand Garabidian Douglas Sloan October 2 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 02 ) 312 127 15 `` The Potion Notion '' Bob Radler Jackie Marchand October 9 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 09 ) 315 128 16 `` I 'm Dreaming of a White Ranger '' Douglas Sloan Ron Milbauer & Terri Hughes November 23 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 23 ) 316 129 17 `` A Ranger Catastrophe , Part I '' Douglas Sloan Douglas Sloan October 16 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 16 ) 317 130 18 `` A Ranger Catastrophe , Part II '' Douglas Sloan Douglas Sloan October 17 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 17 ) 318 131 19 `` Changing of the Zords , Part I '' Jonathan Tzachor Stewart St. John October 31 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 31 ) 319 132 20 `` Changing of the Zords , Part II '' Jonathan Tzachor Stewart St. John November 1 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 01 ) 320 133 21 `` Changing of the Zords , Part III '' Jonathan Tzachor Stewart St. John November 2 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 02 ) 321 134 22 `` Follow That Cab ! '' Terence H. Winkless Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson November 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 04 ) 322 135 23 `` A Different Shade of Pink , Part I '' Bob Radler Doulgas Sloan November 6 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 06 ) 323 136 24 `` A Different Shade of Pink , Part II '' Bob Radler Douglas Sloan November 7 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 07 ) 324 137 25 `` A Different Shade of Pink , Part III '' Bob Radler Douglas Sloan November 8 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 08 ) 325 138 26 `` Rita 's Pita '' Terence H. Winkless Jackie Marchand November 11 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 11 ) 326 139 27 `` Another Brick in the Wall '' Terence H. Winkless Mark Hoffmeier November 13 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 13 ) 327 140 28 `` A Chimp in Charge '' Terence H. Winkless Douglas Sloan November 18 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 18 ) 328 141 29 `` Master Vile and the Metallic Armor , Part I '' Bob Radler Mark Litton November 20 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 20 ) 329 142 30 `` Master Vile and the Metallic Armor , Part II '' Bob Radler Mark Litton November 21 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 21 ) 330 143 31 `` Master Vile and the Metallic Armor , Part III '' Bob Radler Mark Litton November 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 22 ) 331 144 32 `` The Sound of Dischordia '' Marco Garibaldi Stewart St. John November 25 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 25 ) 332 145 33 `` Rangers in Reverse '' Marco Garibaldi Douglas Sloan November 27 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 27 ) 333 Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers ( Season 3.5 , 1996 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 146 `` Alien Rangers of Aquitar , Part I '' Vickie Bronaugh Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 5 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 05 ) 334 147 `` Alien Rangers of Aquitar , Part II '' Vickie Bronaugh Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 6 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 06 ) 335 148 `` Climb Every Fountain '' Larry Litton Douglas Sloan February 7 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 07 ) 336 149 `` The Alien Trap '' Larry Litton Stewart St. John February 8 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 08 ) 337 150 5 `` Attack of the 60 ' Bulk '' Paul Schrier Gilles Wheeler February 10 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 10 ) 338 151 6 `` Water You Thinking ? '' Paul Schrier Jackie Marchand February 12 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 12 ) 339 152 7 `` Along Came a Spider '' Robert Radler Buzz Alden & Charlotte Fullerton February 13 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 13 ) 340 153 8 `` Sowing the Seas of Evil '' Robert Radler Stewart St. John February 14 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 14 ) 341 154 9 `` Hogday Afternoon , Part I '' Isaac Florentine Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 15 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 15 ) 342 155 10 `` Hogday Afternoon , Part II '' Isaac Florentine Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 17 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 17 ) 343 Power Rangers Zeo ( Season 4 , 1996 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Zeo episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 156 `` A Zeo Beginning , Part I '' Isaac Florentine Douglas Sloan April 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 20 ) 344 157 `` A Zeo Beginning , Part II '' Isaac Florentine Douglas Sloan April 23 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 23 ) 345 158 `` The Shooting Star '' Vickie Bronaugh Jackie Marchand April 24 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 24 ) 346 159 `` Target Rangers '' Vickie Bronaugh Stewart St. John April 25 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 25 ) 347 160 5 `` For Cryin ' Out Loud '' Robert Radler Al Winchell April 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 27 ) 348 161 6 `` Rangers in the Outfield '' Robert Radler Brett D. Born April 29 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 29 ) 349 162 7 `` Every Dog Has His Day '' Robert Radler Mark Hoffmeier April 30 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 30 ) 350 163 8 `` The Puppet Blaster '' Isaac Florentine Stewart St. John May 1 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 01 ) 351 164 9 `` Invasion of the Ranger Snatchers '' Isaac Florentine Gilles Wheeler May 2 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 02 ) 352 165 10 `` Graduation Blues '' Isaac Florentine Mark Litton May 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 04 ) 353 166 11 `` A Few Bad Seeds '' Vickie Bronaugh Richard Goodman May 6 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 06 ) 354 167 12 `` Instrument of Destruction '' Vickie Bronaugh Buzz Alden & Charlotte Fullerton May 7 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 07 ) 355 168 13 `` Mean Screen '' Vickie Bronaugh Ron Milbauer & Terri Hughes May 8 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 08 ) 356 169 14 `` Mr. Billy 's Wild Ride '' Douglas Sloan Al Winchell May 11 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 11 ) 357 170 15 `` There 's No Business Like Snow Business , Part I '' Douglas Sloan Douglas Sloan May 13 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 13 ) 358 171 16 `` There 's No Business Like Snow Business , Part II '' Douglas Sloan Douglas Sloan May 14 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 14 ) 359 172 17 `` There 's No Business Like Snow Business , Part III '' Douglas Sloan Douglas Sloan May 15 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 15 ) 360 173 18 `` Inner Spirit '' Robert Radler Mark Hoffmeier & Mart Litton May 16 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 16 ) 361 174 19 `` Challenges '' Robert Radler Mart Litton May 18 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 18 ) 362 175 20 `` Found and Lost '' Robert Radler Mart Litton & Stewart St. John May 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 20 ) 363 176 21 `` Brother , Can You Spare an Arrowhead ? '' Terence H. Winkless Mart Litton September 9 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 09 ) 401 177 22 `` Trust in Me '' Terence H. Winkless Al Winchell September 10 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 10 ) 402 178 23 `` It Came from Angel Grove '' Robert Radler Joseph Kuhr September 11 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 11 ) 416 179 24 `` Bulk Fiction '' Terence H. Winkless Jackie Marchand September 12 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 12 ) 403 180 25 `` Song Sung Yellow '' Robert Radler Buzz Alden & Charlotte Fullerton September 13 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 13 ) 404 181 26 `` Game of Honor '' Robert Radler Brett D. Born September 16 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 16 ) 405 182 27 `` The Power of Gold '' Robert Radler Al Winchell September 17 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 17 ) 406 183 28 `` A Small Problem '' Vickie Bronaugh Mark Hoffmeier September 19 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 19 ) 407 184 29 `` A Season to Remember '' Robert Radler Jackie Marchand November 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 27 ) 425 185 30 `` Oily to Bed , Oily to Rise '' Robert Radler Gilles Wheeler September 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 20 ) 408 186 31 `` Rock - a-Bye Power Rangers '' Vickie Bronaugh Tony Oliver & Barbara A. Oliver September 23 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 23 ) 409 187 32 `` Do I Know You ? '' Vickie Bronaugh Al Winchell September 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 27 ) 410 188 33 `` Revelations of Gold '' Vickie Bronaugh Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson October 3 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 03 ) 411 189 34 `` A Golden Homecoming '' Vickie Bronaugh Douglas Sloan October 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 04 ) 412 190 35 `` Mondo 's Last Stand '' Robert Radler Mark Litton October 9 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 09 ) 413 191 36 `` Bomber in the Summer '' Robert Radler Stewart St. John October 11 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 11 ) 414 192 37 `` Scent of a Weasel '' Douglas Sloan Brett D. Born October 23 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 23 ) 415 193 38 `` The Lore of Auric '' Douglas Sloan Jackie Marchand October 25 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 25 ) 417 194 39 `` The Ranger Who Came in from the Gold '' Douglas Sloan Mark Hoffmeier October 31 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 31 ) 418 195 40 `` The Joke 's on Blue '' Isaac Florentine Jim Suave & Colleen White November 5 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 05 ) 419 196 41 `` Where In The World is Zeo Ranger 5 ? '' Isaac Florentine Stewart St. John November 6 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 06 ) 420 197 42 `` King for a Day , Part I '' Isaac Florentine & Koichi Sakamoto Al Winchell November 7 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 07 ) 421 198 43 `` King for a Day , Part II '' Isaac Florentine & Koichi Sakamoto Al Winchell November 8 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 08 ) 422 199 44 `` A Brief Mystery of Time '' Robert Radler Buzz Alden & Charlotte Fullerton November 11 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 11 ) 423 200 45 `` A Mystery to Me '' Robert Radler Jackie Marchand November 14 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 14 ) 424 201 46 `` Another Song and Dance '' Robert Radler Brett D. Born November 15 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 15 ) 426 202 47 `` Rangers of Two Worlds , Part I '' Larry Litton Mark Litton November 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 20 ) 427 203 48 `` Rangers of Two Worlds , Part II '' Larry Litton Mark Litton November 21 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 21 ) 428 204 49 `` Hawaii Zeo '' Vickie Bronaugh Al Winchell November 22 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 22 ) 429 205 50 `` Good as Gold '' Vickie Bronaugh Douglas Sloan November 23 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 23 ) 430 Power Rangers Turbo ( Season 5 , 1997 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Turbo episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 206 `` Shift Into Turbo , Part I '' Douglas Sloan Douglas Sloan April 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 19 ) 431 207 `` Shift Into Turbo , Part II '' Douglas Sloan Douglas Sloan April 26 , 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 26 ) 432 208 `` Shift Into Turbo , Part III '' Douglas Sloan Douglas Sloan April 30 , 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 30 ) 441 209 `` Shadow Rangers '' Judd Lynn Mark Hoffmeier May 1 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 01 ) 433 210 5 `` Transmission Impossible '' Al Winchell Barbara A. Oliver & Tony Oliver May 2 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 02 ) 435 211 6 `` Rally Ranger '' Al Winchell Jackie Marchand May 5 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 05 ) 436 212 7 `` Built for Speed '' Judd Lynn Ralph Soll May 6 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 06 ) 437 213 8 `` Bicycle Built for the Blues '' Judd Lynn Shell Danielson May 7 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 07 ) 442 214 9 `` The Whole Lie '' Al Winchell Mark Litton May 8 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 08 ) 434 215 10 `` Glyph Hanger '' Paul Schrier Steven J. Weller May 10 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 10 ) 438 216 11 `` Weight and See '' Paul Schrier Peter Elwell May 12 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 12 ) 439 217 12 `` Alarmed and Dangerous '' Paul Schrier Brett Born May 13 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 13 ) 440 218 13 `` The Millennium Message '' Larry Litton Mark Litton May 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 17 ) 443 219 14 `` A Drive to Win '' Larry Litton Jackie Marchand May 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 19 ) 444 220 15 `` Cars Attacks '' Judd Lynn Douglas Sloan May 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 20 ) 445 221 16 `` Honey , I Shrunk the Rangers , Part I '' Judd Lynn Shell Danielson May 21 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 21 ) 446 222 17 `` Honey , I Shrunk the Rangers , Part II '' Koichi Sakamoto Shell Danielson September 9 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 09 ) 501 223 18 `` Passing the Torch , Part I '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson September 10 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 10 ) 502 224 19 `` Passing the Torch , Part II '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson September 11 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 11 ) 503 225 20 `` Stitch Witchery '' Blair Treu Judd Lynn September 12 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 12 ) 504 226 21 `` The Wheel of Fate '' Blair Treu Jackie Marchand September 15 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 15 ) 505 227 22 `` Trouble by the Slice '' Yuri Alexander Judd Lynn September 16 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 16 ) 506 228 23 `` The Phantom Phenomenon '' Blair Treu Judd Lynn September 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 17 ) 507 229 24 `` Vanishing Act '' Yuri Alexander John Fletcher September 18 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 18 ) 508 230 25 `` When Time Freezes Over '' Yuri Alexander Judd Lynn September 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 19 ) 509 231 26 `` The Darkest Day '' Steve Markowitz John Fletcher September 22 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 22 ) 510 232 27 `` One Last Hope '' Steve Markowitz Judd Lynn September 23 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 23 ) 511 233 28 `` The Fall of the Phantom '' Steve Markowitz Judd Lynn September 25 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 25 ) 512 234 29 `` Clash of the Megazords '' Steve Markowitz Brett Born September 26 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 26 ) 513 235 30 `` The Robot Ranger '' Larry Litton John Fletcher October 3 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 03 ) 514 236 31 `` Beware the Third Wish '' Larry Litton Judd Lynn October 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 17 ) 515 237 32 `` The Gardener of Evil '' Larry Litton Judd Lynn October 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 20 ) 516 238 33 `` Fire in Your Tank '' Steve Markowitz John Fletcher October 30 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 30 ) 517 239 34 `` The Turn of the Wretched Wrench '' Steve Markowitz John Fletcher October 31 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 31 ) 518 240 35 `` Spirit of the Woods '' Steve Markowitz Judd Lynn November 3 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 03 ) 519 241 36 `` The Song of Confusion '' Blair Treu John Fletcher November 7 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 07 ) 520 242 37 `` The Accident '' Blair Treu John Fletcher November 10 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 10 ) 521 243 38 `` Cassie 's Best Friend '' Blair Treu Judd Lynn November 11 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 11 ) 522 244 39 `` The Curve Ball '' Lawrence L. Simeone Judd Lynn November 12 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 12 ) 523 245 40 `` Carlos and the Count '' Lawrence L. Simeone John Fletcher November 13 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 13 ) 524 246 41 `` Little Strong Man '' Liberty Goldman Jackie Marchand November 14 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 14 ) 525 247 42 `` The Rival Rangers '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn November 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 17 ) 526 248 43 `` Parts and Parcel '' Liberty Goldman John Fletcher November 18 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 18 ) 527 249 44 `` Chase Into Space , Part I '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn November 21 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 21 ) 528 250 45 `` Chase Into Space , Part II '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn November 24 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 24 ) 529 Power Rangers in Space ( Season 6 , 1998 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers in Space episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 251 `` From Out of Nowhere , Part I '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn February 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 06 ) 252 `` From Out of Nowhere , Part II '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn February 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 06 ) 253 `` Save Our Ship '' Isaac Florentine Judd Lynn February 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 20 ) 254 `` Shell Shocked '' Blair Treu Judd Lynn February 27 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 27 ) 255 5 `` Never Stop Searching '' Blair Treu Steve Roth March 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 06 ) 256 6 `` Satellite Search '' Blair Treu Judd Lynn March 13 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 13 ) 257 7 `` A Ranger Among Thieves '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn March 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 20 ) 258 8 `` When Push Comes to Shove '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn March 27 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 27 ) 259 9 `` The Craterite Invasion '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn April 3 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 03 ) 260 10 `` The Wasp With a Heart '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn April 4 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 04 ) 261 11 `` The Delta Discovery '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn April 11 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 11 ) 262 12 `` The Great Evilyzer '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn April 18 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 18 ) 263 13 `` Grandma Matchmaker '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn April 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 25 ) 264 14 `` The Barillian Sting '' Judd Lynn John Fletcher May 2 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 02 ) 265 15 `` T.J. 's Identity Crisis '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn May 9 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 09 ) 266 16 `` Flashes of Darkonda '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn May 16 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 16 ) 267 17 `` The Rangers ' Mega Voyage '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn September 12 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 12 ) 268 18 `` True Blue to the Rescue '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn September 19 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 19 ) 269 19 `` Invasion of the Body Switcher '' Judd Lynn Jackie Marchand September 26 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 26 ) 270 20 `` Survival of the Silver '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn October 3 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 03 ) 271 21 `` Red with Envy '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn October 10 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 10 ) 272 22 `` The Silver Secret '' Worth Keeter Jackie Marchand October 14 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 14 ) 273 23 `` A Date with Danger '' Koichi Sakamoto Jackie Marchand October 15 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 15 ) 274 24 `` Zhane 's Destiny '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn October 16 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 16 ) 275 25 `` Always a Chance '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn October 17 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 17 ) 276 26 `` The Secret of the Locket '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn October 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 21 ) 277 27 `` Astronema Thinks Twice '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn October 23 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 23 ) 278 28 `` The Rangers ' Leap of Faith '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn October 24 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 24 ) 279 29 `` Dark Specter 's Revenge , Part I '' Tony Randel Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand October 28 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 28 ) 280 30 `` Dark Specter 's Revenge , Part II '' Tony Randel Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand October 29 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 29 ) 281 31 `` Rangers Gone Psycho '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn October 30 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 30 ) 282 32 `` Carlos on Call '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn October 31 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 31 ) 283 33 `` A Rift in the Rangers '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn November 4 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 04 ) 284 34 `` Five of a Kind '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn November 5 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 05 ) 285 35 `` Silence is Golden '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 06 ) 286 36 `` The Enemy Within '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 7 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 07 ) 287 37 `` Andros and the Stowaway '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn November 11 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 11 ) 288 38 `` Mission to Secret City '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn November 12 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 12 ) 289 39 `` Ghosts in the Machine '' Worth Keeter Jackie Marchand November 13 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 13 ) 290 40 `` The Impenetrable Web '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 14 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 14 ) 291 41 `` A Line in the Sand '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 18 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 18 ) 292 42 `` Countdown to Destruction , Part I '' Jonathan Tzachor Koichi Sakamoto & Judd Lynn November 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 20 ) 293 43 `` Countdown to Destruction , Part II '' Jonathan Tzachor Koichi Sakamoto & Judd Lynn November 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 21 ) Power Rangers Lost Galaxy ( Season 7 , 1999 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Lost Galaxy episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 294 `` Quasar Quest , Part I '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn February 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 06 ) 295 `` Quasar Quest , Part II '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn February 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 13 ) 296 `` Race to the Rescue '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn February 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 20 ) 297 `` Rookie in Red '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn February 27 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 27 ) 298 5 `` Homesick '' Blair Treu Judd Lynn March 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 06 ) 299 6 `` The Lights of Orion '' Blair Treu Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand March 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 13 ) 300 7 `` Double Duty '' Blair Treu Judd Lynn March 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 20 ) 301 8 `` The Blue Crush '' Blair Treu Judd Lynn March 27 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 27 ) 302 9 `` The Magna Defender '' Koichi Sakamoto Carlton Holder April 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 03 ) 303 10 `` The Sunflower Search '' Ryuta Tasaki Jill Donnellan April 10 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 10 ) 304 11 `` Silent Sleep '' Blair Treu Jill Donnellan April 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 17 ) 305 12 `` Orion Rising '' Ryuta Tasaki Denise Skinner May 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 01 ) 306 13 `` Orion Returns '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 8 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 08 ) 307 14 `` Shark Attack '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 15 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 15 ) 308 15 `` Redemption Day '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 22 ) 309 16 `` Destined for Greatness '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn September 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 25 ) 310 17 `` Stolen Beauty '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn October 2 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 02 ) 311 18 `` The Rescue Mission '' Steve Wang Judd Lynn October 9 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 09 ) 312 19 `` The Lost Galactabeasts , Part I '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn October 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 16 ) 313 20 `` The Lost Galactabeasts , Part II '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn October 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 22 ) 314 21 `` Heir to the Throne '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn October 23 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 23 ) 315 22 `` An Evil Game '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn October 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 25 ) 316 23 `` Memories of Mirinoi '' Jim Mathers Judd Lynn October 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 26 ) 317 24 `` Green Courage '' Ryuta Tasaki Jill Donnellan October 27 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 27 ) 318 25 `` Blue to the Test '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn October 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 28 ) 319 26 `` Mean Wheels Mantis '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn October 29 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 29 ) 320 27 `` Loyax ' Last Battle '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn November 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 01 ) 321 28 `` A Red Romance '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn November 2 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 02 ) 322 29 `` The Chameliac Warrior '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn November 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 03 ) 323 30 `` To the Tenth Power '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn November 4 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 04 ) 324 31 `` The Power of Pink '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn November 5 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 05 ) 325 32 `` Protect the Quasar Saber '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn November 8 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 08 ) 326 33 `` Facing the Past '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn November 9 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 09 ) 327 34 `` Turn up the Volume '' Koichi Sakamoto Jackie Marchand November 10 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 10 ) 328 35 `` Enter the Lost Galaxy '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn November 11 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 11 ) 329 36 `` Beware the Mutiny '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn November 12 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 12 ) 330 37 `` Grunchor on the Loose '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn November 15 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 15 ) 331 38 `` Until Sunset '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn November 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 16 ) 332 39 `` Dream Battle '' Worth Keeter Jill Donnellan November 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 17 ) 333 40 `` Hexuba 's Graveyard '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Denise Skinner November 18 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 18 ) 334 41 `` Raise the Titanisaur '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn November 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 19 ) 335 42 `` Escape the Lost Galaxy '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn December 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 03 ) 336 43 `` Journey 's End , Part I '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn December 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 16 ) 337 44 `` Journey 's End , Part II '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn December 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 17 ) 338 45 `` Journey 's End , Part III '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn December 18 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 18 ) Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue ( Season 8 , 2000 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 339 `` Operation Lightspeed '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn February 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 12 ) 340 `` Lightspeed Teamwork '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn February 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 19 ) 341 `` Trial By Fire '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn February 26 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 26 ) 342 `` Riding the Edge '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn March 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 04 ) 343 5 `` A Matter of Trust '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn March 11 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 11 ) 344 6 `` Wheels of Destruction '' Isaac Florentine Judd Lynn March 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 18 ) 345 7 `` Cyborg Rangers '' Isaac Florentine Judd Lynn March 25 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 25 ) 346 8 `` Up to the Challenge '' Koichi Sakamoto Jackie Marchand April 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 01 ) 347 9 `` Go Volcanic '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn April 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 08 ) 348 10 `` Rising from Ashes '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn April 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 15 ) 349 11 `` From Deep in the Shadows '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn April 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 22 ) 350 12 `` Truth Discovered '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn April 29 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 29 ) 351 13 `` Ryan 's Destiny '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 6 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 06 ) 352 14 `` Curse of the Cobra '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 13 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 13 ) 353 15 `` Strength of the Sun '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 20 ) 354 16 `` The Cobra Strikes '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 27 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 27 ) 355 17 `` Olympius Ascends '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand August 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 19 ) 356 18 `` A Face from the Past '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand August 26 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 26 ) 357 19 `` The Queen 's Return '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand September 2 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 02 ) 358 20 `` The Omega Project '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand September 9 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 09 ) 359 21 `` The Fifth Crystal '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand September 16 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 16 ) 360 22 `` The Chosen Path '' Worth Keeter John Fletcher & Jackie Marchand September 23 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 23 ) 361 23 `` Yesterday Again '' Issac Florentine Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand September 30 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 30 ) 362 24 `` As Time Runs Out '' Isaac Florentine Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand October 7 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 07 ) 363 25 `` In the Freeze Zone '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand October 21 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 21 ) 364 26 `` The Mighty Mega Battles '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand October 28 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 28 ) 365 27 `` The Great Egg Caper '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 3 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 03 ) 366 28 `` Ocean Blue '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 04 ) 367 29 `` Trakeena 's Revenge , Part I '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn November 6 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 06 ) 368 30 `` Trakeena 's Revenge , Part II '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn November 7 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 07 ) 369 31 `` The Last Ranger '' Worth Keeter John Fletcher & Jackie Marchand November 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 08 ) 370 32 `` Sorcerer of the Sands '' Worth Keeter John Fletcher & Jackie Marchand November 9 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 09 ) 371 33 `` Olympius Unbound '' Ryuta Tasaki John Fletcher & Jackie Marchand November 10 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 10 ) 372 34 `` Neptune 's Daughter '' Jonathan Tzachor John Fletcher & Jackie Marchand November 11 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 11 ) 373 35 `` Web War '' Ryuta Tasaki John Fletcher & Jackie Marchand November 13 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 13 ) 374 36 `` In the Limelight '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 14 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 14 ) 375 37 `` Wrath of the Queen '' Judd Lynn John Fletcher , Jackie Marchand & Denise Skinner November 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 15 ) 376 38 `` Rise of the Super Demons '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 16 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 16 ) 377 39 `` The Fate of Lightspeed , Part I '' Ryuta Tasaki & Makoto Yokoyama Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 17 ) 378 40 `` The Fate of Lightspeed , Part II '' Ryuta Tasaki & Makoto Yokoyama Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 18 ) Power Rangers Time Force ( Season 9 , 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Time Force episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 379 `` Force from the Future , Part I '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand February 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 03 ) 380 `` Force from the Future , Part II '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand February 10 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 10 ) 381 `` Something to Fight For '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand February 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 17 ) 382 `` Ransik Lives '' Kaizo Hayashi Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand February 24 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 24 ) 383 5 `` A Blue Streak '' Kaizo Hayashi Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand March 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 03 ) 384 6 `` A Parting of Ways '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand March 10 , 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 10 ) 385 7 `` Short - Circuited '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand March 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 17 ) 386 8 `` Jen 's Revenge '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn March 24 , 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 24 ) 387 9 `` The Time Shadow '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn March 31 , 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 31 ) 388 10 `` Future Unknown '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand April 7 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 07 ) 389 11 `` Uniquely Trip '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand April 14 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 14 ) 390 12 `` Worlds Apart '' Isaac Florentine Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand April 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 21 ) 391 13 `` The Quantum Quest '' Isaac Florentine Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand April 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 28 ) 392 14 `` Clash for Control , Part I '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 5 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 05 ) 393 15 `` Clash for Control , Part II '' Isaac Florentine Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 12 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 12 ) 394 16 `` Bodyguard in Blue '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 19 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 19 ) 395 17 `` The Legend of the Clock Tower '' Yoshi Hosoya Judd Lynn May 26 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 26 ) 396 18 `` Trust and Triumph '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand June 2 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 02 ) 397 19 `` Trip Takes a Stand '' Isaac Florentine Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand June 9 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 09 ) 398 20 `` Quantum Secrets '' Makoto Yokoyama Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand June 16 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 16 ) 399 21 `` The Last Race '' Isaac Florentine Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand June 23 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 23 ) 400 22 `` Lovestruck Rangers '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand July 7 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 07 ) 401 23 `` Full Exposure '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand July 14 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 14 ) 402 24 `` Movie Madness , Part I '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand July 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 21 ) 403 25 `` Movie Madness , Part II '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand July 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 28 ) 404 26 `` Time Force Traitor '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand August 4 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 04 ) 405 27 `` Frax 's Fury '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand August 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 11 ) 406 28 `` Dawn of Destiny '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand August 18 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 18 ) 407 29 `` Fight Against Fate '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand August 25 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 25 ) 408 30 `` Destiny Defeated '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand September 8 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 08 ) 409 31 `` Undercover Rangers '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand September 15 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 15 ) 410 32 `` Beware the Knight '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand September 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 22 ) 411 33 `` Time for Lightspeed '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand September 29 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 29 ) 412 34 `` Reflections Of Evil '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand October 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 06 ) 413 35 `` Nadira 's Dream Date '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand October 13 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 13 ) 414 36 `` Circuit Unsure '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand October 20 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 20 ) 415 37 `` A Calm Before the Storm '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand October 27 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 27 ) 416 38 `` The End of Time , Part I '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 03 ) 417 39 `` The End of Time , Part II '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 10 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 10 ) 418 40 `` The End of Time , Part III '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 17 ) Power Rangers Wild Force ( Season 10 , 2002 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Wild Force episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 419 `` Lionheart '' Koichi Sakamoto William Winkler February 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 09 ) 420 `` Darkness Awakening '' Koichi Sakamoto Derek Rydall February 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 09 ) 421 `` Click , Click , Zoom '' Koichi Sakamoto Jill Donnellan February 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 16 ) 422 `` Never Give Up ! '' Terry Withrow Katherine Torpey February 23 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 23 ) 423 5 `` Ancient Awakening '' Terry Withrow Suzi Shimoyama March 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 02 ) 424 6 `` Wishes On The Water '' Koichi Sakamoto William Winkler March 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 09 ) 425 7 `` The Bear Necessities '' Koichi Sakamoto Derek Rydall March 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 16 ) 426 8 `` Soul Searching '' Koichi Sakamoto Jill Donnellan March 23 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 23 ) 427 9 `` Soul Bird Salvation '' Worth Keeter Suzi Shimoyama March 30 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 30 ) 428 10 `` Curse of the Wolf '' Taro Sakamoto Katherine Torpey April 6 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 06 ) 429 11 `` Battle Of The Zords '' Koichi Sakamoto Derek Rydall April 13 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 13 ) 430 12 `` Predazord , Awaken '' Koichi Sakamoto Bergen Williams April 20 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 20 ) 431 13 `` Revenge Of Zen - Aku '' Koichi Sakamoto Jill Donnellan April 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 27 ) 432 14 `` Identity Crisis '' Taro Sakamoto Suzi Shimoyama May 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 04 ) 433 15 `` The Ancient Warrior '' Taro Sakamoto Katherine Torpey May 11 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 11 ) 434 16 `` The Lone Wolf '' Taro Sakamoto Derek Rydall May 18 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 18 ) 435 17 `` Power Play '' Koichi Sakamoto Jill Donnellan June 1 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 01 ) 436 18 `` Secrets And Lies '' Koichi Sakamoto Bergen Williams June 8 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 08 ) 437 19 `` The Tornado Spin '' Worth Keeter Derek Rydall June 15 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 15 ) 438 20 `` Three 's a Crowd '' Taro Sakamoto Katherine Torpey & Bergen Williams June 29 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 29 ) 439 21 `` A Father 's Footsteps '' Koichi Sakamoto Suzi Shimoyama July 6 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 06 ) 440 22 `` Sing Song '' Taro Sakamoto Jill Donnellan July 13 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 13 ) 441 23 `` The Wings of Animaria '' Worth Keeter Suzi Shimoyama July 20 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 20 ) 442 24 `` Reinforcements from the Future , Part I '' Koichi Sakamoto Amit Bhaumik July 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 27 ) 443 25 `` Reinforcements from the Future , Part II '' Koichi Sakamoto Amit Bhaumik August 3 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 03 ) 444 26 `` The Master 's Last Stand '' Koichi Sakamoto Derek Rydall August 10 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 10 ) 445 27 `` Unfinished Business '' Taro Sakamoto Suzi Shimoyama September 14 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 14 ) 446 28 `` Homecoming '' Taro Sakamoto Katherine Torpey September 14 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 14 ) 447 29 `` The Flute '' Worth Keeter Katherine Torpey September 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 21 ) 448 30 `` Team Carnival '' Koichi Sakamoto Katherine Torpey September 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 21 ) 449 31 `` Taming Of The Zords '' Koichi Sakamoto Katherine Torpey September 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 28 ) 450 32 `` Monitoring Earth '' Taro Sakamoto Katherine Torpey September 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 28 ) 451 33 `` The Soul of Humanity '' Taro Sakamoto Katherine Torpey October 5 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 05 ) 452 34 `` Forever Red '' Koichi Sakamoto Amit Bhaumik October 5 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 05 ) 453 35 `` The Master 's Herald , Part I '' Koichi Sakamoto Jill Donnelllan October 19 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 19 ) 454 36 `` The Master 's Herald , Part II '' Koichi Sakamoto Jill Donnellan October 19 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 19 ) 455 37 `` Fishing for a Friend '' Taro Sakamoto Suzi Shimoyama November 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 02 ) 456 38 `` Sealing the Nexus '' Taro Sakamoto Derek Rydall November 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 02 ) 457 39 `` The End of the Power Rangers , Part I '' Jonathan Tzachor Jill Donnellan & Katherine Torpey November 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 16 ) 458 40 `` The End of the Power Rangers , Part II '' Jonathan Tzachor Derek Rydall & Suzi Shimoyama November 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 16 ) Power Rangers Ninja Storm ( Season 11 , 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Ninja Storm episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 459 `` Prelude to a Storm '' Koichi Sakamoto Douglas Sloan February 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 15 ) 460 `` There 's No `` I '' in Team '' Koichi Sakamoto Ann Knapp February 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 15 ) 461 `` Beauty and the Beach '' Koichi Sakamoto Mark Hoffmeier February 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 22 ) 462 `` Looming Thunder '' Charlie Haskell Jackie Marchand March 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 01 ) 463 5 `` Thunder Strangers , Part I '' Charlie Haskell Ann Knapp March 8 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 08 ) 464 6 `` Thunder Strangers , Part II '' Charlie Haskell Ann Austen March 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 15 ) 465 7 `` Thunder Strangers , Part III '' Andrew Merrifield Ann Austen March 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 22 ) 466 8 `` Nowhere To Grow '' Andrew Merrifield Steve Slavkin March 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 29 ) 467 9 `` Snip It , Snip It Good '' Andrew Merrifield Mark Hoffmeier September 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 20 ) 468 10 `` Return Of Thunder , Part I '' Wayne Rose Douglas Sloan April 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 12 ) 469 11 `` Return Of Thunder , Part II '' Wayne Rose Douglas Sloan April 19 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 19 ) 470 12 `` Return Of Thunder , Part III '' Wayne Rose Ann Austen April 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 26 ) 471 13 `` Return Of Thunder , Part IV '' Charlie Haskell Ann Austen & Douglas Sloan May 3 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 03 ) 472 14 `` Boxing Bopp - A-Roo '' Charlie Haskell Mark Hoffmeier May 10 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 10 ) 473 15 `` Pork Chopped '' Charlie Haskell Steve Slavkin May 17 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 17 ) 474 16 `` The Samurai 's Journey , Part I '' Paul Grinder Jackie Marchand May 24 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 24 ) 475 17 `` The Samurai 's Journey , Part II '' Paul Grinder Mark Hoffmeier May 31 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 31 ) 476 18 `` The Samurai 's Journey , Part III '' Paul Grinder Mark Hoffmeier June 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 07 ) 477 19 `` Scent of a Ranger '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand June 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 14 ) 478 20 `` I Love Lothor '' Andrew Merrifield Steve Slavkin June 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 21 ) 479 21 `` Good Will Hunter '' Andrew Merrifield Steve Slavkin June 28 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 28 ) 480 22 `` All About Beevil '' Wayne Rose Jackie Marchand July 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 05 ) 481 23 `` Sensei Switcheroo '' Wayne Rose Mark Hoffmeier July 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 12 ) 482 24 `` Tongue and Cheek '' Wayne Rose Art Brown August 2 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 02 ) 483 25 `` Brothers in Arms '' Charlie Haskell Jackie Marchand August 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 09 ) 484 26 `` Shane 's Karma , Part I '' Charlie Haskell Mark Hoffmeier & John Tellegen August 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 09 ) 485 27 `` Shane 's Karma , Part II '' Charlie Haskell Mark Hoffmeier & John Tellegen August 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 09 ) 486 28 `` Shimazu Returns , Part I '' Andrew Merrifield Douglas Sloan August 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 16 ) 487 29 `` Shimazu Returns , Part II '' Andrew Merrifield Douglas Sloan August 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 16 ) 488 30 `` The Wild Wipeout '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand September 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 20 ) 489 31 `` Double - Edged Blake '' Wayne Rose Jackie Marchand September 27 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 27 ) 490 32 `` Eye of the Storm '' Charlie Haskell Ann Austen September 27 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 27 ) 491 33 `` General Deception , Part I '' Wayne Rose Ann Austen October 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 04 ) 492 34 `` General Deception , Part II '' Wayne Rose Ann Knapp & Douglas Sloan October 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 04 ) 493 35 `` A Gem of a Day '' Charlie Haskell Ann Knapp October 18 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 18 ) 494 36 `` Down and Dirty '' Charlie Haskell Douglas Sloan October 18 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 18 ) 495 37 `` Storm Before the Calm , Part I '' Paul Grinder Douglas Sloan November 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 15 ) 496 38 `` Storm Before the Calm , Part II '' Paul Grinder Ann Austen November 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 15 ) Power Rangers Dino Thunder ( Season 12 , 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Dino Thunder episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 497 `` Day of the Dino , Part I '' Charlie Haskell Douglas Sloan February 14 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 14 ) 498 `` Day of the Dino , Part II '' Charlie Haskell Ann Knapp February 14 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 14 ) 499 `` Wave Goodbye '' Charlie Haskell Douglas Sloan February 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 21 ) 500 `` Legacy of Power '' Andrew Merrifield Ann Knapp February 28 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 28 ) 501 5 `` Back In Black '' Andrew Merrifield Ann Knapp March 6 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 06 ) 502 6 `` Diva in Distress '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand March 13 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 13 ) 503 7 `` Game On '' Andrew Merrifield John Tellegen March 20 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 20 ) 504 8 `` Golden Boy '' Paul Grinder Ann Knapp March 27 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 27 ) 505 9 `` Beneath the Surface '' Paul Grinder Jackie Marchand April 3 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 03 ) 506 10 `` Ocean Alert '' Paul Grinder John Tellegen April 10 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 10 ) 507 11 `` White Thunder , Part I '' Charlie Haskell Douglas Sloan April 17 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 17 ) 508 12 `` White Thunder , Part II '' Charlie Haskell Douglas Sloan & Jackie Marchand April 24 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 24 ) 509 13 `` White Thunder , Part III '' Charlie Haskell Douglas Sloan & Jackie Marchand May 1 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 01 ) 510 14 `` Truth and Consequences '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand May 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 08 ) 511 15 `` Leader of the Whack '' Andrew Merrifield John Tellegen May 15 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 15 ) 512 16 `` Burning at Both Ends '' Andrew Merrifield Ann Knapp May 22 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 22 ) 513 17 `` The Missing Bone '' Paul Grinder Douglas Sloan May 22 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 22 ) 514 18 `` Bully for Ethan '' Paul Grinder Ann Knapp June 12 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 12 ) 515 19 `` Lost & Found in Translation '' Paul Grinder Steve Slavkin June 13 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 13 ) 516 20 `` It 's a Mad Mad Mackerel '' Paul Grinder Mark Hoffmeier June 19 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 19 ) 517 21 `` Copy That '' Douglas Sloan Jackie Marchand July 10 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 10 ) 518 22 `` Triassic Triumph '' Douglas Sloan Ann Knapp July 17 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 17 ) 519 23 `` A Star Is Torn '' Douglas Sloan Douglas Sloan July 24 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 24 ) 520 24 `` A Ranger Exclusive '' Andrew Merrifield Douglas Sloan July 31 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 31 ) 521 25 `` Tutenhawken 's Curse '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand August 7 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 07 ) 522 26 `` Disappearing Act '' Andrew Merrifield Ann Knapp August 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 21 ) 523 27 `` Fighting Spirit '' Paul Grinder Jackie Marchand August 28 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 28 ) 524 28 `` The Passion of Conner '' Paul Grinder Ann Knapp September 5 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 05 ) 525 29 `` Is n't It Lava - ly '' Paul Grinder Bruce Kalish September 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 18 ) 526 30 `` Strange Relations '' Charlie Haskell Jackie Marchand September 25 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 25 ) 527 31 `` Thunder Storm , Part I '' Charlie Haskell Douglas Sloan October 2 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 02 ) 528 32 `` Thunder Storm , Part II '' Charlie Haskell Douglas Sloan October 9 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 09 ) 529 33 `` In Your Dreams '' Britta Johnstone Jackie Marchand October 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 16 ) 530 34 `` Drawn Into Danger '' Britta Johnstone Jackie Marchand October 23 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 23 ) 531 35 `` House of Cards '' Britta Johnstone Douglas Sloan October 30 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 30 ) 532 36 `` A Test of Trust '' Britta Johnstone Ann Knapp November 6 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 06 ) 533 37 `` Thunder Struck , Part I '' Andrew Merrifield Douglas Sloan November 13 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 13 ) 534 38 `` Thunder Struck , Part II '' Andrew Merrifield Ann Knapp November 20 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 20 ) Power Rangers S.P.D. ( Season 13 , 2005 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers S.P.D. episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 535 `` Beginnings , Part I '' Greg Aronowitz Bruce Kalish February 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 05 ) 536 `` Beginnings , Part II '' Greg Aronowitz Greg Aronowitz February 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 05 ) 537 `` Confronted '' Greg Aronowitz Jackie Marchand February 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 12 ) 538 `` Walls '' Andrew Merrifield John Tellegen February 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 19 ) 539 5 `` Dogged '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand February 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 26 ) 540 6 `` A-Bridged '' Andrew Merrifield Mark Hoffmeier March 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 05 ) 541 7 `` Sam , Part I '' Charlie Haskell Bruce Kalish March 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 12 ) 542 8 `` Sam , Part II '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen March 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 19 ) 543 9 `` Idol '' Charlie Haskell David Garber April 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 02 ) 544 10 `` Stakeout '' Mark Beesley Jackie Marchand April 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 09 ) 545 11 `` Shadow , Part I '' Mark Beesley Bruce Kalish April 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 16 ) 546 12 `` Shadow , Part II '' Mark Beesley Bruce Kalish April 23 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 23 ) 547 13 `` Abandoned '' Britta Johnstone John Tellegen April 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 30 ) 548 14 `` Wired , Part I '' Britta Johnstone Jackie Marchand & John Tellegen May 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 07 ) 549 15 `` Wired , Part II '' Britta Johnstone Jackie Marchand & John Tellegen May 14 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 14 ) 550 16 `` Boom '' Andrew Merrifeld Greg Aronowitz May 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 21 ) 551 17 `` Recognition '' Andrew Merrifield David Garber June 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 04 ) 552 18 `` Samurai '' Andrew Merrifield Matt Hawkins June 11 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 11 ) 553 19 `` Dismissed '' Paul Grinder Jesse Horsting June 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 18 ) 554 20 `` Perspective '' Paul Grinder Bruce Kalish June 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 25 ) 555 21 `` Messenger , Part I '' Paul Grinder Bruce Kalish July 10 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 10 ) 556 22 `` Messenger , Part II '' Paul Grinder Jackie Marchand July 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 16 ) 557 23 `` Zapped '' John Laing Stan Berkowitz July 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 25 ) 558 24 `` Reflection , Part I '' John Laing Jackie Marchand August 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 12 ) 559 25 `` Reflection , Part II '' John Laing Jackie Marchand August 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 12 ) 560 26 `` S.W.A.T. , Part I '' Britta Johnstone John Tellegen August 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 15 ) 561 27 `` S.W.A.T. , Part II '' Britta Johnstone Greg Aronowitz August 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 22 ) 562 28 `` Robotpalooza '' John Laing Bruce Kalish August 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 29 ) 563 29 `` Impact '' Britta Johnstone Jackie Marchand September 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 26 ) 564 30 `` Katastrophe '' John Laing Bruce Kalish October 3 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 03 ) 565 31 `` Missing '' Paul Grinder Jackie Marchand October 11 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 11 ) 566 32 `` History '' Paul Grinder Jackie Marchand September 23 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 23 ) 567 33 `` Badge '' John Laing Jackie Marchand October 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 17 ) 568 34 `` Insomnia '' John Laing John Tellegen October 28 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 28 ) 569 35 `` Wormhole '' Paul Grinder Bruce Kalish February 2 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 02 ) 570 36 `` Resurrection '' John Laing Bruce Kalish November 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 04 ) 571 37 `` Endings , Part I '' Greg Aronowitz Jackie Marchand November 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 07 ) 572 38 `` Endings , Part II '' Greg Aronowitz Bruce Kalish November 14 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 14 ) Power Rangers Mystic Force ( Season 14 , 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Mystic Force episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 573 `` Broken Spell , Part I '' John Laing Bruce Kalish February 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 20 ) 574 `` Broken Spell , Part II '' John Laing Bruce Kalish February 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 20 ) 575 `` Code Busters '' John Laing Jackie Marchand February 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 27 ) 576 `` Rock Solid '' Charlie Haskell Jackie Marchand March 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 03 ) 577 5 `` Whispering Voices '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen March 13 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 13 ) 578 6 `` Legendary Catastros '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen March 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 20 ) 579 7 `` Fire Heart '' Mark Beesley David Garber March 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 27 ) 580 8 `` Stranger Within , Part I '' Mark Beesley Bruce Kalish April 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 03 ) 581 9 `` Stranger Within , Part II '' Mark Beesley Bruce Kalish April 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 17 ) 582 10 `` Petrified Xander '' Andrew Merrifield John Tellegen April 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 24 ) 583 11 `` The Gatekeeper , Part I '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand May 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 08 ) 584 12 `` The Gatekeeper , Part II '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) 585 13 `` Scaredy Cat '' Charlie Haskell Bruce Kalish June 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 05 ) 586 14 `` Long Ago '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen June 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 12 ) 587 15 `` Inner Strength '' Charlie Haskell Matt Hawkins June 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 12 ) 588 16 `` Soul Specter '' Charlie Haskell Jackie Marchand June 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 19 ) 589 17 `` Ranger Down '' Jonathan Brough John Tellegen June 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 26 ) 590 18 `` Dark Wish , Part I '' Mark Beesley John Tellegen July 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 10 ) 591 19 `` Dark Wish , Part II '' Mark Beesley Bruce Kalish July 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 10 ) 592 20 `` Dark Wish , Part III '' Mark Beesley Jackie Marchand July 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 10 ) 593 21 `` Koragg 's Trial '' Jonathan Brough John Tellegen July 22 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 22 ) 594 22 `` Heir Apparent , Part I '' Jonathan Brough Jackie Marchand July 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 29 ) 595 23 `` Heir Apparent , Part II '' Jonathan Brough Jackie Marchand August 11 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 11 ) 596 24 `` The Light '' Andrew Merrifield Bruce Kalish August 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 14 ) 597 25 `` The Hunter '' Andrew Merrifield John Tellegen August 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 20 ) 598 26 `` Hard Heads '' Andrew Merrifield Matt Hawkins September 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 18 ) 599 27 `` The Snow Prince '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand September 25 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 25 ) 600 28 `` Light Source , Part I '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen October 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 10 ) 601 29 `` Light Source , Part II '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen October 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 10 ) 602 30 `` The Return '' Charlie Haskell Bruce Kalish October 30 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 30 ) 603 31 `` Mystic Fate , Part I '' Mark Beesley Jackie Marchand November 13 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 13 ) 604 32 `` Mystic Fate , Part II '' Mark Beesley Bruce Kalish November 13 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 13 ) Power Rangers Operation Overdrive ( Season 15 , 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Operation Overdrive episodes No. in series No. in Episodes Title Directed by Written by Original air date 605 `` Kick Into Overdrive , Part I '' Mark Beesley Bruce Kalish February 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 26 ) 606 `` Kick Into Overdrive , Part II '' Mark Beesley Jackie Marchand February 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 26 ) 607 `` The Underwater World '' Mark Beesley John Tellegen March 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 05 ) 608 `` Heart of Blue '' Britta Johnstone David Garber March 12 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 12 ) 609 5 `` Weather or Not '' Britta Johnstone John Tellegen March 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 19 ) 610 6 `` Pirate in Pink '' Britta Johnstone Jackie Marchand March 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 26 ) 611 7 `` At All Costs '' Jonathan Brough Bruce Kalish April 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 02 ) 612 8 `` Both Sides Now '' Jonathan Brough David Garber April 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 09 ) 613 9 `` Follow The Ranger '' Jonathan Brough John Tellegen April 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 30 ) 614 10 `` Lights , Camera , DAX '' Mike Smith John Tellegen May 7 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 07 ) 615 11 `` Face to Face , Part I '' Mike Smith Jackie Marchand May 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 14 ) 616 12 `` Face to Face , Part II '' Mike Smith Jackie Marchand May 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 21 ) 617 13 `` Man of Mercury , Part I '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen June 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 04 ) 618 14 `` Man of Mercury , Part II '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen June 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 04 ) 619 15 `` Behind the Scenes '' Charlie Haskell Jackie Marchand June 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 11 ) 620 16 `` Just Like Me '' Charlie Haskell David Garber June 18 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 18 ) 621 17 `` It 's Hammer Time '' Vanessa Alexander John Tellegen July 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 02 ) 622 18 `` Out of Luck '' Vanessa Alexander David Garber July 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 09 ) 623 19 `` One Gets Away '' Vanessa Alexander Bruce Kalish July 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 16 ) 624 20 `` Once a Ranger , Part I '' Britta Johnstone Jackie Marchand July 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 23 ) 625 21 `` Once a Ranger , Part II '' Britta Johnstone Jackie Marchand July 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 23 ) 626 22 `` One Fine Day '' Britta Johnstone Bruce Kalish August 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 06 ) 627 23 `` Ronny on Empty , Part I '' Mike Smith John Tellegen August 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 20 ) 628 24 `` Ronny on Empty , Part II '' Mike Smith John Tellegen August 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 27 ) 629 25 `` Things Not Said '' Mike Smith David Garber September 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 10 ) 630 26 `` Red Ranger Unplugged '' Jonathan Brough John Tellegen October 1 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 01 ) 631 27 `` Home and Away , Part I '' Jonathan Brough Jackie Marchand October 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 08 ) 632 28 `` Home and Away , Part II '' Jonathan Brough Jackie Marchand October 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 15 ) 633 29 `` Way Back When '' Jonathan Brough John Tellegen October 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 22 ) 634 30 `` Two Fallen Foes '' Mark Beesley John Tellegen October 29 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 29 ) 635 31 `` Nothing to Lose '' Mark Beesley Jackie Marchand November 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 05 ) 636 32 `` Crown and Punishment '' Mark Beesley Bruce Kalish November 12 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) Power Rangers Jungle Fury ( Season 16 , 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Jungle Fury episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 637 `` Welcome to the Jungle , Part I '' Mark Beesley Bruce Kalish February 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 18 ) 638 `` Welcome to the Jungle , Part II '' Mark Beesley Jackie Marchand February 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 18 ) 639 `` Sigh of the Tiger '' Mark Beesley John Tellegen February 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 25 ) 640 `` A Taste of Poison '' Charlie Haskell Jackie Marchand March 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 03 ) 641 5 `` Ca n't Win Them All '' Charlie Haskell Bruce Kalish March 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 10 ) 642 6 `` Dance the Night Away '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen March 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 17 ) 643 7 `` Pizza Slice of Life '' Vanessa Alexander David Garber March 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 24 ) 644 8 `` Way of the Master '' Vanessa Alexander Jackie Marchand March 31 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 31 ) 645 9 `` Good Karma , Bad Karma '' Vanessa Alexander John Tellegen April 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 21 ) 646 10 `` Blind Leading the Blind '' Mike Smith John Tellegen April 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 27 ) 647 11 `` Pushed to the Edge '' Mike Smith Jackie Marchand May 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 05 ) 648 12 `` One Master Too Many '' Mike Smith David Garber May 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 12 ) 649 13 `` Ghost of a Chance , Part I '' Jonathan Brough John Tellegen May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 650 14 `` Ghost of a Chance , Part II '' Jonathan Brough Jackie Marchand May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 651 15 `` Bad to the Bone '' Jonathan Brough Bruce Kalish June 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 02 ) 652 16 `` Friends Do n't Fade Away '' Vanessa Alexander Ally Mondera June 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 16 ) 653 17 `` No `` I '' in Leader '' Vanessa Alexander William Carter June 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 23 ) 654 18 `` True Friends , True Spirits '' Vanessa Alexander Aran Hufee June 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 30 ) 655 19 `` Path of the Rhino '' Jonathan Brough Nico Manley July 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 07 ) 656 20 `` Dash for the Dagger '' Jonathan Brough Sofia Sprittey July 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 14 ) 657 21 `` Race to the Nexus '' Jonathan Brough Patrick Skuel July 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 21 ) 658 22 `` Arise the Crystal Eyes '' Jonathan Brough Casey S. Neki July 28 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 28 ) 659 23 `` Fear and the Phantoms '' Mike Smith Grace Urwin August 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 04 ) 660 24 `` Blue Ranger , Twin Danger '' Mike Smith KJ Bekman August 11 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 11 ) 661 25 `` One Last Second Chance '' Mike Smith Ally Mondera August 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 18 ) 662 26 `` Do n't Blow That Dough '' Mark Beesley John Tellegen September 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 29 ) 663 27 `` Tigers Fall , Lions Rise '' Luke Robinson John Edward October 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 06 ) 664 28 `` The Spirit of Kindness '' Luke Robinson Moni Zamazene October 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 13 ) 665 29 `` Maryl and the Monkeys '' Luke Robinson Bruce Kalish October 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 20 ) 666 30 `` To Earn Your Stripes '' Mark Beesley Jackie Marchand October 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 27 ) 667 31 `` Path of the Righteous '' Mark Beelsey John Tellegen November 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 03 ) 668 32 `` Now the Final Fury '' Mark Beelsey Jackie Marchand November 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 03 ) Power Rangers RPM ( Season 17 , 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers RPM episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 669 `` The Road to Corinth '' Mike Smith Eddie Guzelian March 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 07 ) 670 `` Fade to Black '' Mike Smith Eddie Guzelian March 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 07 ) 671 `` Rain '' Mike Smith Eddie Guzelian March 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 14 ) 672 `` Go for the Green '' Jonathan Brough Jackie Marchand March 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 21 ) 673 5 `` Handshake '' Jonathan Brough John Tellegen March 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 28 ) 674 6 `` Ranger Green '' Jonathan Brough Eddie Guzelian April 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 04 ) 675 7 `` Ranger Red '' Vanessa Alexander John Tellegen April 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 11 ) 676 8 `` Ranger Yellow , Part I '' Vanessa Alexander Jackie Marchand April 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 18 ) 677 9 `` Ranger Yellow , Part II '' Vanessa Alexander Jackie Marchand April 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 25 ) 678 10 `` Ranger Blue '' Charlie Haskell Madellaine Paxson May 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 02 ) 679 11 `` Doctor K '' Charlie Haskell Matthew Negrete May 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 09 ) 680 12 `` Blitz '' Charlie Haskell Eddie Guzelian May 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 16 ) 681 13 `` Brother 's Keeper '' Jonathan Brough John Tellegen May 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 23 ) 682 14 `` Embodied '' Jonathan Brough Eddie Guzelian June 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 13 ) 683 15 `` Ghosts '' Jonathan Brough Eddie Guzelian June 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 20 ) 684 16 `` In or Out '' Mike Smith John Tellegen July 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 04 ) 685 17 `` Prisoners '' Mike Smith Madellaine Paxson July 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 11 ) 686 18 `` Belly of the Beast '' Mike Smith Matthew Negrete August 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 01 ) 687 19 `` Three 's a Crowd '' Peter Salmon John Tellegen August 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 08 ) 688 20 `` Heroes Among Us '' Peter Salmon Judd Lynn August 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 15 ) 689 21 `` Not So Simple '' Peter Salmon Matthew Negrete August 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) 690 22 `` The Dome Dolls '' Mike Smith John Tellegen September 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 05 ) 691 23 `` And .... Action '' Mike Smith Judd Lynn September 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 12 ) 692 24 `` Ancient History '' Mike Smith John Tellegen September 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 19 ) 693 25 `` Key to the Past '' Mike Smith Jeffrey Newman September 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 26 ) 694 26 `` Beyond a Doubt '' Charlie Haskell Judd Lynn September 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 26 ) 695 27 `` Control - Alt - Delete '' Charlie Haskell David Garber October 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 03 ) 696 28 `` Run Ziggy Run '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen October 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 03 ) 697 29 `` If Venjix Won '' Charlie Haskell Tiffany Louie December 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 19 ) 698 30 `` End Game '' Mike Smith John Tellegen December 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 19 ) 699 31 `` Danger and Destiny , Part I '' Mike Smith Judd Lynn December 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 26 ) 700 32 `` Danger and Destiny , Part II '' Mike Smith Judd Lynn December 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 26 ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( Re-version , 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( re-version ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date RV1 `` Day of the Dumpster '' Adrian Carr Tony Oliver & Shuki Levy January 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 02 ) RV2 `` High Five '' Adrian Carr Steve Kramer January 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 02 ) RV3 `` Teamwork '' Robert Hughes Cheryl Saban January 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 09 ) RV4 `` A Pressing Engagement '' Adrian Carr Jeff Deckman & Ronnie Sperling January 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 09 ) RV5 5 `` Different Drum '' Jeff Reiner Julianne Klemm January 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 16 ) RV6 6 `` Food Fight '' Robert Hughes Cheryl Saban January 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 16 ) RV7 7 `` Big Sisters '' Jeff Reiner Gary Glasberg & Shuki Levy January 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 23 ) RV8 8 `` Switching Places '' Jeff Reiner Shuki Levy & Steve Kramer January 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 30 ) RV9 9 `` I , Eye Guy '' David Blyth Stewart St. John February 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 06 ) RV10 10 `` Foul Play in the Sky '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy February 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 13 ) RV11 11 `` For Whom the Bell Trolls '' Robert Hughes Jeff Deckman & Ronnie Sperling and Stewart St. John February 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 20 ) RV12 12 `` Happy Birthday , Zack '' Jeff Reiner Stewart St. John February 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 27 ) RV13 13 `` No Clowning Around '' Adrian Carr Mark Hoffmeier March 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 27 ) RV14 14 `` Green with Evil , Part I '' Robert Hughes Gary Glasberg & Stewart St. John April 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 03 ) RV15 15 `` Green with Evil , Part II '' Robert Hughes Tom Wyner & Cheryl Saban and Stewart St. John April 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 10 ) RV16 16 `` Green with Evil , Part III '' Robert Hughes Mark Ryan & Stewart St. John May 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 08 ) RV17 17 `` Green with Evil , Part IV '' Robert Hughes Cindy McKay & Stewart St. John May 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 22 ) RV18 18 `` Green with Evil , Part V '' Robert Hughes Gary Glasberg & Stewart St. John June 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 05 ) RV19 19 `` The Trouble with Shellshock '' David Blyth Stewart St. John & Julianne Klemm July 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 17 ) RV20 20 `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' Robert Hughes Steve Kramer July 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 17 ) RV21 21 `` Power Ranger Punks '' David Blyth Mark Hoffmeier July 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 24 ) RV22 22 `` The Spit Flower '' David Blyth Peggy Nicoll July 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 24 ) RV23 23 `` Life 's a Masquerade '' Robert Hughes Cheryl Saban July 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 31 ) RV24 24 `` Gung Ho ! '' Robert Hughes Mark Hoffmeier July 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 31 ) RV25 25 `` Island of Illusion , Part I '' Terence H. Winkless Chris Schoon & Shuki Levy August 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 07 ) RV26 26 `` Island of Illusion , Part II '' Terence H. Winkless Stewart St. John & Chris Schoon and Shuki Levy August 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 07 ) RV27 27 `` Wheel of Misfortune '' Terence H. Winkless Mark Ryan & Cheryl Saban August 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 14 ) RV28 28 `` Peace , Love and Woe '' Robert Hughes Julianne Klemm August 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 14 ) RV29 29 `` Dark Warrior '' Terence H. Winkless Jeff Deckman & Ronnie Sperling and Mark Hoffmeier August 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 21 ) RV30 30 `` The Rockstar '' Terence H. Winkless Peggy Nicoll August 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 21 ) RV31 31 `` Calamity Kimberly '' Terence H. Winkless Tom Wyner & Julianne Klemm August 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 28 ) RV32 32 `` A Star is Born '' Terence H. Winkless Cheryl Saban August 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 28 ) Power Rangers Samurai ( Season 18 , 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Samurai episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 701 `` Origins , Part I '' Peter Samon David Schneider and James W. Bates October 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 15 ) 702 `` Origins , Part II '' Peter Salmon Jill Donnellan and James W. Bates October 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 22 ) 703 `` The Team Unites '' Peter Salmon David Schneider and James W. Bates February 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 07 ) 704 `` Deal With a Nighlok '' Luke Robinson Jill Donnellan and Jonathan Rosenthal February 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 13 ) 705 5 `` Day Off '' Luke Robinson David Schneider and Jill Donnellan February 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 20 ) 706 6 `` Sticks & Stones '' Luke Robinson Jill Donnellan and David Schneider February 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 27 ) 707 7 `` A Fish Out of Water '' Peter Salmon David Schneider and James W. Bates March 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) 708 8 `` There Go the Brides '' Peter Salmon Jill Donnellan and Jonathan Rosenthal March 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 13 ) 709 9 `` I 've Got a Spell on Blue '' Peter Salmon David Schneider and Jill Donnellan March 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 20 ) 710 10 `` Forest for the Trees '' Jonathan Brough Jill Donnellan and Seth Walther March 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 27 ) 711 11 `` Test of the Leader '' Jonathan Brough David Schneider and Samuel P. McLean April 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 10 ) 712 12 `` Jayden 's Challenge '' Jonathan Brough Jill Donnellan and James W. Bates with David Schneider April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) 713 13 `` Unexpected Arrival '' Akihiro Noguchi David Schneider and Seth Walther April 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 30 ) 714 14 `` Room for One More '' Akihiro Noguchi Jill Donnellan and Jonathan Rosenthal May 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 07 ) 715 15 `` The Blue and the Gold '' Akihiro Noguchi David Schneider and Jill Donnellan May 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 14 ) 716 16 `` Team Spirit '' Jonathan Brough Billy Rueben and James W. Bates May 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 21 ) 717 17 `` The Tengen Gate '' Jonathan Brough David McDermott May 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 28 ) 718 18 `` Boxed In '' Jonathan Brough Seth Walther June 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 04 ) 719 19 `` Broken Dreams '' Akihiro Noguchi Jill Donnellan October 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 01 ) 720 20 `` The Ultimate Duel '' Akihiro Noguchi Jonathan Rosenthal October 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 08 ) 721 Special `` Party Monsters '' Akihiro Noguchi James W. Bates and Amit Bhaumik October 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 29 ) 722 Special `` Clash of the Red Rangers : The Movie '' Jonathan Tzachor James W. Bates November 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 26 ) 723 Special `` Christmas Together , Friends Forever '' Jonathan Brough Jill Donnellan and Amit Bhaumik December 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 10 ) Power Rangers Super Samurai ( Season 19 , 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Super Samurai episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 724 `` Super Samurai '' Jonathan Brough James W. Bates February 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 18 ) 725 `` Shell Game '' Jonathan Brough Seth Walther February 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 25 ) 726 `` Trading Places '' Jonathan Brough David McDermott March 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 03 ) 727 `` Something Fishy '' Akihiro Noguchi Eugene Son March 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 10 ) 728 5 `` The Rescue '' Akihiro Noguchi Samuel P. McLean March 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 17 ) 729 6 `` The Bullzord '' Akihiro Noguchi Mark Handler March 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 24 ) 730 7 `` He Ai n't Heavy Metal , He 's My Brother '' Nobuhiro Suzumura & Akihiro Noguchi Kevin Rubio & David McDermott March 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 31 ) 731 8 `` Kevin 's Choice '' Peter Salmon Jonathan Rosenthal April 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 07 ) 732 9 `` Runaway Spike '' Peter Salmon Jill Donnellan April 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 14 ) 733 10 `` The Strange Case of the Munchies '' Akihiro Noguchi Jill Donnellan April 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 21 ) 734 11 `` A Sticky Situation '' Peter Salmon Seth Walther April 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 28 ) 735 12 `` Trust Me '' Akihiro Noguchi Marc Handler May 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 05 ) 736 13 `` The Master Returns '' Akihiro Noguchi Samuel P. McLean May 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 12 ) 737 14 `` A Crack in the World '' Nobuhiro Suzumura & Akihiro Noguchi Seth Walther October 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 13 ) 738 15 `` Stroke of Fate '' Nobuhiro Suzumura & Akihiro Noguchi Amit Bhaumik November 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 03 ) 739 16 `` Fight Fire With Fire '' Akihiro Noguchi Marc Handler November 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 10 ) 740 17 `` The Great Duel '' Akihiro Noguchi Jill Donnellan November 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 17 ) 741 18 `` Evil Reborn '' Akihiro Noguchi Seth Walther November 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 24 ) 742 19 `` The Sealing Symbol '' Nobuhiro Suzumura & Akihiro Noguchi Seth Walther December 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) 743 20 `` Samurai Forever '' Nobuhiro Suzumura & Akihiro Noguchi David McDermott December 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 08 ) 744 Special `` Trickster Treat '' Jonathan Tzachor Michael Sorich October 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 27 ) 745 Special `` Stuck on Christmas '' Jonathan Brough Jill Donnellan December 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 15 ) Power Rangers Megaforce ( Season 20 , 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Megaforce episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 746 `` Mega Mission '' Jonathan Tzachor James W. Bates February 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 02 ) 747 `` He Blasted Me with Science '' Jonathan Tzachor David McDermott February 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 09 ) 748 `` Going Viral '' Jonathan Brough Marc Handler February 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 16 ) 749 `` Stranger Ranger '' Jonathan Brough Seth Walther February 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 23 ) 750 5 `` United We Stand '' Jonathan Brough Jill Donnellan March 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 02 ) 751 6 `` Harmony and Dizchord '' James Barr Seth Walther March 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 09 ) 752 7 `` Who 's Crying Now ? '' Jonathan Tzachor Seth Walther March 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 16 ) 753 8 `` Robo Knight '' Jonathan Tzachor , Isaac Florentine ( Consultant ) Marc Handler March 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 30 ) 754 9 `` Prince Takes Knight '' Jonathan Tzachor , Isaac Florentine ( Consultant ) David McDermott & Seth Walther April 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 06 ) 755 10 `` Man and Machine '' John Laing Seth Walther September 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 07 ) 756 11 `` Ultra Power '' John Laing Jim Peronto September 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 14 ) 757 12 `` Last Laugh '' John Laing Jill Donnellan September 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 28 ) 758 13 `` Dream Snatcher '' Yuji Noguchi & Isaac Florentine ( Consultant ) Jill Donnellan & James W. Bates October 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 05 ) 759 14 `` Gosei Ultimate '' Yuji Noguchi & Isaac Florentine ( Consultant ) Marc Handler October 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 12 ) 760 15 `` The Human Factor '' Yuji Noguchi & Isaac Florentine ( Consultant ) David McDermott October 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 26 ) 761 16 `` Rico the Robot '' Yuji Noguchi & Isaac Florentine ( Consultant ) Jill Donnellan November 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 02 ) 762 17 `` Staying on Track '' James Barr Jim Peronto November 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 09 ) 763 18 `` The Human Condition '' James Barr David McDermott November 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 16 ) 764 19 `` The Messenger '' John Laing Marc Handler November 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 23 ) 765 20 `` End Game '' John Laing Seth Walther November 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 30 ) 766 Special `` Raising Spirits '' James Barr Jim Peronto October 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 19 ) 767 Special `` The Robo Knight Before Christmas '' James Barr James W. Bates December 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 07 ) Power Rangers Super Megaforce ( Season 21 , 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Super Megaforce episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( in millions ) 768 `` Super Megaforce '' James Barr James W. Bates February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) 2.1 769 `` Earth Fights Back '' James Barr Jill Donnellan February 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) 1.9 770 `` Blue Saber Saga '' Yuji Noguchi Jason Smith March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) 1.8 771 `` A Lion 's Alliance '' Charlie Haskell Jim Peronto and Amira Lopez March 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 08 ) 2.1 772 5 `` Samurai Surprise '' Yuji Noguchi Jason Smith March 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 15 ) 773 6 `` Spirit of the Tiger '' Yuji Noguchi Samuel P. McLean March 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 22 ) 1.72 774 7 `` Silver Lining , Part I '' Charlie Haskell Seth Walther April 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 05 ) 1.61 775 8 `` Silver Lining , Part II '' Charlie Haskell Jill Donnellan April 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 12 ) 1.47 776 9 `` Power of Six '' James Barr Jason Smith August 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 30 ) 1.50 777 10 `` The Perfect Storm '' Jonathan Tzachor Jim Peronto September 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 06 ) 1.52 778 11 `` Love Is in the Air '' James Barr Jill Donnellan September 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 13 ) 1.12 779 12 `` United as One '' James Barr Seth Walther September 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 27 ) 1.34 780 13 `` The Grass is Always Greener ... or Bluer '' Charlie Haskell David Schneider October 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 04 ) 1.53 781 14 `` In the Driver 's Seat '' Charlie Haskell Seth Walther October 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 11 ) 1.56 782 15 `` All Hail Prince Vekar '' Charlie Haskell Jason Smith October 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 18 ) 1.41 783 16 `` Vrak Is Back , Part I '' James Barr James W. Bates October 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 25 ) 1.37 784 17 `` Vrak Is Back , Part II '' James Barr James W. Bates November 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 01 ) 1.59 785 18 `` Emperor Mavro '' Charlie Haskell Jill Donnellan November 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 08 ) 1.10 786 19 `` The Wrath '' Charlie Haskell Seth Walther November 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 15 ) 1.76 787 20 `` Legendary Battle '' Charlie Haskell Seth Walther November 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 22 ) 1.89 Special Special `` The Legendary Battle : Extended Edition '' Charlie Haskell Seth Walther November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) TBA Power Rangers Dino Charge ( Season 22 , 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Dino Charge episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 788 `` Powers From the Past '' Jonathan Brough Chip Lynn February 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 07 ) 1.93 789 `` Past , Present and Fusion '' Jonathan Brough Chip Lynn February 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 14 ) 1.38 790 `` A Fool 's Hour '' Charlie Haskell Chip Lynn February 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 21 ) 1.53 791 `` Return of the Caveman '' Jonathan Brough Chip Lynn February 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 28 ) 1.92 792 5 `` Breaking Black '' Charlie Haskell Jeffrey Newman , Peter Wiseman & Chip Lynn March 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 07 ) 1.50 793 6 `` The Tooth Hurts ! '' Mike Smith Jeffrey Newman , Peter Wiseman & Chip Lynn March 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 14 ) 1.29 794 7 `` Let Sleeping Zords Lie '' Mike Smith Chip Lynn March 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 21 ) 2.01 795 8 `` Double Ranger , Double Danger '' Mike Smith Peter Wiseman , Tanya M. Wheeler & Chip Lynn April 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 04 ) 1.48 796 9 `` When Logic Fails '' Charlie Haskell Chip Lynn August 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 22 ) 1.59 797 10 `` The Royal Rangers '' Charlie Haskell Chip Lynn August 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 29 ) 1.69 798 11 `` Break Out '' Charlie Haskell Chip Lynn September 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 12 ) 1.41 799 12 `` Knight After Knights '' Peter Salmon Jeffrey Newman & Chip Lynn September 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 19 ) 1.37 800 13 `` Sync or Swim '' Peter Salmon Chip Lynn & James W. Bates October 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) 1.01 801 14 `` True Black '' Peter Salmon Chip Lynn and Mark Litton October 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 10 ) 1.34 802 15 `` Rise of a Ranger '' Mike Smith Chip Lynn and Mark Litton October 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 24 ) 1.11 803 16 `` No Matter How You Slice It '' Mike Smith Chip Lynn and Jeffrey Newman November 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 07 ) 1.13 804 17 `` World Famous ( in New Zealand ) '' Mike Smith Chip Lynn and Becca Barnes November 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 14 ) 1.06 805 18 `` Deep Down Under '' Peter Salmon Chip Lynn and Becca Barnes November 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 21 ) 1.50 806 19 `` Wishing for a Hero '' Peter Salmon Chip Lynn November 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 28 ) 1.17 807 20 `` One More Energem '' Peter Salmon Chip Lynn and Becca Barnes December 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 12 ) 1.30 808 Special `` The Ghostest With the Mostest '' Charlie Haskell Chip Lynn and Mark Litton October 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 17 ) 1.07 809 Special `` Race to Rescue Christmas '' Charlie Haskell Chip Lynn and Mark Litton December 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 05 ) 1.22 Power Rangers Dino Super Charge ( Season 23 , 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Dino Super Charge episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 810 `` When Evil Stirs '' Peter Burger Chip Lynn & Becca Barnes January 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 30 ) 1.34 811 `` Forgive and Forget '' Peter Burger Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale February 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 06 ) 1.20 812 `` Nightmare in Amber Beach '' Peter Burger Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale February 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 13 ) 1.37 813 `` A Date with Danger '' Karl Zwicky Chip Lynn & Marc Handler February 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 20 ) 1.19 814 5 `` Roar of the Red Ranger '' Karl Zwicky Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale February 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 27 ) 1.20 815 6 `` Forged Under Fire '' Karl Zwicky Chip Lynn , Ann Austen , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale March 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 05 ) 1.78 816 7 `` Home Run Koda '' Michael Duignan Chip Lynn and Becca Barnes March 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 19 ) 1.50 817 8 `` Riches and Rags '' Michael Duignan Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale March 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 26 ) 1.38 818 9 `` Besties 4Eva '' Michael Duignan Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale August 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 20 ) 1.23 819 10 `` Gone Fishin '' Michael Duignan Alwyn Dale , Becca Barnes , and Chip Lynn August 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 27 ) 1.44 820 11 `` Love at First Fight '' Judd Lynn Ann Austen & Becca Barnes September 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 03 ) 1.42 821 12 `` Catching Some Rays '' Peter Burger Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and David McDermott September 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 10 ) 1.40 822 13 `` Recipe for Disaster '' Peter Burger Judd Lynn , Becca Barnes and Alwyn Dale September 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 24 ) 1.41 823 14 `` Silver Secret '' Ric Pellizzeri Judd Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale October 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) 1.62 824 15 `` Wings of Danger '' Ric Pellizzeri Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Judd Lynn October 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 15 ) 1.06 825 16 `` Freaky Fightday '' Ric Pellizzeri Alwyn Dale , Becca Barnes , and Judd Lynn October 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) 1.34 826 17 `` Worgworld '' Michael Duignan Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Judd Lynn October 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 29 ) 1.51 827 18 `` The Rangers Rock '' Michael Duignan Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Judd Lynn November 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 05 ) 1.38 828 19 `` Edge of Extinction '' Britta Hawkins Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Judd Lynn November 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 12 ) 1.42 829 20 `` End of Extinction '' Britta Hawkins Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Judd Lynn November 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 19 ) 1.54 830 Special `` Trick or Trial '' Michael Duignan Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Judd Lynn October 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 08 ) 1.33 831 Special `` Here Comes Heximas '' Michael Duignan Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Judd Lynn December 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 10 ) 1.69 Power Rangers Ninja Steel ( Season 24 , 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Ninja Steel episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 832 `` Return of the Prism '' Peter Burger Chip Lynn January 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 21 ) 1.53 833 `` Forged in Steel '' Peter Burger Chip Lynn January 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 28 ) 1.55 834 `` Live and Learn '' Michael Duignan Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale February 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 04 ) 1.50 835 `` Presto Change - O '' Michael Duignan Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale February 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 11 ) 1.52 836 5 `` Drive to Survive '' Michael Duignan Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale February 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 25 ) 1.29 837 6 `` My Friend , Redbot '' Simon Bennett Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale March 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 04 ) 1.29 838 7 `` Hack Attack '' Simon Bennett Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale March 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 18 ) 1.26 839 8 `` Gold Rush '' Simon Bennett Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale March 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 18 ) 1.16 840 9 `` Rocking and Rolling '' Oliver Driver Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale August 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 12 ) 0.95 841 10 `` The Ranger Ribbon '' Oliver Driver Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale August 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 19 ) 1.09 842 11 `` Poisonous Plots '' Oliver Driver Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale August 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 26 ) 1.24 843 12 `` Family Fusion '' Michael Duignan Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale September 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) 1.18 844 13 `` Ace and the Race '' Michael Duignan Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale September 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 09 ) 0.94 845 14 `` The Royal Rival '' Simon Bennett Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale September 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) 1.20 846 15 `` The Royal Rumble '' Simon Bennett Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale September 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 23 ) 1.04 847 16 `` Monkey Business '' TBA TBA October 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) TBD 848 17 `` The Adventures Of Redbot '' TBA TBA October 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) TBD 849 18 `` Abrakadanger '' TBA TBA October 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 28 ) TBD 850 19 `` Helping Hand '' TBA TBA TBA TBD 851 20 `` Galvanax Attacks '' TBA TBA TBA TBD 852 Special `` Grave Robber '' Oliver Driver Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Chip Lynn October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 1.11 853 Special `` Past , Present , And Future '' TBA TBA TBA TBD Power Rangers films & specials ( edit ) This section indexes the official films and specials that are n't considered part of the normal episode count . Film ( edit ) Title Theatrical Release Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie June 30 , 1995 Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie March 28 , 1997 Power Rangers March 24 , 2017 Television ( edit ) Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie : Secrets Revealed '' TBA TBA June 18 , 1995 ( 1995 - 06 - 18 ) `` Power Playback : Funniest Power Rangers Moments '' TBA TBA June 13 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 13 ) `` The Lost Episode '' TBA TBA May 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 22 ) `` The Hidden Episode '' TBA TBA January 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 30 ) `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive : Behind the Scenes '' TBA TBA February 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 16 ) Direct to Video ( edit ) Title Directed by Written by Original video release `` Alpha 's Magical Christmas '' TBA TBA October 19 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 19 ) `` The Official Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Karate Club : Level 1 '' TBA TBA November 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 23 ) `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Official Fan Club Video '' TBA TBA 1994 ( 1994 ) `` Lord Zedd 's Monster Heads : The Greatest Villains of the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers '' TBA TBA August 29 , 1995 ( 1995 - 08 - 29 ) `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Karate Club : The White Ranger Kata '' TBA TBA January 31 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 31 ) `` The Good , the Bad , and the Stupid : The Misadventures of Bulk and Skull '' TBA TBA February 21 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 21 ) `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers World Tour Live on Stage '' TBA TBA March 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 20 ) `` Shift into Turbo : Behind the Scenes of Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie '' TBA TBA 1998 ( 1998 ) `` Mission Training '' TBA TBA 2004 ( 2004 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This episode aired in France on September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ This episode aired in France on September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ This episode aired in France on September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ This episode aired in France on September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ This episode aired in France on September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ This episode aired in France on September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ This episode was made available on the Nickelodeon website for early access streaming on February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was made available on the Nickelodeon website for early access streaming on August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in Russia on September 14 , 2014 , then in France on September 15 , 2014 , and in the United Kingdom on September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on September 16 , 2014 , and then in Russia on September 20 , 2014 , and the United Kingdom on September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on September 16 , 2014 , and then in Russia on September 21 , 2014 , and the United Kingdom on September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on September 17 , 2014 , and then in the United Kingdom on September 26 , 2014 , and Russia on September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on September 17 , 2014 , and then in the United Kingdom on September 29 , 2014 , and Russia on September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on September 18 , 2014 , and then in the United Kingdom on September 30 , 2014 , and Russia on October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on September 18 , 2014 , and then in the United Kingdom on October 1 , 2014 , and Russia on October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on September 19 , 2014 , and then in the United Kingdom on October 2 , 2014 , and Russia on October 11 , 2014 , and as part of the extended version on November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on September 19 , 2014 , and then in the United Kingdom on October 3 , 2014 , and Russia on October 12 , 2014 , and as part of the extended version on November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in Brazil on August 3 , 2015 , and made available on the Nickelodeon website on August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in Brazil on August 10 , 2015 , and made available on the Nickelodeon website on August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on August 30 , 2015 , and made available on the Nickelodeon website on August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on August 30 , 2015 , and made available on the Nickelodeon website on September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Saban Brands regards episode 13 , `` Sync or Swim , '' as the official 800th episode of the Power Rangers series . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first broadcast in France on September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first broadcast in France on September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first broadcast in France on September 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first broadcast in France on September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in Australia on August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in Australia on August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in Australia on October 30 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Season 23 , Episode 22 '' . TVMuse . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Super Samurai Episodes - Power Rangers Super Samurai Season 2 2012 Episode Guides - Watch Power Rangers Super Samurai Episodes '' . TVGuide.com. 2011 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Super Samurai - ' Trickster Treat ' Episode Info - MSN TV '' . http://tv.msn.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://thefutoncritic.com/showatch/power-rangers/listings/ ^ Jump up to : `` Power Rangers MegaforceEpisode Guide '' . Zap2It . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Nickelodeon Spreads Laughter and Good Cheer with Holiday Episodes of ' Instant Mom ' , ' Power Rangers ' and ' Awesomeness TV ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Robo Knight Before Christmas '' . zap2it . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Super Megaforce - Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : NBA All Star Saturday Night Wins Night , ' The Pete Holmes Show ' , Olympics , NASCAR & More '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Basketball Leads Night + Olympics Coverage , ' Sanjay & Craig ' & More '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Basketball Wins Night , Boxing , ' Mythbusters ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Basketball Wins Day + ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' Wins Day , ' Sanjay and Craig ' , College Basketball & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 29 , 2014 ) . `` Nickelodeon , Nick Jr. , NickToons , TeenNick and Nick at Nite ratings ( March 17 - 23 , 2014 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball Leads Night + ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' , ' Sanjay & Craig ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' Wins Night , ' The Boondocks ' , ' Sex Sent Me to the ER ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Football Wins Night , ' Doctor Who ' , ' SportsCenter ' , ' Attack on Titan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Broadcast & Cable Finals '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Broadcast & Cable Finals '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Ratings : ' 48 Hours ' Most - Viewed ; Notre Dame - Syracuse on ABC Tops Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Ratings : College Football and MLB Highlight the Day '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Football Wins Night , Baseball , ' Attack on Titan ' , ' Haunted Thundermans ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Football Leads Night + ' Attack on Titan ' , ' Bleach ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Football Wins Night , ' Sex Sent Me to the ER ' , ' Doctor Who ' , ' Attack on Titan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Son of the Bronx ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : ESPN Leads Low - Rated Night '' . TV Media Insights . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Son of the Bronx ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : Alabama - LSU Boosts CBS '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Football Tops Night + ' Aaliyah : Princess of R&B ' , ' Beyond the Headlines ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : Significant Increases for Toonami Block on Adult Swim '' . TV Media Insights . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- power rangers on nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Basketball Wins Night + ' Dragon Ball Z : Kai ' , ' Fixer Upper ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : Most - Viewed ' NBA All - Star Saturday Night ' on TNT in Three Years '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : ' Daytona 500 Bash at the Beach ' on Fox Down One - Third Year - to - Year '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Note : The rating is in the comments section . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : Scarce Sampling of Shania Twain Concert from Las Vegas on ABC and NHL on NBC '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : Respectable Premiere of ' Premier Boxing Champions ' on NBC '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : ESPN Tops All in Prime Time Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : CBS and Turner Sports Continue to See Record Highs for NCAA March Madness '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : 22.6 Million Viewers for Wisconsin - Kentucky on TBS , TNT and truTV '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Dragon Ball Z : Kai ' Tops Night + NASCAR Sprint Cup , ' Akame ga Kill ' , NFL Preseason Football & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : Football Wins Day , ' Akame Ga Kill ' , Boxing , ' Let The Church Say Amen ' , ' Hell on Wheels ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : Football Wins Day , ' Michiko & Hatchin ' , ' NASCAR ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.19. 2015 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 10.3. 2015 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday cable ratings : College football and MLB playoffs lead , plus USA - Mexico soccer , ' Dragon Ball Z ' and more '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 10.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.7. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday cable ratings : College football on top once again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday cable ratings : ' Family Guy ' and ' College GameDay ' pace a slow day '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Updated : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.28. 2015 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.12. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 10.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.5. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- power rangers on nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.30. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.6. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.13. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.5. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.20. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.27. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.3. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.10. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.24. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.1. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.15. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.22. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.29. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Power Rangers Dino Super Charge : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Saturday cable ratings : Hallmark 's ' My Christmas Dream , ' college football lead the way '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.8. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.tvmuse.com/tv-shows/Power-Rangers_464/season_23/episode_22/ Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.10. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- power rangers on nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.21. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.28. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.4. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.11. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.25. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.4. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.18. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.18. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.12. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.19. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.26. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.2. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.9. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.16. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.23. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- power rangers on nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- power rangers on nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- power rangers on nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- power rangers on nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.7. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Power Rangers Media TV series Saban Entertainment Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 -- 1995 ; 2010 ) Season 1 2010 re-version Alien Rangers ( 1996 ) Zeo ( 1996 ) Episodes Turbo ( 1997 ) Episodes in Space ( 1998 ) Episodes Lost Galaxy ( 1999 ) Episodes Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) Episodes Time Force ( 2001 ) Episodes Wild Force ( 2002 ) Episodes Disney Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Episodes Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Episodes S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Episodes Mystic Force ( 2006 ) Episodes Operation Overdrive ( 2007 ) Episodes Jungle Fury ( 2008 ) Episodes RPM ( 2009 ) Episodes Saban Brands Samurai & Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Season 1 Megaforce & Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Season 1 Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Season 1 Ninja Steel & Super Ninja Steel ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Episodes Films Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( 1995 ) Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 ) Saban 's Power Rangers ( 2017 ) Video games Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1994 ) The Movie ( 1995 ) The Fighting Edition ( 1995 ) Zeo : Battle Racers ( 1996 ) Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) Time Force ( 2001 ) Wild Force ( 2002 ) Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Super Legends ( 2007 ) Legacy Wars ( 2017 ) Others `` Go Go Power Rangers '' ( theme song ) `` Power Rangers '' ( song ) A Rock Adventure World Tour Live on Stage Collectible Card Game Comics Justice League / Power Rangers Home video Universe Rangers Planets Races Villains Zords Related articles Cast members Power / Rangers Super Sentai Power Rangers Dino Force Brave Corporate Haim Saban Saban Entertainment Saban Brands Shuki Levy Tony Oliver Bandai Namco Entertainment Bandai Related Saban series VR Troopers Masked Rider Big Bad Beetleborgs Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog Related DIC series Superhuman Samurai Syber - Squad Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills Related Adness series Kamen Rider : Dragon Knight Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Power_Rangers_episodes&oldid=801479818 '' Categories : Power Rangers episodes Lists of science fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 22 : 36 . 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1251851962520831111 | Dodgers–Yankees rivalry | Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry - wikipedia Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Jump to : navigation , search Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Los Angeles Dodgers New York Yankees First meeting October 1 , 1941 Yankee Stadium ( original ) ( World Series ) June 18 , 2004 Dodger Stadium ( regular season ) Latest meeting September 14 , 2016 Dodger Stadium Dodgers 2 , Yankees 0 Next meeting TBD Statistics Meetings total 78 ( World Series : 65 , regular season : 13 ) Regular season series Dodgers , 7 -- 6 Largest victory 12 -- 2 , Yankees ( World Series -- October 15 , 1978 ) 6 -- 0 , Dodgers ( regular season -- June 19 , 2013 ) Longest win streak Dodgers : 2 ( June 19 , 2013 -- July 30 , 2013 ) Yankees : 2 ( June 27 , 2010 -- June 19 , 2013 ) Current win streak 1 , Dodgers Post-season history 1941 World Series : Yankees defeat Dodgers , 4 -- 1 1947 World Series : Yankees defeat Dodgers , 4 -- 3 1949 World Series : Yankees defeat Dodgers , 4 -- 1 1952 World Series : Yankees defeat Dodgers , 4 -- 3 1953 World Series : Yankees defeat Dodgers , 4 -- 1 1955 World Series : Dodgers defeat Yankees , 4 -- 3 1956 World Series : Yankees defeat Dodgers , 4 -- 3 1963 World Series : Dodgers defeat Yankees , 4 -- 0 1977 World Series : Yankees defeat Dodgers , 4 -- 2 1978 World Series : Yankees defeat Dodgers , 4 -- 2 1981 World Series : Dodgers defeat Yankees , 4 -- 2 The Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry is a Major League Baseball ( MLB ) rivalry between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the New York Yankees . The Dodgers are a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division , and the Yankees are a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The rivalry between the Dodgers and Yankees is one of the most well - known rivalries in Major League Baseball . The two teams have met 11 times in the World Series , more times than any other pair of teams from the American and National Leagues . The initial significance was embodied in the two teams ' proximity in New York City , when the Dodgers initially played in Brooklyn . After the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles in 1958 , the rivalry retained its significance as the two teams represented the dominant cities on each coast of the United States , and since the 1980s , the two largest cities in the United States . The Dodgers currently lead the regular season series 7 - 6 . Although the rivalry 's significance arose from the two teams ' numerous World Series meetings , the Yankees and Dodgers have not met in the World Series since 1981 . They would not play each other in a non-exhibition game until 2004 , when they played a 3 - game interleague series . Nevertheless , games between the two teams have become quite popular and draw sellout crowds . Contents ( hide ) 1 While in New York 1.1 A new team in town , new stadiums built , Subway Series established 1.2 1941 : First meeting between the Bronx Bombers and `` Dem Bums '' 1.3 1947 - 53 : `` Wait ' til next year ! '' 1.4 1955 : `` This IS next year ! '' 1.5 1956 : A `` perfect '' rematch 2 Dodgers move to Los Angeles 2.1 1963 : Los Angeles Dodger win 3 World Series appearances in the 1970s and 1981 3.1 1977 : The Bronx is Burning 3.2 1978 : Bucky Dent 's Playoffs 3.3 1981 : Changing of the Guard 4 Rivalry in the 21st Century 4.1 First Interleague matchup 4.2 The Yankee Years controversy 4.3 Back to the Bronx 5 See also 5.1 Histories 6 References While in New York ( edit ) A New team in town , New stadiums built , Subway Series established ( edit ) Main articles : Subway Series and Giants -- Yankees rivalry At the dawn of the 20th century , the American League was in its infancy , and one of its charter franchises ( which would eventually become the Yankees ) was the original Baltimore Orioles . The league , however , recognized that it required a presence in New York City , the country 's largest market , in order to survive . Hence , it moved the Orioles to New York , which was already the home of two National League franchises , the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants . The new team was eventually called the New York Highlanders due to their home field being Hilltop Park from 1903 -- 1912 . After the Highlanders allowed the Giants to play at Hilltop Park when the latter 's home stadium , the Polo Grounds , was undergoing reconstruction from a fire , the Giants invited the Highlanders to share the Polo Grounds with them . Since the Highlanders were no longer playing at higher elevations , they changed their name to the New York Yankees . The Dodgers also opened up their new field , Ebbets Field , in Brooklyn . Their opening game at the stadium was an exhibition game against the Highlanders on April 5 , 1913 where future Yankee manager Casey Stengel had the game - winning hit for the Dodgers . The Highlanders would officially be called the Yankees later that year . In 1920 , the Giants notified the Yankees that they would have to find a new stadium of their own for the 1921 season . The Giants rescinded that eviction notice and allowed the Yankees to stay until the end of the 1922 season , when the Giants renovated the Polo Grounds and increased seating capacity from 38,000 to 50,000 . Before that however , the 1921 World Series between the Giants and Yankees became the first Subway Series , as match - ups between the Dodgers and the Giants were not referred to as Subway Series . After losing to the Giants in that World Series and again the following year , the Yankees moved across the Harlem River to the original Yankee Stadium in the Bronx , where they captured their first ever World Series from the Giants in 1923 . 1941 : first meeting between the Bronx Bombers and `` dem bums '' ( edit ) Main article : 1941 World Series The rivalry between the Yankees and Brooklyn Dodgers began when the teams first met in the 1941 World Series . In Game 4 , with the Yankees leading the series two games to one , the Dodgers led by one going to the top of the ninth inning and , with two outs , just barely missed getting the third out and wound up losing the game . With two outs , the Yankees ' Tommy Henrich swung and missed with two strikes , but reached on a passed ball , as Dodger catcher Mickey Owen failed to hold on to the pitch . Henrich reached first base on the play . Owen recalled the incident : It was a great breaking curve that I should have had , but I guess the ball hit the side of my glove . It got away from me , and by the time I got hold of it , near the corner of the Brooklyn dugout , I could n't have thrown anybody out at first . Joe DiMaggio followed Henrich 's at bat with a single before Charlie Keller hit a double to drive in both Henrich and DiMaggio and give the Yankees a 5 - 4 lead . After Bill Dickey walked , he and Keller scored on a Joe Gordon double to make the final score 7 - 4 . The next day , the Yankees clinched the first series match - up between the two teams in the start of what would become a long - lasting rivalry . 1947 - 53 : `` Wait ' til next year ! '' ( edit ) Main articles : 1947 World Series , 1949 World Series , 1952 World Series , and 1953 World Series Six years later , the 1947 World Series had a dramatic moment in Game 6 . The Dodgers ' Al Gionfriddo was placed in left field for defensive purposes and robbed Joe DiMaggio of a game - tying three - run home run . DiMaggio was visibly disgusted by the outcome of the play when rounding the bases in one of the few emotional displays of his career . The Dodgers won the game and forced a do - or - die Game 7 , only to fall . Dazzling defensive plays would be seen again , this time by the Yankees in the 1952 contest , as Billy Martin came outside the camera coverage area to catch a pop - fly after Brooklyn had threatened to take the lead in Game 7 . Martin would go on to be the hero once more in the 1953 series with a series record 12 hits , including the winning hit of the series - clinching game off of Clem Labine . Brooklyn signed Jackie Robinson to not only break the color line , but to bolster the lineup . Robinson , along with outfielder Duke Snider and pitcher Don Newcombe , sparked Brooklyn to four National League pennants between 1947 and 1953 . Each and every time during this period , however , the World Series ended in heartbreak for the Dodgers and gave the Dodger fans their rallying cry : `` Wait ' til next year ! '' During the 1953 World Series , long time Dodgers announcer Red Barber refused to man the broadcast booth due to a compensation dispute with Gillette . Barber jumped ship to the Yankees and joined Mel Allen to call the games for the Yankees . Struggling to find a replacement , the Dodgers gave the call to a 25 - year - old named Vin Scully , the youngest man to ever call a World Series game for a major network . Scully would go on to continue as a Dodgers broadcaster for another 6 decades . 1955 : `` this is next year ! '' ( edit ) Main article : 1955 World Series Finally , in 1955 the Dodgers reversed matters , prevailing over the Yankees in seven games to win their only World Series in Brooklyn . Thus came the slogan , This IS next year . 1956 : a `` perfect '' rematch ( edit ) Main articles : 1956 World Series and Don Larsen 's perfect game Brooklyn fell short of repeating the next season , falling in seven games to the Yankees . That year 's team suffered some ignominy in being on the losing end of Don Larsen 's perfect game in Game 5 , which was the first of only two no - hitters ever pitched in postseason play and the only in the history of the World Series . In both the 1955 and 1956 World Series , the home team won the first six games of the World Series , but lost Game 7 . It would not be until 1987 when the home team won all seven games of a World Series . However , the Yankees would meet the unfortunate fate of being the first American League team to lose a World Series in which the home team won all seven games , in 2001 . The 1956 World Series would be the last Subway Series of the 1900s and the last to include one of the National League 's charter franchises . Dodgers move to Los Angeles ( edit ) 1963 : Los Angeles Dodger win ( edit ) After the Dodgers ' move to Los Angeles for the 1958 season , it would take them two dominating pitchers ( Sandy Koufax and Don Drysdale ) , a speedy shortstop ( Maury Wills ) and a great outfielder ( Tommy Davis ) to spark them to a pennant in 1963 . They swept the aging Yankees ( consisting of Mickey Mantle , Roger Maris , and Whitey Ford ) in four straight games to win their second World Series since moving to Los Angeles , having won in 1959 , with the Bronx Bombers not taking a single lead against the powerful Los Angeles pitching staff and being limited to just four runs in the entire series , the very first meeting between teams from New York City and Los Angeles for a major professional sports championship . Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully said that although the Dodgers won four World Series titles in 10 years , he said that this championship was the biggest of those four because `` the ultimate was not only beating the Yankees but sweeping them in four '' , but said that `` to New York fans it was still the old Brooklyn Dodgers and there was a lot of bitterness toward them . '' World Series appearances in the 1970s and 1981 ( edit ) 1977 : the Bronx is Burning ( edit ) Mr. October : Reggie Jackson hit three home runs in Game 6 of the 1977 World Series against the Dodgers to win the series for the Yankees . After 14 years , sophomore manager Tommy Lasorda led a young Dodgers team to the 1977 World Series where they faced Billy Martin and the Yankees . The two managers were involved in a fist fight during the 1956 season while playing for the two teams they were now managing . The Yankees were coming off a controversy ridden season . Furious at their loss to The Big Red Machine in the 1976 World Series , owner George Steinbrenner had signed slugger Reggie Jackson to the team . Jackson immediately created friction in the clubhouse between himself and Bill Martin as well as captain Thurman Munson , the defending AL MVP . New York City itself was going through a financial crisis under Mayor Abraham Beame and experienced the Son of Sam and a major blackout , all chronicled in The Bronx is Burning . Despite the controversy , the Yankees managed to play together and win the pennant to face the Dodgers in the World Series . The Dodgers featured an infield of Steve Garvey at first , Davey Lopes at second , Ron Cey at third , and Bill Russell at shortstop , in addition to slugger Reggie Smith , and pitching duo ( Don Sutton and Tommy John ) . In addition to Jackson and Munson , the Yankees had Bucky Dent and Graig Nettles , Cy Young Award - winning closer Sparky Lyle , young pitcher Ron Guidry , and speedsters Willie Randolph and Mickey Rivers . The Dodgers appeared primed to win the Series , but Reggie Jackson put on his `` Mr. October '' show as he hit three home runs in Game 6 off of 3 pitches to lead the Yanks to their first World Series championship since 1962 . 1978 : Bucky Dent 's playoffs ( edit ) The next season , the Yankees won their division in thrilling fashion , thanks in large part to a timely home run from Bucky Dent in a one - game playoff against the Boston Red Sox . They went to the World Series for the third straight year where they faced the Dodgers for the second straight year . The Dodgers won the first two games of the Series thanks to rookie pitcher Bob Welch , but New York won the next four to take the 75th Fall Classic . 1981 : Changing of the Guard ( edit ) In 1981 , the fortunes turned in LA 's favor , as rookie pitcher Fernando Valenzuela won National League Rookie of the Year and Cy Young Award honors . But the Yankees had American League Rookie of the Year Dave Righetti ( who was traded from the Rangers in exchange for Lyle ) and daunting 1 - 2 relief punch of set - up man Ron Davis and closer Rich Gossage . The Yankees won the first two contests , but LA , led by Valenzuela and first baseman Steve Garvey , won the next four to claim their first World Series title since 1965 in a strike - shortened season . Fallout from the series would eventually have Reggie Jackson be controversially dismissed a bit later and owner George Steinbrenner to start a public feud with Dave Winfield , who had a dismal performance in the series . After the series ended , Steinbrenner issued a public apology to the City of New York for his team 's performance , while at the same time assuring the fans that plans to put the team together for 1982 would begin immediately . The Yankee owner was criticized heartily by players and press alike for doing so , as most people felt losing in the World Series was not something that needed to be apologized for . Lasorda said of the revenge for what Jackson did to the Dodgers in 1977 and 1978 : `` We were suffering and the guy was making a fool out of us . I was hoping and praying we would get another shot at him . '' This led to the Yankees not winning a World Series in the 1980s , the only decade they would not have won a championship since moving to the Bronx . In contrast , the Dodgers were able to defeat the Oakland Athletics in the 1988 World Series . It would be their last post-season meeting to date , the last time ever the Dodgers visited the old Yankee Stadium , and the last meeting between teams from New York City and Los Angeles for a major professional sports championship until the Rangers and the Kings squared off in the 2014 Stanley Cup Finals . Rivalry in the 21st century ( edit ) Yankees great Don Mattingly , then manager of the Dodgers . Although the Yankees and the Dodgers have n't met in the playoffs since the 1981 World Series , interleague matchups between the two teams , whether in New York or Los Angeles , have become quite popular . Tickets in both cities have become exclusive shortly after going on sale and games between the two teams have drawn sell out crowds , as evidenced during the doubleheader at the new Yankee Stadium in June 2013 , the first time the Dodgers visited the Bronx since interleague play was introduced and the first time they visited the new Yankee Stadium . First interleague matchup ( edit ) After 23 years of not facing the Yankees , LA hosted an interleague weekend series in June 2004 where they took two out of three contests . One ending had closer Éric Gagné strike out Bernie Williams for the final out . The third and final game was the ESPN Sunday Night game that weekend . The rivalry was renewed when Joe Torre , who led the Yankees to four World Series championships , accepted a three - year , $13 million contract to manage the Dodgers on November 1 , 2007 . He also brought along former Yankee first baseman Don Mattingly and Larry Bowa to his coaching staff . Coaches Rick Honeycutt and Mariano Duncan each played for both teams . Torre and left fielder Manny Ramirez , who had been a part of the fierce Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry before being traded to the Dodgers mid-season , led the Dodgers to the 2008 West Division Pennant . The Yankees failed to make the 2008 Postseason , ending their 13 - year consecutive postseason appearance streak with 12 of which were under Torre 's . The Yankee years controversy ( edit ) In 2009 , Torre co-authored a book , The Yankee Years , about his time in New York that criticized principal owner George Steinbrenner and third baseman Alex Rodriguez . The book cited that the term `` A-Fraud '' was used as a name for Alex Rodriguez 's common nickname `` A-Rod . '' The book specifically stated on p 245 : Back in 2004 , at first Rodriguez did his best to try to fit into the Yankee culture -- his cloying , B - grade actor best . He slathered on the polish . People in the clubhouse , including teammates and support personnel , were calling him ' A-Fraud ' behind his back . Torre would later explain the comments as being jestful and in good humor by Torre and Larry Bowa with Rodriguez . Both teams made it to the playoffs that year , but the Dodgers lost in the NLCS for the second straight year to the defending champion Philadelphia Phillies ( whom the Dodgers beat in the NLCS in 1977 and 1978 before losing to the Yankees in the World Series in both years ) , who would lose to the Yankees in the World Series , giving New York their first championship since Torre left as manager . The Yankees and Dodgers met again at Dodger Stadium for an interleague series from June 25 -- 27 , 2010 . Joe Torre and Don Mattingly played against the Yankees , who won the series two games to one , for the first time since joining the Dodgers and Torre 's first meeting with Rodriguez since the writing of Torre 's book . Back to the Bronx ( edit ) Mattingly succeeded Torre as manager of the Dodgers after the 2010 season . The Dodgers never played a regular season series at the original Yankee Stadium . The teams finally met up during the 2013 season . The double header of June 19 was not just the Dodgers return to the Bronx after a long absence ; it was also Mattingly 's first return to the Bronx since he became Dodger manager ( excluding Mattingly 's visit to new Yankee Stadium on the night they honored George Steinbrenner with a monument in Monument Park ) . Former Dodger pitcher Hiroki Kuroda won the first game for the Yankees while the Dodgers rebounded in the night cap behind the pitching of Chris Capuano . The two then split a 2 - game series at Dodger stadium . Their most recent meeting occurred from September 12 - 14 , 2016 at Yankee Stadium , where the Dodgers took two out of three games from the Yankees . See also ( edit ) Histories ( edit ) Brooklyn Dodgers Los Angeles Dodgers New York Yankees References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nightengale , Bob ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Oscars of interleague : Stars coming out for Yankees - Dodgers '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ Antonen , Mel ( June 18 , 2004 ) . `` Dodgers play host to Yankees in classic old - rivalry series '' . USA Today . p. 1C . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Vs. LA Can Be As Big As It Gets : ' It 's Great For Hockey ' '' . CBSLosAngeles.com . June 3 , 2014 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Interleague match - ups between the Dodgers and Yankees , in both markets , have proved to be largely popular , with tickets in Los Angeles becoming exclusive shortly after going on sale . A double - header in June 2013 in the Bronx also attracted sell out crowds at the new Yankees Stadium . ^ Jump up to : http://sabr.org/bioproj/park/58d80eca Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry ( November 19 , 2003 ) . `` Great Subway Series moments '' . ESPN Classic . ESPN Internet Ventures . Jump up ^ Swan , Lisa . `` Who 's a Bum ? For Once , the Yanks '' . New York : www.nydailynews.com . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2009 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave ( October 26 , 2003 ) . `` Yanks Are Now 0 - 4 on the Brink at the Stadium '' . New York Times . p. 8.4 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Ben ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` Diamondbacks 3 , Yankees 2 '' . Associated Press . The other two all - home victory Series were both won by Minnesota , 1987 and 1991 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` In Final Twist , New York Falls in Ninth '' . New York Times . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Mike ( June 1 , 2014 ) . `` Stanley Cup Final : Kings vs. Rangers in L.A. - New York Championship Duel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Branch , John ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` New York vs. Los Angeles : Rivalry Revived '' . The New York Times . p . B11 . ^ Jump up to : Dahlberg , Tim ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` New York vs. LA a long time in the making , especially in hockey '' . FoxNews.com . Associated Press . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Video '' . CNN . September 30 , 1985 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( October 29 , 1981 ) . `` Dodgers Beat Yanks , 9 - 2 , To Win the World Series '' . New York Times . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Curry , Jack ( August 7 , 1994 ) . `` Flashback to ' 81 : Another Lead , Another Strike '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Steinbrenner Makes an Apology to the Fans for How Yankees Played '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . October 29 , 1981 . p . G1 . Jump up ^ Gross , Jane ( October 29 , 1981 ) . `` Steinbrenner Issues an Apology to Fans '' . New York Times . p . B13 . Jump up ^ Costello , Brian ( August 8 , 2004 ) . `` ' 94 Yanks Cut Short '' . New York Post . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Amore , Dom ( May 15 , 2005 ) . `` Buck '' . The Hartford Courant . p . E8 . Jump up ^ `` The Impossible Dream : Dodgers World Champs ! '' . Los Angeles Times . October 21 , 1988 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ McManis , Sam ( October 21 , 1988 ) . `` It 's a Title Out of the Blue '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Torre succeeds Little as Dodgers manager '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . November 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( February 4 , 2009 ) . `` Torre Tries to Spin ' A-Fraud ' Controversy '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Shpigel , Ben ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` The Yankees Rally to Tie and Homer to Win '' . New York Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Costa , Brian ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Mattingly Refuses to Play the What - If Game '' . Wall Street Journal . p . A30 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( September 17 , 2010 ) . `` Mattingly to replace Torre as Dodgers ' skipper '' . MLB.com . dodgers.com . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Dylan ( September 18 , 2010 ) . `` Dodgers : Changing of the Guard ; Torre Out , Mattingly in As Dodgers Manager '' . Los Angeles Times . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers Schedule ( June 2013 ) '' . Mlb.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Torre , Don Mattingly Among Those To Honor George Steinbrenner Tonight '' . bleacherreport.com . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Links to related articles Los Angeles Dodgers Formerly the Brooklyn Robins and the Brooklyn Dodgers . 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Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 5 Joe DiMaggio ( AL MVP ) 6 Joe Gordon 7 Tommy Henrich 8 Bill Dickey 9 Charlie Keller 10 Phil Rizzuto 12 Buddy Rosar 14 Jerry Priddy 15 Red Ruffing 17 Charley Stanceu 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Tiny Bonham 21 Spud Chandler 22 Marius Russo 24 Marv Breuer 26 Ken Silvestri 27 Frenchy Bordagaray 28 Atley Donald 34 Johnny Sturm Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 31 Art Fletcher 32 Earle Combs 33 Johnny Schulte Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1947 World Series champions 1 Snuffy Stirnweiss 3 Allie Clark 5 Joe DiMaggio ( AL MVP ) 6 Bobby Brown 8 Aaron Robinson 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Joe Page 14 Lonny Frey 15 Tommy Henrich 16 Bill Bevens 20 Spec Shea 21 Spud Chandler 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Billy Johnson 27 Johnny Lindell 29 Sherm Lollar 34 Bobo Newsom 35 Yogi Berra 36 Jack Phillips 38 Karl Drews 42 Charley Wensloff 43 Vic Raschi 50 Ralph Houk 51 George McQuinn Manager 37 Bucky Harris Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 7 Chuck Dressen 31 Red Corriden 33 Johnny Schulte Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1949 World Series champions 1 Snuffy Stirnweiss 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Bobby Brown 7 Cliff Mapes 8 Yogi Berra 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Joe Page 14 Gene Woodling 15 Tommy Henrich 17 Vic Raschi 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Billy Johnson 25 Hank Bauer 27 Johnny Lindell 28 Tommy Byrne 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 36 Johnny Mize 38 Gus Niarhos 42 Jerry Coleman Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1952 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Johnny Sain 12 Gil McDougald 14 Gene Woodling 17 Vic Raschi 18 Ray Scarborough 21 Bob Kuzava 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Tom Gorman 25 Irv Noren 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 32 Ralph Houk 36 Johnny Mize 40 Ewell Blackwell 41 Joe Collins Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1953 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Johnny Sain 12 Gil McDougald 14 Gene Woodling 15 Joe Collins 16 Whitey Ford 17 Vic Raschi 18 Jim McDonald 21 Bob Kuzava 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Tom Gorman 25 Irv Noren 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 36 Johnny Mize 38 Art Schallock 45 Don Bollweg Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 32 Ralph Houk 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series Brooklyn Dodgers 1955 World Series champions 1 Pee Wee Reese 4 Duke Snider 6 Carl Furillo 8 George Shuba 10 Rube Walker 12 Frank Kellert 14 Gil Hodges 15 Sandy Amorós 17 Carl Erskine 18 Jim Hughes 19 Jim Gilliam 23 Don Zimmer 30 Billy Loes 32 Sandy Koufax 34 Russ Meyer 36 Don Newcombe 37 Ed Roebuck 39 Roy Campanella ( NL MVP ) 40 Roger Craig 41 Clem Labine 42 Jackie Robinson 43 Don Hoak 45 Johnny Podres ( World Series MVP ) 46 Don Bessent 48 Karl Spooner 54 Dixie Howell Manager 24 Walter Alston Coaches 22 Billy Herman 31 Jake Pitler 33 Joe Becker Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1956 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 6 Andy Carey 7 Mickey Mantle ( AL MVP ) 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 12 Gil McDougald 14 Bill Skowron 15 Joe Collins 16 Whitey Ford 17 Enos Slaughter 18 Don Larsen ( World Series MVP ) 19 Bob Turley 22 Mickey McDermott 23 Tommy Byrne 28 Tom Morgan 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Rip Coleman 32 Elston Howard 36 Norm Siebern 39 George Wilson 41 Bob Cerv 42 Jerry Coleman 47 Tom Sturdivant 53 Johnny Kucks 55 Bob Grim Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series Los Angeles Dodgers 1963 World Series champions 3 Willie Davis 6 Ron Fairly 8 Johnny Roseboro 9 Wally Moon 11 Ken McMullen 12 Tommy Davis 14 Bill Skowron 15 Bob Miller 16 Ron Perranoski 19 Jim Gilliam 20 Al Ferrara 22 Johnny Podres 23 Marv Breeding 25 Frank Howard 30 Maury Wills 32 Sandy Koufax ( CYA , NL MVP , and World Series MVP ) 34 Dick Calmus 35 Doug Camilli 39 Ken Rowe 44 Dick Tracewski 45 Pete Richert 53 Don Drysdale Manager 24 Walter Alston Coaches 2 Leo Durocher 27 Pete Reiser 31 Greg Mulleavy 33 Joe Becker Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry New York Yankees 1977 World Series champions 2 Paul Blair 6 Roy White 9 Graig Nettles 10 Chris Chambliss 11 Fred Stanley 14 Lou Piniella 15 Thurman Munson 17 Mickey Rivers 19 Dick Tidrow 20 Bucky Dent 24 Mike Torrez 25 George Zeber 28 Sparky Lyle 29 Catfish Hunter 30 Willie Randolph 31 Ed Figueroa 35 Don Gullett 40 Fran Healy 41 Cliff Johnson 44 Reggie Jackson ( World Series MVP ) 49 Ron Guidry 50 Ken Clay Manager 1 Billy Martin Coaches 8 Yogi Berra 21 Cloyd Boyer 32 Elston Howard 33 Bobby Cox 34 Dick Howser 42 Art Fowler Regular season American League Championship Series Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry New York Yankees 1978 World Series champions 2 Paul Blair 6 Roy White 9 Graig Nettles 10 Chris Chambliss 11 Fred Stanley 12 Jim Spencer 14 Lou Piniella 15 Thurman Munson 17 Mickey Rivers 19 Dick Tidrow 20 Bucky Dent ( World Series MVP ) 24 Gary Thomasson 25 Brian Doyle 27 Jay Johnstone 28 Sparky Lyle 29 Catfish Hunter 30 Willie Randolph 31 Ed Figueroa 36 Paul Lindblad 41 Cliff Johnson 43 Ken Clay 44 Reggie Jackson 45 Jim Beattie 46 Mike Heath 49 Ron Guidry 54 Goose Gossage Manager 21 Bob Lemon Coaches 8 Yogi Berra 42 Art Fowler 32 Elston Howard 34 Dick Howser 33 Gene Michael Regular season American League Championship Series Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Los Angeles Dodgers 1981 World Series champions 6 Steve Garvey 7 Steve Yeager ( World Series MVP ) 8 Reggie Smith 10 Ron Cey ( World Series MVP ) 12 Dusty Baker 14 Mike Scioscia 15 Davey Lopes 16 Rick Monday 18 Bill Russell 21 Jay Johnstone 28 Pedro Guerrero ( World Series MVP ) 30 Derrel Thomas 34 Fernando Valenzuela 35 Bob Welch 37 Bobby Castillo 38 Dave Goltz 41 Jerry Reuss 44 Ken Landreaux 46 Burt Hooton ( NLCS MVP ) 48 Dave Stewart 49 Tom Niedenfuer 51 Terry Forster 52 Steve Sax 57 Steve Howe Manager 2 Tommy Lasorda Coaches 11 Manny Mota 29 Ron Perranoski 33 Danny Ozark 54 Monty Basgall 58 Mark Cresse Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dodgers -- Yankees_rivalry&oldid = 806314795 '' Categories : Major League Baseball rivalries Los Angeles Dodgers New York Yankees Interleague play Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 04 : 54 . 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"\n\n\n\n1941 World Series: Yankees defeat Dodgers, 4–1\n1947 World Series: Yankees defeat Dodgers, 4–3\n1949 World Series: Yankees defeat Dodgers, 4–1\n1952 World Series: Yankees defeat Dodgers, 4–3\n1953 World Series: Yankees defeat Dodgers, 4–1\n1955 World Series: Dodgers defeat Yankees, 4–3\n1956 World Series: Yankees defeat Dodgers, 4–3\n1963 World Series: Dodgers defeat Yankees, 4–0\n1977 World Series: Yankees defeat Dodgers, 4–2\n1978 World Series: Yankees defeat Dodgers, 4–2\n1981 World Series: Dodgers defeat Yankees, 4–2\n\n\n\n"
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-5317907964636593867 | Second Punic War | Second Punic war - wikipedia Second Punic war Jump to : navigation , search Second Punic War Part of the Punic Wars Western Mediterranean , 218 BC Date 218 -- 201 BC ( 17 years ) Location Italia , Sicily , Hispania , Cisalpine Gaul , Transalpine Gaul , North Africa , Greece Result Roman victory , Rome gains absolute domination of the western Mediterranean Territorial changes Rome gets foothold in Iberia and the Balearic Islands , Punic Africa becomes client of Rome , Numidia becomes united Belligerents Roman Republic Aetolian League Pergamon Numidia Carthage Syracuse Macedon Other Greek states Commanders and leaders Publius Cornelius Scipio † Tiberius Sempronius Longus † Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Gaius Flaminius † Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Claudius Marcellus † Lucius Aemilius Paullus † Gaius Terentius Varro Marcus Livius Salinator Gaius Claudius Nero Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus † Masinissa Marcus Minucius Rufus † Gnaeus Servilius Geminus † Hannibal Hasdrubal † Mago † Hasdrubal Gisco † Syphax Hanno the Elder † Hasdrubal the Bald Hampsicora † Maharbal Philip V Strength 768,500 54,000 Active Roman soldiers 53,500 Roman capital detail 388,000 Socii 273,300 Reserves 700,000 + Casualties and losses 300,000 + 316,000 + Second Punic War Prelude Saguntum Rhone Crossing of the Alps Hannibal 's invasion of Italy Ticinus Trebia Lake Trasimene Ager Falernus Geronium Cannae 1st Nola 2nd Nola 3rd Nola 1st Beneventum 1st Tarentum 1st Capua Silarus 1st Herdonia 2nd Beneventum 2nd Capua 2nd Herdonia Numistro Battle of Canusium 2nd Tarentum Grumentum Metaurus Crotona Po Valley Roman expeditions to Iberia Cissa Ebro River Dertosa Upper Baetis 1st New Carthage Baecula Ilipa Guadalquivir Campaigns in Sicily and the western Mediterranean Cornus Syracuse Roman invasion of Northeast Africa Utica Great Plains Cirta Zama Naval battles Lilybaeum Carteia Punic Wars First Mercenary Second Third Roman conquest of Hispania Second Punic War Celtiberian Wars ( First , Second ) Lusitanian War Numantine War Cantabrian Wars First Macedonian War 1st Lamia 2nd Lamia Mantinea The Second Punic War , also referred to as The Hannibalic War and ( by the Romans ) the War Against Hannibal , lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western and eastern Mediterranean . This was the second major war between Carthage and the Roman Republic and its allied Italic socii , with the crucial participation of Numidian - Berber armies and tribes on both sides . The two states fought three major wars with each other over the course of their existence . They are called the `` Punic Wars '' because Rome 's name for Carthaginians was Poeni , derived from Poenici ( earlier form of Punici ) , a reference to the founding of Carthage by Phoenician settlers . The war was to a considerable extent initiated by Carthage at Saguntum in Spain and is marked by Hannibal 's surprising overland journey and his costly crossing of the Alps , followed by his reinforcement by Gallic allies and crushing victories over Roman armies in the Battle of the Trebia and the ambush at Trasimene . In the following year ( 216 ) , Hannibal 's army defeated the Romans again , this time in southern Italy at Cannae . In consequence of these defeats , many Roman allies went over to Carthage , prolonging the war in Italy for over a decade . Against Hannibal 's skill on the battlefield , the Romans deployed the Fabian strategy . Roman forces were more capable in siege warfare than the Carthaginians and recaptured all of the major cities that had joined the enemy , as well as defeating a Carthaginian attempt to reinforce Hannibal at the Battle of the Metaurus . In the meantime , in Iberia , which served as the main source of manpower for the Carthaginian army , a second Roman expedition under Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major took Carthago Nova by assault and ended Carthaginian rule over Iberia in the Battle of Ilipa . The final engagement was the Battle of Zama in Africa between Scipio Africanus and Hannibal , resulting in the latter 's defeat and the imposition of harsh peace conditions on Carthage ( Carthaginian peace ) , which ceased to be a major power and became a Roman client - state . A sideshow of this war was the indecisive First Macedonian War in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Ionian Sea . All battles mentioned in the introduction are ranked among the most costly traditional battles of human history ; in addition , there were a few successful ambushes of armies that also ended in their annihilation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Hannibal takes the initiative ( 218 -- 213 BC ) 2.1 Western Mediterranean ( 218 -- 213 BC ) 2.1. 1 Hannibal 's Overland Journey 2.1. 2 First Roman expedition to Iberia 2.2 Central Mediterranean ( 218 -- 213 BC ) 2.2. 1 Naval raids and expeditions 2.2. 2 Gallic uprising 2.2. 3 Fabian strategy 2.2. 4 Seeking a decisive engagement 2.2. 5 Establishing a Carthaginian alliance in Italy 2.3 Eastern Mediterranean and Ionian Sea ( 218 -- 213 BC ) 3 Rome takes key cities ( 212 -- 207 BC ) 3.1 Western Mediterranean ( 212 -- 207 BC ) 3.1. 1 Defeat of the first expedition 3.1. 2 Second Roman expedition to Iberia 3.2 Central Mediterranean ( 212 -- 207 BC ) 3.2. 1 Climax and fall of Hannibal 's alliance 3.2. 2 Hasdrubal 's failed reinforcement 3.2. 3 Naval raids and expeditions 3.3 Eastern Mediterranean and Ionian Sea ( 212 -- 207 BC ) 4 Seeking peace ( 206 -- 202 BC ) 4.1 Western Mediterranean ( 206 -- 202 BC ) 4.1. 1 Carthage 's last stand in Iberia 4.1. 2 The Numidian struggle 4.2 Central Mediterranean ( 206 -- 202 BC ) 4.2. 1 Carrying the war to Africa 4.2. 2 Broken armistice and final peace treaty 4.3 Eastern Mediterranean and Ionian Sea ( 206 -- 201 BC ) 5 Aftermath 6 Carthage and Numidia after the war 7 Intelligence 8 Opinions on the war 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Primary sources 11.3 Secondary sources 12 External links Background ( edit ) For an analysis of the strength and organisation of Roman forces on the eve of the war , see Socii § Military organisation of the Roman alliance . The Second Punic War was fought between Carthage and Rome . The war was ignited by the dispute over the hegemony of Saguntum , a Hellenized Iberian coastal city with diplomatic contacts with Rome . After great tension within the city government , culminating in the assassination of the supporters of Carthage , Hannibal laid siege to the city of Saguntum in 219 BC . The city called for Roman aid , but the pleas fell on deaf ears . Following a prolonged siege and a bloody struggle , in which Hannibal himself was wounded and the army practically destroyed , the Carthaginians finally took control of the city . Many of the Saguntians chose to commit suicide rather than face subjugation by the Carthaginians . Before the war , Rome and Hasdrubal the Fair had made a treaty . Livy reports that it was agreed that the Iber should be the boundary between the two empires and that the liberty of the Saguntines should be preserved . Hannibal takes the initiative ( 218 -- 213 BC ) ( edit ) Western Mediterranean ( 218 -- 213 BC ) ( edit ) Hannibal 's overland journey ( edit ) Route of Hannibal 's invasion of Italy Hannibal won fame for trekking across the Alps with 37 war elephants . His surprise tactics and brilliant strategies put Rome against the ropes . The Carthaginian army in Iberia , excluding the forces in Africa , according to Polybius , totalled 90,000 infantry , 12,000 cavalry , and 37 war elephants : it was thus one of the largest in the Hellenistic world and equal in numbers to any that the Romans had yet fielded . Hannibal departed with this army from New Carthage ( Cartagena , Spain ) northwards along the coast in late spring of 218 BC . At the Ebro , he split the army into three columns and subdued the tribes from there to the Pyrenees within weeks , but with severe losses . At the Pyrenees , he left a detachment of 11,000 Iberian troops , who showed reluctance to leave their homeland , as a garrison for the newly conquered region . Hannibal reportedly entered Gaul with 50,000 infantry and 9,000 cavalry . He took his army by an inland route , avoiding the Roman allies along the coast . In Gaul , negotiations helped him to move unmolested except for the Battle of Rhone Crossing , where a force of the Allobroges unsuccessfully tried to oppose his 38,000 infantry ( this number may exclude light infantry ) , 8,000 cavalry , and 37 war elephants . In the meantime , a Roman fleet with an invasion force was underway to northern Iberia . Its commanders , the brothers Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus and Publius Cornelius Scipio , knew that Hannibal had crossed the Ebro , but were surprised by the Carthaginian army 's presence at the Rhone upstream of their ally Massalia , where they had landed . A scouting party of 300 cavalry was sent to discover the whereabouts of the enemy . These eventually defeated a Carthaginian scouting troop of 500 mounted Numidians and chased them back to their main camp . Thus , with knowledge of the location of the enemy , the Romans marched upstream , ready for battle . Hannibal evaded this force and by an unknown route reached the Isère or the Durance at the foot of the Alps in autumn . He also received messengers from his Gallic allies in Italy that urged him to come to their aid and offered to guide him over the Alps . Before setting out to cross the Alps , he was re-supplied by a native tribe , some of whose hereditary disputes he had helped solve . First Roman expedition to Iberia ( edit ) Iberian warrior from bas - relief c. 200 BC . The warrior is armed with a falcata and an oval shield. National Archaeological Museum of Spain , Madrid Iberian falcata , 4th / 3rd century BC . This weapon , a scythe - shaped sword , was unique to Iberia . By its inherent weight distribution , it could deliver blows as powerful as an axe . National Archaeological Museum of Spain , Madrid A Carthaginian shekel , dated 237 - 227 BC , depicting the Punic god Melqart ( equivalent of Hercules / Heracles ) , most likely with the features of Hamilcar Barca , father of Hannibal Barca ; on the reverse is a man riding a war elephant The first Roman expedition to Iberia was unable to bring the Carthaginian troops in the hinterland of Massalia to a pitched battle , so it continued on its way to northern Iberia under Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus , a move which proved decisive for the outcome of the war . Their other commander , Publius Cornelius Scipio , returned to Rome , realizing the danger of an invasion of Italy where the tribes of the Boii and Insubres were already in revolt . After 217 BC , he moved to Iberia . In Iberia , Carthaginian rule was not popular , but Roman inaction during the Siege of Saguntum had made the natives cautious about an alliance against their masters . Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus established his headquarters at Cissa , in the midst of Hannibal 's latest acquisition , the area between Ebro and Pyrenees . Despite initial setbacks , he won increasing support among the natives . This convinced the Carthaginian commander Hanno , the nephew of Hannibal , of the necessity to accept pitched battle before his troops had been united with the army under Hasdrubal , the brother of Hannibal , despite being outnumbered 2 to 1 . The result was a Roman victory in the Battle of Cissa in 218 BC . When Hasdrubal finally made it to the scene , he was in no position to fight the Roman army and merely caught their navy personnel off - guard , killing some in the process . The combined Roman and Massalian fleet and army posed a threat to the Carthaginians . Hasdrubal intended to first defeat the fleet . However , his naval forces had a history of failure against the Romans . They had lost all but one major naval engagement in the First Punic War and in 218 BC a naval engagement in the waters of Lilybaeum had been lost despite numerical superiority . For this reason , he moved the army and fleet in unison . The fleet is described as being very disorganized prior to the battle . The army , in the meantime , provided loud moral support and a safe harbour for the ensuing naval Battle of Ebro River . The 40 Carthaginian and Iberian vessels were severely defeated by the 55 Roman and Massalian ships in the second naval engagement of the war , with about three quarters of the Carthaginian fleet captured or sunk and the rest beaching their ships . In the aftermath , the Carthaginian forces retreated , but the Romans were still confined to the area between Ebro and Pyrenees . This blocking force of Romans prevented the Carthaginians from sending reinforcements from Iberia to Hannibal or to the insurgent Gauls in northern Italy during critical stages of the war . Hasdrubal acted by marching into Roman territory in 215 BC and offered battle at Dertosa . In this battle , he used his cavalry superiority to clear the field and to envelop the enemy on both sides with his infantry , a tactic that had been very successfully employed in Italy . However , the Romans broke through the thinned - out line in the centre and defeated both wings separately , inflicting severe losses , but not without taking heavy losses themselves . While the Romans made little progress in the Iberian theatre , the Scipios were able to negotiate a new front in Africa by allying themselves with Syphax , a powerful Numidian king in North Africa . In 213 BC , he received Roman advisers to train his heavy infantry soldiers that had not yet been able to stand up to their Carthaginian counterparts . With this support , he waged war against the Carthaginian ally Gala . According to Appian , in 213 BC Hasdrubal left Iberia and fought Syphax , though history may have confused him with Hasdrubal Gisco ; however , it did use Carthaginian resources . Hasdrubal Gisco is the son of the Gesco who had served together with Hamilcar Barca , Hannibal 's father , in Sicily during the First Punic War and son - in - law of Hanno the Elder who was one of Hannibal 's lieutenants in Italy . Central Mediterranean ( 218 -- 213 BC ) ( edit ) Naval raids and expeditions ( edit ) In 218 BC , the Carthaginian navy was scouting Sicilian waters and preparing for a surprise attack on their former key stronghold of Lilybaeum on the western tip of the island . Twenty quinqueremes , loaded with 1,000 soldiers , raided the Aegadian Islands west of Sicily and eight ships intended to attack the Aeolian Islands , but were blown off - course in a storm towards the Straits of Messina . The Syracusan navy , then at Messina , captured three of those without resistance . Learning from their crews that a Carthaginian fleet was to attack Lilybaeum , Hiero II warned the Roman praetor Marcus Amellius there . As a result , the Romans prepared 20 quinqueremes to intercept , and defeated the 35 Carthaginian quinqueremes in the Battle of Lilybaeum . In 218 BC , preparations were made to launch a Roman expedition from Lilybaeum against Africa . Hannibal had anticipated the move and reinforced the defending army in Africa with 13,850 Iberian heavy infantry , 870 Balearic slingers and 1,200 Iberian cavalry . In addition , some 4,000 Iberian men `` of good family were called up who were under orders to be conveyed to Carthage to strengthen its defence , and also to serve as hostages for the loyalty of their people . '' In return , 11,850 Libyan infantry , 300 Ligurians , and 500 Balearic slingers were sent to Iberia to strengthen the local defence against the other anticipated Roman invasion . The Carthaginian navy had been defeated by the Romans in two major encounters , but neither side was usually able to stop the other from raiding each other 's coasts . An exception was in 217 BC , when a Carthaginian fleet of 70 quinqueremes was intercepted off the coast of Etruria by a Roman fleet of 120 quinqueremes and retreated without giving battle . The first Carthaginian expedition to Sardinia , in 215 BC , was under the command of Hasdrubal The Bald with his subordinate Hampsicora . A previous pro-Carthaginian uprising had been defeated , while a storm had blown the Carthaginian fleet to the Balearic Islands . When they finally arrived at Sardinia , the Romans were aware of their intentions and had reinforced the unpopular garrison under Titus Manlius Torquatus to 20,000 infantry and 1,200 cavalry . These engaged and defeated the Carthaginians ' 15,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry ( plus an unknown number of elephants ) and the remaining insurgent Sardinians at the Battle of Cornus . In the aftermath , the defeated expedition of 60 quinqueremes and several transports encountered a Roman raiding party from Africa with 100 quinqueremes . The Carthaginian fleet scattered and escaped save for seven ships . As a result , Sardinia , an important grain exporter , remained under Roman occupation . Gallic uprising ( edit ) The Romans simultaneously received news of Hannibal 's crossing of the Ebro and of an uprising in northern Italy of the Gallic tribes Boii and Insubres . These had established diplomatic contact with the Carthaginians and joined them as allies against their common enemy , Rome . The first objective of the insurgents were the Roman colonies of Placentia and Cremona , causing the Romans to flee to Mutina ( modern Modena ) , which the Gauls then besieged . In response , Praetor L. Manlius Vulso marched with two legions and allies , for a total of 1,600 cavalry and 20,000 infantry , to Cisalpine Gaul . This army was ambushed twice on the way from Ariminium , losing 1,200 men ; although the siege of Mutina was raised , the army itself fell under a loose siege a few kilometers from Mutina . This event prompted the Roman Senate to send one of Scipio 's legions and 5,000 allied troops to aid Vulso . Scipio had to raise fresh troops to replace these and thus could not set out for Iberia until September 218 BC , giving Hannibal time to march from the Ebro to the Rhone . After evading a pitched battle at the Rhone , Hannibal came to the aid of his Gallic allies , who were hard pressed by the Roman reinforcements . He crossed the Alps , surmounting the difficulties of climate and terrain , and the guerrilla tactics of the native tribes . His exact route is disputed . Hannibal arrived with at least 28,000 infantry , 6,000 cavalry , and 30 elephants in the territory of the Taurini , in what is now Piedmont , northern Italy . While this crossing was expected by the Romans , they had not anticipated such an early arrival and their forces were still in their winter quarters . Hannibal 's crossing of the Alps is considered one of the greatest achievements in military logistics , as he did so through hostile territory in late autumn with no supply line . His surprise entry into the Italian peninsula led to the termination of Rome 's main intended thrust , an invasion of Africa . The Gauls of the lower Po Valley , Hannibal 's allies , were still far away . Hannibal was first obliged to fight with his currently reduced force to reach them and incite the rest of Gallia Cisalpina to revolt . His first action was to take the chief city of the hostile Taurini ( in the area of modern - day Turin ) . Afterwards , the Carthaginians were intercepted by a newly raised Roman force under Publius Cornelius Scipio , who Hannibal had evaded earlier in the Rhone Valley . In the ensuing Battle of Ticinus , the cavalry forces of Hannibal 's army defeated the cavalry and light infantry of the Romans in a minor engagement . Scipio , severely injured in the battle , retreated across the River Trebia with his heavy infantry still intact , and encamped at the town of Placentia to await reinforcements . As a result of Rome 's defeat at the Ticinus , all the Gauls except the Cenomani were induced to join the Carthaginian cause . Soon , the entire north of Italy was unofficially insurgent , with both Gallic and Ligurian troops bolstering Hannibal 's army to at least 40,000 men . Battle of the Trebia plan . Carthaginians Romans Even before news of the defeat at the Ticinus River had reached Rome , the Senate had ordered the consul Sempronius Longus to bring his army back from Sicily , where it had been preparing for the invasion of Africa , to join Scipio and face Hannibal . Hannibal was blocking Sempronius ' way to Scipio 's army . However , the Carthaginian capture of the supply depot at Clastidium , through the treachery of the local Latin commander , served as a diversion and allowed Sempronius ' army to slip through to Scipio , who was still too seriously injured to take the field . After some minor successes , the united and numerically equal Roman force under the command of Sempronius Longus was lured into combat by Hannibal at the battle of the Trebia . The Roman troops were drawn into the engagement without breakfast and first had to cross a cold river , preventing many from putting up much of a fight . Furthermore , a hidden detachment led by Hannibal 's younger brother Mago attacked them from the rear . All in all , the Romans suffered heavy losses with only 20,000 men out of 40,000 able to retreat to safety . They left Cisalpine Gaul in the aftermath . Having secured his position in northern Italy by this victory , Hannibal quartered his troops for the winter amongst the Gauls . The latter joined his army in large numbers , bringing it up to 60,000 men ; their enthusiasm was somewhat reduced due to the Carthaginians living on their land . The Roman Senate resolved to raise new armies against Hannibal under the recently elected consuls of 217 BC , Gnaeus Servilius Geminus and Gaius Flaminius Nepos . The latter had long distrusted his fellow senators and feared that they would try to sabotage his command by finding excuses to delay his departure . So he quietly left Rome to take over his army at Ariminum without performing the lengthy religious rituals required of an incoming consul . The Senate voted unanimously to recall him , but he ignored its orders . This caused widespread dismay among the Romans , who feared that Flaminius ' disrespect for the gods would bring disaster on Rome . As it was expected that Hannibal would advance into central Italy , Flaminius moved his army from Ariminum to Arretium , to cover the Apennine mountain passes into Etruria . His colleague Servilius , who had performed the proper rituals and was therefore well behind Flaminius , replaced him with his freshly raised army at Ariminum to cover the route along the Adriatic coast . A third force , containing the survivors of previous engagements , was also stationed in Etruria under Scipio . Thus both the eastern and western routes to Rome appeared guarded . Battle of Lake Trasimene plan Carthaginians Romans In early spring 217 BC , Hannibal decided to advance , leaving his wavering Gallic allies in the Po Valley and crossed the Apennines unopposed . He avoided the Roman positions and took the only unguarded route into Etruria at the mouth of the Arno . This route was through a huge marsh , which happened to be more flooded than usual for spring . Hannibal 's army marched for several days without finding convenient places to rest , suffering terribly from fatigue and lack of sleep . This led to the loss of part of the force , including , it seems , the few remaining elephants . Arriving in Etruria , still in the spring of 217 BC , Hannibal tried without success to draw the main Roman army under Flaminius into a pitched battle by devastating the area the latter had been sent to protect . Hannibal then employed a new stratagem , when he marched around his opponent 's left flank and effectively cut him off from Rome . Advancing through the uplands of Etruria , the Carthaginian now provoked Flaminius into a hasty pursuit without proper reconnaissance . Then , in a defile on the shore of Lake Trasimenus , Hannibal lay in ambush with his army . The ambush was a complete success : in the battle of Lake Trasimene Hannibal destroyed most of the Roman army and killed Flaminius with little loss to his own army . 6,000 Romans had been able to escape , but were caught and forced to surrender by Maharbal 's Numidians . Furthermore , Scipio , aware of the fighting , sent his cavalry in support but it was also caught and annihilated . As a result of this victory , the heterogeneous force of insurgent Gauls , Africans , Iberians and Numidians had more military equipment than they could use themselves and sold the surplus via Egyptian traders to the Romans . Like after all previous engagements , the captured enemies were sorted according to whether they were Romans , who were held captive , or non-Romans , who were released to spread the propaganda that the Carthaginian army was in Italy to fight for their freedom against the Romans . Strategically , Hannibal had now disposed of the only field force that could check his advance on Rome ; but , despite the urgings of his generals , he did not proceed to attack Rome . Instead , he marched to the south in the hope of winning over allies amongst the Greek and Italic population there . Fabian strategy ( edit ) Main article : Fabian strategy Detail of frieze showing the equipment of a soldier in the manipular Roman legion ( left ) . Note mail armour , oval shield and helmet with plume ( probably horsehair ) . The soldier in the centre is an officer ( bronze cuirass , mantle ) , prob . a tribunus militum . From an altar built by Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus , consul in 122 BC . Musée du Louvre , Paris Roman coin issued during the Second Punic war showing ( obverse ) the god of war Mars and ( reverse ) a very rare image of a Roman cavalryman of the time . Note the plumed helmet , long spear ( hasta ) , small round shield , flowing mantle . Roman cavalry was levied from the equites , or noble knights , until c. 338 BC and thereafter also from the First Class of commoners under the centuriate organisation . Bronze quincunx from Larinum mint The defeat at Lake Trasimene put the Romans in an immense state of panic , fearing for the very existence of their city . The Senate decided to resort to the traditional emergency measure of appointing a dictator , a temporary commander - in - chief who would unite military authority , which was normally divided between the two consuls , for six months . The usual procedure required the presence of a consul to appoint the dictator . Since one consul ( Flaminius ) was dead and the other ( Servilius ) away with the only army left in Italy , the Senate resolved to elect a dictator itself . As this was unconstitutional , the person appointed , Quintus Fabius Maximus , was given the title of prodictator ( acting dictator ) although he held the same powers as a dictator . The Senate also appointed his magister equitum ( `` master of cavalry '' , who acted as his second - in - command ) instead of allowing the dictator to choose one himself as was the normal rule : M. Minucius Rufus . Departing from the Roman military tradition of engaging the enemy in pitched battle as soon as possible , Fabius invented the Fabian strategy : refusing open battle with his opponent , but constantly skirmishing with small detachments of the enemy . This course was not popular among the soldiers , earning Fabius the nickname Cunctator ( `` delayer '' ) , since he seemed to avoid battle while Italy was being ravaged by the enemy . Moreover , it was widely feared that , if Hannibal continued to plunder Italy unopposed , the terrified allies , believing that Rome was incapable of protecting them , might defect and pledge their allegiance to the Carthaginians . As a countermeasure , residents of villages were encouraged to post lookouts , so that they could gather their livestock and possessions in time and take refuge in fortified towns that the enemy could not yet take . Fabius ' policy was to shadow Hannibal by moving on the heights parallel to the Carthaginian movements on the plains , to avoid Hannibal 's cavalry which was supreme on flat terrain . This demanded great care , since the Carthaginian tried with all his skill to ambush the Romans . For this reason , a new marching formation , with three parallel columns of infantry , was developed instead of the single column that had been in use at Lake Trasimene . Fabius ' constant harassment of Hannibal 's force handicapped the latter 's command abilities and gained many prisoners . Both commanders decided that they would exchange prisoners under the same conditions as in the First Punic War . Although the Carthaginians returned to the Romans several hundred more prisoners than they received and were thus expecting monetary compensation , the Senate was reluctant to pay . However , the estates of Fabius had not been touched by the Carthaginian pillage parties in order to incite distrust against him . Fabius now sold these estates to pay the enemy army for the received surplus of prisoners . Having ravaged Apulia without provoking Fabius into a battle , Hannibal decided to march through Samnium to Campania , one of the richest and most fertile provinces of Italy , hoping that the devastation would draw Fabius into battle . The latter was aware that there were excellent opportunities to trap the Carthaginian force on the Campanian plain and to force Hannibal to fight in the surrounding mountains on ground of his own choice . As the year wore on , Hannibal decided that it would be unwise to winter in the already devastated plains of Campania but Fabius had ensured that all the mountain passes offering an exit were blocked . This situation led to the night battle of Ager Falernus in which the Carthaginians made good their escape by tricking the Romans into believing that they were heading to the heights above them . The Romans were thus decoyed and the Carthaginians slipped through the undefended pass with all their baggage train . This was a severe blow to Fabius ' prestige . Minucius , the magister equitum , was one of the leading voices in the army against the adoption of the Fabian Strategy . As soon as he scored a minor success , by winning a skirmish with the Carthaginians , the Senate promoted Minucius to the same imperium ( power of command ) as Fabius , whom he accused of cowardice . In consequence , the two men decided to split the army between them . Minucius ' division was swiftly lured into an ambush by Hannibal in the flat country of Geronium . Fabius rushed to his co-commander's assistance and Hannibal 's forces immediately retreated . Subsequently , Minucius accepted Fabius ' authority and ended their political conflict . Seeking a decisive engagement ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Cannae Fabius became unpopular in Rome , since his tactics did not lead to a quick end to the war . The Roman populace derided the Cunctator , and at the elections of 216 BC elected as consuls Gaius Terentius Varro who advocated pursuing a more aggressive war strategy and Lucius Aemilius Paullus , who advocated a strategy in the middle between the Fabian tactics and the tactics suggested by Varro . In the campaign of 217 BC , Hannibal had failed to obtain a following among the Italics . In the spring of 216 BC , he took the initiative and seized the large supply depot at Cannae in the Apulian plain . Thus , by seizing Cannae , Hannibal had placed himself between the Romans and their crucial source of supply . The Roman Senate authorised the raising of double - sized armies by the consuls Varro and Aemilius Paullus . By some estimates , the Romans raised a force as large as 100,000 men , though this figure can not be completely validated . Opening and decisive phase of the Battle of Cannae , 216 BC . The Carthaginian cavalry ( made up of Gauls and Iberians ) routed the much weaker Roman cavalry on the Roman right wing , then raced round the rear of the Roman line to attack from behind the Romans ' allied Latin cavalry on the Roman left , who were already engaged with Hannibal 's Numidian horse . The Latin cavalry was then destroyed . The victorious Carthaginian cavalry was then free to attack the Roman infantry line from the rear . The battle confirmed the superiority of Hannibal 's cavalry , in both numbers and training , over the Roman and Latin citizen levies . From this time , the Romans relied heavily on non-Italian allied cavalry and , around the start of the 1st century BC , legionary cavalry was abolished altogether The consuls Aemilius Paullus and Varro resolved to confront Hannibal and marched southward to Apulia . After a two - day march , they found him on the left bank of the Aufidus River , and encamped 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) away . Hannibal capitalized on Varro 's eagerness and drew him into a trap by using an envelopment tactic that eliminated the Roman numerical advantage by shrinking the surface area where combat could occur . Hannibal drew up his least reliable infantry in the centre of a semicircle , with the wings composed of the Gallic and Numidian horse . The Roman legions forced their way through Hannibal 's weak centre , but the Libyan Mercenaries on the wings swung around their advance , menacing their flanks . The onslaught of Hannibal 's cavalry was irresistible , and the cavalry commander Hasdrubal ( not to be confused with Hannibal 's brother who was campaigning in Iberia ) , routed the Roman cavalry on the Roman right wing and then swept around the rear of the Roman line and attacked Varro 's cavalry on the Roman left , and then the legions , from behind . As a result , the Roman army was surrounded with no means of escape . Due to these brilliant tactics , Hannibal , with much inferior numbers , managed to destroy all but a small remnant of this force . Depending on the source , it is estimated that 50,000 -- 70,000 Romans were killed or captured at Cannae . As Livy notes , `` How much more serious was the defeat of Cannae , than those which preceded it can be seen by the behaviour of Rome 's allies ; before that fateful day , their loyalty remained unshaken , now it began to waver for the simple reason that they despaired of Roman power . '' During that same year , the Greek cities in Sicily were induced to revolt against Roman political control , while the Macedonian king , Philip V , pledged his support to Hannibal -- thus initiating the First Macedonian War against Rome . Hannibal also secured an alliance with newly appointed King Hieronymus of Syracuse , and Tarentum also came over to him around that time . Hannibal now had the resources and personnel needed to launch a successful attack on the City of Rome . However , he was uncertain of the feasibility of such an attack and spent a great deal of time pondering it . While he hesitated , the Romans were able to regroup , and the opportunity was lost . The Romans looked back on Hannibal 's indecision as what saved Rome from certain defeat . Hannibal sent a delegation to Rome to negotiate a peace and another one offering to release his Roman prisoners of war for ransom , but Rome rejected all offers . Establishing a Carthaginian alliance in Italy ( edit ) For a detailed analysis of Hannibal 's relations with Roman allies , see : Socii A well - preserved stretch of the Via Appia , the first major Roman road in Italy . Construction was launched under the censor Appius Claudius in 312 BC and continued in stages until 269 BC when it reached its final destination , the port of Brundisium . It was the road used by Rome 's armies , including Fabius ' , to reach Hannibal in S. Italy 216 - 203 BC Trace of the Via Appia imposed on a satellite picture of southern Italy , showing the location of many of the Greek cities fought over by Hannibal and the Romans . The original Via Appia is in white . The alternative road ( in pink ) was constructed 400 years later under emperor Trajan ( ruled 98 - 117 ) . But the route was already a busy one in Hannibal 's time and repeatedly used by him After Cannae , several south Italian cities allied themselves to Hannibal : the Apulian towns of Salapia , Arpi and Herdonia and many of the Lucanians . Mago marched south with a Carthaginian army detachment and , some weeks later , the Bruttians joined him . Simultaneously , Hannibal marched north with part of his forces and was joined by the Hirpini and the Caudini , two of the three Samnite cantons . The greatest gain was the second largest city of Italy , Capua , when Hannibal 's army marched into Campania in 216 BC . The inhabitants of Capua held limited Roman citizenship and the aristocracy was linked to the Romans via marriage and friendship , but the possibility of becoming the supreme city of Italy after the evident Roman disasters proved too strong a temptation . The treaty between them and Hannibal can be described as an agreement of friendship , since the Capuans had no obligations , but provided the harbour through which Hannibal was reinforced . By 215 BC , Hannibal 's alliance system covered the bulk of southern Italy , save for the Greek cities along the coast ( except Croton , which was conquered by his allies ) , Rhegium , and the Latin colonies of Beneventum , Luceria in Samnium , Venusia in Apulia , Brundisium and Paestum . The independent Gaul he had established in northern Italy was still out of Roman control . Hannibal had been able to win over a major allied base by his tremendous military success . He also regarded it as essential to take the city of Nola , a Roman fortress in Campania , a region that linked his various allies geographically and contained his most important harbour for supply . Prior to his first attempt , the pro-Carthage faction in the city had been eliminated by the Romans , so there was no chance of the city being betrayed . Hannibal repeatedly tried to take this city by assault or siege , but was thwarted three times , in 216 , 215 and 214 , by forces led by Marcus Claudius Marcellus . By 215 Hannibal was able to take Casilinum , the other important site for controlling Campania . Syracuse , located on the sea routes Hannibal needed to secure supply , and Lilybaeum both remained in Roman hands . Hannibal was aided by the fact that Hiero II , the old tyrant of Syracuse and a staunch Roman ally , had died and his successor Hieronymus was discontented with his position in the Roman alliance . Hannibal dispatched two of his lieutenants , who were of Syracusian origin to negotiate with Hieronymus . They succeeded in winning Syracuse over , at the price , however , of making the whole of Sicily a Syracusan possession . The Syracusans ' ambitions were great , but the army they fielded was no match for the arriving Roman force , leading to the Siege of Syracuse from 214 BC onwards . During this siege , the ingenuity of Archimedes ' machines defeated all Roman attacks . The essence of Hannibal 's campaign in Italy was to fight the Romans by using local resources and raising recruits from among the local population . His subordinate Hanno was able to raise troops in Samnium , but the Romans intercepted these new levies in the Battle of Beneventum ( 214 BC ) and eliminated them before they came under the feared leadership of Hannibal . Hannibal could win allies , but defending them against the Romans was a new and difficult problem , as the Romans could still field multiple armies greatly outnumbering his own forces . Thus Fabius was able to take the Carthaginian ally Arpi in 213 BC . Eastern Mediterranean and Ionian Sea ( 218 -- 213 BC ) ( edit ) Main article : First Macedonian War 217 BC -- letter from Hannibal after Battle of Lake Trasimene leading to war preparations 217 -- 216 BC -- Philip V of Macedon builds a fleet of 100 lembi 216 BC -- ambassadors to Hannibal after Battle of Cannae 214 BC -- First Macedonian War officially starts 214 BC -- naval expeditions from Macedonia 213 BC -- land expedition to Lissus Rome takes key cities ( 212 -- 207 BC ) ( edit ) Western Mediterranean ( 212 -- 207 BC ) ( edit ) Defeat of the first expedition ( edit ) A Carthaginian coin possibly depicting Hannibal as Hercules ( i.e. Heracles ) In Iberia , the Scipio brothers hired 20,000 Celtiberian mercenaries to reinforce their army of 30,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry . Observing that the Carthaginian armies were deployed separately from each other , with Hasdrubal Barca and 15,000 troops near Amtorgis , and Mago Barca and Hasdrubal Gisco , both with 10,000 troops , further to the west of Hasdrubal , the Scipio brothers planned to split their forces . Publius Scipio moved 20,000 Roman and allied soldiers to attack Mago Barca near Castulo , while Gnaeus Scipio took one double legion ( 10,000 troops ) and the mercenaries to attack Hasdrubal Barca . This stratagem resulted in 2 battles , the Battle of Castulo and the Battle of Ilorca , which occurred within a few days of each other , usually combined as the Battle of the Upper Baetis ( 211 BC ) . Both battles ended in clear defeats for the Romans as Hasdrubal had bribed the Roman mercenaries to desert and return home without a fight . As a result of the battle , the Romans were forced to retreat to their stronghold of Northern Iberia , from which the Carthaginians could not expel them . It is notable that the Roman soldiers decided to elect a new leader , since both commanders had been killed , a practice hitherto known only in Carthaginian or Hellenistic armies . Second Roman expedition to Iberia ( edit ) In 210 BC , Scipio Africanus arrived in Iberia on the Senate 's orders to avenge his father and uncle . In a brilliant assault in 209 BC , Scipio succeeded in capturing Cartago Nova , which was the centre of Carthaginian power in Iberia . He defeated Hasdrubal in the Battle of Baecula ( 208 BC ) , but was not able to prevent him from continuing his march to Italy in order to reinforce his brother Hannibal . In the Battle of Ilipa ( 206 BC ) , Scipio defeated a combined army under the command of Mago Barca , Hasdrubal Gisco and Masinissa , thus bringing an end to the Carthaginian hold on Iberia . Central Mediterranean ( 212 -- 207 BC ) ( edit ) Climax and fall of Hannibal 's alliance ( edit ) Coin issued by the city of Tarentum during the period of Hannibal 's control c. 212 -- 208 BC showing ( obverse ) youth on horseback and ( reverse ) boy riding dolphin , the traditional symbol of Tarentine coins . Note the legend ΤΑΡΑΣ ( TARAS ) the Greek name for the city . Silver didrachm Ancient Greek tomb at Syracuse , Sicily , believed to be that of Archimedes ( with decorative lintel ) The climax of Carthaginian expansion was reached when the largest Greek city in Italy , Tarentum , switched sides in 212 BC . The Battle of Tarentum ( 212 BC ) was a carefully planned coup by Hannibal and members of the city 's democratic faction . There were two separate successful assaults on the gates of the city . This enabled the Carthaginian army , which had approached unobserved behind a screen of marauding Numidian horsemen , to enter the city by surprise and take all but the citadel where the Romans and their supporting faction were able to rally . The Carthaginians failed to take the citadel , but subsequent fortifications around this Roman stronghold put the city under Carthaginian control . However , the harbour was blocked and warships had to be transported overland to be launched at sea . The Battle of Capua ( 212 BC ) was a stalemate . The Romans decided to end the siege of Capua . As a result , the Capuan cavalry was reinforced with half of the available Numidian cavalry of 2,000 . In the Battle of Beneventum ( 212 BC ) , Hanno the Elder was again defeated , this time by Quintus Fulvius Flaccus , who also captured his camp . In the following Battle of the Silarus , in the same year , the Romans under Marcus Centenius were ambushed and lost all but 1,000 of their 16,000 effectives . Also , in 212 BC , the Battle of Herdonia resulted in another Roman defeat , with only 2,000 Romans out of a force of 18,000 surviving a direct attack by Hannibal 's numerically superior forces , combined with an ambush that cut off the Roman line of retreat . This phase of the war was marked by the fall of major and minor cities to the Romans , although Hannibal was still able to prevail on the battlefield and thus lift some sieges . The Siege of Syracuse , from 214 BC onwards , was marked by Archimedes ' ingenuity in inventing war machines that made it impossible for the Romans to make any gains with traditional methods of siege warfare . A Carthaginian army of 20,000 had been sent to relieve the city , but suffered more heavily than the Romans from pestilence and was thus forced to retreat to Agrigentum . The fall of Syracuse was finally achieved by the treachery of a Syracusan pro-Roman faction , that allowed the Romans to enter the city , resulting in the death of Archimedes . A section of Rome 's Servian Wall at Termini railway station . It was this wall that dissuaded Hannibal from attempting a direct attack on Rome . In a second Battle of Capua ( 211 BC ) , Hannibal again tried to regain use of his main harbour as in the previous year , by luring the Romans into a pitched battle . He was unsuccessful , and was also unable to lift the siege by assaulting the besiegers ' defences . So he tried a strategem of staging a march towards Rome , hoping in this way to compel the enemy to abandon the siege and rush to defend their home city . However , only part of the besieging force left for Rome and , under continued siege , Capua fell to Rome soon afterwards . Near Rome he fought another pitched battle . The second Battle of Herdonia ( 210 BC ) was fought to lift the Roman siege of that allied city . Hannibal caught the proconsul Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus off guard during his siege of Herdonia and destroyed his army in a pitched battle with up to 13,000 Romans dead of 20,000 . The defection of the allied city of Salapia in Apulia in 210 BC was achieved by treachery : the inhabitants massacred the Numidian garrison and went over to the Romans . In 210 BC , the Battle of Numistro between Marcellus and Hannibal was inconclusive , but the Romans stayed on his heels until the also inconclusive Battle of Canusium in 209 BC . In the meantime , this battle enabled another Roman army under Fabius to approach Tarentum and take it by treachery in the second Battle of Tarentum ( 209 BC ) . Hannibal , at that time , had been able to disengage from Marcellus and was only 8.0 km ( 5 mi ) away when the city , under the command of Carthalo , who was bound to Fabius by an agreement of hospitality , fell . Hasdrubal 's failed reinforcement ( edit ) The Battle of Grumentum was an inconclusive fight in 207 BC between Gaius Claudius Nero and Hannibal . In the aftermath of the battle , Nero was able to trick Hannibal into believing that the whole Roman army was still in camp . In the meantime , Nero marched with a selected corps north and reinforced the Romans there to win the Battle of the Metaurus , killing Hasdrubal and scattering the survivors of his army . The Carthaginian force under Hasdrubal had left Iberia a year before , after the defeat at the Battle of Baecula and had been reinforced by Gallic and Ligurian mercenaries and allies . It is notable that they took the same route as Hannibal 10 years previously , but suffered fewer casualties , being better supported by mercenaries from the mountain tribes . Naval raids and expeditions ( edit ) 210 BC -- second expedition to Sardinia 210 BC -- naval expedition to Tarentum 210 BC -- Roman raids on Africa Eastern Mediterranean and Ionian sea ( 212 -- 207 BC ) ( edit ) Main article : First Macedonian War In 211 BC , Rome countered the Macedonian threat with a Greek alliance of the Aetolians , Elis , Sparta , Messenia and Attalus I of Pergamon , as well as two Roman clients , the Illyrians Pleuratus and Scerdilaidas . 209 BC -- Illyrian attack on Macedonia 209 BC -- Carthaginian naval expedition to Corcyra 209 BC -- First Battle of Lamia 209 BC -- Second Battle of Lamia 208 BC -- Roman and Pergamese attack on Lemnos Seeking peace ( 206 -- 202 BC ) ( edit ) Western Mediterranean ( 206 -- 202 BC ) ( edit ) Carthage 's last stand in Iberia ( edit ) Bust of Scipio Africanus from the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum At the Battle of Ilipa , large numbers of Celtiberian mercenaries in Carthaginian service confronted a mixed army of Romans and Iberians . Scipio Africanus Major employed a clever ruse . Every day for several days , he drew up his army for battle with the Romans stationed in the centre of the line and the Iberians on the wings . But when the enemy offered battle , he would eventually decline it . By this stratagem , he convinced the Carthaginian commanders Mago and Hasdrubal Gisco that they could expect the Romans to hold the centre of their line . On the day of the battle , the Roman force deployed earlier in the day and with the Romans posted on the wings of the line . In the rush to respond , the Carthaginians placed their best forces in the centre as usual , failing to spot the unusual Roman deployment . Thus the inferior Carthaginian mercenaries on the wings were severely beaten by the Romans . The Celtiberians deserted the Carthaginian camp that night . This catastrophic defeat sealed the fate of the Carthaginian presence in Iberia . It was followed by the Roman capture of Gades in 206 BC after the city had already rebelled against Carthaginian rule . The Tribal leaders Indibilis and Mandonius ( of the Ausetani ) thought that , after the expulsion of the Carthaginians , the Romans would leave and they would gain control of Spain again . This did n't happen , however , so they participated with the mutineers at the Sucro camp against the Romans . This mutiny was ultimately squelched by Scipio Africanus . In 205 BC , a last attempt was made by Mago to recapture New Carthage when the Roman occupiers were shaken by a mutiny and an Iberian uprising against their new overlords ; the attack was repulsed . So , in the same year , Mago left Iberia , setting sail from the Balearic islands to Italy with his remaining forces . The Numidian struggle ( edit ) Tomb of the Numidian king Massinissa ( c. 238 -- c. 148 BC ) . Massinissa , leader of the Massyli tribe , was originally an ally of Carthage and fought against the Romans in Iberia . But , after the Battle of Ilipa in 206 BC , he switched sides . His support at the Battle of Zama was critical to the Roman victory . Massinissa remained a staunch Roman ally for the rest of his long life . Site : Shoumaa el - Khroub , near Constantine , Algeria In 206 BC , there was a quick succession of kings in Eastern Numidia that temporarily ended with the division of the land between Carthage and the Western Numidian king Syphax , a former Roman ally . For this bargain , Syphax was to marry Sophonisba , daughter of Hasdrubal Gisco . Massinissa , who had thus lost his fiancee , went over to the Romans with whom he had already established contact during his military service in Iberia . Central Mediterranean ( 206 -- 202 BC ) ( edit ) Carrying the war to Africa ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Utica ( 203 BC ) and Battle of the Great Plains Publius Cornelius Scipio 's military campaign in Africa ( 204 -- 203 B.C. ) In 205 , Mago landed in Genua by sea the remnants of his Spanish army . This was the third Carthaginian force invading Italy . It soon received Gallic and Ligurian reinforcements . Mago 's arrival in the north of the Italian peninsula was followed by Hannibal 's Battle of Crotona in 204 in the south of the peninsula . Mago marched his reinforced army towards the lands of the Boii and Insubres , Carthage 's main Gallic allies and a place of retreat for Hasdrubal 's defeated remnants . His move was checked by the Romans in the Po Valley Raid in 203 . This hindered the third attempted invasion of Italy early , by preventing Mago from uniting with Hannibal 's army in the south . The split Carthaginian armies were less dangerous , allowing for Roman manpower to be directed to the invasion of Africa , despite the Damocles sword of the enemy troops on and around Roman lands . At the same time , Scipio Africanus Major was given command of the legions in Sicily and was allowed to levy volunteers for his plan to end the war by an invasion of Africa . The legions in Sicily were mainly the survivors of Cannae , who were not allowed home until the war was finished . Scipio was also one of the survivors but , unlike the ordinary soldiers , had been allowed to return to Rome along with the other surviving tribunes , and had run successfully for public office and had been given command of the troops in Iberia . Within a year of his landing in Africa , Scipio twice routed the regular Carthaginian forces , under Hasdrubal Gisco , and his Numidian allies . The main native supporter of the Carthaginians , king Syphax of the Massaesylians ( western Numidians ) , was defeated and taken prisoner . Masinissa , a Numidian rival of Syphax and , at that time , an ally of the Romans , seized a large part of his kingdom with their help . These setbacks persuaded some of the Carthaginians that it was time to sue for peace . Others pleaded for the recall of the sons of Hamilcar Barca , Hannibal and Mago , who were still fighting the Romans in Bruttium and Cisalpine Gaul respectively . In 203 BC , while Scipio was carrying all before him in Africa and the Carthaginian peace party were arranging an armistice , Hannibal was recalled from Italy by the war party at Carthage . After leaving a record of his expedition engraved in Punic and Greek upon bronze tablets in the temple of Juno at Crotone , he sailed back to Africa . These records were later quoted by Polybius . Hannibal 's arrival immediately restored the predominance of the war party , who placed him in command of a combined force of African levies and his mercenaries from Italy . But Hannibal was opposed to this policy and tried to convince them not to send the untrained African levies into battle . In 202 BC , Hannibal met Scipio in a peace conference . Despite the two generals ' mutual admiration , negotiations foundered , according to the Romans due to `` Punic faith '' , meaning bad faith . This Roman expression referred to the alleged breach of protocols which ended the First Punic War by the Carthaginian attack on Saguntum , Hannibal 's perceived breaches of what the Romans perceived as military etiquette ( i.e. , Hannibal 's numerous ambuscades ) , as well as the armistice violated by the Carthaginians in the period before Hannibal 's return . Broken armistice and final peace treaty ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Zama Carthaginian war elephants engage Roman infantry at the Battle of Zama ( 202 BC ) . The decisive battle soon followed . Unlike most battles of the Second Punic War , the Romans had superiority in cavalry and the Carthaginians had superiority in infantry . The Roman army was generally better armed and trained than the Carthaginians . Hannibal had refused to lead this army into battle , because he did not expect them to be able to perform . There had been very bitter arguments between him and the oligarchy . His co-general , Hasdrubal Gisco , was forced to commit suicide by a violent mob after he spoke in support of Hannibal 's view that such troops should not be led into battle . Before the battle , Hannibal gave no speech to his new troops , only to his veterans . Scipio countered an expected Carthaginian elephant charge , which caused some of Hannibal 's elephants to turn back into his own ranks , throwing his cavalry into disarray . The Roman cavalry was able to capitalize on this and drive the Carthaginian cavalry from the field . The battle remained closely fought and , at one point , it seemed that Hannibal was on the verge of victory . However , Scipio was able to rally his men , and his cavalry returned from chasing the Carthaginian cavalry and attacked Hannibal 's rear . This two - pronged attack caused the Carthaginian formation to disintegrate and collapse . After their defeat , Hannibal convinced the Carthaginians to accept peace . Notably , he broke the rules of the assembly by forcibly removing a speaker who supported continued resistance . Afterwards , he was obliged to apologize for his behaviour . Eastern Mediterranean and Ionian Sea ( 206 -- 201 BC ) ( edit ) Main article : First Macedonian War 206 BC -- the Aetolians make peace with Macedonia 205 BC -- Rome lands with 11,000 men and 35 ships in Durrës but achieve no military objective 205 BC -- the First Macedonian war ends with the peace Treaty of Phoenice Aftermath ( edit ) Aerial view ( 1958 ) of Carthage 's cothon - type military harbour . The circular naval base was situated on the central peninsula . The entrance to the harbour has silted up . Scale model of the circular naval base at Carthage . Note the individual docking bays for warships . Carthage lost Hispania forever , and Rome firmly established her power there over large areas . Rome imposed a war indemnity of 10,000 talents ( 300 tonnes / 660,000 pounds ) , limited the Carthaginian navy to 10 ships ( to ward off pirates ) , and forbade Carthage from raising an army without Roman permission . The Numidians took the opportunity to capture and plunder Carthaginian territory . Half a century later , when Carthage raised an army to defend itself from these incursions , Rome destroyed her in the Third Punic War ( 149 -- 146 BC ) . Rome , on the other hand , by her victory , had taken a key step towards what ultimately became her domination of the Mediterranean world . The end of the war did not meet with a universal welcome in Rome . When the Senate decided upon a peace treaty with Carthage , Quintus Caecilius Metellus , a former consul , said he did not look upon the termination of the war as a blessing to Rome , since he feared that the Roman people would now sink back again into its former slumbers , from which it had been roused by the presence of Hannibal . Others , most notably Cato the Elder , feared that if Carthage was not completely destroyed it would soon regain its power and pose new threats to Rome ; he pressed for harsher peace conditions . Even after the peace , Cato insisted on the destruction of Carthage , ending all his speeches with `` Carthage must be destroyed '' , even if they had nothing to do with Carthage . Archaeology has discovered that the famous circular military harbour at Carthage , the Cothon , received a significant buildup during or after this war . Though shielded from external sight , it could house and quickly deploy about 200 triremes . This appears a surprising development as , after the war , one of the terms of surrender restricted the Carthaginian fleet to only ten triremes . One possible explanation : as has been pointed out for other Phoenician cities , privateers with warships played a significant role besides trade , even when the Roman Empire was fully established and officially controlled all coasts . In this case it is not clear whether the treaty included private warships . The only reference to Carthaginian privateers comes from the First Punic War : one such privateer , Hanno the Rhodian , owned a quinquereme ( faster than the serial production models that the Romans had copied ) , manned with about 500 men and then among the heaviest warships in use . Later pirates in Roman waters are all reported with much smaller vessels , which could outrun naval vessels , but operated with lower personnel costs . Thus piracy was probably highly developed in Carthage and the state did not have a monopoly of military forces . Pirates probably played an important role in capturing slaves , one of the most profitable trade - goods , but merchant ships with tradeable goods and a crew were also their targets . No surviving source reports the fate of Carthaginian privateers in the periods between and after the Punic Wars . Hannibal became a businessman for several years and later enjoyed a leadership role in Carthage . However , the Carthaginian nobility , upset by his policy of democratisation and his struggle against corruption , persuaded the Romans to force him into exile in Asia Minor , where he again led armies against the Romans and their allies on the battlefield . He eventually committed suicide ( ca . 182 BC ) to avoid capture . Carthage and Numidia after the war ( edit ) Constant low - level warfare persisted between Carthage and Numidia , but , by the time of the Third Punic War ( 149 -- 146 BC ) , Carthage had lost most of her African territories and the Numidians traded independently with the Greeks . Intelligence ( edit ) In this conflict intelligence played an important role on both sides . Hannibal mastered an intelligence service that enabled him to achieve outstanding victories . Likewise , Scipio Africanus Major 's victories depended on information . In 217 BC a Carthaginian resident spy in Rome -- probably a Roman citizen -- was caught and had his hands cut off as a punishment . Opinions on the war ( edit ) According to Livy it was `` the most memorable of all wars that were ever waged : the war which the Carthaginians , under the conduct of Hannibal , maintained with the Roman people . For never did any states and nations more efficient in their resources engage in contest ; nor had they themselves at any other period so great a degree of power and energy . They brought into action too no arts of war unknown to each other , but those which had been tried in the first Punic war ; and so various was the fortune of the conflict , and so doubtful the victory , that they who conquered were more exposed to danger . The hatred with which they fought also was almost greater than their resources '' . In popular culture ( edit ) G.A. Henty 's 1887 historical novel The Young Carthaginian tells the story of Hannibal and the Second Punic War from the perspective of the fictional character Malchus , a cousin of Hannibal . Hannibal 's exploits , as well as Archimedes and the Siege of Syracuse , are dramatically reenacted in the classic early Italian silent film Cabiria ( 1914 ) . In the BBC TV Series On Hannibal 's Trail ( 2009 ) See also ( edit ) Socii Equestrian order Carthaginian peace Hannibal Scipio Africanus Major War elephant Barcid List of battles of the Second Punic War Polybius wrote a detailed history , showing contemporary insight into the political process of this time . Silius Italicus , who dramatised the war in his poem Punica Petrarch , who wrote an epic on the war entitled Africa Plutarch 's Lives for lives of two of the Roman generals , Fabius Maximus and Gaius Flaminius . Plutarch 's life of Scipio Africanus is lost . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bagnell , p. vii . Jump up ^ Phoenicians : Carthage & Hannibal at phoenician.org Jump up ^ Sidwell , Keith C ; Peter V. Jones ( 1997 ) . The World of Rome : an introduction to Roman culture . Cambridge University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 38600 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Mahaney , W.C. , 2008 , Hannibal 's Odyssey : Environmental Background to the Alpine Invasion of Italia . Gorgias Press , Piscataway , N.J. , 221 pp. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59333 - 951 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Livy . The History of Rome by Titus Livius : Books Nine to Twenty - Six , trans . D. Spillan and Cyrus Edmonds . London : Henry G. Bohn , 1868 . Jump up ^ Polybius . The Histories , 3.35. 1 Jump up ^ Polybius , 3.35. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Lazenby 41 Jump up ^ Hoyos 139 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , Adrian . The Fall of Carthage . p. 151 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 36642 - 0 . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart , B.H. , Strategy , New York City , New York , Penguin Group , 1967 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy ( 2000 ) 49 , 52 Jump up ^ Polybius , 3.114 Jump up ^ Dodge , Theodore Ayrault ( 1891 ) . Hannibal . Cambridge , Mass. , Da Capo Press . p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81362 - 9 Jump up ^ Polybius , 3.95 Jump up ^ Dodge , Theodore Ayrault ( 1891 ) . Hannibal . Cambridge , Mass. , Da Capo Press . p. 403 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81362 - 9 Jump up ^ Healy , Mark , Cannae : Hannibal Smashes Rome 's Army , Steerling Heights , Missouri , Osprey Jump up ^ Hoyos 122f Jump up ^ Hoyos 132 Jump up ^ Livy , XXVI. 40 . According to F.W. Walbank , p. 84 , note 2 , `` Livy accidentally omits Messenia and erroneously describes Pleuratus as king of Thrace . '' Jump up ^ Livy . The History of Rome by Titus Livius : Books Twenty - Seven to Thirty - Six , trans . Cyrus Edmonds . London : 1850 . Jump up ^ Valerius Maximus vii. 2 . § 3 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Life of Cato Jump up ^ Zlattner 1997 Jump up ^ Austin&Rankov 1995 , p. 93 Primary sources ( edit ) Livy Polybius Appian Secondary sources ( edit ) Bagnall , Nigel ( 1990 ) . The Punic Wars . ISBN 0 - 312 - 34214 - 4 . Goldsworthy , Adrian ( 2006 ) . The Fall of Carthage . ISBN 978 - 03043 - 6642 - 2 . Lazenby , John Francis ( 1978 ) . Hannibal 's War . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3004 - 0 . Lancel , Serge ( 1995 ) . Hannibal ( in French ) . Polybius , Histories , Evelyn S. Shuckburgh ( translator ) ; London , New York . Macmillan ( 1889 ) ; Reprint Bloomington ( 1962 ) . Palmer , Robert E.A. ( 1997 ) . Rome and Carthage at Peace . Stuttgart . Barceló , Pedro A. ( 1988 ) . Karthago und die iberische Halbinsel vor den Barkiden : Studien zur karthagischen Präsenz im westlichen Mittelmeerraum von der Gründung von Ebusus bis zum Übergang Hamilkars nach Hispanien ( in German ) . Bonn . ISBN 3 - 7749 - 2354 - X . Ameling , Walter ( 1993 ) . Karthago : Studien zu Militär , Staat und Gesellschaft ( in German ) . Munich . ISBN 3 - 406 - 37490 - 5 . Zlattner , Max ( 1997 ) . Hannibals Geheimdienst im Zweiten Punischen Krieg ( in German ) . Konstanz . ISBN 3 - 87940 - 546 - 8 . Mahaney , W.C , 2008 . `` Hannibal 's Odyssey , Environmental Background to the Alpine Invasion of Italia , '' Gorgias Press , Piscataway , N.J , 221 pp . Dodge , Theodore Ayrault ( 1891 ) . Hannibal . Reprinted by Da Capo Press , Cambridge , Mass . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81362 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Second Punic War ( category ) Second Punic War -- Ancient History Encyclopedia Polybius History ( hide ) Punic Wars First Punic War Messana Agrigentum Lipari Islands Mylae Sulci Tyndaris Cape Ecnomus Aspis Adys Tunis Cape Hermaeum Panormus 1st Drepana 1st Lilybaeum 2nd Drepana Mount Ercte 1st Mt . Eryx 2nd Mt . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the carthaginian general who brought the second punic war to the gates of rome | [
"The Second Punic War, also referred to as The Hannibalic War and (by the Romans) the War Against Hannibal[citation needed], lasted from 218 to 201 BC[1] and involved combatants in the western and eastern Mediterranean. This was the second major war between Carthage and the Roman Republic and its allied Italic socii, with the crucial participation of Numidian-Berber armies and tribes on both sides. The two states fought three major wars with each other over the course of their existence. They are called the \"Punic Wars\" because Rome's name for Carthaginians was Poeni, derived from Poenici (earlier form of Punici), a reference to the founding of Carthage by Phoenician settlers.[2][3]"
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-5295023499347964665 | The Crossing (TV series) | The Crossing ( tv series ) - wikipedia The Crossing ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Crossing Created by Jay Beattie Dan Dworkin Starring Steve Zahn Natalie Martinez Sandrine Holt Opening theme `` Letting the Cables Sleep '' by Bush Composer ( s ) Robert Duncan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 4 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Matt Olmstead Jason T. Reed Jay Beattie Dan Dworkin Matthew Fernandes Arthur Spanos Vanessa Wong David Von Ancken Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Dworkin / Beattie Brick Moon ABC Studios Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Original release April 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website The Crossing is an American science fiction thriller series that airs on ABC . The series debuted on April 2 , 2018 . On March 20 , 2018 , ABC released the pilot episode on their website . The series is filmed in British Columbia , Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Refugees fleeing a war seek asylum in an American town -- but they claim to be from America , 180 years in the future . Moreover , at least one of the refugees exhibits apparently superhuman powers that may make them a threat . Cast ( edit ) Steve Zahn as Sheriff Jude Ellis Natalie Martinez as Reece Sandrine Holt as Agent Emma Ren Tommy Bastow as Marshall Rob Campbell as Paul Rick Gomez as Nestor Rosario Marcuis W. Harris as Caleb Grant Harvey as Roy Aronson Jay Karnes as Craig Lindauer Simone Kessell as Rebecca Kelley Missal as Hannah Luc Roderique as Bryce Foster Bailey Skodje as Leah John D'Leo as Will Georgina Haig as Dr. Sophie Forbin Production ( edit ) Set in the fictional town of Port Canaan , Oregon and in Seattle , the series was filmed in coastal areas of British Columbia and in the city of Vancouver , British Columbia in 2017 . The beach where the refugees arrive is near Ucluelet on Vancouver Island while the sheriff 's office and some other locations were filmed in and around the village of Britannia Beach , north of Vancouver . The Oceanic Plaza in Vancouver was the setting for the Seattle offices of the show 's Homeland Security and other scenes were filmed in and around the city . Additional shooting locations in BC were in Steveston , British Columbia and in New Westminster . Filming in Vancouver started in July and wrapped in late November , 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Rob Bowman Dan Dworkin & Jay Beattie April 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) 5.40 People are deep underwater in the ocean . A woman pushes a child toward the surface and disappears below . Sheriff Jude Ellis is called to the beach to investigate a body that washed ashore . Upon arriving , he and his deputy discover more bodies on the beach and hundreds more in the water . There are a total of 47 survivors , all claiming to be fleeing a war 180 years in the future . They heard of a way to bend time to get to `` The Long Peace '' . They were running from Apex , a race of more evolved humans with extraordinary abilities that took over all governments and began exterminating normal humans . FBI Agent Emma Ren takes charge and restricts the sheriff 's access . The woman shown previously is rescued by fishermen , sees a televised report of only dead washing ashore ( an FBI cover story ) , ambushes Jude and orders him to take her to the dead . She does not find the girl she tried to help . Jude tells her the child is alive . When armed security agents close in , the woman overpowers both of them and Jude and escapes , revealing herself to be an Apex by her incredible physical abilities . She later appears in Jude 's home , where he learns that her name is Reece and that she is looking for her daughter , Leah . Thomas , a survivor , claims that their group was not the first to cross . He meets Ren 's boss , Craig Lindauer , the deputy head of Homeland Security , but to his horror recognizes Lindauer as part of the earlier migration . `` A Shadow Out of Time '' David Von Ancken Dan Dworkin & Jay Beattie April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 4.48 Reese and Leah 's backstory is told in a series of flashbacks . In 2187 , Reese and another armed Apex agent search a building for `` Commons '' , non-mutated humans . Inside they find a dead man , killed by the incurable disease Apex created to wipe out normal humanity . They also discover a healthy baby . Reese 's partner prepares to shoot the infant , per standard procedure , but Reese kills him and raises the baby in secret . When Leah is a young girl , she contracts the disease . Reese buys black market medical help ; the man gives Leah some of Reese 's blood in the hope that Reese 's immunity can help Leah fight the disease . When Reese 's superiors find out about Leah and confront Reese , she shoots them and flees . In the present , Jude makes a bargain with Reese : he will help her find Leah in exchange for her leaving town . He tries to arrange a meeting between Reese and Ren , but Ren notifies Lindauer , who sends heavily armed men . Reese is shot , but gets away . Meanwhile , Leah 's rash , a symptom of the disease , is discovered , and she is quickly quarantined . `` Pax Americana '' Ken Girotti Michael Narducci April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) 4.09 Roy , a guard , is attracted to survivor Hannah . Luke threatens to expose Hannah 's past to the others unless she cooperates with him . She sneaks out of camp in the back of Roy 's pickup truck . At a concert , part of the town 's `` Harborfest '' celebration , Hannah encounters a young man who looks exactly like the guy in the photo in her lost locket . Roy finds Hannah and takes her back , with Jude 's help . Jude is enjoying Harborfest with his son Oliver , who was dropped off by Oliver 's mother . While Jude is diffusing the Hannah situation , Oliver disappears . Reese is tracked in the forest by Lindauer 's men , but she easily neutralizes them . She kills the head of the search team when he turns out to be one of the earlier migrants . Lindauer recruits Thomas , then sends virologist Dr. Sophie Forbin to find out all she can about the disease , but states that saving Leah 's life is not a priority . After speaking with Forbin , Ren starts to suspect that Lindauer has a hidden agenda . She reaches out to Jude , but he no longer trusts her . `` The Face of Oblivion '' Tara Nicole Weyr Evan Bleiweiss April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) 4.08 5 `` Ten Years Gone '' Jeffrey Hunt Rebecca Sonnenshine April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) TBD 6 `` LKA '' TBA TBA May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) TBD 7 `` Some Dreamers of the Golden Dream '' TBA TBA May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) TBD Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the series has an approval rating of 69 % based on 16 reviews , with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 59 out of 100 based on 12 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' April 2 , 2018 0.9 / 3 5.40 0.7 2.97 1.6 8.37 `` A Shadow Out of Time '' April 9 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.48 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Pax Americana '' April 16 , 2018 0.7 / 3 4.09 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` The Face of Oblivion '' April 23 , 2018 0.7 / 3 4.08 TBD TBD TBD TBD See also ( edit ) The 4400 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The first episode was released online on March 19 , 2018 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - the crossing on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Releases The Pilot Episode of Its Upcoming New Drama THE CROSSING '' . Broadway World . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dove , Steve ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Crossing '' Coming Soon to ABC `` . ABC . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ABC Television Network ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) , The Crossing - Trailer , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crossing ' : Jay Karnes , Simone Kessell & Grant Harvey Join ABC Drama Pilot '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Natalie Martinez as Reece '' . ABC . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sandrine Holt as Emma Ren '' . ABC . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Steve Zahn To Topline ' The Crossing ' ABC Drama Pilot ; Rob Campbell Also Cast '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Simone Kessell as Rebecca '' . ABC . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kelley Missal as Hannah '' . ABC . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luc Roderique as Bryce Foster '' . ABC . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bailey Skodje as Leah '' . ABC . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Georgina Haig as Dr. Sophie Forbin '' . ABC . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Andrew ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` TV pilot ' The Crossing ' filmed in Ucluelet '' . Westerlynews.ca . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notice of film production : Britannia Beach '' . Squamish - Lillooet Regional District . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where is The Crossing filmed ? Locations for the new ABC series '' . Atlasofwonders.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : That 's a wrap for Sirens , The Crossing , Six - as Riverdale goes on hold '' . insidevancouver.ca . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Releases The Pilot Episode of Its Upcoming New Drama THE CROSSING '' . Broadway Worldwide . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crossing ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' American Idol ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 105 ) `` Ten Years Gone '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crossing : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crossing ( 2018 ) Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Crossing on IMDb ( hide ) ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) Alex , Inc. 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About Wikipedia | where was the tv show the crossing filmed | [
"The Crossing is an American science fiction thriller series that airs on ABC. The series debuted on April 2, 2018.[1] On March 20, 2018, ABC released the pilot episode on their website.[2] The series is filmed in British Columbia, Canada.\n"
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-8980499875171950454 | Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series) | Last Man Standing ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia Last Man Standing ( U.S. TV series ) Last Man Standing Genre Sitcom Created by Jack Burditt Starring Tim Allen Nancy Travis Alexandra Krosney Molly Ephraim Kaitlyn Dever Christoph Sanders Héctor Elizondo Amanda Fuller Flynn Morrison Jordan Masterson Jonathan Adams Composer ( s ) Monte Montgomery Carl Thiel Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 130 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tim Allen Becky Clements Marty Adelstein Shawn Levy Richard Baker Rick Messina John Pasquin Kevin Abbott Michael Shipley Matt Berry Tim Doyle Jack Burditt ( season 1 ) Producer ( s ) John Amodeo Cinematography Donald A. Morgan Editor ( s ) Pamela J. Marshall Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 minutes Production company ( s ) 21 Laps - Adelstein Productions Double Wide Productions / NestEgg Productions ( season 1 ) Mr. Big Shot Fancy - Pants Productions ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Lyonsberry Productions ( seasons 5 -- 6 ) 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network ABC ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Original release October 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 11 ) -- March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) External links Website Last Man Standing is an American television sitcom starring Tim Allen as a senior employee of a sporting goods store in Denver , Colorado , who is a married father of three daughters . The series includes his interactions with family , neighbors , and coworkers . Distributed by 20th Century Fox Television , the series originally ran on ABC from 2011 to 2017 for six seasons , and entered syndication in 2015 . Despite being ABC 's second - highest rated sitcom for the 2016 -- 17 season , it was revealed in May 2017 that the network had declined to renew Last Man Standing for a seventh season . Media publications reported that ABC was unwilling to cover the production costs for a seventh season on behalf of 20th Century Fox Television . One year later , the studio 's sibling network Fox announced it had picked up the show for a seventh season , which is set to premiere on September 28 , 2018 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development and casting 4.2 Filming 4.3 Cancellation 4.4 Revival on Fox 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Home media 7 Syndication 8 Broadcast 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Mike Baxter , a senior executive and director of marketing for an outdoor sporting goods store chain based in Denver , Colorado , whose world is filled with his wife , three daughters , grandson , and the young men married to or dating his daughters . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Tim Allen as Mike Baxter : Mike is a father of three daughters and the director of marketing for the Outdoor Man chain of sporting goods stores . He fervently supports `` traditional '' American values , is a Protestant and is politically conservative . Mike loves his daughters but says his favorite is Eve , the youngest and most athletic daughter , and whose political opinions and interests mirror his own . He is proud of her ability to excel at anything she tries , including school work , hunting and playing sports . Mike often finds himself annoyed with Outdoor Man 's young slow - witted employee Kyle ( who later becomes his son - in - law ) , and with Ryan , his politically liberal son - in - law married to his oldest daughter , and the father of Mike 's grandson , Boyd . The video blog or `` vlog '' that Mike does for Outdoor Man is frequently used as a vehicle to rant about his political views . Mike is a graduate of the University of Michigan , and an amateur radio operator using the call sign KA0XTT . Nancy Travis as Vanessa Baxter , Mike 's wife : Vanessa is a geologist working in the energy industry for a company that does hydraulic fracturing , or `` fracking '' . In season four , Vanessa becomes frustrated with her job and decides to go back to college to become a high school science teacher . After being fired as a teacher due to budget cuts , Vanessa begins her own tutoring business . Vanessa was ambiguous in her political views until season five , when she announces she is supporting Hillary Clinton for president , mainly because she thinks it will advance women 's causes . She is shown drinking wine frequently , and is also frequently mocked by Mike and her daughters about it . She is a graduate of Ohio State University with a Master of Science degree in Physics and a PhD in Geology . Vanessa often makes attempts to be politically correct , but only highlights how uncomfortable she is trying to relate to people of other races . Despite this , she and her African - American neighbor Carol Larabee seem to get along . Vanessa 's humor includes bad puns , which irritate Mike and the girls no end . Amanda Fuller ( seasons 2 -- present ) and Alexandra Krosney ( season 1 ) as Kristin Beth Baxter , the oldest daughter : Kristin , unlike her father , espouses liberal political views and her views with regard to Christianity seem ambiguous . During her senior year of high school , Kristin became pregnant with her son , Boyd . She was a single mother living in the Baxter home until moving out in the season two finale . She began to reconcile with Boyd 's father , Ryan Vogelson , in season three , and the two get married between seasons four and five . Kristin worked at a diner until landing a job at an upscale restaurant run by a former co-worker at the end of season two . In season four , she becomes the manager of the new restaurant opened by Outdoor Man . Kristin tends to work extra hard in this new job to prove she did not get the position through nepotism , despite Mike and Ed frequently telling her she was qualified . Alexandra Krosney portrayed Kristin in the show 's first season ( despite being nearly two years younger than Molly Ephraim , playing Kristin 's younger sister ) ; Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller prior to season two for unspecified creative reasons . Molly Ephraim ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) and Molly McCook ( recurring , season 7 ) as Amanda Elaine `` Mandy '' Baxter - Anderson , the middle daughter : Mandy is not as academic as her sisters ( and she has a penchant for cutting class and ignoring homework ) , but she excels in social situations . Interested in fashion ( and little else ) , she was one of the most popular girls at her high school . Mandy is very confident and creative , demonstrating traits found in her father . She can be lazy , conceited , selfish , insulting , and delinquent -- she drinks underage , ignores all driving laws , shoplifts from Outdoor Man , there are many implications that she smokes weed , and she has been caught staying out all night -- but occasionally she displays moments of generosity and caring . She started dating Kyle in season 2 . As of season three , she attends a local college and works at the diner where Kristin used to work . Later that same season , she begins an online clothing business , selling her self - designed fashions which she assembles in the basement of her parents ' house . Kyle asks her to marry him in season 5 , the 100th episode . She marries Kyle in season six , but they have yet to move out of the Baxter home . Up until she turned 21 , a running gag on the show was Mike , Vanessa , and occasionally Kristin snatching glasses of alcohol out of Mandy 's hand , usually followed by Mandy making a lame excuse . Kaitlyn Dever as Eve Baxter , ( series regular , seasons 1 -- 6 ; recurring , season 7 ) the youngest daughter : Eve is intelligent and athletic , and generally has the same interests as Mike , including camping , sports , guns , and the military . She also has conservative views like Mike . She is Mike 's favorite daughter , and excels at her hobbies . She frequently outplays the boys in soccer and makes the boys ' football team as their placekicker . She is well aware of being the favorite over her two sisters . Eve also shares her father 's sense of humor , and her sarcastic wit is frequently directed at clueless sister Mandy . Eve is an excellent student , whose only weak subject is art , though she did have to change math classes to escape a prejudiced teacher . Eve is a member of Army Junior ROTC and works toward gaining admittance to West Point . Her attempt to do so is unsuccessful , which seriously depresses her , so in season six , Eve decides to take a `` personal year '' rather than immediately attend college . She spends some of this time singing and playing guitar for money , but this proves to be unfruitful . During her gap year , Eve applies to the Air Force Academy in nearby Colorado Springs , and is accepted . Christoph Sanders as Kyle Anderson , a young employee at Outdoor Man : Kyle is universally recognized as a good guy . Kyle idolizes Mike , having grown up without a father figure . Kyle takes care of his grandmother who has dementia , and it is implied he grew up in her home . Kyle is often oblivious to social cues and is slow to catch on to the events happening around him . Kyle dated Kristin in season one and started dating Mandy in season two before proposing in season five , and marrying Mandy in season six . Héctor Elizondo as Edward `` Ed '' Alzate , Mike 's longtime business partner : Ed started a bait and tackle shop many years ago and hired Mike , who helped turn the shop into the 20 - store Outdoor Man chain . Ed is perhaps fifteen years older than Mike , but the two men bond over similar outdoor hobbies and shared conservative values . Mike regularly talks to Ed about the happenings in his home and occasionally seeks advice . Having been divorced four times , Ed 's suggestions are rarely helpful . He also has 5 daughters . Ed is a Vietnam veteran , although he saw no combat in Vietnam , stating that he was a clerk in Saigon . He continues to help fellow veterans at the local Veterans of Foreign Wars hall with their Veteran Affairs paperwork . Ed is also a recurring target for jokes about his age and lack of hair , most often from Mike . It is revealed in season 6 that Ed has early onset dementia . Flynn Morrison ( regular , seasons 2 -- 6 ) , Jet Jurgensmeyer ( recurring , season 7 ) and Evan and Luke Kruntchev ( recurring , season 1 ) as Boyd Baxter , Kristin 's son : Mike enjoys spending quality time with his grandson Boyd , and affectionately views him as the son he never had . Mike and Ryan often clash on how he should be raised . Boyd enjoys activities encouraged by both his father and grandfather . Jordan Masterson ( regular , seasons 2 -- present ) and Nick Jonas ( guest star , season 1 ) as Ryan Vogelson , Boyd 's Canadian father : Though Ryan initially fled when Kristin got pregnant , he returned to be involved in Boyd 's upbringing , and eventually the two reconciled and got engaged ( at the end of season 3 ) . Ryan holds liberal views , both politically and philosophically , and he and Mike routinely clash over their fundamentally opposing values , especially when it comes to child - rearing . Ryan wishes to raise his son without religion , hunting culture and nationalism , however , neither Mike nor Kristin agree with this approach . His vegan diet , views on discipline , and what Mike sees as his oversensitivity are an affront to Mike 's beliefs , but Ryan generally enjoys being a thorn in Mike 's side . On rare occasions , Ryan and Mike agree on what is best for Boyd , but this usually puts them at odds with Kristin or Vanessa . Mike comes to reluctantly respect and like his son - in - law for standing up for what he believes and for being a loving husband and father . Jonathan Adams as Chuck Larabee ( regular , seasons 4 -- present ; recurring , seasons 2 -- 3 ) , Mike and Vanessa 's neighbor : Chuck is a retired U.S. Marine and a veteran of the first Gulf War who runs a private security business and later takes charge of security for the Denver Outdoor Man . Chuck is an African - American , and often jokes with Mike about racial stereotypes , and they regularly exchange barbs as if they do n't like each other . In reality , they are good friends , despite being unwilling to admit it . Vanessa sees through their heated exchanges , often telling them to `` get a room '' . Chuck is married to Carol and they have a son , Brandon , who is the same age as Eve . Recurring ( edit ) Robert Forster as Bud Baxter ( seasons 1 , 3 -- 4 ) , Mike 's widower father who is initially in the construction business , but later opens a marijuana store ( `` Bud 's Buds '' ) after it becomes legal in Colorado . Christina Moore as April ( seasons 1 & 3 ) , Vanessa 's air - headed and immature younger sister . She is always asking for money . Danielle Bisutti as Michelle ( season 1 ) , Vanessa 's friend and next - door neighbor ; she is a meteorologist who gets most of her data from a free phone app . Erika Alexander as Carol Larabee ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) , Chuck 's wife and Mike and Vanessa 's neighbor . She is also Vanessa 's best friend . Vanessa often goes overboard trying to act racially open - minded around her , but usually ends up looking foolish and annoying Carol . Carla Jimenez as Blanca Alvarez ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) , the Baxters ' Guatemalan - born housekeeper who also helps Mandy with her fashion business . The Baxters were happy to celebrate with Blanca after she was sworn in as an American citizen . Sarah Gilman as Cammy Harris ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) , Eve 's soccer teammate and extremely chatty best friend . Jonathan Taylor Thomas as John Baker ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) , Kristin 's boss at a fancy restaurant where she works . Thomas also had a cameo as `` Randy '' ( a nod to his Home Improvement character ) in the season 4 episode `` Helen Potts '' , with fellow Home Improvement co-star Patricia Richardson . Tye Sheridan as Justin ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) , Eve 's fellow Jr . ROTC member and football teammate who becomes her boyfriend . The two break up in season 4 . Zachary Gordon as Andrew ( season 3 ) , Eve 's nerdy classmate who worships her and desperately wants to be her boyfriend . Joely Fisher as Wendi Gracin ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) , Ed 's meddling younger girlfriend , whom he meets near the end of season three . Ed routinely has to put her in her place , particularly when she shows up at the store and tries to get involved in running his business . Wendi deserts Ed offscreen between Seasons 4 and 5 , but the two patch things up and reunite . Jay Leno as Joe Leonard ( seasons 5 -- 6 ) , a semi-retired auto technician from whom Vanessa buys a classic car for Mike . Joe later works in the repair shop at Outdoor Man , servicing ATVs and snowmobiles . Travis Tope as Rob ( season 6 ) , Eve 's boyfriend who is studying criminal justice at UC Boulder . He 's a recovering alcoholic , which worries Mike and Vanessa when they first meet him . Notable guest Stars ( edit ) Several notable guest stars have appeared throughout the series , including appearances made from cast members of Tim Allen 's previous series , Home Improvement . ( Episode numbers in parentheses ) Paul F. Tompkins as Chester McAllister Cassandra Peterson as Elvira Nick Jonas as Ryan in his first appearance Tony Hawk as himself Jamie - Lynn Sigler as Gabriella Alzate , one of Ed 's five daughters ( not including the war baby ) Andrew Daly as Mr. Peckem Kim Kardashian as herself Tony Stewart as himself Mike Rowe as Jimmy Baxter , Mike 's younger brother Frankie Muniz as Richard , who works at the bank where Mike and his brother Jimmy go to ask for a loan Melanie Paxson as Liz Richard Karn as Bill McKendree . Karn portrayed Al Borland , co-worker and friend to Tim Allen 's character on Home Improvement Si Robertson as Uncle Ray Willie Robertson as Brody Michael Gross as Mr. Hardin Patricia Richardson as Helen Potts , the Baxters ' widowed neighbor . Richardson portrayed Jill Taylor , the wife of Tim Allen 's character in Home Improvement Jere Burns as Victor Vogelson , Ryan 's estranged father Blake Clark as Clark , the owner of a club in which Eve performed . Clark played Harry Turner , Tim 's friend and owner of the hardware store on Home Improvement Robin Roberts as Teresa , a tank mechanic and Persian Gulf War veteran Reba McEntire as Billie Cassidy , Mike 's mountain - climbing former girlfriend Bill Engvall as Reverend Paul , the new pastor of the Baxter family 's church . Nancy Travis played Bill 's wife Susan on three seasons of The Bill Engvall Show . Brad Leland as Wayne Sizemore Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Last Man Standing episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 24 October 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 11 ) May 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 08 ) ABC 18 November 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 02 ) March 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) 22 September 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) April 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 25 ) 22 October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) 5 22 September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) April 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) 6 22 September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Production ( edit ) Development and casting ( edit ) Last Man Standing first appeared on ABC 's development slate in late 2010 when writer Jack Burditt received a put pilot commitment from the network under the original title Man Up . In January 2011 , ABC green - lighted production of a pilot episode under the title Last Days of Man . On February 18 , Tim Allen , who had been attached to the potential series from the beginning , officially joined the project in the lead role . At the end of March , Nancy Travis joined the cast in the leading female role as Allen 's `` smart and loving wife who does n't miss much '' . Soon thereafter , Héctor Elizondo came on board in a supporting role as the boss to Allen 's character . Filming ( edit ) On May 13 , 2011 , ABC picked up the pilot for the 2011 -- 2012 television season under the new title Last Man Standing . On May 17 , 2011 , ABC announced that the series would air on Tuesday nights at 8 Eastern / 7 Central . It debuted on October 11 , 2011 , with the first two episodes airing in a one - hour premiere . On November 3 , 2011 , the series was picked up for a full season of twenty - two episodes . On January 12 , 2012 , the order was increased to twenty - four episodes . On May 11 , 2012 , ABC renewed the series for a second season set to air in the 2012 -- 2013 season in November . On June 11 , 2012 , Tim Doyle was hired as the new showrunner of the series . Doyle was the third showrunner that the series had had since it entered production . Doyle replaced Kevin Abbott , who joined the staff as the showrunner mid-way in the first season . Abbott replaced series creator Jack Burditt , who was the showrunner for the first thirteen episodes . Unlike Burditt , who is no longer credited as an executive producer , Abbott continued to serve as an executive producer while showrunning the fellow ABC sitcom Malibu Country starring Reba McEntire . Both Last Man Standing and Malibu Country aired as a part of ABC 's Friday night lineup for the 2012 -- 2013 primetime television season . On November 8 , 2012 , Abbott re-joined the Last Man Standing crew full - time , after a stint in rehab , and gave Nastaran Dibai full showrunning duties of Malibu Country . On June 11 , 2012 , it was announced that Alexandra Krosney ( Kristin ) was let go from the show for creative reasons . Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller in season 2 . On June 19 , 2012 , it was also announced that twins Luke and Evan Kruntchev , who played the role of Boyd in season 1 , would not be returning ; they were replaced by Flynn Morrison in season 2 . The character of Boyd was also age - advanced from two years old to five years old . Jordan Masterson plays Ryan , Boyd 's father , in a recurring role beginning in season 2 . The role was previously played by Nick Jonas , who guest - starred in one episode in season 1 . The second season initially received a 13 - episode order . ABC announced on November 12 , 2012 , that an additional three scripts had been ordered . On November 27 , five more episodes were ordered to bring the second - season episode total to 18 . On May 10 , 2013 , the series was renewed for a third season , which premiered on September 20 , 2013 , and ended on April 25 , 2014 , after 22 episodes . On May 10 , 2014 , ABC renewed Last Man Standing for a fourth season , which premiered on October 3 , 2014 . Allen and Elizondo guest - starred as their Last Man Standing characters in a crossover episode with the fellow ABC Friday sitcom Cristela . On May 10 , 2015 , ABC announced the show had been renewed for a fifth season . Last Man Standing had become a solid performer for the Friday night lineup at ABC , which with the help of Shark Tank and 20 / 20 has become the top network among adults 18 -- 49 for the night . Leading off Friday night for ABC , the sitcom averaged a 1.8 rating in adults 18 -- 49 and 8.2 million viewers overall , according to Nielsen 's Live + 7 estimates . On May 13 , 2016 , ABC renewed the series for a sixth season , which premiered on September 23 , 2016 . Cancellation ( edit ) On May 10 , 2017 , ABC canceled Last Man Standing after six seasons , despite the series being the second-most - watched ABC sitcom during the 2016 -- 17 season ( based on Live + 7 figures ) , with ratings remaining mostly steady during its sixth season . A representative for 20th Century Fox Television said cancellation decisions are made by ABC . `` This was a scheduling decision , '' wrote Jori Arancio , senior vice president of ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios . ABC and its production partner for the show , 20th Century Fox Television , typically negotiate licensing fees prior to each season ; however , the network decided to cancel the show without doing so . Also , the contract between 20th Century Fox Television and ABC for the show , in which 20th Century Fox Television covered the cost of production , had expired after six seasons . Had the series been renewed for a seventh season , ABC would have been required to pick up Last Man Standing 's production costs , which the network was unwilling to do . The cancellation was met with outrage from the show 's fans , many of whom took to social media to voice their displeasure and petition for another network to pick up the show . It also happened some months after lead actor Tim Allen ( who is also a real - life Republican ) said in an interview on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , that being a Republican in Hollywood is `` like 1930s Germany . You got ta be real careful around here , you know . You 'll get beat up if you do n't believe what everybody believes . '' His comment was widely criticized , especially his comparing the treatment of Republicans in Hollywood with Nazi Germany . A viewer petition on the website Change.org calling for ABC to reinstate Last Man Standing surpassed 380,000 signatures as of May 23 , 2017 . In a conference call with reporters earlier in May , ABC president Channing Dungey stated , `` Last Man Standing was a challenging one for me , because it was a steady performer . Once we made the decision not to continue with comedy on Friday , it was just kind of that 's where we landed . '' Dungey cited studio ownership , future creative direction , ratings and viewer engagement as all factors in her decision . A year later , the petition 's signatures had grown to 438,000 . Tim Allen voiced his displeasure with the cancellation , tweeting on May 16 , 2017 : `` Stunned and blindsided by the network I called home for the last six years . '' On May 20 , 2017 , Howard Kurtzman , president of 20th Century Fox Television , reportedly showed some interest in his studio continuing to produce the show . `` We 're starting to explore that , '' Kurtzman said . `` ... ( Fox Co-President ) Jonnie ( Davis ) and I are hopeful that we can find another home for it . '' Variety also confirmed in an exclusive report that 20th Century Fox Television would shop the series to other networks and streaming services in hopes it would be picked up for a seventh season ; another home was not quickly found , however . In August 2017 , Allen expressed his appreciation for support by the show 's fans to bring it back , and said the talent behind the show had much more to add . Revival on Fox ( edit ) On May 3 , 2018 , Allen tweeted that a return `` just might be a reality '' and prompted the show 's supporters to `` keep it up '' . The same day , TVLine reported that Fox was `` poised to '' resurrect Last Man Standing for the 2018 -- 19 TV season , adding that Tim Allen is `` officially on board '' . Deadline Hollywood reported that Fox was in talks for another season , but it was `` by no means a sure thing '' , suggesting it would depend on whether the actors could be re-signed `` at reasonable salaries '' . On May 11 , 2018 , Fox TV 's CEOs and chairmen announced that Fox had officially picked up Last Man Standing for a seventh season . Dana Walden , chairman of Fox Television Group , later hinted that the return of Last Man Standing was in part a response to the huge success of the Roseanne reboot on ABC earlier in 2018 : `` Obviously , I think everyone took a good , hard look at the performance of Roseanne . It did so well , and it certainly did remind us that we have a huge , iconic comedy star in our Fox family in Tim Allen . '' On July 2 , Fox announced that , in addition to Allen , series regulars Nancy Travis , Amanda Fuller , Hector Elizondo , Christoph Sanders , Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams have all signed on to appear in the season 7 reboot . Molly Ephraim and Flynn Morrison both opted not to return for the new season . Their roles ( `` Mandy '' and `` Boyd '' , respectively ) will be recast ahead of the new season . Kaitlyn Dever , who recently signed on to play a lead role in the 2019 Netflix miniseries Unbelieveable , is in negotiations to return as `` Eve '' in a recurring role . On August 6 , 2018 , it was announced that Molly McCook and Jet Jurgensmeyer would be taking over the roles of `` Mandy '' and `` Boyd '' , respectively . The show will air in the same Friday night time slot as it did on ABC for the sixth season ; if it is renewed for an eighth season , it will be forced to move to a new time slot , as Fox has signed an agreement to air WWE SmackDown on Friday nights beginning in fall 2019 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) ( L to R ) Last Man Standing stars Héctor Elizondo , Tim Allen and Christoph Sanders Last Man Standing received generally negative reviews from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , season one holds an approval rating of 15 % based on 33 reviews , and an average rating of 4.14 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Last Man Standing is a thoroughly middling sitcom relying on jokes that feel alternately dated or hostile . The first season received an 80 % from the audience on the site and the second season received a 79 % . '' On Metacritic , the season has a weighted average score of 33 out of 100 , based on 24 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . The Hollywood Reporter called the series `` a predictable sitcom with a stupid premise and bad acting . '' Los Angeles Times : `` The jokes and plots have been efficiently constructed , but most have no traction ; they slide right off you , and the characters themselves seem disconnected from one another . '' Entertainment Weekly offered a slightly more favorable review of the show : `` When I look at the now - rounded softness of Tim Allen , and note once again how his sandpaper voice contrasts winningly with his hopeful eyes , it 's impossible to plunge a shiv into this series . '' Season two of the series holds an approval rating of 40 % on Rotten Tomatoes . Entertainment Weekly commented : `` I think it 's time the folks involved with Last take a closer look at All in the Family , in which the prejudice was built around real jokes . '' The A.V. Club : `` The problem with Last Man Standing 's attempts to go political is exemplified by the first scene of the season première , which remains one of the most uncomfortable scenes of television I 've ever watched ... doing its best to push buttons in the audience that do n't need to be pushed , as if it thinks what made ( Norman ) Lear 's sitcoms a success was the yelling or the mentions of social issues that people sometimes argued about . '' Philly.com wrote about season three : `` The unlikely comeback vehicle for Tim Allen , Last Man Standing on ABC , is a thoroughly traditional , absolutely charming sitcom . ( ... ) Last Man is both economical and efficient , getting excellent comic mileage out of the most marginal bit players . '' The series is particularly popular among conservatives , many of whom viewed the show as a counterpoint to Modern Family , another 20th Century Fox sitcom that aired on ABC at the same time and featured more liberal ideologies . A study conducted during the 2016 U.S. presidential election found that it was the tenth most popular show on television with Republicans . Ratings ( edit ) ABC 's series premiere of Last Man Standing drew a 3.5 adults 18 -- 49 rating . That was 9 % better than the 3.2 adults 18 -- 49 rating for the series premiere of No Ordinary Family in the same time - slot the previous year ( which was two weeks earlier in the season ) . Season 2 of Last Man Standing premiered with a 2.0 , down about 38 % from its first - season premiere , but up about 18 % from the previous season 's finale . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Network No. of episodes Premiered Ended TV season Rank Viewers ( million ) Live + DVR viewers Date Premiere viewers ( million ) Premiere 18 -- 49 rating / share Date Finale viewers ( million ) Finale 18 -- 49 rating / share Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ABC 24 October 11 , 2011 12.93 3.4 / 10 May 8 , 2012 6.62 1.7 / 5 2011 -- 12 50 9.12 9.76 Friday 8 : 00 pm 18 November 2 , 2012 8.07 2.0 / 7 March 22 , 2013 7.85 1.6 / 6 2012 -- 13 53 7.93 8.34 22 September 20 , 2013 6.67 1.5 / 6 April 25 , 2014 6.10 1.4 / 6 2013 -- 14 58 7.17 7.92 22 October 3 , 2014 6.91 1.3 / 5 April 17 , 2015 6.16 1.1 / 5 2014 -- 15 60 8.18 8.52 5 22 September 25 , 2015 6.26 1.1 / 5 April 22 , 2016 5.94 1.0 / 4 2015 -- 16 56 7.96 TBA 6 22 September 23 , 2016 5.95 1.1 / 5 March 31 , 2017 6.06 1.1 / 5 2016 -- 17 41 8.06 TBA 7 Fox TBA September 28 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA 2018 -- 19 TBA TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Last Man Standing was nominated for a 2012 People 's Choice Award for `` Favorite New TV Comedy '' , but lost to CBS 's 2 Broke Girls . Year Association Nominee / episode Outcome 2011 ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Comedy Last Man Standing Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actor Tim Allen Nominated TV Guide Magazine 's Fan Favorites Awards Favorite Comeback Won Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Supporting Young Actress Kaitlyn Dever Nominated 2013 Environmental Media Awards Television Episodic Comedy `` Mother Fracker '' Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2014 Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography For A Multi-Camera Series Donald A. Morgan -- `` Eve 's Boyfriend '' Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2015 ASCAP Screen Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won Home media ( edit ) DVD Name Ep # Release Date Last Man Standing : The Complete First Season 24 May 13 , 2014 Last Man Standing : The Complete Second Season 18 Last Man Standing : The Complete Third Season 22 October 28 , 2014 Last Man Standing : The Complete Fourth Season 22 October 5 , 2015 Last Man Standing : The Complete Fifth Season 22 June 26 , 2018 Last Man Standing : The Complete Sixth Season 22 Syndication ( edit ) On September 3 , 2015 , it was announced that ABC Family ( now Freeform ) had obtained syndication rights to the series , which began airing episodes on September 28 , 2015 . As of 2018 , Freeform no longer airs the series . On May 15 , 2015 , it was announced that Hallmark Channel had obtained the rights to the sitcom , and they aired the series from January 2016 until December 31 , 2017 . On September 4 , 2015 , the series joined the CMT Network with a mini-marathon of episodes . The series also joined WGN America on April 30 , 2018 . Five seasons were available for streaming on Netflix . Currently , all six seasons are available for streaming on Hulu . Broadcast ( edit ) Last Man Standing aired on ABC in the U.S. ; on Fox8 , Network Ten and Eleven ( previously aired on One ) in Australia ; City in Canada ; and TV3 in New Zealand . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it premiered on October 9 , 2012 on Sky One , which aired the first three seasons before dropping it due to low ratings ; the show was bought by E4 , where it premiered on March 13 , 2017 ; Channel 4 then reran the program on Sunday mornings from July until September 2017 ; in 2018 , 5STAR acquired the show for reruns . In Israel , it airs on yes Comedy . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Since becoming series regulars in season 4 , Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams are only credited for the episodes in which they appear . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Sets Fall Premiere Dates : ' Empire ' , ' 9 - 1 - 1 ' , Recast ' Lethal Weapon ' & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ham Radio in Hollywood : Comedian Tim Allen Stars as Radio Amateur on New TV Show '' . American Radio Relay League . December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing Shake - Up : 2 Major Roles Being Recast Ahead of Season 7 '' . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Alexandra Krosney Exits Last Man Standing , Role Recast '' . tvline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing 's Mandy Recast : Molly McCook Replaces Molly Ephraim '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing EP Laments That ' Unfortunate ' Cast Departure '' . TV Line . TV Line . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Vince Calandra ( writer ) & Victor Gonzalez ( director ) ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Rediscover America '' . Last Man Standing . Season 4 . Episode 3 . ABC . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Lands ' Man Up ' Comedy From Writer Jack Burditt Which May Star Tim Allen '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Wednesday , January 19 '' . The Futon Critic . January 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` NBC orders Ron Moore pilot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Home Improvement Redux : Tim Allen Returns to ABC Roots With Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Allen Commits To ABC Comedy Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Allen Nabs ABC Sitcom Pilot '' . AolTV . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis lands lead in Tim Allen 's ABC pilot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis Gets Female Lead In ABC 's Tim Allen Pilot , Jere Burns Joins NBC Comedy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Morgan ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis joins ABC Tim Allen pilot '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` Hector Elizondo joins Tim Allen project '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ; Hibberd , James ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` ABC picks up Tim Allen comedy , renews ' Happy Endings ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` ABC 2011 -- 12 Primetime Schedule Announced '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Series Premiere Dates : Late Starts for ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Man Up ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Picks Up Full Seasons of ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Happy Endings ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` ABC orders more of ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : Private Practice , ' Body of Proof ' Renewed ; ' Last Man Standing , ' ' Scandal ' & ' Apt 23 ′ Renewed Too ; ' GCB ' Canceled '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Fall TV : ABC Announces Premiere Dates '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Tim Doyle Joins ABC 's ' Last Man Standing ' As New Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 28 , 2012 ) . `` Nastaran Dibai To Run ' Malibu Country ' , Kevin Abbott Rejoins ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello . `` Last Man Standing Drops Alexandra Krosney -- Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` TV Castings -- Chicago Fire , Last Man Standing , Arrow '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adds actors to play Tim Allen 's daughter , grandson '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' Season 2 retools family dynamic and ages up the kid -- From Inside the Box -- Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keck 's Exclusives : Last Man Standing Recasts Role -- Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . August 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adds actors to play Tim Allen 's daughter , grandson '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ABC Comedies ' Malibu Country ' & ' Last Man Standing ' Get Orders For More Scripts '' . deadline.com on November 12 , 2012 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Get 5 More Episodes Each '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Renewed : ABC Orders Season 3 '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Sets Premiere Dates for 2013 -- 2014 Including ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Once Upon A Time In Wonderland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' renewed for 4th season '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Allen Guest Stars on ' Cristela ' in ' Last Man Standing ' Crossover Episode ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing renewed for season 5 '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( 2015 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Renewed : Season 5 Greenlit by ABC -- Variety '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' Season 6 Premiere Date Revealed '' . TV Series . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Canceled By ABC After 6 Seasons '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Despite High Ratings , ABC Cancels Trump - Friendly Sitcom ' Last Man Standing ' '' . May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mooney , Paula . `` ' LAST MAN STANDING ' CANCELED WITH 8.1 M VIEWERS : FANS BOYCOTT ABC OVER TIM ALLEN 'S CONSERVATIVE CHRISTIAN ROLE '' . Inquisitir . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ; Gajewski , Ryan . `` Did Tim Allen 's Nazi Germany Joke Help Kill ' Last Man Standing ' ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blasting News '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Allen Breaks Silence on Cancellation of `` Last Man Standing '' as Petition Clears 140,000 + Signatures `` . Tribuist.com . May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Resurrected At Fox For Season 7 With Original Cast Led By Tim Allen '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , AOL . `` Tim Allen lashes out at ABC after ' Last Man Standing ' cancellation '' . AOL.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AOL.com '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' : 20th Century Fox TV Will Seek New Home for Tim Allen Comedy '' . Variety.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savitsky , Sasha ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' ratings put pressure on networks to revive conservative show ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Savitsky , Sasha ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Tim Allen teases ' Last Man Standing ' return '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing Revival Eyed at Fox , Tim Allen Officially on Board '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Eyes Resurrection At Fox With Star Tim Allen Set to Return '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Corriston , Michele ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Tim Allen 's Last Man Standing Is Returning to TV 1 Year After Cancellation '' . People . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing ' resurfaces at Fox , a year after ABC canceled it '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Battaglio , Stephen . `` Tim Allen 's ' Last Man Standing ' returns -- this time on Fox 's fall schedule '' . latimes.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Brendan ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Who Is n't Returning for ' Last Man Standing ' Season 7 ? Two Roles Are Being Recast '' . cheatsheet.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing Shake - Up : 2 Major Roles Being Recast Ahead of Season 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Tim ' Last Man Standing ' Regulars Molly Ephraim , Flynn Morrison Exit Ahead of Season 7 , Roles to Be Recast '' . variety.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Marisa ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Fox and WWE Close Five - Year Deal to Bring ' SmackDown ' to Network '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Traina , Jimmy ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Cord cutting , millennials ca n't stop Vince McMahon and WWE '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing ( 2011 ) -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Last Man Standing : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Last Man Standing ' : Review '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' : Tim Allen returns to TV , no ' Home Improvement ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' : Season premiere reviews '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` Last Man Standing 's second season was the weirdest sitcom season since ' Til Death '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hiltbrand , David ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lots of funny business all over TV '' . Philly.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 favorite TV shows of Democrats and Republicans '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fringe ' and ' Nikita ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Last Man , ' ' NCIS , ' ' 90210 , ' ' Dancing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ringer , ' ' Body Of Proof ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Voice ' , ' Glee ' , ' DWTS ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' LA Complex ' , + ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 2012 Full Season Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Ratings and Viewership Gains , ' Grimm ' Ranks Number One In Percentage Increases -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Daily Preliminary Broadcast Cable Finals Broadcast Finals ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fringe ' and ' Nikita ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 23 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Last Man Standing ' & ' Malibu Country ' Finales Rise , ' Grimm ' Flat , ' Touch ' Up , Plus NCAA Tournament Preliminary Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Complete 2012 -- 13 Season ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Hannibal ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up , ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Last Man Standing ' or ' The Neighbors ' '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' , ' Blue Bloods ' , ' Last Man Standing ' & ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' , ' Hannibal ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` Primetime TV Series 2013 Ratings & Rankings -- Full List -- Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Complete 2013 - 14 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Raising Hope ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tope Viewership Gains - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' , ' Shark Tank ' & ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 Ratings : Complete 2014 - 15 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Messengers ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gains - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Dani ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' + ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' 20 / 20 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up , ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' finale adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine Fan Favorites Awards Winners Revealed ! '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Awards Past and present '' . The Environmental Media Association . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Television Series '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Television Series '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 ASCAP Screen Music Awards '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Fall 2015 Schedule with Last Man Standing ; Girl Meets World Tackles Asperger 's Syndrome in Upcoming Episode -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel Acquires Last Man Standing for 2016 ; Sitcom Stars on Talk Shows ( Week of May 18 , 2015 ) -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` ABC Primetime Schedule 2011 '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` FOX8 premieres : Sept / Oct '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing -- Shows -- TV3 '' . MediaWorks . September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Sky1 Acquires UK Rights To ABC 's Comedy Series ' Last Man Standing ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` E4 buys Last Man Standing '' . Chortle . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . 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"Jonathan Taylor Thomas as John Baker (seasons 2–3), Kristin's boss at a fancy restaurant where she works. Thomas also had a cameo as \"Randy\" (a nod to his Home Improvement character) in the season 4 episode \"Helen Potts\", with fellow Home Improvement co-star Patricia Richardson."
] | [
"Jonathan Taylor Thomas"
] |
-5360998258362321691 | Social model of disability | Social model of disability - wikipedia Social model of disability For specific activity related to implementation of certain aspects of this model , see the article Inclusion ( disability rights ) and the other articles and links there . Disability Theory and models ( show ) Disability theory Ableism / Disablism Medical model Social model Education ( show ) Mainstreaming Individualized Education Program ( IEP ) Special needs Special school Special education Learning disability Therapy ( show ) Physical Occupational Speech Societal implications ( show ) Disability rights movement Inclusion Normalization People - first language Pejorative terms Personal assistance ( show ) Unlicensed assistive personnel ( ADLs ) Orthotics and braces Prosthetics Assistive technology Assisted living Mobility aid Physical accessibility Universal design Web accessibility Socioeconomic assistance ( show ) Social Security Disability Insurance Supplemental Security Income Ticket to Work Disability Living Allowance Disabled students allowance Disabled Persons Railcard Freedom Pass Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped Groups Organizations ( show ) National Telecommuting Institute Society for Disability Studies Disabled Peoples ' International ( DPI ) Visitability Disabled sports ( show ) Special Olympics Paralympic Games Deaflympics Invictus Games Culture ( show ) Disability in the arts Disability art Disability in the media Disability portal Disability Lists The social model of disability is a reaction to the dominant medical model of disability which in itself is a functional analysis of the body as machine to be fixed in order to conform with normative values . The social model of disability identifies systemic barriers , negative attitudes and exclusion by society ( purposely or inadvertently ) that mean society is the main contributory factor in disabling people . While physical , sensory , intellectual , or psychological variations may cause individual functional limitation or impairments , these do not have to lead to disability unless society fails to take account of and include people regardless of their individual differences . The origins of the approach can be traced to the 1960s ; the specific term emerged from the United Kingdom in the 1980s . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Components and usage 3 Law and public policy 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) In 1975 , the UK organization Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation ( UPIAS ) claimed : `` In our view it is society which disables physically impaired people . Disability is something imposed on top of our impairments by the way we are unnecessarily isolated and excluded from full participation in society . '' In 1983 , the disabled academic Mike Oliver coined the phrase `` social model of disability '' in reference to these ideological developments . Oliver focused on the idea of an individual model ( of which the medical was a part ) versus a social model , derived from the distinction originally made between impairment and disability by the UPIAS . The `` social model '' was extended and developed by academics and activists in Australia , the UK , US and other countries , and extended to include all disabled people , including those who have learning difficulties / learning disabilities / or who are mentally handicapped , or people with emotional , mental health or behavioural problems . Oliver did not intend the `` social model of disability '' to be an all encompassing theory of disability , rather a starting point in reframing how society views disability . Components and usage ( edit ) A fundamental aspect of the social model concerns equality . The struggle for equality is often compared to the struggles of other socially marginalized groups . Equal rights are said to give empowerment and the `` ability '' to make decisions and the opportunity to live life to the fullest . A related phrase often used by disability rights campaigners , as with other social activism , is `` Nothing About Us Without Us . '' The social model of disability focuses on changes required in society . These might be in terms of : Attitudes , for example a more positive attitude toward certain mental traits or behaviors , or not underestimating the potential quality of life of those with impairments , Social support , for example help dealing with barriers ; resources , aids or positive discrimination to overcome them , for example providing a buddy to explain work culture for an autistic employee , Information , for example using suitable formats ( e.g. braille ) or levels ( e.g. simplicity of language ) or coverage ( e.g. explaining issues others may take for granted ) , Physical structures , for example buildings with sloped access and elevators , or Flexible work hours for people with circadian rhythm sleep disorders or , for example , for people who experience anxiety / panic attacks in rush hour traffic . The social model of disability implies that attempts to change , `` fix '' or `` cure '' individuals , especially when used against the wishes of the patient , can be discriminatory and prejudiced . This attitude , which may be seen as stemming from a medical model and a subjective value system , can harm the self - esteem and social inclusion of those constantly subjected to it ( e.g. being told they are not as good or valuable , in an overall and core sense , as others ) . Some communities have actively resisted `` treatments '' , while , for example , defending a unique culture or set of abilities . In the deaf community , sign language is valued even if most people do not know it and some parents argue against cochlear implants for deaf infants who can not consent to them . People diagnosed as being on the autism spectrum may argue against efforts to change them to be more like others . They argue instead for acceptance of neurodiversity and accommodation to different needs and goals . Some people diagnosed with a mental disorder argue that they are just different and do n't necessarily conform . The biopsychosocial model of disease / disability is a holistic attempt by practitioners to address this . The social model implies that practices such as eugenics are founded on social values and a prejudiced understanding of the potential and value of those labeled disabled . `` Over 200,000 disabled people were the first victims of the Holocaust . '' A 1986 article stated : `` It is important that we do not allow ourselves to be dismissed as if we all come under this one great metaphysical category ' the disabled ' . The effect of this is a depersonalization , a sweeping dismissal of our individuality , and a denial of our right to be seen as people with our own uniqueness , rather than as the anonymous constituents of a category or group . These words that lump us all together - ' the disabled ' , ' spina bifida ' , ' tetraplegic ' , ' muscular dystrophy ' , - are nothing more than terminological rubbish bins into which all the important things about us as people get thrown away . '' The social model of disability is based on a distinction between the terms `` impairment '' and `` disability . '' Impairment is used to refer to the actual attributes ( or lack of attributes ) , the abnormality , of a person , whether in terms of limbs , organs or mechanisms , including psychological . Disability is used to refer to the restrictions caused by society when it does not give equivalent attention and accommodation to the needs of individuals with impairments . The social model also relates to economics . It proposes that people can be disabled by a lack of resources to meet their needs . It addresses issues such as the under - estimation of the potential of people to contribute to society and add economic value to society , if given equal rights and equally suitable facilities and opportunities as others . Economic research on companies that attempt to accommodate disability in their workforce suggest they outperform competitors . In Autumn 2001 , the UK Office for National Statistics identified that approximately one fifth of the working age population was disabled - 7.1 million disabled people as opposed to 29.8 million able people - and in this analysis also provided insight into some of the reasons why disabled people were unwilling to enter the labour market , such as that the reduction in disability benefits in entering the labour market would not make it worthwhile to enter into employment . A three - pronged approach was suggested : `` incentives to work via the tax and benefit system , for example through the Disabled Person 's Tax Credit ; helping people back into work , for example via the New Deal for Disabled People ; and tackling discrimination in the workplace via anti-discrimination policy . Underpinning this are the Disability Discrimination Act ( DDA ) 1995 and the Disability Rights Commission . '' Law and public policy ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the Disability Discrimination Act defines disability using the medical model - disabled people are defined as people with certain conditions , or certain limitations on their ability to carry out `` normal day - to - day activities . '' But the requirement of employers and service providers to make `` reasonable adjustments '' to their policies or practices , or physical aspects of their premises , follows the social model . By making adjustments , employers and service providers are removing the barriers that disable - according to the social model , they are effectively removing the person 's disability . In 2006 , amendments to the act called for local authorities and others to actively promote disability equality . This enforcement came in the shape of the Disability Equality Duty in December 2006 . In 2010 , The Disability Discrimination Act ( 1995 ) was amalgamated into the Equality Act 2010 along with other pertinent discrimination legislation . It extends the law on discrimination to indirect discrimination . For example , if a carer of a person with a disability is discriminated against , this is now also unlawful . Since October 2010 , when it came into effect , employers may not legally ask questions about illness or disability at interview for a job or for a referee to comment on such in a reference , except where there is a need to make reasonable adjustments for an interview to proceed . Following an offer of a job , an employer can lawfully ask such questions . In the United States , the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ( ADA ) , revision of 2008 effective in January 2009 , is a wide - ranging civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability . It affords similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , which made discrimination based on race , religion , sex , national origin , and other characteristics illegal . Certain specific conditions are excluded , such as alcoholism and transsexualism . In 2007 , the European Court of Justice in the Chacon Navas v Eurest Colectividades SA court case , defined disability narrowly according to a medical definition that excluded temporary illness , when considering the Directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation ( Council Directive 2000 / 78 / EC ) . The directive did not provide for any definition of disability , despite discourse in policy documents previously in the EU about endorsing the social model of disability . This allowed the Court of Justice to take a narrow medical definition . See also ( edit ) Ableism Models of deafness Equality Act References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paley , John ( 1 October 2002 ) . `` The Cartesian melodrama in nursing '' . Nursing Philosophy. 3 ( 3 ) : 189 -- 192 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1466 - 769X. 2002.00113. x . Jump up ^ `` THE UNION OF THE PHYSICALLY IMPAIRED AGAINST SEGREGATION and THE DISABILITY ALLIANCE discuss Fundamental Principles of Disability '' ( PDF ) . UPIAS . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Fundamental Principles of Disability - Comments on the discussion held between the Union and the Disability Alliance on 22nd November , 1975 '' ( PDF ) . UPIAS . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Michael Oliver ; Bob Sapey ( 27 April 2006 ) . Social work with disabled people . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 1838 - 3 . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . Jump up ^ MIKE OLIVER ( 23 July 1990 ) . `` THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL MODELS OF DISABILITY '' ( PDF ) . leeds.ac.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Disabling Imagery ? Ways of thinking about disability : ' Medical Model ' vs ' Social Model ' Learning resources BFI '' . Old.bfi.org.uk. 2010 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Goodley , Dan ( 1 March 2001 ) . `` ' Learning Difficulties ' , the Social Model of Disability and Impairment : Challenging epistemologies '' . Disability & Society . 16 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 231 . doi : 10.1080 / 09687590120035816 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Mike . `` The social model of disability : thirty years on '' . Disability & Society . 28 ( 7 ) : 1024 -- 1026 . doi : 10.1080 / 09687599.2013. 818773 . Jump up ^ James I. Charlton ( 2000 ) . Nothing about us without us : disability oppression and empowerment . University of California Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22481 - 0 . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` EHRC - Examples of reasonable adjustments in the workplace '' . Equalityhumanrights.com. 1 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ NASEO . `` Sound from Silence - Sidebar - Cochlear Implan '' . Beyonddiscovery.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Seidel , Kathleen ( 2004 - 08 - 20 ) . `` the autistic distinction '' . neurodiversity.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Engel , G. ( 8 April 1977 ) . `` The need for a new medical model : a challenge for biomedicine '' . Science . 196 ( 4286 ) : 129 -- 136 . Bibcode : 1977Sci ... 196 ... 129E . doi : 10.1126 / science. 847460 . PMID 847460 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 17 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brisenden , Simon ( 1 January 1986 ) . `` Independent Living and the Medical Model of Disability '' . Disability , Handicap & Society . 1 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 178 . doi : 10.1080 / 02674648666780171 . Jump up ^ Pam Thomas ; Lorraine Gradwell ; Natalie Markham . `` Defining Impairment within the Social Model of Disability '' ( PDF ) . leeds.ac.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Disability and business : The new green '' . The Economist. 8 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 10 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Definition of disability under the Equality Act 2010 - GOV.UK '' . Direct.gov.uk. 2012 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` コア サーバー dotheduty.org '' . Dotheduty.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Home Office '' . Equalities . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Issues of The Bottom Line Online '' . Thebottomlineonline.co.uk . Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT OF 1990 , AS AMENDED '' ( PDF ) . Ada.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . External links ( edit ) UK Disability Rights Commission : The Social Model of Disability . Accessed 2009 - 10 - 15 . Article on Disability Perspectives and Data Sources from Government of Canada . Chapireau F , Colvez A ; Colvez ( July 1998 ) . `` Social disadvantage in the international classification of impairments , disabilities , and handicap '' . Soc Sci Med. 47 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 66 . doi : 10.1016 / S0277 - 9536 ( 98 ) 00033 - 1 . PMID 9683379 . Kearney , PM ; Pryor , J ( April 2004 ) . `` The International Classification of Functioning , Disability and Health ( ICF ) and nursing '' . J Adv Nurs. 46 ( 2 ) : 162 -- 70 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2648.2003. 02976. x . PMID 15056329 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_model_of_disability&oldid=846267277 '' Categories : Disability Disability rights Disability studies Accessibility Medical sociology Medical models Political theories Sociological theories Social theories Social constructionism Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français עברית Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 15 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the social model of disability developed | [
"The social model of disability is a reaction to the dominant medical model of disability which in itself is a functional analysis of the body as machine to be fixed in order to conform with normative values.[1] The social model of disability identifies systemic barriers, negative attitudes and exclusion by society (purposely or inadvertently) that mean society is the main contributory factor in disabling people. While physical, sensory, intellectual, or psychological variations may cause individual functional limitation or impairments, these do not have to lead to disability unless society fails to take account of and include people regardless of their individual differences. The origins of the approach can be traced to the 1960s; the specific term emerged from the United Kingdom in the 1980s."
] | [
"the 1980s"
] |
2665922145100805895 | Tim Berners-Lee | Tim Berners - Lee - wikipedia Tim Berners - Lee Jump to : navigation , search Sir Tim Berners - Lee OM KBE FRS FREng FRSA FBCS Berners - Lee in 2014 Timothy John Berners - Lee ( 1955 - 06 - 08 ) 8 June 1955 ( age 62 ) London , England Other names TimBL TBL Education Emanuel School Alma mater The Queen 's College , University of Oxford ( BA ) Occupation Professor of Computer Science Spouse ( s ) Rosemary Leith ( m . 2014 ) Nancy Carlson ( m . 1990 ; div. 2011 ) Children Parent ( s ) Conway Berners - Lee Mary Lee Woods Awards Turing Award ( 2016 ) Queen Elizabeth Prize ( 2013 ) OM ( 2007 ) KBE ( 2004 ) FRS ( 2001 ) FREng ( 2001 ) FRSA ( 2001 ) DFBCS ( 1995 ) See full list of honours Website www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee Scientific career Institutions World Wide Web Consortium University of Oxford University of Southampton Plessey MIT Sir Timothy John Berners - Lee OM KBE FRS FREng FRSA FBCS ( born 8 June 1955 ) , also known as TimBL , is an English engineer and computer scientist , best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web . He is currently a Professor of Computer Science at the University of Oxford . He made a proposal for an information management system in March 1989 , and he implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) client and server via the internet in mid-November the same year . Berners - Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) , which oversees the continued development of the Web . He is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation and is a senior researcher and holder of the founders chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory ( CSAIL ) . He is a director of the Web Science Research Initiative ( WSRI ) , and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence . In 2011 , he was named as a member of the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation . He is a founder and president of the Open Data Institute . In 2004 , Berners - Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work . In April 2009 , he was elected a foreign associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences . Named in Time magazine 's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century , Berners - Lee has received a number of other accolades for his invention . He was honoured as the `` Inventor of the World Wide Web '' during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony , in which he appeared in person , working with a vintage NeXT Computer at the London Olympic Stadium . He tweeted `` This is for everyone '' , which instantly was spelled out in LCD lights attached to the chairs of the 80,000 people in the audience . Berners - Lee received the 2016 Turing Award `` for inventing the World Wide Web , the first web browser , and the fundamental protocols and algorithms allowing the Web to scale '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Recent work 4 Personal life 5 Distinctions 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life and education Berners - Lee was born in London , England , United Kingdom , one of four children born to Mary Lee Woods and Conway Berners - Lee . His parents worked on the first commercially built computer , the Ferranti Mark 1 . He attended Sheen Mount Primary School , and then went on to attend south west London 's Emanuel School from 1969 to 1973 , at the time a direct grant grammar school , which became an independent school in 1975 . A keen trainspotter as a child , he learnt about electronics from tinkering with a model railway . He studied at The Queen 's College , Oxford , from 1973 to 1976 , where he received a first - class bachelor of arts degree in physics . Career Berners - Lee , 2005 After graduation , Berners - Lee worked as an engineer at the telecommunications company Plessey in Poole , Dorset . In 1978 , he joined D.G. Nash in Ferndown , Dorset , where he helped create type - setting software for printers . Berners - Lee worked as an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980 . While in Geneva , he proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext , to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers . To demonstrate it , he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE . After leaving CERN in late 1980 , he went to work at John Poole 's Image Computer Systems , Ltd , in Bournemouth , Dorset . He ran the company 's technical side for three years . The project he worked on was a `` real - time remote procedure call '' which gave him experience in computer networking . In 1984 , he returned to CERN as a fellow . In 1989 , CERN was the largest internet node in Europe , and Berners - Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the internet : `` I just had to take the hypertext idea and connect it to the Transmission Control Protocol and domain name system ideas and -- ta - da ! -- the World Wide Web ... Creating the web was really an act of desperation , because the situation without it was very difficult when I was working at CERN later . Most of the technology involved in the web , like the hypertext , like the internet , multifont text objects , had all been designed already . I just had to put them together . It was a step of generalising , going to a higher level of abstraction , thinking about all the documentation systems out there as being possibly part of a larger imaginary documentation system . '' This NeXT Computer was used by Berners - Lee at CERN and became the world 's first web server Berners - Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and , in 1990 , redistributed it . It then was accepted by his manager , Mike Sendall . He used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web , for which he designed and built the first Web browser . His software also functioned as an editor ( called WorldWideWeb , running on the NeXTSTEP operating system ) , and the first Web server , CERN HTTPd ( short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon ) . `` Mike Sendall buys a NeXT cube for evaluation , and gives it to Tim ( Berners - Lee ) . Tim 's prototype implementation on NeXTStep is made in the space of a few months , thanks to the qualities of the NeXTStep software development system . This prototype offers WYSIWYG browsing / authoring ! Current Web browsers used in ' surfing the internet ' are mere passive windows , depriving the user of the possibility to contribute . During some sessions in the CERN cafeteria , Tim and I try to find a catching name for the system . I was determined that the name should not yet again be taken from Greek mythology ... Tim proposes ' World - Wide Web ' . I like this very much , except that it is difficult to pronounce in French ... '' by Robert Cailliau , 2 November 1995 . The first web site was built at CERN . Despite this being an international organisation hosted by Switzerland , the office that Berners - Lee used was just across the border in France . It was put online on 6 August 1991 for the first time : info.cern.ch was the address of the world 's first - ever web site and web server , running on a NeXT computer at CERN . The first web page address was http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html , which centred on information regarding the WWW project . Visitors could learn more about hypertext , technical details for creating their own webpage , and even an explanation on how to search the Web for information . There are no screenshots of this original page and , in any case , changes were made daily to the information available on the page as the WWW project developed . You may find a later copy ( 1992 ) on the World Wide Web Consortium website . It provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was , and how one could use a browser and set up a web server . In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world , chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists , academics , writers , and world leaders , the invention of the World Wide Web was ranked number one , with the entry stating , `` The fastest growing communications medium of all time , the internet has changed the shape of modern life forever . We can connect with each other instantly , all over the world '' . In 1994 , Berners - Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web . Berners - Lee made his idea available freely , with no patent and no royalties due . The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty - free technology , so that they easily could be adopted by anyone . In 2001 , Berners - Lee became a patron of the East Dorset Heritage Trust , having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne , East Dorset . In December 2004 , he accepted a chair in computer science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science , University of Southampton , Hampshire , to work on the Semantic Web . In a Times article in October 2009 , Berners - Lee admitted that the initial pair of slashes ( `` / / '' ) in a web address were `` unnecessary '' . He told the newspaper that he easily could have designed web addresses without the slashes . `` There you go , it seemed like a good idea at the time '' , he said in his lighthearted apology . Recent work Tim Berners - Lee at the Home Office , London , on 11 March 2010 In June 2009 , then - British Prime Minister Gordon Brown announced Berners - Lee would work with the UK government to help make data more open and accessible on the Web , building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force . Berners - Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are the two key figures behind data.gov.uk , a UK government project to open up almost all data acquired for official purposes for free re-use . Commenting on the opening up of Ordnance Survey data in April 2010 , Berners - Lee said that : `` The changes signal a wider cultural change in government based on an assumption that information should be in the public domain unless there is a good reason not to -- not the other way around . '' He went on to say : `` Greater openness , accountability and transparency in Government will give people greater choice and make it easier for individuals to get more directly involved in issues that matter to them . '' Berners - Lee speaking at the launch of the World Wide Web Foundation In November 2009 , Berners - Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation in order to `` advance the Web to empower humanity by launching transformative programs that build local capacity to leverage the Web as a medium for positive change . '' Berners - Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of net neutrality , and has expressed the view that ISPs should supply `` connectivity with no strings attached '' , and should neither control nor monitor the browsing activities of customers without their expressed consent . He advocates the idea that net neutrality is a kind of human network right : `` Threats to the internet , such as companies or governments that interfere with or snoop on internet traffic , compromise basic human network rights . '' Berners - Lee participated in an open letter to the US Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . He and 20 other Internet pioneers urged the FCC to cancel a vote on 14 December 2017 to uphold net neutrality . The letter was addressed to Senator Roger Wicker , Senator Brian Schatz , Representative Marsha Blackburn and Representative Michael F. Doyle . Berners - Lee 's tweet , `` This is for everyone '' , at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London Berners - Lee joined the board of advisors of start - up State.com , based in London . As of May 2012 , Berners - Lee is president of the Open Data Institute , which he co-founded with Nigel Shadbolt in 2012 . The Alliance for Affordable Internet ( A4AI ) was launched in October 2013 and Berners - Lee is leading the coalition of public and private organisations that includes Google , Facebook , Intel , and Microsoft . The A4AI seeks to make internet access more affordable so that access is broadened in the developing world , where only 31 % of people are online . Berners - Lee will work with those aiming to decrease internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission 's worldwide target of 5 % of monthly income . Berners - Lee holds the founders chair in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , where he heads the Decentralized Information Group and is leading Solid , a joint project with the Qatar Computing Research Institute that aims to radically change the way Web applications work today , resulting in true data ownership as well as improved privacy . In October 2016 , he joined the Department of Computer Science at Oxford University as a professorial research fellow and as a fellow of Christ Church , one of the Oxford colleges . Personal life Berners - Lee was married to Nancy Carlson in 1990 ; they had two children and divorced in 2011 . In 2014 , Berners - Lee married Rosemary Leith at St. James 's Palace in London . Leith is director of the World Wide Web Foundation and a fellow at Harvard University 's Berkman Center . Previously , she was World Economic Forum Global Agenda Council Chair of the Future of Internet Security and now is on the board of YouGov . Berners - Lee was raised as an Anglican , but in his youth , he turned away from religion . After he became a parent , he became a Unitarian Universalist ( UU ) . He has stated : `` Like many people , I had a religious upbringing which I rejected as a teenager ... Like many people , I came back to religion when we had children '' . He and his wife wanted to teach spirituality to his children , and after hearing a Unitarian minister and visiting the UU Church , they opted for it . He is an active member of that church , to which he adheres because he perceives it as a tolerant and liberal belief . He has said : `` I believe that much of the philosophy of life associated with many religions is much more sound than the dogma which comes along with it . So I do respect them . '' Distinctions Main article : List of awards and honours received by Tim Berners - Lee `` He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass medium for the 21st century . The World Wide Web is Berners - Lee 's alone . He designed it . He loosed it on the world . And he more than anyone else has fought to keep it open , nonproprietary and free . '' -- Tim Berners - Lee 's entry in Time magazine 's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century , March 1999 . Berners - Lee has received many awards and honours . He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2004 New Year Honours `` for services to the global development of the internet '' , and was invested formally on 16 July 2004 . On 13 June 2007 , he was appointed to the Order of Merit ( OM ) , an order restricted to 24 ( living ) members . Bestowing membership of the Order of Merit is within the personal purview of the Queen , and does not require recommendation by ministers or the Prime Minister . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 2001 . He has been conferred honorary degrees from a number of Universities around the world , including Manchester ( his parents worked on the Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940s ) , Harvard and Yale . In 2012 , Berners - Lee was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork -- the Beatles ' Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover -- to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th birthday . In 2013 , he was awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering . On 4 April 2017 , he received the 2016 ACM Turing Award `` for inventing the World Wide Web , the first web browser , and the fundamental protocols and algorithms allowing the Web to scale '' . See also Vannevar Bush Douglas Engelbart Ted Nelson Ian Ritchie Eelco van Asperen History of the World Wide Web Kevin Hughes libwww List of pioneers in computer science Mundaneum Network neutrality Paul Otlet Bob Taylor Nicola Pellow NeXTcube References ^ Jump up to : BERNERS - LEE , Sir Timothy ( John ) . ukwhoswho.com . Who 's Who . 2015 ( online Oxford University Press ed . ) . A & C Black , an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660 -- 2015 '' . London : Royal Society . Archived from the original on 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Tim Berners - Lee joins Oxford 's Department of Computer Science '' . University of Oxford . Jump up ^ `` info.cern.ch -- Tim Berners - Lee 's proposal '' . Info.cern.ch . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Tim Berners Lee 's own reference . The exact date is unknown . Jump up ^ Berners - Lee , Tim ; Mark Fischetti ( 1999 ) . Weaving the Web : The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by its inventor . Britain : Orion Business . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 2090 - 7 . Jump up ^ Berners - Lee , T. ( 2010 ) . `` Long Live the Web '' . Scientific American . 303 ( 6 ) : 80 -- 85 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican1210 - 80 . PMID 21141362 . Jump up ^ Shadbolt , N. ; Berners - Lee , T. ( 2008 ) . `` Web science emerges '' . Scientific American . 299 ( 4 ) : 76 -- 81 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican1008 - 76 . PMID 18847088 . Jump up ^ Berners - Lee , T. ; Hall , W. ; Hendler , J. ; Shadbolt , N. ; Weitzner , D. ( 2006 ) . `` Computer Science : Enhanced : Creating a Science of the Web '' . Science . 313 ( 5788 ) : 769 -- 771 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1126902 . PMID 16902115 . Jump up ^ `` Draper Prize '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` People '' . The Web Science Research Initiative . Archived from the original on 28 June 2008 . Retrieved 17 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MIT Center for Collective Intelligence ( homepage ) '' . Cci.mit.edu . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MIT Center for Collective Intelligence ( people ) '' . Cci.mit.edu . Archived from the original on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Bratt , Steve ( 29 September 2011 ) . `` Sir Tim Berners - Lee Named to the Ford Foundation Board '' . World Wide Foundation . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Web 's inventor gets a knighthood '' . BBC News . 31 December 2003 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Creator of the web turns knight '' . BBC News . 16 July 2004 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Timothy Berners - Lee Elected to National Academy of Sciences '' . Dr. Dobb 's Journal . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 72 New Members Chosen By Academy '' ( Press release ) . United States National Academy of Sciences . 28 April 2009 . Retrieved 17 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Quittner , Joshua ( 29 March 1999 ) . `` Tim Berners Lee -- Time 100 People of the Century '' . Time Magazine . He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass medium for the 21st century . The World Wide Web is Berners - Lee 's alone . He designed it . He loosed it on the world . And he more than anyone else has fought to keep it open , nonproprietary and free ^ Jump up to : Friar , Karen ( 28 July 2012 ) . `` Sir Tim Berners - Lee stars in Olympics opening ceremony '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Berners - Lee , Tim ( 27 July 2012 ) . `` This is for everyone '' . Twitter . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A.M. Turing Award '' . Association for Computing Machinery . 2016 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berners - Lee Longer Biography '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 18 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lunch with the FT : Tim Berners - Lee '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` Berners - Lee 's original proposal to CERN '' . World Wide Web Consortium . March 1989 . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Bill . `` Tim Berners - Lee , Robert Cailliau , and the World Wide Web '' . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Berners - Lee , Tim . `` Frequently asked questions '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Wendy ( 15 July 1996 ) . `` All you never knew about the Net ... '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Berners - Lee , Tim . `` Answers for Young People '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Biography and Video Interview of Timothy Berners - Lee at Academy of Achievement '' . Achievement.org . Archived from the original on 1 January 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software '' . CERN . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Gromov , Gregory , Roads and Crossroads of Internet History , Chapter 4 : Birth of the Web > 1990 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Berners - Lee . Confirming The Exact Location Where the Web Was Invented '' . davidgalbraith.org. 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World Wide Web project '' . cern.ch . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to info.cern.ch , the website of the world 's first - ever web server '' . CERN . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Wide Web -- Archive of world 's first website '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Wide Web -- First mentioned on USENET '' . Google . 6 August 1991 . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The original post to alt. hypertalk describing the WorldWideWeb Project '' . Google Groups . Google . 9 August 1991 . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 80 moments that shaped the world '' . British Council . Archived from the original on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patent Policy -- 5 February 2004 '' . World Wide Web Consortium. 5 February 2004 . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Klooster , John W. , ( 2009 ) , Icons of Invention : the makers of the modern world from Gutenberg to Gates , ABC - CLIO , p. 611 . Jump up ^ Berners - Lee , T. ; Hendler , J. ; Lassila , O. ( 2001 ) . `` The Semantic Web '' . Scientific American . 2841 ( 5 ) : 34 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0501 - 34 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Berners - Lee , World Wide Web inventor , to join ECS '' . World Wide Web Consortium. 2 December 2004 . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Berners - Lee ' sorry ' for slashes '' . BBC . 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 14 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Berners - Lee '' . World Wide Web Consortium. 10 June 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ordnance Survey offers free data access '' . BBC News . 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 3 April 2009 . Jump up ^ FAQ -- World Wide Web Foundation . Retrieved 18 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Pallab ( 15 September 2008 ) . `` Web creator rejects net tracking '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 September 2008 . Warning sounded on web 's future . Jump up ^ Cellan - Jones , Rory ( March 2008 ) . `` Web creator rejects net tracking '' . BBC . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Sir Tim rejects net tracking like Phorm . Jump up ^ Adams , Stephen ( March 2008 ) . `` Web inventor 's warning on spy software '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Sir Tim rejects net tracking like Phorm . Jump up ^ Berners , Tim ( December 2010 ) . `` Long Live the Web : A Call for Continued Open Standards and Neutrality '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vint Cerf , Tim Berners - Lee , and 19 other technologists pen letter asking FCC to save net neutrality '' . VB News . Retrieved 14 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` State.com/about/people '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Computing , Government ( 23 May 2012 ) . `` Government commits £ 10m to Open Data Institute '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( 7 October 2013 ) . `` Sir Tim Berners - Lee and Google lead coalition for cheaper internet '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Weinberger , David , `` How the father of the World Wide Web plans to reclaim it from Facebook and Google '' . Digital Trends , 10 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Tim Berners - Lee joins Oxford 's Department of Computer Science '' . UK : University of Oxford . 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Tim Berners - Lee joins Oxford 's Department of Computer Science and Christ Church '' . UK : Christ Church , Oxford . 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` `` Ms Rosemary Leith and Sir Tim Berners - Lee are delighted to announce that they celebrated their marriage on 20 June 2014 ... '' World Wide Web Foundation . Jump up ^ Rosemary Leith biography , World Economic Forum . Jump up ^ `` YouGov strengthens its board '' , Interactive Investor , 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Faces of the week '' . Archived from the original on 26 September 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Berners - Lee , Tim . 1998 . The World Wide Web and the `` Web of Life '' . Jump up ^ Stephanie Sammartino McPherson. 2009 . Tim Berners - Lee : Inventor of the World Wide Web . Twenty - First Century Books , p. 83 : `` A Church Like The Web '' . Jump up ^ Eden , Richard . 22 May 2011 . `` Internet pioneer Sir Tim Berners - Lee casts a web of intrigue with his love life '' , The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Web inventor gets Queen 's honour '' . BBC . 13 June 2007 . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scientific pioneers honoured by The University of Manchester '' . manchester.ac.uk. 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yale awards 12 honorary degrees at 2014 graduation '' . Yale News , 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harvard awards 9 honorary degrees '' , Harvard Gazette , 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Davies , Caroline ( 5 October 2016 ) . `` New faces on Sgt Pepper album cover for artist Peter Blake 's 80th birthday '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Sir Peter Blake 's new Beatles ' Sgt Pepper 's album cover '' . BBC . 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Tim Berners - Lee Receives Inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering , 2013 '' . Web foundation.org . Further reading Tim Berners - Lee and the Development of the World Wide Web ( Unlocking the Secrets of Science ) ( Mitchell Lane Publishers , 2001 ) , ISBN 1 - 58415 - 096 - 3 Tim Berners - Lee : Inventor of the World Wide Web ( Ferguson 's Career Biographies ) , Melissa Stewart ( Ferguson Publishing Company , 2001 ) , ISBN 0 - 89434 - 367 - X children 's biography How the Web was Born : The Story of the World Wide Web , Robert Cailliau , James Gillies , R. Cailliau ( Oxford University Press , 2000 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 286207 - 3 Weaving the Web : The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor , Tim Berners - Lee , Mark Fischetti ( Paw Prints , 2008 ) `` Man Who Invented the World Wide Web Gives it New Definition '' , Compute Magazine , 11 February 2011 BBC2 Newsnight -- Transcript of video interview of Berners - Lee on the read / write Web Technology Review interview External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tim Berners - Lee . 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Simon ( 1975 ) Michael O. Rabin / Dana Scott ( 1976 ) John Backus ( 1977 ) Robert W. Floyd ( 1978 ) Kenneth E. Iverson ( 1979 ) Tony Hoare ( 1980 ) Edgar F. Codd ( 1981 ) Stephen Cook ( 1982 ) Ken Thompson / Dennis Ritchie ( 1983 ) Niklaus Wirth ( 1984 ) Richard Karp ( 1985 ) John Hopcroft / Robert Tarjan ( 1986 ) John Cocke ( 1987 ) Ivan Sutherland ( 1988 ) William Kahan ( 1989 ) Fernando J. Corbató ( 1990 ) Robin Milner ( 1991 ) Butler Lampson ( 1992 ) Juris Hartmanis / Richard E. Stearns ( 1993 ) Edward Feigenbaum / Raj Reddy ( 1994 ) Manuel Blum ( 1995 ) Amir Pnueli ( 1996 ) Douglas Engelbart ( 1997 ) Jim Gray ( 1998 ) Fred Brooks ( 1999 ) Andrew Yao ( 2000 ) Ole - Johan Dahl / Kristen Nygaard ( 2001 ) Ron Rivest / Adi Shamir / Leonard Adleman ( 2002 ) Alan Kay ( 2003 ) Vint Cerf / Bob Kahn ( 2004 ) Peter Naur ( 2005 ) Frances E. Allen ( 2006 ) Edmund M. Clarke / E. Allen Emerson / Joseph Sifakis ( 2007 ) Barbara Liskov ( 2008 ) Charles P. Thacker ( 2009 ) Leslie G. Valiant ( 2010 ) Judea Pearl ( 2011 ) Shafi Goldwasser / Silvio Micali ( 2012 ) Leslie Lamport ( 2013 ) Michael Stonebraker ( 2014 ) Martin Hellman / Whitfield Diffie ( 2015 ) Tim Berners - Lee ( 2016 ) VIAF : 85312226 LCCN : no99010609 ISNI : 0000 0000 7866 6209 ORCID : 0000 - 0003 - 1279 - 3709 GND : 121649091 SELIBR : 317488 SUDOC : 074709267 BNF : cb16588000f ( data ) BIBSYS : 792 NDL : 00854777 NKC : xx0000870 BNE : XX1503528 SNAC : w66t1hk5 DBLP : b / TimBernersLee ACM DL : 81100026375 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_Berners-Lee&oldid=824395105 '' Categories : 1955 births Living people People from Barnes , London People educated at Emanuel School Alumni of The Queen 's College , Oxford Academics of the University of Southampton Fellows of Christ Church , Oxford Members of the Department of Computer Science , University of Oxford People associated with CERN English computer scientists English expatriates in the United States English inventors English Unitarians Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellows of the British Computer Society Fellows of The Queen 's College , Oxford Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering Fellows of the Royal Society Hypertext Transfer Protocol Internet pioneers Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire MacArthur Fellows Massachusetts Institute of Technology staff Members of the Order of Merit Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering Turing Award laureates Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Royal Medal winners Semantic Web people UNESCO Niels Bohr Medal recipients Unitarian Universalists Former Anglicans Webby Award winners World Wide Web Consortium Freemen of the City of London Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from April 2017 Use British English from October 2012 AC with 15 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with ORCID identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with DBLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with ACM - DL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 02 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is regarded as the founder of www | [
"Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS FREng FRSA FBCS (born 8 June 1955),[1] also known as TimBL, is an English engineer and computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He is currently a Professor of Computer Science at the University of Oxford.[3] He made a proposal for an information management system in March 1989,[4] and he implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the internet in mid-November the same year.[5][6][7][8][9]"
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"Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee"
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-4563223105518226657 | Et tu, Brute? | Et tu , Brute ? - Wikipedia Et tu , Brute ? `` You Too Brutus '' redirects here . For 2015 Malayalam language film , see You Too Brutus ( film ) . Death of Caesar by Vincenzo Camuccini Et tu , Brute ? ( pronounced ( ɛt ˈtuː ˈbruːtɛ ) ) is a Latin phrase meaning `` even you , Brutus ? '' It is notable for its occurrence in William Shakespeare 's play Julius Caesar , where it is spoken by the Roman dictator Julius Caesar to his friend Marcus Junius Brutus at the moment of Caesar 's assassination . The first known occurrences of the phrase are said to be in two earlier Elizabethan plays ; Henry VI , Part 3 by Shakespeare , and an even earlier play , Caesar Interfectus , by Richard Eedes . The phrase is often used apart from the plays to signify an unexpected betrayal by a friend . Caesar utters these words in Act III , scene 1 , as he is being stabbed to death , having recognized his friend and protégé Brutus as one of the assassins . There is however no evidence that the historic Caesar spoke these words . The name `` Brutus '' , a second declension masculine noun , appears in the phrase in the vocative case , and so the - us ending of the nominative case is replaced by - e . Context ( edit ) On March 15 ( the Ides of March ) , 44 BCE , the historic Caesar was attacked by a group of senators , including Brutus , who was Caesar 's friend and protégé . Caesar initially resisted his attackers , but when he saw Brutus , he reportedly responded as he died . The historical Caesar 's last words are not known with certainty . The Roman historian Suetonius , a century and a half after the incident , claims Caesar said nothing as he died , but that others reported that Caesar 's last words were the Greek phrase `` καὶ σὺ , τέκνον '' , which means `` You too , child ? '' or `` You too , young man ? '' . Sometimes this is rendered in Latin as `` Tu quoque , Brute , fili mi '' ( `` You too , Brutus , my son '' ) . Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing , but merely pulled his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators . In Shakespeare 's play Julius Caesar ( 1599 ) , when Caesar says Et tu , Brute ? , the phrase had already been in use ; Edmond Malone claimed that it appeared in a work that has since been lost -- Richard Eedes 's Latin play Caesar Interfectus of 1582 . The phrase had also occurred in another play by Shakespeare , The True Tragedie of Richard Duke of Yorke , and the death of good King Henrie the Sixth , with the Whole Contention betweene the two Houses Lancaster and Yorke of 1595 , which is the earliest printed version of Henry VI , Part 3 . Interpretation ( edit ) It has been argued that the phrase can be interpreted as a curse or warning . One theory states that the historic Caesar adapted the words of a Greek sentence which to the Romans had long since become proverbial : The complete phrase is said to have been `` You too , my son , will have a taste of power , '' of which Caesar only needed to invoke the opening words to foreshadow Brutus ' own violent death , in response to his assassination . There is a poem by Horace , Satires ; Book I , Satire 7 , written approximately 30 BCE , that mentions Brutus and his tyrannicide ; in discussing that poem , author John Henderson considers that the expression `` E-t t-u Br - u-t-e '' , ( as he hyphenates it ) , can be interpreted as a complaint containing a `` suggestion of mimetic compulsion '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Henderson , John ( 1998 ) . Fighting for Rome : Poets and Caesars , History , and Civil War . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 58026 - 9 . Jump up ^ Henle , Robert J. , S.J. Henle Latin Year 1 Chicago : Loyola Press 1945 Jump up ^ Shakespeare , William ( 1960 ) . S.F. Johnson ; Alfred Harbage , eds . Julius Caesar . Penguin Books . p. 74 . Jump up ^ Gill , N.S. , `` Latin -- Vocative endings '' , About.com , retrieved 2012 - 09 - 16 Jump up ^ ... uno modo ad primum ictum gemitu sine voce edito ; etsi tradiderunt quidam Marco Bruto irruenti dixisse `` καὶ σύ , τέκνον '' . De Vita Caesarum , Liber I , Divus Iulius , LXXXII . Jump up ^ Suetonius , The Lives of Twelve Caesars , Life of Julius Caesar 82.2 Jump up ^ Billows , Richard A. ( 2009 ) . Julius Caesar : The Colossus of Rome . London : Routledge . pp. 249 -- 250 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 33314 - 6 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , The Parallel Lives , Life of Caesar 66.9 Jump up ^ Julius Caesar , Act 3 , Scene 1 , Line 77 Jump up ^ Dyce , Alexander ( 1866 ) . The Works of William Shakespeare . London : Chapman and Hall . p. 648 . Jump up ^ Garber , Marjorie . Shakespeare 's Ghost Writers : Literature as Uncanny Causality . Routledge , 2010 . ISBN 9781135154899 . p. 72 - 73 Jump up ^ Woodman , A.J. ( 2006 ) . `` Tiberius and the Taste of Power : The Year 33 in Tacitus '' . Classical Quarterly . 56 ( 1 ) : 175 -- 189 . doi : 10.1017 / S0009838806000140 . Jump up ^ Woodman , A.J. The Annals of Tacitus : Books 5 -- 6 ; Volume 55 of Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries . Cambridge University Press , 2016 . ISBN 9781316757314 . William Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar Characters Julius Caesar Mark Antony Octavius Lepidus Flavius Marullus Cicero Calpurnia Portia Cinna Titinius Messala Young Cato Volumnius Conspirators Marcus Brutus Cassius Casca Decius Brutus Cinna Metellus Cimber Trebonius Caius Ligarius Sources Parallel Lives On screen 1950 1953 The Spread of the Eagle ( 1963 ; TV ) 1970 1979 ( TV ) 1994 ( TV ) Adaptations La morte di Cesare ( 1788 ) Shakespeare Writing `` Julius Caesar '' ( 1907 ) Caesar ( 1937 ) Die Ermordung Cäsars ( 1959 ) Dead Caesar ( 2007 ) The Karaoke King ( 2007 ) Roman Tragedies ( 2007 ) Quotes `` The dogs of war '' `` Et tu , Brute ? '' `` Friends , Romans , countrymen , lend me your ears '' `` Greek to me '' Music Julius Caesar ( overture , 1851 ) Related Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar Assassination of Julius Caesar Caesar 's Comet Ides of March Battle of Philippi Me and Orson Welles ( 2008 ) Caesar Must Die ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Et_tu,_Brute%3F&oldid=844485765 '' Categories : Julius Caesar Julius Caesar ( play ) Latin quotations Shakespearean phrases Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 07 : 07 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what is the meaning of et tu brute | [
"Et tu, Brute? (pronounced [ɛt ˈtuː ˈbruːtɛ]) is a Latin phrase meaning \"even you, Brutus?\" It is notable for its occurrence in William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, where it is spoken by the Roman dictator Julius Caesar to his friend Marcus Junius Brutus at the moment of Caesar's assassination. The first known occurrences of the phrase are said to be in two earlier Elizabethan plays; Henry VI, Part 3 by Shakespeare, and an even earlier play, Caesar Interfectus, by Richard Eedes.[1] The phrase is often used apart from the plays to signify an unexpected betrayal by a friend. \n"
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"\"even you, Brutus?\""
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5308889711580218677 | List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions | List of Wimbledon Gentlemen 's Singles champions - wikipedia List of Wimbledon Gentlemen 's Singles champions Wimbledon Gentlemen 's Singles Champions Location London United Kingdom Venue AELTC Governing body AELTC Created 1877 ( established ) Editions Tournaments staged : ( 132 editions ) Open Era : 1968 ( 50 editions ) Surface Grass ( 1877 -- present ) Prize money £ 2,200,000 ( 2017 ) Trophy Gentleman 's Singles Trophy Website wimbledon.com Most titles Amateur era 7 : William Renshaw ( challenge round ) 3 : Fred Perry ( regular ) Open era 8 : Roger Federer Most consecutive titles Amateur era 6 : William Renshaw ( challenge round ) 3 : Fred Perry ( regular ) Open era 5 : Björn Borg 5 : Roger Federer Current champion Novak Djokovic ( Fourth title ) The Championships , Wimbledon is an annual British tennis tournament created in 1877 and played on outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club ( AELTC ) in the Wimbledon suburb of London , United Kingdom . The Gentlemen 's Singles was the first event contested in 1877 . Contents 1 History 2 Champions 2.1 Amateur era 2.2 Open era 3 Statistics 3.1 Multiple Champions 3.2 Champions by country 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The Wimbledon Championships are played in the first two weeks of July ( as of July 2017 , prior to this it was last week in June and 1st week in July ) and has been chronologically the third of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987 . The event was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I and again from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II . The Gentlemen 's Singles ' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition . From 1878 until 1921 , the event started with a knockout phase , the All Comers ' Singles , whose winner then faced the defending champion in a challenge round . The All Comers ' winner was automatically awarded the title six times ( 1879 , 1887 , 1891 , 1895 , 1907 , 1908 ) in the absence of the previous year 's champion . The challenge round system was abolished with the 1922 edition . Since the first championships , all matches have been played at the best - of - five sets . Between 1877 and 1883 , the winner of the next game at five games -- all took the set in every match except the All Comers ' final , and the challenge round , which were won with six games and a two games advantage . All sets were decided in this advantage format from 1884 to 1970 . The lingering death best of 12 points tie - break was introduced in 1971 for the first four sets , played at eight games all until 1978 and at six games all since 1979 . Since 1949 , the Gentlemen 's Singles champion has received a miniature replica of the event 's trophy , a silver - gilt cup created in 1887 with the engraved inscription : `` The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World '' . New singles champions are traditionally elected honorary members of the AELTC by the club 's committee . In 2017 , the Gentlemen 's Singles winner received prize money of £ 2,220,000 . In the Amateur Era , William Renshaw ( 1881 -- 1886 , 1889 ) holds the record for the most titles in the Gentlemen 's Singles , winning Wimbledon seven times . Renshaw 's wins , however , came within the challenge round format , and he won the event only twice after going through a complete draw . Renshaw also holds the record for most consecutive titles with six from ( 1881 to 1886 ) . The record for most consecutive and most wins post challenge round during the Amateur Era is Fred Perry ( 1934 -- 1936 ) . In the Open Era , since the inclusion of professional tennis players in 1968 , Roger Federer ( 2003 -- 2007 , 2009 , 2012 , 2017 ) holds the record for the most Gentlemen 's Singles titles with eight . Björn Borg ( 1976 -- 1980 ) and Roger Federer ( 2003 -- 2007 ) share the record for most consecutive victories with five . This event was won without losing a single set in the entire tournament during the Open Era twice , in 1976 by Björn Borg and in 2017 by Roger Federer . Roger Federer is the only player in history , in both the Amateur and Open Era , to reach the Wimbledon Gentlemen 's Singles Final eleven times . He has won on eight occasions and lost on three . Champions ( edit ) Regular competition All Comers ' winner , Challenge round winner ‡ Defending champion , Challenge round winner † All Comers ' winner , no Challenge round ◊ Amateur era ( edit ) William Renshaw won the championship seven times Reginald Doherty won Wimbledon four times and his brother Laurence won five times Fred Perry won three consecutive championships and was the last British player to win the Wimbledon championship ( 1936 ) until Andy Murray 's win in 2013 Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1877 BRI Spencer Gore BRI William Marshall 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1878 BRI Frank Hadow ‡ BRI Spencer Gore 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 , 9 -- 7 1879 BRI John Hartley ◊ BRI Vere St. Leger Goold 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1880 BRI John Hartley † BRI Herbert Lawford 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1881 BRI William Renshaw ‡ BRI John Hartley 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 1882 BRI William Renshaw † BRI Ernest Renshaw 6 -- 1 , 2 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1883 BRI William Renshaw † BRI Ernest Renshaw 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1884 BRI William Renshaw † BRI Herbert Lawford 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 , 9 -- 7 1885 BRI William Renshaw † BRI Herbert Lawford 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1886 BRI William Renshaw † BRI Herbert Lawford 6 -- 0 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1887 BRI Herbert Lawford ◊ BRI Ernest Renshaw 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1888 BRI Ernest Renshaw ‡ BRI Herbert Lawford 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 1889 BRI William Renshaw ‡ BRI Ernest Renshaw 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 1890 BRI Willoughby Hamilton ‡ BRI William Renshaw 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 1891 BRI Wilfred Baddeley ◊ BRI Joshua Pim 6 -- 4 , 1 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 1892 BRI Wilfred Baddeley † BRI Joshua Pim 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1893 BRI Joshua Pim ‡ BRI Wilfred Baddeley 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1894 BRI Joshua Pim † BRI Wilfred Baddeley 10 -- 8 , 6 -- 2 , 8 -- 6 1895 BRI Wilfred Baddeley ◊ BRI Wilberforce Eaves 4 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1896 BRI Harold Mahony ‡ BRI Wilfred Baddeley 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 8 , 5 -- 7 , 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1897 BRI Reginald Doherty ‡ BRI Harold Mahony 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1898 BRI Reginald Doherty † BRI Laurence Doherty 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 1899 BRI Reginald Doherty † BRI Arthur Gore 1 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1900 BRI Reginald Doherty † BRI Sydney Smith 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 1901 BRI Arthur Gore ‡ BRI Reginald Doherty 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1902 BRI Laurence Doherty ‡ BRI Arthur Gore 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 1903 BRI Laurence Doherty † BRI Frank Riseley 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 1904 BRI Laurence Doherty † BRI Frank Riseley 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 , 8 -- 6 1905 BRI Laurence Doherty † AUS Norman Brookes 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1906 BRI Laurence Doherty † BRI Frank Riseley 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1907 AUS Norman Brookes ◊ BRI Arthur Gore 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1908 BRI Arthur Gore ◊ BRI Herbert Roper Barrett 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1909 BRI Arthur Gore † BRI Major Ritchie 6 -- 8 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1910 NZL Anthony Wilding ‡ BRI Arthur Gore 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1911 NZL Anthony Wilding † BRI Herbert Roper Barrett 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , retired 1912 NZL Anthony Wilding † BRI Arthur Gore 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1913 NZL Anthony Wilding † USA Maurice McLoughlin 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 10 -- 8 1914 AUS Norman Brookes ‡ NZL Anthony Wilding 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 1915 No competition ( due to World War I ) 1916 1917 1918 1919 AUS Gerald Patterson ‡ AUS Norman Brookes 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 1920 USA Bill Tilden ‡ AUS Gerald Patterson 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1921 USA Bill Tilden † SAF Brian Norton 4 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 5 1922 AUS Gerald Patterson BRI Randolph Lycett 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1923 USA Bill Johnston USA Francis Hunter 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1924 FRA Jean Borotra FRA René Lacoste 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1925 FRA René Lacoste FRA Jean Borotra 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 1926 FRA Jean Borotra USA Howard Kinsey 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 1927 FRA Henri Cochet FRA Jean Borotra 4 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 1928 FRA René Lacoste FRA Henri Cochet 6 -- 1 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1929 FRA Henri Cochet FRA Jean Borotra 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1930 USA Bill Tilden USA Wilmer Allison 6 -- 3 , 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 1931 USA Sidney Wood USA Frank Shields walkover 1932 USA Ellsworth Vines GBR Bunny Austin 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1933 AUS Jack Crawford USA Ellsworth Vines 4 -- 6 , 11 -- 9 , 6 -- 2 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1934 GBR Fred Perry AUS Jack Crawford 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 5 1935 GBR Fred Perry GER Gottfried von Cramm 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1936 GBR Fred Perry GER Gottfried von Cramm 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 1937 USA Don Budge GER Gottfried von Cramm 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1938 USA Don Budge GBR Bunny Austin 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 1939 USA Bobby Riggs USA Elwood Cooke 2 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1940 No competition ( due to World War II ) 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 FRA Yvon Petra AUS Geoff Brown 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 9 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 1947 USA Jack Kramer USA Tom Brown 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1948 USA Bob Falkenburg AUS John Bromwich 7 -- 5 , 0 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1949 USA Ted Schroeder TCH Jaroslav Drobný 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1950 USA Budge Patty AUS Frank Sedgman 6 -- 1 , 8 -- 10 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1951 USA Dick Savitt AUS Ken McGregor 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1952 AUS Frank Sedgman EGY Jaroslav Drobný 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1953 USA Vic Seixas DEN Kurt Nielsen 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1954 EGY Jaroslav Drobný AUS Ken Rosewall 13 -- 11 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 9 -- 7 1955 USA Tony Trabert DEN Kurt Nielsen 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 1956 AUS Lew Hoad AUS Ken Rosewall 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 1957 AUS Lew Hoad AUS Ashley Cooper 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 1958 AUS Ashley Cooper AUS Neale Fraser 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 13 -- 11 1959 PER Alex Olmedo AUS Rod Laver 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1960 AUS Neale Fraser AUS Rod Laver 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 9 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 1961 AUS Rod Laver USA Chuck McKinley 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1962 AUS Rod Laver AUS Martin Mulligan 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1963 USA Chuck McKinley AUS Fred Stolle 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1964 AUS Roy Emerson AUS Fred Stolle 6 -- 4 , 12 -- 10 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1965 AUS Roy Emerson AUS Fred Stolle 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1966 ESP Manuel Santana USA Dennis Ralston 6 -- 4 , 11 -- 9 , 6 -- 4 1967 AUS John Newcombe FRG Wilhelm Bungert 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 Open Era ( edit ) Björn Borg won five of the six finals he reached . American Pete Sampras won seven titles from 1993 to 1995 and 1997 to 2000 . Roger Federer won a record eight of the eleven finals he has reached . Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1968 AUS Rod Laver AUS Tony Roche 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1969 AUS Rod Laver AUS John Newcombe 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1970 AUS John Newcombe AUS Ken Rosewall 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1971 AUS John Newcombe USA Stan Smith 6 -- 3 , 5 -- 7 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1972 USA Stan Smith ROM Ilie Năstase 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1973 TCH Jan Kodeš URS Alex Metreveli 6 -- 1 , 9 -- 8 , 6 -- 3 USA Jimmy Connors AUS Ken Rosewall 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 USA Arthur Ashe USA Jimmy Connors 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 1976 SWE Björn Borg ROM Ilie Năstase 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 9 -- 7 1977 SWE Björn Borg USA Jimmy Connors 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 1978 SWE Björn Borg USA Jimmy Connors 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1979 SWE Björn Borg USA Roscoe Tanner 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1980 SWE Björn Borg USA John McEnroe 1 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 8 -- 6 1981 USA John McEnroe SWE Björn Borg 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1982 USA Jimmy Connors USA John McEnroe 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 USA John McEnroe NZL Chris Lewis 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1984 USA John McEnroe USA Jimmy Connors 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 1985 FRG Boris Becker USA Kevin Curren 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1986 FRG Boris Becker TCH Ivan Lendl 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 AUS Pat Cash TCH Ivan Lendl 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 1988 SWE Stefan Edberg FRG Boris Becker 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1989 FRG Boris Becker SWE Stefan Edberg 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1990 SWE Stefan Edberg FRG Boris Becker 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1991 GER Michael Stich GER Boris Becker 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1992 USA Andre Agassi CRO Goran Ivanišević 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1993 USA Pete Sampras USA Jim Courier 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1994 USA Pete Sampras CRO Goran Ivanišević 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 1995 USA Pete Sampras GER Boris Becker 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 NED Richard Krajicek USA MaliVai Washington 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1997 USA Pete Sampras FRA Cédric Pioline 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1998 USA Pete Sampras CRO Goran Ivanišević 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1999 USA Pete Sampras USA Andre Agassi 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 2000 USA Pete Sampras AUS Patrick Rafter 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 2001 CRO Goran Ivanišević AUS Patrick Rafter 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 9 -- 7 2002 AUS Lleyton Hewitt ARG David Nalbandian 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 2003 SUI Roger Federer AUS Mark Philippoussis 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 SUI Roger Federer USA Andy Roddick 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 2005 SUI Roger Federer USA Andy Roddick 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 2006 SUI Roger Federer ESP Rafael Nadal 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 2007 SUI Roger Federer ESP Rafael Nadal 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 2008 ESP Rafael Nadal SUI Roger Federer 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 7 , 9 -- 7 2009 SUI Roger Federer USA Andy Roddick 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 16 -- 14 ESP Rafael Nadal CZE Tomáš Berdych 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 2011 SRB Novak Djokovic ESP Rafael Nadal 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 2012 SUI Roger Federer GBR Andy Murray 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 2013 GBR Andy Murray SRB Novak Djokovic 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 2014 SRB Novak Djokovic SUI Roger Federer 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 2015 SRB Novak Djokovic SUI Roger Federer 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 2016 GBR Andy Murray CAN Milos Raonic 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 2017 SUI Roger Federer CRO Marin Čilić 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 2018 SRB Novak Djokovic RSA Kevin Anderson 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 Statistics ( edit ) Multiple Champions ( edit ) List of champions , as of 2008 , in the Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum Title defended in the challenge round Player Open Era Amateur Era All - time Years Roger Federer ( SUI ) 8 0 8 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012 , 2017 William Renshaw ( BRI ) 0 7 7 1881 , 1882 , 1883 , 1884 , 1885 , 1886 , 1889 Pete Sampras ( USA ) 7 0 7 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 Laurence Doherty ( BRI ) 0 5 5 1902 , 1903 , 1904 , 1905 , 1906 Björn Borg ( SWE ) 5 0 5 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 Reginald Doherty ( BRI ) 0 1897 , 1898 , 1899 , 1900 Anthony Wilding ( NZL ) 0 1910 , 1911 , 1912 , 1913 Rod Laver ( AUS ) 1961 , 1962 , 1968 , 1969 Novak Djokovic ( SRB ) 0 2011 , 2014 , 2015 , 2018 Wilfred Baddeley ( BRI ) 0 1891 , 1892 , 1895 Arthur Gore ( BRI ) 0 1901 , 1908 , 1909 Bill Tilden ( USA ) 0 1920 , 1921 , 1930 Fred Perry ( GBR ) 0 1934 , 1935 , 1936 John Newcombe ( AUS ) 1967 , 1970 , 1971 John McEnroe ( USA ) 0 1981 , 1983 , 1984 Boris Becker ( GER ) 0 1985 , 1986 , 1989 John Hartley ( BRI ) 0 1879 , 1880 Joshua Pim ( BRI ) 0 1893 , 1894 Norman Brookes ( AUS ) 0 1907 , 1914 Gerald Patterson ( AUS ) 0 1919 , 1922 Jean Borotra ( FRA ) 0 1924 , 1926 René Lacoste ( FRA ) 0 1925 , 1928 Henri Cochet ( FRA ) 0 1927 , 1929 Don Budge ( USA ) 0 1937 , 1938 Lew Hoad ( AUS ) 0 1956 , 1957 Roy Emerson ( AUS ) 0 1964 , 1965 Jimmy Connors ( USA ) 0 1974 , 1982 Stefan Edberg ( SWE ) 0 1988 , 1990 Rafael Nadal ( ESP ) 0 2008 , 2010 Andy Murray ( GBR ) 0 2013 , 2016 Champions by country ( edit ) The Gentlemen 's Singles trophy ( left ) , and the Ladies ' Singles plate ( right ) Country Amateur Era Open Era All - time First title Last title United Kingdom ( UK ) 35 37 1877 2016 United States ( USA ) 17 15 32 1920 2000 Australia ( AUS ) 15 6 21 1907 2002 Switzerland ( SUI ) 0 8 8 2003 2017 France ( FRA ) 7 0 7 1924 1946 Sweden ( SWE ) 0 7 7 1976 1990 Germany ( GER ) 0 1985 1991 New Zealand ( NZL ) 0 1910 1913 Serbia ( SRB ) 0 2011 2018 Spain ( ESP ) 1966 Croatia ( CRO ) 0 2001 2001 Peru ( PER ) 0 1959 1959 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) ¤ 0 1973 1973 Egypt ( EGY ) 0 1954 1954 Netherlands ( NED ) 0 Former country ¤ See also ( edit ) Tennis portal Wimbledon Open other competitions List of Wimbledon ladies ' singles champions List of Wimbledon gentlemen 's doubles champions List of Wimbledon ladies ' doubles champions List of Wimbledon mixed doubles champions Grand Slam men 's singles List of Australian Open men 's singles champions List of French Open men 's singles champions List of US Open men 's singles champions List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions Wembley Championships Notes ( edit ) Since 2009 , Centre Court features a retractable roof , allowing indoor and night - time play . Wimbledon entered the Open Era with the 1968 edition , allowing professional players to compete alongside amateurs . John McEnroe is the only player to have been denied membership in 1981 , because of his on - court behaviour during the championships . Each year is linked to an article about that particular event 's draw . `` British Isles '' ( BRI ) is used for players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 -- 1922 ) , distinct from `` Great Britain '' ( GBR ) used for players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1922 -- present ) . Anthony Wilding won the challenge round after Herbert Roper Barrett retired because of fatigue . The tournament was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I . Sidney Wood won the final by walkover after Frank Shields withdrew because of an ankle injury . The tournament was not held from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II . He was recorded in the tennis competition as a Peruvian citizen Thirty - two wins by players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 -- 1922 ) , plus five wins by players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1922 -- present ) . Three wins by players from West Germany ( FRG , 1949 -- 1990 ) , plus one win by a player from Germany ( GER , 1990 -- present ) . Czechoslovakia ( TCH , 1918 -- 1992 ) split into the Czech Republic ( CZE , 1993 -- present ) and Slovakia ( SVK , 1993 -- present ) . Kevin Curren became a naturalized American citizen in April 1985 . References ( edit ) General `` Gentlemen 's Singles Finals 1877 - 2017 '' . wimbledon.com . Wimbledon Championships . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . `` Grand Slam Tournaments -- Wimbledon '' ( PDF ) . usta.com . United States Tennis Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . `` Wimbledon - List of Wimbledon men 's singles champions '' . ESPN.com . Reuters. 2009 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 05 . Specific Jump up ^ `` FAQ -- Grass Courts '' ( PDF ) . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tournament profile -- Wimbledon '' . atpworldtour.com . ATP Tour , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Wimbledon -- History : History '' . wimbledon.com . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gentlemen 's Singles Finals 1877 - 2017 '' . wimbledon.com . Wimbledon Championships . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barrett , John ( 1986 ) . 100 Wimbledon Championships : A Celebration . Collins Willow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 218220 - 1 . Jump up ^ Roberts , John ( 1998 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Tennis : Fast , fan friendly -- but full of faults '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking with tradition '' . The Age . The Age Company Ltd. 2004 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` About Wimbledon -- Trophies '' . wimbledon.com . Wimbledon Championships . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Wimbledon -- About the AELTC '' . wimbledon.com . Wimbledon Championships . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Wimbledon -- Prize Money and Finance '' . wimbledon.com . Wimbledon Championships . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Harman , Neil ( 2009 - 04 - 22 ) . `` No more soaked strawberries -- Centre Court , Wimbledon , gets a roof '' . The Times . Times Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jolly snub for McEnroe ; he 's refused All - England '' . St. Petersburg Times . United Press International . 1981 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Zenilman , Avi ( 2009 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Back Issues : McEnroe vs. Thatcher '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` History -- Rolls of Honour : Country abbreviations '' . wimbledon.org . Wimbledon Championships . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Myers , Arthur Wallis ( 1916 ) . Captain Anthony Wilding . Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 548 - 88688 - 5 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Jon ( 2009 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Sidney Wood -- First and only player to win Wimbledon on a walkover '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wimbledon Championships . The Championships , Wimbledon official website Wimbledon men 's singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 -- 1918 ( WWI ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Wimbledon Championships Pre Open Era 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Grand Slam tournament champions Grand Slam overall records Australian Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) French Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) Wimbledon Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) US Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) All tournaments Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Men 's singles finals Women 's singles finals Age of first title Pre Open Era Wimbledon gentlemen 's singles champions ( 1877 ) Spencer Gore ( 1878 ) Frank Hadow ( 1879 ) John Hartley ( 1880 ) John Hartley ( 1881 ) William Renshaw ( 1882 ) William Renshaw ( 1883 ) William Renshaw ( 1884 ) William Renshaw ( 1885 ) William Renshaw ( 1886 ) William Renshaw ( 1887 ) Herbert Lawford ( 1888 ) Ernest Renshaw ( 1889 ) William Renshaw ( 1890 ) Willoughby Hamilton ( 1891 ) Wilfred Baddeley ( 1892 ) Wilfred Baddeley ( 1893 ) Joshua Pim ( 1894 ) Joshua Pim ( 1895 ) Wilfred Baddeley ( 1896 ) Harold Mahony ( 1897 ) Reginald Doherty ( 1898 ) Reginald Doherty ( 1899 ) Reginald Doherty ( 1900 ) Reginald Doherty ( 1901 ) Arthur Gore ( 1902 ) Laurence Doherty ( 1903 ) Laurence Doherty ( 1904 ) Laurence Doherty ( 1905 ) Laurence Doherty ( 1906 ) Laurence Doherty ( 1907 ) Norman Brookes ( 1908 ) Arthur Gore ( 1909 ) Arthur Gore ( 1910 ) Anthony Wilding ( 1911 ) Anthony Wilding ( 1912 ) Anthony Wilding ( 1913 ) Anthony Wilding ( 1914 ) Norman Brookes ( 1915 -- 18 ) No competition ( due to World War I ) ( 1919 ) Gerald Patterson ( 1920 ) Bill Tilden ( 1921 ) Bill Tilden ( 1922 ) Gerald Patterson ( 1923 ) Bill Johnston ( 1924 ) Jean Borotra ( 1925 ) René Lacoste ( 1926 ) Jean Borotra ( 1927 ) Henri Cochet ( 1928 ) René Lacoste ( 1929 ) Henri Cochet ( 1930 ) Bill Tilden ( 1931 ) Sidney Wood ( 1932 ) Ellsworth Vines ( 1933 ) Jack Crawford ( 1934 ) Fred Perry ( 1935 ) Fred Perry ( 1936 ) Fred Perry ( 1937 ) Don Budge ( 1938 ) Don Budge ( 1939 ) Bobby Riggs ( 1940 -- 45 ) No competition ( due to World War II ) ( 1946 ) Yvon Petra ( 1947 ) Jack Kramer ( 1948 ) Bob Falkenburg ( 1949 ) Ted Schroeder ( 1950 ) Budge Patty ( 1951 ) Dick Savitt ( 1952 ) Frank Sedgman ( 1953 ) Vic Seixas ( 1954 ) Jaroslav Drobný ( 1955 ) Tony Trabert ( 1956 ) Lew Hoad ( 1957 ) Lew Hoad ( 1958 ) Ashley Cooper ( 1959 ) Alex Olmedo ( 1960 ) Neale Fraser ( 1961 ) Rod Laver ( 1962 ) Rod Laver ( 1963 ) Chuck McKinley ( 1964 ) Roy Emerson ( 1965 ) Roy Emerson ( 1966 ) Manuel Santana ( 1967 ) John Newcombe Wimbledon ( Open Era ) gentlemen 's singles champions ( 1968 ) Rod Laver ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) John Newcombe ( 1971 ) John Newcombe ( 1972 ) Stan Smith ( 1973 ) Jan Kodeš ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1975 ) Arthur Ashe ( 1976 ) Björn Borg ( 1977 ) Björn Borg ( 1978 ) Björn Borg ( 1979 ) Björn Borg ( 1980 ) Björn Borg ( 1981 ) John McEnroe ( 1982 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1983 ) John McEnroe ( 1984 ) John McEnroe ( 1985 ) Boris Becker ( 1986 ) Boris Becker ( 1987 ) Pat Cash ( 1988 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1989 ) Boris Becker ( 1990 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1991 ) Michael Stich ( 1992 ) Andre Agassi ( 1993 ) Pete Sampras ( 1994 ) Pete Sampras ( 1995 ) Pete Sampras ( 1996 ) Richard Krajicek ( 1997 ) Pete Sampras ( 1998 ) Pete Sampras ( 1999 ) Pete Sampras ( 2000 ) Pete Sampras ( 2001 ) Goran Ivanišević ( 2002 ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2003 ) Roger Federer ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) Roger Federer ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2009 ) Roger Federer ( 2010 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2012 ) Roger Federer ( 2013 ) Andy Murray ( 2014 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Andy Murray ( 2017 ) Roger Federer ( 2018 ) Novak Djokovic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Wimbledon_gentlemen%27s_singles_champions&oldid=861034828 '' Categories : Lists of Wimbledon champions Lists of male tennis players Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Lietuvių Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2018 , at 18 : 42 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | us tennis player who won wimbledon 3 times in 1980s | [
"\n\n\nPlayer\n\nOpen Era\n\nAmateur Era\n\nAll-time\n\nYears\n\n\n Roger Federer (SUI)\n8\n0\n8\n2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2017\n\n\n William Renshaw (BRI)\n0\n7\n7\n1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889\n\n\n Pete Sampras (USA)\n7\n0\n7\n1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000\n\n\n Laurence Doherty (BRI)\n0\n5\n5\n1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906\n\n\n Björn Borg (SWE)\n5\n0\n5\n1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980\n\n\n Reginald Doherty (BRI)\n0\n4\n4\n1897, 1898, 1899, 1900\n\n\n Anthony Wilding (NZL)\n0\n4\n4\n1910, 1911, 1912, 1913\n\n\n Rod Laver (AUS)\n2\n2\n4\n1961, 1962, 1968, 1969\n\n\n Novak Djokovic (SRB)\n4\n0\n4\n2011, 2014, 2015, 2018\n\n\n Wilfred Baddeley (BRI)\n0\n3\n3\n1891, 1892, 1895\n\n\n Arthur Gore (BRI)\n0\n3\n3\n1901, 1908, 1909\n\n\n Bill Tilden (USA)\n0\n3\n3\n1920, 1921, 1930\n\n\n Fred Perry (GBR)\n0\n3\n3\n1934, 1935, 1936\n\n\n John Newcombe (AUS)\n2\n1\n3\n1967, 1970, 1971\n\n\n John McEnroe (USA)\n3\n0\n3\n1981, 1983, 1984\n\n\n Boris Becker (GER)\n3\n0\n3\n1985, 1986, 1989\n\n\n John Hartley (BRI)\n0\n2\n2\n1879, 1880\n\n\n Joshua Pim (BRI)\n0\n2\n2\n1893, 1894\n\n\n Norman Brookes (AUS)\n0\n2\n2\n1907, 1914\n\n\n Gerald Patterson (AUS)\n0\n2\n2\n1919, 1922\n\n\n Jean Borotra (FRA)\n0\n2\n2\n1924, 1926\n\n\n René Lacoste (FRA)\n0\n2\n2\n1925, 1928\n\n\n Henri Cochet (FRA)\n0\n2\n2\n1927, 1929\n\n\n Don Budge (USA)\n0\n2\n2\n1937, 1938\n\n\n Lew Hoad (AUS)\n0\n2\n2\n1956, 1957\n\n\n Roy Emerson (AUS)\n0\n2\n2\n1964, 1965\n\n\n Jimmy Connors (USA)\n2\n0\n2\n1974, 1982\n\n\n Stefan Edberg (SWE)\n2\n0\n2\n1988, 1990\n\n\n Rafael Nadal (ESP)\n2\n0\n2\n2008, 2010\n\n\n Andy Murray (GBR)\n2\n0\n2\n2013, 2016\n"
] | [
"John McEnroe"
] |
8789012331130130229 | Henry H. Goddard | Henry H. Goddard - wikipedia Henry H. Goddard Jump to : navigation , search For the judge , see Henry W. Goddard . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Henry H. Goddard Henry Herbert Goddard ( August 14 , 1866 -- June 18 , 1957 ) was a prominent American psychologist and eugenicist during the early 20th century . He is known especially for his 1912 work The Kallikak Family : A Study in the Heredity of Feeble - Mindedness , which he himself came to regard as flawed , and for being the first to translate the Binet intelligence test into English in 1908 and distributing an estimated 22,000 copies of the translated test across the United States . He also introduced the term `` moron '' for clinical use . He was the main advocate for the use of intelligence testing in societal institutions including hospitals , schools , the legal system and the military . He helped develop the new topic of clinical psychology , in 1911 helped to write the first U.S. law requiring that blind , deaf and intellectually disabled children be provided special education within public school systems , and in 1914 became the first American psychologist to testify in court that subnormal intelligence should limit the criminal responsibility of defendants . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Vineland 3 Later career 4 Publications 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Goddard was born in East Vassalboro , Maine , the fifth and youngest child and only son of farmer Henry Clay Goddard and his wife , Sarah Winslow Goddard , who were devout Quakers . ( Two of his sisters died in infancy . ) His father was gored by a bull when the younger Goddard was a small child , and he eventually lost his farm and had to work as a farmhand ; he died of his lingering injuries when the boy was nine years old . The younger Goddard went to live with his married sister for a brief time but in 1877 was enrolled at the Oak Grove Seminary , a boarding school in Vassalboro . During this period , Sarah Goddard began a new career as a traveling Quaker preacher ; she married missionary Jehu Newlin in 1884 , and the couple regularly traveled throughout the United States and Europe . In 1878 , Henry Goddard became a student at the Friends School in Providence , Rhode Island . During his youth he began an enduring friendship with Rufus Jones , who would later co-found ( in 1917 ) the American Friends Service Committee , which received the 1947 Nobel Peace Prize . In 1883 Goddard entered Haverford College , where he played on the football team , graduating in 1887 . He adjourned his studies for a year to teach in Winthrop , Maine , from 1885 to 1886 . After graduating , he traveled to California to visit one of his sisters , stopping en route in Los Angeles to present some letters of introduction at the University of Southern California , which had been established just seven years earlier . After seeking jobs in the Oakland area for several weeks , he was surprised to receive an offer of a temporary position at USC , and there he taught Latin , history and botany . He also served as co-coach ( with Frank Suffel ) of the first USC football team in 1888 , with the team winning both of its games against a local athletic club . But he departed immediately thereafter , returning to Haverford to earn his master 's degree in mathematics in 1889 . From 1889 to 1891 , he became principal of the Damascus Academy , a Quaker school in Damascus , Ohio , where he also taught several subjects and conducted chapel services and prayer meetings . On August 7 , 1889 , he married Emma Florence Robbins , who became one of the two other teachers at the Academy . In 1891 he returned to teach at the Oak Grove Seminary in Vassalboro , becoming principal in 1893 . He enrolled in 1896 at Clark University , intending to study only briefly , but he remained three years and received his doctorate in psychology in 1899 . He then taught at the State Normal School in West Chester , Pennsylvania until 1906 . Vineland ( edit ) From 1906 to 1918 , Goddard was the Director of Research at the Vineland Training School for Feeble - Minded Girls and Boys in Vineland , New Jersey , which was the first known laboratory established to study intellectual disability . While there , he is quoted as stating : `` Democracy , then , means that the people rule by selecting the wisest , most intelligent and most human to tell them what to do to be happy . '' ( Italics are Goddard 's . ) At the May 18 , 1910 , annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of the Feeble - Minded , Goddard proposed definitions for a system for classifying individuals with intellectual disability based on intelligence quotient ( IQ ) . Goddard used the terms moron for those with an IQ of 51 - 70 , imbecile for those with an IQ of 26 - 50 , and idiot for those with an IQ of 0 - 25 for categories of increasing impairment . This nomenclature was standard for decades . A moron , by his definition , was any person with mental age between eight and twelve . Morons , according to Goddard , were unfit for society and should be removed from society either through institutionalization , sterilization , or both . Goddard 's best - known work , The Kallikak Family , was published in 1912 . He had studied the background of several local groups of people that were somewhat distantly related and concluded that they were all descended from a single Revolutionary War soldier . Martin Kallikak first married a Quaker woman . All of the children who came from this relationship were `` wholesome '' and had no signs of intellectual disability . Later , it was discovered that Kallikak had an affair with a `` nameless feeble - minded woman '' . The result of this union resulted in generations of criminals . Goddard termed this generation `` a race of defective degenerates '' . While the book rapidly became a success and was considered for making into a Broadway play , his research methods were soon questioned ; within ten years he came to agree with the critics and no longer endorsed his conclusions . Goddard was a strong advocate of eugenics . Although he believed that `` feeble - minded '' people bearing children was inadvisable , he hesitated to promote compulsory sterilization -- even though he was convinced that it would eliminate intellectual disability ; because he did not think such a plan could gain widespread acceptance . Instead , he suggested that colonies should be established where the `` feeble - minded '' could be segregated . Goddard established an intelligence testing program on Ellis Island in 1913 . The purpose of the program was to identify `` feeble - minded '' persons whose nature was not obvious to the subjective judgement of immigration officers , who had previously made these judgments without the aid of tests . When he published the results in 1917 , Goddard stated that his results only applied to immigrants traveling steerage and did not apply to people traveling in first or second class . He also noted that the population he studied had been preselected , omitting those who were either `` obviously normal '' or `` obviously feeble - minded '' , and stated that he made `` no attempt to determine the percentage of feeble - minded among immigrants in general or even of the special groups named -- the Jews , Hungarians , Italians , and Russians '' ; a qualifier omitted in works by opponents of the study of intelligence such as Stephen Jay Gould and Leon Kamin . The program found an estimated 80 % of the population of immigrants studied were `` feeble - minded '' . Goddard and his associates tested a group of 35 Jewish , 22 Hungarian , 50 Italian , and 45 Russian immigrants who had been identified as `` representative of their respective groups '' . The results found that 83 % of Jews , 80 % of Hungarians , 79 % of Italians , and 80 % of Russians of the study population were `` feeble - minded . '' The untrue claim that this referred to findings made by Goddard in respect to the greater population of Jewish , Hungarian , Italian and Russian immigrants has been widely publicized . Claims are often made that the Immigration Act of 1924 was strongly influenced by intelligence testing . However , the act made no mention of the practice , and it was seldom mentioned in the discussion prior to its enactment . Goddard also publicized alleged race - group differences revealed by Army IQ tests ( Army Alpha and Beta ) during World War I ( the results were , even in their day , challenged as scientifically inaccurate , and later resulted in a retraction from the director of the project , Carl Brigham ) and claimed that the results showed that Americans were unfit for democracy . Later career ( edit ) In 1918 he became director of the Ohio Bureau of Juvenile Research , and in 1922 he became a professor in the Department of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology at the Ohio State University , a job he possessed until his retirement in 1938 . His wife , Emma , died in October 1936 ; they did not have any children . He received an honorary law degree from Ohio State in 1943 and an honorary degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1946 . Also in 1946 , he was among the endorsers of Albert Einstein 's Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists . By the 1920s , Goddard had come to believe that he had made numerous errors in his early research and regarded The Kallikak Family as obsolete . It was also noted that Goddard was more concerned about making eugenics popular rather than conducting actual scientific studies . He devoted the later part of his career to seeking improvements in education , reforming environmental influences in childhood , and publicizing better child - rearing practices . But others continued to use his early work to support various arguments with which Goddard did not agree . He was constantly perplexed by the fact that later polemicists claimed that his studies were dangerous to society despite presenting immigrant groups as immoral and less intelligent by falsely claiming the sample was `` representative of their respective groups '' whilst advocating removal of such people from society . Henry Garrett of Columbia University was one of the few scientists to continue to use The Kallikak Family as a reference . Goddard relocated to Santa Barbara , California , in 1947 . He died at his home there at age 90 , and his cremated remains were interred with those of his wife at the Siloam Cemetery , Vineland , New Jersey . Publications ( edit ) The Kallikak Family : A Study in the Heredity of Feeble - Mindedness ( 1912 ) Standard method for giving the Binet test ( 1913 ) Feeble - Mindedness : Its Causes and Consequences ( 1914 ) School Training of Defective Children ( 1914 ) The Criminal Imbecile : An Analysis of Three Remarkable Murder Cases ( 1915 ) Psychology of the Normal and Subnormal ( 1919 ) Human Efficiency and Levels of Intelligence ( 1920 ) Juvenile Delinquency ( 1921 ) Two Souls in One Body ? ( 1927 ) School Training of Gifted Children ( 1928 ) How to Rear Children in the Atomic Age ( 1948 ) See also ( edit ) Eugenics in the United States Mainstreaming in education Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ In The Trojans : Southern California Football ( 1974 ; ISBN 0 - 8092 - 8364 - 6 ) , author Don Pierson suggests that Goddard and Suffel each coached one game . The fact that the games were played two months apart on November 14 and January 19 , along with the fact that Goddard was no longer teaching at USC during 1889 , lends credibility to the suggestion . Jump up ^ Goddard , Psychology of the Normal and Subnormal , page 237 Jump up ^ Goddard , H.H. ( 1912 ) . The Kallikak Family : A Study in the Heredity of Feeble Mindedness . New York : MacMillan . ^ Jump up to : Mark Snyderman , R.J. Herrnstein ( September 1983 ) . `` Intelligence tests and the Immigration Act of 1924 '' . American Psychologist. 38 ( 9 ) : 986 -- 995 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 38.9. 986 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Goddard , H.H. ( 1917 ) . `` Mental tests and the immigrant '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Delinquency. 2 : 243 -- 277 . Zenderland , Leila ( 1998 ) . Measuring Minds : Henry Herbert Goddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44373 - 3 . The Vineland Training School . Goddard and Eugenics . https://web.archive.org/web/20071213050020/http://www.vineland.org/history/trainingschool/history/eugenics.htm Samelson 1982 , `` H.H. Goddard and the immigrants '' . American Psychologist 37 , pg1291 -- 2 . External links ( edit ) Works by Henry Herbert Goddard at Project Gutenberg Works by Henry H. Goddard at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Works by or about Henry H. Goddard at Internet Archive About half of the text of 1913 edition of Goddard 's Kallikak Family Henry H. Goddard at the College Football Data Warehouse at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 4 , 2016 ) USC Trojans head football coaches Henry H. Goddard & Frank H. Suffel ( 1888 ) No coach ( 1889 ) No team ( 1890 ) No coach ( 1891 -- 1896 ) Lewis R. Freeman ( 1897 ) No coach ( 1898 -- 1900 ) Clair S. Tappaan ( 1901 ) No coach ( 1902 ) John Walker ( 1903 ) Harvey Holmes ( 1904 -- 1907 ) William I. Traeger ( 1908 ) Dean Cromwell ( 1909 -- 1910 ) No team ( 1911 -- 1913 ) Ralph Glaze ( 1914 -- 1915 ) Dean Cromwell ( 1916 -- 1918 ) Gus Henderson ( 1919 -- 1924 ) Howard Jones ( 1925 -- 1940 ) Sam Barry ( 1941 ) Jeff Cravath ( 1942 -- 1950 ) Jess Hill ( 1951 -- 1956 ) Don Clark ( 1957 -- 1959 ) John McKay ( 1960 -- 1975 ) John Robinson ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Ted Tollner ( 1983 -- 1986 ) Larry Smith ( 1987 -- 1992 ) John Robinson ( 1993 -- 1997 ) Paul Hackett ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Pete Carroll ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Lane Kiffin ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Ed Orgeron # ( 2013 ) Clay Helton # ( 2013 ) Steve Sarkisian ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Clay Helton ( 2015 -- ) # denotes interim head coach BNF : cb13594116x ( data ) GND : 120581264 ISNI : 0000 0001 2024 6217 LCCN : n84059341 NKC : vse2011635877 NLA : 35129275 SNAC : w6p84ccs SUDOC : 066952670 VIAF : 42010043 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_H._Goddard&oldid=837475358 '' Categories : 1866 births 1957 deaths 19th - century players of American football 20th - century American writers American eugenicists American psychologists American Quakers Clark University alumni Haverford Fords football players History of eugenics Intelligence researchers Ohio State University faculty People from Vassalboro , Maine People from Vineland , New Jersey Quaker writers Race and intelligence controversy USC Trojans football coaches 20th - century Quakers Burials in New Jersey Moses Brown School alumni Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Internet Archive links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Eesti Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 02 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is credited with bringing intelligence testing to the united states | [
"Henry Herbert Goddard (August 14, 1866 – June 18, 1957) was a prominent American psychologist and eugenicist during the early 20th century. He is known especially for his 1912 work The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness, which he himself came to regard as flawed, and for being the first to translate the Binet intelligence test into English in 1908 and distributing an estimated 22,000 copies of the translated test across the United States. He also introduced the term \"moron\" for clinical use."
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"Henry Herbert Goddard"
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1519762873044625149 | History of the petroleum industry | History of the petroleum industry - Wikipedia History of the petroleum industry Jump to : navigation , search Parts of this article ( those related to Modern history ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2015 ) The petroleum industry is not of recent origin , but petroleum 's current status as the key component of politics , society , and technology has its roots in the early 20th century . The invention of the internal combustion engine was the major influence in the rise in the importance of petroleum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 Modern history 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Early History ( edit ) Four thousand years ago , according to Herodotus and confirmed by Diodorus Siculus , asphalt was used in the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon ; there were oil pits near Ardericca ( near Babylon ) , and a pitch spring on Zacynthus ( Ionian islands , Greece ) . Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river Issus , one of the tributaries of the Euphrates . Ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society . Oil was exploited in the Roman province of Dacia , now in Romania , where it was called picula . The use of petroleum dates back to ancient China more than 2000 years ago . In I Ching , one of the earliest Chinese writings cites the use of oil in its raw state without refining was first discovered , extracted , and used in China in the first century BCE . In addition , the Chinese were the first to use petroleum as fuel as the early as the fourth century BCE . The earliest known oil wells were drilled in China in 347 AD or earlier . They had depths of up to about 800 feet ( 240 m ) and were drilled using bits attached to bamboo poles . The oil was burned to evaporate brine and produce salt . By the 10th century , extensive bamboo pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs . The ancient records of China and Japan are said to contain many allusions to the use of natural gas for lighting and heating . Petroleum was known as burning water in Japan in the 7th century . In his book Dream Pool Essays written in 1088 , the polymathic scientist and statesman Shen Kuo of the Song Dynasty coined the word 石油 ( Shíyóu , literally `` rock oil '' ) for petroleum , which remains the term used in contemporary Chinese and Japanese ( Sekiyū ) . The first streets of Baghdad were paved with tar , derived from petroleum that became accessible from natural fields in the region . In the 9th century , oil fields were exploited in the area around modern Baku , Azerbaijan . These fields were described by the Arab geographer Abu al - Hasan ' Alī al - Mas'ūdī in the 10th century , and by Marco Polo in the 13th century , who described the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads . Distillation of Petroleum was described by the Persian alchemist , Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi ( Rhazes ) . There was production of chemicals such as kerosene in the alembic ( al - ambiq ) , which was mainly used for kerosene lamps . Arab and Persian chemists also distilled crude oil in order to produce flammable products for military purposes . Through Islamic Spain , distillation became available in Western Europe by the 12th century . It has also been present in Romania since the 13th century , being recorded as păcură . The earliest mention of petroleum in the Americas occurs in Sir Walter Raleigh 's account of the Trinidad Pitch Lake in 1595 ; while thirty - seven years later , the account of a visit of a Franciscan , Joseph de la Roche d'Allion , to the oil springs of New York was published in Gabriel Sagard 's Histoire du Canada . A Finnish born Swede , scientist and student of Carl Linnaeus , Peter Kalm , in his work Travels into North America published first in 1753 showed on a map the oil springs of Pennsylvania . In 1710 or 1711 ( sources vary ) the Russian - born Swiss physician and Greek teacher Eirini d'Eyrinys ( also spelled as Eirini d'Eirinis ) discovered asphaltum at Val - de-Travers , ( Neuchâtel ) . He established a bitumen mine de la Presta there in 1719 that operated until 1986 . In 1745 under the Empress Elizabeth of Russia the first oil well and refinery were built in Ukhta by Fiodor Priadunov . Through the process of distillation of the `` rock oil '' ( petroleum ) he received a kerosene - like substance , which was used in oil lamps by Russian churches and monasteries ( though households still relied on candles ) . Oil sands were mined from 1745 in Merkwiller - Pechelbronn , Alsace under the direction of Louis Pierre Ancillon de la Sablonnière , by special appointment of Louis XV . The Pechelbronn oil field was active until 1970 , and was the birthplace of companies like Antar and Schlumberger . The first modern refinery was built there in 1857 . Modern History ( edit ) See also : Petroleum industry Oil field in California , 1938 . The modern history of petroleum began in the 19th century with the refining of paraffin from crude oil . The Scottish chemist James Young in 1847 noticed a natural petroleum seepage in the Riddings colliery at Alfreton , Derbyshire from which he distilled a light thin oil suitable for use as lamp oil , at the same time obtaining a thicker oil suitable for lubricating machinery . In 1846 , Baku ( settlement Bibi - Heybat ) the first ever well drilled with percussion tools to a depth of 21 meters for oil exploration . In 1848 , Young set up a small business refining the crude oil . The new oils were successful , but the supply of oil from the coal mine soon began to fail ( eventually being exhausted in 1851 ) . Young , noticing that the oil was dripping from the sandstone roof of the coal mine , theorized that it somehow originated from the action of heat on the coal seam and from this thought that it might be produced artificially . Following up this idea , he tried many experiments and eventually succeeded , by distilling cannel coal at a low heat , a fluid resembling petroleum , which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products . Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it , one of which he named `` paraffine oil '' because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax . The production of these oils and solid paraffin wax from coal formed the subject of his patent dated 17 October 1850 . In 1850 Young & Meldrum and Edward William Binney entered into partnership under the title of E.W. Binney & Co. at Bathgate in West Lothian and E. Meldrum & Co. at Glasgow ; their works at Bathgate were completed in 1851 and became the first truly commercial oil - works and oil refinery in the world , using oil extracted from locally mined torbanite , shale , and bituminous coal to manufacture naphtha and lubricating oils ; paraffin for fuel use and solid paraffin were not sold till 1856 . Shale bings near Broxburn , 3 of a total of 19 in West Lothian Abraham Pineo Gesner , a Canadian geologist developed a process to refine a liquid fuel from coal , bitumen and oil shale . His new discovery , which he named kerosene , burned more cleanly and was less expensive than competing products , such as whale oil . In 1850 , Gesner created the Kerosene Gaslight Company and began installing lighting in the streets in Halifax and other cities . By 1854 , he had expanded to the United States where he created the North American Kerosene Gas Light Company at Long Island , New York . Demand grew to where his company 's capacity to produce became a problem , but the discovery of petroleum , from which kerosene could be more easily produced , solved the supply problem . In 1848 first modern oil well is drilled in Asia , on the Aspheron Peninsula north - east of Baku , by Russian engineer F.N. Semyenov . Ignacy Łukasiewicz improved Gesner 's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available `` rock oil '' ( `` petr - oleum '' ) seeps , in 1852 , and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka , near Krosno in central European Galicia ( Poland ) in 1854 . These discoveries rapidly spread around the world , and Meerzoeff built the first modern Russian refinery in the mature oil fields at Baku in 1861 . At that time Baku produced about 90 % of the world 's oil . The question of what constituted the first commercial oil well is a difficult one to answer . Edwin Drake 's 1859 well near Titusville , Pennsylvania , discussed more fully below , is popularly considered the first modern well . Drake 's well is probably singled out because it was drilled , not dug ; because it used a steam engine ; because there was a company associated with it ; and because it touched off a major boom . However , the first well ever drilled anywhere in the world , which produced oil , was drilled in 1857 to a depth of 280 feet by the American Merrimac Company in La Brea ( Spanish for `` Pitch '' ) in southeast Trinidad in the Caribbean . Additionally , there was considerable activity before Drake in various parts of the world in the mid-19th century . A group directed by Major Alexeyev of the Bakinskii Corps of Mining Engineers hand - drilled a well in the Baku region in 1848 . There were engine - drilled wells in West Virginia in the same year as Drake 's well . An early commercial well was hand dug in Poland in 1853 , and another in nearby Romania in 1857 . At around the same time the world 's first , but small , oil refineries were opened at Jasło , in Poland , with a larger one being opened at Ploiești , in Romania , shortly after . Romania is the first country in the world to have its crude oil output officially recorded in international statistics , namely 275 tonnes . In 1875 , crude oil was discovered by David Beaty at his home in Warren , Pennsylvania . This led to the opening of the Bradford oil field , which , by the 1880s , produced 77 percent of the global oil supply . However , by the end of the 19th century , the Russian Empire , particularly the Branobel company in Azerbaijan , had taken the lead in production . Samuel Kier established America 's first oil refinery in Pittsburgh on Seventh avenue near Grant Street , in 1853 . In addition to the activity in West Virginia and Pennsylvania , an important early oil well in North America was in Oil Springs , Ontario , Canada in 1858 , dug by James Miller Williams . The discovery at Oil Springs touched off an oil boom which brought hundreds of speculators and workers to the area . New oil fields were discovered nearby throughout the late 19th century and the area developed into a large petrochemical refining centre and exchange . The modern US petroleum industry is considered to have begun with Edwin Drake 's drilling of a 69 - foot ( 21 m ) oil well in 1859 , on Oil Creek near Titusville , Pennsylvania , for the Seneca Oil Company ( originally yielding 25 barrels per day ( 4.0 m / d ) , by the end of the year output was at the rate of 15 barrels per day ( 2.4 m / d ) ) . The industry grew through the 1800s , driven by the demand for kerosene and oil lamps . It became a major national concern in the early part of the 20th century ; the introduction of the internal combustion engine provided a demand that has largely sustained the industry to this day . Early `` local '' finds like those in Pennsylvania and Ontario were quickly outpaced by demand , leading to `` oil booms '' in Ohio , Texas , Oklahoma , and California . Early crude production in the U.S. Year Volume 1859 2,000 barrels ( ~ 270 t ) 1869 4,215,000 barrels ( ~ 5.750 × 10 ^ t ) 1879 19,914,146 barrels ( ~ 2.717 × 10 ^ t ) 1889 35,163,513 barrels ( ~ 4.797 × 10 ^ t ) 1899 57,084,428 barrels ( ~ 7.788 × 10 ^ t ) 1906 126,493,936 barrels ( ~ 1.726 × 10 ^ t ) By 1910 , significant oil fields had been discovered in the Dutch East Indies ( 1885 , in Sumatra ) , Persia ( 1908 , in Masjed Soleiman ) , Peru ( 1863 , in Zorritos District ) , Venezuela ( 1914 , in Maracaibo Basin ) , and Mexico , and were being developed at an industrial level . Significant oil fields were exploited in Alberta ( Canada ) from 1947 . First offshore oil drilling at Oil Rocks ( Neft Dashlari ) in the Caspian Sea off Azerbaijan eventually resulted in a city built on pylons in 1949 . Availability of oil and access to it , became of `` cardinal importance '' in military power before and after World War I , particularly for navies as they changed from coal , but also with the introduction of motor transport , tanks and airplanes . Such thinking would continue in later conflicts of the twentieth century , including World War II , during which oil facilities were a major strategic asset and were extensively bombed . In 1938 , vast reserves of oil were discovered in the Al - Ahsa region along the coast of the Persian Gulf . Until the mid-1950s coal was still the world 's foremost fuel , but after this time oil quickly took over . Later , following the 1973 and 1979 energy crises , there was significant media coverage on the subject of oil supply levels . This brought to light the concern that oil is a limited resource that will eventually run out , at least as an economically viable energy source . Although at the time the most common and popular predictions were quite dire , a period of increased production and reduced demand in the following years caused an oil glut in the 1980s . This was not to last , however , and by the first decade of the 21st century discussions about peak oil had returned to the news . Today , about 90 % of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil . Petroleum also makes up 40 % of total energy consumption in the United States , but is responsible for only 2 % of electricity generation . Petroleum 's worth as a portable , dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world 's most important commodities . The top three oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia , Russia , and the United States . About 80 % of the world 's readily accessible reserves are located in the Middle East , with 62.5 % coming from the Arab 5 : Saudi Arabia ( 12.5 % ) , UAE , Iraq , Qatar and Kuwait . However , with high oil prices ( above $100 / barrel ) , Venezuela has larger reserves than Saudi Arabia due to its crude reserves derived from bitumen . See also ( edit ) Pennsylvania oil rush Petroleum Petroleum industry Energy ( society ) Texas Oil Boom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Petroleum '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Gao , Zhiguo . `` Environmental Regulation of Oil and Gas '' . Kluwer Law International . p. 8 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rapp , George ( 1985 ) . `` Archaeomineralogy '' . Springer . p. 237 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Deng , Yinke ( 2011 ) . `` Ancient Chinese Inventions '' . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0521186926 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Burke , Michael ( September 8 , 2008 ) . `` Nanotechnology : The Business '' ( published 2008 ) . p. 3 . ISBN 9781420053999 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ George E. Totten ASTM Timeline Jump up ^ Dalvi , Samir ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Industry for Beginners : '' . ISBN 978 - 9352064199 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ulrich Vogel , Hans . `` The Great Well of China '' . Scientific American . 268 ( 6 ) : 116 -- 121 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0693 - 116 . Jump up ^ ASTM timeline of oil Jump up ^ Salim Al - Hassani ( 2008 ) . `` 1000 Years of Missing Industrial History '' . In Emilia Calvo Labarta ; Mercè Comes Maymo ; Roser Puig Aguilar ; Mònica Rius Pinies . A shared legacy : Islamic science East and West . Edicions Universitat Barcelona . pp. 57 -- 82 ( 63 ) . ISBN 84 - 475 - 3285 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kasem Ajram ( 1992 ) . The Miracle of Islam Science ( 2nd ed . ) . Knowledge House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 911119 - 43 - 4 . OCLC 26084778 . Jump up ^ Zayn Bilkadi ( University of California , Berkeley ) , `` The Oil Weapons '' , Saudi Aramco World , January -- February 1995 , pp. 20 - 7 Jump up ^ Joseph P. Riva Jr. ; Gordon I. Atwater . `` petroleum '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Istoria Romaniei , Vol II , p. 300 , 1960 Jump up ^ ( broken link ) Muséum d'histoire naturelle , Geneva . accessed 2007 - 10 - 26 Jump up ^ Le bitume et la mine de la Presta ( Suisse ) , Jacques Lapaire , Mineraux et Fossiles No 315 Archived 2008 - 02 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Asphaltum '' Stoddart 's Encyclopaedia Americana ( 1883 ) pages 344 -- 345 Jump up ^ Eirinis ' paper , entitled `` Dissertation sur la mine d'asphalte contenant la manière dont se doivent régler Messieurs les associés pour son exploitation , le profit du Roy , & celui de la Société , & ce qui sera dû à Mr d'Erinis à qui elle apartient ' per Ligium feudum ' '' is held at the BPU Neuchâtel -- Fonds d'étude ( Ne V ) catalogue Archived 2008 - 12 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : History of Pechelbronn oil Archived 2009 - 07 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The oil wells of Alsace ; a discovery made more than a century ago . What a Pennsylvania operator saw abroad -- primitive methods of obtaining oil -- the process similar to that used in coal mining '' . New York Times . 23 February 1880 . Jump up ^ Russell , Loris S. ( 2003 ) . A Heritage of Light : Lamps and Lighting in the Early Canadian Home . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 3765 - 8 . Jump up ^ ( http://www.sjvgeology.org/history/ Jump up ^ `` Titusville , Pennsylvania , 1896 '' . World Digital Library . 1896 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Down AL `` History of Trinidad 's Oil '' ( Address to the 22nd Annual Dinner Geological Society of Trinidad and Tobago 1960 ) Jump up ^ Matveichuk , Alexander A. Intersection of Oil Parallels : Historical Essays . Moscow : Russian Oil and Gas Institute , 2004 . Jump up ^ McKain , David L. , and Bernard L. Allen . Where It All Began : The Story of the People and Places Where the Oil Industry Began -- West Virginia and South - eastern Ohio . Parkersburg , W.Va. : David L. McKain , 1994 . Jump up ^ The History Of Romanian Oil Industry Archived 2009 - 06 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ PBS : World Events Jump up ^ Akiner ( 2004 ) , p. 5 Jump up ^ Turnbull Elford , Jean . Canada West 's Last Frontier . Lambton County Historical Society , 1982 , p 110 Jump up ^ May , Gary . Hard Oiler ! The Story of Early Canadians ' Quest for Oil at Home and Abroad . Dundurn Press , 1998 , p. 59 Jump up ^ John Steele Gordon Archived 2008 - 04 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . `` 10 Moments That Made American Business '' , American Heritage , February / March 2007 . Jump up ^ Oil and world power , Encyclopedia of the New American Nation Jump up ^ David Fromkin , A Peace to End All Peace , p. 261 , 354 , ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Hanson Baldwin , 1959 , `` Oil Strategy in World War II '' Archived 2009 - 08 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , American Petroleum Institute Quarterly -- Centennial Issue , pages 10 -- 11 . American Petroleum Institute . Jump up ^ InfoPlease 29 . ^ www.geohelp.net/world.html 30 . ^ www.azer.com/ ... / 102_oil_chronology. html 31 . ^ archives.datapages.com/data/phi/v12_2011/yusif.pdf 32 . ^ www.energy-101.org/non-renewable-energy/petroleum-facts/petroleum-history Further reading ( edit ) Akiner , Shirin ; Aldis , Anne , eds. ( 2004 ) . The Caspian : Politics , Energy and Security . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 0501 - 6 . Bamberg , J.H. ( 1994 ) . The History of the British Petroleum Company , Volume 2 : The Anglo - Iranian Years , 1928 -- 1954 . Cambridge University Press . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Black , Brian C. Crude Reality : Petroleum in World History ( 2012 ) Mau , Mark ; Edmundson , Henry ( 2015 ) . Groundbreakers : the Story of Oilfield Technology and the People Who Made It Happen . UK : FastPrint . ISBN 978 - 178456 - 187 - 1 . Maugeri , Leonardo . The Age of Oil : The Mythology , History , and Future of the World 's Most Controversial Resource ( 2006 ) Pongiluppi Francesco , The Energetic Issue as a Key Factor of the Fall of the Ottoman Empire , in `` The First World War : Analysis and Interpretation '' ( edited by Biagini and Motta ) , Vol. 2. , Cambridge Scholars Publishing , Newcastle , 2015 , pp. 453 -- 464 . Painter , David S. ( 1986 ) . Oil and the American Century : The Political Economy of US Foreign Oil Policy , 1941 -- 1954 . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 801 - 82693 - 1 . Rouhani , Fuad ( 1971 ) . A History of OPEC . New York , NY : Praeger . Vassiliou , Marius ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry . Lanham MD : Rowman and Littlefield - Scarecrow Press . p. 665 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5993 - 9 . Williamson , Harold F. and Arnold R. Daum. ( 1959 ) The American petroleum industry : The age of illumination , 1859 - 1899 . Williamson , Harold F. ( 1963 ) The American Petroleum Industry the Age of Energy 1899 - 1959 . Yergin , Daniel ( 1992 ) . The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money & Power . Mirbabayev , Miryusif F. ( 2008 ) Concise history of Azerbaijani Oil . Baku , Azerneshr . External links ( edit ) Crude : 2007 Australian Broadcasting Corporation documentary ( 3 x 30 minutes ) about the formation of oil , and humanity 's use of it . ( in English ) ( in Arabic ) Treatise on Petroleum and Its Treatment , along with Various Kinds of Tar and Gums , 18th century Petroleum industry Petroleum Primary energy Benchmarks Argus Sour Bonny Light Brent Dubai Indian Basket Indonesian Isthmus - 34 Light Japan Cocktail OPEC Reference Basket Tapis Urals West Texas Intermediate Western Canadian Select Data Natural gas Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price Petroleum Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price ( of gasoline and diesel ) Exploration Core sampling Geophysics Integrated asset modelling Petroleum engineering Reservoir simulation Seismic to simulation Petroleum geology Petrophysics Reflection seismology ( Seismic inversion ) Seismic source Drilling Blowout Completion ( Squeeze job ) Differential sticking Directional drilling ( Geosteering ) Drilling engineering Drilling fluid ( invasion ) Drill stem test Lost circulation Measurement Tracers Underbalanced drilling Well logging Production Petroleum fiscal regime Concessions Production sharing agreements Artificial lift Pumpjack Submersible pump ( ESP ) Gas lift Downstream Enhanced oil recovery ( EOR ) Steam injection Gas reinjection Midstream Petroleum product Pipeline transport Refining Upstream Water injection Well intervention XT History 1967 Oil Embargo 1973 oil crisis 1979 energy crisis 1980s oil glut 1990 oil price shock 2000s energy crisis 2010s oil glut Founders History of the petroleum industry Nationalization OPEC GECF Seven Sisters Standard Oil Oil market timelines Provinces and fields List of natural gas fields List of oil fields East Midlands Oil Province East Texas Gulf of Mexico Niger Delta North Sea Permian Basin Persian Gulf Prudhoe Bay Oil Field Russia Venezuela Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin Other topics Acronyms Oil shale gas Peak oil mitigation timing People Petrocurrency Petrodollar recycling Shale band Shale gas Swing producer Unconventional oil heavy crude oil sands oil shale Companies and organisations Major petroleum companies Supermajors BP Chevron Eni ExxonMobil Royal Dutch Shell Total National oil companies ADNOC ( UAE ) CNOOC ( China ) CNPC ( China ) Ecopetrol ( Colombia ) Gazprom ( Russia ) Iraq National Oil Company Indian Oil Corporation KazMunayGas ( Kazakhstan ) Kuwait Petroleum Corporation Lotos ( Poland ) Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NIOC ( Iran ) NISOC ( Iran ) OGDCL ( Pakistan ) ONGC ( India ) PDVSA ( Venezuela ) PKN Orlen ( Poland ) Pemex ( Mexico ) Pertamina ( Indonesia ) PetroBangla ( Bangladesh ) Petrobras ( Brazil ) PetroChina Petronas ( Malaysia ) Petrovietnam PTT ( Thailand ) Qatar Petroleum Rosneft ( Russia ) Saudi Aramco ( Saudi Arabia ) Sinopec ( China ) SOCAR ( Azerbaijan ) Sonangol ( Angola ) Sonatrach ( Algeria ) Statoil ( Norway ) TPAO ( Turkey ) YPF ( Argentina ) Energy trading Glencore Gunvor Mercuria Naftiran Intertrade Trafigura Vitol Other Anadarko Apache BG Group Cenovus Energy Compañía Española de Petróleos ConocoPhillips Devon Galp Energia Hess Husky Energy Imperial Oil Lukoil Marathon Oil Nippon Oil Occidental OMV Port Harcourt Refining Company Reliance Industries Repsol Suncor Energy Surgutneftegas TNK - BP Tullow Oil Tüpraş Major services companies Amec Foster Wheeler Baker Hughes Cameron CGG CH2M Hill Chicago Bridge & Iron Company China Oilfield Services Enbridge Ensco GE Oil & Gas Halliburton Nabors Industries Naftiran Intertrade National Oilwell Varco Petrofac Saipem Schlumberger Snam Subsea 7 TransCanada Transocean Weatherford Wood Group Other International Association of Oil & Gas Producers International Energy Agency International Petroleum Exchange OPEC Society of Petroleum Engineers World Petroleum Council Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_petroleum_industry&oldid=808825904 '' Categories : History of industries Petroleum industry History of the petroleum industry Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2012 Articles lacking reliable references from March 2014 Articles with Arabic - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 12 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the modern oil industry come into being | [
"The modern history of petroleum began in the 19th century with the refining of paraffin from crude oil. The Scottish chemist James Young in 1847 noticed a natural petroleum seepage in the Riddings colliery at Alfreton, Derbyshire from which he distilled a light thin oil suitable for use as lamp oil, at the same time obtaining a thicker oil suitable for lubricating machinery. In 1846, Baku (settlement Bibi-Heybat) the first ever well drilled with percussion tools to a depth of 21 meters for oil exploration. In 1848, Young set up a small business refining the crude oil. The new oils were successful, but the supply of oil from the coal mine soon began to fail (eventually being exhausted in 1851). Young, noticing that the oil was dripping from the sandstone roof of the coal mine, theorized that it somehow originated from the action of heat on the coal seam and from this thought that it might be produced artificially."
] | [
"19th century"
] |
-5550589061350862361 | Sacroiliac joint | Sacroiliac joint - wikipedia Sacroiliac joint Sacroiliac joint Sacroiliac joint of the male pelvis , posterior view Human female pelvis , anterior view , with sacroiliac joint within red ellipse . Details Identifiers Latin articulatio sacroiliaca MeSH D012446 TA A03. 6.03. 001 FMA 21440 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The sacroiliac joint or SI joint ( SIJ ) is the joint between the sacrum and the ilium bones of the pelvis , which are connected by strong ligaments . In humans , the sacrum supports the spine and is supported in turn by an ilium on each side . The joint is strong , supporting the entire weight of the upper body . It is a synovial plane joint with irregular elevations and depressions that produce interlocking of the two bones . The human body has two sacroiliac joints , one on the left and one on the right , that often match each other but are highly variable from person to person . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Ligaments 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Inflammation and dysfunction 3.2 Signs and symptoms 3.3 Pregnancy 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) Articulations of pelvis . Anterior view . Articulations of pelvis . Posterior view . Sacroiliac joints are paired C - shaped or L - shaped joints capable of a small amount of movement ( 2 -- 18 degrees , which is debatable at this time ) that are formed between the auricular surfaces of the sacrum and the ilium bones . The joints are covered by two different kinds of cartilage ; the sacral surface has hyaline cartilage and the iliac surface has fibrocartilage . The SIJ 's stability is maintained mainly through a combination of only some bony structure and very strong intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments . The joint space is usually 0.5 to 4 mm . As we age the characteristics of the sacroiliac joint change . The joint 's surfaces are flat or planar in early life but as we start walking , the sacroiliac joint surfaces develop distinct angular orientations and lose their planar or flat topography . They also develop an elevated ridge along the iliac surface and a depression along the sacral surface . The ridge and corresponding depression , along with the very strong ligaments , increase the sacroiliac joints ' stability and makes dislocations very rare . The fossae lumbales laterales ( `` dimples of Venus '' ) correspond to the superficial topography of the sacroiliac joints . Ligaments ( edit ) The ligaments of the sacroiliac joint include the following : Anterior sacroiliac ligament Interosseous sacroiliac ligament Posterior sacroiliac ligament Sacrotuberous ligament Sacrospinous ligament The anterior ligament is not much of a ligament at all and in most cases is just a slight thickening of the anterior joint capsule . The anterior ligament is thin and not as well defined as the posterior sacroiliac ligaments . The posterior sacroiliac ( SI ) ligaments can be further divided into short ( intrinsic ) and long ( extrinsic ) . The dorsal interosseous ligaments are very strong ligaments . They are often stronger than bone , such that the pelvis may actually fracture before the ligament tears . The dorsal sacroiliac ligaments include both long and short ligaments . The long dorsal sacroiliac joint ligaments run in an oblique vertical direction while the short ( interosseous ) runs perpendicular from just behind the articular surfaces of the sacrum to the ilium and functions to keep the sacroiliac joint from distracting or opening . The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments ( also known as the extrinsic sacroiliac joint ligaments ) limit the amount the sacrum flexes . The ligaments of the sacroiliac joint loosen during pregnancy due to the hormone relaxin ; this loosening , along with that of the related symphysis pubis , permits the pelvic joints to widen during the birthing process . The long SI ligaments may be palpated in thin persons for pain and compared from one side of the body to the other ; however , the reliability and the validity of comparing ligaments for pain have currently not been shown . The interosseous ligaments are very short and run perpendicular from the iliac surface to the sacrum , they keep the auricular surfaces from abducting or opening / distracting . Function ( edit ) Like most lower extremity joints , one of the SI joints ' functions is shock absorption ( depending on the amount of available motion at the sacroiliac joint ) for the spine , along with the job of torque conversion allowing the transverse rotations that take place in the lower extremity to be transmitted up the spine . The SI joint , like all lower extremity joints , provides a `` self - locking '' mechanism ( where the joint occupies or attains its most congruent position , also called the close pack position ) that helps with stability during the push - off phase of walking . The joint locks ( or rather becomes close packed ) on one side as weight is transferred from one leg to the other , and through the pelvis the body weight is transmitted from the sacrum to the hip bone . The motions of the sacroiliac joint Anterior innominate tilt of both hip bones on the sacrum ( where the left and right move as a unit ) Posterior innominate tilt of both hip bones on the sacrum ( where the left and right move together as a unit ) Anterior innominate tilt of one innominate bone while the opposite innominate bone tilts posteriorly on the sacrum ( antagonistic innominate tilt ) which occurs during gait Sacral flexion ( or nutation ) Motions of the sacrum occur simultaneous with motion of the ilium so you must be careful in the description of these as isolated motions . Sacral extension ( or counter-nutation ) . The sacroiliac joints like all spinal joints ( except the atlanto - axial ) are bicondylar joints , meaning that movement of one side corresponds to a correlative movement of the other side . Clinical significance ( edit ) Inflammation and dysfunction ( edit ) Main articles : Sacroiliitis and Sacroiliac joint dysfunction Sacroiliitis refers to inflammation of one or both sacroiliac joints , and is one cause of unilateral low back pain . With sacroiliitis , the individual may experience pain in the low back , buttock or thigh , depending on the amount of inflammation . Common problems of the sacroiliac joint are often called sacroiliac joint dysfunction ( also termed SI joint dysfunction ; SIJD ) . Sacroiliac joint dysfunction generally refers to pain in the sacroiliac joint region that is caused by abnormal motion in the sacroiliac joint , either too much motion or too little motion . It typically results in inflammation of the SI joint , or sacroiliitis . Signs and symptoms ( edit ) The following are signs and symptoms that may be associated with an SI joint ( SIJ ) problem : Mechanical SIJ dysfunction usually causes a dull unilateral low back pain . The pain is often a mild to moderate ache around the dimple or posterior superior iliac spine ( PSIS ) region . The pain may become worse and sharp while doing activities such as standing up from a seated position or lifting the knee towards the chest during stair climbing . Pain is typically on one side or the other ( unilateral PSIS pain ) , but the pain can occasionally be bilateral . When the pain of SIJ dysfunction is severe ( which is infrequent ) , there can be referred pain into the hip , groin , and occasionally down the leg , but rarely does the pain radiate below the knee . Pain can be referred from the SIJ down into the buttock or back of the thigh , and rarely to the foot . Low back pain and stiffness , often unilateral , that often increases with prolonged sitting or prolonged walking . Pain may occur during sexual intercourse ; however , this is not specific to just sacroiliac joint problems . Sacroiliac joint dysfunction is tested using provocative and nonprovocative maneuvers . Nonprovocative sacroiliac joint examination maneuvers would include Gillet Test , prone knee flexion test , supine long sitting test , standing flexion test , and seated flexion test . There is a lack of evidence that these sacroiliac joint mobility maneuvers detect motion abnormalities . Given the inherent technical limitations of the visible and palpable signs from these sacroiliac joint mobility maneuvers another broad category of clinical signs have been described called provocative maneuvers . These maneuvers are designed to reproduce or increase pain originating from within the sacroiliac joint . When the provocative maneuvers reproduce pain along the typical area raises suspicion for sacroiliac joint dysfunction . However no single test is very reliable in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint dysfunction . Weakness , numbness , or the loss of a related reflex may indicate nervous system damage . The current gold standard for diagnosis of sacroiliac joint dysfunction emanating within the joint is sacroiliac joint injection confirmed under fluoroscopy or CT - guidance using a local anesthetic solution . The diagnosis is confirmed when the patient reports a significant change in relief from pain and the diagnostic injection is performed on 2 separate visits . Published studies have used at least a 75 percent change in relief of pain before a response is considered positive and the sacroiliac joint deemed the source of pain . Pregnancy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The hormonal changes of menstruation , pregnancy , and lactation can affect the integrity of the ligament support around the SIJ , which is why women often find the days leading up to their period are when the pain is at its worst . During pregnancy , female hormones are released that allow the connective tissues in the body to relax . The relaxation is necessary so that during delivery , the female pelvis can stretch enough to allow birth . This stretching results in changes to the SIJs , making them overly mobile . Over a period of years , these changes can eventually lead to wear - and - tear arthritis . As would be expected , the more pregnancies a woman has , the higher her chances of SI joint problems . During the pregnancy , micro tears and small gas pockets can appear within the joint . ( This paragraph needs citations ) Muscle imbalance , trauma ( e.g. , falling on the buttock ) and hormonal changes can all lead to SIJ dysfunction . Sacroiliac joint pain may be felt anteriorly , however , care must be taken to differentiate this from hip joint pain . Women are considered more likely to suffer from sacroiliac pain than men , mostly because of structural and hormonal differences between the sexes , but so far no credible evidence exists that confirms this notion . Female anatomy often allows one fewer sacral segment to lock with the pelvis , and this may increase instability . Additional images ( edit ) Sacroiliac joint . Deep dissection . Serial cross section . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Dimples of Venus Sacroiliac joint dysfunction Surgery for the dysfunctional sacroiliac joint Piriformis syndrome References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Solonen , K.A. ( 1957 ) . `` The sacroiliac joint in the light of anatomical , roentgenological and clinical studies '' . Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica Supplementum. 27 : 1 -- 127 . PMID 13478452 . ^ Jump up to : Vleeming , A. ; Schuenke , M.D. ; Masi , A.T. ; Carreiro , J.E. ; Danneels , L. ; Willard , F.H. ( 2012 ) . `` The sacroiliac joint : An overview of its anatomy , function and potential clinical implications '' . Journal of Anatomy. 221 ( 6 ) : 537 -- 67 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7580.2012. 01564. x . PMC 3512279 . PMID 22994881 . Jump up ^ Schunke , Gustave Bernard ( 1938 ) . `` The anatomy and development of the sacro - iliac joint in man '' . The Anatomical Record . 72 ( 3 ) : 313 -- 31 . doi : 10.1002 / ar. 1090720306 . Jump up ^ Chapter 13 : Sacroiliac Joint Injection , page 235 in : Blake A. Johnson , Peter S. Staats , F. Todd Wetzel and John M. Mathis ( 2004 ) . Image - Guided Spine Interventions . Springer . ISBN 9780387403205 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) doi : 10.1007 / b97485 Jump up ^ Walker , Joan M. ( 1986 ) . `` Age - Related Differences in the Human Sacroiliac Joint : A Histological Study ; Implications for Therapy '' . Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy . 7 ( 6 ) : 325 -- 34 . doi : 10.2519 / jospt. 1986.7. 6.325 . PMID 18802258 . Jump up ^ Alderink , Gordon J. ( 1991 ) . `` The Sacroiliac Joint : Review of Anatomy , Mechanics , and Function '' . Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy . 13 ( 2 ) : 71 -- 84 . doi : 10.2519 / jospt. 1991.13. 2.71 . PMID 18796854 . Jump up ^ Weisl , H. ( 1954 ) . `` The Ligaments of the Sacro - Iliac Joint Examined with Particular Reference to Their Function '' . Cells Tissues Organs. 20 ( 3 ) : 201 -- 13 . doi : 10.1159 / 000140900 . PMID 13137770 . Jump up ^ Dontigny , R.L. ( 1985 ) . `` Function and pathomechanics of the sacroiliac joint . A review '' . Physical therapy . 65 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 44 . PMID 3155567 . Jump up ^ Cibulka MT ; Delitto A & Erhard RE ( 1992 ) . `` Pain patterns in patients with and without sacroiliac joint dysfunction '' . In Vleeming A ; Mooney V ; Snijders CJ & Dorman T. First Interdisciplinary World Conference on Low Back Pain and its Relation to the Sacroiliac Joint . pp. 363 -- 70 . OCLC 28057865 . Jump up ^ Fortin , J.D. ; Falco , F.J. ( 1997 ) . `` The Fortin finger test : An indicator of sacroiliac pain '' . American journal of orthopedics. 26 ( 7 ) : 477 -- 80 . PMID 9247654 . Jump up ^ Sturesson , B ; Selvik , G ; Udén , A ( 1989 ) . `` Movements of the sacroiliac joints . A roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis '' . Spine. 14 ( 2 ) : 162 -- 5 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007632 - 198902000 - 00004 . PMID 2922636 . Jump up ^ Sturesson , B ; Uden , A ; Vleeming , A ( 2000 ) . `` A radiostereometric analysis of movements of the sacroiliac joints during the standing hip flexion test '' . Spine. 25 ( 3 ) : 364 -- 8 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007632 - 200002010 - 00018 . PMID 10703111 . Jump up ^ Schwarzer , A.C. ; Aprill , C.N. ; Bogduk , N ( 1995 ) . `` The sacroiliac joint in chronic low back pain '' . Spine. 20 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 7 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007632 - 199501000 - 00007 . PMID 7709277 . Jump up ^ Maigne , J.Y. ; Boulahdour , H. ; Chatellier , G. ( 1998 ) . `` Value of quantitative radionuclide bone scanning in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint syndrome in 32 patients with low back pain '' . European Spine Journal . 7 ( 4 ) : 328 -- 31 . doi : 10.1007 / s005860050083 . PMC 3611275 . PMID 9765042 . Jump up ^ Maigne , J.Y. ; Aivaliklis , A ; Pfefer , F ( 1996 ) . `` Results of sacroiliac joint double block and value of sacroiliac pain provocation tests in 54 patients with low back pain '' . Spine. 21 ( 16 ) : 1889 -- 92 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007632 - 199608150 - 00012 . PMID 8875721 . External links ( edit ) Huijbregts , Peter ( 2004 ) . `` Dysfunkcja stawu krzyżowo - biodrowego -- diagnoza oparta na dowodach naukowych '' ( Sacroiliac joint dysfunction : evidence - based diagnosis ) . Rehabilitacja Medyczna ( in Polish ) . 8 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 37 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Anatomy image : apmalefrontal4 - 18 at the College of Medicine at SUNY Upstate Medical University Joints and ligaments of torso Vertebral Syndesmosis Of vertebral bodies anterior longitudinal ligament posterior longitudinal ligament Of vertebral arches ligamenta flava supraspinous ligament nuchal ligament interspinous ligament intertransverse ligament Symphysis intervertebral disc ( anulus fibrosus nucleus pulposus ) Synovial joint Atlanto - axial Medial : Cruciate ligament of atlas ( Transverse ligament of atlas ) Alar ligament Apical ligament of dens Tectorial membrane of atlanto - axial joint Lateral : no ligaments anterior atlantoaxial ligament posterior atlantoaxial ligament Zygapophysial no ligaments Lumbosacral iliolumbar ligament Sacrococcygeal anterior sacrococcygeal ligament posterior sacrococcygeal ligament Thorax Costovertebral Head of rib Radiate ligament Intra-articular ligament Costotransverse Costotransverse ligament Lumbocostal ligament Sternocostal interarticular sternocostal ligament radiate sternocostal ligaments costoxiphoid ligaments Interchondral no ligaments Costochondral no ligaments Pelvis Syndesmoses of pelvic girdle Obturator membrane Obturator canal Pubic symphysis superior pubic ligament inferior pubic ligament Sacroiliac anterior sacroiliac ligament posterior sacroiliac ligament interosseous sacroiliac ligament ligaments connecting the sacrum and ischium : sacrotuberous ligament sacrospinous ligament Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacroiliac_joint&oldid=849650921 '' Categories : Joints Pelvis Sacrum Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 12 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of joint is the si joint | [
"The sacroiliac joint or SI joint (SIJ) is the joint between the sacrum and the ilium bones of the pelvis, which are connected by strong ligaments. In humans, the sacrum supports the spine and is supported in turn by an ilium on each side. The joint is strong, supporting the entire weight of the upper body. It is a synovial plane joint with irregular elevations and depressions that produce interlocking of the two bones.[1] The human body has two sacroiliac joints, one on the left and one on the right, that often match each other but are highly variable from person to person.[1]\n"
] | [
"a synovial plane joint"
] |
-9146921324478609167 | November Uprising | November Uprising - wikipedia November Uprising Jump to : navigation , search November Uprising Part of Polish -- Russian Wars Taking of the Warsaw Arsenal . Painting by Marcin Zaleski . Date 29 November 1830 -- 21 October 1831 Location Poland , Lithuania and Right - bank Ukraine Result Russian victory , introduction of the Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland , liquidation of Polish autonomy Belligerents Congress Poland Army of Congress Poland Russian Empire Imperial Russian Army Commanders and leaders Józef Chłopicki Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł Jan Zygmunt Skrzynecki Ignacy Prądzyński Kazimierz Małachowski Maciej Rybiński Jan Nepomucen Umiński Nicholas I of Russia Hans Karl von Diebitsch Ivan Paskevich Strength 150,000 180,000 -- 200,000 Casualties and losses 40,000 killed and wounded about 22,000 -- 23,000 killed Total killed and wounded at least 60,000 32,000 captured 5,230 -- 12,000 died of disease November Uprising Stoczek 1st Wawer Nowa Wieś Kałuszyn Białołęka Olszynka Grochowska 1st Puławy 2nd Puławy Kurów Markuszów 2nd Wawer Dębe Wielkie Domanice Iganie Poryck Wronów Kazimierz Dolny Boremel Sokołów Podlaski Firley Lubartów Połąga Tykocin Nur Wilno Ostrołęka Rajgród Warsaw Polish -- Russian Wars Muscovite / Lithuanian Livonian 1605 -- 18 ( Dymitriads ) Smolensk 1654 -- 67 War of the Polish Succession War of the Bar Confederation 1792 Kościuszko Uprising Napoleon 's Invasion of Russia November Uprising January Uprising Polish -- Soviet 1939 The November Uprising ( 1830 -- 31 ) , also known as the Polish -- Russian War 1830 -- 31 or the Cadet Revolution , was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire . The uprising began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw when the young Polish officers from the local Army of the Congress Poland 's military academy revolted , led by lieutenant Piotr Wysocki . They were soon joined by large segments of societies of Lithuania , Belarus , and the Right - bank Ukraine . Despite local successes , the uprising was eventually crushed by a numerically superior Imperial Russian Army under Ivan Paskevich . Tsar Nicholas I decreed that henceforth Poland was an integral part of Russia , with Warsaw little more than a military garrison , its university closed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Poland Before the Uprising 2 Outbreak 3 Uprising 4 Russo - Polish War 5 Postscript 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Poland before the Uprising ( edit ) Main article : History of Poland ( 1795 -- 1918 ) After the Partitions of Poland , Poland ceased to exist as an independent political entity at the end of 1795 . However , the Napoleonic Wars and Polish participation in the wars against Russia and Austria resulted in the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807 . The Congress of Vienna brought that state 's existence to an end in 1815 , and essentially solidified the long - term division of Poland among Russia , Prussia and the Habsburg Empire . The Austrian Empire annexed territories in the South , Prussia took control over the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Poznań in the West , and Russia assumed hegemony over the semi-autonomous so - called Congress Kingdom . Initially , the Russian - formed Congress Kingdom enjoyed a relatively large amount of internal autonomy and was only indirectly subject to imperial control , having its own constitution of the Kingdom of Poland . United with Russia through a personal union with the Tsar as King of Poland , the province could elect its own parliament ( the Sejm ) and government . The kingdom had its own courts , army and treasury . Over time , however , the freedoms granted to the Kingdom were gradually taken back and the constitution was progressively ignored by the Russian authorities . Alexander I of Russia never formally crowned himself as King of Poland . Instead , in 1815 , he appointed Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich as de facto viceroy , disregarding the constitution . Coat - of - arms of the November Uprising Flag of the November Uprising that carried the motto `` For our freedom and yours '' Soon after the Congress of Vienna resolutions were signed , Russia ceased to respect them . In 1819 Alexander I abandoned liberty of the press in Congress Kingdom and introduced censorship . Russian secret police commanded by Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev started infiltration and persecution of Polish clandestine organizations , and in 1821 the Tsar ordered the abolition of freemasonry . As a result , after 1825 sessions of Polish Sejm were conducted in secret . Nicholas I of Russia formally crowned himself as King of Poland on 24 May 1829 in Warsaw . Despite numerous protests by various Polish politicians who actively supported the `` personal union '' , Grand Duke Constantine had no intention of respecting the Polish constitution , one of the most progressive in Europe at that time . He abolished Polish social and patriotic organizations , the liberal opposition of the Kaliszanie faction , and replaced Poles with Russians in important administrative positions . Although married to a Pole ( Joanna Grudzińska ) , he was commonly considered as an enemy of the Polish nation . Also , his command over the Polish Army led to serious conflicts within the officer corps . These frictions led to various conspiracies throughout the country , most notably within the army . Outbreak ( edit ) The armed struggle began when a group of conspirators led by a young cadet from the Warsaw officers ' school , Piotr Wysocki , took arms from their garrison on 29 November 1830 and attacked the Belweder Palace , the main seat of the Grand Duke . The final spark that ignited Warsaw was a Russian plan to use the Polish Army to suppress France 's July Revolution and the Belgian Revolution , in clear violation of the Polish constitution . The rebels managed to enter the Belweder , but Grand Duke Constantine had escaped in women 's clothing . The rebels then turned to the main city arsenal , capturing it after a brief struggle . The following day , armed Polish civilians forced the Russian troops to withdraw north of Warsaw . This incident is sometimes called the Warsaw Uprising or the November Night . ( Polish : Noc listopadowa ) . Uprising ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Taken by surprise by the rapid unfolding of events during the night of 29 November , the local Polish government ( Administrative Council ) assembled immediately to take control and to decide on a course of action . Unpopular ministers were removed and men like Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski , the historian Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz and General Józef Chłopicki took their places . Loyalists led by Prince Czartoryski initially tried to negotiate with Grand Duke Constantine and to settle matters peacefully . However , when Czartoryski told the Council that Constantine was ready to forgive the offenders and that the matter would be amicably settled , Maurycy Mochnacki and other radicals angrily objected and demanded a national uprising . Fearing an immediate break with Russia , the Government agreed to let Constantine depart with his troops . Fighting between Polish insurgents and the Russian cuirassiers on bridge in Warsaw 's Łazienki Park . In the background , an equestrian statue of King John III Sobieski ( painting by Wojciech Kossak , 1898 ) Mochnacki did n't trust the newly constituted ministry and set out to replace it with the Patriotic Club , organized by him . At a large public demonstration on 3 December in Warsaw , he denounced the negotiations between the Government and Grand Duke Constantine , who was encamped outside the city . Mochnacki advocated a military campaign in Lithuania so as to spare the country the devastation of war and preserve the local food supply . The meeting adopted a number of demands to be communicated to the Administrative Council , including the establishment of a revolutionary government and an immediate attack upon the forces of Constantine . The Polish army , with all but two of its generals , Wincenty Krasiński and Zygmunt Kurnatowski , now joined the uprising . Battle of Stoczek by Jan Rosen The remaining four ministers of the pre-revolutionary cabinet left the Administrative Council , and their places were taken by Mochnacki and three of his associates from the Patriotic Club , including Joachim Lelewel . The new body was known as the Provisional Government . To legalize its actions the Provisional Government ordered the convocation of the Sejm and on 5 December 1830 proclaimed Chłopicki as Dictator of the Uprising . Chłopicki considered the uprising an act of madness , but bowed to pressure and consented to take command temporarily , in the hope that it would be unnecessary to take the field . An able and highly decorated soldier , he had retired from the army because of the chicanery of Constantine . He overestimated the power of Russia and underestimated the strength and fervor of the Polish revolutionary movement . By temperament and conviction he was opposed to a war with Russia , not believing in a successful outcome . He accepted the dictatorship essentially in order to maintain internal peace and to save the Constitution . Battle of Olszynka Grochowska Believing that Tsar Nicholas was unaware of his brother 's actions and that the uprising could be ended if the Russian authorities accepted the Constitution , Chłopicki 's first move was to send Prince Franciszek Ksawery Drucki - Lubecki to Saint Petersburg to negotiate . Chłopicki refrained from strengthening the Polish army and refused to initiate armed hostilities by expelling Russian forces from Lithuania . However , the radicals in Warsaw pressed for war and the complete liberation of Poland . On 13 December , the Sejm pronounced the National Uprising against Russia , and on 7 January 1831 Prince Drucki - Lubecki returned from Russia with no concessions . The Tsar demanded the complete and unconditional surrender of Poland and announced that the Poles should surrender to the grace of their Emperor . His plans foiled , Chłopicki resigned the following day . Emilia Plater leading scythemen 1831 Power in Poland was now in the hands of the radicals united in the Towarzystwo Patriotyczne ( Patriotic Society ) directed by Joachim Lelewel . On 25 January 1831 , the Sejm passed the Act of Dethronization of Nicholas I , which ended the Polish - Russian personal union and was equivalent to a declaration of war on Russia . The proclamation declared that `` the Polish nation is an independent people and has a right to offer the Polish crown to him whom it may consider worthy , from whom it might with certainty expect faith to his oath and wholehearted respect to the sworn guarantees of civic freedom . '' On 29 January , the National Government of Adam Jerzy Czartoryski was established , and Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł was chosen as successor to Chłopicki . Chłopicki was persuaded to accept active command of the army . Seal of the Dictator of the uprising Russo - Polish war ( edit ) It was too late to move the theatre of hostilities to Lithuania . On 4 February , a 115,000 strong Russian army under Field Marshal Hans Karl von Diebitsch crossed the Polish borders . The first major battle took place on 14 February 1831 , close to the village of Stoczek near Łuków . In the Battle of Stoczek , Polish cavalry under Brigadier Józef Dwernicki defeated the Russian division of Teodor Geismar . However , the victory had mostly psychological value and could not stop the Russian advance towards Warsaw . The subsequent battles of Dobre , Wawer and Białołęka were inconclusive . The Polish forces then assembled on the right bank of the Vistula to defend the capital . On 25 February , a Polish contingent of approximately 40,000 met a Russian force of 60,000 east of Warsaw , in the Battle of Olszynka Grochowska . Both armies withdrew after almost two days of heavy fighting and with considerable losses on both sides . Over 7,000 Poles fell on that field , and the number of killed in the Russian army was slightly larger . Diebitsch was forced to retreat to Siedlce and Warsaw was saved . Battle of Ostrołęka ( painting by Juliusz Kossak ) Chłopicki , whose soldierly qualities reasserted themselves by military activity , was wounded in action and his place taken by General Jan Skrzynecki who , like his predecessor , had won distinction under Napoleon for personal courage . Disliked by Grand Duke Constantine , he had retired from service . He shared with Chłopicki the conviction that war with Russia was futile , but with the opening of hostilities took command of a corps and fought creditably at Grochov . When the weak and indecisive Michał Radziwiłł surrendered the dictatorship , Skrzynecki was chosen to succeed him . He endeavored to end the war by negotiations with the Russian field commanders and hoped for benign foreign intervention . Sympathetic echoes of the Polish aspirations reverberated throughout Europe . Enthusiastic meetings had been held in Paris under Lafayette 's chairmanship , and money for the Polish cause was collected in the United States . The governments of France and Britain , however , did not share the feelings of some of their people . King Louis - Philippe of France thought mainly of securing for himself recognition on the part of all European governments , and Lord Palmerston was intent on maintaining friendly relations with Russia . England regarded with alarm the reawakening of the French national spirit and did not wish to weaken Russia , `` as Europe might soon again require her services in the cause of order , and to prevent Poland , whom it regarded as a national ally of France , from becoming a French province of the Vistula . '' Austria and Prussia adopted a position of benevolent neutrality towards Russia . They closed the Polish frontiers and prevented the transportation of munitions of war or supplies of any kind . Emilia Plater skirmishing at Šiauliai ( Polish : Szawle ) . Painting by Wojciech Kossak , 1904 . Under these circumstances the war with Russia began to take on a somber and disquieting aspect . The Poles fought desperately and attempts were made to rouse Volhynia , Podolia , Samogitia and Lithuania . With the exception of the Lithuanian uprising , in which the youthful Countess Emilia Plater and several other women distinguished themselves , the guerilla warfare carried on in the frontier provinces was of minor importance and served only to give Russia an opportunity to crush local risings . Notorious was the slaughter of the inhabitants of the small town of Ashmiany in Belarus . Meanwhile , new Russian forces under Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia arrived in Poland but met with many defeats . Constant warfare , however , and bloody battles such as that at Ostroleka in which 8,000 Poles lost their lives , considerably depleted the Polish forces . Mistakes on the part of the commanders , constant changes and numerous resignations , and the inactivity of the commanders , who continued to hope for foreign intervention , added to the feeling of despair . Comparison of number of soldiers of both sides during Polish - Russian War in 1831 Charge of the Polish uhlans city of Poznań during November Uprising The more radical elements severely criticized the government not only for its inactivity , but also for its lack of land reform and its failure to recognize the peasants ' rights to the soil they tilled , but the Sejm , fearing that the governments of Europe might regard the war with Russia as social revolution , procrastinated and haggled over concessions . The initial enthusiasm of the peasantry waned , and the ineptitude of the government became more apparent . In the meantime , the Russian forces , commanded after the death of Diebitsch by General Paskevich , were moving to encircle Warsaw . Skrzynecki failed to prevent the Russian forces from joining , and the Sejm responded to popular clamor for his deposition by appointing General Dembinski to temporary command . The atmosphere was highly charged . Severe rioting took place and the government became completely disorganized . Count Jan Krukowiecki was made President of the Ruling Council . He had little faith in the success of the military campaign , but believed that when passions had subsided he could end the war on , what seemed to him , advantageous terms . Despite desperate defense by General Józef Sowiński , Warsaw 's suburb of Wola fell to Paskevich 's forces on 6 September . The next day saw the second line of the capital 's defensive works attacked by the Russians . During the night of 7 September Krukowiecki capitulated , although the city still held out . He was immediately deposed by the Polish government and replaced by Bonawentura Niemojowski . The army and the government withdrew to the Modlin fortress , on the Vistula , subsequently renamed Novo - Georgievsk by the Russians , and then to Płock . New plans had been adopted when the news arrived that the Polish crack corps under Ramorino , unable to join the main army , had laid down its arms after crossing the Austrian frontier into Galicia . It became evident that the war could be carried on no longer . On 5 October 1831 , the remainder of the Polish army of over 20,000 men crossed the Prussian frontier and laid down their arms at Brodnica in preference to submission to Russia . Only one man , a colonel by the name of Stryjenski , gained the peculiar distinction of giving himself up to Russia . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Declaration of Horace Sébastiani in French Chamber of Deputies about situation in Poland ( 1831 ) Following the example of Dąbrowski of a generation before , General Bem endeavored to reorganize the Polish soldiers in Prussia and Galicia into Legions and lead them to France , but the Prussian government frustrated his plans . The immigrants left Prussia in bands of between fifty and a hundred , and their journey through the various German principalities was greeted with enthusiasm by the local populations . Even German sovereigns such as the King of Saxony , the Princess of Weimar and the Duke of Gotha shared in the general demonstration of sympathy . It was only upon the very insistent demands of Russia that the Polish committees all over Germany had to be closed . Lithuanian Litas commemorative coin dedicated to the uprising Polish 5 złoty coin from the Uprising Postscript ( edit ) Adam Czartoryski remarked that the war with Russia , precipitated by the rising of young patriots in November 1830 , came either too early or too late . Puzyrewski argued , that the rising should have been initiated in 1828 when Russia was experiencing reverses in Turkey and was least able to spare substantial forces for war with Poland ( Lewinski - Corwin , 1917 ) . Military critics , among them Russian pundit , General Puzyrevsky , maintained that in spite of the inequality of resources of the two countries , Poland had had every chance of holding her own against Russia , had the campaign been managed skillfully . Russia sent over 180,000 well trained men against Poland 's 70,000 ; 30 % of whom were fresh recruits who entered the service at the opening of hostilities . `` In view of this , one would think that not only was the result of the struggle undoubted , but its course should have been a triumphant march for the infinitely stronger party . Instead , the war lasted eight months , with often doubtful success . At times the balance seemed to tip decidedly to the side of the weaker adversary who dealt not only blows , but even ventured daring offensives . '' It had long been argued ( wrote Edward Lewinski - Corwin in 1917 ) that `` anarchy and a lack of concord '' among people were the causes of Poland 's national downfall . Thus , when the rising finally began , the insurgents demanded absolute power for their leaders and tolerated no criticism , afraid that discord would again prove ruinous for all . However , the men chosen to lead -- because of their past achievements -- proved unable to perform the great task expected of them . Moreover , many apparently had little faith that their joint effort could succeed . Militarily , Poland might have succeeded if the line of battle had been established in Lithuania ( wrote Lewinski - Corwin ) and if the Russian forces arriving in Poland progressively , had been dealt with separately and decisively , one - unit - after - another . After the end of the November Uprising , Polish women wore black ribands and jewellery as a symbol of mourning for their lost homeland . Such images can be seen in the first scenes of the movie Pan Tadeusz , filmed by Andrzej Wajda in 1999 , based on the Polish national epic . A 1937 German film Ride to Freedom was partly shot on location in Poland . The Scottish poet Thomas Campbell , who had championed the cause of the Poles in The Pleasures of Hope , was affected by the news of the capture of Warsaw by the Russians in 1831 as if it had been the deepest of personal calamities . `` Poland preys on my heart night and day '' , he wrote in one of his letters , and his sympathy found a practical expression in the foundation in London of the Association of the Friends of Poland . The November Uprising was also supported in the United States . Edgar Allan Poe was sympathetic to the Polish cause and volunteered to fight the Russians during the November Uprising ( Bobr - Tylingo 1982 , 145 ) . Despite Poland 's deep connection to Catholicism and the fact that many participants in the rebellion were Catholic , the rebellion was condemned by the Church . Pope Gregory XVI issued an encyclical in the following year of 1832 on the subject of civil disobedience that was entitled Cum Primum , and which stated : When the first report of the calamities , which so seriously devastated your flourishing kingdom reached our ears , We learned simultaneously that they had been caused by some fabricators of deceit and lies . Under the pretext of religion , and revolting against the legitimate authority of the princes , they filled their fatherland , which they loosed from due obedience to authority , with mourning . We shed abundant tears at the feet of God , grieving over the harsh evil with which some of our flock was afflicted . Afterward We humbly prayed that God would enable your provinces , agitated by so many and so serious dissensions , to be restored to peace and to the rule of legitimate authority . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to November Uprising . Great Emigration List of wars involving Poland Warszawianka 1831 roku Revolutionary etude Hôtel Lambert Polish National Government ( November Uprising ) Sources in Polish Emilia Plater Stanislas Hernisz Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stefan Kieniewicz , Andrzej Zahorski , Władysław Zajewski , Trzy powstania narodowe , Warszawa 1992 , p. 273 . ( in Polish ) Jump up ^ z dostępnych informacji wynika , że straty pewne to ponad 21 tys . ludzi ( suma zabitych podana przy poszczególnych bitwach ) , jednak nie wszystkie bitwy mają tę statystykę Jump up ^ Wacław Tokarz , Wojna polsko - rosyjska 1830 i 1831 , Warszawa 1993 , passim . Jump up ^ The lands of partitioned Poland , 1795 -- 1918 . By Piotr Stefan Wandycz . Page 106 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Uprising of 1830 -- 31 . '' The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 -- 1979 ) . Gale Group , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Revolution of 1830 . '' By Amy Linch. 2009 . The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8464 - 9 Jump up ^ Tucker , S.C. , editor , 201 , A Global Chronology of Conflict , Volume Three : 1775 - 1860 , Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO , LLC , ISBN 9781851096671 , p. 1157 ^ Jump up to : Tucker , S.C. , editor , 201 , A Global Chronology of Conflict , Volume Three : 1775 - 1860 , Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO , LLC , ISBN 9781851096671 , p. 1155 ^ Jump up to : Tucker , S.C. , editor , 201 , A Global Chronology of Conflict , Volume Three : 1775 - 1860 , Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO , LLC , ISBN 9781851096671 , p. 1156 ^ Jump up to : Edward H. Lewinski - Corwin , PhD ( 1917 ) . `` The War with Russia and the Aftermath ( Chapter XVIII , p. 427 ) '' ( full text , 630 pages , stored by www.archive.org ) . The Political History of Poland . New York , Polish Book Importing Co . Internet Archive www.archive.org . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclical of Pope Gregory XVI on Civil Obedience on 9 June 1832 . '' EWTN , 1998 . References ( edit ) Andrzej Garlicki ( 2003 ) . Historia 1815 -- 1939 ; Polska i świat ( in Polish ) . Warsaw , Scholar . p. 444 . ISBN 83 - 7383 - 041 - 3 . `` Modern Synchronology '' . Synchronology of the Principal Events in Sacred And Profane History . Kessinger Publishing Company . p. 324 . ISBN 1 - 4179 - 5419 - 1 . ( in German ) Roman Soltyk : Polen , geographisch und historisch geschildert -- Mit einer vollständigen Geschichte der Jahre 1830 und 1831 . Von einem Augenzeugen ... 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"The November Uprising (1830–31), also known as the Polish–Russian War 1830–31[3] or the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire. The uprising began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw when the young Polish officers from the local Army of the Congress Poland's military academy revolted, led by lieutenant Piotr Wysocki. They were soon joined by large segments of societies of Lithuania, Belarus, and the Right-bank Ukraine. Despite local successes, the uprising was eventually crushed by a numerically superior Imperial Russian Army under Ivan Paskevich.[4][5][6] Tsar Nicholas I decreed that henceforth Poland was an integral part of Russia, with Warsaw little more than a military garrison, its university closed.[7]"
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-8390531488113067181 | List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders | List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2018 ) Kareem Abdul - Jabbar has scored the most career points in NBA history . This article provides two lists : A list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . A progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the past seasons . Contents 1 Scoring leaders 2 Progressive list of scoring leaders 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Scoring leaders ( edit ) The following is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Rank Player Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total points Games played Points per game average Field goals made Three - point field goals made Free throws made Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1975 -- 1989 ) 38,387 1,560 24.6 15,837 6,712 Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1985 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 36,928 1,476 25.0 13,528 85 9,787 Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 33,643 1,346 25.0 11,719 1,827 8,378 Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 32,292 1,072 30.1 12,192 581 7,327 5 Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1959 -- 1965 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1968 -- 1973 ) 31,419 1,045 30.1 12,681 0 6,057 6 Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF / C Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 31,187 1,471 21.2 11,034 1,918 7,201 7 LeBron James ^ SF / PF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2018 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2018 -- present ) 31,038 1,143 27.2 11,280 1,616 6,862 8 Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 28,596 1,207 23.7 11,330 5,935 9 Moses Malone * Buffalo Braves ( 1976 ) Houston Rockets ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1982 -- 1986 , 1993 -- 1994 ) Washington Bullets ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 27,409 1,329 20.6 9,435 8 8,531 10 Elvin Hayes * PF / C San Diego / Houston Rockets ( 1968 -- 1972 , 1981 -- 1984 ) Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets ( 1972 -- 1981 ) 27,313 1,303 21.0 10,976 5 5,356 11 Hakeem Olajuwon * Houston Rockets ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 26,946 1,238 21.8 10,749 25 5,423 12 Oscar Robertson * PG Cincinnati Royals ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) 26,710 1,040 25.7 9,508 0 7,694 13 Dominique Wilkins * SF Atlanta Hawks ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 1994 ) Boston Celtics ( 1994 -- 1995 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Orlando Magic ( 1999 ) 26,668 1,074 24.8 9,963 711 6,031 14 Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2016 ) 26,496 1,392 19.0 10,285 30 5,896 15 Paul Pierce SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 26,397 1,343 19.7 8,668 2,143 6,918 16 John Havlicek * SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1962 -- 1978 ) 26,395 1,270 20.8 10,513 0 5,369 17 Kevin Garnett PF / C Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 2007 , 2015 -- 2016 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 26,071 1,462 17.8 10,505 174 4,887 18 Alex English * SF Milwaukee Bucks ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 25,613 1,193 21.5 10,659 18 4,277 19 Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 25,417 1,054 24.1 9,088 1,341 5,900 20 Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 25,279 1,389 18.2 8,241 2,560 6,237 21 Jerry West * PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 -- 1974 ) 25,192 932 27.0 9,016 0 7,160 22 Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2018 -- present ) 24,868 1,405 17.7 8,990 2,106 4,782 23 Patrick Ewing * New York Knicks ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Orlando Magic ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 24,815 1,183 21.0 9,702 19 5,392 24 Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 24,505 1,300 18.9 8,567 2,973 4,398 25 Allen Iverson * SG / PG Philadelphia 76ers ( 1996 -- 2006 , 2009 -- 2010 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2009 ) 24,368 914 26.7 8,467 1,059 6,375 26 Charles Barkley * PF Philadelphia 76ers ( 1984 -- 1992 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Houston Rockets ( 1996 -- 2000 ) 23,757 1,073 22.1 8,435 538 6,349 27 Robert Parish * Golden State Warriors ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1994 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 23,334 1,611 14.5 9,614 0 4,106 28 Adrian Dantley * SF Buffalo Braves ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1977 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 ) 23,177 955 24.3 8,169 7 6,832 29 Elgin Baylor * SF Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1958 -- 1971 ) 23,149 846 27.4 8,693 0 5,763 30 Clyde Drexler * SG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Houston Rockets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 22,195 1,086 20.4 8,335 827 4,698 31 Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 , 2018 -- present ) Chicago Bulls ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 22,082 982 22.5 8,038 463 5,543 32 Gary Payton * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1990 -- 2003 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boston Celtics ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 21,813 1,335 16.3 8,708 1,132 3,265 33 Larry Bird * SF / PF Boston Celtics ( 1979 -- 1992 ) 21,791 897 24.3 8,591 649 3,960 34 Hal Greer * SG / PG Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1958 -- 1973 ) 21,586 1,122 19.2 8,504 0 4,578 35 Walt Bellamy * Chicago Packers / Zephyrs / Baltimore Bullets ( 1961 -- 1965 ) New York Knicks ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 ) 20,941 1,043 20.1 7,914 0 5,113 36 Kevin Durant ^ SF Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 20,913 771 27.1 7,093 1,433 5,294 37 Bob Pettit * PF / C Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks ( 1954 -- 1965 ) 20,880 792 26.4 7,349 0 6,182 38 David Robinson * San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 2003 ) 20,790 987 21.1 7,365 25 6,035 39 Pau Gasol ^ C / PF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2014 -- 2016 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2016 -- present ) 20,776 1,196 17.4 7,938 173 4,727 40 George Gervin * SG / SF San Antonio Spurs ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 20,708 791 26.2 8,045 77 4,541 41 Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 20,497 976 21.0 7,305 1,326 4,561 42 Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 20,405 1,276 16.0 7,822 1,978 2,783 43 Tom Chambers PF San Diego Clippers ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1983 -- 1988 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 ) 20,049 1,107 18.1 7,378 227 5,066 44 Antawn Jamison PF / SF Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Washington Wizards ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 20,042 1,083 18.5 7,679 1,163 3,521 45 John Stockton * PG Utah Jazz ( 1984 -- 2003 ) 19,711 1,504 13.1 7,039 845 4,788 46 Bernard King * SF New Jersey Nets ( 1977 -- 1979 , 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1980 -- 1982 ) New York Knicks ( 1982 -- 1985 , 1987 ) Washington Bullets ( 1987 -- 1991 ) 19,655 874 22.5 7,830 23 3,972 47 Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 19,591 1,380 14.2 7,389 1,253 3,560 48 Walter Davis SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1977 -- 1988 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1988 -- 1991 , 1991 -- 1992 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 1991 ) 19,521 1,033 18.9 8,118 157 3,128 49 Terry Cummings PF San Diego Clippers ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1984 -- 1989 , 1995 -- 1996 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) New York Knicks ( 1998 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 19,460 1,183 16.4 8,045 44 3,326 50 Bob Lanier * Detroit Pistons ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1980 -- 1984 ) 19,248 959 20.1 7,761 3,724 Progressive list of scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Only players with at least 50 win shares are shown for 1st time eligible Hall of Fame consideration . Win shares is a player statistic which attempts to divvy up credit for team success to the individuals on the team . Team abbreviations Team ( s ) listed is the one player was on when he established the record . ATL Atlanta Hawks DET Detroit Pistons MIL Milwaukee Bucks PHX Phoenix Suns BOS Boston Celtics FTW Fort Wayne Pistons MIN Minnesota Timberwolves PHW Philadelphia Warriors BUF Buffalo Braves GSW Golden State Warriors MNL Minneapolis Lakers SAS San Antonio Spurs CHI Chicago Bulls HOU Houston Rockets NOJ New Orleans Jazz SDR San Diego Rockets CHS Chicago Stags IND Indiana Pacers NOP New Orleans Pelicans SFW San Francisco Warriors CLE Cleveland Cavaliers KCO Kansas City - Omaha Kings OKC Oklahoma City Thunder STL St. Louis Hawks DAL Dallas Mavericks LAL Los Angeles Lakers ORL Orlando Magic SYR Syracuse Nationals DEN Denver Nuggets MIA Miami Heat PHI Philadelphia 76ers UTA Utah Jazz Scoring leader at the end of every season Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player leader Total points Career record Total points Single - season record Points Season 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 Max Zaslofsky 000CHS 1,007 2,338 2,338 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 3,898 3,898 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1,865 4,863 4,863 1,865 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1,932 6,099 6,099 1,932 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,674 7,021 7,021 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 Neil Johnston * 000PHW 1,564 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1,759 9,766 9,766 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1,631 Max Zaslofsky 000FTW 7,902 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 Bob Pettit * 000STL 1,849 George Mikan * 000MNL 10,156 10,156 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,817 Ed Macauley * 000STL 10,150 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 13,298 13,298 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 1959 -- 62 000SFW 1962 -- 65 000PHI 1965 -- 66 2,707 14,987 14,987 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 2,707 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 3,033 16,855 16,855 3,033 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 4,029 17,677 17,677 4,029 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 3,586 18,304 18,304 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 2,948 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 2,534 20,880 20,880 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 2,649 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 000SFW 2,775 23,442 23,442 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 Dave Bing * 000DET 2,142 25,434 25,434 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 Elvin Hayes * 000SDR 2,327 27,098 27,098 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000MIL 2,361 27,426 27,426 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 2,596 29,122 29,122 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 2,822 30,335 30,335 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 Tiny Archibald * 000KCO 2,719 31,419 31,419 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 Bob McAdoo * 000BUF 2,261 Oscar Robertson * 000MIL 26,710 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 2,831 John Havlicek * 000BOS 22,389 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 2,427 23,678 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 Pete Maravich * 000NOJ 2,273 25,073 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,232 26,395 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 2,365 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 22,141 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 2,585 24,175 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,452 26,270 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,551 28,088 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Alex English * 000DEN 2,326 29,810 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,418 31,527 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 31,527 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,313 33,262 33,262 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Alex English * 000DEN 2,414 35,108 35,108 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 3,041 36,474 36,474 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 2,868 37,639 37,639 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 2,633 38,387 38,387 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 2,753 Moses Malone * 000ATL 1989 -- 91 000MIL 1991 -- 93 000PHI 1993 -- 94 000SAS 1994 -- 95 24,868 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 2,580 25,737 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 2,404 27,016 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 2,541 27,066 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 David Robinson * 000SAS 2,383 27,360 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 Shaquille O'Neal * 000ORL 2,315 27,409 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,491 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 24,489 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 2,431 26,920 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 2,357 29,277 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL 1,289 Karl Malone * 000UTA 1998 -- 2003 000LAL 2003 -- 04 28,946 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2,344 31,041 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Jerry Stackhouse 00DET 2,380 32,919 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Paul Pierce 000BOS 2,144 34,707 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,461 36,374 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Kevin Garnett 000MIN 1,987 36,928 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Allen Iverson * 000PHI 2,302 Reggie Miller * 000IND 25,279 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,832 Shaquille O'Neal * 000MIA 2005 -- 08 000PHO 2008 -- 09 000CLE 2009 -- 10 000BOS 2010 -- 11 24,764 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2,430 25,454 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2,323 26,286 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 Dwyane Wade ^ 000MIA 2,386 27,619 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Kevin Durant ^ 000OKC 2,472 28,255 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2,161 28,596 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 1,850 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 29,484 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2,280 31,617 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2,593 31,700 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 James Harden ^ 000HOU 2,217 32,482 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2,376 33,643 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 Russell Westbrook ^ 000OKC 2,558 Dirk Nowitzki ^ 000DAL 30,260 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 2,251 31,187 Abdul - Jabbar * 0 35 yrs 38,387 Chamberlain * 059 yrs 4,029 2017 -- 18 Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player leader Total points Career record Total points Single - season record Points Season See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for Points '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . Jump up ^ Average is rounded to the nearest tenth . Jump up ^ First adopted in the 1979 -- 80 season . Jump up ^ Previously known as Lew Alcindor prior to an official name change on May 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Previously written as Akeem Olajuwon prior to an official spelling change on March 9 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Win Shares '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career leaders in points scored National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_scoring_leaders&oldid=854476469 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Eesti Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Polski Русский Українська Vèneto 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 17 : 05 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who has scored the most points in nba | [
"\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nPosition(s)\n\nTeam(s) played for (years)[3]\n\nTotal points\n\nGames played\n\nPoints per gameaverage[4]\n\nField goalsmade\n\nThree-pointfield goalsmade[5]\n\nFree throws made\n\n\n1\n\nKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[6]\n\nC\n\nMilwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)Los Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)\n\n38,387\n\n1,560\n\n24.6\n\n15,837\n\n1\n\n6,712\n\n\n2\n\nKarl Malone*\n\nPF\n\nUtah Jazz (1985–2003)Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)\n\n36,928\n\n1,476\n\n25.0\n\n13,528\n\n85\n\n9,787\n\n\n3\n\nKobe Bryant†\n\nSG\n\nLos Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)\n\n33,643\n\n1,346\n\n25.0\n\n11,719\n\n1,827\n\n8,378\n\n\n4\n\nMichael Jordan*\n\nSG\n\nChicago Bulls (1984–1993, 1995–1998)Washington Wizards (2001–2003)\n\n32,292\n\n1,072\n\n30.1\n\n12,192\n\n581\n\n7,327\n\n\n5\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nC\n\nPhiladelphia/San Francisco Warriors (1959–1965)Philadelphia 76ers (1965–1968)Los Angeles Lakers (1968–1973)\n\n31,419\n\n1,045\n\n30.1\n\n12,681\n\n0\n\n6,057\n\n\n6\n\nDirk Nowitzki^\n\nPF/C\n\nDallas Mavericks (1999–present)\n\n31,187\n\n1,471\n\n21.2\n\n11,034\n\n1,918\n\n7,201\n\n\n7\n\nLeBron James^\n\nSF/PF\n\nCleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010, 2014–2018)Miami Heat (2010–2014)Los Angeles Lakers (2018–present)\n\n31,038\n\n1,143\n\n27.2\n\n11,280\n\n1,616\n\n6,862\n\n\n8\n\nShaquille O'Neal*\n\nC\n\nOrlando Magic (1992–1996)Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)Miami Heat (2004–2008)Phoenix Suns (2008–2009)Cleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)Boston Celtics (2010–2011)\n\n28,596\n\n1,207\n\n23.7\n\n11,330\n\n1\n\n5,935\n\n\n9\n\nMoses Malone*\n\nC\n\nBuffalo Braves (1976)Houston Rockets (1976–1982)Philadelphia 76ers (1982–1986, 1993–1994)Washington Bullets (1986–1988)Atlanta Hawks (1988–1991)Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)San Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)\n\n27,409\n\n1,329\n\n20.6\n\n9,435\n\n8\n\n8,531\n\n\n10\n\nElvin Hayes*\n\nPF/C\n\nSan Diego/Houston Rockets (1968–1972, 1981–1984)Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets (1972–1981)\n\n27,313\n\n1,303\n\n21.0\n\n10,976\n\n5\n\n5,356\n\n\n11\n\nHakeem Olajuwon*[7]\n\nC\n\nHouston Rockets (1984–2001)Toronto Raptors (2001–2002)\n\n26,946\n\n1,238\n\n21.8\n\n10,749\n\n25\n\n5,423\n\n\n12\n\nOscar Robertson*\n\nPG\n\nCincinnati Royals (1960–1970)Milwaukee Bucks (1970–1974)\n\n26,710\n\n1,040\n\n25.7\n\n9,508\n\n0\n\n7,694\n\n\n13\n\nDominique Wilkins*\n\nSF\n\nAtlanta Hawks (1982–1994)Los Angeles Clippers (1994)Boston Celtics (1994–1995)San Antonio Spurs (1996–1997)Orlando Magic (1999)\n\n26,668\n\n1,074\n\n24.8\n\n9,963\n\n711\n\n6,031\n\n\n14\n\nTim Duncan†\n\nPF/C\n\nSan Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)\n\n26,496\n\n1,392\n\n19.0\n\n10,285\n\n30\n\n5,896\n\n\n15\n\nPaul Pierce†\n\nSF/SG\n\nBoston Celtics (1999–2013)Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)Washington Wizards (2014–2015)Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)\n\n26,397\n\n1,343\n\n19.7\n\n8,668\n\n2,143\n\n6,918\n\n\n16\n\nJohn Havlicek*\n\nSF/SG\n\nBoston Celtics (1962–1978)\n\n26,395\n\n1,270\n\n20.8\n\n10,513\n\n0\n\n5,369\n\n\n17\n\nKevin Garnett†\n\nPF/C\n\nMinnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)Boston Celtics (2007–2013)Brooklyn Nets (2013–2015)\n\n26,071\n\n1,462\n\n17.8\n\n10,505\n\n174\n\n4,887\n\n\n18\n\nAlex English*\n\nSF\n\nMilwaukee Bucks (1976–1978)Indiana Pacers (1978–1980)Denver Nuggets (1980–1990)Dallas Mavericks (1990–1991)\n\n25,613\n\n1,193\n\n21.5\n\n10,659\n\n18\n\n4,277\n\n\n19\n\nCarmelo Anthony^\n\nSF\n\nDenver Nuggets (2003–2011)New York Knicks (2011–2017)Oklahoma City Thunder (2017–2018)\n\n25,417\n\n1,054\n\n24.1\n\n9,088\n\n1,341\n\n5,900\n\n\n20\n\nReggie Miller*\n\nSG\n\nIndiana Pacers (1987–2005)\n\n25,279\n\n1,389\n\n18.2\n\n8,241\n\n2,560\n\n6,237\n\n\n21\n\nJerry West*\n\nPG/SG\n\nLos Angeles Lakers (1960–1974)\n\n25,192\n\n932\n\n27.0\n\n9,016\n\n0\n\n7,160\n\n\n22\n\nVince Carter^\n\nSG/SF\n\nToronto Raptors (1999–2004)New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)Orlando Magic (2009–2010)Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)Sacramento Kings (2017–2018)Atlanta Hawks (2018–present)\n\n24,868\n\n1,405\n\n17.7\n\n8,990\n\n2,106\n\n4,782\n\n\n23\n\nPatrick Ewing*\n\nC\n\nNew York Knicks (1985–2000)Seattle SuperSonics (2000–2001)Orlando Magic (2001–2002)\n\n24,815\n\n1,183\n\n21.0\n\n9,702\n\n19\n\n5,392\n\n\n24\n\nRay Allen*\n\nSG\n\nMilwaukee Bucks (1996–2003)Seattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)Boston Celtics (2007–2012)Miami Heat (2012–2014)\n\n24,505\n\n1,300\n\n18.9\n\n8,567\n\n2,973\n\n4,398\n\n\n25\n\nAllen Iverson*\n\nSG/PG\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1996–2006, 2009–2010)Denver Nuggets (2006–2008)Detroit Pistons (2008–2009)Memphis Grizzlies (2009)\n\n24,368\n\n914\n\n26.7\n\n8,467\n\n1,059\n\n6,375\n\n\n26\n\nCharles Barkley*\n\nPF\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1984–1992)Phoenix Suns (1992–1996)Houston Rockets (1996–2000)\n\n23,757\n\n1,073\n\n22.1\n\n8,435\n\n538\n\n6,349\n\n\n27\n\nRobert Parish*\n\nC\n\nGolden State Warriors (1976–1980)Boston Celtics (1980–1994)Charlotte Hornets (1994–1996)Chicago Bulls (1996–1997)\n\n23,334\n\n1,611\n\n14.5\n\n9,614\n\n0\n\n4,106\n\n\n28\n\nAdrian Dantley*\n\nSF\n\nBuffalo Braves (1976–1977)Indiana Pacers (1977)Los Angeles Lakers (1977–1979)Utah Jazz (1979–1986)Detroit Pistons (1986–1989)Dallas Mavericks (1989–1990)Milwaukee Bucks (1991)\n\n23,177\n\n955\n\n24.3\n\n8,169\n\n7\n\n6,832\n\n\n29\n\nElgin Baylor*\n\nSF\n\nMinneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers (1958–1971)\n\n23,149\n\n846\n\n27.4\n\n8,693\n\n0\n\n5,763\n\n\n30\n\nClyde Drexler*\n\nSG\n\nPortland Trail Blazers (1983–1995)Houston Rockets (1995–1998)\n\n22,195\n\n1,086\n\n20.4\n\n8,335\n\n827\n\n4,698\n\n\n31\n\nDwyane Wade^\n\nSG\n\nMiami Heat (2003–2016, 2018–present)Chicago Bulls (2016–2017) Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–2018)\n\n22,082\n\n982\n\n22.5\n\n8,038\n\n463\n\n5,543\n\n\n32\n\nGary Payton*\n\nPG\n\nSeattle SuperSonics (1990–2003)Milwaukee Bucks (2003)Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)Boston Celtics (2004–2005)Miami Heat (2005–2007)\n\n21,813\n\n1,335\n\n16.3\n\n8,708\n\n1,132\n\n3,265\n\n\n33\n\nLarry Bird*\n\nSF/PF\n\nBoston Celtics (1979–1992)\n\n21,791\n\n897\n\n24.3\n\n8,591\n\n649\n\n3,960\n\n\n34\n\nHal Greer*\n\nSG/PG\n\nSyracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers (1958–1973)\n\n21,586\n\n1,122\n\n19.2\n\n8,504\n\n0\n\n4,578\n\n\n35\n\nWalt Bellamy*\n\nC\n\nChicago Packers/Zephyrs/Baltimore Bullets (1961–1965)New York Knicks (1965–1968)Detroit Pistons (1968–1970)Atlanta Hawks (1970–1974)New Orleans Jazz (1974)\n\n20,941\n\n1,043\n\n20.1\n\n7,914\n\n0\n\n5,113\n\n\n36\n\nKevin Durant^\n\nSF\n\nSeattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder (2007–2016)Golden State Warriors (2016–present)\n\n20,913\n\n771\n\n27.1\n\n7,093\n\n1,433\n\n5,294\n\n\n37\n\nBob Pettit*\n\nPF/C\n\nMilwaukee/St. Louis Hawks (1954–1965)\n\n20,880\n\n792\n\n26.4\n\n7,349\n\n0\n\n6,182\n\n\n38\n\nDavid Robinson*\n\nC\n\nSan Antonio Spurs (1989–2003)\n\n20,790\n\n987\n\n21.1\n\n7,365\n\n25\n\n6,035\n\n\n39\n\nPau Gasol^\n\nC/PF\n\nMemphis Grizzlies (2001–2008)Los Angeles Lakers (2008–2014)Chicago Bulls (2014–2016)San Antonio Spurs (2016–present)\n\n20,776\n\n1,196\n\n17.4\n\n7,938\n\n173\n\n4,727\n\n\n40\n\nGeorge Gervin*\n\nSG/SF\n\nSan Antonio Spurs (1976–1985)Chicago Bulls (1985–1986)\n\n20,708\n\n791\n\n26.2\n\n8,045\n\n77\n\n4,541\n\n\n41\n\nMitch Richmond*\n\nSG\n\nGolden State Warriors (1988–1991)Sacramento Kings (1991–1998)Washington Wizards (1999–2001)Los Angeles Lakers (2001–2002)\n\n20,497\n\n976\n\n21.0\n\n7,305\n\n1,326\n\n4,561\n\n\n42\n\nJoe Johnson^\n\nSG/SF\n\nBoston Celtics (2001–2002)Phoenix Suns (2002–2005)Atlanta Hawks (2005–2012)Brooklyn Nets (2012–2016)Miami Heat (2016)Utah Jazz (2016–2018)Houston Rockets (2018–present)\n\n20,405\n\n1,276\n\n16.0\n\n7,822\n\n1,978\n\n2,783\n\n\n43\n\nTom Chambers\n\nPF\n\nSan Diego Clippers (1981–1983)Seattle SuperSonics (1983–1988)Phoenix Suns (1988–1993)Utah Jazz (1993–1995)Charlotte Hornets (1997)Philadelphia 76ers (1997)\n\n20,049\n\n1,107\n\n18.1\n\n7,378\n\n227\n\n5,066\n\n\n44\n\nAntawn Jamison\n\nPF/SF\n\nGolden State Warriors (1999–2003)Dallas Mavericks (2003–2004)Washington Wizards (2004–2010)Cleveland Cavaliers (2010–2012)Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2013)Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2014)\n\n20,042\n\n1,083\n\n18.5\n\n7,679\n\n1,163\n\n3,521\n\n\n45\n\nJohn Stockton*\n\nPG\n\nUtah Jazz (1984–2003)\n\n19,711\n\n1,504\n\n13.1\n\n7,039\n\n845\n\n4,788\n\n\n46\n\nBernard King*\n\nSF\n\nNew Jersey Nets (1977–1979, 1993)Utah Jazz (1979)Golden State Warriors (1980–1982)New York Knicks (1982–1985, 1987)Washington Bullets (1987–1991)\n\n19,655\n\n874\n\n22.5\n\n7,830\n\n23\n\n3,972\n\n\n47\n\nClifford Robinson\n\nPF/SF\n\nPortland Trail Blazers (1989–1997)Phoenix Suns (1997–2001)Detroit Pistons (2001–2003)Golden State Warriors (2003–2005)New Jersey Nets (2005–2007)\n\n19,591\n\n1,380\n\n14.2\n\n7,389\n\n1,253\n\n3,560\n\n\n48\n\nWalter Davis\n\nSG/SF\n\nPhoenix Suns (1977–1988)Denver Nuggets (1988–1991, 1991–1992)Portland Trail Blazers (1991)\n\n19,521\n\n1,033\n\n18.9\n\n8,118\n\n157\n\n3,128\n\n\n49\n\nTerry Cummings\n\nPF\n\nSan Diego Clippers (1982–1984)Milwaukee Bucks (1984–1989, 1995–1996)San Antonio Spurs (1989–1995)Seattle SuperSonics (1996–1997)Philadelphia 76ers (1997–1998)New York Knicks (1998)Golden State Warriors (1999–2000)\n\n19,460\n\n1,183\n\n16.4\n\n8,045\n\n44\n\n3,326\n\n\n50\n\nBob Lanier*\n\nC\n\nDetroit Pistons (1970–1980)Milwaukee Bucks (1980–1984)\n\n19,248\n\n959\n\n20.1\n\n7,761\n\n2\n\n3,724\n"
] | [
"Kareem Abdul-Jabbar"
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-3478928311547000046 | The Originals (season 5) | The Originals ( season 5 ) - wikipedia The Originals ( season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Originals ( season 5 ) Starring Joseph Morgan Daniel Gillies Phoebe Tonkin Charles Michael Davis Yusuf Gatewood Riley Voelkel Steven Krueger Danielle Rose Russell Country of origin United States Release Original network The CW Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of The Originals episodes The Originals , a one - hour American supernatural drama , was renewed for a fifth season by The CW on May 10 , 2017 . The 2016 -- 17 United States television season debut of The Originals was pushed to midseason , as with the fourth season premiere . On July 20 , 2017 , Julie Plec announced via Twitter that the upcoming season would be the series ' last . The fifth season will consist of 13 episodes and is set to premiere on April 20 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special guest 1.4 Guest 2 Episodes 3 References Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals characters Main ( edit ) Joseph Morgan as Niklaus `` Klaus '' Mikaelson Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall - Kenner Charles Michael Davis as Marcellus `` Marcel '' Gerard Yusuf Gatewood as Vincent Griffith Riley Voelkel as Freya Mikaelson Steven Krueger as Joshua `` Josh '' Rosza Danielle Rose Russell as Hope Mikaelson Recurring ( edit ) Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson Special guest ( edit ) Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson Candice King as Caroline Forbes Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman Danielle Campbell as Davina Claire Leah Pipes as Camille `` Cami '' O'Connell Guest ( edit ) Demetrius Bridges as Dorian Williams Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 80 `` Where You Left Your Heart '' Lance Anderson Marguerite MacIntyre April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) TBA TBD 81 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 82 TBA Joseph Morgan TBA TBA TBA TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The CW Renews 11 Shows '' . spoilertv.com . May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andy Swift . `` The Originals to End After Season 5 '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ @ julieplec ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` An announcement ... # TheOriginals '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Andreev , Nellie ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets ' Life Sentence ' , ' iZombie ' , ' The 100 ' & ' The Originals ' Premiere Dates , Moves ' Dynasty ' To Friday -- TCA '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yusef is grateful with Daniel because working with him and his acting skills is why he think he was promoted '' . 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anop , Nirat ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals - Season 5 - Steven Krueger Promoted to Series Regular '' . SpoilerTV.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals casts Danielle Rose Russell as teenage Hope for season 5 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Plec , Julie ( @ julieplec ) ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` We will see them together . Episode 511 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The Originals : Candice King to Appear as TVD 's Caroline in Season Premiere '' . TVLine . February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries ' Matt Davis to Visit The Originals in Season 4 Crossover '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pipes , Leah ( @ leahmariepipes ) ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Jig is up ... 😊 `` Leah Pipes Will Return For ' The Originals ' Series Finale www.justjaredjr.com/2017/12/06/leah-pipes-will-return-for-the-originals-series-finale/ ... via @ JustJaredJr '' '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Yep . # theoriginals # thecw ❤ ️ '' . Instagram . July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Things We Learned About The Originals Season 5 from Comic - Con '' . TV Guide . July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Originals_(season_5)&oldid=825328215 '' Categories : The Originals Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 19 : 50 . About Wikipedia | when is the season 5 of the originals coming out | [
"The Originals, a one-hour American supernatural drama, was renewed for a fifth season by The CW on May 10, 2017.[1] The 2016–17 United States television season debut of The Originals was pushed to midseason, as with the fourth season premiere. On July 20, 2017, Julie Plec announced via Twitter that the upcoming season would be the series' last. The fifth season will consist of 13 episodes and is set to premiere on April 20, 2018.[2][3][4]"
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"April 20, 2018"
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-217080169408879418 | Mall of America (Metro Transit station) | Mall of America ( METRO transit station ) - wikipedia Mall of America ( METRO transit station ) Jump to : navigation , search Mall of America Transit Station 44 ° 51 ′ 15 '' N 93 ° 14 ′ 32 '' W / 44.85417 ° N 93.24222 ° W / 44.85417 ; - 93.24222 Owned by METRO Line ( s ) METRO Blue Line METRO Red Line Platforms Island platform Connections Metro Transit routes 5 , 54 , 415 , 515 , 538 , 539 , 540 , and 542 MVTA routes 444 and 495 Construction Disabled access Yes History Opened December 4 , 2004 ( Blue Line ) June 22 , 2013 ( Red Line ) Services Preceding station Metro Following station 28th Avenue toward Target Field Blue Line Terminus Terminus Red Line 28th Avenue toward Lakeville Cedar The Mall of America station is the busiest transit hub / station in Minnesota , with bus and light rail service linking the Mall of America to many destinations in the Minneapolis -- St. Paul metro . Public transit service is provided by Metro Transit and Minnesota Valley Transit Authority . The station is served by METRO Blue Line and Red Line . Many area hotels and Mystic Lake Casino offer free shuttles to their establishments . A $25 million upgrade to the station is proposed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location and design 2 METRO service 3 Commuter traffic 4 Proposed upgrade 5 References Location and design ( edit ) The transit station for local bus / rail service is in the lower level of the eastern parking ramp . The station was built in the early 1990s . It has a utilitarian design with basic finishes . Met Council member Steve Elkins said in a council meeting , `` It 's just dark and dank , and not really safe or inviting . '' METRO service ( edit ) The station is served by METRO Blue Line and Red Line . The mall is the nineteenth and final stop on the Blue Line and is the northern terminus of the Red Line . METRO Blue Line light rail connects the mall to the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul International Airport and downtown Minneapolis and terminates at Target Field , home of the Minnesota Twins . METRO Red Line connects the mall to Eagan and Apple Valley . Commuter traffic ( edit ) The mall is not a park and ride facility . Overnight parking is banned to prevent passengers from parking to take the train to the airport . Commuters are required to use the nearby 28th Avenue Station 's parking ramp . Proposed upgrade ( edit ) The Mall of America Transit Station is undergoing a study to increase efficiency and capacities , and to provide a better experience for its users . A Minnesota Senate publication during the 2015 - 2016 legislative session called the station functionally obsolete . The improvements will enable buses to enter the station more easily . Prior to the renovation , the station has no external signage or identity . Renderings published by the Minnesota Senate show an external presence outside the parking lot . The proposed station would improve station amenities , its aesthetic appeal , and the visitor experience . The upgrade also would provide clear and convenient pedestrian access . Estimates for the upgrade are approximately $25 million . There is $8.77 million shortfall in the funding for the project . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mall of America Transit Station '' ( PDF ) . Senate.MN . Minnesota Senate . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Janet ( 28 November 2015 ) . `` Plans to upgrade MOA transit station fall short financially '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Mark ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` Who 'll pay for Mall of America transit upgrade ? Not MOA '' . Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Van Berkel , Jessie ( 20 June 2015 ) . `` Short - and long - term changes planned for Red Line BRT '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall_of_America_(Metro_Transit_station)&oldid=813594517 '' Categories : Bus stations in Minnesota Public transportation in Minnesota Metro Blue Line ( Minnesota ) stations in Hennepin County , Minnesota Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 06 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the train station at mall of america | [
"The transit station for local bus/rail service is in the lower level of the eastern parking ramp. The station was built in the early 1990s.[2]"
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"the lower level of the eastern parking ramp"
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6697698432224084069 | Christmas tree | Christmas tree - Wikipedia Christmas tree Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Christmas tree ( disambiguation ) . Glade jul by Viggo Johansen ( 1891 ) A young woman decorates the Christmas tree , painting by Marcel Rieder ( 1862 -- 1942 ) from 1898 Christmas tree in Bethlehem , behind it Church of the Nativity , 2014 A Christmas tree is a decorated tree , usually an evergreen conifer such as spruce , pine , or fir or an artificial tree of similar appearance , associated with the celebration of Christmas . The modern Christmas tree was developed in medieval Livonia ( present - day Estonia and Latvia ) and early modern Germany , where Protestant Germans brought decorated trees into their homes . It acquired popularity beyond the Lutheran areas of Germany and the Baltic countries during the second half of the 19th century , at first among the upper classes . The tree was traditionally decorated with `` roses made of colored paper , apples , wafers , tinsel , ( and ) sweetmeats '' . In the 18th century , it began to be illuminated by candles , which were ultimately replaced by Christmas lights after the advent of electrification . Today , there is a wide variety of traditional ornaments , such as garlands , baubles , tinsel , and candy canes . An angel or star might be placed at the top of the tree to represent the Angel Gabriel or the Star of Bethlehem from the Nativity . Edible items such as gingerbread , chocolate and other sweets are also popular and are tied to or hung from the tree 's branches with ribbons . In the Western Christian tradition , Christmas trees are variously erected on days such as the first day of Advent or even as late as Christmas Eve depending on the country ; customs of the same faith hold that the two traditional days when Christmas decorations , such as the Christmas tree , are removed are Twelfth Night and , if they are not taken down on that day , Candlemas , the latter of which ends the Christmas - Epiphany season in some denominations . The Christmas tree is sometimes compared with the `` Yule - tree '' , especially in discussions of its folkloric origins . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Possible predecessors 1.1. 1 Georgia 1.1. 2 Poland 1.1. 3 Estonia , Latvia and Germany 1.2 18th to early 20th centuries 1.2. 1 Germany 1.2. 2 Adoption by European nobility 1.2. 3 Britain 1.2. 4 North America 1.3 1935 to present 1.3. 1 Public Christmas trees 1.3. 2 Chrismon trees 2 Customs and traditions 2.1 Setting up and taking down 2.2 Decoration 3 Production 3.1 Natural trees 3.2 Artificial trees 4 Environmental issues 5 Religious issues 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Possible predecessors ( edit ) From Northern Antiquities , an English translation of the Prose Edda from 1847 . Painted by Oluf Olufsen Bagge . The relevance of ancient pre-Christian customs to the 16th - century German initiation of the Christmas tree custom is disputed . Resistance to the custom was often because of its supposed Lutheran origins . Other sources have offered a connection between the first documented Christmas trees in Alsace around 1600 and pre-Christian traditions . For example , according to the Encyclopædia Britannica , `` The use of evergreen trees , wreaths , and garlands to symbolize eternal life was a custom of the ancient Egyptians , Chinese , and Hebrews . Tree worship was common among the pagan Europeans and survived their conversion to Christianity in the Scandinavian customs of decorating the house and barn with evergreens at the New Year to scare away the devil and of setting up a tree for the birds during Christmas time . '' During the Roman mid-winter festival of Saturnalia , houses were decorated with wreaths of evergreen plants , along with other antecedent customs now associated with Christmas . The modern Christmas tree is frequently traced to the symbolism of trees in pre-Christian winter rites , wherein Viking and Saxon worshiped trees . The story of Saint Boniface cutting down Donar 's Oak illustrates the pagan practices in 8th century among the Germans . A later folk version of the story adds the detail that an evergreen tree grew in place of the felled oak , telling them about how its triangular shape reminds humanity of the Trinity and how it points to heaven . Alternatively , it is identified with the `` tree of paradise '' of medieval mystery plays that were given on 24 December , the commemoration and name day of Adam and Eve in various countries . In such plays , a tree decorated with apples ( to represent the forbidden fruit ) and wafers ( to represent the Eucharist and redemption ) was used as a setting for the play . Like the Christmas crib , the Paradise tree was later placed in homes . The apples were replaced by round objects such as shiny red balls . At the end of the Middle Ages , an early predecessor appears referred in the Regiment of the Order of Cister around 1400 , in Alcobaça , Portugal . The Regiment of the local high - Sacristans of the Cistercian Order refers to what may be considered one of the oldest references to the Christmas tree : `` Note on how to put the Christmas branch , scilicet : On the Christmas eve , you will look for a large Branch of green laurel , and you shall reap many red oranges , and place them on the branches that come of the laurel , specifically as you have seen , and in every orange you shall put a candle , and hang the Branch by a rope in the pole , which shall be by the candle of the altar - mor . '' Modern Christmas trees originated during the Renaissance of early modern Germany . Its 16th - century origins are sometimes associated with Protestant Christian reformer Martin Luther , who is said to have first added lighted candles to an evergreen tree . The first recorded Christmas tree can be found on the keystone sculpture of a private home in Turckheim , Alsace ( then part of Germany , today France ) , dating 1576 . Georgia ( edit ) Chichilaki , a Georgian Christmas tree variety Georgians have their own traditional Christmas tree called Chichilaki , made from dried up hazelnut or walnut branches that are shaped to form a small coniferous tree . These pale - colored ornaments differ in height from 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) to 3 meters ( 9.8 feet ) . Chichilakis are most common in the Guria and Samegrelo regions of Georgia near the Black Sea , but they can also be found in some stores around the capital of Tbilisi . Georgians believe that Chichilaki resembles the famous beard of St. Basil the Great , because Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates St. Basil on January 1 . Poland ( edit ) There was an old pagan custom , associated with Koliada , of suspending a branch of fir , spruce or pine called Podłaźniczka from the ceiling . The branches were decorated with apples , nuts , cookies , colored paper , stars made of straw , ribbons and colored wafers . Some people believed that the tree had magical powers that were linked with harvesting and success in the next year . In the late 18th and early 19th century , these traditions were almost completely replaced by the German custom of decorating the Christmas tree . Estonia , Latvia and Germany ( edit ) Girl with Christmas tree , painting 1892 by Franz Skarbina ( 1849 -- 1910 ) Customs of erecting decorated trees in wintertime can be traced to Christmas celebrations in Renaissance - era guilds in Northern Germany and Livonia . The first evidence of decorated trees associated with Christmas Day are trees in guildhalls decorated with sweets to be enjoyed by the apprentices and children . In Livonia ( present - day Estonia and Latvia ) , in 1441 , 1442 , 1510 and 1514 , the Brotherhood of Blackheads erected a tree for the holidays in their guild houses in Reval ( now Tallinn ) and Riga . On the last night of the celebrations leading up to the holidays , the tree was taken to the Town Hall Square , where the members of the brotherhood danced around it . A Bremen guild chronicle of 1570 reports that a small tree decorated with `` apples , nuts , dates , pretzels and paper flowers '' was erected in the guild - house for the benefit of the guild members ' children , who collected the dainties on Christmas Day . In 1584 , the pastor and chronicler Balthasar Russow in his Chronica der Provinz Lyfflandt ( 1584 ) wrote of an established tradition of setting up a decorated spruce at the market square , where the young men `` went with a flock of maidens and women , first sang and danced there and then set the tree aflame '' . After the Protestant Reformation , such trees are seen in the houses of upper - class Protestant families as a counterpart to the Catholic Christmas cribs . This transition from the guild hall to the bourgeois family homes in the Protestant parts of Germany ultimately gives rise to the modern tradition as it developed in the 18th and 19th centuries . 18th to early 20th centuries ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) A little Christmas tree on the table , painting by Ludwig Blume - Siebert in 1888 By the early 18th century , the custom had become common in towns of the upper Rhineland , but it had not yet spread to rural areas . Wax candles , expensive items at the time , are found in attestations from the late 18th century . Along the lower Rhine , an area of Roman Catholic majority , the Christmas tree was largely regarded as a Protestant custom . As a result , it remained confined to the upper Rhineland for a relatively long period of time . The custom did eventually gain wider acceptance beginning around 1815 by way of Prussian officials who emigrated there following the Congress of Vienna . In the 19th century , the Christmas tree was taken to be an expression of German culture and of Gemütlichkeit , especially among emigrants overseas . A decisive factor in winning general popularity was the German army 's decision to place Christmas trees in its barracks and military hospitals during the Franco - Prussian War . Only at the start of the 20th century did Christmas trees appear inside churches , this time in a new brightly lit form . Adoption by European nobility ( edit ) Christmas tree painting 1877 by H.J. Overbeek In the early 19th century , the custom became popular among the nobility and spread to royal courts as far as Russia . Princess Henrietta of Nassau - Weilburg introduced the Christmas tree to Vienna in 1816 , and the custom spread across Austria in the following years . In France , the first Christmas tree was introduced in 1840 by the duchesse d'Orléans . In Denmark a Danish newspaper claims that the first attested Christmas tree was lit in 1808 by countess Wilhemine of Holsteinborg . It was the aging countess who told the story of the first Danish Christmas tree to the Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen in 1865 . He had published a fairy - tale called The Fir - Tree in 1844 , recounting the fate of a fir - tree being used as a Christmas tree . Britain ( edit ) An engraving published in the 1840s of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert created a craze for Christmas trees . The Christmas Tree 1911 by Albert Chevallier Tayler Although the tradition of decorating the home with evergreens was long established , the custom of decorating an entire small tree was unknown in Britain until some two centuries ago . At the time of the personal union with Hanover , George III 's German - born wife , Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz , introduced a Christmas tree at a party she gave for children in 1800 . The custom did not at first spread much beyond the royal family . Queen Victoria as a child was familiar with it and a tree was placed in her room every Christmas . In her journal for Christmas Eve 1832 , the delighted 13 - year - old princess wrote : After dinner ... we then went into the drawing - room near the dining - room ... There were two large round tables on which were placed two trees hung with lights and sugar ornaments . All the presents being placed round the trees ... After Victoria 's marriage to her German cousin Prince Albert , by 1841 the custom became even more widespread as wealthier middle - class families followed the fashion . In 1842 a newspaper advert for Christmas trees makes clear their smart cachet , German origins and association with children and gift - giving . An illustrated book , The Christmas Tree , describing their use and origins in detail , was on sale in December 1844 . On 2 January 1846 Elizabeth Fielding ( née Fox Strangways ) wrote from Laycock Abbey to William Henry Fox - Talbot : `` Constance is extremely busy preparing the Bohemian Xmas Tree . It is made from Caroline 's description of those she saw in Germany '' . In 1847 Prince Albert wrote : `` I must now seek in the children an echo of what Ernest ( his brother ) and I were in the old time , of what we felt and thought ; and their delight in the Christmas - trees is not less than ours used to be '' . A boost to the trend was given in 1848 when The Illustrated London News , in a report picked up by other papers , described the trees in Windsor Castle in detail and showed the main tree , surrounded by the royal family , on its cover . In fewer than ten years their use in better - off homes was widespread . By 1856 a northern provincial newspaper contained an advert alluding casually to them , as well as reporting the accidental death of a woman whose dress caught fire as she lit the tapers on a Christmas tree . They had not yet spread down the social scale though , as a report from Berlin in 1858 contrasts the situation there where `` Every family has its own '' with that of Britain , where Christmas trees were still the preserve of the wealthy or the `` romantic '' . Their use at public entertainments , charity bazaars and in hospitals made them increasingly familiar however , and in 1906 a charity was set up specifically to ensure even poor children in London slums ' who had never seen a Christmas tree ' would enjoy one that year . Anti-German sentiment after World War I briefly reduced their popularity but the effect was short - lived and by the mid-1920s the use of Christmas trees had spread to all classes . In 1933 a restriction on the importation of foreign trees led to the `` rapid growth of a new industry '' as the growing of Christmas trees within Britain became commercially viable due to the size of demand . By 2013 the number of trees grown in Britain for the Christmas market was approximately 8 million and their display in homes , shops and public spaces a normal part of the Christmas season . North America ( edit ) First published image of a Christmas tree , frontispiece to Hermann Bokum 's 1836 The Stranger 's Gift The Queen 's Christmas tree at Windsor Castle published in The Illustrated London News , 1848 The tradition was introduced to North America in the winter of 1781 by Hessian soldiers stationed in the Province of Québec ( 1763 -- 1791 ) to garrison the colony against American attack . General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel and his wife , the Baroness von Riedesel , held a Christmas party for the officers at Sorel , delighting their guests with a fir tree decorated with candles and fruits . The Christmas tree became very common in the United States in the early nineteenth century . The first image of a Christmas tree was published in 1836 as the frontispiece to The Stranger 's Gift by Hermann Bokum . The first mention of the Christmas tree in American literature was in a story in the 1836 edition of The Token and Atlantic Souvenir , titled `` New Year 's Day , '' by Catherine Maria Sedgwick , where she tells the story of a German maid decorating her mistress 's tree . Also , a woodcut of the British Royal family with their Christmas tree at Windsor Castle , initially published in The Illustrated London News December 1848 , was copied in the United States at Christmas 1850 , in Godey 's Lady 's Book . Godey 's copied it exactly , except for the removal of the Queen 's tiara and Prince Albert 's moustache , to remake the engraving into an American scene . The republished Godey 's image became the first widely circulated picture of a decorated evergreen Christmas tree in America . Art historian Karal Ann Marling called Prince Albert and Queen Victoria , shorn of their royal trappings , `` the first influential American Christmas tree '' . Folk - culture historian Alfred Lewis Shoemaker states , `` In all of America there was no more important medium in spreading the Christmas tree in the decade 1850 -- 60 than Godey 's Lady 's Book '' . The image was reprinted in 1860 , and by the 1870s , putting up a Christmas tree had become even more common in America . Several cities in the United States with German connections lay claim to that country 's first Christmas tree : Windsor Locks , Connecticut , claims that a Hessian soldier put up a Christmas tree in 1777 while imprisoned at the Noden - Reed House , while the `` First Christmas Tree in America '' is also claimed by Easton , Pennsylvania , where German settlers purportedly erected a Christmas tree in 1816 . In his diary , Matthew Zahm of Lancaster , Pennsylvania , recorded the use of a Christmas tree in 1821 , leading Lancaster to also lay claim to the first Christmas tree in America . Other accounts credit Charles Follen , a German immigrant to Boston , for being the first to introduce to America the custom of decorating a Christmas tree . August Imgard , a German immigrant living in Wooster , Ohio , is said to be the first to popularize the practice of decorating a tree with candy canes . In 1847 , Imgard cut a blue spruce tree from a woods outside town , had the Wooster village tinsmith construct a star , and placed the tree in his house , decorating it with paper ornaments , gilded nuts and Kuchen . German immigrant Charles Minnegerode accepted a position as a professor of humanities at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg , Virginia , in 1842 , where he taught Latin and Greek . Entering into the social life of the Virginia Tidewater , Minnigerode introduced the German custom of decorating an evergreen tree at Christmas at the home of law professor St. George Tucker , thereby becoming another of many influences that prompted Americans to adopt the practice at about that time . An 1853 article on Christmas customs in Pennsylvania defines them as mostly `` German in origin '' , including the Christmas tree , which is `` planted in a flower pot filled with earth , and its branches are covered with presents , chiefly of confectionary , for the younger members of the family . '' The article distinguishes between customs in different states however , claiming that in New England generally `` Christmas is not much celebrated '' , whereas in Pennsylvania and New York it is . When Edward H. Johnson was vice president of the Edison Electric Light Company , a predecessor of Con Edison , he created the first known electrically illuminated Christmas tree at his home in New York City in 1882 . Johnson became the `` Father of Electric Christmas Tree Lights '' . The lyrics sung in the United States to the German tune O Tannenbaum begin `` O Christmas tree ... '' , giving rise to the mistaken idea that the German word Tannenbaum ( fir tree ) means `` Christmas tree '' , the German word for which is instead Weihnachtsbaum . 18th to early 20th century representations The Christmas tree by Winslow Homer , 1858 Christmas in the Netherlands , c. 1899 Illustration for Harper 's Bazaar , published 1 January 1870 . Christmas tree depicted as Christmas card by Prang & Co . ( Boston ) 1880 Vera Komissarzhevskaya as Nora in Ibsen 's A Doll 's House ( c. 1904 ) . Photo by Elena Mrozovskaya An Italian American family on Christmas , 1924 1935 to present ( edit ) A Christmas tree from 1951 , in a home in New York state In Russia , the Christmas tree was banned after the October Revolution but then reinstated as a New - year spruce ( Новогодняя ёлка , Novogodnyaya yolka ) in 1935 . It became a fully secular icon of the New Year holiday , for example , the crowning star was regarded not as a symbol of Bethlehem Star , but as the Red star . Decorations , such as figurines of airplanes , bicycles , space rockets , cosmonauts , and characters of Russian fairy tales , were produced . This tradition persists after the fall of the USSR , with the New Year holiday outweighing the Christmas ( 7 January ) for a wide majority of Russian people . The TV special A Charlie Brown Christmas ( 1965 ) was influential on the pop culture surrounding the Christmas tree . Aluminum Christmas trees were popular during the early 1960s in the US . They were satirized in the Charlie Brown show and came to be seen as symbolizing the commercialization of Christmas . The term Charlie Brown Christmas tree , describing any poor - looking or malformed little tree , also derives from the 1965 TV special , based on the appearance of Charlie Brown 's Christmas tree . 1935 to present Christmas tree with presents Christmas Tree in the cozy room at the Wisconsin Governor 's mansion . Christmas tea with Christmas Tree at an espresso shop in Eugene , Oregon A Soviet - era ( 1960s ) New Year tree decoration depicting a cosmonaut Christmas Trees in church An aluminum Christmas tree Public Christmas trees ( edit ) An early example of a public Christmas celebration tree for the unemployed in Prague Since the early 20th century , it has become common in many cities , towns , and department stores to put up public Christmas trees outdoors , such as the Macy 's Great Tree in Atlanta ( since 1948 ) , the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree in New York City , and the large Christmas tree at Victoria Square in Adelaide . The use of fire retardant allows many indoor public areas to place real trees and be compliant with code . Licensed applicants of fire retardant solution spray the tree , tag the tree , and provide a certificate for inspection . Real trees are popular with high end visual merchandising displays around the world . Leading global retailers such as Apple often place real trees in their window displays . In 2009 , Apple placed two Fraser fir trees in every one of its retail establishments . The United States ' National Christmas Tree has been lit each year since 1923 on the South Lawn of the White House . Today , the lighting of the National Christmas Tree is part of what has become a major holiday event at the White House . President Jimmy Carter lit only the crowning star atop the tree in 1979 in honor of the Americans being held hostage in Iran . The same was true in 1980 , except that the tree was fully lit for 417 seconds , one second for each day the hostages had been in captivity . During most of the 1970s and 1980s , the largest decorated Christmas tree in the world was put up every year on the property of the National Enquirer in Lantana , Florida . This tradition grew into one of the most spectacular and celebrated events in the history of southern Florida , but was discontinued on the death of the paper 's founder in the late 1980s . In some cities , a charity event called the Festival of Trees is organized , in which multiple trees are decorated and displayed . The giving of Christmas trees has also often been associated with the end of hostilities . After the signing of the Armistice in 1918 the city of Manchester sent a tree , and £ 500 to buy chocolate and cakes , for the children of the much - bombarded town of Lille in northern France . In some cases the trees represent special commemorative gifts , such as in Trafalgar Square in London , where the City of Oslo , Norway presents a tree to the people of London as a token of appreciation for the British support of Norwegian resistance during the Second World War ; in Boston , where the tree is a gift from the province of Nova Scotia , in thanks for rapid deployment of supplies and rescuers to the 1917 ammunition ship explosion that leveled the city of Halifax ; and in Newcastle upon Tyne , where the main civic Christmas tree is an annual gift from the city of Bergen , in thanks for the part played by soldiers from Newcastle in liberating Bergen from Nazi occupation . Norway also annually gifts a Christmas tree to Washington , D.C. as a symbol of friendship between Norway and the US and as an expression of gratitude from Norway for the help received from the US during World War II . Public Christmas trees Christmas tree in Milan , Italy , 2008 Christmas tree in Vatican City , 2007 Christmas tree in Salerno old town , Italy , 2008 . Trafalgar Square Christmas tree Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Christmas tree on the Römerberg in Frankfurt ( 2008 ) in Lisbon ( 2005 ) , at 75 metres ( 246 feet ) the tallest Christmas tree in Europe . Boston 's Christmas Tree . An Árbol navideño luminoso in Madrid ( 2011 ) Christmas tree in Warsaw Christmas tree in South Coast Plaza , California Christmas tree in Stockholm at NK shopping mall Christmas trees in Ocean Terminal , Harbour City , Hong Kong Chrismon trees ( edit ) A Chrismon tree in the nave of St. Alban 's Anglican Cathedral in Oviedo , Florida A `` Chrismon tree '' is a Christmas tree decorated with explicitly Christian symbols in white and gold . First introduced by North American Lutherans in 1957 , the practice has rapidly spread to other Christian denominations , including Anglicans , Catholics , Methodists , and the Reformed . `` Chrismon '' ( plural `` Chrismons '' ) was adopted for the type of Christmas decoration and explained as a portmanteau of `` Christ - monogram '' ( a Christogram ) . Customs and traditions ( edit ) Setting up and taking down ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A candle on a Christmas tree Both setting up and taking down a Christmas tree are associated with specific dates . Traditionally , Christmas trees were not brought in and decorated until Christmas Eve ( 24 December ) or , in the traditions celebrating Christmas Eve rather than the first day of Christmas , 23 December , and then removed the day after Twelfth Night ( 5 January ) ; to have a tree up before or after these dates was even considered bad luck , and that to avoid bad luck from affecting the house 's residents , the tree must be left up until after the following Twelfth Night passes . In many areas , it has become customary to set up one 's Christmas tree at the beginning of the Advent season . Some families in the U.S. and Canada will put up a Christmas tree a week prior to American Thanksgiving ( the fourth Thursday of November ) , and Christmas decorations can show up even earlier in retail stores , often the day after Halloween ( 31 October ) . In Canada many families wait until after Remembrance Day , as to show respect to fallen soldiers . Some households do not put up the tree until the second week of December , and leave it up until 6 January ( Epiphany ) . In Germany , traditionally the tree is put up on 24 December and taken down on 7 January , though many start one or two weeks earlier , and in Roman Catholic homes the tree may be kept until February 2 ( Candlemas ) . In Italy , Ireland and Argentina , along with many countries in Latin America , the Christmas tree is put up on 8 December ( Immaculate Conception day ) and left up until 6 January . In Australia , the Christmas tree is usually put up on 1 December , which occurs about a 2 weeks before the school summer holidays ( except for South Australia , where most people put up their tree after in late November following the completion of the Adelaide Christmas Pageant , a time frame that has started to filter into other states as the official time Christmas decorations and in store Santa Claus start to appear ) and is left up until it is taken down . Some traditions suggest that Christmas trees may be kept up until no later than 2 February , the feast of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) , when the Christmas season effectively closes . Superstitions say that it is a bad sign if Christmas greenery is not removed by Candlemas Eve . Decoration ( edit ) Main article : Christmas ornament This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) White House Christmas tree Christmas ornaments at the Christmas market , Strasbourg Christmas ornaments are decorations ( usually made of glass , metal , wood , or ceramics ) that are used to decorate a Christmas tree . The first decorated trees were adorned with apples , white candy canes and pastries in the shapes of stars , hearts and flowers . Glass baubles were first made in Lauscha , Germany , and also garlands of glass beads and tin figures that could be hung on trees . The popularity of these decorations grew into the production of glass figures made by highly skilled artisans with clay molds . Tinsel and several types of garland or ribbon are commonly used to decorate a Christmas tree . Silvered saran - based tinsel was introduced later . Delicate mold - blown and painted colored glass Christmas ornaments were a specialty of the glass factories in the Thuringian Forest , especially in Lauscha in the late 19th century , and have since become a large industry , complete with famous - name designers . Baubles are another common decoration , consisting of small hollow glass or plastic spheres coated with a thin metallic layer to make them reflective , with a further coating of a thin pigmented polymer in order to provide coloration . Lighting with electric lights ( Christmas lights or , in the United Kingdom , fairy lights ) is commonly done . A tree - topper , sometimes an angel but more frequently a star , completes the decoration . In the late 1800s , home - made white Christmas trees were made by wrapping strips of cotton batting around leafless branches creating the appearance of a snow - laden tree . In the 1940s and 1950s , popularized by Hollywood films in the late 1930s , flocking was very popular on the West Coast of the United States . There were home flocking kits that could be used with vacuum cleaners . In the 1980s some trees were sprayed with fluffy white flocking to simulate snow . Decorations A transparent Christmas bauble A golden bauble decorating a Christmas tree Christmas baubles A snowman - shaped decoration painted as a baseball A toy bear Christmas decoration . Fabergé egg as a Christmas decoration . Christmas decorations Red ornamented Christmas bauble Christmas baubles Production ( edit ) See also : Christmas tree production Undecorated Christmas trees for sale Each year , 33 to 36 million Christmas trees are produced in America , and 50 to 60 million are produced in Europe . In 1998 , there were about 15,000 growers in America ( a third of them `` choose and cut '' farms ) . In that same year , it was estimated that Americans spent $1.5 billion on Christmas trees . By 2016 that had climbed to $2.04 billion for natural trees and a further $1.86 billion for artificial trees . In Europe , 75 million trees worth € 2.4 billion ( $3.2 billion ) are harvested annually . Father and son with their dog collecting a tree in the forest , painting by Franz Krüger ( 1797 -- 1857 ) Trees on sale at a Christmas market in Vienna , painting by Carl Wenzel Zajicek ( 1908 ) A grower in Waterloo , Nova Scotia , prunes balsam fir trees in October . The tree must experience three frosts to stabilize the needles before cutting . Natural trees ( edit ) See also : Christmas tree cultivation The most commonly used species are fir ( Abies ) , which have the benefit of not shedding their needles when they dry out , as well as retaining good foliage color and scent ; but species in other genera are also used . In northern Europe most commonly used are : Norway spruce Picea abies ( the original tree , generally the cheapest ) Silver fir Abies alba Nordmann fir Abies nordmanniana Noble fir Abies procera Serbian spruce Picea omorika Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Stone pine Pinus pinea ( as small table - top trees ) Swiss pine Pinus cembra In North America , Central America and South America most commonly used are : Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii Balsam fir Abies balsamea Fraser Fir Abies fraseri Grand fir Abies grandis Guatemalan fir Abies guatemalensis Noble fir Abies procera Red fir Abies magnifica White fir Abies concolor Pinyon pine Pinus edulis Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Stone pine Pinus pinea ( as small table - top trees ) Norfolk Island pine Araucaria heterophylla Several other species are used to a lesser extent . Less - traditional conifers are sometimes used , such as giant sequoia , Leyland cypress , Monterey cypress and eastern juniper . Various types of spruce tree are also used for Christmas trees ( including the blue spruce and , less commonly , the white spruce ) ; but spruces begin to lose their needles rapidly upon being cut , and spruce needles are often sharp , making decorating uncomfortable . Virginia pine is still available on some tree farms in the southeastern United States ; however , its winter color is faded . The long - needled eastern white pine is also used there , though it is an unpopular Christmas tree in most parts of the country , owing also to its faded winter coloration and limp branches , making decorating difficult with all but the lightest ornaments . Norfolk Island pine is sometimes used , particularly in Oceania , and in Australia , some species of the genera Casuarina and Allocasuarina are also occasionally used as Christmas trees . But , by far , the most common tree is the Monterey pine . Adenanthos sericeus or Albany woolly bush is commonly sold in southern Australia as a potted living Christmas tree . Hemlock species are generally considered unsuitable as Christmas trees due to their poor needle retention and inability to support the weight of lights and ornaments . Some trees , frequently referred to as `` living Christmas trees '' , are sold live with roots and soil , often from a plant nursery , to be stored at nurseries in planters or planted later outdoors and enjoyed ( and often decorated ) for years or decades . Others are produced in a container and sometimes as topiary for a porch or patio . However , when done improperly , the combination of root loss caused by digging , and the indoor environment of high temperature and low humidity is very detrimental to the tree 's health ; additionally , the warmth of an indoor climate will bring the tree out of its natural winter dormancy , leaving it little protection when put back outside into a cold outdoor climate . Often Christmas trees are a large attraction for living animals , including mice and spiders . Thus , the survival rate of these trees is low . However , when done properly , replanting provides higher survival rates . European tradition prefers the open aspect of naturally grown , unsheared trees , while in North America ( outside western areas where trees are often wild - harvested on public lands ) there is a preference for close - sheared trees with denser foliage , but less space to hang decorations . In the past , Christmas trees were often harvested from wild forests , but now almost all are commercially grown on tree farms . Almost all Christmas trees in the United States are grown on Christmas tree farms where they are cut after about ten years of growth and new trees planted . According to the United States Department of Agriculture 's agriculture census for 2007 , 21,537 farms were producing conifers for the cut Christmas tree market in America , 5,717.09 square kilometres ( 1,412,724 acres ) were planted in Christmas trees . A Christmas tree farm near New Germany , Nova Scotia , Canada . The life cycle of a Christmas tree from the seed to a 2 - metre ( 7 ft ) tree takes , depending on species and treatment in cultivation , between 8 and 12 years . First , the seed is extracted from cones harvested from older trees . These seeds are then usually grown in nurseries and then sold to Christmas tree farms at an age of 3 -- 4 years . The remaining development of the tree greatly depends on the climate , soil quality , as well as the cultivation and how the trees are tended by the Christmas tree farmer . Artificial trees ( edit ) Main article : Artificial Christmas tree An artificial Christmas tree A lighted artificial Christmas tree with ornaments The first artificial Christmas trees were developed in Germany during the 19th century , though earlier examples exist . These `` trees '' were made using goose feathers that were dyed green. , as one response by Germans to continued deforestation . Feather Christmas trees ranged widely in size , from a small 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) tree to a large 98 - inch ( 2,500 mm ) tree sold in department stores during the 1920s . Often , the tree branches were tipped with artificial red berries which acted as candle holders . Over the years , other styles of artificial Christmas trees have evolved and become popular . In 1930 , the U.S. - based Addis Brush Company created the first artificial Christmas tree made from brush bristles . Another type of artificial tree is the aluminum Christmas tree , first manufactured in Chicago in 1958 , and later in Manitowoc , Wisconsin , where the majority of the trees were produced . Most modern artificial Christmas trees are made from plastic recycled from used packaging materials , such as polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) . Approximately 10 % of artificial Christmas trees are using virgin suspension PVC resin ; despite being plastic most artificial trees are not recyclable or biodegradable . Other trends have developed in the early 2000s as well . Optical fiber Christmas trees come in two major varieties ; one resembles a traditional Christmas tree . One Dallas - based company offers `` holographic mylar '' trees in many hues . Tree - shaped objects made from such materials as cardboard , glass , ceramic or other materials can be found in use as tabletop decorations . Upside - down artificial Christmas trees became popular for a short time and were originally introduced as a marketing gimmick ; they allowed consumers to get closer to ornaments for sale in retail stores and opened up floor space for more products . Artificial trees became increasingly popular during the late 20th century . Users of artificial Christmas trees assert that they are more convenient , and , because they are reusable , much cheaper than their natural alternative . They are also considered much safer as natural trees can be a significant fire hazard . Between 2001 and 2007 artificial Christmas tree sales in the U.S. jumped from 7.3 million to 17.4 million . Currently it is estimated that around 58 % of Christmas trees used in the United States are artificial while numbers in the United Kingdom are indicated to be around 66 % . Artificial trees A tree with fibre optic lights Christmas tree and presents Athens , Greece White Christmas tree Spanish artificial Christmas tree A chrismon tree ( St. Alban 's Anglican Cathedral , Oviedo , Florida ) An artificial Aluminum Christmas tree Artificial tree Environmental issues ( edit ) Poinsettia flowers arranged into the conical shape of a `` Christmas tree '' , topped with a `` Star of Bethlehem '' , in San Diego ( 2005 ) The debate about the environmental impact of artificial trees is ongoing . Generally , natural tree growers contend that artificial trees are more environmentally harmful than their natural counterparts . However , trade groups such as the American Christmas Tree Association , continue to refute that artificial trees are more harmful to the environment , and maintain that the PVC used in Christmas trees has excellent recyclable properties . Christmas tree recycling point ( point recyclage de sapins ) in Paris , 22 January 2010 Live trees are typically grown as a crop and replanted in rotation after cutting , often providing suitable habitat for wildlife . Alternately , live trees can be donated to livestock farmers of such animals like goats who find that such trees uncontaminated by chemical additives are excellent fodder . In some cases management of Christmas tree crops can result in poor habitat since it sometimes involves heavy input of pesticides . Concerns have been raised about people cutting down old and rare conifers , such as the Keteleeria evelyniana and Abies fraseri , for Christmas trees . Discarded trees curbside in North Hollywood , Los Angeles Real or cut trees are used only for a short time , but can be recycled and used as mulch , wildlife habitat , or used to prevent erosion . Real trees are carbon - neutral , they emit no more carbon dioxide by being cut down and disposed of than they absorb while growing . However , emissions can occur from farming activities and transportation . An independent life - cycle assessment study , conducted by a firm of experts in sustainable development , states that a natural tree will generate 3.1 kg ( 6.8 lb ) of greenhouse gases every year ( based on purchasing 5 km ( 3.1 miles ) from home ) whereas the artificial tree will produce 48.3 kg ( 106 lb ) over its lifetime . Some people use living Christmas or potted trees for several seasons , providing a longer life cycle for each tree . Living Christmas trees can be purchased or rented from local market growers . Rentals are picked up after the holidays , while purchased trees can be planted by the owner after use or donated to local tree adoption or urban reforestation services . Most artificial trees are made of recycled PVC rigid sheets using tin stabilizer in the recent years . In the past , lead was often used as a stabilizer in PVC , but is now banned by Chinese laws . The use of lead stabilizer in Chinese imported trees has been an issue of concern among politicians and scientists over recent years . A 2004 study found that while in general artificial trees pose little health risk from lead contamination , there do exist `` worst - case scenarios '' where major health risks to young children exist . A 2008 United States Environmental Protection Agency report found that as the PVC in artificial Christmas trees aged it began to degrade . The report determined that of the 50 million artificial trees in the United States approximately 20 million were 9 or more years old , the point where dangerous lead contamination levels are reached . A professional study on the life - cycle assessment of both real and artificial Christmas trees revealed that one must use an artificial Christmas tree at least 20 years to leave an environmental footprint as small as the natural Christmas tree . Religious issues ( edit ) A 1931 edition of the Soviet magazine Bezbozhnik , distributed by the League of Militant Atheists , depicting an Orthodox Christian priest being forbidden to cut down a tree for Christmas The Christmas tree was first used by German Lutherans in the 16th century , with records indicating that a Christmas tree was placed in the Cathedral of Strassburg in 1539 , under the leadership of the Protestant Reformer , Martin Bucer . In the United States , these `` German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them ; the Moravians put lighted candles on those trees . '' When decorating the Christmas tree , many individuals place a star at the top of the tree symbolizing the Star of Bethlehem , a fact recorded by The School Journal in 1897 . Professor David Albert Jones of Oxford University writes that in the 19th century , it became popular for people to also use an angel to top the Christmas tree in order to symbolize the angels mentioned in the accounts of the Nativity of Jesus . Under the Marxist - Leninist doctrine of state atheism in the Soviet Union , after its foundation in 1917 , Christmas celebrations -- along with other religious holidays -- were prohibited as a result of the Soviet anti-religious campaign . The League of Militant Atheists encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions , among them being the Christmas tree , as well as other Christian holidays , including Easter ; the League established an anti-religious holiday to be the 31st of each month as a replacement . With the Christmas tree being prohibited in accordance with Soviet anti-religious legislation , people supplanted the former Christmas custom with New Year 's trees . In 1935 the tree was brought back as New Year tree and became a secular , not a religious holiday . Pope John Paul II introduced the Christmas tree custom to the Vatican in 1982 . Although at first disapproved of by some as out of place at the centre of the Roman Catholic Church , the Vatican Christmas Tree has become an integral part of the Vatican Christmas celebrations , and in 2005 Pope Benedict XVI spoke of it as part of the normal Christmas decorations in Catholic homes . In 2004 , Pope John Paul called the Christmas tree a symbol of Christ . This very ancient custom , he said , exalts the value of life , as in winter what is evergreen becomes a sign of undying life , and it reminds Christians of the `` tree of life '' of Genesis 2 : 9 , an image of Christ , the supreme gift of God to humanity . In the previous year he said : `` Beside the crib , the Christmas tree , with its twinkling lights , reminds us that with the birth of Jesus the tree of life has blossomed anew in the desert of humanity . The crib and the tree : precious symbols , which hand down in time the true meaning of Christmas . '' The Catholic Church 's official Book of Blessings has a service for the blessing of the Christmas tree in a home . Likewise the Protestant Episcopal Church in The Anglican Family Prayer Book , which has the imprimatur of The Rt. Rev. Catherine S. Roskam of the Anglican Communion , has long had a ritual titled Blessing of a Christmas Tree , as well as Blessing of a Crèche , for use in the church and the home . In 2005 , the city of Boston renamed the spruce tree used to decorate the Boston Common a `` Holiday Tree '' rather than a `` Christmas Tree '' . The name change drew a poor response from the public and it was reversed after the city was threatened with several lawsuits . Chrismon trees are a variety developed in 1957 by a Lutheran laywoman in Virginia , as a specifically religious version appropriate for a church 's Christmas celebrations , although most Christian churches continue to display the traditional Christmas tree in their sanctuaries during Christmastide . See also ( edit ) Badnjak Christmas traditions Christmas tree controversies Eiresione Festive ecology Festivus pole Hanukkah bush Kadomatsu Legend of the Christmas Spider Tree worship Weihnachten Yule log References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Perry , Joe ( 27 September 2010 ) . Christmas in Germany : A Cultural History . University of North Carolina Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780807899410 . A chronicle from Stasbourg , written in 1604 and widely seen as the first account of a Christmas tree in German - speaking lands , records that Protestant artisans brought fir trees into their homes in the holiday season and decorated them with `` roses made of colored paper , apples , wafers , tinsel , sweetmeats , etc . '' ... The Christmas tree spread out in German society from the top down , so to speak . It moved from elite households to broader social strata , from urban to rural areas , from the Protestant north to the Catholic south , and from Prussia to other German states . Jump up ^ Christmas trees were hung in St. George 's Church , Sélestat since 1521 : Selestat.fr -- Office de la Culture de Sélestat -- The history of the Christmas tree since 1521 Archived December 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dunphy , John J. ( 26 November 2010 ) . From Christmas to Twelfth Night in Southern Illinois . Arcadia Publishing Incorporated . p. 28 . ISBN 9781614232537 . Having a Christmas tree became so closely identified with following Luther 's path that German Catholics initially wanted nothing to do with this symbol of Protestantism . Their resistance endured until the nineteenth century , when Christmas trees finally began finding their way into Catholic homes . Jump up ^ Ingeborg Weber - Kellermann ( 1978 ) . Das Weihnachtsfest . Eine Kultur - und Sozialgeschichte der Weihnachtszeit ( Christmas : A cultural and social history of Christmastide ) ( in German ) . Bucher . p. 22 . ISBN 3 - 7658 - 0273 - 5 . Man kann als sicher annehmen daß die Luzienbräuche gemeinsam mit dem Weinachtsbaum in Laufe des 19 . Jahrhunderts aus Deutschland über die gesellschaftliche Oberschicht der Herrenhöfe nach Schweden gekommen sind . ( English : One can assume with certainty that traditions of lighting , together with the Christmas tree , crossed from Germany to Sweden in the 19th century via the princely upper classes . ) ^ Jump up to : Mandryk , DeeAnn ( 25 October 2005 ) . Canadian Christmas Traditions . James Lorimer & Company . p. 67 . ISBN 9781554390984 . The eight - pointed star became a popular manufactured Christmas ornament around the 1840s and many people place a star on the top of their Christmas tree to represent the Star of Bethlehem . ^ Jump up to : Jones , David Albert ( 27 October 2011 ) . Angels . Oxford University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 9780191614910 . The same ambiguity is seen in that most familiar of angels , the angel on top of the Christmas tree . This decoration , popularized in the nineteenth century , recalls the place of the angels in the Christmas story ( Luke 2.9 -- 18 ) . ^ Jump up to : Crump , William D. ( 15 September 2001 ) . The Christmas Encyclopedia , 3d ed . McFarland . p. 386 . ISBN 9780786468270 . Christmas trees in the countryside did not appear until World War I , although Slovenians of German ancestry were decorating trees before then . Traditionally , the family decorates their Christmas tree on Christmas Eve with electric lights , tinsel , garlands , candy canes , other assorted ornaments , and topped with an angel figure or star . The tree and Nativity scene remain until Candlemas ( February 2 ) , when they are removed . Jump up ^ `` Candlemas '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Any Christmas decorations not taken down by Twelfth Night ( January 5th ) should be left up until Candlemas Day and then taken down . Jump up ^ Daniel J. Foley ( 1999 ) . The Christmas Tree . Omnigraphics . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55888 - 286 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Greg Dues ( 2008 ) . Advent and Christmas . Bayard . pp. 13 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58595 - 722 - 4 . Next to the Nativity scene , the most popular Christmas tradition is to have a Christmas tree in the home . This custom is not the same as bringing a Yule tree or evergreens into the home , originally popular during the month of the winter solstice in Germany . ^ Jump up to : Sheryl Karas ( 1998 ) . The Solstice Evergreen : history , folklore , and origins of the Christmas tree . Aslan . pp. 103 -- 04 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944031 - 75 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gillian Cooke , A Celebration of Christmas , 1980 , page 62 : `` Martin Luther has been credited with the creation of the Christmas tree ... The Christmas tree did not spring fully fledged into ... tree was slow to spread from its Alsatian home , partly because of resistance to its supposed Lutheran origins . '' Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Religion & Ethics -- Did the Romans invent Christmas ? Jump up ^ Fritz Allhoff , Scott C. Lowe ( 2010 ) . Christmas . John Wiley & Sons . His biographer , Eddius Stephanus , relates that while Boniface was serving as a missionary near Geismar , Germany , he had enough of the locals ' reverence for the old gods . Taking an axe to an oak tree dedicated to Norse god Thor , Boniface chopped the tree down and dared Thor to zap him for it . When nothing happened , Boniface pointed out a young fir tree amid the roots of the oak and explained how this tree was a more fitting object of reverence as it pointed towards the Christian heaven and its triangular shape was reminiscent of the Christian trinity . Jump up ^ The story , not recounted in the vitae written in his time , appears in a BBC Devon website , `` Devon Myths and Legends '' , and in a number of educational storybooks , including St. Boniface and the Little Fir Tree : A Story to Color by Jenny Melmoth and Val Hayward ( Warrington : Alfresco Books 1999 ISBN 1 - 873727 - 15 - 1 ) , The Brightest Star of All : Christmas Stories for the Family by Carrie Papa ( Abingdon Press 1999 ISBN 978 - 0 - 687 - 64813 - 9 ) and `` How Saint Boniface Kept Christmas Eve '' by Mary Louise Harvey in The American Normal Readers : Fifth Book , 207 - 22 . Silver , Burdett and Co. 1912 . Jump up ^ Philip Lazowski ( 2004 ) . Understanding Your Neighbor 's Faith . KTAV Publishing House . pp. 203 -- 04 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88125 - 811 - 0 . Jump up ^ Michael P. Foley ( 2005 ) . Why Do Catholics Eat Fish on Friday ? . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6967 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ann Ball ( 1997 ) . Catholic Traditions in Crafts . Our Sunday Visitor . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87973 - 711 - 5 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 2003 . The modern Christmas tree ... originated in western Germany . The main prop of a popular medieval play about Adam and Eve was a fir tree hung with apples ( paradise tree ) representing the Garden of Eden . The Germans set up a paradise tree in their homes on December 24 , the religious feast day of Adam and Eve . They hung wafers on it ( symbolizing the host , the Christian sign of redemption ) ; in a later tradition , the wafers were replaced by cookies of various shapes . Candles , too , were often added as the symbol of Christ . In the same room , during the Christmas season , was the Christmas pyramid , a triangular construction of wood , with shelves to hold Christmas figurines , decorated with evergreens , candles , and a star . By the 16th century , the Christmas pyramid and paradise tree had merged , becoming the Christmas tree . Jump up ^ Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal ( National Library of Portugal ) - Codices Alcobacenses ( ( 1 ) ) ; ( BN : cod . alc . CLI / 64 , Page . 330 ) Translated ( `` Nota de como has de poer o ramo de natal , scilicet : Em vespera de natal , buscarás huu grande Ramo de loureiro verde , e colherás muitas laranjas vermelhas e poer lhas has metidas pelos ramos que dele procedem specificadamente segundo já viste . E em cada hua laranja , poeras hua candea . E pendurarás o dicto Ramo per hua corda na polee que ha de star acerca da lampada do altar moor '' ) Jump up ^ `` History of Christmas Trees '' . History . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Helen Haidle ( 2002 ) . Christmas Legends to Remember ' . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56292 - 534 - 5 . Jump up ^ Debbie Trafton O'Neal , David LaRochelle ( 2001 ) . Before and After Christmas . Augsburg Fortress . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8066 - 4156 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ehrsam , Roger ( 1999 ) . Le Vieux Turckheim . Ville de Turckheim : Jérôme Do Bentzinger . ISBN 290623883X . Jump up ^ Friedrich Amelung ( 1885 ) . Geschichte der Revaler Schwarzenhäupter : von ihrem Ursprung an bis auf die Gegenwart : nach den urkundenmäßigen Quellen des Revaler Schwarzenhäupter - Archivs 1 , Die erste Blütezeit von 1399 -- 1557 ( History of the Tallinn Blackheads : from their origins until the present day : from the testimonial sources of the Tallinn Blackheads archive. 1 : The first golden age of 1399 -- 1557 ) ( in German ) . Reval : Wassermann . Jump up ^ Ingeborg Weber - Kellermann ( 1978 ) . Das Weihnachtsfest . Eine Kultur - und Sozialgeschichte der Weihnachtszeit ( Christmas : A cultural and social history of Christmastide ) ( in German ) . Bucher . p. 22 . ISBN 3 - 7658 - 0273 - 5 . Man kann als sicher annehmen daß die Luzienbräuche gemeinsam mit dem Weinachtsbaum in Laufe des 19 . Jahrhunderts aus Deutschland über die gesellschaftliche Oberschicht der Herrenhöfe nach Schweden gekommen sind . ( English : One can assume with certainty that traditions of lighting , together with the Christmas tree , crossed from Germany to Sweden in the 19th century via the princely upper classes . ) Jump up ^ Johannes Marbach ( 1859 ) . Die heilige Weihnachtszeit nach Bedeutung , Geschichte , Sitten und Symbolen ( The holy Christmas season for meaning , history , customs and symbols ) ( in German ) . p. 416 . Was ist auch eine deutsche Christenfamilie am Christabend ohne Christbäumchen ? Zumal in der Fremde , unter kaltherzigen Engländern und frivolen Franzosen , unter den amerikanischen Indianern und den Papuas von Australien . Entbehren doch die nichtdeutschen Christen neben dem Christbäumchen noch so viele Züge deutscher Gemüthlichkeit . ( English : What would a German Christian family do on Christmas Eve without a Christmas tree ? Especially in foreign lands , among cold - hearted Englishmen and frivolous Frenchmen , among the American Indians and the Papua of Australia . Apart from the Christmas tree , the non-German Christians suffer from a lack of a great many traits of German ' Gemütlichkeit ' . ) Jump up ^ Jan Hermelink ( 2003 ) . `` Weihnachtsgottesdienst '' ( Christmas worship ) . In Christian Grethlein ; Günter Ruddat . Liturgisches Kompendium ( in German ) . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht . p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 525 - 57211 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Danmarks første juletræ blev tændt i 1808 '' . Kristelig Dagblad . December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bingham , John ( 25 December 2015 ) . `` Queen 's Christmas Day message : Monarch quotes from Bible to address a nation shaken by year of atrocities '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Stow , John ( 1603 ) . Survey of London . London : John Windet . Against the feast of Christmas every man 's house , as also the parish churches , were decked with holm , ivy , bays , and whatsoever the season of the year afforded to be green . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Christmas Tree at Windsor '' . Jump up ^ In 1829 the diarist Greville , visiting Panshanger country house , describes three small Christmas trees `` such as is customary in Germany '' , which Princess Lieven had put up . Hole , Christine ( 1950 ) . English Custom and Usage . London : B.T. Batsford Ltd. p. 16 . Jump up ^ Queen Victoria ( 1912 ) . Reginald Brett , 2nd Viscount Esher , ed . The girlhood of Queen Victoria : a selection from Her Majesty 's diaries . J. Murray . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Marie Claire Lejeune . Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe . Man & Culture . p. 550 . ISBN 90 - 77135 - 04 - 9 . Jump up ^ '' GERMAN CHRISTMAS TREES . The nobility and gentry are respectfully informed that these handsome JUVENILE CHRISTMAS PRESENTS are supplied and elegantly fitted up ... '' : Times ( London , England ) 20 December 1842 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ The Christmas Tree : published by Darton and Clark , London . `` The ceremony of the Christmas tree , so well known throughout Germany , bids fair to be welcomed among us , with the other festivities of the season , especially now the Queen , within her own little circle , has set the fashion , by introducing it on the Christmas Eve in her own regal palace . '' Book review of The Christmas Tree from the Weekly Chronicle , 14 December 1844 , quoted in an advert headlined `` A new pleasure for Christmas '' in The Times , 23 December 1844 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Caroline Augusta Edgcumbe , née Feilding , Lady Mt Edgcumbe ( 1808 -- 1881 ) ; William Henry Fox - Talbot 's half - sister . Jump up ^ Correspondence of William Henry Fox - Talbot , British Library , London , Manuscripts -- Fox Talbot Collection , envelope 20179 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Godfrey and Margaret Scheele ( 1977 ) . The Prince Consort , Man of many Facets : The World and The Age of Prince Albert . Oresko Books . p. 78 . ISBN 9780905368061 . Jump up ^ At the beginning of the year the custom was well - enough known for The Times to compare the January budget of 1848 with gifts handed out beneath `` the Christmas tree '' : The Times ( London , England ) , 21 January 1848 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Special Christmas supplement edition , published 23 December 1848 . Jump up ^ The Times ( London , England ) , 27 December 1848 . p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Now the best Christmas box / You can give to the young / Is not toys , nor fine playthings , / Nor trees gaily hung ... '' : Manchester Guardian , Saturday , January 05 , 1856 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Manchester Guardian , 24 January 1856 , p. 3 : the death of Caroline Luttrell of Kilve Court , Somerset . Jump up ^ The Times ( London , England ) , 28 December 1858 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ The Poor Children 's Yuletide Association . The Times ( London , England ) , 20 December 1906 , p. 2 '' `` The association sent 71 trees ' bearing thousands of toys ' to the poorest districts of London . '' Jump up ^ `` A Merry Christmas '' : The Times ( London , England ) , 27 December 1918 , p. 2 : `` ... the so - called `` Christmas tree '' was out of favour . Large stocks of young firs were to be seen at Covent Garden on Christmas Eve , but found few buyers . It was remembered that the ' Christmas tree ' has enemy associations . '' Jump up ^ The next year a charity fair in aid of injured soldiers featured ' a huge Christmas - tree ' . ' St. Dunstan 's Christmas Fair ' . The Times ( London , England ) , 20 December 1919 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ ' Poor families in Lewisham and similar districts are just as particular about the shape of their trees as people in Belgravia ... ' ' Shapely Christmas Trees ' : The Times ( London , England ) , 17 December 1926 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Christmas Tree Plantations . The Times ( London , England ) , 11 December 1937 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree grower Ivor Dungey gets award '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Emmy E. Werner ( 2006 ) . In Pursuit of Liberty : Coming of Age in the American Revolution . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 115 . ISBN 9780275993061 . ^ Jump up to : Alfred Lewis Shoemaker ( 1999 ) ( 1959 ) . Christmas in Pennsylvania : a folk - cultural study . Stackpole Books . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0328 - 2 . Jump up ^ Karal Ann Marling ( 2000 ) . Merry Christmas ! Celebrating America 's greatest holiday . Harvard University Press . p. 244 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00318 - 7 . Jump up ^ Joseph Wenzel IV ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` First Decorated Christmas Tree in Windsor Locks '' . WFSB . Archived from the original on 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Christmas '' . Gareth Marples . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Professor Brought Christmas Tree to New England '' . Harvard University Gazette . December 12 , 1996 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 1999 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` They 're Still Cheering Man Who Gave America Christmas Tree '' . Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune . 24 December 1938 . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Minnigerode ( 1814 -- 1894 ) '' . Encyclopedia Virginia . Virginia Foundation for the Humanities . Jump up ^ ' Notes and Queries ' , volume 8 ( 217 ) , 24 December 1853 , p. 615 Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Electric Christmas Lighting in America '' . oldchristmastreelights.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Claus '' . Jump up ^ `` 1 мая собираются праздновать 59 % россиян '' ( May 1 going to celebrate 59 % of Russians ) ( in Russian ) . April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . New Year is among the most important holidays for 81 % of Russians , while Christmas is such only for 19 % , ranking after Victory Day , Easter , International Women 's Day . Jump up ^ Belk , Russell ( 2000 ) . `` Materialism and the Modern U.S. Christmas '' . Advertising & Society Review . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lighting of the National Christmas Tree '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback Blog : The World 's Largest Decorated Christmas Tree '' . The Palm Beach Post . December 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ' Manchester 's Gift To Lille ... ( FROM G. WARD PRICE . ) ' The Times ( London , England ) , 21 December 1918 , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Town twinning : Bergen , Norway '' . Newcastle City Council . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` DC : Christmas Tree Lighting at Union Station '' . Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weaver Jr. , J. Dudley ( 2002 ) . Presbyterian Worship : A Guide for Clergy . Geneva Press . p. 79 . ISBN 9780664502188 . Jump up ^ Segler , Franklin M. ; Bradley , Randall ( 1 October 2006 ) . Christian Worship : Its Theology and Practice , Third Edition . B&H Publishing Group . p. 222 . A Chrismon tree is an evergreen tree adorned with symbols of Christ . The symbols are white and gold , and the three has white lights . Jump up ^ Morris - Pierce , Elizabeth ; Berger , Stephen A. ; Dreher , Eulonda A. ; Russel W. Dalton ; D. Andrew Richardson ; Jeanne Mueller ; Judith Hale Wood ; Ellen Edgar ; James Edgar ( 1 January 2002 ) . In Search of Christmas . CSS Publishing . p. 27 . ISBN 9780788019166 . Chrismons were first used in 1957 to decorate a Christmas tree in the Lutheran Church of the Ascension in Danville , Virginia . Jump up ^ Crump , William D. ( 15 September 2001 ) . The Christmas Encyclopedia , 3d ed . McFarland . p. 71 . ISBN 9780786468270 . Over time , the popularity of the Chrismons tree grew and spread to other denominations around the world , while Chrismons themselves have become meaningful decorations throughout the year . Jump up ^ `` Chrismon Tree '' . St. John 's Anglican Church . Archived from the original on 9 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . A number of ladies of St. John 's have been hard at work producing beautiful Chrismons ( Christian Monograms ) out of wire and beads to decorate a `` Chrismon Tree '' that will be put up and dedicated on the First Sunday in Advent Jump up ^ Glavich , Mary Kathleen ( 2010 ) . Leading Young Catholics Into Scripture . Twenty - Third Publications . p. 36 . ISBN 9781585958009 . A parallel Advent activity is the more recent custom of making a Chrismon tree ( Christ + monogram ) . The Chrismon tree bears symbols of Jesus from the New Testament . While the children hang their symbols , related Scripture texts might be read . Possible figures for the Chrismon tree are Mary , Joseph , the star , manger , shepherd , angel , sheep , three kings , gifts , fish , dove , grapes , wheat , vine , crown , rock , alpha and omega symbols , Chi - Rho , anchor , and cross . The symbols are usually white and gold . Jump up ^ First United Methodist Church , Midland , Texas : Offering Christ , 1885 -- 1985 : One Hundred Years on Main Street in Downtown Midland . Taylor Publishing Company . 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Advent & Christmas at BRC '' . Brunswick Reformed Church . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ so in The Lutheran Witness , Volume 83 ( 1964 ) , p. 548 `` the Chrismon ( from CHRISt - MONogram ) tree '' , and in James Edgar , Ellen Edgar , A Chrismon Service ( 1981 ) , p. 2 . The word 's actual etymology , from Middle Latin ( Landulf of Milan , 12th century ) crismon , is less than clear : George Henry Lane - Fox Pitt - Rivers , The riddle of the ' Labarum ' and the origin of Christian symbols , Allen & Unwin , 1966 , p. 28 ; `` I can find no roots , etymology or grounds for the adoption of the word adopted by some Christians , ' Chrismon ' , which is supposed to mean the ' Monogram of Christ ' , and which appears in some dictionaries ( i.e. Funk and Wagnalis , 1922 ) . '' Jump up ^ Stookey , Laurence Hull ( 1 December 2011 ) . Calendar : Christ 's Time for the Church . Abingdon Press . p. 107 . ISBN 9781426728044 . Beyond that the term `` Chrismon '' is used loosely to refer to symbols related to Christ , including the orb , crown , fish , star , anchor , and a wide variety of forms on the cross . All of these , often made in materials of gold and white , are used on a pine or fir tree in place of the more usual multicolored ornaments used on trees at home . Lights are also usually of clear glass rather than being colored . Jump up ^ Peter Mazar ( 2000 ) . School Year , Church Year : Customs and Decorations for the Classroom . Liturgy Training Publications . p. 161 . ISBN 1568542402 . Jump up ^ `` Customs of the Weeks after Epiphany '' . Holy Trinity ( German ) Catholic Church , Boston . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Superstitions '' . Snopes.com . December 2006 . Jump up ^ Gary A. Chastagner and D. Michael Benson ( 2000 ) . `` The Christmas Tree '' . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2006 . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Yanofsky , David ( 21 December 2017 ) . `` What the Christmas tree industrial complex looks like from space '' . Quartz . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Living Christmas Trees '' . Clemson University . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree '' . Department of Forestry , Michigan State University . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BLM and Forest Service Christmas tree permits available '' . Bureau of Land Management . November 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Census of Agriculture : Specialty Crops ( Volume 2 , Subject Series , Part 8 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture . November 2009 . Table 1 , page 1 . Jump up ^ `` Unsere kleine Baumschule -- Wissenswertes '' ( Our little nursery : Trivia ) ( in German ) . 2010 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce David Forbes ( 2007 ) . Christmas : A Candid History . University of California Press . pp. 121 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 5202 - 5104 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : James Hewitt ( 2007 ) . The Christmas Tree . Lulu.com . pp. 33 -- 36 . ISBN 1430308206 . ^ Jump up to : Broderick Perkins ( December 12 , 2003 ) . `` Faux Christmas Tree Crop Yields Special Concerns '' . Realty Times . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Silverthorne ( 1994 ) . Christmas in Texas . Texas A&M University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 8909 - 6578 - 1 . Jump up ^ Karal Ann Marling ( 2000 ) . Merry Christmas ! : Celebrating America 's Greatest Holiday . Harvard University Press . pp. 58 -- 62 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00318 - 7 . Jump up ^ Peter Cole ( 2002 ) . Christmas Trees : Fun and Festive Ideas . Chronicle Books . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 3577 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cassandra A. Fortin ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` It 's beginning to look a lot like Christmas ( 1958 ) '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Candice Gaukel Andrews ( 2006 ) . Great Wisconsin Winter Weekends . Big Earth Publishing . p. 178 . ISBN 1 - 9315 - 9971 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Berry ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Fake Christmas Trees Not So Green '' . LiveScience . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katherine Neer ( December 2006 ) . `` How Christmas Trees Work '' . howStuffWorks . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Table - top Christmas Tree '' . Popular Mechanics : 117 . January 1937 . Jump up ^ `` Glass Christmas Tree , one - day course listing '' . Diablo Glass School . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Demand Grows for Upside Down Christmas Tree '' ( Audio ) . All Things Considered . NPR . November 9 , 2005 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Tree Safety '' . About.com . ^ Jump up to : Sharon Caskey Hayes ( November 26 , 2008 ) . `` Grower says real Christmas trees are better for environment than artificial ones '' . Kingsport Times - News . Kingsport , Tennessee . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Tree Resource : Your Source On Xmas Decorations '' . Christmas Tree Source . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Facts on PVC Used in Artificial Christmas Trees '' . American Christmas Tree Association . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Goats , elk happy to munch on your used Christmas trees '' . CBC News . Dec 29 , 2014 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pesticides & Wildlife Christmas Trees '' . ipm.ncsu.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Engineer Update : Old Christmas trees protect town beach '' . United States Army Corps of Engineers . March 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree recycling begins Friday in Columbia County '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Recycling your tree can be a gift for environment '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ David Biello ( December 4 , 2008 ) . `` I 'm Dreaming of a Green Christmas ( Tree ) '' ( podcast transcript ) . Scientific American . Retrieved December 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life Cycle Assessment ( LCA ) of Christmas trees -- A study ends the debate over which Christmas tree , natural or artificial , is most ecological '' . Ellipsos Inc . December 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Recycling Your Tree : Real Christmas Trees are Recyclable '' . National Christmas Tree Association . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maas , R.P. ; Patch , S.C. ; Pandolfo , T.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Artificial Christmas trees : How real are the lead exposure risks ? '' . Journal of environmental health . 67 ( 5 ) : 20 -- 24 , 32 . PMID 15628192 ... Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , R. ; Brown , M.J. ; Kashtock , M.E. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Lead Exposures in U.S. Children , 2008 : Implications for Prevention '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 116 ( 10 ) : 1285 -- 1293 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 11241 . PMC 2569084 . PMID 18941567 ... Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Senn , Frank C. ( 2012 ) . Introduction to Christian Liturgy . Fortress Press . p. 118 . ISBN 9781451424331 . The Christmas tree as we know it seemed to emerge in Lutheran lands in Germany in the sixteenth century . Although no specific city or town has been identified as the first to have a Christmas tree , records for the Cathedral of Strassburg indicate that a Christmas tree was set up in that church in 1539 during Martin Bucer 's superintendency . Jump up ^ `` The Christmas Tree '' . Lutheran Spokesman. 29 -- 32 . 1936 . The Christmas tree became a widespread custom among German Lutherans by the eighteenth century . Jump up ^ Kelly , Joseph F. ( 2010 ) . The Feast of Christmas . Liturgical Press . p. 94 . ISBN 9780814639320 . German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them ; the Moravians put lighted candles on those trees . Jump up ^ Blainey , Geoffrey ( 24 October 2013 ) . A Short History of Christianity . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 418 . ISBN 9781442225909 . Many Lutherans continued to set up a small fir tree as their Christmas tree , and it must have been a seasonal sight in Bach 's Leipzig at a time when it was virtually unknown in England , and little known in those farmlands of North America where Lutheran immigrants congregated . Jump up ^ Wells , Dorothy ( 1897 ) . `` Christmas in Other Lands '' . The School Journal . E.L. Kellogg & Company . 55 : 697 -- 8 . Christmas is the occasional of family reunions . Grandmother always has the place of honor . As the time approaches for enjoying the tree , she gathers her grandchildren about her , to tell them the story of the Christ child , with the meaning of the Christ child , with the meaning of the Christmas tree ; how the evergreen is meant to represent the life everlasting , the candle lights to recall the light of the world , and the star at the top of the tree is to remind them of the star of Bethlehem . Jump up ^ Jennifer Eremeeva ( 15 Dec 2010 ) . `` And so , is this Christmas ? '' . Russia Beyond the Headlines . Russian Christians adhere to the Eastern Orthodox calendar , which lags 13 days behind the modern day calendar . This discrepancy was corrected in 1918 , by the fledgling Bolshevik regime , but Christmas never reverted to December 25th in Russia , because the Bolsheviks began a systematic campaign to phase out traditional religious holidays and replace them with Soviet ones . Christmas was shifted to New Year 's Eve . At the beginning , stringent measures were put in place to see off any holdover of the old days : Christmas trees , introduced to Russia by Tsar Peter The Great in the 17th Century , were banned in 1916 by the Holy Synod as too German . The Bolsheviks kept the tree ban in place . Stalin declared Ded Moroz `` an ally of the priest and kulak , '' and outlawed him from Russia . Jump up ^ Connelly , Mark ( 2000 ) . Christmas at the Movies : Images of Christmas in American , British and European Cinema . I.B. Tauris . p. 186 . ISBN 9781860643972 . A chapter on representations of Christmas in Soviet cinema could , in fact be the shortest in this collection : suffice it to say that there were , at least officially , no Christmas celebrations in the atheist socialist state after its foundation in 1917 . ^ Jump up to : Echo of Islam . MIG. 1993 . In the former Soviet Union , fir trees were usually put up to mark New Year 's day , following a tradition established by the officially atheist state . Jump up ^ Ramet , Sabrina Petra ( 10 November 2005 ) . Religious Policy in the Soviet Union . Cambridge University Press . p. 138 . ISBN 9780521022309 . The League sallied forth to save the day from this putative religious revival . Antireligioznik obliged with so many articles that it devoted an entire section of its annual index for 1928 to anti-religious training in the schools . More such material followed in 1929 , and a flood of it the next year . It recommended what Lenin and others earlier had explicitly condemned -- carnivals , farces , and games to intimidate and purge the youth of religious belief . It suggested that pupils campaign against customs associated with Christmas ( including Christmas trees ) and Easter . Some schools , the League approvingly reported , staged an anti-religious day on the 31st of each month . Not teachers but the League 's local set the programme for this special occasion . Jump up ^ Dice , Elizabeth A. ( 2009 ) . Christmas and Hanukkah . Infobase Publishing . p. 44 . ISBN 9781438119717 . The Christmas tree , or Yolka , is another tradition that was banned during the Soviet era . To keep the custom alive , people decorated New Year 's trees instead . Jump up ^ Margaret Stenhouse ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` The Vatican Christmas Tree '' . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-Christmas Reflection : May Our Spirits Open to the True Spiritual Light '' . Zenit News Agency . December 21 , 2005 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree is symbol of Christ , says Pope -- And a Sign of ' Undying Life ' '' . Zenit News Agency . December 19 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2007 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Urbi et Orbi message of His Holiness Pope John Paul II , Christmas 2003 '' ( in Latin ) . December 25 , 2003 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Order for the Blessing of a Christmas Tree '' . Crossroads Initiative . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kitch , Anne E. ( 2004 ) . The Anglican Family Prayer Book . Morehouse Publishing . p. 125 . Jump up ^ `` Boston 's ' Holiday Tree ' Sparks Controversy '' . The Harvard Crimson . November 28 , 2005 . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` At Christmas , what 's in a name ? '' . ABC News . November 29 , 2005 . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Vipperman , Heather F. `` Chrismons Ministry '' . History . Lutheran Church . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christmas tree . Wikisource has the text of the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article Christmas . 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5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas_tree&oldid=830230463 '' Categories : Christmas in Germany Christmas trees Christmas decorations Holidays Hidden categories : Articles containing Spanish - language text Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing German - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Use American English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles containing Middle Low German - language text Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2012 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2012 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Articles using small message boxes Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles containing French - 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"A Christmas tree is a decorated tree, usually an evergreen conifer such as spruce, pine, or fir or an artificial tree of similar appearance, associated with the celebration of Christmas. The modern Christmas tree was developed in medieval Livonia (present-day Estonia and Latvia) and early modern Germany, where Protestant Germans brought decorated trees into their homes.[1][2] It acquired popularity beyond the Lutheran areas of Germany[1][3] and the Baltic countries during the second half of the 19th century, at first among the upper classes.[4]"
] | [
"developed in medieval Livonia (present-day Estonia and Latvia) and early modern Germany"
] |
-6203699885397317995 | Death Valley | Death Valley - wikipedia Death Valley Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the valley . For the park , see Death Valley National Park . For other uses , see Death Valley ( disambiguation ) . Death Valley Death Valley Death Valley California Floor elevation − 86 m ( − 282 ft ) Area 3,000 square miles ( 7,800 km ) Geography 36 ° 14 ′ 49 '' N 116 ° 49 ′ 01 '' W / 36.24694 ° N 116.81694 ° W / 36.24694 ; - 116.81694 Watercourses Furnace Creek Amargosa River Death Valley is a desert valley located in Eastern California . It is one of the hottest places in the world at the height of summertime along with deserts in Africa and in the Middle East . Death Valley 's Badwater Basin is the point of the lowest elevation in North America , at 282 feet ( 86 m ) below sea level . This point is 84.6 miles ( 136.2 km ) east - southeast of Mount Whitney , the highest point in the contiguous United States with an elevation of 14,505 feet ( 4,421 m ) . Death Valley 's Furnace Creek holds the record for the highest reliably recorded air temperature in the world , 134 ° F ( 56.7 ° C ) on July 10 , 1913 . This has been contested by other weather experts . Located near the border of California and Nevada , in the Great Basin , east of the Sierra Nevada mountains , Death Valley constitutes much of Death Valley National Park and is the principal feature of the Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve . It is located mostly in Inyo County , California . It runs from north to south between the Amargosa Range on the east and the Panamint Range on the west ; the Sylvania Mountains and the Owlshead Mountains form its northern and southern boundaries , respectively . It has an area of about 3,000 sq mi ( 7,800 km ) . The highest point in Death Valley itself is Telescope Peak in the Panamint Range , which has an elevation of 11,043 feet ( 3,366 m ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 2 Climate 3 Biodiversity 4 Lake Badwater and Glacial Lake Manly 5 History 6 In popular culture 7 Notable locations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Geology ( edit ) Main article : Geology of the Death Valley area Sand dunes at Mesquite Flats Map showing the system of once - interconnected Pleistocene lakes in eastern California ( USGS ) Death Valley is one of the best geological examples of a basin and range configuration . It lies at the southern end of a geological trough known as Walker Lane , which runs north into Oregon . The valley is bisected by a right lateral strike slip fault system , represented by the Death Valley Fault and the Furnace Creek Fault . The eastern end of the left lateral Garlock Fault intersects the Death Valley Fault . Furnace Creek and the Amargosa River flow through the valley but eventually disappear into the sands of the valley floor . Death Valley also contains salt pans . According to current geological consensus , at various times during the middle of the Pleistocene era , inland lakes ( collectively referred to as Lake Manly ) formed in Death Valley . Lake Manly received water overflowing from a chain of other Pleistocene lakes , most of which are now also dry lakebeds . As the area turned to desert , the water evaporated , leaving the abundance of evaporitic salts such as common sodium salts and borax , which were later exploited during the modern history of the region , primarily 1883 to 1907 . Climate ( edit ) Death Valley has a subtropical , hot desert climate ( Köppen : BWh ) , with long , extremely hot summers and short , warm winters , as well as little rainfall . As a general rule , lower altitudes tend to have higher temperatures . When the sun heats the ground , that heat is then radiated upward , but the dense below - sea - level air absorbs some of this radiation and radiates some of it back towards the ground . In addition , the high valley walls trap rising hot air and recycle it back down to the valley floor , where it is heated by compression . This process is especially important in Death Valley , as it provides its specific climate and geography . The valley is surrounded by mountains , while its surface is mostly flat and devoid of plants , so much of the sun 's heat can reach the ground , absorbed by soil and rock . When air at ground level is heated , it begins to rise , moving up past steep , high mountain ranges , which then cools slightly , sinking back down towards the valley more compressed . This air is then reheated by the sun to a higher temperature , moving up the mountain again , whereby the air moves up and down in a circular motion in cycles , similar to how a convection oven works . This heated air increases ground temperature markedly , forming the hot wind currents that are trapped by atmospheric pressure and mountains , thus stays mostly within the valley . Such hot wind currents contribute to perpetual drought - like conditions in Death Valley and prevent much cloud formation from passing through the confines of the valley , where precipitation is often in the form of a virga . Death Valley holds temperature records because it has an unusually high number of factors that lead to high atmospheric temperatures . The depth and shape of Death Valley influence its summer temperatures . The valley is a long , narrow basin 282 feet ( 86 m ) below sea level , yet is walled by high , steep mountain ranges . The clear , dry air and sparse plant cover allow sunlight to heat the desert surface . Summer nights provide little relief , as overnight lows may only dip into the 82 to 98 ° F ( 28 to 37 ° C ) range . Moving masses of super-heated air blow through the valley creating extremely high temperatures . The hottest air temperature ever recorded in Death Valley was 134 ° F ( 56.7 ° C ) on July 10 , 1913 , at Furnace Creek , which is the hottest atmospheric temperature ever recorded on earth . During the heat wave that peaked with that record , five consecutive days reached 129 ° F ( 54 ° C ) or above . Some meteorologists dispute the accuracy of the 1913 temperature measurement . The hottest surface temperature ever recorded in Death Valley was 201.0 ° F ( 93.9 ° C ) on July 15 , 1972 , at Furnace Creek , which is the hottest ground surface temperature ever recorded on earth , as well as the only recorded surface temperature of above 200 ° F ( 93.3 ° C ) . The greatest number of consecutive days with a maximum temperature of 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) or above was 154 days in the summer of 2001 . The summer of 1996 had 40 days over 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) , and 105 days over 110 ° F ( 43 ° C ) . The summer of 1917 had 52 days where the temperature reached 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) or above with 43 of them consecutive . Four major mountain ranges lie between Death Valley and the ocean , each one adding to an increasingly drier rain shadow effect , and in 1929 , 1953 , and 1989 , no rain was recorded for the whole year . The period from 1931 to 1934 was the driest stretch on record with only 0.64 inches ( 16 mm ) of rain over a 40 - month period . On June 30 , 2013 , during the 2013 extreme heat wave , the mercury reached 129 ° F ( 54 ° C ) at Furnace Creek station , which is the all - time hottest air temperature recorded for June . The mean annual temperature for Death Valley ( Furnace Creek Weather Station ) is 77.2 ° F ( 25.1 ° C ) with an average high of 65.2 ° F ( 18 ° C ) in December , 66.9 ° F ( 19 ° C ) in January , and 116.5 ° F ( 47 ° C ) in July . From 1934 to 1961 , the weather station at Cow Creek recorded a mean annual temperature of 77.2 ° F ( 25.1 ° C ) . The longest number of consecutive days where temperatures reached 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) or more was 205 from April to October 1992 . On average , 192 days per year in Death Valley have temperatures that reach 90 ° F or more . Before being moved to Furnace Creek , the weather station at Greenland Ranch averaged 194.4 days annually where temperatures reached 90 ° F or more . View from Badwater Basin The lowest temperature recorded at Greenland Ranch was 15 ° F ( − 9 ° C ) in January 1913 . The period from July 17 -- 19 , 1959 , was the longest string of consecutive days where nighttime low temperatures did not drop below 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . The highest overnight or low temperature recorded in Death Valley is 110 ° F ( 43 ° C ) , recorded on July 5 , 1918 , and the current world record for hottest overnight low . As recently as July 12 , 2012 , the low temperature at Death Valley dropped to just 107 ° F ( 42 ° C ) after a high of 128 ° F ( 53 ° C ) on the previous day . The only other location which matches Death Valley 's overnight low temperature of 107 ° F in recent years is Khasab Airport in Oman , which also recorded a low of 107 ° F ( 42 ° C ) on June 27 , 2012 . Also on July 12 , 2012 the mean 24 - hour temperature recorded at Death Valley was 117.5 ° F ( 47.5 ° C ) , which makes it the world 's warmest 24 - hour temperature on record . The average annual precipitation in Death Valley is 2.36 inches ( 60 mm ) , while the Greenland Ranch station averaged 1.58 in ( 40 mm ) . The wettest month on record is January 1995 , when 2.59 inches ( 66 mm ) fell on Death Valley . The wettest period on record was mid-2004 to mid-2005 , in which nearly 6 inches ( 150 mm ) of rain fell in total , leading to ephemeral lakes in the valley and the region and tremendous wildflower blooms . Snow with accumulation has only been recorded in January 1922 , while scattered flakes have been recorded on other occasions . ( hide ) Climate data for Death Valley ( Furnace Creek Station ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 87 ( 31 ) 97 ( 36 ) 102 ( 39 ) 113 ( 45 ) 122 ( 50 ) 129 ( 54 ) 134 ( 57 ) 127 ( 53 ) 123 ( 51 ) 113 ( 45 ) 98 ( 37 ) 89 ( 32 ) 134 ( 57 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 77.0 ( 25 ) 83.9 ( 28.8 ) 93.4 ( 34.1 ) 103.4 ( 39.7 ) 112.1 ( 44.5 ) 120.4 ( 49.1 ) 123.7 ( 50.9 ) 121.9 ( 49.9 ) 116.0 ( 46.7 ) 104.2 ( 40.1 ) 88.8 ( 31.6 ) 77.0 ( 25 ) 124.5 ( 51.4 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 66.9 ( 19.4 ) 73.3 ( 22.9 ) 82.1 ( 27.8 ) 90.5 ( 32.5 ) 100.5 ( 38.1 ) 109.9 ( 43.3 ) 116.5 ( 46.9 ) 114.7 ( 45.9 ) 106.5 ( 41.4 ) 92.8 ( 33.8 ) 77.1 ( 25.1 ) 65.2 ( 18.4 ) 91.4 ( 33 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 53.4 ( 11.9 ) 59.8 ( 15.4 ) 68.4 ( 20.2 ) 76.3 ( 24.6 ) 86.6 ( 30.3 ) 95.5 ( 35.3 ) 102.2 ( 39 ) 100.2 ( 37.9 ) 91.1 ( 32.8 ) 77.1 ( 25.1 ) 62.6 ( 17 ) 51.7 ( 10.9 ) 77.2 ( 25.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 40.0 ( 4.4 ) 46.3 ( 7.9 ) 54.8 ( 12.7 ) 62.1 ( 16.7 ) 72.7 ( 22.6 ) 81.2 ( 27.3 ) 88.0 ( 31.1 ) 85.7 ( 29.8 ) 75.6 ( 24.2 ) 61.5 ( 16.4 ) 48.1 ( 8.9 ) 38.3 ( 3.5 ) 62.9 ( 17.2 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 28.4 ( − 2 ) 34.4 ( 1.3 ) 41.4 ( 5.2 ) 48.7 ( 9.3 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) 65.4 ( 18.6 ) 75.7 ( 24.3 ) 73.5 ( 23.1 ) 62.7 ( 17.1 ) 48.8 ( 9.3 ) 35.5 ( 1.9 ) 28.8 ( − 1.8 ) 26.3 ( − 3.2 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 15 ( − 9 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 35 ( 2 ) 42 ( 6 ) 49 ( 9 ) 62 ( 17 ) 65 ( 18 ) 41 ( 5 ) 32 ( 0 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 19 ( − 7 ) 15 ( − 9 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.39 ( 9.9 ) 0.51 ( 13 ) 0.30 ( 7.6 ) 0.12 ( 3 ) 0.03 ( 0.8 ) 0.05 ( 1.3 ) 0.07 ( 1.8 ) 0.13 ( 3.3 ) 0.21 ( 5.3 ) 0.07 ( 1.8 ) 0.18 ( 4.6 ) 0.30 ( 7.6 ) 2.36 ( 59.9 ) Mean monthly sunshine hours 217 226 279 330 372 390 403 372 330 310 210 186 3,625 Source # 1 : NOAA 1981 -- 2010 US Climate Normals Source # 2 : weather2travel.com ( hide ) Climate data for Death Valley ( Cow Creek Station ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 84 ( 29 ) 89 ( 32 ) 100 ( 38 ) 110 ( 43 ) 120 ( 49 ) 125 ( 52 ) 126 ( 52 ) 125 ( 52 ) 123 ( 51 ) 111 ( 44 ) 95 ( 35 ) 84 ( 29 ) 126 ( 52 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 64.4 ( 18 ) 71.6 ( 22 ) 80.6 ( 27 ) 90.9 ( 32.7 ) 100.0 ( 37.8 ) 109.3 ( 42.9 ) 116.0 ( 46.7 ) 113.8 ( 45.4 ) 106.9 ( 41.6 ) 92.1 ( 33.4 ) 75.4 ( 24.1 ) 65.9 ( 18.8 ) 90.6 ( 32.6 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 52.5 ( 11.4 ) 59.1 ( 15.1 ) 67.4 ( 19.7 ) 77.5 ( 25.3 ) 86.4 ( 30.2 ) 95.3 ( 35.2 ) 102.1 ( 38.9 ) 99.9 ( 37.7 ) 92.1 ( 33.4 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 62.3 ( 16.8 ) 54.1 ( 12.3 ) 77.2 ( 25.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 40.6 ( 4.8 ) 46.6 ( 8.1 ) 54.3 ( 12.4 ) 64.1 ( 17.8 ) 72.7 ( 22.6 ) 81.2 ( 27.3 ) 88.4 ( 31.3 ) 86.0 ( 30 ) 77.4 ( 25.2 ) 64.0 ( 17.8 ) 49.3 ( 9.6 ) 42.4 ( 5.8 ) 63.9 ( 17.7 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 19 ( − 7 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) 45 ( 7 ) 52 ( 11 ) 54 ( 12 ) 69 ( 21 ) 69 ( 21 ) 57 ( 14 ) 40 ( 4 ) 32 ( 0 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 19 ( − 7 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.24 ( 6.1 ) 0.32 ( 8.1 ) 0.20 ( 5.1 ) 0.20 ( 5.1 ) 0.10 ( 2.5 ) 0.02 ( 0.5 ) 0.10 ( 2.5 ) 0.11 ( 2.8 ) 0.12 ( 3 ) 0.11 ( 2.8 ) 0.20 ( 5.1 ) 0.29 ( 7.4 ) 2.00 ( 50.8 ) Source : www.wrcc.dri.edu Biodiversity ( edit ) Death Valley in 2005 springtime bloom In spite of the overwhelming heat and sparse rainfall , Death Valley exhibits considerable biodiversity . Wildflowers , watered by snowmelt , carpet the desert floor each spring , continuing into June . Bighorn sheep , red - tailed hawks , and wild burros may be seen . Death Valley has over 600 springs and ponds . Salt Creek , a mile - long shallow depression in the center of the valley , supports pupfish . Darwin Falls , on the western edge of Death Valley Monument , falls 100 feet ( 30 m ) into a large pond surrounded by willows and cottonwood trees . Over 80 species of birds have been spotted around the pond . Lake Badwater and Glacial Lake Manly ( edit ) A Landsat 5 satellite photo of Lake Badwater on February 9 , 2005 A Landsat 5 satellite photo of Badwater Basin dry lake on February 15 , 2007 In 2005 , Death Valley received four times its average annual rainfall of 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) . As it has done before for hundreds of years , the lowest spot in the valley filled with a wide , shallow lake , but the extreme heat and aridity immediately began evaporating the ephemeral lake . The pair of images ( seen at right ) from NASA 's Landsat 5 satellite documents the short history of Death Valley 's Lake Badwater : formed in February 2005 ( top ) and evaporated by February 2007 ( bottom ) . In 2005 , a big pool of greenish water stretched most of the way across the valley floor . By May 2005 the valley floor had resumed its more familiar role as Badwater Basin , a salt - coated salt flats . In time , this freshly dissolved and recrystallized salt will darken . The western margin of Death Valley is traced by alluvial fans . During flash floods , rainfall from the steep mountains to the west pours through narrow canyons , picking up everything from fine clay to large rocks . When these torrents reach the mouths of the canyons , they widen and slow , branching out into braided streams . The paler the fans , the younger they are . During the Pleistocene ice age , which ended roughly 10,000 -- 12,000 years ago , the Sierra Nevada was much wetter . During that time , Death Valley was filled with a huge lake , called Glacial Lake Manly , that was nearly 100 miles ( 160 km ) long and 600 feet ( 180 m ) deep , the end - basin in a chain of lakes that began with Mono Lake in the north and continued through multiple basins down the Owens River Valley through Searles and China Lakes and the Panamint Valley to the immediate west . Remnants of this wetter period can still be seen in the region today , including the presence of several isolated populations of pupfish . History ( edit ) Death Valley is home to the Timbisha tribe of Native Americans , formerly known as the Panamint Shoshone , who have inhabited the valley for at least the past millennium . The Timbisha name for the valley , tümpisa , means `` rock paint '' and refers to the red ochre paint that can be made from a type of clay found in the valley . Some families still live in the valley at Furnace Creek . Another village was in Grapevine Canyon near the present site of Scotty 's Castle . It was called in the Timbisha language maahunu , whose meaning is uncertain , although it is known that hunu means `` canyon '' . Badlands at Zabriskie Point in Death Valley The valley received its English name in 1849 during the California Gold Rush . It was called Death Valley by prospectors and others who sought to cross the valley on their way to the gold fields , after 13 pioneers perished from one early expedition of wagon trains . During the 1850s , gold and silver were extracted in the valley . In the 1880s , borax was discovered and extracted by mule - drawn wagons . On the afternoon of July 10 , 1913 , the United States Weather Bureau recorded a high temperature of 134 ° F ( 56.7 ° C ) at Greenland Ranch ( now Furnace Creek ) in Death Valley . This temperature stands as the highest ambient air temperature ever recorded at the surface of the Earth . ( A report of a temperature of 58 ° C ( 136.4 ° F ) recorded in Libya in 1922 was later determined to be inaccurate . ) Death Valley National Monument was proclaimed on February 11 , 1933 , by President Herbert Hoover , placing the area under federal protection . In 1994 , the monument was redesignated as Death Valley National Park , as well as being substantially expanded to include Saline and Eureka Valleys . In popular culture ( edit ) A number of movies have been filmed in Death Valley : Chimmie Fadden Out West Danger Valley Death Valley ( 1927 ) Fair Warning The Border Patrolman Where Trails Divide ( 1937 ) Twenty Mule Team Death Valley ( 1946 ) Yellow Sky 3 Godfathers The Walking Hills The Gunfighter ( 1950 ) Surrender Cattle Drive Westward the Women Escape from Fort Bravo Tumbleweed War Paint The Law and Jake Wade One - Eyed Jacks The Reward ( 1965 ) The Professionals The Legend of God 's Gun ( 2007 ) Notable locations ( edit ) Flash flood near Panamint Butte , Death Valley Main article : Places of interest in the Death Valley area Badwater Basin China Ranch Dante 's View Darwin Falls Devils Hole Father Crowley Viewpoint Furnace Creek Harmony Borax Works Hells Gate Hog Ranch Mountains Myers Ranch Oasis at Death Valley Russell Camp New Ryan Upper and Lower Noonday Camp Shoreline Butte Stovepipe Wells Tecopa Tecopa Hot Springs West Side Borax Camp Wilson Ranch Wildrose Ranger Station See also ( edit ) Racetrack Playa , a large dry lakebed within the Valley Sailing stones , famous moving stones of Death Valley Death Valley Suite , a symphonic suite by Ferde Grofe , inspired by the history and geography of Death Valley References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` USGS National Elevation Dataset ( NED ) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program ( 3DEP ) - National Geospatial Data Asset ( NGDA ) National Elevation Data Set ( NED ) '' . United States Geological Survey . September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Feature Detail Report for : Death Valley '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` World Heat Record Overturned -- A Personal Account '' . WunderBlog . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Consequently , the WMO assessment is that the official highest recorded surface temperature of 56.7 ° C ( 134 ° F ) was measured on 10 July 1913 at Greenland Ranch ( Death Valley ) CA Jump up ^ `` Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates '' . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Entered coordinates for Badwater 36 - 15 - 01 - N , 116 - 49 - 33 - W ; and Mount Whitney 36 - 34 - 43 - N , 118 - 17 - 31 - W ^ Jump up to : `` World Meteorological Organization World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner , David . `` Doubts Cloud Death Valley 's 100 - Year Heat Record '' . Jump up ^ Wright , JW , ed. ( 2006 ) . The New York Times Almanac ( 2007 ed . ) . New York , New York : Penguin Books . p. 456 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303820 - 6 . Jump up ^ Celeste Cosby ; Jeanette Hawkins ; Jani Kushla ; Molly Robinson ( 2009 ) . `` Boron Minerals of Death Valley '' . Clark Science Center , Smith College . Archived from the original on 17 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Weather and Climate Death Valley National Park '' ( PDF ) . U.S. National Park Service . July 2007 . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weather and Climate '' . Death Valley National Park . U.S. National Park Service . 23 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service . `` Weather and Climate '' ( PDF ) . Death Valley . NPS.gov . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : El Fadli , KI ; et al. ( September 2012 ) . `` World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58 ° C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia , Libya ( 13 September 1922 ) '' . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 94 ( 2 ) : 199 . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - D - 12 - 00093.1 . Jump up ^ Masters , Jeff . `` Historic Heat Wave Reponsible ( sic ) for Death Valley 's 129 ° F Gradually Weakening '' . WunderBlog . Wunderground . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Kubecka , Paul ( 2001 ) . `` A possible world record maximum natural ground surface temperature '' . Weather . 56 ( 7 ) : 218 -- 221 . Bibcode : 2001Wthr ... 56 ... 218K . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1477 - 8696.2001. tb06577. x . Jump up ^ WRCC . `` Western U.S. Climate Historical Summaries Weather '' . Desert Research Institute . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ WRCC . `` Western U.S. Climate Historical Summaries Weather '' . Desert Research Institute . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . Jump up ^ WRCC . `` State Extremes '' . Desert Research Institute . Retrieved 8 June 2009 . Jump up ^ WRCC . `` Temperature '' . General Climate Summary . Desert Research Institute . Retrieved 8 June 2009 . Jump up ^ WRCC . `` Temperature '' . General Climate Summary . Desert Research Institute . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ WRCC . `` Period of Record General Climate Summary - Temperature '' . Greenland Ranch , California . Desert Research Institute . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Parzybok , TW ( 2005 ) . Weather Extremes of the West . Missoula , Montana : Mountain Press Publishing Company . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0878424733 . Jump up ^ `` July Daily Normals And Records '' ( PDF ) . The Death Valley Climate Book . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Masters , Jeff ( 16 July 2013 ) . `` Death Valley records a low of 107 ° F ( 41.7 ° C ) : a world record '' . Weather Underground . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeff Masters . `` Death Valley records a low of 107 ° F ( 41.7 ° C ) : a world record '' . Blog . Weather Underground . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ WRCC . `` Monthly Climate Summary '' . Desert Research Institute . Retrieved 8 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wet Winter Brings Life to Death Valley '' . Jump up ^ NOAA. `` 1981 -- 2010 US Climate Normals '' . NOAA . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Weather2travel.com . `` Weather2travel Death Valley Climate '' . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ WRCC . `` Western U.S. Climate Historical Summaries Weather '' . Desert Research Institute . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Phenotypic Plasticity of Death Valley 's Pupfish Jump up ^ Not So Dead , Smithsonian Magazine , May 2008 , p. 30 Jump up ^ `` Image of the Day : Lake Badwater , Death Valley '' . Earth Observing System . NASA . 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Lingenfelter , Richard E. ; Dwyer , Richard A. ( 1988 ) . Death Valley Lore , Classic Tales of Fantasy , Adventure and Mystery . Reno : University of Nevada Press . ISBN 0 - 87417 - 136 - 9 . Jump up ^ Manly , William Lewis ( 1894 ) . `` Death Valley in ' 49 '' . Project Gutenberg . The Pacific Tree and Vine Co . Jump up ^ Schneider , Jerry L. ( 2016 ) . Western Filming Locations California Book 6 . CP Entertainment Books . Pages 132 - 133 . ISBN 9780692722947 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Death Valley ( category ) Death Valley travel guide from Wikivoyage National Park Service : Official Death Valley National Park website Historical photographs of Death Valley ( 1926 ) , The Bancroft Library UNESCO Biosphere Preserve : Mojave and Colorado Deserts Strange moving rocks of the valley The Phenotypic Plasticity of Death Valley 's Pupfishes an American Scientist article by Sean Lema Death Valley Area Interactive Map Surficial Geologic Map of the Death Valley Junction 30 ' x 60 ' Quadrangle , California and Nevada United States Geological Survey Death Valley Weather U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Death Valley Death Valley Nonprofit Support Organization Death Valley on National Geographic Death Valley and Death Valley National Park Fauna , flora and minerals Amargosa springsnail Borax Chuckwalla Death Valley monkeyflower Death Valley pupfish Death Valley June beetle Devils Hole pupfish Saratoga Springs pupfish History Amargosa Opera House and Hotel Badwater Death Valley Railroad Greenwater Harmony Borax Works Lake Manly ( Badwater Basin ) Skidoo Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad Twenty - 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8209400783653307538 | Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki | Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - wikipedia Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Jump to : navigation , search Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Part of the Pacific War of World War II Atomic bomb mushroom clouds over Hiroshima ( left ) and Nagasaki ( right ) Date August 6 and August 9 , 1945 Location Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Empire of Japan Result Allied victory Belligerents United States Manhattan Project : United Kingdom Canada Japan Commanders and leaders William S. Parsons Paul W. Tibbets , Jr . Charles Sweeney Frederick Ashworth Shunroku Hata Units involved Manhattan District : 50 U.S. , 2 British 509th Composite Group : 1,770 U.S. Second General Army : Hiroshima : 40,000 ( 5 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Nagasaki : 9,000 ( 4 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Casualties and losses 20 British , Dutch , and American prisoners of war killed Hiroshima : 20,000 soldiers killed 70,000 -- 126,000 civilians killed Nagasaki : 39,000 -- 80,000 killed Total : 129,000 -- 226,000 + killed Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts & Marshalls Marianas & Palau Volcano & Ryukyu Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Singapore Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Burma Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War During the final stage of World War II , the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9 , 1945 , respectively . The United States dropped the bombs after obtaining the consent of the United Kingdom , as required by the Quebec Agreement . The two bombings killed at least 129,000 people , most of whom were civilians . They remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare . In the final year of the war , the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a bloody invasion of the Japanese mainland . This undertaking was preceded by a conventional and firebombing campaign that destroyed 67 Japanese cities . The war in Europe had concluded when Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8 , 1945 . As the Allies turned their full attention to the war in the Pacific War , the Japanese faced the same fate . The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . The Japanese ignored the ultimatum and the war continued . By August 1945 , the Allies ' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bomb , and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands . Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25 . On August 6 , one of its B - 29s dropped a Little Boy uranium gun - type bomb on Hiroshima . Three days later , on August 9 , a Fat Man plutonium implosion - type bomb was dropped by another B - 29 on Nagasaki . The bombs immediately devastated their targets . Over the next two to four months , the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000 -- 146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000 -- 80,000 people in Nagasaki ; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day . Large numbers of people continued to die from the effects of burns , radiation sickness , and other injuries , compounded by illness and malnutrition , for many months afterward . In both cities , most of the dead were civilians , although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison . Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on August 15 , six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union 's declaration of war . On September 2 , the Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender , effectively ending World War II . The ethical and legal justification for the bombings is still debated to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Pacific War 1.2 Preparations to invade Japan 1.3 Air raids on Japan 1.4 Atomic bomb development 2 Preparations 2.1 Organization and training 2.2 Choice of targets 2.3 Proposed demonstration 2.4 Leaflets 2.5 Consultation with Britain and Canada 2.6 Potsdam Declaration 2.7 Bombs 3 Hiroshima 3.1 Hiroshima during World War II 3.2 Bombing of Hiroshima 3.3 Events on the ground 3.4 Japanese realization of the bombing 4 Events of August 7 -- 9 5 Nagasaki 5.1 Nagasaki during World War II 5.2 Bombing of Nagasaki 5.3 Events on the ground 6 Plans for more atomic attacks on Japan 7 Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation 8 Reportage 9 Post-attack casualties 9.1 Cancer increases 9.2 Birth defect investigations 9.3 Investigations into brain development 10 Hibakusha 10.1 Double survivors 10.2 Korean survivors 11 Memorials 12 Debate over bombings 13 Legacy 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Background Pacific War Main article : Pacific War Situation of the Pacific War on August 1 , 1945 . Areas still controlled by Japan ( in white and green ) included Korea , Taiwan , Indochina , and much of China , including most of the main cities , and the Dutch East Indies . Allied - held areas are in red , with the neutral Soviet Union and Mongolia in grey . In 1945 , the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies entered its fourth year . Most Japanese military units fought fiercely , ensuring that the Allied victory would come at an enormous cost . The 1.25 million battle casualties incurred in total by the United States in World War II included both military personnel killed in action and wounded in action . Nearly one million of the casualties occurred during the last year of the war , from June 1944 to June 1945 . In December 1944 , American battle casualties hit an all - time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive . America 's reserves of manpower were running out . Deferments for groups such as agricultural workers were tightened , and there was consideration of drafting women . At the same time , the public was becoming war - weary , and demanding that long - serving servicemen be sent home . In the Pacific , the Allies returned to the Philippines , recaptured Burma , and invaded Borneo . Offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in Bougainville , New Guinea and the Philippines . In April 1945 , American forces landed on Okinawa , where heavy fighting continued until June . Along the way , the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from 5 : 1 in the Philippines to 2 : 1 on Okinawa . Although some Japanese soldiers were taken prisoner , most fought until they were killed or committed suicide . Nearly 99 % of the 21,000 defenders of Iwo Jima were killed . Of the 117,000 Okinawan and Japanese troops defending Okinawa in April -- June 1945 , 94 % were killed ; 7,401 Japanese soldiers surrendered , an unprecedented large number . As the Allies advanced towards Japan , conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people . Japan 's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000 gross tons in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945 , and 557,000 tons in August 1945 . Lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944 . The civilian economy , which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war , reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945 . The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet , and the 1945 catch was only 22 % of that in 1941 . The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909 , and hunger and malnutrition became widespread . U.S. industrial production was overwhelmingly superior to Japan 's . By 1943 , the U.S. produced almost 100,000 aircraft a year , compared to Japan 's production of 70,000 for the entire war . By the middle of 1944 , the U.S. had almost a hundred aircraft carriers in the Pacific , far more than Japan 's twenty - five for the entire war . In February 1945 , Prince Fumimaro Konoe advised Emperor Hirohito that defeat was inevitable , and urged him to abdicate . Preparations to invade Japan Main article : Operation Downfall Even before the surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8 , 1945 , plans were underway for the largest operation of the Pacific War , Operation Downfall , the Allied invasion of Japan . The operation had two parts : Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet . Set to begin in October 1945 , Olympic involved a series of landings by the U.S. Sixth Army intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island , Kyūshū . Operation Olympic was to be followed in March 1946 by Operation Coronet , the capture of the Kantō Plain , near Tokyo on the main Japanese island of Honshū by the U.S. First , Eighth and Tenth Armies , as well as a Commonwealth Corps made up of Australian , British and Canadian divisions . The target date was chosen to allow for Olympic to complete its objectives , for troops to be redeployed from Europe , and the Japanese winter to pass . U.S. Army propaganda poster prepares the public for the invasion of Japan after ending war on Germany and Italy Japan 's geography made this invasion plan obvious to the Japanese ; they were able to predict the Allied invasion plans accurately and thus adjust their defensive plan , Operation Ketsugō , accordingly . The Japanese planned an all - out defense of Kyūshū , with little left in reserve for any subsequent defense operations . Four veteran divisions were withdrawn from the Kwantung Army in Manchuria in March 1945 to strengthen the forces in Japan , and 45 new divisions were activated between February and May 1945 . Most were immobile formations for coastal defense , but 16 were high quality mobile divisions . In all , there were 2.3 million Japanese Army troops prepared to defend the home islands , backed by a civilian militia of 28 million men and women . Casualty predictions varied widely , but were extremely high . The Vice Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff , Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi , predicted up to 20 million Japanese deaths . A study from June 15 , 1945 , by the Joint War Plans Committee , who provided planning information to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , estimated that Olympic would result in between 130,000 and 220,000 U.S. casualties , of which U.S. dead would be in the range from 25,000 to 46,000 . Delivered on June 15 , 1945 , after insight gained from the Battle of Okinawa , the study noted Japan 's inadequate defenses due to the very effective sea blockade and the American firebombing campaign . The Chief of Staff of the United States Army , General of the Army George Marshall , and the Army Commander in Chief in the Pacific , General of the Army Douglas MacArthur , signed documents agreeing with the Joint War Plans Committee estimate . The Americans were alarmed by the Japanese buildup , which was accurately tracked through Ultra intelligence . Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson was sufficiently concerned about high American estimates of probable casualties to commission his own study by Quincy Wright and William Shockley . Wright and Shockley spoke with Colonels James McCormack and Dean Rusk , and examined casualty forecasts by Michael E. DeBakey and Gilbert Beebe . Wright and Shockley estimated the invading Allies would suffer between 1.7 and 4 million casualties in such a scenario , of whom between 400,000 and 800,000 would be dead , while Japanese fatalities would have been around 5 to 10 million . Marshall began contemplating the use of a weapon that was `` readily available and which assuredly can decrease the cost in American lives '' : poison gas . Quantities of phosgene , mustard gas , tear gas and cyanogen chloride were moved to Luzon from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic , and MacArthur ensured that Chemical Warfare Service units were trained in their use . Consideration was also given to using biological weapons against Japan . Air raids on Japan Main article : Air raids on Japan A B - 29 over Osaka on June 1 , 1945 While the United States had developed plans for an air campaign against Japan prior to the Pacific War , the capture of Allied bases in the western Pacific in the first weeks of the conflict meant that this offensive did not begin until mid-1944 when the long - ranged Boeing B - 29 Superfortress became ready for use in combat . Operation Matterhorn involved India - based B - 29s staging through bases around Chengdu in China to make a series of raids on strategic targets in Japan . This effort failed to achieve the strategic objectives that its planners had intended , largely because of logistical problems , the bomber 's mechanical difficulties , the vulnerability of Chinese staging bases , and the extreme range required to reach key Japanese cities . Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell determined that Guam , Tinian , and Saipan in the Mariana Islands would better serve as B - 29 bases , but they were in Japanese hands . Strategies were shifted to accommodate the air war , and the islands were captured between June and August 1944 . Air bases were developed , and B - 29 operations commenced from the Marianas in October 1944 . These bases were easily resupplied by cargo ships . The XXI Bomber Command began missions against Japan on November 18 , 1944 . The early attempts to bomb Japan from the Marianas proved just as ineffective as the China - based B - 29s had been . Hansell continued the practice of conducting so - called high - altitude precision bombing , aimed at key industries and transportation networks , even after these tactics had not produced acceptable results . These efforts proved unsuccessful due to logistical difficulties with the remote location , technical problems with the new and advanced aircraft , unfavorable weather conditions , and enemy action . The Operation Meetinghouse firebombing of Tokyo on the night of March 9 -- 10 , 1945 , was the single deadliest air raid in history ; with a greater area of fire damage and loss of life than either of the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima or Nagasaki . Hansell 's successor , Major General Curtis LeMay , assumed command in January 1945 and initially continued to use the same precision bombing tactics , with equally unsatisfactory results . The attacks initially targeted key industrial facilities but much of the Japanese manufacturing process was carried out in small workshops and private homes . Under pressure from United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) headquarters in Washington , LeMay changed tactics and decided that low - level incendiary raids against Japanese cities were the only way to destroy their production capabilities , shifting from precision bombing to area bombardment with incendiaries . Like most strategic bombing during World War II , the aim of the air offensive against Japan was to destroy the enemy 's war industries , kill or disable civilian employees of these industries , and undermine civilian morale . Over the next six months , the XXI Bomber Command under LeMay firebombed 67 Japanese cities . The firebombing of Tokyo , codenamed Operation Meetinghouse , on March 9 -- 10 killed an estimated 100,000 people and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) of the city and 267,000 buildings in a single night . It was the deadliest bombing raid of the war , at a cost of 20 B - 29s shot down by flak and fighters . By May , 75 % of bombs dropped were incendiaries designed to burn down Japan 's `` paper cities '' . By mid-June , Japan 's six largest cities had been devastated . The end of the fighting on Okinawa that month provided airfields even closer to the Japanese mainland , allowing the bombing campaign to be further escalated . Aircraft flying from Allied aircraft carriers and the Ryukyu Islands also regularly struck targets in Japan during 1945 in preparation for Operation Downfall . Firebombing switched to smaller cities , with populations ranging from 60,000 to 350,000 . According to Yuki Tanaka , the U.S. fire - bombed over a hundred Japanese towns and cities . These raids were devastating . The Japanese military was unable to stop the Allied attacks and the country 's civil defense preparations proved inadequate . Japanese fighters and antiaircraft guns had difficulty engaging bombers flying at high altitude . From April 1945 , the Japanese interceptors also had to face American fighter escorts based on Iwo Jima and Okinawa . That month , the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service stopped attempting to intercept the air raids in order to preserve fighter aircraft to counter the expected invasion . By mid-1945 the Japanese only occasionally scrambled aircraft to intercept individual B - 29s conducting reconnaissance sorties over the country , in order to conserve supplies of fuel . In July 1945 , the Japanese had 1,156,000 US barrels ( 137,800,000 l ) of avgas stockpiled for the invasion of Japan . About 604,000 US barrels ( 72,000,000 l ) had been consumed in the home islands area in April , May and June 1945 . While the Japanese military decided to resume attacks on Allied bombers from late June , by this time there were too few operational fighters available for this change of tactics to hinder the Allied air raids . Atomic bomb development Main article : Manhattan Project The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938 , and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch , made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility . Fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop atomic weapons first , especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries , were expressed in the Einstein - Szilard letter . This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939 . Progress was slow until the arrival of the British MAUD Committee report in late 1941 , which indicated that only 5 to 10 kilograms of isotopically enriched uranium - 235 were needed for a bomb instead of tons of natural uranium and a neutron moderator like heavy water . The 1943 Quebec Agreement merged the nuclear weapons projects of the United Kingdom and Canada , Tube Alloys and the Montreal Laboratory , with the Manhattan Project , under the direction of Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr. , of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Groves appointed J. Robert Oppenheimer to organize and head the project 's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico , where bomb design work was carried out . Two types of bombs were eventually developed , both named by Robert Serber. Little Boy was a gun - type fission weapon that used uranium - 235 , a rare isotope of uranium separated at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge , Tennessee . The other , known as a Fat Man device , was a more powerful and efficient , but more complicated , implosion - type nuclear weapon that used plutonium created in nuclear reactors at Hanford , Washington . There was a Japanese nuclear weapon program , but it lacked the human , mineral and financial resources of the Manhattan Project , and never made much progress towards developing an atomic bomb . Preparations Organization and training Aircraft of the 509th Composite Group that took part in the Hiroshima bombing . Left to right : Big Stink , The Great Artiste , Enola Gay The 509th Composite Group was constituted on December 9 , 1944 , and activated on December 17 , 1944 , at Wendover Army Air Field , Utah , commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets . Tibbets was assigned to organize and command a combat group to develop the means of delivering an atomic weapon against targets in Germany and Japan . Because the flying squadrons of the group consisted of both bomber and transport aircraft , the group was designated as a `` composite '' rather than a `` bombardment '' unit . Working with the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos , Tibbets selected Wendover for his training base over Great Bend , Kansas , and Mountain Home , Idaho , because of its remoteness . Each bombardier completed at least 50 practice drops of inert or conventional explosive pumpkin bombs and Tibbets declared his group combat - ready . The `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' : Captain William S. Parsons ( left ) , Rear Admiral William R. Purnell ( center ) , and Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell ( right ) The 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men , almost all of whom eventually deployed to Tinian . In addition to its authorized strength , the 509th had attached to it on Tinian 51 civilian and military personnel from Project Alberta , known as the 1st Technical Detachment . The 509th Composite Group 's 393d Bombardment Squadron was equipped with 15 Silverplate B - 29s . These aircraft were specially adapted to carry nuclear weapons , and were equipped with fuel - injected engines , Curtiss Electric reversible - pitch propellers , pneumatic actuators for rapid opening and closing of bomb bay doors and other improvements . The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group moved by rail on April 26 , 1945 , to its port of embarkation at Seattle , Washington . On May 6 the support elements sailed on the SS Cape Victory for the Marianas , while group materiel was shipped on the SS Emile Berliner . The Cape Victory made brief port calls at Honolulu and Eniwetok but the passengers were not permitted to leave the dock area . An advance party of the air echelon , consisting of 29 officers and 61 enlisted men flew by C - 54 to North Field on Tinian , between May 15 and May 22 . There were also two representatives from Washington , D.C. , Brigadier General Thomas Farrell , the deputy commander of the Manhattan Project , and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee , who were on hand to decide higher policy matters on the spot . Along with Captain William S. Parsons , the commander of Project Alberta , they became known as the `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' . Choice of targets The mission runs of August 6 and 9 , with Hiroshima , Nagasaki , and Kokura ( the original target for August 9 ) displayed In April 1945 , Marshall asked Groves to nominate specific targets for bombing for final approval by himself and Stimson . Groves formed a Target Committee , chaired by himself , that included Farrell , Major John A. Derry , Colonel William P. Fisher , Joyce C. Stearns and David M. Dennison from the USAAF ; and scientists John von Neumann , Robert R. Wilson and William Penney from the Manhattan Project . The Target Committee met in Washington on April 27 ; at Los Alamos on May 10 , where it was able to talk to the scientists and technicians there ; and finally in Washington on May 28 , where it was briefed by Tibbets and Commander Frederick Ashworth from Project Alberta , and the Manhattan Project 's scientific advisor , Richard C. Tolman . The Target Committee nominated five targets : Kokura , the site of one of Japan 's largest munitions plants ; Hiroshima , an embarkation port and industrial center that was the site of a major military headquarters ; Yokohama , an urban center for aircraft manufacture , machine tools , docks , electrical equipment and oil refineries ; Niigata , a port with industrial facilities including steel and aluminum plants and an oil refinery ; and Kyoto , a major industrial center . The target selection was subject to the following criteria : The target was larger than 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) in diameter and was an important target in a large city . The blast would create effective damage . The target was unlikely to be attacked by August 1945 . These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids and the Army Air Forces agreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the damage caused by the atomic bombs could be made . Hiroshima was described as `` an important army depot and port of embarkation in the middle of an urban industrial area . It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged . There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage . Due to rivers it is not a good incendiary target . '' The Target Committee stated that `` It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance . Two aspects of this are ( 1 ) obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japan and ( 2 ) making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released ... Kyoto has the advantage of the people being more highly intelligent and hence better able to appreciate the significance of the weapon . Hiroshima has the advantage of being such a size and with possible focussing from nearby mountains that a large fraction of the city may be destroyed . The Emperor 's palace in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value . '' Edwin O. Reischauer , a Japan expert for the U.S. Army Intelligence Service , was incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto . In his autobiography , Reischauer specifically refuted this claim : ... the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction is Henry L. Stimson , the Secretary of War at the time , who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier . On May 30 , Stimson asked Groves to remove Kyoto from the target list due to its historical , religious and cultural significance , but Groves pointed to its military and industrial significance . Stimson then approached President Harry S. Truman about the matter . Truman agreed with Stimson , and Kyoto was temporarily removed from the target list . Groves attempted to restore Kyoto to the target list in July , but Stimson remained adamant . On July 25 , Nagasaki was put on the target list in place of Kyoto . It was a major military port , one of Japan 's largest shipbuilding and repair centers , and an important producer of naval ordnance . Proposed demonstration In early May 1945 , the Interim Committee was created by Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy . During the meetings on May 31 and June 1 , scientist Ernest Lawrence had suggested giving the Japanese a non-combat demonstration . Arthur Compton later recalled that : It was evident that everyone would suspect trickery . If a bomb were exploded in Japan with previous notice , the Japanese air power was still adequate to give serious interference . An atomic bomb was an intricate device , still in the developmental stage . Its operation would be far from routine . If during the final adjustments of the bomb the Japanese defenders should attack , a faulty move might easily result in some kind of failure . Such an end to an advertised demonstration of power would be much worse than if the attempt had not been made . It was now evident that when the time came for the bombs to be used we should have only one of them available , followed afterwards by others at all - too - long intervals . We could not afford the chance that one of them might be a dud . If the test were made on some neutral territory , it was hard to believe that Japan 's determined and fanatical military men would be impressed . If such an open test were made first and failed to bring surrender , the chance would be gone to give the shock of surprise that proved so effective . On the contrary , it would make the Japanese ready to interfere with an atomic attack if they could . Though the possibility of a demonstration that would not destroy human lives was attractive , no one could suggest a way in which it could be made so convincing that it would be likely to stop the war . The possibility of a demonstration was raised again in the Franck Report issued by physicist James Franck on June 11 and the Scientific Advisory Panel rejected his report on June 16 , saying that `` we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war ; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use . '' Franck then took the report to Washington , D.C. , where the Interim Committee met on June 21 to re-examine its earlier conclusions ; but it reaffirmed that there was no alternative to the use of the bomb on a military target . Like Compton , many U.S. officials and scientists argued that a demonstration would sacrifice the shock value of the atomic attack , and the Japanese could deny the atomic bomb was lethal , making the mission less likely to produce surrender . Allied prisoners of war might be moved to the demonstration site and be killed by the bomb . They also worried that the bomb might be a dud since the Trinity test was of a stationary device , not an air - dropped bomb . In addition , only two bombs would be available at the start of August , although more were in production , and they cost billions of dollars , so using one for a demonstration would be expensive . Leaflets Various leaflets were dropped on Japan , three versions showing the names of 11 or 12 Japanese cities targeted for destruction by firebombing . The other side contained text stating `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' For several months , the U.S. had warned civilians of potential air raids by dropping more than 63 million leaflets across Japan . Many Japanese cities suffered terrible damage from aerial bombings ; some were as much as 97 % destroyed . LeMay thought that leaflets would increase the psychological impact of bombing , and reduce the international stigma of area - bombing cities . Even with the warnings , Japanese opposition to the war remained ineffective . In general , the Japanese regarded the leaflet messages as truthful , with many Japanese choosing to leave major cities . The leaflets caused such concern that the government ordered the arrest of anyone caught in possession of a leaflet . Leaflet texts were prepared by recent Japanese prisoners of war because they were thought to be the best choice `` to appeal to their compatriots '' . In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima , the Oppenheimer - led Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee decided against a demonstration bomb and against a special leaflet warning . Those decisions were implemented because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation and also because of the wish to maximize shock in the leadership . No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped . Various sources gave conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb . Robert Jay Lifton wrote that it was July 27 , and Theodore H. McNelly wrote that it was July 30 . The USAAF history noted that eleven cities were targeted with leaflets on July 27 , but Hiroshima was not one of them , and there were no leaflet sorties on July 30 . Leaflet sorties were undertaken on August 1 and August 4 . Hiroshima may have been leafleted in late July or early August , as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped . Three versions were printed of a leaflet listing 11 or 12 cities targeted for firebombing ; a total of 33 cities listed . With the text of this leaflet reading in Japanese `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' Hiroshima was not listed . Consultation with Britain and Canada General Thomas Handy 's order to General Carl Spaatz ordering the dropping of the atomic bombs Under the Quebec Agreement with the United Kingdom , nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent . Stimson therefore had to obtain British permission . A meeting of the Combined Policy Committee was held at the Pentagon on July 4 , 1945 . Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson announced that the British government concurred with the use of nuclear weapons against Japan , which would be officially recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee . As the release of information to third parties was also controlled by the Quebec Agreement , discussion then turned to what scientific details would be revealed in the press announcement of the bombing . The meeting also considered what Truman could reveal to Joseph Stalin , the leader of the Soviet Union , at the upcoming Potsdam Conference , as this also required British concurrence . Orders for the attack were issued to General Carl Spaatz on July 25 under the signature of General Thomas T. Handy , the acting Chief of Staff , since Marshall was at the Potsdam Conference with Truman . It read : The 509th Composite Group , 20th Air Force will deliver its first special bomb as soon as weather will permit visual bombing after about 3 August 1945 on one of the targets : Hiroshima , Kokura , Niigata and Nagasaki . To carry military and civilian scientific personnel from the War Department to observe and record the effects of the explosion of the bomb , additional aircraft will accompany the airplane carrying the bomb . The observing planes will stay several miles distant from the point of impact of the bomb . Additional bombs will be delivered on the above targets as soon as made ready by the project staff . Further instructions will be issued concerning targets other than those listed above . That day , Truman noted in his diary that : This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th . I have told the Sec. of War , Mr. Stimson , to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children . Even if the Japs are savages , ruthless , merciless and fanatic , we as the leader of the world for the common welfare can not drop that terrible bomb on the old capital ( Kyoto ) or the new ( Tokyo ) . He and I are in accord . The target will be a purely military one . Potsdam declaration Main article : Potsdam Declaration The July 16 success of the Trinity Test in the New Mexico desert exceeded expectations . On July 26 , Allied leaders issued the Potsdam Declaration , which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan . The declaration was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender , the Allies would attack Japan , resulting in `` the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland '' . The atomic bomb was not mentioned in the communiqué . On July 28 , Japanese papers reported that the declaration had been rejected by the Japanese government . That afternoon , Prime Minister Suzuki Kantarō declared at a press conference that the Potsdam Declaration was no more than a rehash ( yakinaoshi ) of the Cairo Declaration and that the government intended to ignore it ( mokusatsu , `` kill by silence '' ) . The statement was taken by both Japanese and foreign papers as a clear rejection of the declaration . Emperor Hirohito , who was waiting for a Soviet reply to non-committal Japanese peace feelers , made no move to change the government position . Japan 's willingness to surrender remained conditional on the preservation of the kokutai ( Imperial institution and national polity ) , assumption by the Imperial Headquarters of responsibility for disarmament and demobilization , no occupation of the Japanese Home Islands , Korea or Formosa , and delegation of the punishment of war criminals to the Japanese government . At Potsdam , Truman agreed to a request from Winston Churchill that Britain be represented when the atomic bomb was dropped . William Penney and Group Captain Leonard Cheshire were sent to Tinian , but found that LeMay would not let them accompany the mission . All they could do was send a strongly worded signal to Wilson . Bombs The Little Boy bomb , except for the uranium payload , was ready at the beginning of May 1945 . There were two uranium - 235 components , a hollow cylindrical projectile and a cylindrical target insert . The projectile was completed on June 15 , and the target insert on July 24 . The projectile and eight bomb pre-assemblies ( partly assembled bombs without the powder charge and fissile components ) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard , California , on July 16 aboard the cruiser USS Indianapolis , and arrived on Tinian on July 26 . The target insert followed by air on July 30 , accompanied by Commander Francis Birch from Project Alberta . Responding to concerns expressed by the 509th Composite Group about the possibility of a B - 29 crashing on takeoff , Birch had modified the Little Boy design to incorporate a removable breech plug that would permit the bomb to be armed in flight . The first plutonium core , along with its polonium - beryllium urchin initiator , was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier Raemer Schreiber in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison . Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a tamper . The core departed from Kirtland Army Air Field on a C - 54 transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group 's 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on July 26 , and arrived at North Field July 28 . Three Fat Man high - explosive pre-assemblies , designated F31 , F32 , and F33 , were picked up at Kirtland on July 28 by three B - 29s , two from the 393d Bombardment Squadron plus one from the 216th Army Air Force Base Unit , and transported to North Field , arriving on August 2 . Hiroshima Hiroshima during World War II The Enola Gay dropped the `` Little Boy '' atomic bomb on Hiroshima . In this photograph are five of the aircraft 's ground crew with mission commander Paul Tibbets in the center . At the time of its bombing , Hiroshima was a city of both industrial and military significance . A number of military units were located nearby , the most important of which was the headquarters of Field Marshal Shunroku Hata 's Second General Army , which commanded the defense of all of southern Japan , and was located in Hiroshima Castle . Hata 's command consisted of some 400,000 men , most of whom were on Kyushu where an Allied invasion was correctly anticipated . Also present in Hiroshima were the headquarters of the 59th Army , the 5th Division and the 224th Division , a recently formed mobile unit . The city was defended by five batteries of 7 - cm and 8 - cm ( 2.8 and 3.1 inch ) anti-aircraft guns of the 3rd Anti-Aircraft Division , including units from the 121st and 122nd Anti-Aircraft Regiments and the 22nd and 45th Separate Anti-Aircraft Battalions . In total , an estimated 40,000 Japanese military personnel were stationed in the city . Hiroshima was a supply and logistics base for the Japanese military . The city was a communications center , a key port for shipping , and an assembly area for troops . It was a beehive of war industry , manufacturing parts for planes and boats , for bombs , rifles , and handguns . The center of the city contained several reinforced concrete buildings and lighter structures . Outside the center , the area was congested by a dense collection of small timber workshops set among Japanese houses . A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city . The houses were constructed of timber with tile roofs , and many of the industrial buildings were also built around timber frames . The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage . It was the second largest city in Japan after Kyoto that was still undamaged by air raids , primarily because it lacked the aircraft manufacturing industry that was the XXI Bomber Command 's priority target . On July 3 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed it off limits to bombers , along with Kokura , Niigata and Kyoto . The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war but prior to the atomic bombing , the population had steadily decreased because of a systematic evacuation ordered by the Japanese government . At the time of the attack , the population was approximately 340,000 -- 350,000 . Residents wondered why Hiroshima had been spared destruction by firebombing . Some speculated that the city was to be saved for U.S. occupation headquarters , others thought perhaps their relatives in Hawaii and California had petitioned the U.S. government to avoid bombing Hiroshima . More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long , straight firebreaks . These continued to be expanded and extended up to the morning of August 6 , 1945 . Bombing of Hiroshima Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on August 6 , with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets . The 393d Bombardment Squadron B - 29 Enola Gay , named after Tibbets ' mother and piloted by Tibbets , took off from North Field , Tinian , about six hours ' flight time from Japan . Enola Gay was accompanied by two other B - 29s . The Great Artiste , commanded by Major Charles Sweeney , which carried instrumentation , and a then - nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil , commanded by Captain George Marquardt , which served as the photography aircraft . Strike order for the Hiroshima bombing as posted on August 5 , 1945 Special Mission 13 , Primary target Hiroshima , August 6 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Straight Flush Major Claude R. Eatherly Dimples 85 Weather reconnaissance ( Hiroshima ) Jabit III Major John A. Wilson Dimples 71 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Enola Gay Colonel Paul W. Tibbets Dimples 82 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Necessary Evil Captain . George W. Marquardt Dimples 91 Strike observation and photography Top Secret Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 72 Strike spare -- did not complete mission After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05 : 55 at 9,200 feet ( 2,800 m ) , and set course for Japan . The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at 31,060 feet ( 9,470 m ) . Parsons , who was in command of the mission , armed the bomb in flight to minimize the risks during takeoff . He had witnessed four B - 29s crash and burn at takeoff , and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B - 29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board . His assistant , Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson , removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area . The Hiroshima atom bomb cloud 2 -- 5 minutes after detonation During the night of August 5 -- 6 , Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan . Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga , 102 bound for Maebashi , 261 en route to Nishinomiya , 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari . An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities , among them Hiroshima . The all - clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00 : 05 . About an hour before the bombing , the air raid alert was sounded again , as Straight Flush flew over the city . It broadcast a short message which was picked up by Enola Gay . It read : `` Cloud cover less than 3 / 10th at all altitudes . Advice : bomb primary . '' The all - clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07 : 09 . At 08 : 09 , Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier , Major Thomas Ferebee . The release at 08 : 15 ( Hiroshima time ) went as planned , and the Little Boy containing about 64 kg ( 141 lb ) of uranium - 235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 31,000 feet ( 9,400 m ) to a detonation height of about 1,900 feet ( 580 m ) above the city . Enola Gay traveled 11.5 mi ( 18.5 km ) before it felt the shock waves from the blast . Due to crosswind , the bomb missed the aiming point , the Aioi Bridge , by approximately 800 ft ( 240 m ) and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic . It released the equivalent energy of 16 kilotons of TNT ( 67 TJ ) , ± 2 kt . The weapon was considered very inefficient , with only 1.7 % of its material fissioning . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , with resulting fires across 4.4 square miles ( 11 km ) . Enola Gay stayed over the target area for two minutes and was ten miles away when the bomb detonated . Only Tibbets , Parsons , and Ferebee knew of the nature of the weapon ; the others on the bomber were only told to expect a blinding flash and given black goggles . `` It was hard to believe what we saw '' , Tibbets told reporters , while Parsons said `` the whole thing was tremendous and awe - inspiring ... the men aboard with me gasped ' My God ' '' . He and Tibbets compared the shockwave to `` a close burst of ack - ack fire '' . Events on the ground People on the ground reported seeing a pika ( ピカ ) -- a brilliant flash of light -- followed by a don ( ドン ) -- a loud booming sound . Some 70,000 -- 80,000 people , or around 30 % of the population of Hiroshima , were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm , and another 70,000 were injured . Perhaps as many as 20,000 Japanese military personnel were killed . U.S. surveys estimated that 4.7 square miles ( 12 km ) of the city were destroyed . Japanese officials determined that 69 % of Hiroshima 's buildings were destroyed and another 6 -- 7 % damaged . Some of the reinforced concrete buildings in Hiroshima had been very strongly constructed because of the earthquake danger in Japan , and their framework did not collapse even though they were fairly close to the blast center . Since the bomb detonated in the air , the blast was directed more downward than sideways , which was largely responsible for the survival of the Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall , now commonly known as the Genbaku ( A-bomb ) dome . This building was designed and built by the Czech architect Jan Letzel , and was only 150 m ( 490 ft ) from ground zero . The ruin was named Hiroshima Peace Memorial and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 over the objections of the United States and China , which expressed reservations on the grounds that other Asian nations were the ones who suffered the greatest loss of life and property , and a focus on Japan lacked historical perspective . The bombing started fires that spread rapidly through timber and paper homes . As in other Japanese cities , the firebreaks proved ineffective . The intense fires started gutted everything in a 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) radius . Hiroshima bombing Hiroshima in the aftermath of the bombing Injured civilian casualties The Hiroshima Genbaku Dome after the bombing The clothes pattern , in the tight - fitting areas on this survivor , shown burnt into the skin . Direct , thermal flash burns 22 - year old victim Toyoko Kugata being treated at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital ( October 6 , 1945 ) The air raid warning had been cleared at 07 : 31 , and many people were outside , going about their activities . Eizō Nomura was the closest known survivor , being in the basement of a reinforced concrete building ( it remained as the Rest House after the war ) only 170 metres ( 560 ft ) from ground zero ( the hypocenter ) at the time of the attack . He died in 1982 , aged 84 . Akiko Takakura was among the closest survivors to the hypocenter of the blast . She was in the solidly built Bank of Hiroshima only 300 meters ( 980 ft ) from ground - zero at the time of the attack . For decades this `` Hiroshima strike '' photo was misidentified as the mushroom cloud of the bomb that formed at c. 08 : 16 . However , due to its much greater height , the scene was identified by a researcher in March 2016 as the firestorm - cloud that engulfed the city , a fire that reached its peak intensity some three hours after the bomb . Over 90 % of the doctors and 93 % of the nurses in Hiroshima were killed or injured -- most had been in the downtown area which received the greatest damage . The hospitals were destroyed or heavily damaged . Only one doctor , Terufumi Sasaki , remained on duty at the Red Cross Hospital . Nonetheless , by early afternoon , the police and volunteers had established evacuation centres at hospitals , schools and tram stations , and a morgue was established in the Asano library . Most elements of the Japanese Second General Army headquarters were at physical training on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle , barely 900 yards ( 820 m ) from the hypocenter . The attack killed 3,243 troops on the parade ground . The communications room of Chugoku Military District Headquarters that was responsible for issuing and lifting air raid warnings was in a semi-basement in the castle . Yoshie Oka , a Hijiyama Girls High School student who had been mobilized to serve as a communications officer had just sent a message that the alarm had been issued for Hiroshima and neighboring Yamaguchi , when the bomb exploded . She used a special phone to inform Fukuyama Headquarters ( some 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) away ) that `` Hiroshima has been attacked by a new type of bomb . The city is in a state of near - total destruction . '' Since Mayor Senkichi Awaya had been killed while eating breakfast with his son and granddaughter at the mayoral residence , Field Marshal Hata , who was only slightly wounded , took over the administration of the city , and coordinated relief efforts . Many of his staff had been killed or fatally wounded , including a Korean prince of the Joseon Dynasty , Yi Wu , who was serving as a lieutenant colonel in the Japanese Army . Hata 's senior surviving staff officer was the wounded Colonel Kumao Imoto , who acted as his chief of staff . Soldiers from the undamaged Hiroshima Ujina Harbor used suicide boats , intended to repel the American invasion , to collect the wounded and take them down the rivers to the military hospital at Ujina . Trucks and trains brought in relief supplies and evacuated survivors from the city . Twelve American airmen were imprisoned at the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters , about 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) from the hypocenter of the blast . Most died instantly , although two were reported to have been executed by their captors , and two prisoners badly injured by the bombing were left next to the Aioi Bridge by the Kempei Tai , where they were stoned to death . Eight U.S. prisoners of war killed as part of the medical experiments program at Kyushu University were falsely reported by Japanese authorities as having been killed in the atomic blast as part of an attempted cover up . Japanese realization of the bombing Hiroshima before the bombing Hiroshima after the bombing and firestorm The Tokyo control operator of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air . He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line , but it too had failed . About 20 minutes later the Tokyo railroad telegraph center realized that the main line telegraph had stopped working just north of Hiroshima . From some small railway stops within 16 km ( 10 mi ) of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima . All these reports were transmitted to the headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff . Military bases repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima . The complete silence from that city puzzled the General Staff ; they knew that no large enemy raid had occurred and that no sizable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time . A young officer was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima , to land , survey the damage , and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff . It was felt that nothing serious had taken place and that the explosion was just a rumor . The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest . After flying for about three hours , while still nearly 160 km ( 100 mi ) from Hiroshima , he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the bomb . After circling the city in order to survey the damage they landed south of the city , where the staff officer , after reporting to Tokyo , began to organize relief measures . Tokyo 's first indication that the city had been destroyed by a new type of bomb came from President Truman 's announcement of the strike , sixteen hours later . Events of August 7 -- 9 See also : Mokusatsu Truman announcing the bombing of Hiroshima President Truman announces the bombing of Hiroshima , which he describes as `` a military base '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . After the Hiroshima bombing , Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon . He stated , `` We may be grateful to Providence '' that the German atomic bomb project had failed , and that the United States and its allies had `` spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history -- and won '' . Truman then warned Japan : `` If they do not now accept our terms , they may expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware . '' This was a widely broadcast speech picked up by Japanese news agencies . Leaflet AB12 , with information on the Hiroshima bomb and a warning to civilians to petition the Emperor to surrender was dropped over Japan beginning on August 9 , by the 509th Composite Group . An AB11 is in the possession of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum . The 50,000 - watt standard wave station on Saipan , the OWI radio station , broadcast a similar message to Japan every 15 minutes about Hiroshima , stating that more Japanese cities would face a similar fate in the absence of immediate acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and emphatically urged civilians to evacuate major cities . Radio Japan , which continued to extoll victory for Japan by never surrendering , had informed the Japanese of the destruction of Hiroshima by a single bomb . Prime Minister Suzuki felt compelled to meet the Japanese press , to whom he reiterated his government 's commitment to ignore the Allies ' demands and fight on . Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's unilateral abrogation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact on August 5 . At two minutes past midnight on August 9 , Tokyo time , Soviet infantry , armor , and air forces had launched the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation . Four hours later , word reached Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's official declaration of war . The senior leadership of the Japanese Army began preparations to impose martial law on the nation , with the support of Minister of War Korechika Anami , in order to stop anyone attempting to make peace . On August 7 , a day after Hiroshima was destroyed , Dr. Yoshio Nishina and other atomic physicists arrived at the city , and carefully examined the damage . They then went back to Tokyo and told the cabinet that Hiroshima was indeed destroyed by an atomic bomb . Admiral Soemu Toyoda , the Chief of the Naval General Staff , estimated that no more than one or two additional bombs could be readied , so they decided to endure the remaining attacks , acknowledging `` there would be more destruction but the war would go on '' . American Magic codebreakers intercepted the cabinet 's messages . Purnell , Parsons , Tibbets , Spaatz , and LeMay met on Guam that same day to discuss what should be done next . Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering , they decided to proceed with dropping another bomb . Parsons said that Project Alberta would have it ready by August 11 , but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm , and asked if the bomb could be readied by August 9 . Parsons agreed to try to do so . Nagasaki Nagasaki during World War II The Bockscar and its crew , who dropped a Fat Man atomic bomb on Nagasaki The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest seaports in southern Japan , and was of great wartime importance because of its wide - ranging industrial activity , including the production of ordnance , ships , military equipment , and other war materials . The four largest companies in the city were Mitsubishi Shipyards , Electrical Shipyards , Arms Plant , and Steel and Arms Works , which employed about 90 % of the city 's labor force , and accounted for 90 % of the city 's industry . Although an important industrial city , Nagasaki had been spared from firebombing because its geography made it difficult to locate at night with AN / APQ - 13 radar . Unlike the other target cities , Nagasaki had not been placed off limits to bombers by the Joint Chiefs of Staff 's July 3 directive , and was bombed on a small scale five times . During one of these raids on August 1 , a number of conventional high - explosive bombs were dropped on the city . A few hit the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city , and several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works . By early August , the city was defended by the 134th Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the 4th Anti-Aircraft Division with four batteries of 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) anti-aircraft guns and two searchlight batteries . In contrast to Hiroshima , almost all of the buildings were of old - fashioned Japanese construction , consisting of timber or timber - framed buildings with timber walls ( with or without plaster ) and tile roofs . Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions . Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan ; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley . On the day of the bombing , an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki , including 240,000 Japanese residents , 10,000 Korean residents , 2,500 conscripted Korean workers , 9,000 Japanese soldiers , 600 conscripted Chinese workers , and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki . Bombing of Nagasaki Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Tibbets . Scheduled for August 11 against Kokura , the raid was moved earlier by two days to avoid a five - day period of bad weather forecast to begin on August 10 . Three bomb pre-assemblies had been transported to Tinian , labeled F - 31 , F - 32 , and F - 33 on their exteriors . On August 8 , a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian by Sweeney using Bockscar as the drop airplane . Assembly F - 33 was expended testing the components and F - 31 was designated for the August 9 mission . Strike order for the Nagasaki bombing as posted August 8 , 1945 Special Mission 16 , Secondary target Nagasaki , August 9 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Enola Gay Captain George W. Marquardt Dimples 82 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Laggin ' Dragon Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 95 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Bockscar Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 77 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Captain Frederick C. Bock Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Big Stink Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Dimples 90 Strike observation and photography Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Strike spare -- did not complete mission At 03 : 49 on the morning of August 9 , 1945 , Bockscar , flown by Sweeney 's crew , carried Fat Man , with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target . The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission , with two B - 29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B - 29s in Sweeney 's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission . Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged . During pre-flight inspection of Bockscar , the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 640 US gallons ( 2,400 l ; 530 imp gal ) of fuel carried in a reserve tank . This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back , consuming still more fuel . Replacing the pump would take hours ; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well , as the bomb was live . Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have Bockscar continue the mission . This time Penney and Cheshire were allowed to accompany the mission , flying as observers on the third plane , Big Stink , flown by the group 's operations officer , Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear . When Sweeney 's aircraft arrived at the assembly point for his flight off the coast of Japan , Big Stink failed to make the rendezvous . According to Cheshire , Hopkins was at varying heights including 9,000 feet ( 2,700 m ) higher than he should have been , and was not flying tight circles over Yakushima as previously agreed with Sweeney and Captain Frederick C. Bock , who was piloting the support B - 29 The Great Artiste . Instead , Hopkins was flying 40 - mile ( 64 km ) dogleg patterns . Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes , Sweeney continued to wait for Big Stink for forty minutes . Before leaving the rendezvous point , Sweeney consulted Ashworth , who was in charge of the bomb . As commander of the aircraft , Sweeney made the decision to proceed to the primary , the city of Kokura . Nagasaki before and after the bombing and the fires had long since burnt out After exceeding the original departure time limit by nearly a half - hour , Bockscar , accompanied by The Great Artiste , proceeded to Kokura , thirty minutes away . The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke over Kokura from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B - 29s on nearby Yahata the previous day . Additionally , the Yawata Steel Works intentionally burned coal tar , to produce black smoke . The clouds and smoke resulted in 70 % of the area over Kokura being covered , obscuring the aiming point . Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes , burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses around Kokura , but the bombardier was unable to drop visually . By the time of the third bomb run , Japanese antiaircraft fire was getting close , and Second Lieutenant Jacob Beser , who was monitoring Japanese communications , reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands . After three runs over the city , and with fuel running low because of the failed fuel pump , Bockscar and The Great Artiste headed for their secondary target , Nagasaki . Fuel consumption calculations made en route indicated that Bockscar had insufficient fuel to reach Iwo Jima and would be forced to divert to Okinawa , which had become entirely Allied - occupied territory only six weeks earlier . After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary , Ashworth agreed with Sweeney 's suggestion that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured . At about 07 : 50 Japanese time , an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki , but the `` all clear '' signal was given at 08 : 30 . When only two B - 29 Superfortresses were sighted at 10 : 53 , the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given . A few minutes later at 11 : 00 , The Great Artiste dropped instruments attached to three parachutes . These instruments also contained an unsigned letter to Professor Ryokichi Sagane , a physicist at the University of Tokyo who studied with three of the scientists responsible for the atomic bomb at the University of California , Berkeley , urging him to tell the public about the danger involved with these weapons of mass destruction . The messages were found by military authorities but not turned over to Sagane until a month later . In 1949 , one of the authors of the letter , Luis Alvarez , met with Sagane and signed the document . At 11 : 01 , a last - minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed Bockscar 's bombardier , Captain Kermit Beahan , to visually sight the target as ordered . The Fat Man weapon , containing a core of about 5 kg ( 11 lb ) of plutonium , was dropped over the city 's industrial valley . It exploded 47 seconds later at 1,650 ± 33 ft ( 503 ± 10 m ) , above a tennis court , halfway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Nagasaki Arsenal in the north . This was nearly 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) northwest of the planned hypocenter ; the blast was confined to the Urakami Valley and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills . The resulting explosion released the equivalent energy of 21 ± 2 kt ( 87.9 ± 8.4 TJ ) . Big Stink spotted the explosion from a hundred miles away , and flew over to observe . Urakami Tenshudo ( Catholic Church in Nagasaki ) destroyed by the bomb , the dome / bell of the church , at right , having toppled off Bockscar flew on to Okinawa , arriving with only sufficient fuel for a single approach . Sweeney tried repeatedly to contact the control tower for landing clearance , but received no answer . He could see heavy air traffic landing and taking off from Yontan Airfield . Firing off every flare on board to alert the field to his emergency landing , the Bockscar came in fast , landing at 140 miles per hour ( 230 km / h ) instead of the normal 120 miles per hour ( 190 km / h ) . The number two engine died from fuel starvation as he began the final approach . Touching down midway down the landing strip , Bockscar bounced up into the air again for about 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) before slamming back down hard . The heavy B - 29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B - 24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control . Its reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately , and with both pilots standing on the brakes , Bockscar made a swerving 90 - degree turn at the end of the runway to avoid running off it . A second engine died from fuel exhaustion before the plane came to a stop . The flight engineer later measured fuel in the tanks and concluded that less than five minutes total remained . Following the mission , there was confusion over the identification of the plane . The first eyewitness account by war correspondent William L. Laurence of The New York Times , who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock , reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in The Great Artiste . He also noted its `` Victor '' number as 77 , which was that of Bockscar . Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew , and was aware that they referred to their airplane as The Great Artiste . Except for Enola Gay , none of the 393d 's B - 29s had yet had names painted on the noses , a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account . Unaware of the switch in aircraft , Laurence assumed Victor 77 was The Great Artiste , which was in fact , Victor 89 . Events on the ground The Nagasaki Prefecture Report on the bombing characterized Nagasaki as `` like a graveyard with not a tombstone standing '' . Although the bomb was more powerful than the one used on Hiroshima , the effect was confined by hillsides to the narrow Urakami Valley . Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant , including `` mobilized '' students and regular workers , 6,200 were killed . Some 17,000 -- 22,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well . Casualty estimates for immediate deaths vary widely , ranging from 22,000 to 75,000 . At least 35,000 -- 40,000 people were killed and 60,000 others injured . In the days and months following the explosion , more people died from their injuries . Because of the presence of undocumented foreign workers , and a number of military personnel in transit , there are great discrepancies in the estimates of total deaths by the end of 1945 ; a range of 39,000 to 80,000 can be found in various studies . Unlike Hiroshima 's military death toll , only 150 Japanese soldiers were killed instantly , including thirty - six from the 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division . At least eight known POWs died from the bombing and as many as 13 may have died , including a British prisoner of war , Royal Air Force Corporal Ronald Shaw , and seven Dutch POWs . One American POW , Joe Kieyoomia , was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived , reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell . There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki , all of whom survived . Partially incinerated child in Nagasaki . Photo from Japanese photographer Yosuke Yamahata , one day after the blast and building fires had subsided . Once the American forces had Japan under their military control , they imposed censorship on all such images including those from the conventional bombing of Tokyo , this prevented the distribution of Yamahata 's photographs . These restrictions were lifted in 1952 . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) , followed by fires across the northern portion of the city to 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) south of the bomb . About 58 % of the Mitsubishi Arms Plant was damaged , and about 78 % of the Mitsubishi Steel Works . The Mitsubishi Electric Works suffered only 10 % structural damage as it was on the border of the main destruction zone . The Nagasaki Arsenal was destroyed in the blast . Although many fires likewise burnt following the bombing , in contrast to Hiroshima where sufficient fuel density was available , no firestorm developed in Nagasaki as the damaged areas did not furnish enough fuel to generate the phenomenon . Instead , the ambient wind at the time pushed the fire spread along the valley . As in Hiroshima , the bombing badly dislocated the city 's medical facilities . A makeshift hospital was established at the Shinkozen Primary School , which served as the main medical centre . The trains were still running , and evacuated many victims to hospitals in nearby towns . A medical team from a naval hospital reached the city in the evening , and fire - fighting brigades from the neighboring towns assisted in fighting the fires . Takashi Nagai was a doctor working in the radiology department of Nagasaki Medical College Hospital . He received a serious injury that severed his right temporal artery , but joined the rest of the surviving medical staff in treating bombing victims . Plans for more Atomic attacks on Japan Memorandum from Groves to Marshall regarding the third bomb , with Marshall 's hand - written endorsement Groves expected to have another atomic bomb ready for use on August 19 , with three more in September and a further three in October . On August 10 , he sent a memorandum to Marshall in which he wrote that `` the next bomb ... should be ready for delivery on the first suitable weather after 17 or 18 August . '' Marshall endorsed the memo with the hand - written comment , `` It is not to be released over Japan without express authority from the President '' , something Truman had requested that day . This modified the previous order that the target cities were to be attacked with atomic bombs `` as made ready '' . There was already discussion in the War Department about conserving the bombs then in production for Operation Downfall , and Marshall suggested to Stimson that the remaining cities on the target list be spared attack with atomic bombs . Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied , and scheduled to leave Kirtland Field for Tinian on August 11 and 14 , and Tibbets was ordered by LeMay to return to Albuquerque , New Mexico , to collect them . At Los Alamos , technicians worked 24 hours straight to cast another plutonium core . Although cast , it still needed to be pressed and coated , which would take until August 16 . Therefore , it could have been ready for use on August 19 . Unable to reach Marshall , Groves ordered on his own authority on August 13 that the core should not be shipped . Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation Main articles : Surrender of Japan and Occupation of Japan Until August 9 , Japan 's war council still insisted on its four conditions for surrender . The full cabinet met on 14 : 30 on August 9 , and spent most of the day debating surrender . Anami conceded that victory was unlikely , but argued in favour of continuing the war nonetheless . The meeting ended at 17 : 30 , with no decision having been reached . Suzuki went to the palace to report on the outcome of meeting , where he met with Kōichi Kido , the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan . Kido informed him that the emperor had agreed to hold an imperial conference , and gave a strong indication that the emperor would consent to surrender on condition that kokutai be preserved . A second cabinet meeting was held at 18 : 00 . Only four ministers supported Anami 's position of adhering to the four conditions , but since cabinet decisions had to be unanimous , no decision was reached before it ended at 22 : 00 . Calling an imperial conference required the signatures of the prime minister and the two service chiefs , but the Chief Cabinet Secretary Hisatsune Sakomizu had already obtained signatures from Toyoda and General Yoshijirō Umezu in advance , and he reneged on his promise to inform them if a meeting was to be held . The meeting commenced at 23 : 50 . No consensus had emerged by 02 : 00 , but the emperor gave his `` scared decision '' , authorizing the Foreign Minister , Shigenori Tōgō , to notify the Allies that Japan would accept their terms on one condition , that the declaration `` does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign ruler . '' On August 12 , the Emperor informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender . One of his uncles , Prince Asaka , then asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai could not be preserved . Hirohito simply replied , `` Of course . '' As the Allied terms seemed to leave intact the principle of the preservation of the Throne , Hirohito recorded on August 14 his capitulation announcement which was broadcast to the Japanese nation the next day despite a short rebellion by militarists opposed to the surrender . In his declaration , Hirohito referred to the atomic bombings , and did not explicitly mention the Soviets as a factor for surrender : Despite the best that has been done by every one -- the gallant fighting of military and naval forces , the diligence and assiduity of Our servants of the State and the devoted service of Our one hundred million people , the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan 's advantage , while the general trends of the world have all turned against her interest . Moreover , the enemy now possesses a new and terrible weapon with the power to destroy many innocent lives and do incalculable damage . Should we continue to fight , not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation , but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization . Such being the case , how are we to save the millions of our subjects , or to atone ourselves before the hallowed spirits of our imperial ancestors ? This is the reason why we have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the joint declaration of the powers . In his `` Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors '' delivered on August 17 , however , he stressed the impact of the Soviet invasion on his decision to surrender . Reportage See also : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in popular culture Play media The Hiroshima ruins in March and April 1946 , by Daniel A. McGovern and Harry Mimura On August 10 , 1945 , the day after the Nagasaki bombing , Yōsuke Yamahata , correspondent Higashi , and artist Yamada arrived in the city with orders to record the destruction for maximum propaganda purposes , Yamahata took scores of photographs , and on August 21 , they appeared in Mainichi Shimbun , a popular Japanese newspaper . Wilfred Burchett was the first western journalist to visit Hiroshima after the bombing , arriving alone by train from Tokyo on September 2 . His Morse code dispatch , `` The Atomic Plague '' , was printed by the Daily Express newspaper in London on September 5 , 1945 , and was the first public report to mention the effects of radiation and nuclear fallout . His reporting was unpopular with the U.S. military , who accused Burchett of being under the sway of Japanese propaganda , and suppressed a supporting story submitted by George Weller of the Chicago Daily News . Laurence dismissed the reports on radiation sickness as Japanese efforts to undermine American morale , ignoring his own account published one week earlier . A member of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey , Lieutenant Daniel McGovern , used a film crew to document the effects of the bombings in early 1946 . The film crew shot 90,000 ft ( 27,000 m ) of film , resulting in a three - hour documentary titled The Effects of the Atomic Bombs Against Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The documentary included images from hospitals showing the human effects of the bomb ; it showed burned - out buildings and cars , and rows of skulls and bones on the ground . It was classified `` secret '' for the next 22 years . Motion picture company Nippon Eigasha started sending cameramen to Nagasaki and Hiroshima in September 1945 . On October 24 , 1945 , a U.S. military policeman stopped a Nippon Eigasha cameraman from continuing to film in Nagasaki . All Nippon Eigasha 's reels were confiscated by the American authorities , but they were requested by the Japanese government , and declassified . The public release of film footage of the city post-attack , and some research about the effects of the attack , was restricted during the occupation of Japan , but the Hiroshima - based magazine , Chugoku Bunka , in its first issue published on March 10 , 1946 , devoted itself to detailing the damage from the bombing . Play media Life among the rubble in Hiroshima in March and April 1946 . Film footage taken by Lieutenant Daniel A. McGovern ( director ) and Harry Mimura ( cameraman ) for a United States Strategic Bombing Survey project . The book Hiroshima , written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey , which was originally published in article form in the popular magazine The New Yorker , on August 31 , 1946 , is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947 , and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949 . It narrated the stories of the lives of six bomb survivors from immediately prior to , and months after , the dropping of the Little Boy bomb . Beginning in 1974 , a compilation of drawings and artwork made by the survivors of the bombings began to be compiled , with completion in 1977 , and under both book and exhibition format , it was titled The Unforgettable Fire . The bombing amazed Otto Hahn and other German atomic scientists , whom the British held at Farm Hall in Operation Epsilon . Hahn stated that he had not believed an atomic weapon `` would be possible for another twenty years '' ; Werner Heisenberg did not believe the news at first . Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker said `` I think it 's dreadful of the Americans to have done it . I think it is madness on their part '' , but Heisenberg replied , `` One could equally well say ' That 's the quickest way of ending the war ' '' . Hahn was grateful that the German project had not succeeded in developing `` such an inhumane weapon '' ; Karl Wirtz observed that even if it had , `` we would have obliterated London but would still not have conquered the world , and then they would have dropped them on us '' . The Vatican agreed ; L'Osservatore Romano expressed regret that the bomb 's inventors did not destroy the weapon for the benefit of humanity . Rev. Cuthbert Thicknesse , the Dean of St Albans , prohibited using St Albans Abbey for a thanksgiving service for the war 's end , calling the use of atomic weapons `` an act of wholesale , indiscriminate massacre '' . Nonetheless , news of the atomic bombing was greeted enthusiastically in the U.S. ; a poll in Fortune magazine in late 1945 showed a significant minority of Americans ( 22.7 % ) wishing that more atomic bombs could have been dropped on Japan . The initial positive response was supported by the imagery presented to the public ( mainly the powerful images of the mushroom cloud ) . During this time in America , it was a common practice for editors to keep graphic images of death out of films , magazines , and newspapers . Post-attack casualties See also : Epidemiology data for low - linear energy transfer radiation , Acute radiation syndrome § History , Radiobiology , Hiroshima ( book ) , and Dr. Terufumi Sasaki Play media Silent film footage taken in Hiroshima in March 1946 showing survivors with severe burns and keloid scars . Survivors were asked to stand in the orientation they were in at the time of the flash , to document and convey the line - of - sight nature of flash burns , and to show that , much like a sunburn , thick clothing and fabric offered protection in many cases . The sometimes extensive burn scar contracture is not unusual , being common to all 2nd and 3rd degree burns when they cover a large area of skin . Frequent estimates are that 140,000 people in Hiroshima ( 38.9 % of the population ) and 70,000 people in Nagasaki ( 28.0 % of the population ) died in 1945 , though the number which died immediately as a result of exposure to the blast , heat , or due to radiation , is unknown . One Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission report discusses 6,882 people examined in Hiroshima , and 6,621 people examined in Nagasaki , who were largely within 2000 meters from the hypocenter , who suffered injuries from the blast and heat but died from complications frequently compounded by acute radiation syndrome ( ARS ) , all within about 20 -- 30 days . The average radiation dose that will kill approximately 50 % of adults , the LD50 , was approximately halved when the individual experienced concurrent blast or burn effect injuries , conventional skin injuries that cover a large area , frequently result in bacterial infection , the risk of which is increased when a usually non-lethal radiation dose , moderately suppresses the white blood cell count . In the spring of 1948 , the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) was established in accordance with a presidential directive from Truman to the National Academy of Sciences -- National Research Council to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Cancer increases As cancers do not immediately emerge after exposure to radiation instead radiation - induced cancer has a minimum latency period of some 5 + years . An epidemiology study by the RERF estimates that from 1950 to 2000 , 46 % of leukemia deaths and 11 % of solid cancers of unspecificed lethality , could be due to radiation from the bombs , with the statistical excess being 200 leukemia deaths and 1,700 solid cancers of undeclared lethality . Both of these statistics being derived from the observation of approximately half of the total survivors , strictly those who took part in the study . Birth defect investigations While during the preimplantation period , that is 1 - 10 days following conception , interuterine radiation exposure of `` at least 0.2 Gy '' can cause complications of implantation and death of the embryo . The number of miscarriages caused by the radiation from the bombings , during this radiosensitive period , is not known . One of the early studies conducted by the ABCC was on the outcome of pregnancies occurring in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and in a control city , Kure , located 18 mi ( 29 km ) south of Hiroshima , in order to discern the conditions and outcomes related to radiation exposure . James V. Neel led the study which found that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher among the children of survivors who were pregnant at the time of the bombings . He also studied the longevity of the children who survived the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , reporting that between 90 and 95 percent were still living 50 years later . The National Academy of Sciences questioned Neel 's procedure which did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure . Overall , while a statistically insignificant increase in birth defects occurred directly after the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima , Neel and others noted that in approximately 50 humans who were of an early gestational age at the time of the bombing and who were all within about 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) from the hypocenter , an increase in microencephaly and anencephaly was observed upon birth , with the incidence of these two particular malformations being nearly 3 times what was to be expected when compared to the control group in Kure , were approximately 20 cases were observed in a similar sample size . In 1985 , Johns Hopkins University geneticist James F. Crow examined Neel 's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Many members of the ABCC and its successor Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( RERF ) were still looking for possible birth defects or other causes among the survivors decades later , but found no evidence that they were more common among the survivors . Investigations into brain development Despite the small sample size of 1600 to 1800 persons who came forth as prenatally exposed at the time of the bombings , that were both within a close proximity to the two hypocenters , to survive the In utero absorbtion of a substantial dose of radiation and then the malnourished post-attack environment , data from this cohort does support the increased risk of severe mental retardation ( SMR ) , that was observed in some 30 individuals , with SMR being a common outcome of the aforementioned microencephaly . While a lack of statistical data , with just 30 individuals out of 1800 , prevents a definitive determination of a threshold point , the data collected suggests a threshold interuterine or fetal dose for SMR , at the most radiosensitive period of cognitive development , when there is the largest number of undifferentiated neural cells ( 8 to 15 weeks post-conception ) to begin at a threshold dose of approximately `` 0.09 '' to `` 0.15 '' Gy , with the risk then linearly increasing to a 43 % rate of SMR when exposed to a fetal dose of 1 Gy at any point during these weeks of rapid Neurogenesis . However either side of this radiosensitive age , none of the prenatally exposed to the bombings at an age less than 8 weeks , that is prior to synaptogenesis or at a gestational age more than 26 weeks `` were observed to be mentally retarded '' , with the condition therefore being isolated to those solely of 8 - 26 weeks of age and who absorbed more than approximately `` 0.09 '' to `` 0.15 '' Gy of radiation energy . Examination of the prenatally exposed in terms of IQ performance and school records , determined the beginning of a statistically significant reduction in both , when exposed to greater than 0.1 to 0.5 Gray , during the same gestational period of 8 - 25 weeks . However outside this period , at less than 8 weeks and greater than 26 after conception , `` there is no evidence of a radiation - related effect on scholastic performance . '' The reporting of doses in terms of absorbed energy ( Gy and rad ) rather than the use of the biologically significant , biologically weighted Sievert , in both the SMR and cognitive performance data is typical . The reported threshold dose variance , between the two cities is sometimes explained due to Little Boy emitting substantially more neutron flux , whereas the Baratol that surrounded the core of Fat Man , filtered or shifted the absorbed radiation profile , so that the dose of radiation energy received in Nagasaki , is mostly that from exposure to gamma rays , in contrast to the environment within 1500 meters of the hypocenter at Hiroshima , were instead the dose was primarily due to absorbed neutrons , which have a higher biological effect per unit of energy absorbed . Many other investigations into cognitive outcomes , such as Schizophrenia as a result of prenatal exposure , have been conducted with `` no statistically significant linear relationship seen '' , there is a suggestion that in the most extremely exposed , those who survived within a kilometer or so of the hypocenters , a trend emerges akin to that seen in SMR , though the sample size is too small to determine with any significance . Hibakusha Main article : Hibakusha The survivors of the bombings are called hibakusha ( 被爆 者 , Japanese pronunciation : ( çibakɯ̥ɕa ) ) , a Japanese word that literally translates to `` explosion - affected people '' . The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as hibakusha . As of March 31 , 2017 , 164,621 were still alive , mostly in Japan . The government of Japan recognizes about 1 % of these as having illnesses caused by radiation . The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the hibakusha who are known to have died since the bombings . Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings , as of August 2017 the memorials record the names of almost 485,000 hibakusha ; 308,725 in Hiroshima and 175,743 in Nagasaki . Hibakusha and their children were ( and still are ) victims of severe discrimination in Japan due to public ignorance about the consequences of radiation sickness , with much of the public believing it to be hereditary or even contagious . This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects or congenital malformations was found among the later conceived children born to survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . A study of the long - term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17 -- 20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and somatization symptoms . Double survivors Perhaps as many as 200 people from Hiroshima sought refuge in Nagasaki . The 2006 documentary Twice Survived : The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki documented 165 nijū hibakusha ( lit . double explosion - affected people ) , nine of whom claimed to be in the blast zone in both cities . On March 24 , 2009 , the Japanese government officially recognized Tsutomu Yamaguchi as a double hibakusha . He was confirmed to be 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when the bomb was detonated . He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima . He arrived at his home city of Nagasaki on August 8 , the day before the bombing , and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives . He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings . He died on January 4 , 2010 , at the age of 93 , after a battle with stomach cancer . Korean survivors See also : Anti-Korean sentiment § Japan During the war , Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as forced labor . About 5,000 -- 8,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and another 1,500 -- 2,000 died in Nagasaki . For many years , Korean survivors had a difficult time fighting for the same recognition as Hibakusha as afforded to all Japanese survivors , a situation which resulted in the denial of the free health benefits to them in Japan . Most issues were eventually addressed in 2008 through lawsuits . Memorials Hiroshima was subsequently struck by Typhoon Ida on September 17 , 1945 . More than half the bridges were destroyed , and the roads and railroads were damaged , further devastating the city . The population increased from 83,000 soon after the bombing to 146,000 in February 1946 . The city was rebuilt after the war , with help from the national government through the Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction Law passed in 1949 . It provided financial assistance for reconstruction , along with land donated that was previously owned by the national government and used for military purposes . In 1949 , a design was selected for the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park . Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall , the closest surviving building to the location of the bomb 's detonation , was designated the Hiroshima Peace Memorial . The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum was opened in 1955 in the Peace Park . Hiroshima also contains a Peace Pagoda , built in 1966 by Nipponzan - Myōhōji . Panoramic view of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park . The Genbaku Dome can be seen in the center left of the image . The original target for the bomb was the `` T '' - shaped Aioi Bridge seen in the left of the image . Nagasaki was also rebuilt after the war , but was dramatically changed in the process . The pace of reconstruction was initially slow , and the first simple emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946 . The focus on redevelopment was the replacement of war industries with foreign trade , shipbuilding and fishing . This was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949 . New temples were built , as well as new churches owing to an increase in the presence of Christianity . Some of the rubble was left as a memorial , such as a torii at Sannō Shrine , and an arch near ground zero . New structures were also raised as memorials , such as the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum , which was opened in the mid-1990s . Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocenter , or ground zero , of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki Debate over bombings Main article : Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The role of the bombings in Japan 's surrender , and the ethical , legal , and military controversies surrounding the United States ' justification for them have been the subject of scholarly and popular debate . On one hand , it has been argued , that the bombings caused the Japanese surrender , thereby preventing casualties that an invasion of Japan would have involved . Stimson talked of saving one million casualties . The naval blockade might have starved the Japanese into submission without an invasion , but this would also have resulted in many more Japanese deaths . Japanese historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa argued that the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan `` played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow 's mediation '' . A view among critics of the bombings , that was popularized by American historian Gar Alperovitz in 1965 , is the idea of atomic diplomacy : that the United States used nuclear weapons in order to intimidate the Soviet Union in the early stages of the Cold War . Although not accepted by mainstream historians , this became the position in Japanese school history textbooks . Those who oppose the bombings , give other reasons for their view ; among them : a belief , that atomic bombing is fundamentally immoral , that the bombings counted as war crimes , that they constituted state terrorism , and that they involved racism against and the dehumanization of the Japanese people . Legacy Main article : Nuclear warfare Like the way it began , the manner in which World War II ended cast a long shadow over international relations for decades to come . By June 30 , 1946 , there were components for only nine atomic bombs in the US arsenal , all Fat Man devices identical to the one used in the bombing of Nagasaki . The nuclear weapons were handmade devices , and a great deal of work remained to improve their ease of assembly , safety , reliability and storage before they were ready for production . There were also many improvements to their performance that had been suggested or recommended , but that had not been possible under the pressure of wartime development . The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy had decried the use of the atomic bombs as adopting `` an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages '' , but in October 1947 , he reported a military requirement for 400 bombs . The American monopoly on nuclear weapons lasted only four years before the Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb in September 1949 . The United States responded with the development of the hydrogen bomb , a nuclear weapon a thousand times as powerful as the bombs that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Such ordinary fission bombs would henceforth be regarded as small tactical nuclear weapons . By 1986 , the United States would have 23,317 nuclear weapons , while the Soviet Union had 40,159 . By 2017 , nine nations had nuclear weapons , but Japan was not one of them . Japan reluctantly signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in February 1970 , but it still sheltered under the American nuclear umbrella . American nuclear weapons were stored on Okinawa , and sometimes in Japan itself , albeit in contravention of agreements between the two nations . Lacking the resources to fight the Soviet Union using conventional forces , the Western Alliance came to depend on the use of nuclear weapons to defend itself during the Cold War , a policy that became known in the 1950s as the New Look . In the decades after Hiroshima and Nagasaki , the United States would threaten to use its nuclear weapons many times . Notes ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 49 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 532 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Long 1963 , pp. 48 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks & Stanley 2007 , pp. 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Appleman et al. 1948 , pp. 462 -- 467 . Jump up ^ Coox 1969 , pp. 2540 -- 2544 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 125 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 45 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 121 -- 124 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Months of the War With Japan . Part III ( note 24 ) '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Drea 1992 , pp. 202 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 340 . ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Schaffer 1985 , pp. 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 169 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 507 -- 509 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 514 -- 521 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 548 -- 551 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 536 -- 545 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 558 -- 560 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Sandler 2001 , pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 574 -- 576 . Jump up ^ Long , Tony ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` March 9 , 1945 : Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy '' . Wired . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Laurence M. Vance ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Bombings Worse than Nagasaki and Hiroshima '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joseph Coleman ( March 10 , 2005 ) . `` 1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror , Pain '' . CommonDreams.org . Associated Press . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 608 -- 610 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 568 -- 570 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1996 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Werrell 1996 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 614 -- 617 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 642 -- 643 . Jump up ^ Kerr 1991 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Tanaka & Young 2009 , pp. 5 , 84 -- 85 , 117 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 653 -- 658 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , pp. 412 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , pp. 40 -- 43 , 76 -- 79 . Jump up ^ `` Quebec Agreement '' . atomicarchive.com . August 19 , 1943 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Gordon . `` Canada 's Role in the Atomic Bomb Programs of the United States , Britain , France and India '' . Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 82 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 522 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 511 -- 516 . Jump up ^ Grunden 1998 , pp. 50 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheets : 509th Operational Group '' . Air Force Historical Studies Office . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to August 15 , 1945 '' ( PDF ) . 509th Composite Group . 1945 . pp. 8 -- 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998 , pp. 163 , 167 -- 168 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of 3rd Target Committee Meeting 28 May 1945 '' ( PDF ) . National Archives . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved August 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 706 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to 15 August 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Tinian : Air Force Historical Research Agency . 1945 . pp. 17 -- 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Christman 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 528 -- 529 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atomic Bomb : Decision -- Target Committee , May 10 -- 11 , 1945 '' . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Reischauer 1986 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Kelly 2012 , pp. 183 -- 203 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 529 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 149 -- 150 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 530 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 255 -- 256 . Jump up ^ Compton 1956 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Compton 1956 , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 255 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Newman 1995 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II , A Collection of Primary Sources '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 162 . George Washington University . August 13 , 1945 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Josette H. `` The Information War in the Pacific , 1945 Paths to Peace '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 5 , 2016. ) ^ Jump up to : Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 656 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : McNelly 2000 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Lifton 1991 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ 空襲 予告 ビラ 、 高山 市民 が 保管 市 内 で 展示 ( Air Raid Notice ) ( in Japanese ) . 岐阜 新聞 社 ( Gifu Shinbunsha ( Open Library ) ) . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bungei 1981 , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 372 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee , '' . Washington , DC : United States Department of State . July 4 , 1945 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Jump up ^ `` Letter received from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pages from President Truman 's diary , July 17 , 18 , and 25 , 1945 '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 389 -- 390 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 395 -- 396 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 233 -- 234 . The meaning of mokusatsu can fall anywhere in the range of `` ignore '' to `` treat with contempt '' . Jump up ^ Bix 1996 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Asada 1996 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 326 , 356 , 370 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 64 -- 65 , 163 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1995 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 , 163 . ^ Jump up to : Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( June 1946 ) . `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Frank 1999 , p. 263 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions # 1 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( Formerly known as the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) ) . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bodden 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Preston 2005 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Fiévé & Waley 2003 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Rotter 2008 , p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : `` 509th Timeline : Inception to Hiroshima '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline # 2 -- the 509th ; The Hiroshima Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 , p. 467 . Jump up ^ Lewis & Tolzer 1957 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline # 2 - the 509th ; The Hiroshima Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Rebecca J. `` Rare Photo of the Mushroom Cloud Over Hiroshima Discovered in a Former Japanese Elementary School '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 391 -- 392 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Allen 1969 , p. 2566 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr et al 2005 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Malik , John ( September 1985 ) . `` The Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Explosions '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . describes how various values were recorded for the B - 29 's altitude at the moment of bomb release over Hiroshima . The strike report said 30,200 ft , the official history said 31,600 ft , Commander Parson 's log entry was 32,700 ft , and the navigator 's log was 31,060 ft -- the latter possibly an error transposing two digits . A later calculation using the indicated atmospheric pressure arrived at the figure of 32,200 ft . Similarly , several values have been reported as the altitude of the Little Boy bomb at the moment of detonation . Published sources vary in the range of 1,800 to 2,000 ft ( 550 to 610 m ) above the city . The device was set to explode at 1,885 ft ( 575 m ) , but this was approximate . Malik uses the figure of 1,903 ft ( 580 m ) plus or minus 50 ft ( 15 m ) , determined after data review by Hubbell et al 1969 . Radar returns from the tops of multistory buildings near the hypocenter may have triggered the detonation at a somewhat higher altitude than planned . Kerr et al. ( 2005 ) found that a detonation altitude of 600 m ( 1,968.5 ft ) , plus or minus 20 m ( 65.6 ft ) , gave the best fit for all the measurement discrepancies . Jump up ^ `` The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima , Aug 6 , 1945 '' . United States Department of Energy . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 423 . 427 . Jump up ^ `` The Bomb - '' Little Boy `` '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan , 1945 -- 1946 ( DNA 5512F ) '' ( PDF ) . Defense Nuclear Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2006 . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Super-fortress crew tell their story '' . The Guardian . August 8 , 1945 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 264 -- 265 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing -- Facts about the Atomic Bomb '' . Hiroshima Day Committee . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 6 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 37 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 286 -- 287 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . p. 9 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statements by China and the United States of America during the Inscription of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial ( Genbaku Dome ) '' . UNESCO . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Ham 2011 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation 2003 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation 2003 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Special Exhibit 3 '' . Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kato , Toru ( June 4 , 1999 ) . `` A Short - Sighted Parrot '' . Geocities.jp . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Slavick , Elin O'Hara ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` Hiroshima : A Visual Record '' . Asia - Pacific Journal . 7 ( 3 ) . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Akiko Takakura '' . transcript from the video Hiroshima Witness produced by the Hiroshima Peace Cultural Center and NHK . Atomic Archive . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Photo - Essay on the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Broad , William J. ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Hiroshima Mushroom Cloud That Was n't '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toon et al. 2007 , p. 1994 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 7 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , pp. 330 -- 331 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ `` Memories of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . The Asahi Shimbun . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 443 -- 444 . Jump up ^ `` Heart of Hiroshima Wiped Out as by Giant Bulldozer '' . Advocate ( Burnie , Tas. : 1890 -- 1954 ) . Burnie , Tasmania : National Library of Australia . August 9 , 1945 . p. 1 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ `` Americans Killed by Atomic Bomb to be Honored in Hiroshima '' . Allgov.com . June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 444 -- 445 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Greg ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hidden History : American POWS Were Killed in Hiroshima '' . The Nation . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl P. Walter Declassified / Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 Sheryl P. Walter Declassified / Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knebel & Bailey 1960 , pp. 175 -- 201 ^ Jump up to : Manhattan Engineer District ( June 29 , 1946 ) . `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Trinity Atomic . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President Announcing the Use of the A-Bomb at Hiroshima '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . August 6 , 1945 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Department of State 1960 , pp. 1376 -- 1377 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Herbert A. `` OWI Pacific Psyop Six Decades ago '' . psywarrior.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum '' ( PDF ) . City of Nagasaki . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warning Leaflets '' . Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scoenberger 1969 , pp. 248 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Slavinskiĭ 2004 , pp. 153 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 288 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Hoyt 2001 , p. 401 . ^ Jump up to : Frank 1999 , pp. 283 -- 284 . ^ Jump up to : Russ 1990 , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 342 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . p. 15 . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 353 -- 354 . Jump up ^ Sherwin 2003 , pp. 233 -- 234 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline # 3 - the 509th ; The Nagasaki Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of Nagasaki '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ `` Steel mill worker reveals blocking view of U.S. aircraft on day of Nagasaki atomic bombing '' . Mainichi Weekly . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , pp. 213 -- 215 . Jump up ^ `` Spitzer Personal Diary Page 25 ( CGP - ASPI - 025 ) '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , pp. 216 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Chun 2008 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ `` Stories from Riken '' ( PDF ) . Riken . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kerr et al 2005 , pp. 43 , 46 . 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Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Surreptitiously Taped Conversations among German Nuclear Physicists at Farm Hall ( August 6 -- 7 , 1945 ) '' ( PDF ) . German History in Documents and Images . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican Regrets Inventors Did Not Destroy Bomb '' . The Miami News . Associated Press . August 7 , 1945 . pp. 1 -- A. Archived from the original on August 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No Abbey Service '' . The Guardian . August 15 , 1945 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hixson 2002 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ White 1995 , pp. 1 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Hein & Selden 1997 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Latest Knowledge on Radiological Effects : Radiation Health Effects of Atomic Bomb Explosions and Nuclear Power Plant Accidents Jump up ^ Medical Effects Of Atomic Bombs The Report Of The Joint Commission For The Investigation Of The Effects Of The Atomic Bomb In Japan Volume 1 Jump up ^ Nuclear fallout medical effects . Mettler Jump up ^ Putnam , Frank W . `` The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in Retrospect '' . National Academy of Sciences . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions # 2 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( Biological Effects of Prenatal Irradiation Christian Streffer doi.org/10.1002/9780470515006.ch11 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` The Radiation Effects Research Foundation '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Voosen , Paul ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Nuclear Crisis : Hiroshima and Nagasaki cast long shadows over radiation science '' . E&E News . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Spectator , Volume 35 '' . Saturday Evening Club . 2002 . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Johnston 2008 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ `` Birth defects among the children of atomic - bomb survivors ( 1948 -- 1954 ) '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Krimsky & Shorett 2005 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ `` Data India '' . Press Institute of India . 2008 . p. 697 . Jump up ^ NAP pg 354 effects of growth and development Jump up ^ ICRP and impairment of mental function following prenatal irradiation . RH Mole . Journal of Radiological Protection , Volume 12 , Number 2 . 1992 Jump up ^ pg 354 effects of growth and development Jump up ^ Prenatal Exposure to Atomic Radiation and Brain Damage doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4520.1989.tb00751.x Congenital Anomalies 1989 . Schull Jump up ^ NAP pg 360 effects of growth and development Jump up ^ Prenatal Exposure to Atomic Radiation and Brain Damage doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4520.1989.tb00751.x Congenital Anomalies 1989 Jump up ^ Mental Retardation Following In Utero Exposure to the Atomic Bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Pediatric Radiology doi.org/10.1148/106.3.617 . `` Significant increases at doses greater than 50 rads in Hiroshima and 200 in Nagasaki were found , with the risk of mental retardation generally rising directly with increasing dose . The lower dose - effect in Hiroshima may have been due to irradiation by neutrons which were virtually absent in Nagasaki . '' Jump up ^ Lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia among individuals prenatally exposed to atomic bomb radiation in Nagasaki City / doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10877.x Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima marks 72nd A-bomb anniversary with eyes on ban treaty '' . The Mainichi . August 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Relief for A-bomb victims '' . The Japan Times . August 15 , 2007 . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UN chief calls for intensified effort on nuclear disarmament '' . Asian News Service . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atomic bombing of Nagasaki remembered '' . The Japan News . August 9 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prejudice haunts atomic bomb survivors '' . The Japan Times . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2007 . Retrieved August 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Birth defects among the children of atomic - bomb survivors ( 1948 -- 1954 ) '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yamada & Izumi 2002 , pp. 409 -- 415 . Jump up ^ `` Twice Bombed , Twice Survived : Film Explores Untold Stories from Hiroshima & Nagasaki '' . Columbia University . August 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Confirms First Double A-Bomb Survivor '' . Sky News . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Man who survived two atom bombs dies '' . CNN . January 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gruhl 2007 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Dower 1996 , p. 140 Dower says that Korean survivor groups use higher estimates . Jump up ^ Palmer , David ( February 20 , 2008 ) . `` Korean Hibakusha , Japan 's Supreme Court and the International Community : Can the U.S. and Japan Confront Forced Labor and Atomic Bombing ? '' . Asia - Pacific Journal . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ishikawa & Swain 1981 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` After the Bomb '' . Atomic Bomb Museum . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peace Memorial City , Hiroshima '' . Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation . 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The United States Army in World War II : Special Studies . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . OCLC 10913875 . Jowett , Philip S. ; Andrew , Stephen ( 2002 ) . The Japanese Army 1931 -- 45 : 2 1942 -- 45 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 354 - 5 . OCLC 59395824 . Kelly , Jason M. ( 2012 ) . `` Why Did Henry Stimson Spare Kyoto from the Bomb ? : Confusion in Postwar Historiography '' . Journal of American - East Asian Relations . 19 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 203 . doi : 10.1163 / 18765610 - 01902004 . ISSN 1058 - 3947 . Kerr , E. Bartlett ( 1991 ) . Flames Over Tokyo : the US Army Air Forces ' Incendiary Campaign against Japan 1944 -- 1945 . New York : Donald I. Fine Inc . ISBN 1 - 55611 - 301 - 3 . Kerr , George D. ; Young , Robert W. ; Cullings , Harry M. ; Christy , Robert F. ( 2005 ) . `` Bomb Parameters '' . In Young , Robert W. ; Kerr , George D. Reassessment of the Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosimetry for Hiroshima and Nagasaki -- Dosimetry System 2002 ( PDF ) . Hiroshima : The Radiation Effects Research Foundation . pp. 42 -- 61 . OCLC 271477587 . Kido , Kōichi ; Yoshitake , Oka ( 1966 ) . 木 戶 幸一 日記 ( Kido Kōichi Diary ) ( in Japanese ) . Tōkyō : Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai . ISBN 4 - 13 - 030012 - 1 . OCLC 959675458 . Knebel , Fletcher ; Bailey , Charles W. ( 1960 ) . No High Ground . New York : Harper and Row . OCLC 1212857 . Krimsky , Sheldon ; Shorett , Peter ( 2005 ) . Rights and Liberties in the Biotech Age : Why We Need a Genetic Bill of Rights . Lantham : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4341 - 2 . Lewis , Robert A. ; Tolzer , Eliot ( August 1957 ) . `` How We Dropped the A-Bomb '' . Popular Science . pp. 71 -- 75 , 209 -- 210 . ISSN 0161 - 7370 . Lifton , Robert Jay ( 1991 ) . Death in Life : Survivors of Hiroshima . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4344 - X . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 944482 - 01 - 8 . OCLC 24429257 . Sandler , Stanley ( 2001 ) . World War II in the Pacific : an Encyclopedia . New York : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1883 - 9 . OCLC 44769066 . Schaffer , Ronald ( 1985 ) . Wings of Judgment : American Bombing in World War II . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503629 - 8 . OCLC 11785450 . Scoenberger , Walter ( 1969 ) . Decision of Destiny . Athens : Ohio University Press . OCLC 959500725 . Selden , Kyoko Iriye ; Selden , Mark ( 1990 ) . The Atomic Bomb : Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 87332 - 773 - X . OCLC 20057103 . Sharp , Patrick B. ( 2000 ) . `` From Yellow Peril to Japanese Wasteland : John Hersey 's ' Hiroshima ' '' . Twentieth Century Literature. 46 : 434 -- 452 . ISSN 0041 - 462X . JSTOR 827841 . Sherwin , Martin J. ( 2003 ) . A World Destroyed : Hiroshima and its Legacies . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3957 - 9 . OCLC 52714712 . Sklar , Morty , ed. ( 1984 ) . Nuke - rebuke : Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons . Iowa City , Iowa : The Spirit That Moves Us Press . ISBN 0 - 930370 - 16 - 3 . OCLC 10072916 . Slavinskiĭ , Boris Nikolaevich ( 2004 ) . The Japanese - Soviet Neutrality Pact : A Diplomatic History , 1941 -- 1945 . Nissan Institute / Routledge Japanese Studies Series . London ; New York : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32292 - 8 . Stohl , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Politics of Terrorism . New York : M. Dekker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 6764 - 8 . OCLC 4495087 . Sweeney , Charles ; Antonucci , James A. ; Antonucci , Marion K. ( 1997 ) . War 's End : An Eyewitness Account of America 's Last Atomic Mission . New York : Quill Publishing . ISBN 0 - 380 - 78874 - 8 . Tanaka , Yuki ; Young , Marilyn B. ( 2009 ) . Bombing Civilians : A Twentieth Century History . New York : New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59558 - 547 - 9 . OCLC 624416971 . Thomas , Gordon ; Morgan - Witts , Max ( 1977 ) . Ruin from the Air . London : Hamilton . ISBN 0 - 241 - 89726 - 2 . OCLC 252041787 . Tibbets , Paul W. ( 1998 ) . Return Of The Enola Gay . New Hope , Pennsylvania : Enola Gay Remembered . ISBN 0 - 9703666 - 0 - 4 . OCLC 69423383 . Toon , O.B. ; Turco , R.P. ; Robock , A. ; Bardeen , C. ; Oman , L. ; Stenchikov , G.L. ( 2007 ) . `` Atmospheric Effects and Societal Consequences of Regional Scale Nuclear Conflicts and Acts of Individual Nuclear Terrorism '' ( PDF ) . Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 7 : 1973 -- 2002 . ISSN 1680 - 7316 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . United States Department of State ( 1960 ) . Foreign Relations of the United States : Diplomatic Papers : the Conference of Berlin ( the Potsdam Conference ) , 1945 . Foreign Relations of the United States . 2 . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . OCLC 22435734 . Wainstock , Dennis D. ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95475 - 7 . OCLC 33243854 . Walker , J. Samuel ( January 1990 ) . `` The Decision to Use the Bomb : A Historiographical Update '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 114 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00078. x . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . Walker , J. Samuel ( April 2005 ) . `` Recent Literature on Truman 's Atomic Bomb Decision : A Search for Middle Ground '' . Diplomatic History . 29 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 334 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2005. 00476. x . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . Werrell , Kenneth P. ( 1996 ) . Blankets of Fire : U.S. Bombers over Japan during World War II . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 665 - 4 . OCLC 32921746 . White , Geoffrey . M. ( July 1995 ) . `` Memory Wars : The Politics of Remembering the Asia - Pacific War '' ( PDF ) . Asia - Pacific Issues ( 21 ) . ISSN 1522 - 0966 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Williams , M.H. ( 1960 ) . Chronology , 1941 -- 1945 . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army . OCLC 1358166 . Yamada , Michiko ; Izumi , Shizue ( 2002 ) . `` Psychiatric Sequelae in Atomic Bomb Survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Two Decades After the Explosions '' . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 37 ( 9 ) : 409 -- 415 . doi : 10.1007 / s00127 - 002 - 0572 - 5 . ISSN 0933 - 7954 . Zaloga , Steven J. ; Noon , Steve ( 2010 ) . Defense of Japan 1945 . Fortress . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 687 - 9 . OCLC 503042143 . Further reading Allen , Thomas ; Polmar , Norman ( 1995 ) . Code - Name Downfall . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80406 - 9 . Alperovitz , Gar ; Tree , Sanho ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb . New York : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 679 - 76285 - X . The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki ( 1981 ) . Hiroshima and Nagasaki : The Physical , Medical , and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02985 - X . Delgado , James P. ( 2009 ) . Nuclear Dawn : the Atomic Bomb , from the Manhattan Project to the Cold War . New York : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 396 - 4 . OCLC 297147193 . Gordin , Michael D. ( 2007 ) . Five Days in August : How World War II Became a Nuclear War . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12818 - 9 . OCLC 70630623 . Gosling , Francis George ( 1994 ) . The Manhattan Project : Making the Atomic Bomb . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Energy , History Division . OCLC 637052193 . Krauss , Robert ; Krauss , Amelia ( 2005 ) . The 509th Remembered : A History of the 509th Composite Group as Told by the Veterans Themselves . Buchanan , Michigan : 509th Press . ISBN 0 - 923568 - 66 - 2 . OCLC 59148135 . Merton , Thomas ( 1962 ) . Original Child Bomb : Points for Meditation to be Scratched on the Walls of a Cave . New York : New Directions . OCLC 4527778 . Murakami , Chikayasu ( 2007 ) . Hiroshima no shiroi sora ( The White Sky in Hiroshima ) . Tokyo : Bungeisha . ISBN 4 - 286 - 03708 - 8 . Ogura , Toyofumi ( 2001 ) . Letters from the End of the World : A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima . Tokyo : Kodansha International . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2776 - 1 . Sekimori , Gaynor ( 1986 ) . Hibakusha : Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Tokyo : Kosei Publishing Company . ISBN 4 - 333 - 01204 - X . Ward , Wilson ( Spring 2007 ) . `` The Winning Weapon ? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima '' . International Security . 31 ( 4 ) : 162 -- 179 . doi : 10.1162 / isec. 2007.31. 4.162 . ISSN 1531 - 4804 . Warren , Stafford L. ( 1966 ) . `` Manhattan Project '' . In Ahnfeldt , Arnold Lorentz . Radiology in World War II . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Surgeon General , Department of the Army . pp. 831 -- 922 . OCLC 630225 . External links Find more aboutAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasakiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Present day Are Nagasaki and Hiroshima still radioactive ? -- No . Includes explanation . The decision `` Order from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb '' . Wikisource. 2015 . `` Documents on the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` President Truman Defends Use of Atomic Bomb , 1945 : Original Letters '' . Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . `` Correspondence Regarding Decision to Drop the Bomb '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The effects `` The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Scientific Data of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Disaster '' . Atomic Bomb Disease Institute , Nagasaki University . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Tale of Two Cities : The Story of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . National Science Digital Library . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Atomic Archive. 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 1 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 2 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` Photo gallery of aftermath pictures '' . Time - Life . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Video footage of the bombing of Nagasaki ( silent ) on YouTube Video footage of the bombing of Hiroshima on YouTube The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki public domain audiobook at LibriVox Archives `` Nagasaki Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Nagasaki bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Hiroshima Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Hiroshima bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Bibliographies `` Annotated bibliography for atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Commemoration Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum Hiroshima and Nagasaki : A Look Back at the US Atomic Bombing 64 Years Later -- video by Democracy Now ! Hiroshima & Nagasaki Remembered 2005 website commemorating 60th anniversary Manhattan Project Timeline Sites Ames Berkeley Chicago Dayton Hanford Inyokern Los Alamos Montreal New York Oak Ridge Trinity Wendover Heavy water sites Administrators Vannevar Bush Arthur Compton James Conant Priscilla Duffield Thomas Farrell Leslie Groves John Lansdale Ernest Lawrence James Marshall Franklin Matthias Dorothy McKibbin Kenneth Nichols Robert Oppenheimer Deak Parsons William Purnell Frank Spedding Charles Thomas Paul Tibbets Bud Uanna Harold Urey Stafford Warren Ed Westcott Roscoe Wilson Scientists Luis Alvarez Robert Bacher Hans Bethe Aage Bohr Niels Bohr Norris Bradbury James Chadwick John Cockcroft Harry Daghlian Enrico Fermi Richard Feynman Val Fitch James Franck Klaus Fuchs Maria Goeppert - Mayer George Kistiakowsky George Koval Willard Libby Edwin McMillan Mark Oliphant Norman Ramsey Isidor Isaac Rabi James Rainwater Bruno Rossi Glenn Seaborg Emilio Segrè Louis Slotin Henry DeWolf Smyth Leo Szilard Edward Teller Stanisław Ulam John von Neumann John Wheeler Eugene Wigner Robert Wilson Leona Woods Operations Alsos Mission Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Operation Crossroads Operation Peppermint Project Alberta Silverplate 509th Composite Group Enola Gay Bockscar The Great Artiste Weapons Fat Man Little Boy Pumpkin bomb Thin Man Related topics Atomic Energy Act of 1946 British contribution Chicago Pile - 1 Demon core Einstein -- Szilárd letter Interim Committee Oppenheimer security hearing Plutonium Quebec Agreement RaLa Experiment S - 1 Executive Committee S - 50 Project Smyth Report Uranium X-10 Graphite Reactor Manhattan Project Empire of Japan Overview Agriculture Censorship Demographics Economy Economic history Education Eugenics Foreign commerce and shipping Industrial production Militarism Nationalism Statism Internal politics State Shinto Kazoku Emperors Meiji ( Mutsuhito ) Taishō ( Yoshihito ) Shōwa ( Hirohito ) Symbols Flag of Japan Rising Sun Flag Imperial Seal of Japan Government Seal of Japan State Seal of Japan Privy Seal of Japan Kimigayo Policies Constitution Charter Oath Foreign relations Imperial Rescript on Education Kokutai National Spiritual Mobilization Movement Peace Preservation Law Political parties Supreme Court of Judicature Taisei Yokusankai Tokkō Tonarigumi Greater East Asia Conference Government Administration ( Ministries ) Imperial Household Home Ministry War Army Navy Treasury Foreign Affairs Agriculture and Commerce Commerce and Industry Munitions Colonial Affairs Greater East Asia East Asia Development Board ( Kōain ) Legislative & Deliberative Bodies Daijō - kan Privy Council Gozen Kaigi Imperial Diet Peers Representatives Military Armed Forces Imperial General Headquarters Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors Senjinkun military code Nuclear weapons program Kamikaze War crimes Supreme War Council Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Air Service Railways and Shipping Imperial Guard Imperial Way Faction ( Kōdōha ) Japanese holdout Tōseiha Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff Air Service Land Forces Fleet Faction Treaty Faction History Meiji period Meiji Restoration Boshin War Satsuma Rebellion First Sino - Japanese War Triple Intervention Boxer Rebellion Anglo - Japanese Alliance Russo - Japanese War Taishō period World War I Siberian Intervention General Election Law Washington Naval Treaty Shōwa period Shōwa financial crisis Pacification of Manchukuo Anti-Comintern Pact Second Sino - Japanese War Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts Tripartite Pact Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact Pacific War Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Soviet -- Japanese War Surrender ( Potsdam Declaration , Gyokuon - hōsō ) Occupation Territories Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Karafuto Korea Kwantung Manchukuo South Pacific Taiwan Occupied territories Borneo Burma Hong Kong Dutch East Indies Malaya Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Other topics Sonnō jōi Fukoku kyōhei Hakkō ichiu Internment camps German pre -- World War II industrial co-operation Racial Equality Proposal Shinmin no Michi Shōwa Modan Socialist thought Yasukuni Shrine International Military Tribunal for the Far East Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period Harry S. 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"\n\nAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\n\n\nPart of the Pacific War of World War II\n\n\n\nAtomic bomb mushroom clouds over\nHiroshima (left) and Nagasaki (right)\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nAugust 6 and August 9, 1945\n\n\nLocation\nHiroshima and Nagasaki, Empire of Japan\n\n\nResult\nAllied victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n United States\nManhattan Project:\n United Kingdom\n Canada\n Japan\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n William S. Parsons\n Paul W. Tibbets, Jr.\n Charles Sweeney\n Frederick Ashworth\n Shunroku Hata\n\n\nUnits involved\n\n\nManhattan District: 50 U.S., 2 British\n509th Composite Group: 1,770 U.S.\nSecond General Army:\nHiroshima: 40,000 (5 Anti-aircraft batteries)\nNagasaki: 9,000 (4 Anti-aircraft batteries)\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n20 British, Dutch, and American prisoners of war killed\n\nHiroshima:\n\n20,000 soldiers killed\n70,000–126,000 civilians killed\n\nNagasaki:\n\n39,000–80,000 killed\n\nTotal: 129,000–226,000+ killed\n\n"
] | [
"August 6 and August 9, 1945"
] |
-7054439184149183873 | Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year | Laureus World Sports award for Sportsman of the Year - Wikipedia Laureus World Sports award for Sportsman of the Year Jump to : navigation , search Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year Awarded for `` the sportsman who best demonstrates supreme athletic performance and achievement . '' Location Monaco ( 2018 ) Presented by Laureus Sport for Good Foundation First awarded 2000 Currently held by Roger Federer ( SUI ) Website Official website The Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year is an annual award honouring the achievements of individual men from the world of sports . It was first awarded in 2000 as one of the seven constituent awards presented during the Laureus World Sports Awards . The awards are presented by the Laureus Sport for Good Foundation , a global organisation involved in more than 150 charity projects supporting 500,000 young people . The first ceremony was held on 25 May 2000 in Monte Carlo , at which Nelson Mandela gave the keynote speech . As of 2018 , a shortlist of six nominees for the award comes from a panel composed of the `` world 's leading sports editors , writers and broadcasters '' . The Laureus World Sports Academy then selects the winner who is presented with a Laureus statuette , created by Cartier , at the annual awards ceremony held in various locations around the world . The awards are considered highly prestigious and are frequently referred to as the sporting equivalent of `` Oscars '' . The inaugural winner of the award was the American golfer Tiger Woods who finished the 1999 season with eight wins , a feat not achieved since 1974 , including the PGA Championship . He went on to become the most dominant player of his era , earning a second Laureus Award the following year , and five further nominations between 2002 and 2008 . The 2003 winner of the Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year was the American road cyclist Lance Armstrong . He had been nominated the previous year , and earned further nominations in 2004 , 2005 and 2006 . Following Armstrong 's 2013 admission of doping , all his Laureus awards and nominations were rescinded . Tennis players dominate the winners list , with nine awards , while athletes have won four times , Formula One drivers three times , and golfers twice . Excluding Armstrong , the Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year has been won by just seven individuals since its inception . The 2018 winner of the Laureus Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year was the Swiss tennis player Roger Federer , who now has the most wins with five . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of winners and nominees 2 Statistics 3 References 4 External links List of winners and nominees ( edit ) Key * Indicates individual whose award or nomination was later rescinded Year Image Winner Nationality Sport Nominees Refs 2000 Woods , Tiger Tiger Woods USA Golf Andre Agassi ( USA ) -- tennis Maurice Greene ( USA ) -- athletics Woods , Tiger Tiger Woods USA Golf Steve Redgrave ( GBR ) -- rowing Michael Schumacher ( GER ) -- Formula One Ian Thorpe ( AUS ) -- swimming Pieter van den Hoogenband ( NED ) -- swimming 2002 Schumacher , Michael Michael Schumacher GER Formula One Lance Armstrong * ( USA ) -- cycling Maurice Greene ( USA ) -- athletics Ian Thorpe ( AUS ) -- swimming Tiger Woods ( USA ) -- golf 2003 Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong * USA Cycling Ole Einar Bjørndalen ( NOR ) -- biathlon Ronaldo ( BRA ) -- football Michael Schumacher ( GER ) -- Formula One Tiger Woods ( USA ) -- golf Schumacher , Michael Michael Schumacher GER Formula One Lance Armstrong * ( USA ) -- cycling Roger Federer ( SUI ) -- tennis Michael Phelps ( USA ) -- swimming Valentino Rossi ( ITA ) -- MotoGP Jonny Wilkinson ( GBR ) -- rugby union 2005 Federer , Roger Roger Federer SUI Tennis Lance Armstrong * ( USA ) -- cycling Hicham El Guerrouj ( MAR ) -- athletics Michael Phelps ( USA ) -- swimming Valentino Rossi ( ITA ) -- MotoGP Michael Schumacher ( GER ) -- Formula One 2006 Federer , Roger Roger Federer SUI Tennis Fernando Alonso ( ESP ) -- Formula One Lance Armstrong * ( USA ) -- cycling Ronaldinho ( BRA ) -- football Valentino Rossi ( ITA ) -- MotoGP Tiger Woods ( USA ) -- golf 2007 Federer , Roger Roger Federer SUI Tennis Fernando Alonso ( ESP ) -- Formula One Fabio Cannavaro ( ITA ) -- football Asafa Powell ( JAM ) -- athletics Michael Schumacher ( GER ) -- Formula One Tiger Woods ( USA ) -- golf 2008 Federer , Roger Roger Federer SUI Tennis Tyson Gay ( USA ) -- athletics Kaká ( BRA ) -- football Michael Phelps ( USA ) -- swimming Kimi Räikkönen ( FIN ) -- Formula One Tiger Woods ( USA ) -- golf 2009 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt JAM Athletics Lewis Hamilton ( GBR ) -- Formula One Rafael Nadal ( ESP ) -- tennis Michael Phelps ( USA ) -- swimming Cristiano Ronaldo ( POR ) -- football Valentino Rossi ( ITA ) -- MotoGP Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt JAM Athletics Kenenisa Bekele ( ETH ) -- athletics Alberto Contador ( ESP ) -- cycling Roger Federer ( SUI ) -- tennis Lionel Messi ( ARG ) -- football Valentino Rossi ( ITA ) -- MotoGP 2011 Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal ESP Tennis Kobe Bryant ( USA ) -- basketball Andrés Iniesta ( ESP ) -- football Lionel Messi ( ARG ) -- football Manny Pacquiao ( PHI ) -- boxing Sebastian Vettel ( GER ) -- Formula One 2012 Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic SRB Tennis Usain Bolt ( JAM ) -- athletics Cadel Evans ( AUS ) -- cycling Lionel Messi ( ARG ) -- football Dirk Nowitzki ( GER ) -- basketball Sebastian Vettel ( GER ) -- Formula One 2013 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt JAM Athletics Mo Farah ( GBR ) -- athletics Lionel Messi ( ARG ) -- football Michael Phelps ( USA ) -- swimming Sebastian Vettel ( GER ) -- Formula One Bradley Wiggins ( GBR ) -- cycling 2014 Vettel , Sebastian Sebastian Vettel GER Formula One Usain Bolt ( JAM ) -- athletics Mo Farah ( GBR ) -- athletics LeBron James ( USA ) -- basketball Rafael Nadal ( ESP ) -- tennis Cristiano Ronaldo ( POR ) -- football 2015 Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic SRB Tennis Lewis Hamilton ( GBR ) -- Formula One Renaud Lavillenie ( FRA ) -- athletics Marc Márquez ( ESP ) -- MotoGP Rory McIlroy ( NIR ) -- golf Cristiano Ronaldo ( POR ) -- football 2016 Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic SRB Tennis Usain Bolt ( JAM ) -- athletics Stephen Curry ( USA ) -- basketball Lewis Hamilton ( GBR ) -- Formula One Lionel Messi ( ARG ) -- football Jordan Spieth ( USA ) -- golf 2017 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt JAM Athletics Stephen Curry ( USA ) -- basketball Mo Farah ( GBR ) -- athletics LeBron James ( USA ) -- basketball Andy Murray ( GBR ) -- tennis Cristiano Ronaldo ( POR ) -- football 2018 Federer , Roger Roger Federer SUI Tennis Mo Farah ( GBR ) -- athletics Chris Froome ( GBR ) -- cycling Lewis Hamilton ( GBR ) -- Formula One Rafael Nadal ( ESP ) -- tennis Cristiano Ronaldo ( POR ) -- football Statistics ( edit ) Key * Indicated totals exclude those of individuals whose award ( s ) and / or nomination ( s ) were later rescinded . Multiple titles Number Athlete Years 5 Roger Federer 2005 -- 2008 , 2018 Usain Bolt 2009 -- 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Novak Djokovic 2012 , 2015 -- 2016 Tiger Woods 2000 -- 2001 Michael Schumacher 2002 , 2004 Multiple nominations Number Athlete Years 7 Roger Federer 2004 -- 2008 , 2010 , 2018 Tiger Woods 2000 -- 2003 , 2006 -- 2008 Usain Bolt 2009 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 , 2016 -- 2017 6 Michael Schumacher 2001 -- 2005 , 2007 5 Valentino Rossi 2004 -- 2006 , 2009 -- 2010 Michael Phelps 2004 -- 2005 , 2008 -- 2009 , 2013 Lionel Messi 2010 -- 2013 , 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo 2009 , 2014 -- 2015 , 2017 -- 2018 Sebastian Vettel 2011 -- 2014 Rafael Nadal 2009 , 2011 , 2014 , 2018 Lewis Hamilton 2009 , 2015 -- 2016 , 2018 Mo Farah 2013 -- 2014 , 2017 -- 2018 Novak Djokovic 2012 , 2015 -- 2016 Maurice Greene 2000 , 2002 Ian Thorpe 2001 -- 2002 Fernando Alonso 2006 -- 2007 LeBron James 2014 , 2017 Stephen Curry 2016 -- 2017 Winners by nationality Country Winners Nominations SUI 5 JAM GER 8 SRB 0 USA 2 * 20 * ESP 8 GBR 0 13 ITA 0 6 ARG 0 5 POR 0 5 AUS 0 BRA 0 ETH 0 FIN 0 MAR 0 NED 0 NIR 0 NOR 0 PHI 0 Winners by sport Sport Winners Nominations Tennis 9 7 Athletics 14 Formula One 14 Golf 7 Football 0 15 Swimming 0 8 MotoGP 0 6 Basketball 0 6 Cycling 0 * 4 * Biathlon 0 Boxing 0 Rowing 0 Rugby union 0 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The awards '' . 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Archived from the original on 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nico Rosberg mit dem Sport - Oscar geehrt '' . Die Welt ( in German ) . 15 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Schumacher wins sporting ' Oscar ' '' . BBC Sport. 14 May 2002 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Jaime ( January 2005 ) . `` The Truth about Tiger '' . Golf Digest . Archived from the original on 15 April 2007 . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woods is PGA Tour player of year '' . The Topeka Capital - Journal . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 3 April 2010 . Retrieved 10 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Zhao , Xiaojian ; Park , Edward J.W. , eds. ( 26 November 2013 ) . Asian Americans : An Encyclopedia of Social , Cultural , Economic , and Political History . Greenwood Press . p. 1204 . ISBN 978 - 1598842395 . 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Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British pair scoop Laureus awards '' . BBC Sport. 18 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2008 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laureus World Sportsman of the Year 2009 nominees '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 16 February 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bolt runs off with Laureus award '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2009 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laureus World Sportsman of the Year 2010 nominees '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 16 February 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Usain Bolt , Serena Williams win Laureus Awards '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . 10 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laureus World Sportsman of the Year 2011 nominees '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 19 February 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Nadal and Lindsey Vonn win Laureus awards '' . BBC Sport. 7 February 2011 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laureus World Sportsman of the Year 2012 nominees '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 19 February 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Djokovic named Laureus Sportsman of the Year for 2011 '' . CNN . 7 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2012 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laureus World Sportsman of the Year 2013 nominees '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 19 February 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Fonseca , Pedro ( 12 March 2013 ) . `` Bolt , Ennis win top Laureus awards '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laureus World Sportsman of the Year 2014 nominees '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 19 February 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sebastian Vettel and Missy Franklin win Laureus world awards '' . BBC Sport. 26 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laureus World Sportsman of the Year 2015 nominees '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 19 February 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic wins Laureus for sportsman of the year '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 15 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laureus World Sportsman of the Year 2016 nominees '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 19 February 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laureus Awards 2016 : Djokovic , Williams , Spieth all win '' . BBC Sport. 18 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 16 February 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laureus World Sportsman of the Year 2017 nominees '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 19 February 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laureus Awards 2017 : Bolt , Biles , Rosberg , Atherton & Leicester among winners '' . BBC Sport. 14 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laureus World Sportsman of the Year nominees '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 28 February 2018 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year 2000 -- 01 : Tiger Woods 2002 : Michael Schumacher 2003 : Lance Armstrong * 2004 : Michael Schumacher 2005 -- 08 : Roger Federer 2009 -- 10 : Usain Bolt 2011 : Rafael Nadal 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Usain Bolt 2014 : Sebastian Vettel 2015 -- 16 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Usain Bolt 2018 : Roger Federer Laureus World Sports Awards Regular awards Sportsman Sportswoman Team Breakthrough Comeback Sportsperson with a Disability Action Sportsperson Discretionary awards Lifetime Achievement Sport for Good Spirit of Sport Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laureus_World_Sports_Award_for_Sportsman_of_the_Year&oldid=832123145 '' Categories : Laureus World Sports Awards Awards established in 2000 Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from January 2018 Use British English from January 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Italiano Монгол Nederlands Português Română Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 23 : 59 . About Wikipedia | who won the laureus 2017 sportman of the year award | [
"\n\nYear\nImage\nWinner\nNationality\nSport\nNominees\nRefs\n\n\n2000\n\nWoods, TigerTiger Woods\n USA\nGolf\nAndre Agassi ( USA) – tennis\nMaurice Greene ( USA) – athletics\n[14][15]\n\n\n2001\n\nWoods, TigerTiger Woods\n USA\nGolf\nSteve Redgrave ( GBR) – rowing\nMichael Schumacher ( GER) – Formula One\nIan Thorpe ( AUS) – swimming\nPieter van den Hoogenband ( NED) – swimming\n[16][17]\n\n\n2002\n\nSchumacher, MichaelMichael Schumacher\n GER\nFormula One\nLance Armstrong* ( USA) – cycling\nMaurice Greene ( USA) – athletics\nIan Thorpe ( AUS) – swimming\nTiger Woods ( USA) – golf\n[8][18]\n\n\n2003\n\nArmstrong, LanceLance Armstrong*\n USA\nCycling\nOle Einar Bjørndalen ( NOR) – biathlon\nRonaldo ( BRA) – football\nMichael Schumacher ( GER) – Formula One\nTiger Woods ( USA) – golf\n[19][20]\n\n\n2004\n\nSchumacher, MichaelMichael Schumacher\n GER\nFormula One\nLance Armstrong* ( USA) – cycling\nRoger Federer ( SUI) – tennis\nMichael Phelps ( USA) – swimming\nValentino Rossi ( ITA) – MotoGP\nJonny Wilkinson ( GBR) – rugby union\n[21][22]\n\n\n2005\n\nFederer, RogerRoger Federer\n SUI\nTennis\nLance Armstrong* ( USA) – cycling\nHicham El Guerrouj ( MAR) – athletics\nMichael Phelps ( USA) – swimming\nValentino Rossi ( ITA) – MotoGP\nMichael Schumacher ( GER) – Formula One\n[23][24]\n\n\n2006\n\nFederer, RogerRoger Federer\n SUI\nTennis\nFernando Alonso ( ESP) – Formula One\nLance Armstrong* ( USA) – cycling\nRonaldinho ( BRA) – football\nValentino Rossi ( ITA) – MotoGP\nTiger Woods ( USA) – golf\n[25][26]\n\n\n2007\n\nFederer, RogerRoger Federer\n SUI\nTennis\nFernando Alonso ( ESP) – Formula One\nFabio Cannavaro ( ITA) – football\nAsafa Powell ( JAM) – athletics\nMichael Schumacher ( GER) – Formula One\nTiger Woods ( USA) – golf\n[27][28]\n\n\n2008\n\nFederer, RogerRoger Federer\n SUI\nTennis\nTyson Gay ( USA) – athletics\nKaká ( BRA) – football\nMichael Phelps ( USA) – swimming\nKimi Räikkönen ( FIN) – Formula One\nTiger Woods ( USA) – golf\n[29][30]\n\n\n2009\n\nBolt, UsainUsain Bolt\n JAM\nAthletics\nLewis Hamilton ( GBR) – Formula One\nRafael Nadal ( ESP) – tennis\nMichael Phelps ( USA) – swimming\nCristiano Ronaldo ( POR) – football\nValentino Rossi ( ITA) – MotoGP\n[31][32]\n\n\n2010\n\nBolt, UsainUsain Bolt\n JAM\nAthletics\nKenenisa Bekele ( ETH) – athletics\nAlberto Contador ( ESP) – cycling\nRoger Federer ( SUI) – tennis\nLionel Messi ( ARG) – football\nValentino Rossi ( ITA) – MotoGP\n[33][34]\n\n\n2011\n\nNadal, RafaelRafael Nadal\n ESP\nTennis\nKobe Bryant ( USA) – basketball\nAndrés Iniesta ( ESP) – football\nLionel Messi ( ARG) – football\nManny Pacquiao ( PHI) – boxing\nSebastian Vettel ( GER) – Formula One\n[35][36]\n\n\n2012\n\nDjokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic\n SRB\nTennis\nUsain Bolt ( JAM) – athletics\nCadel Evans ( AUS) – cycling\nLionel Messi ( ARG) – football\nDirk Nowitzki ( GER) – basketball\nSebastian Vettel ( GER) – Formula One\n[37][38]\n\n\n2013\n\nBolt, UsainUsain Bolt\n JAM\nAthletics\nMo Farah ( GBR) – athletics\nLionel Messi ( ARG) – football\nMichael Phelps ( USA) – swimming\nSebastian Vettel ( GER) – Formula One\nBradley Wiggins ( GBR) – cycling\n[39][40]\n\n\n2014\n\nVettel, SebastianSebastian Vettel\n GER\nFormula One\nUsain Bolt ( JAM) – athletics\nMo Farah ( GBR) – athletics\nLeBron James ( USA) – basketball\nRafael Nadal ( ESP) – tennis\nCristiano Ronaldo ( POR) – football\n[41][42]\n\n\n2015\n\nDjokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic\n SRB\nTennis\nLewis Hamilton ( GBR) – Formula One\nRenaud Lavillenie ( FRA) – athletics\nMarc Márquez ( ESP) – MotoGP\nRory McIlroy ( NIR) – golf\nCristiano Ronaldo ( POR) – football\n[43][44]\n\n\n2016\n\nDjokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic\n SRB\nTennis\nUsain Bolt ( JAM) – athletics\nStephen Curry ( USA) – basketball\nLewis Hamilton ( GBR) – Formula One\nLionel Messi ( ARG) – football\nJordan Spieth ( USA) – golf\n[45][46]\n\n\n2017\n\nBolt, UsainUsain Bolt\n JAM\nAthletics\nStephen Curry ( USA) – basketball\nMo Farah ( GBR) – athletics\nLeBron James ( USA) – basketball\nAndy Murray ( GBR) – tennis\nCristiano Ronaldo ( POR) – football\n[47][48]\n\n\n2018\n\nFederer, RogerRoger Federer\n SUI\nTennis\nMo Farah ( GBR) – athletics\nChris Froome ( GBR) – cycling\nLewis Hamilton ( GBR) – Formula One\nRafael Nadal ( ESP) – tennis\nCristiano Ronaldo ( POR) – football\n[2][49]\n\n"
] | [
"Usain Bolt"
] |
8979975586100571475 | Turning radius | Turning radius - wikipedia Turning radius Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : No sources , needs better sectioning , needs better examples , and clarity in prose . Please help improve this article if you can . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Turning radius of a passenger car - wall - to - wall radius at the top , taking the front overhang into consideration , and curb - to - curb radius at the bottom . The turning radius or turning circle of a vehicle is the radius of the smallest circular turn ( i.e. U-turn ) that the vehicle is capable of making . Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 2 Curb to curb 3 Common uses 4 See also 5 External links Usage ( edit ) The term turning radius is a technical term that has become popular automotive jargon . In the jargon sense , it is commonly used to mean the full diameter of the smallest circle , but in technical usage the turning radius still is used to denote the radius . The less ambiguous term turning circle avoids the mistaken jargon use of the word ' radius ' . As an example , Motor Trend refers to a curb - to - curb turning circle of a 2008 Cadillac CTS as 35.5 feet ( 10.82 m ) . But the terminology is not yet settled . AutoChannel.com refers to turning radius of the same car as 35.5 feet ( 10.82 m ) . It is often used as a generalized term rather than a numerical figure . For example , a vehicle with a very small turning circle may be described as having a `` tight turning radius '' . Curb to curb ( edit ) Two different measurements can be quoted for a vehicle . A curb or curb - to - curb turning circle will show the straight - line distance from one side of the circle to the other , through the center . The name `` curb - to - curb '' indicates that a street would have to be this wide before this car can make a u-turn and not hit a street curb with a wheel . If you took the street curb and built it higher , as high as the car , and tried to make a u-turn in the street , parts of the car ( bumper ) would hit the wall . The name wall or wall - to - wall turning circle denotes how far apart the two walls would have to be to allow a u-turn without scraping the walls . One can find these two ways of measuring the turning circle used in auto specifications , for example , a van might be listed as having a turning circle ( in meters ) of 12.1 ( C ) / 12.4 ( W ) . A notable exception in this description is of vehicles that are capable of spinning around their central axis , such as certain lawnmowers and wheelchairs as they do not follow a circular path as they turn . In this case the vehicle is referred to as a `` zero turning radius '' vehicle . Some camera dollies used in the film industry have a `` round '' mode which allows them to spin around their z axis by allowing synchronized inverse rotation of their front and rear wheel sets , effectively giving them `` zero '' turning radius . Common uses ( edit ) Aeroplanes Watercraft Wheeled vehicles See also ( edit ) Breakover angle Minimum railway curve radius Overhang ( automotive ) U-turn ( maneuver ) External links ( edit ) Grounds Maintenance Magazine Article about Zero Radius Lawn Mowers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turning_radius&oldid=796515664 '' Categories : Vehicle technology Engineering concepts Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from August 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from August 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2017 Articles lacking sources from August 2017 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 11 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is meant by turning radius of car | [
"The turning radius or turning circle of a vehicle is the radius of the smallest circular turn (i.e. U-turn) that the vehicle is capable of making."
] | [
"the radius of the smallest circular turn (i.e. U-turn) that the vehicle is capable of making"
] |
3070962471175890394 | Pangasinan | Pangasinan - wikipedia Pangasinan Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the province in the Philippines . For other uses , see Pangasinan ( disambiguation ) . Pangasinan Province Province of Pangasinan Pangasinan Provincial Capitol in Lingayen Flag Seal Location in the Philippines Coordinates : 15 ° 55 ′ N 120 ° 20 ′ E / 15.92 ° N 120.33 ° E / 15.92 ; 120.33 Coordinates : 15 ° 55 ′ N 120 ° 20 ′ E / 15.92 ° N 120.33 ° E / 15.92 ; 120.33 Country Philippines Region Ilocos Region ( Region I ) Founded April 5 , 1580 Capital Lingayen Government Type Sangguniang Panlalawigan Governor Amado `` Pogi '' Espino III ( PDP - Laban ) Vice Governor Jose Ferdinand Calimlim , Jr . ( PDP - Laban ) Area Total 5,451.01 km ( 2,104.65 sq mi ) Area rank 15th out of 81 Highest elevation ( Mount Malico ) 1,675 m ( 5,495 ft ) Population ( 2015 census ) Total 2,956,726 Rank 6th out of 81 Density rank 11th out of 81 including independent cities Divisions Independent cities 1 ( show ) Dagupan Component cities 3 ( show ) Alaminos San Carlos Urdaneta Municipalities 44 ( show ) Agno Aguilar Alcala Anda Asingan Balungao Bani Basista Bautista Bayambang Binalonan Binmaley Bolinao Bugallon Burgos Calasiao Dasol Infanta Labrador Laoac Lingayen Mabini Malasiqui Manaoag Mangaldan Mangatarem Mapandan Natividad Pozorrubio Rosales San Fabian San Jacinto San Manuel San Nicolas San Quintin Santa Barbara Santa Maria Santo Tomas Sison Sual Tayug Umingan Urbiztondo Villasis Barangays 1,333 including independent cities : 1,364 Districts 1st to 6th districts of Pangasinan ( shared with Dagupan City ) Time zone PST ( UTC + 8 ) ZIP code 2400 -- 2447 IDD : area code + 63 ( 0 ) 75 ISO 3166 code PH Ethnic groups Pangasinan ( 88 % ) Ilocano ( 11 % ) Bolinao ( 1 % ) Languages Pangasinan ( official ) Ilocano Bolinao Tagalog English Website www.pangasinan.gov.ph Pangasinan ( Pangasinan : Luyag na Pangasinan ; Ilocano : Probinsia ti Pangasinan ; Filipino : Lalawigan ng Pangasinan ) is a province in the Philippines . Its provincial capital is Lingayen . Pangasinan is located on the western area of the island of Luzon along the Lingayen Gulf and South China Sea . It has a total land area of 5,451.01 square kilometres ( 2,104.65 sq mi ) . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 2,956,726 people . The official number of registered voters in Pangasinan is 1,651,814 . Pangasinan is the name for the province , the people , and the language spoken in the province . Indigenous Pangasinan speakers are estimated to number at least 2 million . The Pangasinan language , which is official in the province , is also one of the officially recognized regional languages in the Philippines . In Pangasinan , there were several ethnic groups who enriched the cultural fabric of the province . Almost all of the people are Pangasinans and the rest are descendants of Bolinao and Ilocano , who settled the eastern and western parts of the province . Pangasinan is also spoken as a second - language by many of the ethnic minorities in Pangasinan . The secondary ethnic groups are the Bolinaos and the Ilocanos . The name Pangasinan pronounced as `` Pang - ASINan '' It means `` place of salt '' or `` place of salt - making '' ; it is derived from the prefix pang , meaning `` for '' , the root word asin , meaning `` salt '' , and suffix an , signifying `` location '' . At present it is pronounced Paŋgasinan based on the Spanish pronunciation due to their inability to utter or pronounce the nasal sound < nga > / ŋ / . The province is a major producer of salt in the Philippines . Its major products include `` bagoong '' ( `` salted - krill '' ) and `` alamang '' ( `` shrimp - paste '' ) Pangasinan was first founded by Austronesian peoples who called themselves Anakbanwa by at least 2500 BC . A kingdom called Luyag na Caboloan , which expanded to incorporate much of northwestern Luzon , existed in Pangasinan before the Spanish conquest that began in the 16th century . The Kingdom of Luyag na Kaboloan was known as the Wangdom of Pangasinan in Chinese records . The ancient Pangasinan people were skilled navigators and the maritime trade network that once flourished in ancient Luzon connected Pangasinan with other peoples of Southeast Asia , India , China , Japan and the rest of the Pacific . The ancient kingdom of Luyag na Caboloan was in fact mentioned in Chinese and Indian records as being an important kingdom on ancient trade routes . Popular tourist attractions in Pangasinan include the Hundred Islands National Park in Alaminos City and the white - sand beaches of Bolinao and Dasol . Dagupan City is known for its Bangus Festival ( `` Milkfish Festival '' ) . Pangasinan is also known for its delicious mangoes and ceramic oven - baked Calasiao puto ( `` native rice cake '' ) . Pangasinan occupies a strategic geo - political position in the central plain of Luzon , known as the rice granary of the Philippines . Pangasinan has been described as a gateway to northern Luzon and as the heartland of the Philippines . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ancient history 1.2 Southeast Asian maritime trade network 1.3 Wangdom of Pangasinan ( Luyag na Caboloan ) 1.4 Anito and mana beliefs and practices 1.5 Spanish accounts of pre-Hispanic Pangasinan 1.6 Christianity 1.7 Spanish colonization 1.7. 1 Provincia de Pangasinan 1.7. 2 Rebellion against the Spanish rule 1.7. 2.1 Malong liberation 1.7. 2.2 Palaris liberation 1.8 Philippine revolution against Spain 1.9 American colonization and the Philippine Commonwealth regime 1.10 Philippine Republic 1.10. 1 National 1.10. 1.1 1946 -- 1986 1.10. 1.2 1986 -- present 2 Geography 2.1 Physical 2.2 Administrative divisions 2.2. 1 Cities 2.2. 2 Municipalities 2.2. 3 Barangays 3 Demographics 3.1 Population 3.2 Languages 3.3 Religion 4 Economy 4.1 Energy 4.2 Marine 4.3 Agriculture 4.4 Financial 4.5 Labor 5 Health and education 6 Culture 7 Government 8 Notable people from Pangasinan 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Ancient History ( edit ) The Pangasinan people , like most of the people in the Malay Archipelago , are descendants of the Austronesian - speakers who settled in Southeast Asia since prehistoric times . Comparative genetics , linguistics and archaeological studies locate the origin of the Austronesian languages in Sundaland , which was populated as early as 50,000 years ago by modern humans . The Pangasinan language is one of many languages that belongs to the Malayo - Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages family . Southeast Asian maritime trade network ( edit ) A vast maritime trade network connected the distant Austronesian settlements in Southeast Asia , the Pacific and the Indian Ocean . The Pangasinan people were part of this ancient Austronesian civilization . The ancient Austronesian - speakers were expert navigators . Their outrigger canoes and sailboats were capable of crossing the distant seas . The Malagasy sailed from the Malay archipelago to Madagascar , an island across the Indian Ocean , and probably reached Africa . As the possible predecessors of the Polynesians , large seagoing canoes called `` bangka '' ( `` vaka '' in several Polynesian dialects and `` waka '' in Maori ) were first developed by Austronesians in the Philippine archipelago which were then used to settle and establish long - distance trade networks with distant Pacific islands from the Micronesian island nations of Guam and Palau as far away as Hawaii and Easter Island and probably reached the Pacific coastline of the Americas . Proof of these trade exchanges are the prevalence of `` kumara '' or sweet potato in the Pacific Islands which is endemic to South America , and the abundance of chicken bones in ancient South American archaeological dig sites whose closest genetic relatives are those of chickens from Asia . At least three hundred years before the arrival of Europeans , the Makasar and the Bugis from Sulawesi , in what is now Indonesia , as well as the Sama - Bajaus of the Malay Archipelago , carried out long - distance commerce with their prau or paraw ( `` sailboat '' ) and established settlements in north Australia , which they called Marege . Pangasinan was founded by Austronesian peoples who called themselves Anakbanwa during the Austronesian expansion from Taiwan and Southern China in about 5000 - 2500 BC or the Austronesian dispersal from Sundaland at least 7,000 years ago after the last Ice Age . Anakbanwa means `` child of banwa . '' Banwa ( also spelled banua or vanua ) is an Austronesian concept that could mean territory , homeland , habitat , society , civilization or cosmos . The Pangasinan people identified or associated banwa with the sun , which was their symbol for their banwa . The Pangasinan people are closely related to the Ibaloi in the neighboring province of Benguet and other peoples of Luzon . The Anakbanwa established their settlements in the banks of the Agno River and the coasts of Lingayen Gulf . The coastal area came to be known as Pangasinan , and the interior area came to be known as Kaboloan . Eventually , the whole region , its people and the used language came to be known as Pangasinan . Archaeological evidence and early Chinese and Indian records show that the inhabitants of Pangasinan traded with India , Arabia , China and Japan as early as the 8th century A.D. Wangdom of Pangasinan ( Luyag na Caboloan ) ( edit ) The Wangdom of Pangasinan ( As known in Chinese records ) and locally known as the ancient kingdom or state called Luyag na Caboloan ( also spelled Kaboloan ) , with Binalatongan as its capital , existed in the fertile Agno River valley . Around the same period , the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires arose in Indonesia that extended their influence to much of the Malay Archipelago . Urduja / Udaya , a legendary woman warrior , is believed to have ruled in Pangasinan around the 14th century . The Luyag na Caboloan expanded the territory and influence of Pangasinan to what are now the neighboring provinces of Tarlac , La Union , Zambales , Nueva Ecija and Benguet . Pangasinan enjoyed full independence until the Spanish conquest . Anito and mana beliefs and practices ( edit ) The ancient Pangasinan people , like other Austronesian peoples , practiced anito - worship . An anito was believed to be the spirit or divine power of an ancestor or the god or divine power in nature or natural phenomena . They believed in mana , an Austronesian concept which can be described as the divine power or vital or spiritual essence of every being and everything that exists . To the Pangasinan people , mana can be transferred , inherited or acquired , like from an ancestor , nature , or natural phenomena . Their belief or practice is similar to Shamanist or animist beliefs and rituals . They worshipped a pantheon of anito ( `` spirit '' or `` deity '' ) . Their temples or altars were dedicated to a chief anito called Ama Kaoley ( `` Supreme Father '' ) , who communicated through mediums or priests called manag - anito . These manag - anito wore special costumes when serving an anito and they made offerings of oils , ointments , essences , and perfumes in exquisite vessels . Spanish accounts of pre-hispanic Pangasinan ( edit ) In the sixteenth - century Pangasinan was called the `` Port of Japan '' by the Spanish . The locals wore native apparel typical of other maritime Southeast Asian ethnic groups in addition to Japanese and Chinese silks . Even common people were clad in Chinese and Japanese cotton garments . They also blackened their teeth and were disgusted by the white teeth of foreigners , which were likened to that of animals . Also , used porcelain jars typical of Japanese and Chinese households . Japanese - style gunpowder weapons were also encountered in naval battles in the area . In exchange for these goods , traders from all over Asia would come to trade primarily for gold and slaves , but also for deerskins , civet and other local products . Other than a notably more extensive trade network with Japan and China , they were culturally similar to other Luzon groups to the south . Pangasinans were also described as a warlike people who were long known for their resistance to Spanish conquest . Bishop Domingo Salazar described them as really the worst people , the fiercest and cruelest in the land . There was evidence of Christian influence even before Spanish colonization ; they used vintage wine in small quantities for their sacramental practices . The church bragged that they won the northern part of the Philippines for Spain not Spanish military . They were also unusually strict against adulterers , with the punishment being death for both offending parties . Pangasinans were also known to take defeated Zambal and Negrito warriors to sell as slaves to Chinese traders . Christianity ( edit ) In 1324 , Odoric of Pordenone , a Franciscan missionary from Friuli , Italy , is believed by some to have celebrated a Catholic Mass and baptized natives at Bolinao , Pangasinan . In July 2007 , memorial markers were set up in Bolinao to commemorate Odoric 's journey based on a publication by Luigi Malamocco , an Italian priest from Friuli , Italy , who claimed that Odoric of Perdenone held the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines in Bolinao , Pangasinan . That 1324 mass would have predated the mass held in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan , which is generally regarded as the first mass in the Philippines , by some 197 years . However , historian William Henry Scott concluded after examining Oderic 's writings about his travels that he likely never set foot on Philippine soil and , if he did , there is no reason to think that he celebrated mass . Spanish colonization ( edit ) On April 27 , 1565 , the Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in the Philippine islands with about 500 soldiers to establish a Spanish settlement and begin the conquest of the archipelago . On May 24 , 1570 , the Spanish forces defeated Rajah Sulayman and other rulers of Manila and later declared Manila as the new capital of the Spanish East Indies . After securing Manila , the Spanish forces continued to conquer the rest of the island of Luzon , including Pangasinan . Provincia de Pangasinan ( edit ) In 1571 , the Spanish conquest of Pangasinan began with an expedition by the Spanish conquistador Martín de Goiti , who came from the Spanish settlement in Manila through Pampanga . About a year later , another Spanish conquistador , Juan de Salcedo , sailed to Lingayen Gulf and landed at the mouth of the Agno River . Limahong , a Chinese pirate , fled to Pangasinan after his fleet was driven away from Manila in 1574 . Limahong failed to establish a colony in Pangasinan , as an army led by Juan de Salcedo chased him out of Pangasinan after a seven - month siege . The province of Pangasinan dates its actual beginnings as an administrative and judicial district , with Lingayen as the capital , to as early as 1580 , but its territorial boundaries were first delineated in 1611 . Lingayen has remained the capital of the province except for a brief period during the revolutionary Era when San Carlos served as temporary administrative headquarters , and during the slightly longer Japanese Occupation when Dagupan was the capital . The province of Pangasinan was formerly classified as an alcaldia mayor de termino , or first class civil province , during the Spanish regime and has , in fact , remained a first class - A province up to the present . Its territorial jurisdiction once included the entire province of Zambales and portions of what are now Tarlac and La Union provinces . Rebellion against the Spanish rule ( edit ) Malong liberation ( edit ) Andres Malong , a native chief of the town of Binalatongan ( now named San Carlos City ) , liberated the province from Spanish rule in December 1660 . The people of Pangasinan proclaimed Andres Malong Ari na Pangasinan ( `` King of Pangasinan '' ) . Pangasinan armies attempted to liberate the neighboring provinces of Pampanga and Ilocos , but were repelled by a Spanish - led coalition of loyalist tribal warriors and mercenaries . In February 1661 , the newly independent Kingdom of Pangasinan fell to the Spanish . Palaris liberation ( edit ) On November 3 , 1762 , the people of Pangasinan proclaimed independence from Spain after a rebellion led by Juan de la Cruz Palaris overthrew Spanish rule in Pangasinan . The Pangasinan revolt was sparked by news of the fall of Manila to the British on October 6 , 1762 . However , after the Treaty of Paris on March 1 , 1763 that closed the Seven Years ' War between Britain , France and Spain , the Spanish colonial forces made a counter-attack . On January 16 , 1765 , Juan de la Cruz Palaris was captured and Pangasinan independence was again lost . Philippine revolution against Spain ( edit ) Main article : Philippine Revolution Against Spain The Katipunan , a nationalist secret society , was founded on July 7 , 1892 with the aim of uniting the peoples of the Philippines and fighting for independence and religious freedom . The Philippine Revolution began on August 26 , 1896 and was led by Andres Bonifacio , the leader of the Katipunan . On November 18 , 1897 , a Katipunan council was formed in western Pangasinan with Roman Manalang as Presidente Generalisimo and Mauro Ortiz as General . General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine independence on June 12 , 1898 . Dagupan City , the major commercial center of Pangasinan , was surrounded by Katipunan forces by July 18 , 1898 . The Battle of Dagupan lasted from July 18 to July 23 of that year with the surrender of 1,500 soldiers of the Spanish forces under Commander Federico J. Ceballos and Governor Joaquin de Orengochea . Andres Urdaneta monument , in front of the City Hall . The Battle of Dagupan , fought fiercely by local Katipuneros under the overall command of General Francisco Makabulos , chief of the Central and Directive Committee of Central and Northern Luzon , and the last remnants of the once mighty Spanish Army under General Francisco Ceballos , led to the liberation of Pangasinan from the Spaniards . The five - day battle was joined by three local heroes : Don Daniel Maramba from Santa Barbara , Don Vicente Prado from San Jacinto and Don Juan Quezada from Dagupan . Their armies massed in Dagupan to lay siege on the Spanish forces , making a last stand at the brick - walled Catholic Church . Grave of Don Daniel B. Maramba ( Santa Barbara ) Daniel B. Maramba Monument and 1970 NHI Marker Maramba led the liberation of the town of Santa Barbara on March 7 , 1898 following a signal for simultaneous attack from Makabulos . Hearing that Santa Barbara fell into rebel hands , the Spanish forces in Dagupan attempted to retake the town , but were repulsed by Maramba 's forces . Thus , after the setback , the Spaniards decided to concentrate their forces in Lingayen to protect the provincial capital . This enabled Maramba to expand his operations to Malasiqui , Urdaneta and Mapandan , taking them one after the other . He took one more town , Mangaldan , before proceeding to Dagupan to lay siege on the last Spanish garrison . Also on March 7 , 1898 , the rebels under the command of Prado and Quesada attacked convents in a number of towns in Zambales province , located west of Lingayen , which now constitute the western parts of Pangasinan . Attacked and brought under Filipino control were Alaminos , Agno , Anda , Alos , Bani , Balincaguin , Bolinao , Dasol , Eguia and Potot . The revolt then spread to Labrador , Sual , Salasa and many other towns in the west . The towns of Sual , Labrador , Lingayen , Salasa and Bayambang were occupied first by the forces of Prado and Quesada before they proceeded to attack Dagupan . At an assembly convened to organize a central governing body for Central and Northern Luzon on April 17 , 1898 , General Makabulos appointed Prado as politico - military governor of Pangasinan , with Quesada as his second in command . His appointment came a few days before the return of General Emilio Aguinaldo in May 1898 from his exile in Hong Kong following the signing of the Pact of Biac - na - Bato in December 1897 . Aguinaldo 's return gave fresh impetus to the renewal of the flame of the revolution . Thus , on June 3 , 1898 , General Makabulos entered Tarlac and from that day on , the fires of revolution spread . So successful were the Filipinos in their many pitched battles against the Spaniards that on June 30 , 1898 , Spanish authorities decided to evacuate all their forces to Dagupan where a last stand against the rebels was to be made . Also ordered to go to Dagupan were all civilian and military personnel , including members of the volunteer locales of towns not yet in rebel hands . Those who heeded this order were the volunteer forces of Mangaldan , San Jacinto , Pozorrubio , Manaoag , and Villasis . Among those brought to Dagupan was the image of the Most Holy Rosary of the Virgin of Manaoag , which at that time was already the patron saint of Pangasinan . When the forces of Maramba from the east and Prado from the west converged in Dagupan on July 18 , 1898 , the siege began . The arrival of General Makabulos strengthened the rebel forces until the Spaniards , holed up inside the Catholic Church , waved the flag of surrender five days later . Armed poorly , the Filipinos were no match at the very start with Spanish soldiers holed inside the Church . They just became mere sitting ducks to Spanish soldiers shooting with their rifles from a distance . But the tempo of battle changed when the attackers , under Don Vicente Prado , devised a crude means of protection to shield them from Spanish fire while advancing . This happened when they rolled trunks of bananas , bundled up in sawali , that enabled them to inch their way to the Church . American colonization and the Philippine Commonwealth regime ( edit ) Pangasinan and other parts of the Spanish East Indies were ceded to the Americans after the Treaty of Paris that closed the Spanish -- American War . During the Philippine -- American War , Lieutenant Col. Jose Torres Bugallon from the town of Salasa fought together with Gen. Antonio Luna to defend the First Philippine Republic against American colonization of Northern Luzon . Bugallon was killed in battle on February 5 , 1899 . The First Philippine Republic was abolished in 1901 . In 1907 , the Philippine Assembly was established and for the first time , five residents of Pangasinan were elected as its district representatives . In 1921 , Mauro Navarro , representing Pangasinan in the Philippine Assembly , sponsored a law to rename the town of Salasa to Bugallon in order to honor General Bugallon . During the Philippine Commonwealth regime , Manuel L. Quezon was inaugurated as the first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines under the collaboration from the United States of America on November 15 , 1935 . The 21st Infantry Division , Philippine Commonwealth Army , USAFFE was found military establishment and built of the general headquarters was active on July 26 , 1941 to June 30 , 1946 and they stationed in Pangasinan during the pre-World War II era . From the conflict engagements of the Anti-Japanese Imperial military operations included the fall of Bataan and Corregidor and aiding the USAFFE ground force from January to May 1942 and the Japanese Insurgencies and Allied Liberation in Pangasinan from 1942 to 1945 and some parts in North - Central Luzon and helps local guerrillas and American forces against the Japanese . Philippine Republic ( edit ) National ( edit ) 1946 -- 1986 ( edit ) After the declaration of Independence in Manila on July 4 , 1946 , Eugenio Perez , a Liberal Party congressman representing the fourth district of Pangasinan , was elected Speaker of the lower Legislative House . He led the House until 1953 , when the Nacionalista Party became the dominant party . Pangasinan , which was historically part of the Central Luzon Region , was made part of the Ilocos Region ( Region I ) in the gerrymandering of the Philippines by Ferdinand Marcos , despite the fact that Pangasinan has its distinct primary language , which is Pangasinan . The political classification of Pangasinan as part of the Ilocos Region has generated confusion among some Filipinos that the residents of Pangasinan are Ilocanos , even though Ilocanos only constitute a significant minority in the province . Pangasinan has a distinct primary language , ethnic group and culture , its economy is bigger than the predominantly Ilocano provinces of Ilocos Norte , Ilocos Sur and La Union and its population is more than 50 percent of the population of Region 1 . Many Pangasinans prefer to have their own Pangasinan Region or be returned to Central Luzon . 1986 -- present ( edit ) In February 1986 , Vice Chief of Staff General Fidel V. Ramos , head of the Philippine Integrated National Police and a native of Lingayen , Pangasinan , became one of the instrumental figures of the EDSA people power revolution that led to the overthrow of President Ferdinand Marcos . After the downfall of Marcos , all local government unit executives in the Philippines were ordered by President Corazon Aquino to vacate their posts . Some local executives were ordered to return to their seats as in the case of Mayor Ludovico Espinosa of Dasol , where he claims he joined the UNIDO , Mrs. Aquino 's party during the height of the EDSA Revolution . Fidel Ramos was appointed as AFP Chief of Staff and later as Defense Secretary replacing Juan Ponce Enrile . Oscar Orbos , a congressman from Bani , Pangasinan , was appointed by Aquino as head of the Department of Transportation and Communications and later as Executive Secretary . On May 11 , 1992 , Fidel V. Ramos ran for the position of President . He was elected and became the first Pangasinan President of the Philippines . Through his leadership , the Philippines recovered from a severe economy after the oil and power crisis of 1991 . His influence also sparked the economic growth of Pangasinan when it hosted the 1995 Palarong Pambansa ( Philippine National Games ) . Jose de Venecia , who represented the same district as Eugenio Perez , was the second Pangasinan to be Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1992 . He was reelected for the same position in 1995 . De Venecia was selected by the Ramos ' administration party Lakas NUCD to be its presidential candidate in 1998 . De Venecia ran but lost to Vice President Joseph Estrada . Oscar Orbos , who served as Pangasinan governor from 1995 , ran for Vice President , but lost to Senator Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo , whose mother , former First Lady Evangelina Macaraeg - Macapagal , hails from Binalonan , Pangasinan . Arroyo later ascended to the presidency after the second EDSA Revolution when President Joseph Estrada was overthrown . In May 2004 , actor - turned - politician Fernando Poe , Jr. , whose family is from San Carlos City , Pangasinan , ran for President against incumbent Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo during the Philippine general election in 2004 . The Pangasinan vote was almost evenly split by the two presidential candidates who both have Pangasinan roots . Arroyo was elected President , but her victory was tainted by charges of electoral fraud and vote - buying . The state of crisis of the national government in Manila , corruption in Malacañang , widespread poverty and the slow pace of economic development is forcing many Pangasinans to seek opportunities in Metro Manila or other richer provinces , work in other nations or emigrate to wealthier nations , like the United States , Japan , Saudi Arabia or Italy . Geography ( edit ) Physical ( edit ) Pangasinan is located on the west central area of the island of Luzon in the Philippines . It is bordered by La Union to the north , Benguet and Nueva Vizcaya to the northeast , Nueva Ecija to the southeast , and Zambales and Tarlac to the south . To the west of Pangasinan is the South China Sea . The province also encloses the Lingayen Gulf . The province has a land area of 5,451.01 square kilometres ( 2,104.65 sq mi ) . It is 170 kilometres ( 110 mi ) north of Manila , 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) south of Baguio City , 115 kilometres ( 71 mi ) north of Subic International Airport and Seaport , and 80 square kilometres ( 31 sq mi ) north of Clark International Airport . At the coast of Alaminos , the Hundred islands have become a famous tourist spot . The terrain of the province is typically flat , with a few being mountainous . The northeastern municipalities of San Manuel , San Nicolas , Natividad , San Quintin and Umingan have hilly to mountainous areas , situated at the tip of the Cordillera mountains . The Zambales mountains extend to the province 's western towns of Labrador , Mabini , Bugallon , Aguilar , Mangatarem , Dasol , and Infanta forming the mountainous portions of those towns . The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology ( PHIVOLCS ) reported several inactive volcanoes in the province : Amorong , Balungao , Cabaluyan , Cahelietan , Candong , and Malabobo . PHIVOLCS reported no active or potentially active volcanoes in Pangasinan . A caldera - like landform is located between the towns of Malasiqui and Villasis with a center at about 15 ° 55 ′ N and 120 ° 30 ′ E near the Cabaruan Hills . Several rivers traverse the province . The longest is the Agno River , which originates from the Cordillera mountains of Benguet , eventually emptying its waters into the Lingayen Gulf . Other major rivers include the Bued River , Angalacan River , Sinocalan River , Patalan River and the Cayanga River . Administrative divisions ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see Administrative divisions of Pangasinan . The province of Pangasinan is subdivided into 44 municipalities , 4 cities , and 1,364 barangay ( which means `` village '' or `` community '' ) . There are six congressional districts in the province . Political map of Pangasinan The capital of the province is Lingayen . In ancient times , the capital of Pangasinan was Binalatongan , now San Carlos City . Cities ( edit ) Alaminos Dagupan ( independent ) San Carlos Urdaneta Municipalities ( edit ) Agno Aguilar Alcala Anda Asingan Balungao Bani Basista Bautista Bayambang Binalonan Binmaley Bolinao Bugallon Burgos Calasiao Dasol Infanta Labrador Laoac Lingayen ( capital ) Mabini Malasiqui Manaoag Mangaldan Mangatarem Mapandan Natividad Pozorrubio Rosales San Fabian San Jacinto San Manuel San Nicolas San Quintin Santa Barbara Santa Maria Santo Tomas Sison Sual Tayug Umingan Urbiztondo Villasis Barangays ( edit ) Pangasinan has 1,364 barangays comprising its 44 municipalities and 4 cities , ranking the province at 3rd with the most number of barangays in a Philippine province , only behind Leyte and Iloilo . The most populous barangay in the province is Bonuan Gueset in Dagupan City , with a population of 22,042 in 2010 . If cities are excluded , Poblacion in the municipality of Lingayen has the highest population at 12,642 . Iton in Bayambang has the lowest with only 99 in the census of 2010 . Further information : List of barangays in Pangasinan Demographics ( edit ) Population ( edit ) See also : Pangasinan people , Ilocano people , and Sambal people Population census of Pangasinan Year Pop . ± % p.a. 1903 442,521 -- 1918 565,922 + 1.65 % 1939 742,475 + 1.30 % 1948 920,491 + 2.42 % 1960 1,124,144 + 1.68 % 1970 1,386,143 + 2.11 % 1,520,085 + 1.87 % 1980 1,636,057 + 1.48 % 2,020,273 + 2.13 % 1995 2,178,412 + 1.42 % 2000 2,434,086 + 2.41 % 2007 2,645,395 + 1.15 % 2,779,862 + 1.82 % 2015 2,956,726 + 1.18 % Source : Philippine Statistics Authority The population of Pangasinan in the 2015 census was 2,956,726 people , with a density of 540 inhabitants per square kilometre or 1,400 inhabitants per square mile . The Pangasinan people ( Totoon Pangasinan ) are called Pangasinan or the Hispanicized name Pangasinense , or simply taga - Pangasinan , which means `` from Pangasinan '' . Pangasinan people were known as traders , businesspeople , farmers and fishers . Pangasinan is the third most - populated province in the Philippines . The estimated population of the indigenous speakers of the Pangasinan language in the province of Pangasinan is almost 2 million and is projected to double in about 30 years . According to the 2000 census , 47 percent of the population are native Pangasinan and 44 percent are Ilocanos . Sambal settlers from Zambales also predominate in the westernmost municipalities of Bolinao and Anda . The Pangasinan people are closely related to the Austronesian - speaking peoples of the other parts of the Philippines , as well as Indonesia and Malaysia . Languages ( edit ) Languages Spoken ( 2000 ) Language Speakers Pangasinan 1,157,613 Ilocano 1,076,219 Tagalog 92,098 Bolinao 47,699 Others 57,503 Main articles : Pangasinan language , Ilocano language , and Bolinao language The Pangasinan language is an agglutinative language . It belongs to the Malayo - Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian language family and is the primary language of the province of Pangasinan , as well as northern Tarlac and southwestern La Union . The Pangasinan language is similar to the other Malayo - Polynesian languages of the Philippines , as well as Indonesia and Malaysia . It is closely related to the Ibaloi language spoken in the neighboring province of Benguet , located northwest of Pangasinan . The Pangasinan language along with Ibaloi are classified under the Pangasinic group of languages . The other Pangasinic languages are : Karao Iwaak Keley - I I - Kallahan Aside from their native language , some educated Pangasinans are also highly proficient in Ilocano , English and Filipino . Pangasinan is mostly spoken in the central part of the province in the 2nd , 3rd , 4th , and is the second language in other parts of Pangasinan . Ilocano is widely spoken in the westernmost and easternmost parts of Pangasinan in the 1st , 5th and 6th districts , and is the second language in other parts of Pangasinan . Ilocanos and Pangasinans speak Ilocano with a Pangasinan accent , as descendants of Ilocanos from first generation who lived within Pangasinan population learned Pangasinan language . Bolinao , a Sambalic language is widely spoken in the western tip of the province in the towns of Bolinao and Anda . Religion ( edit ) The religion of the people of Pangasinan is predominantly Christianity with Roman Catholicism as the overwhelming majority at 80 % affiliation in the population . The second major denomination in the province is the Aglipayan Church with at least 15 % of the population . Other religious denominations are divided with other Christian groups such as Members Church of God International , Iglesia Ni Cristo , Baptist , Methodist , Church of Christs of Latter Day Saints ( Mormon ) , Jehovah 's Witnesses and Seventh - day Adventist . Few are strict believers and continue to practice their indigenous anito beliefs and rituals , like most of the people of the Philippines . Spanish and American missionaries introduced Christianity to Pangasinan . Prior to the Spanish conquest in 1571 , the predominant religion of the people of Pangasinan was similar to the indigenous religion of the highland Igorot or the inhabitants of the Cordillera Administrative Region on the island of Luzon , who mostly retained their indigenous culture and religion . A translation of the New Testament ( excluding Revelation ) in the Pangasinan language by Fr . Nicolas Manrique Alonzo Lallave , a Spanish Dominican friar assigned in Urdaneta , was the first ever translation of a complete portion of the Bible in a Philippine language . Pangasinan was also influenced by Hinduism , Buddhism and Islam to a lesser extent , before the introduction of Christianity . Economy ( edit ) Commercial salt industry in Dasol Pangasinan is the richest province in Ilocos Region of the Philippines . Energy ( edit ) The 1200 megawatt Sual Coal - Fired Power Plant , and 345 megawatt San Roque Multi-Purpose Dam , located in the municipalities of Sual and San Manuel respectively , are the primary sources of energy of the province . Marine ( edit ) Pangasinan is a major fish supplier in Luzon , and a major producer of salt in the Philippines . It has extensive fishponds , mostly for raising bangus or `` milkfish '' , along the coasts of the Lingayen Gulf and the South China Sea . Pangasinan 's aquaculture includes oyster and sea urchin farms . Salt is also a major industry here . In salt evaporation ponds seawater is mixed with Sodium - Bicarbonate until the water evaporates and the salt remains . This is their ancient tradition inspired from Egypt . Agriculture ( edit ) The major crops in Pangasinan are rice , mangoes , corn , and sugar cane . Pangasinan has a land area of 536,819 hectares , and 44 percent of the total land area of Pangasinan is devoted to agricultural production . Financial ( edit ) Pangasinan has 593 banking and financing institutions . Labor ( edit ) Pangasinan has a labor force of about 1.52 million , and 87 percent of the labor force are gainfully employed . Health and education ( edit ) There are thousands of public schools and hundreds of private schools across the province for primary and secondary education . Many Pangasinans go to Metro Manila , Baguio City , and the United States for tertiary and higher education . Pangasinan has 51 hospitals and clinics and 68 rural health units ( as of July 2002 ) . Although some residents go to other parts of the Philippines , Metro Manila , Europe and the United States for extensive medical tests and treatment , almost all Pangasinans go to the major medical centers in the cities of Dagupan , San Carlos and Urdaneta . Culture ( edit ) The culture of Pangasinan is a blend of the indigenous Malayo - Polynesian and western Hispanic culture , with some Indian and Chinese influences and minor American influences . Today , Pangasinan is very much westernized , yet retains a strong , native Austronesian background . The main centers of Pangasinan culture are Dagupan City , Lingayen , Manaoag , Calasiao , and San Carlos City . Government ( edit ) Siblings Margaret F. Celeste , Cong . Jesus ' Boying ' F. Celeste ( Representative , Pangasinan , 1st District , House of Representatives , Quezon City ) , former Cong . Arthur F. Celeste , Pangasinan , 1st , Lakas - Kampi - CMD , 14th Congress of the Philippines ) , and Mayor Alfronso F. Celeste . See also : Governor of Pangasinan and Legislative districts of Pangasinan The current governor of Pangasinan is Amado `` Pogi '' Espino , III , son of former governor Amado T. Espino , Jr. , and the current vice governor is Jose Ferdinand Calimlim , Jr . Among those who served as Governor of Pangasinan include Tito Primicias , Vicente Millora and Daniel Maramba . District Representatives ( 2016 - 2019 ) 1st District : Jesus F. Celeste 2nd District : Leopoldo N. Bataoil 3rd District : Rosemarie P. Arenas 4th District : Christopher George P. De Venecia 5th District : Amado T. Espino , Jr . 6th District : Marlyn L. Primicias - Agabas Provincial Board Members ( 2016 - 2019 ) 1st District : Napoleon C. Fontelera Jr. and Anthony D. Sison 2nd District : Raul P. Sison and Nestor D. Reyes 3rd District : Angel M. Baniqued , Jr. and Generoso D. Tulagan , Jr . 4th District : Jeremy Agerico B. Rosario and Liberato Z . Villegas 5th District : Rosary Chinky P. Perez - Tababa and Clemente B. Arboleda , Jr . 6th District : Salvador S. Perez , Jr. and Noel C. Bince Liga ng mga Barangay Provincial President : Jeane Jinky C. Zaplan PCL Pangasinan President : Shiela Marie S. Perez - Galicia Notable people from Pangasinan ( edit ) Notable people either born or residing in Pangasinan include : Fernando Poe Sr. , former action star , from San Carlos City . Eva Macapagal , First Lady of the Philippines 1961 -- 1965 , was from Binalonan . President Fidel V. Ramos , who was born in Lingayen and hails from Asingan . Senator Leticia Ramos - Shahani ( Senator of the Philippines , 1987 - 1998 ) , born in Lingayen and hails from Asingan . Speaker Eugenio Padlan Perez ( 1896 - 1996 ) born in Obong , San Carlos ( now Basista ) Speaker Jose de Venecia , Jr. , who was born in Dagupan City . Manuel Moran , Chief Justice , who was born in Binalonan . Gabriel C. Singson , the former governor of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas , is from Lingayen . Carlos Bulosan , internationally known writer from Binalonan , Pangasinan . Francisco Sionil José , internationally known writer from Rosales , Pangasinan . Victorio Edades , a Filipino modernist and a recognized National Artist , was from Dagupan City . Jacqueline Aquino Siapno , a professor from Dagupan City , is the interim first lady of East Timor . Geronima Tomelden - Pecson , the first female senator of the Philippines , was a native of Lingayen . Julius Babao , ABS - CBN news anchor , TV / Radio host , born in Dagupan City . Cheryl Cosim , TV5 news anchor , TV / Radio host is from Dagupan City . Mitoy Yonting , first winner of The Voice of the Philippines , lead singer Draybers. , from Calasiao . Danny Ildefonso , two - time PBA Season MVP , five - time Best Player of the Conference , three - time Finals MVP , All - Star Game MVP , Rookie of the Year , Comeback Player of the Year , eight - time PBA Champion and one of the 40 Greatest Players in PBA History , from Urdaneta City . Marc Pingris , two - time Finals MVP , three - time Defensive Player of the Year , All - Star Game MVP , Most Improved Player , eight - time PBA Champion and one of the 40 Greatest Players in PBA History , from Pozorrubio Marlou Aquino , Rookie of the Year , Best Player of the Conference , Defensive Player of the Year , three - time PBA Champion and one of the 40 Greatest Players in PBA History , from Santa Barbara . Lordy Tugade , Finals MVP and PBA Champion , from Alaminos City . Ana `` The Hurricane '' Julaton , a native of Pozorrubio , World Boxing Champion Oscar Orbos , a native of Bani , a former governor and TV host . Thomas Orbos , current Metropolitan Manila Development Authority ( MMDA ) chairman , brother of former Governor Oscar Orbos , natives from the town of Bani . Gloria Romero , a veteran actress , hails from Mabini . Nova Villa , GMA veteran actress , from Mangatarem Maki Pulido , GMA news anchor , hails from Anda . Narciso Ramos , a journalist , lawyer , assemblyman and ambassador , and the father of former president Fidel V. Ramos. , born in Asingan . Barbara Perez , veteran actress , born in Urdaneta City . Lolita Rodriguez , actress , born in Urdaneta City . Carmen Rosales , former actress , born in Rosales . Hermogenes Esperon Jr. , Former AFP Chief of Staff , born in Asingan . Papa Jack , TV Radio Broadcaster and DJ , from Alcala . Mocha Uson , Assistant Secretary of Presidential Communications Ooperations Office ( PCOO ) , born in Dagupan City . Rachel Arenas , Movie and Television Review Classification Board ( MTRCB ) Chairwoman Jhong Hilario , ABS - CBN dancer and actor , born in Asingan . Jane Oineza , ABS - CBN Teen Actress from Bani . Romeo de la Cruz , former Solicitor General of the Philippines from Urdaneta City . See also ( edit ) Pangasinan literature Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lingayen - Dagupan Roman Catholic Diocese of Alaminos Roman Catholic Diocese of Urdaneta References ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ^ Jump up to : `` List of Provinces '' . PSGC Interactive . Makati City , Philippines : National Statistical Coordination Board . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Census of Population ( 2015 ) . `` Region I ( Ilocos Region ) '' . Total Population by Province , City , Municipality and Barangay . PSA . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pangasinan voters already 1,651,814 , '' Sunday Punch . December 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Minahan , James ( 10 June 2014 ) . Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific . ABC - CLIO . p. 34 . ISBN 1598846604 . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ New DNA evidence overturns population migration theory in Island Southeast Asia - University of Oxford Jump up ^ New research forces U-turn in population migration theory Jump up ^ Mark Donohue ; Tim Denham ( April 2010 ) . `` Farming and Language in Island Southeast Asia : Reframing Austronesian History '' ( PDF ) . Current Anthropology. 51 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.1086 / 650991 . Jump up ^ PLoS ONE : The History of Makassan Trepang Fishing and Trade Jump up ^ Scott , William Henry ( 1994 ) . Barangay . Manila Philippines : Ateneo de Manila University Press . p. 187 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Scott , William Henry ( 1994 ) . Barangay . Manila Philippines : Ateneo de Manila University Press . pp. 248 -- 249 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Scott , William Henry ( 1984 ) . Prehispanic source materials for the study of Philippine history . New Day Publishers . pp. 81 -- 82 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 10 - 0226 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Pangasinan '' . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Province : Pangasinan '' . PSGC Interactive . Quezon City , Philippines : Philippine Statistics Authority . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Census of Population and Housing ( 2010 ) . `` Region I ( Ilocos Region ) '' . Total Population by Province , City , Municipality and Barangay . NSO . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Census of Population ( 1995 , 2000 and 2007 ) . `` Region I ( Ilocos Region ) '' . Total Population by Province , City and Municipality . NSO . Archived from the original on 24 June 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Province of Pangasinan '' . Municipality Population Data . Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Table 4 . Household Population by Ethnicity and Sex : Pangasinan , 2000 Jump up ^ http://www.coa.gov.ph/index.php/local-government-units-lgus/category/6072-2015?download=28070:annual-financial-report-for-local-government-volume-i Bibliography Agoncillo , Teodoro A. History of the Filipino People . ( Quezon City : Garotech Publishing , Eighth Edition , 1990 ) . Cortes , Rosario Mendoza . Pangasinan , 1572 - 1800 . ( Quezon City : University of the Philippines Press , 1974 ; New Day Publishers , 1975 ) . Cortes , Rosario Mendoza . Pangasinan , 1801 - 1900 : The Beginnings of Modernization . ( Cellar Book Shop , April 1991 ) . Cortes , Rosario Mendoza . Pangasinan , 1901 - 1986 : A Political , Socioeconomic , and Cultural History . ( Cellar Book Shop , April 1991 ) . Cortes , Rosario Mendoza . The Filipino Saga : History as Social Change . ( Quezon City : New Day Publishers , 2000 ) . Craig , Austin . `` Lineage Life and Labors of Jose Rizal '' . ( Manila : Philippine Education Company , 1913 ) . Mafiles , Victoria Veloria ; Nava , Erlinda Tomelden . The English Translations of Pangasinan Folk Literature . ( Dagupan City , Philippines : Five Ed Printing Press , 2004 ) . Quintos , Felipe Quintos . Sipi Awaray Gelew Diad Pilipinas ( Revolucion Filipina ) . ( Lingayen , Pangasinan : Gumawid Press , 1926 ) . Samson - Nelmida , Perla . Pangasinan Folk Literature , A Doctoral Dissertation . ( University of the Philippines , Diliman , Quezon City : May 1982 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pangasinan . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Pangasinan . Geographic data related to Pangasinan at OpenStreetMap Official Tourism Website of Pangasinan Official Website of the Provincial Government of Pangasinan Provincial Profile at the National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines Local Governance Performance Management System Pangasinan Wikipedia Salt production in Pangasinan Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information Places adjacent to Pangasinan Lingayen Gulf / La Union / Benguet Nueva Vizcaya South China Sea Pangasinan Zambales / Tarlac Nueva Ecija ( hide ) Province of Pangasinan Lingayen ( capital ) Municipalities Agno Aguilar Alcala Anda Asingan Balungao Bani Basista Bautista Bayambang Binalonan Binmaley Bolinao Bugallon Burgos Calasiao Dasol Infanta Labrador Laoac Lingayen Mabini Malasiqui Manaoag Mangaldan Mangatarem Mapandan Natividad Pozorrubio Rosales San Fabian San Jacinto San Manuel San Nicolas San Quintin Santa Barbara Santa Maria Santo Tomas Sison Sual Tayug Umingan Urbiztondo Villasis Component cities Alaminos San Carlos Urdaneta Independent component city Dagupan ( Administratively independent from the province but grouped under Pangasinan by the Philippine Statistics Authority . ) Barangays See : List of barangays in Pangasinan Articles related to Pangasinan Ilocos region ( Region I ) Regional Center San Fernando Provinces Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur La Union Pangasinan Independent Component City Dagupan Component Cities Alaminos Batac Candon Laoag San Carlos San Fernando Urdaneta Vigan Provincial Capitals Laoag Lingayen San Fernando Vigan Municipalities Adams Agno Agoo Aguilar Alcala Alilem Anda Aringay Asingan Bacarra Bacnotan Badoc Bagulin Balaoan Balungao Banayoyo Bangar Bangui Bani Banna Bantay Basista Bauang Bautista Bayambang Binalonan Binmaley Bolinao Bugallon Burgos ( Ilocos Norte ) Burgos ( Ilocos Sur ) Burgos ( La Union ) Burgos ( Pangasinan ) Caba Cabugao Calasiao Caoayan Carasi Cervantes Currimao Dasol Dingras Dumalneg Galimuyod Gregorio del Pilar Infanta Labrador Laoac Lidlidda Lingayen Luna Mabini Magsingal Malasiqui Manaoag Mangaldan Mangatarem Mapandan Marcos Nagbukel Naguilian Narvacan Natividad Nueva Era Pagudpud Paoay Pasuquin Piddig Pinili Pozorrubio Pugo Quirino Rosales Rosario Salcedo San Emilio San Esteban San Fabian San Gabriel San Ildefonso San Jacinto San Juan ( Ilocos Sur ) San Juan ( La Union ) San Manuel San Nicolas ( Ilocos Norte ) San Nicolas ( Pangasinan ) San Quintin San Vicente Santa Santa Barbara Santa Catalina Santa Cruz Santa Lucia Santa Maria ( Ilocos Sur ) Santa Maria ( Pangasinan ) Santiago Santo Domingo Santo Tomas ( La Union ) Santo Tomas ( Pangasinan ) Santol Sarrat Sigay Sinait Sison Solsona Sual Sudipen Sugpon Suyo Tagudin Tayug Tubao Umingan Urbiztondo Villasis Vintar Luzon , Republic of the Philippines Administrative divisions of the Philippines Capital Manila ( National Capital Region ) Island groups Luzon Visayas Mindanao Regions Administrative I -- Ilocos Region II -- Cagayan Valley III -- Central Luzon IV - A -- Calabarzon Mimaropa -- Southwestern Tagalog Region V -- Bicol Region VI -- Western Visayas VII -- Central Visayas VIII -- Eastern Visayas IX -- Zamboanga Peninsula X -- Northern Mindanao XI -- Davao Region XII -- Soccsksargen XIII -- Caraga CAR -- Cordillera Administrative Region NCR -- National Capital Region Autonomous Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Provinces Abra Agusan del Norte Agusan del Sur Aklan Albay Antique Apayao Aurora Basilan Bataan Batanes Batangas Benguet Biliran Bohol Bukidnon Bulacan Cagayan Camarines Norte Camarines Sur Camiguin Capiz Catanduanes Cavite Cebu Compostela Valley Cotabato Davao del Norte Davao del Sur Davao Occidental Davao Oriental Dinagat Islands Eastern Samar Guimaras Ifugao Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur Iloilo Isabela Kalinga La Union Laguna Lanao del Norte Lanao del Sur Leyte Maguindanao Marinduque Masbate Misamis Occidental Misamis Oriental Mountain Province Negros Occidental Negros Oriental Northern Samar Nueva Ecija Nueva Vizcaya Occidental Mindoro Oriental Mindoro Palawan Pampanga Pangasinan Quezon Quirino Rizal Romblon Samar Sarangani Siquijor Sorsogon South Cotabato Southern Leyte Sultan Kudarat Sulu Surigao del Norte Surigao del Sur Tarlac Tawi - Tawi Zambales Zamboanga del Norte Zamboanga del Sur Zamboanga Sibugay Cities List of cities in the Philippines Municipalities List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines Barangays Lists of barangays by province Poblacion Other subdivisions Puroks Sitios List of primary LGUs Legislative districts Metropolitan areas Historical Former provinces Formally proposed provinces Negros Island Region Southern Tagalog Philippines articles History Timeline Prehistory ( Pre-900 ) Archaic Era ( 900 -- 1521 ) Colonial era ( 1521 -- 1946 ) Spanish period ( 1521 -- 1898 ) American period ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Postcolonial era ( 1946 -- 1986 ) Third Republic ( 1946 -- 65 ) Marcos dictatorship ( 1965 -- 86 ) Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) By topic List of artifacts in Philippine history Demographic Discoveries Economic history Inventions Military Geography Bays Biosphere reserves Climate Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Extreme points Island groups islands Lakes Landmarks Mountains National parks Protected areas Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Government Executive President Executive Office Cabinet Civil service National Police Legislature Congress Senate Senate President President pro tem House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Supreme Court Judiciary Court of Appeals Law Constitution Philippine legal codes Human rights Intelligence National Bureau of Investigation National Counter-Terrorism Action Group National Intelligence Coordinating Agency Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Uniformed Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine Air Force Philippine Army Philippine Navy Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Coast Guard Administrative divisions Elections Foreign relations Political parties Economy Agriculture Business process outsourcing Central Bank Energy Fiscal policy National debt Labor Peso Stock Exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Science and technology Water and Sanitation Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Income inequality Languages Poverty Provinces by HDI Refugees Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural Properties Dance Fashion and clothing Festivals Historical Markers Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Psychology Sexuality Sports Traditional games Value system Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Arnis Flag Name Narra Philippine eagle Sampaguita Philippines portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pangasinan&oldid=807031839 '' Categories : Pangasinan Provinces of the Philippines Luzon States and territories established in 1611 1611 establishments in the Philippines Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Pangasinan - language text Articles containing non-English - language text Articles containing Tagalog - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Acèh تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Bikol Central Cebuano Chavacano de Zamboanga Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Kapampangan Latina Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Pangasinan Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 13 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the salt capital of the philippines | [
"The name Pangasinan pronounced as \"Pang-ASINan\" It means \"place of salt\" or \"place of salt-making\"; it is derived from the prefix pang, meaning \"for\", the root word asin, meaning \"salt”, and suffix an, signifying \"location\". At present it is pronounced Paŋgasinan based on the Spanish pronunciation due to their inability to utter or pronounce the nasal sound /ŋ/. The province is a major producer of salt in the Philippines. Its major products include \"bagoong\" (\"salted-krill\") and \"alamang\" (\"shrimp-paste\")"
] | [
"Pangasinan"
] |
-345933465193645036 | Admission to the Union | Admission to the Union - wikipedia Admission to the Union Jump to : navigation , search For the admission of new member states to the European Union , see Enlargement of the European Union . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Admission to the Union Clause of the United States Constitution , oftentimes called the New States Clause , and found at Article IV , Section 3 , Clause 1 , authorizes the Congress to admit new states into the United States beyond the thirteen already in existence at the time the Constitution went into effect . The Constitution went into effect on June 21 , 1788 , after ratification by 9 of the 13 states , and the federal government began operations under it on March 4 , 1789 . Since then , 37 additional states have been admitted into the Union . Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with those already in existence . Of the 37 states admitted to the Union by Congress , all but six have been established within an existing U.S. organized incorporated territory . A state so created might encompass all or a portion of a territory . When the people of a territory or a region thereof would make their desire for statehood known to the federal government , in most cases Congress passed an enabling act authorizing the people of that territory or region to frame a proposed state constitution as a step toward admission to the Union . Although the use of an enabling act was a common historic practice , a number of states were admitted to the Union without one . In many instances , an enabling act would detail the mechanism by which the territory would be admitted as a state following ratification of their constitution and election of state officers . Although the use of such an act is a traditional historic practice , a number of territories have drafted constitutions for submission to Congress absent an enabling act and were subsequently admitted . The broad outline for this process was established by the Land Ordinance of 1784 and the 1787 Northwest Ordinance , both of which predate the present U.S. Constitution . The Admission to the Union Clause also forbids the creation of new states from parts of existing states without the consent of both the affected states and Congress . The primary intent of this caveat was to give Eastern states that still had western land claims ( there were four at that time ) a veto over whether their western counties could become states . This clause has served the same function since , each time a proposal to partition an existing state or states has arisen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 2.1 Articles of Confederation 2.2 1787 Constitutional Convention 3 Equal footing doctrine 4 Admission process 5 States that were never part of an organized U.S. territory 5.1 Notes 6 See also 7 Further reading 8 References Text ( edit ) New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States , or Parts of States , without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress . Background ( edit ) Articles of Confederation ( edit ) Between 1781 and 1789 the United States was governed by a unicameral Congress , the Congress of the Confederation , which operated under authority granted to it by the Articles of Confederation , the nation 's first constitution . The 11th Article authorized Congress to admit new states to the Union provided nine states consented . Under the Articles , each state cast one vote on each proposed measure in Congress . During this period , the Confederation Congress enacted two ordinances governing the admission of new states into the Union . The first such ordinance was the Land Ordinance of 1784 , enacted April 23 , 1784 . Thomas Jefferson was its principal author . The Ordinance called for the land ( recently confirmed as part of the United States by the Treaty of Paris ) west of the Appalachian Mountains , north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River to eventually be divided into ten separate states . Once a given area reached 20,000 inhabitants , it could call a constitutional convention and form a provisional government . Then , upon enacting a state constitution which affirmed that the new state would forever be part of the Confederation , would be subject to the Articles of Confederation and acts of Congress , would be subject to payment for federal debts and would not tax federal properties within the state border or tax non-residents at a rate higher than residents , and would have a republican form of government , and also after reaching a population equal to that of the least - populated of the established states , it would be admitted , on an equal footing with all other states , based on a majority vote in Congress . Jefferson 's original draft of the ordinance gave names to the proposed states , and also contained a provision that `` After the year 1800 there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of them . '' The 1784 ordinance was superseded three years later by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 . Enacted by the Confederation Congress on July 13 , 1787 , it created the Northwest Territory , the first organized incorporated territory of the United States . The Northwest Ordinance ( Article V ) provided for the admission of several new states from within its bounds : There shall be formed in the said territory , not less than three nor more than five States ... And , whenever any of the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein , such State shall be admitted , by its delegates , into the Congress of the United States , on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever , and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government : Provided , the constitution and government so to be formed , shall be republican , and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles ; and , so far as it can be consistent with the general interest of the confederacy , such admission shall be allowed at an earlier period , and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants in the State than sixty thousand . Considered one of the most important legislative acts of the Confederation Congress , it established the precedent by which the Federal government would be sovereign and expand westward with the admission of new states , rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation . No new states were formed in the Northwest Territory under either ordinance . In August , 1789 , the ordinance was replaced by the Northwest Ordinance of 1789 , in which the new Congress ( under the present Constitution ) reaffirmed the Ordinance with slight modifications . The territory itself remained in existence until 1803 , when the southeastern portion of it was admitted to the Union as the State of Ohio , and the remainder was reorganized . While the articles of Confederation were in effect , the Congress considered various ordinances admitting particular new states into the Union : On August 20 , 1781 , Congress passed a resolution stating conditions under which the Vermont Republic ( at the time a de facto but unrecognized sovereign state ) could enter the Union . It needed only to give up its claims to territory west of Lake Champlain and east of the Connecticut River . The following February , the legislature of Vermont agreed to those terms . However , Vermont 's admission would be delayed for nearly a decade , due largely to opposition from New York , which asserted a disputed claim to the region . On May 16 , 1785 , a resolution to admit Frankland ( later modified to Franklin ) to the Union was introduced in Congress . Eventually , seven states voted to admit what would have been the 14th state . This was , however , less than the nine states required by the Articles of Confederation . This would - be state was created in 1784 from part of the territory west of the Appalachian Mountains that had been offered by North Carolina as a cession to Congress to help pay off debts related to the Revolutionary War . It continued to exist as an extra-legal state through mid-1788 , when North Carolina re-assumed full control of the area . Franklin later became part of the Southwest Territory , which still later became the state of Tennessee . In July , 1788 , Congress began deliberations on whether to admit Kentucky to the Union . Kentucky was then a part of Virginia . The legislature of Virginia had consented to the creation of the new state from its western district . However , when Congress began to discuss the matter , they received notification that New Hampshire had ratified the Constitution , becoming the ninth state to do so , causing it to go into effect in the ratifying states . Congress instead passed a resolution stating that it was `` unadvisable '' to admit a new state under those circumstances and the matter should wait until the federal government under the Constitution came into existence . As a result , no new states were admitted to the Union while the Articles of Confederation was in effect . 1787 constitutional convention ( edit ) At the 1787 Constitutional Convention , a proposal to include the phrase , `` new States shall be admitted on the same terms with the original States '' , in the new states clause was defeated . That proposal would have taken the policy articulated in the Ordinance of 1784 and made it a constitutional imperative . Many delegates objected to including the phrase however , fearing that the political power of future new western states would ultimately overwhelm that of the established eastern states . Delegates , understanding that the number of states would inevitably increase , did agree to include wording into this clause to preclude formation of a new state out of an established one without the consent of the established state as well as the Congress . It was anticipated that Kentucky ( which was a part of Virginia ) , Franklin ( which was a part of North Carolina , and later became part of the Southwest Territory ) , Vermont ( to which New York asserted a disputed claim ) , and Maine ( which was a part of Massachusetts ) , would become states . As a result of this compromise , new breakaway states are permitted to join the Union , but only with the proper consents . Equal footing doctrine ( edit ) Shortly after the new Constitution went into effect Congress admitted Vermont and Kentucky on equal terms with the existing 13 states , and thereafter formalized the condition in its acts of admission for subsequent states . Thus the Congress , utilizing the discretion allowed by the framers , adopted a policy of equal status for all newly admitted states . The constitutional principle derived from these actions is known as the equal footing doctrine . With the growth of states ' rights advocacy during the antebellum period , the Supreme Court asserted , in Lessee of Pollard v. Hagan ( 1845 ) , that the Constitution mandated admission of new states on the basis of equality . Admission process ( edit ) The order in which the original 13 states ratified the constitution , then the order in which the others were admitted to the union . Historically , most new states brought into being by Congress have been established from an organized incorporated U.S. territory , created and governed by Congress in accord with its plenary power under Article IV , Section 3 , Clause 2 of the Constitution . In some cases , an entire territory became a state ; in others some part of a territory became a state . In most cases , the organized government of a territory made known the sentiment of its population in favor of statehood , usually by referendum . Congress then directed that government to organize a constitutional convention to write a state constitution . Upon acceptance of that constitution , by the people of the territory and then by Congress , would adopt a joint resolution granting statehood and the President would issue a proclamation announcing that a new state has been added to the Union . While Congress , which has ultimate authority over the admission of new states , has usually followed this procedure , there have been occasions ( due to unique case - specific circumstances ) where it did not . Congress is under no obligation to admit states , even in those areas whose population expresses a desire for statehood . In one instance , Mormon pioneers in Salt Lake City sought to establish the state of Deseret in 1849 . It existed for slightly over two years and was never approved by the United States Congress . In another , leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes ( Cherokee , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek , and Seminole ) in Indian Territory proposed to establish the state of Sequoyah in 1905 , as a means to retain control of their lands . The proposed constitution ultimately failed in the U.S. Congress . Instead , the Indian Territory was incorporated into the new state of Oklahoma in 1907 . Some U.S. territories existed only a short time before becoming states , while others remained territories for decades . The shortest - lived was Alabama Territory at 2 years , while New Mexico and Hawaii territories both were in existence for more than 50 years . The entry of several states into the Union has been delayed due to complicating factors . Among them , Michigan Territory , which petitioned Congress for statehood in 1835 , was not admitted to the Union until 1837 , due to a boundary dispute with the adjoining state of Ohio . The Republic of Texas requested annexation to the United States in 1837 , but fears about potential conflict with Mexico delayed the admission of Texas for nine years . Also , statehood for Kansas Territory was held up for several years ( 1854 -- 61 ) due to a series of internal violent conflicts involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions . Once established , most state borders have , with few exceptions , been generally stable . Notable exceptions include : the various portions ( the Western land claims ) of several original states ceded over a period of several years to the federal government , which in turn became the Northwest Territory , Southwest Territory , and Mississippi Territory ; the 1791 cession by Maryland and Virginia of land to create the District of Columbia ( Virginia 's portion was returned in 1847 ) ; and the creation , on at least three separate occasions , of a new state ( Kentucky , Maine and West Virginia ) from a region of an existing state ( Vermont was created from what was disputedly claimed to be a part of New York and was not admitted until New York consented ) ; two large additions to Nevada , which became a state in 1864 , were made in 1866 and 1867 . However , there have been numerous minor adjustments to state boundaries over the years due to improved surveys , resolution of ambiguous or disputed boundary definitions , or minor mutually agreed boundary adjustments for administrative convenience or other purposes . One notable example is the case New Jersey v. New York , in which New Jersey won roughly 90 % of Ellis Island from New York in 1998 . States that were never part of an organized U.S. territory ( edit ) In addition to the original 13 , six subsequent states were never part of an organized incorporated U.S. territory . Kentucky , Maine , and West Virginia were each set off from already existing states . Texas and Vermont both entered the Union after having been sovereign states ( only de facto sovereignty in Vermont 's case , as the region was claimed by New York ) . California was set off from unorganized land ceded to the United States by Mexico in 1848 at the end of the Mexican -- American War . State Date of admission Formed from California 000000001850 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1850 Unorganized territory ( part ) Kentucky 000000001792 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1792 Virginia ( District of Kentucky : Fayette , Jefferson , and Lincoln counties ) Maine 000000001820 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1820 Massachusetts ( District of Maine ) Texas 000000001845 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1845 Texas ! Republic of Texas Vermont 000000001791 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1791 Vermont Republic ( earlier known as the New Hampshire Grants ) West Virginia 000000001863 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 1863 Virginia ( Trans - Allegheny region counties ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Area Mexico ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 , minus Texan claims . The cession consisted of present day states of California , Nevada , Utah , most of Arizona , about half of New Mexico , about a quarter of Colorado , and a small section of Wyoming . The Act of Congress establishing California as the 31st state was part of the Compromise of 1850 . Jump up ^ The Virginia General Assembly adopted legislation on December 18 , 1789 separating its `` District of Kentucky '' from the rest of the state and approving its statehood . Jump up ^ The Massachusetts General Court passed enabling legislation on June 19 , 1819 separating the `` District of Maine '' from the rest of the state ( an action approved by the voters in Maine on July 19 , 1819 by 17,001 to 7,132 ) ; then , on February 25 , 1820 , passed a follow - up measure officially accepting the fact of Maine 's imminent statehood . The Act of Congress establishing Maine as the 23rd state was part of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 . Jump up ^ Between 1749 and 1764 the provincial governor of New Hampshire , Benning Wentworth , issued approximately 135 grants for unoccupied land claimed by New Hampshire west of the Connecticut River ( in what is today southern Vermont ) , territory that was also claimed by New York . The resulting dispute led to the rise of the Green Mountain Boys and the later establishment of the Vermont Republic . New Hampshire 's claim upon the land was extinguished in 1764 by royal order of George III , and on March 6 , 1790 the state of New York ceded its New Hampshire Grants claim to Vermont for 30,000 dollars . Jump up ^ On May 13 , 1862 , the General Assembly of the Restored Government of Virginia passed an act granting permission for the creation of West Virginia . Later , by its ruling in Virginia v. West Virginia ( 1871 ) , the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the proper consents required to become a separate state . See also ( edit ) 51st state Enabling Act of 1802 , authorizing residents of the eastern portion of the Northwest Territory to form the state of Ohio Texas annexation , the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States as a state in the Union Legal status of Texas Enabling Act of 1889 , authorizing residents of Dakota , Montana , and Washington territories to form state governments ( Dakota to be divided into two states ) and to gain admission to the Union Enabling Act of 1906 authorizing residents of Oklahoma , Indian , New Mexico , and Arizona territories to form state governments ( Indian and Oklahoma territories to be combined into one state ) and to gain admission to the Union Alaska Statehood Act , admitting Alaska as a state in the Union as of January 3 , 1959 Legal status of Alaska Hawaii Admission Act , admitting Hawaii as a state in the Union as of August 21 , 1959 Legal status of Hawaii Federalism in the United States List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union List of U.S. state partition proposals State cessions Statehood movement in Puerto Rico Perpetual Union Further reading ( edit ) The Uniting States : The Story of Statehood for the Fifty United States , three volumes , edited by Benjamin F. Shearer , Greenwood Press , Westport , Connecticut , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 313 - 32703 - 3 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` March 4 : A forgotten huge day in American history '' . Constitution Daily . Philadelphia : National Constitution Center . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctrine of the Equality of States '' . Justia.com . Mountain View , California . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Forte , David F. `` Essays on Article IV : New States Clause '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . Washington , D.C. : The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , Centennial Edition , Interim Edition : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . pp. 16 -- 17 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grupo de Investigadores Puertorriqueños ( 1984 ) . Breakthrough From Colonialism : An Interdisciplinary Study of Statehood. 1 . University of Puerto Rico . pp. 20 -- 22 . ISBN 9780847724895 . OCLC 836947912 . Jump up ^ `` Report from the Committee for the Western Territory to the United States Congress '' . Envisaging the West : Thomas Jefferson and the Roots of Lewis and Clark . University of Nebraska -- Lincoln and University of Virginia . March 1 , 1784 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Ordinance ; July 13 , 1787 '' . Avalon Project . Lillian Goldman Law Library , Yale Law School . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Ordinance '' . loc.gov . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Horsman , Reginald ( Autumn 1989 ) . `` The Northwest Ordinance and the Shaping of an Expanding Republic '' . The Wisconsin Magazine of History . Wisconsin Historical Society . 73 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 32 . JSTOR 4636235 . Jump up ^ Mello , Robert A. ( 2014 ) . Moses Robinson and the Founding of Vermont . Vermont Historical Society . Jump up ^ Vasan , Kesavan ( 2002 ) . `` When did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 78 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates , July 23 , 1787 '' . New Haven , Connecticut : Lillian Goldman Law Library , Yale Law School . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kesavan , Vasan ; Paulsen , Michael Stokes ( March 2002 ) . `` Is West Virginia Unconstitutional ? '' . California Law Review . University of California , Berkeley , School of Law . 90 ( 2 ) : 395 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Property and Territory : Powers of Congress '' . Justia.com . Mountain View , California . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huddle , F.P. ( 1946 ) . `` Admission of new states '' . Editorial research reports . CQ Press . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Museum of the Red River -- The Choctaw '' . Museum of the Red River . 2005 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2009 . Retrieved 4 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Winders , Richard Bruce ( 2002 ) . Crisis in the Southwest : the United States , Mexico , and the Struggle over Texas . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 82 , 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2801 - 1 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Stein , Mark ( 2008 ) . How the States Got Their Shapes . New York : HarperCollins . pp. xvi , 334 . ISBN 9780061431395 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( May 27 , 1998 ) . `` The Ellis Island Verdict : The Ruling ; High Court Gives New Jersey Most of Ellis Island '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Riccards , Michael P. ( 1997 ) . `` Lincoln and the Political Question : The Creation of the State of West Virginia '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 27 ( 3 ) : 549 -- 564 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 -- via Questia . Jump up ^ `` California Admission Day September 9 , 1850 '' . CA.gov . California Department of Parks and Recreation . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky '' . history.com . A + E Networks . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Name and Status History of the several States and U.S. Territories '' . TheGreenPapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Today in History -- March 15 : The Pine Tree State '' . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holt , Michael F. ( 200 ) . The fate of their country : politicians , slavery extension , and the coming of the Civil War . New York : Hill and Wang . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4439 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th State '' . Vermont History Explorer . Barre , Vermont : Vermont Historical Society . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History -- June 20 : Mountaineers Always Freemen '' . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A State of Convenience : The Creation of West Virginia , Chapter Twelve , Reorganized Government of Virginia Approves Separation '' . Wvculture.org . West Virginia Division of Culture and History . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia v. West Virginia 78 U.S. 39 ( 1870 ) '' . Justia.com . Mountain View , California . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . 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"The Admission to the Union Clause of the United States Constitution, oftentimes called the New States Clause, and found at Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1, authorizes the Congress to admit new states into the United States beyond the thirteen already in existence at the time the Constitution went into effect."
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"The Admission to the Union Clause of the United States Constitution, oftentimes called the New States Clause, and found at Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1"
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-3420229995600470153 | Ideogram | Ideogram - wikipedia Ideogram This article is about the type of graphic symbol . For chromosome ideograms , see Cytogenetics . For the rhetorical device , see Ideograph ( rhetoric ) . Writing systems History Grapheme List of writing systems Types Alphabet Abjad ( Impure Abjad ) Abugida Syllabary Semi-syllabary Logography Logophonetic ( Logosyllabary , Logoconsonantal ) Shorthand Featural Related topics Pictogram Ideogram An ideogram or ideograph ( from Greek ἰδέα idéa `` idea '' and γράφω gráphō `` to write '' ) is a graphic symbol that represents an idea or concept , independent of any particular language , and specific words or phrases . Some ideograms are comprehensible only by familiarity with prior convention ; others convey their meaning through pictorial resemblance to a physical object , and thus may also be referred to as pictograms . Contents 1 Terminology 2 Mathematics 3 Proposed universal languages 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Terminology ( edit ) Further information : Character ( symbol ) and Logogram `` No dogs allowed '' sign in Spain . The dog illustration is a pictogram . The red circle and bar is an ideogram representing the idea of `` no '' or `` not allowed '' . Ideograms in the Church of the Visitation , Jerusalem In proto - writing , used for inventories and the like , physical objects are represented by stylized or conventionalized pictures , or pictograms . For example , the pictorial Dongba symbols without Geba annotation can not represent the Naxi language , but are used as a mnemonic for reciting oral literature . Some systems also use ideograms , symbols denoting abstract concepts . The term `` ideogram '' is often used to describe symbols of writing systems such as Egyptian hieroglyphs , Sumerian cuneiform and Chinese characters . However , these symbols are logograms , representing words or morphemes of a particular language rather than objects or concepts . In these writing systems , a variety of strategies were employed in the design of logographic symbols . Pictographic symbols depict the object referred to by the word , such as an icon of a bull denoting the Semitic word ʾālep `` ox '' . Some words denoting abstract concepts may be represented iconically , but most other words are represented using the rebus principle , borrowing a symbol for a similarly - sounding word . Later systems used selected symbols to represent the sounds of the language , for example the adaptation of the logogram for ʾālep `` ox '' as the letter aleph representing the initial sound of the word , a glottal stop . Many signs in hieroglyphic as well as in cuneiform writing could be used either logographically or phonetically . For example , the Akkadian sign AN ( 𒀭 ) could be an ideograph for `` deity '' , an ideogram for the god Anum in particular , a logograph for the Akkadian stem il - `` deity '' , a logograph for the Akkadian word šamu `` sky '' , or a syllabogram for either the syllable an or il . Although Chinese characters are logograms , two of the smaller classes in the traditional classification are ideographic in origin : Simple ideographs ( 指 事 字 zhǐshìzì ) are abstract symbols such as 上 shàng `` up '' and 下 xià `` down '' or numerals such as 三 sān `` three '' . Semantic compounds ( 会意 字 huìyìzì ) are semantic combinations of characters , such as 明 míng `` bright '' , composed of 日 rì `` sun '' and 月 yuè `` moon '' , or 休 xiū `` rest '' , composed of 人 rén `` person '' and 木 mù `` tree '' . In the light of the modern understanding of Old Chinese phonology , researchers now believe that most of the characters originally classified as semantic compounds have an at least partially phonetic nature . An example of ideograms is the collection of 50 signs developed in the 1970s by the American Institute of Graphic Arts at the request of the US Department of Transportation . The system was initially used to mark airports and gradually became more widespread . Mathematics ( edit ) Mathematical symbols are a type of ideogram . Proposed universal languages ( edit ) See also : Pasigraphy Inspired by inaccurate early descriptions of Chinese and Japanese characters as ideograms , many Western thinkers have sought to design universal written languages , in which symbols denote concepts rather than words . An early proposal was An Essay towards a Real Character , and a Philosophical Language ( 1668 ) by John Wilkins . A recent example is the system of Blissymbols , which was proposed by Charles K. Bliss in 1949 and currently includes over 2,000 symbols . See also ( edit ) Emoji Heterogram ( linguistics ) Icon ( computing ) Lexigram List of symbols List of writing systems ( including a sublist of ideographic systems ) Logotype Therblig Traffic sign References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ramsey , S. Robert ( 1987 ) . The Languages of China . Princeton University Press . p. 266 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 01468 - 5 . Jump up ^ Boltz , William ( 1994 ) . The origin and early development of the Chinese writing system . American Oriental Society . pp. 67 -- 72 , 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 940490 - 78 - 9 . Jump up ^ Symbols and signs , AIGA . Jump up ^ Rotman , Brian ( 2000 ) . Mathematics as Sign : Writing , Imagining , Counting . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 3684 - 8 . Jump up ^ Unger ( 2003 ) , pp. 13 -- 16 . DeFrancis , John . 1990 . The Chinese Language : Fact and Fantasy . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1068 - 6 Hannas , William . C. 1997 . Asia 's Orthographic Dilemma . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1892 - X ( paperback ) ; ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1842 - 3 ( hardcover ) Unger , J. Marshall . 2003 . Ideogram : Chinese Characters and the Myth of Disembodied Meaning . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 2760 - 0 ( trade paperback ) , ISBN 0 - 8248 - 2656 - 6 ( hardcover ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ideograms . The Ideographic Myth Extract from DeFrancis ' book . American Heritage Dictionary definition Merriam - Webster OnLine definition Links to related articles Visualization of technical information Fields Biological data visualization Chemical imaging Crime mapping Data visualization Educational visualization Flow visualization Geovisualization Information visualization Mathematical visualization Medical imaging Molecular graphics Product visualization Scientific visualization Software visualization Technical drawing User interface design Visual culture Volume visualization Image types Chart Diagram Engineering drawing Graph of a function Ideogram Map Photograph Pictogram Plot Schematic Skeletal formula Statistical graphics Table Technical drawings Technical illustration User interface People Jacques Bertin Stuart Card Thomas A. DeFanti Michael Friendly George Furnas Pat Hanrahan Nigel Holmes Christopher R. Johnson August Kekulé Manuel Lima Alan MacEachren Jock D. Mackinlay Michael Maltz Bruce H. McCormick Miriah Meyer Charles Joseph Minard Rudolf Modley Gaspard Monge Tamara Munzner Otto Neurath Florence Nightingale Hanspeter Pfister Clifford A. Pickover William Playfair Karl Wilhelm Pohlke Adolphe Quetelet George G. Robertson Arthur H. Robinson Lawrence J. Rosenblum Ben Shneiderman Fraser Stoddart Edward Tufte Fernanda Viégas Ade Olufeko Howard Wainer Martin Wattenberg Bang Wong Related topics Cartography Chartjunk Computer graphics in computer science Graph drawing Graphic design Graphic organizer Imaging science Information graphics Information science Mental visualisation Misleading graph Neuroimaging Patent drawing Scientific modelling Spatial analysis Visual analytics Visual perception Volume cartography Volume rendering Writing systems Index of language articles Overview History of writing History of the alphabet Graphemes Scripts in Unicode Lists Writing systems Languages by writing system / by first written account Undeciphered writing systems Inventors of writing systems Types Featural Alphabets Abjads Alphasyllabaries / Abugidas Syllabaries Semi-syllabaries Ideogrammic Pictographic Logographic Numeral Types of writing systems Overview History of writing Grapheme Lists Writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed Languages by writing system / by first written accounts Types Abjads Numerals Aramaic Hatran Arabic Egyptian hieroglyphs Pitman shorthand Hebrew Ashuri Cursive Rashi Solitreo Tifinagh Manichaean Nabataean Old North Arabian Pahlavi Pegon Phoenician Paleo - Hebrew Proto - Sinaitic Psalter Punic Samaritan South Arabian Zabur Musnad Sogdian Syriac ʾEsṭrangēlā Serṭā Maḏnḥāyā Teeline Shorthand Ugaritic Abugidas Brahmic Northern Asamiya ( Ôxômiya ) Bānglā Bhaikshuki Bhujinmol Brāhmī Devanāgarī Dogri Gujarati Gupta Gurmukhī Kaithi Kalinga Khojki Khotanese Khudawadi Laṇḍā Lepcha Limbu Mahajani Meitei Mayek Modi Multani Nāgarī Nandinagari Odia ' Phags - pa Newar Ranjana Sharada Saurashtra Siddhaṃ Soyombo Sylheti Nagari Takri Tibetan Uchen Umê Tirhuta Tocharian Zanabazar Square Zhang - Zhung Drusha Marchen Marchung Pungs - chen Pungs - chung Southern Ahom Balinese Batak Baybayin Bhattiprolu Buhid Burmese Chakma Cham Grantha Goykanadi Hanunó'o Javanese Kadamba Kannada Karen Kawi Khmer Kulitan Lanna Lao Leke Lontara Malayalam Maldivian Dhives Akuru Eveyla Akuru Thaana Mon Old Makassarese Old Sundanese Pallava Pyu Rejang Rencong Sinhala Sundanese Tagbanwa Tai Le Tai Tham Tai Viet Tamil Telugu Thai Tigalari Vatteluttu Kolezhuthu Malayanma Visayan Others Boyd 's syllabic shorthand Canadian syllabics Blackfoot Déné syllabics Fox I Ge'ez Gunjala Gondi Japanese Braille Jenticha Kayah Li Kharosthi Mandombe Masaram Gondi Meroitic Miao Mwangwego Sorang Sompeng Pahawh Hmong Thomas Natural Shorthand Warang Citi Alphabets Linear Abkhaz Adlam Armenian Avestan Avoiuli Bassa Vah Borama Carian Caucasian Albanian Coorgi -- Cox alphabet Coptic Cyrillic Deseret Duployan shorthand Chinook writing Early Cyrillic Eclectic shorthand Elbasan Etruscan Evenki Fox II Fraser Gabelsberger shorthand Garay Georgian Asomtavruli Nuskhuri Mkhedruli Glagolitic Gothic Gregg shorthand Greek Greco - Iberian alphabet Hangul Hanifi IPA Kaddare Klingon Latin Beneventan Blackletter Carolingian minuscule Fraktur Gaelic Insular Kurrent Merovingian Sigla Sütterlin Tironian notes Visigothic Luo Lycian Lydian Manchu Mandaic Medefaidrin Molodtsov Mongolian Mru Neo-Tifinagh New Tai Lue N'Ko Ogham Oirat Ol Chiki Old Hungarian Old Italic Old Permic Orkhon Old Uyghur Osage Osmanya Pau Cin Hau Runic Anglo - Saxon Cipher Dalecarlian Elder Futhark Younger Futhark Gothic Marcomannic Medieval Staveless Sidetic Shavian Somali Tifinagh Vagindra Visible Speech Vithkuqi Wancho Zaghawa Non-linear Braille Maritime flags Morse code New York Point Semaphore line Flag semaphore Moon type Ideograms / Pictograms Adinkra Aztec Blissymbol Dongba Ersu Shaba Emoji IConji Isotype Kaidā Míkmaq Mixtec New Epoch Notation Painting Nsibidi Ojibwe Hieroglyphs Siglas poveiras Testerian Yerkish Zapotec Logograms Chinese family of scripts Chinese Characters Simplified Traditional Oracle bone script Bronze Script Seal Script large small bird - worm Hanja Idu Kanji Chữ nôm Zhuang Chinese - influenced Jurchen Khitan large script Sui Tangut Cuneiform Akkadian Assyrian Elamite Hittite Luwian Sumerian Other logo - syllabic Anatolian Bagam Cretan Isthmian Maya Proto - Elamite Yi ( Classical ) Logo - consonantal Demotic Hieratic Hieroglyphs Numerals Hindu - Arabic Abjad Attic ( Greek ) Muisca Roman Semi-syllabaries Full Celtiberian Northeastern Iberian Southeastern Iberian Khom Redundant Espanca Pahawh Hmong Khitan small script Southwest Paleohispanic Zhuyin fuhao Somacheirograms ASLwrite SignWriting si5s Stokoe Notation Syllabaries Afaka Bamum Bété Byblos Cherokee Cypriot Cypro - Minoan Ditema tsa Dinoko Eskayan Geba Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics Iban Japanese Hiragana Katakana Man'yōgana Hentaigana Sogana Jindai moji Kikakui Kpelle Linear B Linear Elamite Lisu Loma Nüshu Nwagu Aneke script Old Persian Cuneiform Sumerian Vai Woleai Yi ( Modern ) Yugtun Braille ⠃ ⠗ ⠁ ⠊ ⠇ ⠇ ⠑ Braille cell 1829 braille International uniformity ASCII braille Unicode braille patterns Braille scripts French - ordered scripts ( see for more ) Albanian Amharic Arabic Armenian Azerbaijani Belarusian Bharati Devanagari ( Hindi / Marathi / Nepali ) Bengali Punjabi Sinhalese Tamil Urdu etc . Bulgarian Burmese Cambodian Cantonese Catalan Chinese ( Mandarin , mainland ) Czech Dutch Dzongkha ( Bhutanese ) English ( Unified English ) Esperanto Estonian Faroese French Georgian German Ghanaian Greek Guarani Hawaiian Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Inuktitut ( reassigned vowels ) Iñupiaq IPA Irish Italian Kazakh Kyrgyz Latvian Lithuanian Maltese Mongolian Māori Navajo Nigerian Northern Sami Persian Philippine Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Samoan Scandinavian Slovak South African Spanish Tatar Taiwanese Mandarin ( largely reassigned ) Thai & Lao ( Japanese vowels ) Tibetan Turkish Ukrainian Vietnamese Welsh Yugoslav Reordered scripts Algerian Braille ( obsolete ) Frequency - based scripts American Braille ( obsolete ) Independent scripts Japanese Korean Two - Cell Chinese Eight - dot scripts Luxembourgish Kanji Gardner -- Salinas braille codes ( GS8 ) Symbols in braille Braille music Canadian currency marks Computer Braille Code Gardner -- Salinas braille codes ( GS8 / GS6 ) International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) Nemeth braille code Braille technology Braille e-book Braille embosser Braille translator Braille watch Mountbatten Brailler Optical braille recognition Perforation Perkins Brailler Refreshable braille display Slate and stylus Braigo Persons Louis Braille Charles Barbier Valentin Haüy Thakur Vishva Narain Singh Sabriye Tenberken William Bell Wait Organisations Braille Institute of America Braille Without Borders Japan Braille Library National Braille Association Blindness organizations Schools for the blind American Printing House for the Blind Other tactile alphabets Decapoint Moon type New York Point Night writing Vibratese Related topics Accessible publishing Braille literacy RoboBraille Commons Portal Electronic writing systems Emoticons Emoji iConji Leet Unicode Internet slang dialects 3arabizi Alay ( Indonesia ) Denglisch Doge Fingilish ( Persian ) Greeklish Gyaru - moji ( Japan ) Jejemon ( Philippines ) Leet ( `` 1337 '' ) Lolspeak / LOLspeak / Kitteh Martian language ( Chinese ) Miguxês ( Portuguese ) Padonkaffsky jargon ( Russian ) Translit Volapuk See also English internet slang ( at Wiktionary ) SMS language Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ideogram&oldid=851013540 '' Categories : Communication design Graphic design Pictograms Writing systems Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu भोजपुरी Български Català Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Frysk Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული Қазақша Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 13 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | a language that used symbols to represent objects | [
"An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek ἰδέα idéa \"idea\" and γράφω gráphō \"to write\") is a graphic symbol that represents an idea or concept, independent of any particular language, and specific words or phrases. Some ideograms are comprehensible only by familiarity with prior convention; others convey their meaning through pictorial resemblance to a physical object, and thus may also be referred to as pictograms.\n"
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"pictograms"
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7244401322243444031 | Morgue | Morgue - wikipedia Morgue Jump to : navigation , search `` Mortuary '' redirects here . For other uses , see Mortuary ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The examples and perspective in this date2010 may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A hospital mortuary and pathology laboratory in Bath , England Inside view of a morgue A close - up view of a dead body in the morgue in Charité . A morgue or mortuary ( in a hospital or elsewhere ) is used for the storage of human corpses awaiting identification or removal for autopsy or respectful burial , cremation or other method . In modern times corpses have customarily been refrigerated to delay decomposition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and lexicology 2 Types of cold chambers 3 Mortuaries across the globe 3.1 Waiting mortuary 4 Alternate meanings 5 See also 6 References Etymology and lexicology ( edit ) Mortuary early 14c. , from Anglo - French mortuarie `` gift to a parish priest from a deceased parishioner , '' from Medieval Latin mortuarium , noun use of neuter of Late Latin adjective mortuarius `` pertaining to the dead , '' from Latin mortuus , pp. of mori `` to die '' ( see mortal ( adj . ) ) . Meaning `` place where bodies are kept temporarily '' first recorded 1865 , a euphemism for earlier English term `` deadhouse . '' Morgue from the French morgue , which means ' to look at solemnly , to defy ' . First used to describe the inner wicket of a prison , where new prisoners were kept so that jailers and turnkeys could recognize them in the future , it took on its modern meaning in fifteenth - century Paris , being used to describe part of the Châtelet used for the storage and identification of unknown corpses . Morgue is predominantly used in North American English , while mortuary is more common in British English , although both terms are used interchangeably . The euphemisms `` Rose Cottage '' and `` Rainbow 's End '' are sometimes used in British hospitals to enable discussion in front of patients , the latter mainly for children . A person responsible for handling and washing bodies is now known as a diener , morgue attendant , or autopsy technician . Types of cold chambers ( edit ) There are two types of mortuary cold chambers : Positive temperature Bodies are kept between 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) and 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) . While this is usually used for keeping bodies for up to several weeks , it does not prevent decomposition , which continues at a slower rate than at room temperature . Negative temperature Bodies are kept at between − 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) and − 50 ° C ( − 58 ° F ) . Usually used at forensic institutes , particularly when a body has not been identified . At these temperatures the body is completely frozen and decomposition is very much reduced . Mortuaries across the globe ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first morgue in New York City , opened in 1866 at Bellevue Hospital An autopsy is performed in the morgue . This image was the Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp In some countries , the body of the deceased is embalmed before disposal , which makes refrigeration unnecessary . In many countries , the family of the deceased must make the burial within 72 hours ( three days ) of death , but in some other countries it is usual that burial takes place some weeks or months after the death . This is why some corpses are kept as long as one or two years at a hospital or in a funeral home . When the family has enough money to organize the ceremony , the corpse is taken from the cold chamber for burial . In some funeral homes , the morgue is in the same room , or directly adjacent to , the specially designed ovens , known as retorts , that are used in funerary cremation . Some religions dictate that , should a body be cremated , the family must witness its incineration . To honor these religious rites , many funeral homes install a viewing window , which allows the family to watch as the body is inserted into the retort . In this way , the family can honor their customs without entering the morgue . Waiting mortuary ( edit ) A waiting mortuary is a mortuary building designed specifically for the purpose of confirming that deceased persons are truly deceased . Prior to the advent of modern methods of verifying death , people feared that they would be buried alive . To alleviate such fears , the recently deceased were housed for a time in waiting mortuaries , where attendants would watch for signs of life . The corpses would be allowed to decompose partially prior to burial . Waiting mortuaries were most popular in 19th - century Germany , and were often large , ornate halls . A bell was strung to the corpses to alert attendants of any motion . Although there is no documented case of a person being saved from accidental burial in this way , it is sometimes erroneously believed that this was the origin of the phrase `` saved by the bell '' , whilst in fact , the phrase originates from the sport of boxing . Alternate meanings ( edit ) In American English : Morgue is used to refer to the room in which newspaper or magazine publishers keep their back issues and other historical references , as they serve a similar purpose to human morgues . See Morgue file . Morgue is used in some science fiction books as the name for the armory aboard ships , when they contain some form of powered armour . Mortuary can also refer to a funeral home . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Morgues . See also ( edit ) Body bag Diener Pathology Tissue digestion Toe tag Body farm References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morgan , Oliver ( 2006 ) . Management of Dead Bodies after Disasters : A Field Manual for First Responders . Pan American Health Organization . p. 49 . ISBN 92 75 12630 5 -- via Michigan State University SearchPlus . Jump up ^ BBC documentary - Fry 's Planet Word : Episode 3 : `` Uses and Abuses '' 9 Oct 2011 Jump up ^ Zentralblatt der allgemeine Pathologie ; 1957 May 4 ; 96 ( 5 - 6 ) : 280 - 86 ; NIH.gov Jump up ^ Roach , Mary ( 2003 ) . Stiff : The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32482 - 6 . Jump up ^ Saved by the bell at Phrases.org Death Outline In medicine Cell death Necrosis Avascular necrosis Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis Pyroptosis Autolysis Autoschizis Eschar Immunogenic cell death Ischemic cell death Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Mitotic catastrophe Suicide gene Abortion Autopsy Brain death Brainstem death Clinical death DOA Death by natural causes Death rattle Dysthanasia End - of - life care Euthanasia Lazarus sign Lazarus syndrome Medical definition of death Organ donation Terminal illness Unnatural death Lists Causes of death by rate Expressions related to death Natural disasters People by cause of death Premature obituaries Preventable causes of death Notable deaths by year Unusual deaths TV actors who died during production Mortality Birthday effect Child mortality Gompertz -- Makeham law of mortality Immortality Biological Digital Infant mortality Karōshi Maternal death Maternal mortality in fiction Memento mori Micromort Mortality displacement Mortality rate RAMR Mortality salience Perinatal mortality After death Body Stages Pallor mortis Algor mortis Rigor mortis Livor mortis Putrefaction Decomposition Skeletonization Fossilization Preservation Cryopreservation Cryonics Neuropreservation Embalming Maceration Mummification Plastination Prosection Taxidermy Disposal Burial Bed burial Burial at sea Chariot burial Jar burial Natural burial Premature burial Secondary burial Ship burial Sky burial Space burial Cannibalism Cremation Dismemberment Excarnation Promession Resomation Beating heart cadaver Body donation Cadaveric spasm Coffin birth Death erection Dissection Gibbeting Postmortem Caloricity Post-mortem interval Other aspects Afterlife Cemetery Consciousness Customs Death mask Eternal oblivion Examination Funeral Grief Intermediate state Internet Mourning Obituary Resurrection Taboo on the dead Vigil Paranormal Ghosts Near - death experience Near - death studies Necromancy Out - of - body experience Reincarnation research Séance Legal Abortion law Administration Capital punishment Cause of death Civil death Coroner Death - qualified jury Death certificate Declared death in absentia Death row Dying declaration Faked death Inquest Legal death Murder Prohibition of death Right to die Suspicious death Trust law Will Fields Forensic pathology Funeral director Mortuary science Necrobiology Post-mortem chemistry Post-mortem photography Taphonomy Biostratinomy Thanatology Other Apparent death Dark tourism Darwin Awards Dead pool Death and culture Death anniversary Death anxiety Death deity Personification of death Dying - and - rising god Psychopomp Death camp Death drive Death education Death from laughter Death hoax Death knell Death march Death messenger Death notification Death panel Death poem Death pose Death - positive movement Death squad Death threat Death trajectory Dignified death Extinction Fan death Festival of the Dead Fascination with death Homicide Information - theoretic death Last rites Martyr Megadeath Museum of Death Necronym Necrophilia Necrophobia The Order of the Good Death Predation Sacrifice human animal Spiritual death Suicide Assisted suicide Thanatosensitivity Undead Voodoo death Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgue&oldid=828975833 '' Categories : Medical aspects of death Forensic facilities Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from October 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles needing additional references from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 22 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do they keep dead bodies in hospitals | [
"A morgue or mortuary (in a hospital or elsewhere) is used for the storage of human corpses awaiting identification or removal for autopsy or respectful burial, cremation or other method. In modern times corpses have customarily been refrigerated to delay decomposition.[1]"
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8292189323240390222 | Big Momma's House | Big Momma 's house - wikipedia Big Momma 's house Jump to : navigation , search Big Momma 's House Theatrical release poster Directed by Raja Gosnell Produced by David T. Friendly Michael Green Screenplay by Darryl Quarles Don Rhymer Story by Darryl Quarles Starring Martin Lawrence Nia Long Paul Giamatti Terrence Howard Music by Richard Gibbs Cinematography Michael D. O'Shea Edited by Bruce Green Kent Beyda Production company Regency Enterprises Runteldat Entertainment Friendly Productions Taurus Films Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date June 2 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 02 ) Running time 98 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $173 million Big Momma 's House is a 2000 American action comedy film directed by Raja Gosnell , written by Darryl Quarles and Don Rhymer , and starring Martin Lawrence as FBI agent Malcolm Turner . The majority of the film took place in Cartersville , Georgia , but the film was shot on location in California . The prime shooting spots were Los Angeles and Orange County . The film is also notable for being one of only four titles to be released on the EVD video format . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Box office 4 Music 5 Sequels 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The film begins in an illegal underground dog - fighting arena in Korea , where an undercover FBI agent , John Patterson , has been identified and is later ordered by a Korean mob boss to be killed . However , John is eventually rescued by his undercover partner and master of disguise , Malcolm Turner . Meanwhile , a criminal named Lester Vesco , who was originally serving a life sentence in prison for murder and armed robbery , escapes from his cell by killing a doctor and stealing his car . The FBI assigns Malcolm and John to capture Lester by sending them to small - town Cartersville , Georgia to stake out the house of an overweight , elderly African American woman named Hattie Mae Pierce , whom her friends call her Big Momma . Big Momma is the estranged Southern grandmother of Lester 's ex-girlfriend , Sherry Pierce , a bank employee who supposedly aided Lester in his robbery by giving him the key to the vault . After Big Momma unexpectedly leaves town for two weeks to help an ill friend , Malcolm and John sneak into her house to plant security cameras and tap the phones . Sherry calls Big Momma 's house , and Malcolm disguises his voice as Big Momma in order to lure Sherry to the house and possibly obtain a confession . The plan works , and Malcolm and John work together on a Big Momma disguise costume before Sherry 's arrival . The next day , Sherry arrives at Big Momma 's house with her 10 - year - old son , Trent . However , Malcolm 's behaviour and sudden inexperience with cooking confuses Sherry . Malcolm also has to deal with Big Momma 's lecherous boyfriend , Ben Rawley ; act as midwife for a woman named Ritha , who has gone into labor ; and attend self - defense classes under Ritha 's older brother , a dim - witted security guard named Nolan , whom Malcolm handily defeats . After Malcolm almost damages the suit while sleeping , he tries to sneak back to the safe house where he and John are staying . However , Sherry captures Malcolm on the porch and he poses as Big Momma 's handyman . Malcolm and John repair the suit . When Malcolm leaves with Sherry , John searches Trent and Sherry 's belongings for clues , but to no avail . Malcolm bonds with Trent when he defends him against the two older boys who bullied Trent and kicked him off a basketball court so they could play . Malcolm and Trent eventually beat the boys at basketball , amazing Nolan and Trent . Malcolm also begins to bond with Sherry and Trent when he accompanies them on a fishing trip as himself . That night , Nolan discovers Malcolm and John 's undercover operation and is reluctantly recruited to help them after he insists . Malcolm accompanies Sherry and Trent to church , where the Reverend calls on Malcolm to give his testimony . Malcolm attempts to influence Sherry and Trent by giving them his testimony about the importance of not keeping secrets . When Malcolm , Sherry , and Trent return to Big Momma 's house , they discover a surprise birthday party for Big Momma . During the party , the real Big Momma returns home prematurely , whom John tries to stall her . Malcolm accidentally finds the stolen money hidden in Trent 's footlocker . Sherry tells Malcolm the real story : Lester had wooed Sherry so he could steal her keys to gain access to the bank vault ; Sherry did not tell anyone about her stolen keys out of fear of getting fired . John quietly tells Nolan that the real Big Momma is back , at which point Nolan accidentally locks Malcolm out of the house , believing he is the real Big Momma . When Lester arrives after tracking down Sherry , Malcolm breaks through the window and fights Lester , causing confusion among the partygoers as they see two Big Mommas at once . Lester shoots John in his right shoulder and rips Malcolm 's mask during a fistfight , which reveals his identity . Nonetheless , Malcolm subdues Lester by knocking him out through the window . Sherry and Trent are heartbroken to realize that Malcolm was an FBI agent all along , and they refuse to speak to him . The police arrest Lester and paramedics takes John to the hospital to heal his right shoulder . On Sunday morning , Malcolm goes to church to testify Sherry , Trent , and Big Momma . Malcolm delivers his confession and heartfelt speech to Sherry and Trent , and later admits that he genuinely loves them . Big Momma forgives Malcolm , and the crowd cheers as Malcolm and Sherry kiss . The crowd celebrates as Big Momma and the choir sings `` Oh Happy Day '' during the film 's closing credits . Cast ( edit ) Martin Lawrence as Agent Malcolm Turner / Big Momma Nia Long as Sherry Pierce Paul Giamatti as Agent John Patterson , Malcolm 's undercover partner . Terrence Howard as Lester Vesco , Sherry 's ex-boyfriend . Anthony Anderson as Nolan , a dim - witted security guard . Jascha Washington as Trent Pierce , Sherry 's 10 - year - old son . Ella Mitchell as Hattie Mae Pierce ( Big Momma ) , Sherry 's long lost , overweight , elderly Southern grandmother . Phyllis Applegate as Sadie , Big Momma 's nosy and jealous neighbor Starletta DuPois as Miss Patterson Tichina Arnold as Ritha , Nolan 's younger sister . Octavia Spencer as Twila Nicole Prescott as Lena Cedric the Entertainer as the Reverend Carl Wright as Ben Rawley , Big Momma 's annoying , lecherous boyfriend . Aldis Hodge as Basketball teen Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 30 % based on 81 reviews and an average rating of 4.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Big Momma 's House is funny in some parts , but it is essentially a one - joke movie . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 33 out of 100 based on 27 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . The film , and the series as a whole , have been derided as typical of `` representations of the big black woman that have appeared in mass marketed comedies '' which at the same time devalue the women by casting `` male actors wearing Latex fat suits '' . One review of the third film sarcastically comments , `` Believe it or not , the Big Momma 's House series rigidly follows the classic Hollywood trilogy structure '' . By the third film , the series was derided for its unnecessary rehashing of the cross-dressing gimmick . Box office ( edit ) The film was released on 2 June 2000 , and was a surprise hit as it opened as the number two movie in North America , and almost overtook Mission : Impossible 2 for the top spot that weekend . Big Momma 's House went on to gross over $117 million at the US box office , and with a worldwide total just under $174 million . Each installment in the series declined from the box office realized by the original : Film Release date Box office revenue Opening weekend United States Worldwide Big Momma 's House June 2 , 2000 $25,661,041 $117,559,438 $173,959,438 Big Momma 's House 2 January 27 , 2006 $27,736,056 $70,165,972 $138,259,062 Big Mommas : Like Father , Like Son February 18 , 2011 $16,300,803 $37,043,617 $69,922,617 Total $69,697,900 $224,769,027 $382,141,117 Music ( edit ) Main article : Big Momma 's House ( soundtrack ) A soundtrack containing hip hop music was released on May 30 , 2000 by So So Def Records . The film 's theme song was `` Bounce with Me '' by Lil Bow Wow . The soundtrack was also a moderate success and has been certified gold since its release . Other than Lil Bow Wow , the soundtrack featured artists such as Jermaine Dupri , Da Brat , and Black Dave , whose single Go Big Girl can be heard briefly in the film . It peaked at 41 on the Billboard 200 and 12 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums and spawned two hit singles , `` Bounce with Me '' and `` I 've Got to Have It '' . This was the only Big Momma film to have an official soundtrack . However , the third film spawned one single , `` Imma Do It Big '' , by T - Pain , Brandon T. Jackson , and One Chance . Sequels ( edit ) Big Momma 's House spawned 2 sequels : Big Momma 's House 2 ( 2006 ) and Big Mommas : Like Father , Like Son ( 2011 ) . Both sequels are notable for being lighter and family - friendlier than the original . The sequels included some , but not all , of the same crew members , characters , and actors from the original : Film Director Producer Writer Composer Cinematographer Editor Big Momma 's House Raja Gosnell David T. Friendly Michael Green screenplay : Darryl Quarles story : Darryl Quarles Don Rhymer Richard Gibbs Michael D. O'Shea Kent Beyda Bruce Green Big Momma 's House 2 John Whitesell Don Rhymer George S. Clinton Mark Irwin Priscilla Nedd - Friendly Big Mommas : Like Father , Like Son screenplay : Matthew Fogel story : Matthew Fogel Don Rhymer David Newman Anthony B. Richmond Home media ( edit ) The film is one of very few titles to be released on EVD as well as DVD and VHS . The film was re-released on Blu - ray and DVD . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Big Momma 's House '' . IMDb . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Momma 's House ( 2000 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Big Momma 's House Reviews '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Emily Fox - Kales , Body Shots : Hollywood and the Culture of Eating Disorders ( 2011 ) , p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : Stuart Heritage ( 10 November 2010 ) . `` Big Momma 's House 3 : once , twice , three times a fake lady '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Big Momma 's House at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Source : Box Office Mojo , last visited April 1 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Big Momma 's House on IMDb Big Momma 's House at AllMovie Big Momma 's House at Rotten Tomatoes Big Momma 's House at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Raja Gosnell Home Alone 3 ( 1997 ) Never Been Kissed ( 1999 ) Big Momma 's House ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) Yours , Mine & Ours ( 2005 ) Beverly Hills Chihuahua ( 2008 ) The Smurfs ( 2011 ) The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) Show Dogs ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Momma%27s_House&oldid=817357212 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films 2000s comedy films African - American films American films Police comedy films Cross-dressing in American films Films directed by Raja Gosnell 20th Century Fox films Regency Enterprises films Films set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films shot in Los Angeles Films about bank robbery Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 21 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the real big momma in big mommas house | [
"\nMartin Lawrence as Agent Malcolm Turner/Big Momma\nNia Long as Sherry Pierce\nPaul Giamatti as Agent John Patterson, Malcolm's undercover partner.\nTerrence Howard as Lester Vesco, Sherry's ex-boyfriend.\nAnthony Anderson as Nolan, a dim-witted security guard.\nJascha Washington as Trent Pierce, Sherry's 10-year-old son.\nElla Mitchell as Hattie Mae Pierce (Big Momma), Sherry's long lost, overweight, elderly Southern grandmother.\nPhyllis Applegate as Sadie, Big Momma's nosy and jealous neighbor\nStarletta DuPois as Miss Patterson\nTichina Arnold as Ritha, Nolan's younger sister.\nOctavia Spencer as Twila\nNicole Prescott as Lena\nCedric the Entertainer as the Reverend\nCarl Wright as Ben Rawley, Big Momma's annoying, lecherous boyfriend.\nAldis Hodge as Basketball teen\n"
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"Ella Mitchell"
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-5444919067274671718 | Academy Award for Best Picture | Academy award for Best Picture - wikipedia Academy award for Best Picture Jump to : navigation , search Academy Award for Best Picture Awarded for Best Picture of the Year Country United States Presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) First awarded 1929 ( for films released during the 1927 / 1928 film season ) Currently held by The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Website oscars.org The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards presented annually since the awards debuted in 1929 , by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . This award goes to the producers of the film and is the only category in which every member is eligible to submit a nomination . Best Picture is the final award of the night and is considered the most prestigious honor of the ceremony . The Grand Staircase columns at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood , where the Academy Awards ceremonies have been held since 2002 , showcase every film that has won the Best Picture title since the award 's inception . As of 2018 , there have been 546 films nominated for Best Picture and 90 winners . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Category name changes 1.2 Recipients 1.3 Best Picture and Best Director 1.4 Nomination limit increased 1.5 Controversies 1.6 Sequel nominations and winners 1.7 Silent film winners 1.8 Version availability 2 Winners and nominees 2.1 1920s 2.2 1930s 2.3 1940s 2.4 1950s 2.5 1960s 2.6 1970s 2.7 1980s 2.8 1990s 2.9 2000s 2.10 2010s 3 Individuals with multiple wins 4 Individuals with multiple nominations 5 Production companies with multiple nominations and wins 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Category name changes ( edit ) At the 1st Academy Awards ceremony ( for 1927 and 1928 ) , there were two categories of awards that were each considered the top award of the night : Outstanding Picture and Unique and Artistic Picture , the former being won by the war epic Wings , and the latter by the art film Sunrise . Each award was intended to honor different and equally important aspects of superior filmmaking . The following year , the Academy dropped the Unique and Artistic Picture award , and decided retroactively that the award won by Wings was the highest honor that could be awarded . Though the award kept the title Outstanding Picture for the next ceremony , the name underwent several changes over the years as seen below . Since 1962 , the award has been simply called Best Picture . 1927 / 28 -- 1928 / 29 : Academy Award for Outstanding Picture 1929 / 30 -- 1940 : Academy Award for Outstanding Production 1941 -- 1943 : Academy Award for Outstanding Motion Picture 1944 -- 1961 : Academy Award for Best Motion Picture 1962 -- present : Academy Award for Best Picture Recipients ( edit ) Until 1950 , this award was presented to a representative of the production company . That year the protocol was changed so that the award was presented to all credited producers . This rule was modified in 1998 to apply a limit of three producers receiving the award , after the five producers of Shakespeare in Love had received the award . As of 2014 , the `` Special Rules for the Best Picture of the Year Award '' limit recipients to those who meet two main requirements : Those with screen credit of `` producer '' or `` produced by '' those three or fewer producers who have performed the major portion of the producing functions The rules allow `` bona fide team ( s ) of not more than two people to be considered to be a single ' producer ' if the two individuals have had an established producing partnership for at least the previous five years and as a producing team have produced a minimum of five theatrically released feature motion pictures during that time . The Academy can make exceptions to the limit , as when Anthony Minghella and Sydney Pollack were posthumously included among the four producers nominated for The Reader . As of 2014 the Producers Branch Executive Committee determines such exceptions , noting they take place only in `` rare and extraordinary circumstance ( s ) . '' Steven Spielberg currently holds the record for most nominations at ten , winning one , while Kathleen Kennedy holds the record for most nominations without a win at eight . Sam Spiegel and Saul Zaentz tie for the most wins with three each . As for the time when the Oscar was given to production companies instead , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer holds the record with five wins and 40 nominations . Best Picture and Best Director ( edit ) The Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Director have been closely linked throughout their history . Of the 90 films that have won Best Picture , 63 have also been awarded Best Director . Only four films have been awarded Best Picture without receiving a Best Director nomination : Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) , Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) , Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) , and Argo ( 2012 ) . The only two Best Director winners to win for films that did not receive a Best Picture nomination were during the early years of the awards : Lewis Milestone for Two Arabian Knights ( 1927 / 28 ) , and Frank Lloyd for The Divine Lady ( 1928 / 29 ) . Nomination limit increased ( edit ) On June 24 , 2009 , AMPAS announced that the number of films to be nominated in the Best Picture award category would increase from five to ten , starting with the 82nd Academy Awards ( 2009 ) . The expansion was a throwback to the Academy 's early years in the 1930s and 1940s , when eight to 12 films were nominated each year . `` Having 10 Best Picture nominees is going to allow Academy voters to recognize and include some of the fantastic movies that often show up in the other Oscar categories but have been squeezed out of the race for the top prize , '' AMPAS President Sid Ganis said in a press conference . `` I ca n't wait to see what that list of 10 looks like when the nominees are announced in February . '' At the same time , the voting system was switched from first - past - the - post to instant runoff voting ( also known as preferential voting ) . Two years after this change , the Academy revised the rule again so that the number of films nominated was between five and ten ; nominated films must earn either 5 % of first - place rankings or 5 % after an abbreviated variation of the single transferable vote nominating process . Bruce Davis , the Academy executive director at the time , said , `` A Best Picture nomination should be an indication of extraordinary merit . If there are only eight pictures that truly earn that honor in a given year , we should n't feel an obligation to round out the number . '' Controversies ( edit ) One point of contention with the award is the lack of consideration of non-English language films for Best Picture . Only nine foreign language films have been nominated in the category : Grand Illusion ( French , 1938 ) ; Z ( French , 1969 ) ; The Emigrants ( Swedish , 1972 ) ; Cries and Whispers ( Swedish , 1973 ) ; The Postman ( Il Postino ) ( Italian / Spanish , 1995 ) ; Life Is Beautiful ( Italian , 1998 ) ; Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( Mandarin Chinese , 2000 ) ; Letters from Iwo Jima ( Japanese , 2006 , but ineligible for Best Foreign Language Film , as it was an American production ) ; and Amour ( French , 2012 ) . Only nine films wholly financed outside the United States have won Best Picture , eight of which were financed , in part or in whole , by the United Kingdom . Those films being : Hamlet ( 1948 ) , Tom Jones ( 1963 ) , A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) , Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) , Gandhi ( 1982 ) , The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) , Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) , and The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) . The ninth film , The Artist , ( 2011 ) was financed by France . In 2017 , at the 89th Academy Awards , presenters Faye Dunaway and Warren Beatty read La La Land as the winner of the award . However , they had mistakenly been given the envelope for the `` Best Actress in a Leading Role '' award , which Emma Stone had won for her role in La La Land moments prior . When the mistake was realized , the show 's producers rushed onstage to correct it ; in the resulting chaos , it was La La Land producer Jordan Horowitz who finally announced that Moonlight was the real winner . Sequel nominations and winners ( edit ) Few sequels have been nominated for Best Picture ; two have won : The Godfather Part II and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . Other nominees include The Bells of St. Mary 's , The Godfather Part III , The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers , Toy Story 3 , and Mad Max : Fury Road . Another nominee , Broadway Melody of 1936 , was a follow - up of sorts to previous winner The Broadway Melody . But , beyond the title and some music , there is no story connection to the earlier film . The Silence of the Lambs was adapted from the sequel novel to Red Dragon . The latter had been adapted for film as Manhunter by a different studio . Best Picture nominee The Lion in Winter features Peter O'Toole as King Henry II , a role he had played previously in the film Becket . But Winter is not a sequel to Becket . Clint Eastwood 's Letters from Iwo Jima was a companion piece to his film Flags of Our Fathers , released earlier the same year . These two films depict the same battle from the different viewpoints of Japanese and United States military forces ; the two films were shot back - to - back . Several musical adaptations based on material previously filmed in non-musical form have won Best Picture , including Gigi , West Side Story , My Fair Lady , The Sound of Music , Oliver ! , and Chicago . Silent film winners ( edit ) This article appears to contradict another article . Please see discussion on the linked talk page . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Artist ( with the exception of a single scene of dialogue , and dream sequence with sound effects ) was the first silent film since Wings to win Best Picture . It was the first silent nominee since 1928 's The Patriot . It was the first Best Picture winner to be shot entirely in black - and - white since 1960 's The Apartment . ( Schindler 's List , the 1993 winner , was predominantly black - and - white but it did contain some color sequences ) . Version availability ( edit ) No Best Picture winner has been lost , though a few such as All Quiet on the Western Front and Lawrence of Arabia exist only in a form altered from their original , award - winning release form . This has usually been due to editing for reissue ( and subsequently partly restored by archivists ) . Other winners and nominees , such as Tom Jones and Star Wars , are widely available only in subsequently altered versions . The Broadway Melody originally had some sequences photographed in two - color Technicolor . This footage survives only in black and white . The 1928 film The Patriot is the only Best Picture nominee that is lost ( about one - third is extant ) . The Racket , also from 1928 , was believed lost for many years until a print was found in Howard Hughes ' archives . It has since been restored and shown on Turner Classic Movies . The only surviving complete prints of 1931 's East Lynne and 1934 's The White Parade exist within the UCLA film archive . Winners and nominees ( edit ) In the list below , winners are listed first in the colored row , followed by the other nominees . Except for the early years ( when the Academy used a non-calendar year ) , the year shown is the one in which the film first premiered in Los Angeles County , California ; normally this is also the year of first release , however , it may be the year after first release ( as with Casablanca and , if the film - festival premiere is considered , Crash ) . This is also the year before the ceremony at which the award is given ; for example , a film exhibited theatrically during 2005 was eligible for consideration for the 2005 Best Picture Oscar , awarded in 2006 . The number of the ceremony ( 1st , 2nd , etc . ) appears in parentheses after the awards year , linked to the article on that ceremony . Each individual entry shows the title followed by nominee . Until 1950 , the Best Picture award was given to the production company ; from 1951 on , it has gone to the producer or producers . The Academy used the producer credits of the Producers Guild of America ( PGA ) until 1998 , when all five producers of Shakespeare in Love made speeches after its win . A three - producer limit has been applied some years since . There was controversy over the exclusion of some PGA - credited producers of Crash and Little Miss Sunshine . The Academy can make exceptions to the limit , as when Anthony Minghella and Sydney Pollack were posthumously among the four nominated for The Reader . However , now any number of producers on a film can be nominated for Best Picture , should they be deemed eligible . For the first ceremony , three films were nominated for the award . For the following three years , five films were nominated for the award . This was expanded to eight in 1933 , to ten in 1934 , and to twelve in 1935 , before being dropped back to ten in 1937 . In 1945 it was further reduced to five . This number remained until 2009 , when the limit was raised to ten and later adjusted in 2011 , to vary between five and ten . For the first six ceremonies , the eligibility period spanned two calendar years . For example , the 2nd Academy Awards presented on April 3 , 1930 , recognized films that were released between August 1 , 1928 , and July 31 , 1929 . Starting with the 7th Academy Awards , held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . indicates the winner 1920s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 1927 / 28 ( 1st ) Wings Paramount Famous Lasky The Racket The Caddo Company 7th Heaven Fox 1928 / 29 ( 2nd ) The Broadway Melody Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Alibi Feature Productions Hollywood Revue Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer In Old Arizona Fox The Patriot Paramount Famous Lasky 1930s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 1929 / 30 ( 3rd ) All Quiet on the Western Front Universal The Big House Cosmopolitan Disraeli Warner Bros . The Divorcee Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The Love Parade Paramount Famous Lasky 1930 / 31 ( 4th ) Cimarron RKO Radio East Lynne Fox The Front Page The Caddo Company Skippy Paramount Publix Trader Horn Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 1931 / 32 ( 5th ) Grand Hotel Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Arrowsmith Samuel Goldwyn Productions Bad Girl Fox The Champ Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Five Star Final First National One Hour with You Paramount Publix Shanghai Express Paramount Publix The Smiling Lieutenant Paramount Publix 1932 / 33 ( 6th ) Cavalcade Fox 42nd Street Warner Bros . A Farewell to Arms Paramount I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang Warner Bros . Lady for a Day Columbia Little Women RKO Radio The Private Life of Henry VIII London Films She Done Him Wrong Paramount Smilin ' Through Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer State Fair Fox 1934 ( 7th ) It Happened One Night Columbia The Barretts of Wimpole Street Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Cleopatra Paramount Flirtation Walk First National The Gay Divorcee RKO Radio Here Comes the Navy Warner Bros . The House of Rothschild 20th Century Imitation of Life Universal One Night of Love Columbia The Thin Man Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Viva Villa ! Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The White Parade Jesse L. Lasky ( production company ) 1935 ( 8th ) Mutiny on the Bounty Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Alice Adams RKO Radio Broadway Melody of 1936 Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Captain Blood Cosmopolitan David Copperfield Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The Informer RKO Radio The Lives of a Bengal Lancer Paramount A Midsummer Night 's Dream Warner Bros . Les Misérables 20th Century Naughty Marietta Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Ruggles of Red Gap Paramount Top Hat RKO Radio 1936 ( 9th ) The Great Ziegfeld Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Anthony Adverse Warner Bros . Dodsworth Samuel Goldwyn Productions Libeled Lady Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Mr. Deeds Goes to Town Columbia Romeo and Juliet Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer San Francisco Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The Story of Louis Pasteur Cosmopolitan A Tale of Two Cities Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Three Smart Girls Universal 1937 ( 10th ) The Life of Emile Zola Warner Bros . The Awful Truth Columbia Captains Courageous Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Dead End Samuel Goldwyn Productions The Good Earth Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer In Old Chicago 20th Century - Fox Lost Horizon Columbia One Hundred Men and a Girl Universal Stage Door RKO Radio A Star Is Born Selznick International Pictures 1938 ( 11th ) You Ca n't Take It with You Columbia The Adventures of Robin Hood Warner Bros. - First National Alexander 's Ragtime Band 20th Century - Fox Boys Town Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The Citadel Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Four Daughters Warner Bros. - First National Grand Illusion Realization D'Art Cinematographique Jezebel Warner Bros . Pygmalion Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Test Pilot Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 1939 ( 12th ) Gone with the Wind Selznick International Pictures Dark Victory Warner Bros. - First National Goodbye , Mr. Chips Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Love Affair RKO Radio Mr. Smith Goes to Washington Columbia Ninotchka Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Of Mice and Men Hal Roach ( production company ) Stagecoach Walter Wanger ( production company ) The Wizard of Oz Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Wuthering Heights Samuel Goldwyn Productions 1940s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 1940 ( 13th ) Rebecca Selznick International Pictures All This , and Heaven Too Warner Bros . Foreign Correspondent Walter Wanger ( production company ) The Grapes of Wrath 20th Century - Fox The Great Dictator Charles Chaplin Productions Kitty Foyle RKO Radio The Letter Warner Bros . The Long Voyage Home Argosy - Wanger Our Town Sol Lesser ( production company ) The Philadelphia Story Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 1941 ( 14th ) How Green Was My Valley 20th Century - Fox Blossoms in the Dust Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Citizen Kane Mercury Here Comes Mr. Jordan Columbia Hold Back the Dawn Paramount The Little Foxes Samuel Goldwyn Productions The Maltese Falcon Warner Bros . One Foot in Heaven Warner Bros . Sergeant York Warner Bros . Suspicion RKO Radio 1942 ( 15th ) Mrs. Miniver Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The Invaders Ortus Kings Row Warner Bros . The Magnificent Ambersons Mercury The Pied Piper 20th Century - Fox The Pride of the Yankees Samuel Goldwyn Productions Random Harvest Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The Talk of the Town Columbia Wake Island Paramount Yankee Doodle Dandy Warner Bros . 1943 ( 16th ) Casablanca Warner Bros . For Whom the Bell Tolls Paramount Heaven Can Wait 20th Century - Fox The Human Comedy Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer In Which We Serve Two Cities Films Madame Curie Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The More the Merrier Columbia The Ox - Bow Incident 20th Century - Fox The Song of Bernadette 20th Century - Fox Watch on the Rhine Warner Bros . 1944 ( 17th ) Going My Way Paramount Double Indemnity Paramount Gaslight Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Since You Went Away Selznick International Pictures Wilson 20th Century - Fox 1945 ( 18th ) The Lost Weekend Paramount Anchors Aweigh Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The Bells of St. Mary 's Rainbow Productions Mildred Pierce Warner Bros . Spellbound Selznick International Pictures 1946 ( 19th ) The Best Years of Our Lives Samuel Goldwyn Productions Henry V Two Cities Films It 's a Wonderful Life Liberty Films The Razor 's Edge 20th Century - Fox The Yearling Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 1947 ( 20th ) Gentleman 's Agreement 20th Century - Fox The Bishop 's Wife Samuel Goldwyn Productions Crossfire RKO Radio Great Expectations J. Arthur Rank - Cineguild Miracle on 34th Street 20th Century - Fox 1948 ( 21st ) Hamlet J. Arthur Rank - Two Cities Films Johnny Belinda Warner Bros . The Red Shoes J. Arthur Rank - Archers The Snake Pit 20th Century - Fox The Treasure of the Sierra Madre Warner Bros . 1949 ( 22nd ) All the King 's Men Robert Rossen Productions Battleground Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The Heiress Paramount A Letter to Three Wives 20th Century - Fox Twelve O'Clock High 20th Century - Fox 1950s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 1950 ( 23rd ) All About Eve 20th Century - Fox Born Yesterday Columbia Father of the Bride Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer King Solomon 's Mines Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Sunset Boulevard Paramount 1951 ( 24th ) An American in Paris Arthur Freed Decision Before Dawn Anatole Litvak and Frank McCarthy A Place in the Sun George Stevens Quo Vadis Sam Zimbalist A Streetcar Named Desire Charles K. Feldman 1952 ( 25th ) The Greatest Show on Earth Cecil B. DeMille High Noon Stanley Kramer Ivanhoe Pandro S. Berman Moulin Rouge John Huston , John Woolf and James Woolf The Quiet Man John Ford and Merian C. Cooper 1953 ( 26th ) From Here to Eternity Buddy Adler Julius Caesar John Houseman The Robe Frank Ross Roman Holiday William Wyler Shane George Stevens 1954 ( 27th ) On the Waterfront Sam Spiegel The Caine Mutiny Stanley Kramer The Country Girl William Perlberg Seven Brides for Seven Brothers Jack Cummings Three Coins in the Fountain Sol C. Siegel 1955 ( 28th ) Marty Harold Hecht Love Is a Many - Splendored Thing Buddy Adler Mister Roberts Leland Hayward Picnic Fred Kohlmar The Rose Tattoo Hal B. Wallis 1956 ( 29th ) Around the World in 80 Days Michael Todd Friendly Persuasion William Wyler Giant George Stevens and Henry Ginsberg The King and I Charles Brackett The Ten Commandments Cecil B. DeMille 1957 ( 30th ) The Bridge on the River Kwai Sam Spiegel 12 Angry Men Henry Fonda and Reginald Rose Peyton Place Jerry Wald Sayonara William Goetz Witness for the Prosecution Arthur Hornblow Jr . 1958 ( 31st ) Gigi Arthur Freed Auntie Mame Jack L. Warner Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Lawrence Weingarten The Defiant Ones Stanley Kramer Separate Tables Harold Hecht 1959 ( 32nd ) Ben - Hur Sam Zimbalist Anatomy of a Murder Otto Preminger The Diary of Anne Frank George Stevens The Nun 's Story Henry Blanke Room at the Top John Woolf and James Woolf 1960s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 1960 ( 33rd ) The Apartment Billy Wilder The Alamo John Wayne Elmer Gantry Bernard Smith Sons and Lovers Jerry Wald The Sundowners Fred Zinnemann 1961 ( 34th ) West Side Story Robert Wise Fanny Joshua Logan The Guns of Navarone Carl Foreman The Hustler Robert Rossen Judgment at Nuremberg Stanley Kramer 1962 ( 35th ) Lawrence of Arabia Sam Spiegel The Longest Day Darryl F. Zanuck The Music Man Morton DaCosta Mutiny on the Bounty Aaron Rosenberg To Kill a Mockingbird Alan J. Pakula 1963 ( 36th ) Tom Jones Tony Richardson America America Elia Kazan Cleopatra Walter Wanger How the West Was Won Bernard Smith Lilies of the Field Ralph Nelson 1964 ( 37th ) My Fair Lady Jack L. Warner Becket Hal B. Wallis Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb Stanley Kubrick Mary Poppins Walt Disney and Bill Walsh Zorba the Greek Michael Cacoyannis 1965 ( 38th ) The Sound of Music Robert Wise Darling Joseph Janni Doctor Zhivago Carlo Ponti Ship of Fools Stanley Kramer A Thousand Clowns Fred Coe 1966 ( 39th ) A Man for All Seasons Fred Zinnemann Alfie Lewis Gilbert The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming Norman Jewison The Sand Pebbles Robert Wise Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? Ernest Lehman 1967 ( 40th ) In the Heat of the Night Walter Mirisch Bonnie and Clyde Warren Beatty Doctor Dolittle Arthur P. Jacobs The Graduate Lawrence Turman Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner Stanley Kramer 1968 ( 41st ) Oliver ! John Woolf Funny Girl Ray Stark The Lion in Winter Martin Poll Rachel , Rachel Paul Newman Romeo and Juliet Anthony Havelock - Allan and John Brabourne 1969 ( 42nd ) Midnight Cowboy Jerome Hellman Anne of the Thousand Days Hal B. Wallis Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid John Foreman Hello , Dolly ! Ernest Lehman Z Jacques Perrin and Ahmed Rachedi 1970s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 1970 ( 43rd ) Patton Frank McCarthy Airport Ross Hunter Five Easy Pieces Bob Rafelson and Richard Wechsler Love Story Howard G. Minsky M * A * S * H Ingo Preminger 1971 ( 44th ) The French Connection Philip D'Antoni A Clockwork Orange Stanley Kubrick Fiddler on the Roof Norman Jewison The Last Picture Show Stephen J. Friedman Nicholas and Alexandra Sam Spiegel 1972 ( 45th ) The Godfather Albert S. Ruddy Cabaret Cy Feuer Deliverance John Boorman The Emigrants Bengt Forslund Sounder Robert B. Radnitz 1973 ( 46th ) The Sting Tony Bill , Michael Phillips and Julia Phillips American Graffiti Francis Ford Coppola and Gary Kurtz Cries and Whispers Ingmar Bergman The Exorcist William Peter Blatty A Touch of Class Melvin Frank ( 47th ) The Godfather Part II Francis Ford Coppola , Gray Frederickson and Fred Roos Chinatown Robert Evans The Conversation Francis Ford Coppola Lenny Marvin Worth The Towering Inferno Irwin Allen ( 48th ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz Barry Lyndon Stanley Kubrick Dog Day Afternoon Martin Bregman and Martin Elfand Jaws Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown Nashville Robert Altman 1976 ( 49th ) Rocky Irwin Winkler and Robert Chartoff All the President 's Men Walter Coblenz Bound for Glory Robert F. Blumofe and Harold Leventhal Network Howard Gottfried Taxi Driver Michael Phillips and Julia Phillips 1977 ( 50th ) Annie Hall Charles H. Joffe The Goodbye Girl Ray Stark Julia Richard Roth Star Wars Gary Kurtz The Turning Point Herbert Ross and Arthur Laurents 1978 ( 51st ) The Deer Hunter Barry Spikings , Michael Deeley , Michael Cimino and John Peverall Coming Home Jerome Hellman Heaven Can Wait Warren Beatty Midnight Express Alan Marshall and David Puttnam An Unmarried Woman Paul Mazursky and Tony Ray 1979 ( 52nd ) Kramer vs. Kramer Stanley R. Jaffe All That Jazz Robert Alan Aurthur Apocalypse Now Francis Ford Coppola , Fred Roos , Gray Frederickson and Tom Sternberg Breaking Away Peter Yates Norma Rae Tamara Asseyev and Alex Rose 1980s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 1980 ( 53rd ) Ordinary People Ronald L. Schwary Coal Miner 's Daughter Bernard Schwartz The Elephant Man Jonathan Sanger Raging Bull Irwin Winkler and Robert Chartoff Tess Claude Berri and Timothy Burrill 1981 ( 54th ) Chariots of Fire David Puttnam Atlantic City Denis Héroux On Golden Pond Bruce Gilbert Raiders of the Lost Ark Frank Marshall Reds Warren Beatty 1982 ( 55th ) Gandhi Richard Attenborough E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Steven Spielberg and Kathleen Kennedy Missing Edward Lewis and Mildred Lewis Tootsie Sydney Pollack and Dick Richards The Verdict Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown ( 56th ) Terms of Endearment James L. Brooks The Big Chill Michael Shamberg The Dresser Peter Yates The Right Stuff Irwin Winkler and Robert Chartoff Tender Mercies Philip S. Hobel 1984 ( 57th ) Amadeus Saul Zaentz The Killing Fields David Puttnam A Passage to India John Brabourne and Richard B. Goodwin Places in the Heart Arlene Donovan A Soldier 's Story Norman Jewison , Ronald L. Schwary and Patrick Palmer 1985 ( 58th ) Out of Africa Sydney Pollack The Color Purple Steven Spielberg , Kathleen Kennedy , Frank Marshall and Quincy Jones Kiss of the Spider Woman David Weisman Prizzi 's Honor John Foreman Witness Edward S. Feldman 1986 ( 59th ) Platoon Arnold Kopelson Children of a Lesser God Burt Sugarman and Patrick J. Palmer Hannah and Her Sisters Robert Greenhut The Mission Fernando Ghia and David Puttnam A Room with a View Ismail Merchant ( 60th ) The Last Emperor Jeremy Thomas Broadcast News James L. Brooks Fatal Attraction Stanley R. Jaffe and Sherry Lansing Hope and Glory John Boorman Moonstruck Patrick J. Palmer and Norman Jewison 1988 ( 61st ) Rain Man Mark Johnson The Accidental Tourist Lawrence Kasdan , Charles Okun and Michael Grillo Dangerous Liaisons Norma Heyman and Hank Moonjean Mississippi Burning Frederick Zollo and Robert F. Colesberry Working Girl Douglas Wick 1989 ( 62nd ) Driving Miss Daisy Richard D. Zanuck and Lili Fini Zanuck Born on the Fourth of July A. Kitman Ho and Oliver Stone Dead Poets Society Steven Haft , Paul Junger Witt and Tony Thomas Field of Dreams Lawrence Gordon and Charles Gordon My Left Foot Noel Pearson 1990s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 1990 ( 63rd ) Dances with Wolves Jim Wilson and Kevin Costner Awakenings Walter F. Parkes and Lawrence Lasker Ghost Lisa Weinstein The Godfather Part III Francis Ford Coppola Goodfellas Irwin Winkler 1991 ( 64th ) The Silence of the Lambs Edward Saxon , Kenneth Utt and Ron Bozman Beauty and the Beast Don Hahn Bugsy Mark Johnson , Barry Levinson and Warren Beatty JFK A. Kitman Ho and Oliver Stone The Prince of Tides Barbra Streisand and Andrew S. Karsch 1992 ( 65th ) Unforgiven Clint Eastwood The Crying Game Stephen Woolley A Few Good Men David Brown , Rob Reiner and Andrew Scheinman Howards End Ismail Merchant Scent of a Woman Martin Brest 1993 ( 66th ) Schindler 's List Steven Spielberg , Gerald R. Molen and Branko Lustig The Fugitive Arnold Kopelson In the Name of the Father Jim Sheridan The Piano Jan Chapman The Remains of the Day Mike Nichols , John Calley and Ismail Merchant 1994 ( 67th ) Forrest Gump Wendy Finerman , Steve Tisch and Steve Starkey Four Weddings and a Funeral Duncan Kenworthy Pulp Fiction Lawrence Bender Quiz Show Michael Jacobs , Julian Krainin , Michael Nozik and Robert Redford The Shawshank Redemption Niki Marvin 1995 ( 68th ) Braveheart Mel Gibson , Alan Ladd Jr. and Bruce Davey Apollo 13 Brian Grazer Babe Bill Miller , George Miller and Doug Mitchell The Postman ( Il Postino ) Mario Cecchi Gori , Vittorio Cecchi Gori and Gaetano Daniele Sense and Sensibility Lindsay Doran ( 69th ) The English Patient Saul Zaentz Fargo Ethan Coen Jerry Maguire James L. Brooks , Laurence Mark , Richard Sakai and Cameron Crowe Secrets & Lies Simon Channing - Williams Shine Jane Scott 1997 ( 70th ) Titanic James Cameron and Jon Landau As Good as It Gets James L. Brooks , Bridget Johnson and Kristi Zea The Full Monty Umberto Pasolini Good Will Hunting Lawrence Bender L.A. Confidential Curtis Hanson , Arnon Milchan and Michael Nathanson 1998 ( 71st ) Shakespeare in Love David Parfitt , Donna Gigliotti , Harvey Weinstein , Edward Zwick and Marc Norman Elizabeth Alison Owen , Eric Fellner and Tim Bevan Life Is Beautiful Elda Ferri and Gianluigi Braschi Saving Private Ryan Steven Spielberg , Ian Bryce , Mark Gordon and Gary Levinsohn The Thin Red Line Robert Michael Geisler , John Roberdeau and Grant Hill 1999 ( 72nd ) American Beauty Bruce Cohen and Dan Jinks The Cider House Rules Richard N. Gladstein The Green Mile Frank Darabont and David Valdes The Insider Pieter Jan Brugge and Michael Mann The Sixth Sense Frank Marshall , Kathleen Kennedy and Barry Mendel 2000s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 2000 ( 73rd ) Gladiator Douglas Wick , David Franzoni and Branko Lustig Chocolat David Brown , Kit Golden and Leslie Holleran Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon William Kong , Hsu Li - kong and Ang Lee Erin Brockovich Danny DeVito , Michael Shamberg and Stacey Sher Traffic Edward Zwick , Marshall Herskovitz and Laura Bickford 2001 ( 74th ) A Beautiful Mind Brian Grazer and Ron Howard Gosford Park Robert Altman , Bob Balaban and David Levy In the Bedroom Graham Leader , Ross Katz , and Todd Field The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Peter Jackson , Fran Walsh and Barrie M. Osborne Moulin Rouge ! Martin Brown , Baz Luhrmann and Fred Baron 2002 ( 75th ) Chicago Martin Richards Gangs of New York Alberto Grimaldi and Harvey Weinstein The Hours Scott Rudin and Robert Fox The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Barrie M. Osborne , Fran Walsh and Peter Jackson The Pianist Roman Polanski , Robert Benmussa and Alain Sarde 2003 ( 76th ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Barrie M. Osborne , Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh Lost in Translation Ross Katz and Sofia Coppola Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World Samuel Goldwyn Jr. , Peter Weir and Duncan Henderson Mystic River Robert Lorenz , Judie G. Hoyt and Clint Eastwood Seabiscuit Kathleen Kennedy , Frank Marshall and Gary Ross ( 77th ) Million Dollar Baby Clint Eastwood , Albert S. Ruddy and Tom Rosenberg The Aviator Michael Mann and Graham King Finding Neverland Richard N. Gladstein and Nellie Bellflower Ray Taylor Hackford , Stuart Benjamin and Howard Baldwin Sideways Michael London 2005 ( 78th ) Crash Paul Haggis and Cathy Schulman Brokeback Mountain Diana Ossana and James Schamus Capote Caroline Baron , William Vince and Michael Ohoven Good Night , and Good Luck Grant Heslov Munich Steven Spielberg , Kathleen Kennedy and Barry Mendel 2006 ( 79th ) The Departed Graham King Babel Alejandro González Iñárritu , Steve Golin and Jon Kilik Letters from Iwo Jima Clint Eastwood , Steven Spielberg and Robert Lorenz Little Miss Sunshine David T. Friendly , Peter Saraf and Marc Turtletaub The Queen Andy Harries , Christine Langan and Tracey Seaward 2007 ( 80th ) No Country for Old Men Scott Rudin , Joel Coen and Ethan Coen Atonement Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner and Paul Webster Juno Lianne Halfon , Mason Novick and Russell Smith Michael Clayton Jennifer Fox , Kerry Orent and Sydney Pollack There Will Be Blood Paul Thomas Anderson , Daniel Lupi and JoAnne Sellar 2008 ( 81st ) Slumdog Millionaire Christian Colson The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Kathleen Kennedy , Frank Marshall and Ceán Chaffin Frost / Nixon Ron Howard , Brian Grazer and Eric Fellner Milk Bruce Cohen and Dan Jinks The Reader Anthony Minghella , Sydney Pollack , Donna Gigliotti and Redmond Morris 2009 ( 82nd ) The Hurt Locker Kathryn Bigelow , Mark Boal , Nicolas Chartier and Greg Shapiro Avatar James Cameron and Jon Landau The Blind Side Gil Netter , Andrew A. Kosove and Broderick Johnson District 9 Peter Jackson and Carolynne Cunningham An Education Finola Dwyer and Amanda Posey Inglourious Basterds Lawrence Bender Precious : Based on the Novel ' Push ' by Sapphire Lee Daniels , Sarah Siegel - Magness and Gary Magness A Serious Man Joel Coen and Ethan Coen Up Jonas Rivera Up in the Air Daniel Dubiecki , Ivan Reitman and Jason Reitman 2010s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees ( 83rd ) The King 's Speech Iain Canning , Emile Sherman and Gareth Unwin 127 Hours Danny Boyle , John Smithson and Christian Colson Black Swan Scott Franklin , Mike Medavoy and Brian Oliver The Fighter David Hoberman , Todd Lieberman and Mark Wahlberg Inception Christopher Nolan and Emma Thomas The Kids Are All Right Gary Gilbert , Jeffrey Levy - Hinte and Celine Rattray The Social Network Dana Brunetti , Ceán Chaffin , Michael De Luca and Scott Rudin Toy Story 3 Darla K. Anderson True Grit Joel Coen , Ethan Coen , and Scott Rudin Winter 's Bone Alix Madigan and Anne Rosellini 2011 ( 84th ) The Artist Thomas Langmann The Descendants Jim Burke , Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close Scott Rudin The Help Brunson Green , Chris Columbus and Michael Barnathan Hugo Graham King and Martin Scorsese Midnight in Paris Letty Aronson and Stephen Tenenbaum Moneyball Michael De Luca , Rachael Horovitz and Brad Pitt The Tree of Life Sarah Green , Bill Pohlad , Dede Gardner and Grant Hill War Horse Steven Spielberg and Kathleen Kennedy 2012 ( 85th ) Argo Grant Heslov , Ben Affleck and George Clooney Amour Margaret Menegoz , Stefan Arndt , Veit Heiduschka and Michael Katz Beasts of the Southern Wild Dan Janvey , Josh Penn and Michael Gottwald Django Unchained Stacey Sher , Reginald Hudlin and Pilar Savone Les Misérables Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Debra Hayward and Cameron Mackintosh Life of Pi Gil Netter , Ang Lee and David Womark Lincoln Steven Spielberg and Kathleen Kennedy Silver Linings Playbook Donna Gigliotti , Bruce Cohen and Jonathan Gordon Zero Dark Thirty Mark Boal , Kathryn Bigelow and Megan Ellison 2013 ( 86th ) 12 Years a Slave Brad Pitt , Dede Gardner , Jeremy Kleiner , Steve McQueen and Anthony Katagas American Hustle Charles Roven , Richard Suckle , Megan Ellison and Jonathan Gordon Captain Phillips Scott Rudin , Dana Brunetti and Michael De Luca Dallas Buyers Club Robbie Brenner and Rachel Winter Gravity Alfonso Cuarón and David Heyman Her Megan Ellison , Spike Jonze and Vincent Landay Nebraska Albert Berger and Ron Yerxa Philomena Gabrielle Tana , Steve Coogan and Tracey Seaward The Wolf of Wall Street Martin Scorsese , Leonardo DiCaprio , Joey McFarland and Emma Tillinger Koskoff 2014 ( 87th ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) Alejandro G. Iñárritu , John Lesher and James W. Skotchdopole American Sniper Clint Eastwood , Andrew Lazar , Robert Lorenz , Bradley Cooper and Peter Morgan Boyhood Richard Linklater and Cathleen Sutherland The Grand Budapest Hotel Wes Anderson , Scott Rudin , Steven M. Rales and Jeremy Dawson The Imitation Game Nora Grossman , Ido Ostrowsky and Teddy Schwarzman Selma Christian Colson , Oprah Winfrey , Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner The Theory of Everything Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Lisa Bruce and Anthony McCarten Whiplash Jason Blum , Helen Estabrook and David Lancaster 2015 ( 88th ) Spotlight Blye Pagon Faust , Steve Golin , Nicole Rocklin and Michael Sugar The Big Short Dede Gardner , Jeremy Kleiner and Brad Pitt Bridge of Spies Steven Spielberg , Marc Platt and Kristie Macosko Krieger Brooklyn Finola Dwyer and Amanda Posey Mad Max : Fury Road Doug Mitchell and George Miller The Martian Simon Kinberg , Ridley Scott , Michael Schaefer and Mark Huffam The Revenant Arnon Milchan , Steve Golin , Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Mary Parent and Keith Redmon Room Ed Guiney 2016 ( 89th ) Moonlight Adele Romanski , Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner Arrival Shawn Levy , Dan Levine , Aaron Ryder and David Linde Fences Scott Rudin , Denzel Washington and Todd Black Hacksaw Ridge Bill Mechanic and David Permut Hell or High Water Carla Hacken and Julie Yorn Hidden Figures Donna Gigliotti , Peter Chernin , Jenno Topping , Pharrell Williams and Theodore Melfi La La Land Fred Berger , Jordan Horowitz and Marc Platt Lion Emile Sherman , Iain Canning and Angie Fielder Manchester by the Sea Matt Damon , Kimberly Steward , Chris Moore , Lauren Beck and Kevin J. Walsh 2017 ( 90th ) The Shape of Water Guillermo del Toro and J. Miles Dale Call Me by Your Name Peter Spears , Luca Guadagnino , Emilie Georges and Marco Morabito Darkest Hour Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Lisa Bruce , Anthony McCarten and Douglas Urbanski Dunkirk Emma Thomas and Christopher Nolan Get Out Sean McKittrick , Jason Blum , Edward H. Hamm Jr. and Jordan Peele Lady Bird Scott Rudin , Eli Bush and Evelyn O'Neill Phantom Thread JoAnne Sellar , Paul Thomas Anderson , Megan Ellison and Daniel Lupi The Post Amy Pascal , Steven Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Graham Broadbent , Pete Czernin and Martin McDonagh Individuals with multiple wins ( edit ) 3 wins Sam Spiegel Saul Zaentz 2 wins Arthur Freed Clint Eastwood Dede Gardner Jeremy Kleiner Branko Lustig Albert S. Ruddy Robert Wise Individuals with multiple nominations ( edit ) 10 nominations Steven Spielberg 9 nominations Scott Rudin 8 nominations Kathleen Kennedy 6 nominations Eric Fellner Stanley Kramer 5 nominations Tim Bevan Francis Ford Coppola Clint Eastwood Dede Gardner Frank Marshall 4 nominations Warren Beatty James L. Brooks David Brown Megan Ellison Ethan Coen Donna Gigliotti Peter Jackson Norman Jewison Jeremy Kleiner Sydney Pollack David Puttnam Sam Spiegel George Stevens Irwin Winkler 3 nominations Lawrence Bender Robert Chartoff Joel Coen Bruce Cohen Christian Colson Michael De Luca Steve Golin Brian Grazer Alejandro González Iñárritu Graham King Stanley Kubrick Robert Lorenz Ismail Merchant Barrie M. Osborne Brad Pitt Hal B. Wallis Fran Walsh Robert Wise John Woolf Saul Zaentz Richard D. Zanuck 2 nominations Buddy Adler Robert Altman Paul Thomas Anderson Kathryn Bigelow Jason Blum Mark Boal John Boorman John Brabourne Lisa Bruce Dana Brunetti James Cameron Iain Canning Ceán Chaffin Cecil B. DeMille Finola Dwyer John Foreman Gray Frederickson Arthur Freed Richard N. Gladstein Jonathan Gordon Jerome Hellman Grant Heslov Grant Hill Ron Howard Stanley R. Jaffe Dan Jinks Ross Katz A. Kitman Ho Arnold Kopelson Kristie Macosko Krieger Gary Kurtz Jon Landau Ang Lee Ernest Lehman Daniel Lupi Branko Lustig Mark Johnson Michael Mann Anthony McCarten Frank McCarthy Barry Mendel Arnon Milchan George Miller Doug Mitchell Patrick J. Palmer Julia Phillips Michael Phillips Marc Platt Amanda Posey Christopher Nolan Fred Roos Albert S. Ruddy Tracey Seaward Ronald L. Schwary Martin Scorsese JoAnne Sellar Michael Shamberg Stacey Sher Emile Sherman Bernard Smith Ray Stark Oliver Stone Emma Thomas Jerry Wald Jack L. Warner Harvey Weinstein Douglas Wick Jams Woolf William Wyler Peter Yates Sam Zimbalist Fred Zinnemann Edward Zwick Production companies with multiple nominations and wins ( edit ) Production Company Nominations Wins Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 40 5 Fox 20th Century 20th Century - Fox 26 Warner Bros . First National Warner Bros. - First National 25 Paramount Paramount Famous Lasky Paramount Publix 20 Columbia 12 RKO Radio 11 Samuel Goldwyn Productions 8 Selznick International Pictures 5 Universal Two Cities Films J. Arthur Rank - Two Cities Films Cosmopolitan 0 The Caddo Company 0 Walter Wanger ( production company ) 0 Mercury 0 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The 2nd Academy Awards is unique in being the only occasion where there were no official nominees . Subsequent research by AMPAS has resulted in a list of de facto nominees , based on records of which films were evaluated by the judges at the time . Jump up ^ The Academy also announced that A Farewell to Arms came in second , and Little Women third . Jump up ^ The Academy also announced that The Barretts of Wimpole Street came in second , and The House of Rothschild third . Jump up ^ The Academy also announced that The Informer came in second , and Captain Blood third . See also ( edit ) Academy Award portal Book : Academy Awards for Best Picture BAFTA Award for Best Film Independent Spirit Award for Best Film Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Picture Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture List of actors who have appeared in multiple Best Picture winners List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees List of presenters of the Academy Award for Best Picture List of Big Five Academy Award winners and nominees Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture List of Academy Award - winning films List of film production companies List of films considered the best Lists of films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How the Oscar Voting System Works '' . People.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars 2017 : La La Land did n't win Best Picture . But should it have ? '' . Vox . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Moonlight wins Best Picture , not La La Land , after Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway gaffe '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Picture Winners of the 21st Century '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Oscars home is now the Dolby Theatre '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Academy Awards Database -- Best Picture Winners and Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Why SUNRISE : A SONG OF TWO HUMANS is Essential '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who gets the Oscar ? '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Associated Press . February 4 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Academy restricts Oscar winners '' . BBC . June 26 , 2001 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( January 21 , 2008 ) . `` PGA avoids credit limit '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rule Sixteen : Special Rules for the Best Picture of the Year Award '' . Rules for the 86th Academy Awards . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . 2014 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` Academy Makes Exceptions for Pollack , Minghella Does this mean more Oscar sympathy for surprise nominee The Reader ? '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Director Facts -- Trivia ( Part 2 ) '' . Filmsite . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Joyce Eng ( 24 June 2009 ) . `` Oscar Expands Best Picture Race to 10 Nominees '' . TV Guide Online . Archived from the original on 8 December 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Poll : Vote on the Oscars Like an Academy Member Archived 2012 - 11 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , Rob Richie , Huffington Post , 16 February 2011 Jump up ^ Steve Pond ( 2011 - 06 - 22 ) . `` New Best Picture Rules Could Discard Large Number of Oscar Ballots ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nikki Finke ( 2011 - 06 - 14 ) . `` OSCAR SHOCKER ! Academy Builds Surprise & Secrecy Into Best Picture Race : Now There Can Be Anywhere From 5 To 10 Nominees '' . Deadline Hollywood . MMC . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Pictures -- Facts & Trivia ( part 2 ) '' . Filmsite.org . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Pictures -- Genre Biases '' . Filmsite.org . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ; Edison Hayden , Michael ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Moonlight ' wins best picture after ' La La Land ' mistakenly announced '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Broadway Melody '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . The Technicolor footage for this sequence has since been lost , and only a black - and - white version is now available . Jump up ^ `` Oscar 's Most Wanted '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Racket -- Progressive Silent Film List '' . Silent Era . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` East Lynne Trivia '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Oscars.org ( official Academy site ) Oscar.com ( official ceremony site ) The Academy Awards Database ( official site ) Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Special Achievement Academy Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Story Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Footnote ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was done on a seasonal basis , from August to July . For the 6th ceremony , held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Book Category Portal Academy Awards lists Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Film Films Foreign - language wins Foreign - language nominees Foreign - language noms in other categories Foreign - language : count by country Animated feature noms in other categories Ethnicity African Argentine Asian Australian Black Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Colombian Cuban French German - speaking Greek Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) Indian Iranian Italian Jewish Latin American Mexican New Zealand Nordic Pakistani Polish Puerto Rican Spanish Uruguayan Other Ceremonies Families Fictitious LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest & Youngest Awards for Walt Disney Women in Non-gendered Categories Book Category Portal Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the best picture in the oscars | [
"\n\nAcademy Award for Best Picture\n\n\nAwarded for\nBest Picture of the Year\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nPresented by\nAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)\n\n\nFirst awarded\n1929 (for films released during the 1927/1928 film season)\n\n\nCurrently held by\nThe Shape of Water (2017)\n\n\nWebsite\noscars.org\n\n"
] | [
"The Shape of Water"
] |
-6796837532485300528 | Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit | Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit - wikipedia Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit For the charisms listed in the New Testament , see spiritual gift . Stained glass symbolic representation of the Holy Spirit as a dove , c. 1660 . The Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit is an enumeration of seven spiritual gifts originating from patristic authors , later elaborated by five intellectual virtues and four other groups of ethical characteristics . They are : wisdom , understanding , counsel , fortitude , knowledge , piety , and fear of the Lord . Contents 1 Book of Isaiah 2 In Christianity 2.1 Roman Catholicism 3 The seven gifts of Holy Spirit 4 Aquinas : relation to the virtues 5 Augustine : relation to the Beatitudes 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Book of Isaiah ( edit ) Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit . Folio from Walters manuscript W. 171 ( 15th century ) The seven gifts are found in the Book of Isaiah 11 : 1 - 2 , where the Biblical passage refers to the characteristics of a Messianic figure understood by Christians to be Jesus Christ empowered by the `` Spirit of the Lord '' . In the Hebrew Masoretic text the `` Spirit of the Lord '' is described with six characteristics ( wisdom , understanding , counsel , might , knowledge , fear of the Lord ) , and then the last characteristic ( fear of the Lord ) is mentioned a second time . In the Greek Septuagint the first mention of the fear of the Lord is translated as `` spirit of ( ... ) godliness '' ( πνεῦμα ( ... ) εὐσεβείας ) . Verse Hebrew Masoretic English New International Version Greek Septuagint Latin Vulgate 11.1 א וְיָצָא חֹטֶר , מִגֵּזַע יִשָׁי ; וְנֵצֶר , מִשָּׁרָשָׁיו יִפְרֶה. A shoot will come up from the stump of Jesse ; from his roots a Branch will bear fruit . και εξελευσεται ραβδος εκ της ριζης ιεσσαι και ανθος εκ της ριζης αναβησεται et egredietur virga de radice Iesse et flos de radice eius ascendet 11.2 ב וְנָחָה עָלָיו , רוּחַ יְהוָה -- רוּחַ חָכְמָה וּבִינָה , רוּחַ עֵצָה וּגְבוּרָה , רוּחַ דַּעַת , וְיִרְאַת יְהוָה. The Spirit of the LORD will rest on him -- the Spirit of wisdom and of understanding , the Spirit of counsel and of might , the Spirit of the knowledge and fear of the LORD -- και αναπαυσεται επ ' αυτον πνευμα του θεου πνευμα σοφιας και συνεσεως πνευμα βουλης και ισχυος πνευμα γνωσεως και ευσεβειας et requiescet super eum spiritus Domini spiritus sapientiae et intellectus spiritus consilii et fortitudinis spiritus scientiae et pietatis 11.3 ג וַהֲרִיחוֹ , בְּיִרְאַת יְהוָה ; and he will delight in the fear of the LORD . εμπλησει αυτον πνευμα φοβου θεου et replebit eum spiritus timoris Domini The seven Latin terms are then : sapientia intellectus consilium fortitudo scientia pietas timor Domini . In christianity ( edit ) The Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit is one of several works in Christian devotional literature which follow a scheme of seven . Others include the seven petitions of the Lord 's Prayer , the beatitudes , the seven last words from the cross , the seven deadly sins , and the seven virtues . The seven gifts were often represented as doves in medieval texts and especially figure in depictions of the Tree of Jesse which shows the Genealogy of Jesus . For Saint Thomas Aquinas , the dove signifies by its properties each gift of the Holy Spirit . Roman Catholicism ( edit ) Although the New Testament does not refer to Isaiah 11 : 1 - 2 regarding these gifts , Roman Catholicism teaches that initiates receive them at Baptism and that they are strengthened at Confirmation , so that one can proclaim the truths of the faith : `` The reception of the sacrament of Confirmation is necessary for the completion of baptismal grace . '' For `` by the sacrament of Confirmation , ( the baptized ) are more perfectly bound to the Church and are enriched with a special strength of the Holy Spirit . Hence they are , as true witnesses of Christ , more strictly obliged to spread and defend the faith by word and deed . '' The seven gifts of Holy Spirit ( edit ) According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church , these gifts `` ... complete and perfect the virtues of those who receive them . '' Wisdom is considered the first and the greatest of the gifts . It acts upon both the intellect and the will . According to St. Bernard , it both illumines the mind and instills an attraction to the divine . Adolphe Tanquerey OP explained the difference between the gift of wisdom and that of understanding : `` The latter is a view taken by the mind , while the former is an experience undergone by the heart ; one is light , the other love , and so they unite and complete one another . '' A wise and loving heart is the perfection of the theological virtue of charity . Understanding helps one relate all truths to one 's supernatural purpose ; it further illuminates one 's understanding of Sacred Scripture ; and it assists us to understand the significance of religious ritual . This all gives us a profound appreciation for God 's providence . Counsel functions as a sort of supernatural intuition , to enable a person to judge promptly and rightly , especially in difficult situations . It perfects the cardinal virtue of prudence . While prudence operates in accord with reason as enlightened by faith , the gift of counsel operates under the guidance of the Holy Spirit to illuminate the will of God . Fortitude is often identified with courage , but Aquinas takes its meaning to also encompass endurance . Joseph J. Rickaby describes it as a willingness to stand up for what is right in the sight of God , even if it means accepting rejection , verbal abuse , or physical harm . The gift of fortitude allows people the firmness of mind that is required both in doing good and in enduring evil . It is the perfection of the cardinal virtue of the same name . Knowledge : The gift of knowledge allows one , as far as is humanly possible , to see things from God 's perspective . It `` allows us to perceive the greatness of God and his love for his creatures '' through creation . Piety accords with reverence . A person with reverence recognizes his total reliance on God and comes before God with humility , trust , and love . Thomas Aquinas says that piety perfects the virtue of religion , which is an aspect of the virtue of justice , in that it accords to God that which is due to God . In a series of talks on the Gifts of the Holy Spirit , Pope Francis said that piety is a recognition of `` ... our belonging to God , our deep bond with him , a relationship that gives meaning to our whole life and keeps us resolute , in communion with him , even during the most difficult and troubled moments '' . Francis goes on : `` Piety is not mere outward religiosity ; it is that genuine religious spirit which makes us turn to the Father as his children and to grow in our love for others , seeing them as our brothers and sisters . '' Fear of the Lord is akin to wonder ( or awe ) . With the gift of fear of the Lord , one is made aware of the glory and majesty of God . At a June 2014 general audience Pope Francis said that it `` is no servile fear , but rather a joyful awareness of God 's grandeur and a grateful realization that only in him do our hearts find true peace '' . A person with wonder and awe knows that God is the perfection of all one desires . This gift is described by Aquinas as a fear of separating oneself from God . He describes the gift as a `` filial fear , '' like a child 's fear of offending his father , rather than a `` servile fear , '' that is , a fear of punishment . Fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom . It is the perfection of the theological virtue of hope . Aquinas : relation to the virtues ( edit ) In Summa Theologiae I. II , q. 68 , a1 , Saint Thomas Aquinas says that four of these gifts ( wisdom , understanding , knowledge , and counsel ) direct the intellect , while the other three gifts ( fortitude , piety , and fear of the Lord ) direct the will toward God . In some respects , the gifts are similar to the virtues , but a key distinction is that the virtues operate under the impetus of human reason ( prompted by grace ) , whereas the gifts operate under the impetus of the Holy Spirit ; the former can be used when one wishes , but the latter , according to Aquinas , operate only when the Holy Spirit wishes . In the case of Fortitude , the gift has , in Latin and English , the same name as the virtue which it is related , to but from which it must be distinguished . In Summa Theologiae II. II , Thomas Aquinas asserts the following correspondences between the seven Capital Virtues and the seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit : The gift of wisdom corresponds to the virtue of charity . The gifts of understanding and knowledge correspond to the virtue of faith . The gift of counsel ( right judgment ) corresponds to the virtue of prudence . The gift of fortitude corresponds to the virtue of courage . The gift of fear of the Lord corresponds to the virtue of hope . The gift of Reverence corresponds to the virtue of justice . To the virtue of temperance , no Gift is directly assigned ; but the gift of fear can be taken as such , since fear drives somebody to restrict himself from forbidden pleasures . The Rev. Brian Shanley contrasts the gifts to the virtues this way : `` What the gifts do over and above the theological virtues ( which they presuppose ) is dispose the agent to the special promptings of the Holy Spirit in actively exercising the life of the virtues ; the gifts are necessary for the perfect operations of the virtues , especially in the face of our human weakness and in difficult situations . '' Augustine : relation to the beatitudes ( edit ) Saint Augustine drew a connection between the gifts of the Holy Spirit and the Beatitudes ( Matt. 5 : 3 - 12 ) . Blessed are the poor in spirit , for theirs is the kingdom of heaven , reflects Fear of the Lord as the `` poor in spirit '' are the humble and God - fearing . Blessed are they who mourn , for they will be comforted , corresponds to the Gift of Knowledge , as for Augustine the knowledge of God brings both an increased awareness of personal sin , and to some extent grieving at the abandonment of practices and activities that separate one from God . Blessed are the meek , for they will inherit the land , relates to Piety . Blessed are they who hunger and thirst for righteousness , for they will be satisfied , pertains to Fortitude . Blessed are the merciful , for they will be shown mercy demonstrates the Gift of Counsel . Blessed are the clean of heart , for they will see God , the Gift of Understanding . Blessed are the peacemakers , for they will be called children of God , Wisdom . Blessed are they who are persecuted for the sake of righteousness , for theirs is the kingdom of heaven . See also ( edit ) Fruit of the Holy Spirit Tree of Jesse Theological virtues Works of mercy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , see Victorinus , Commentarii in Apocalypsim Iohannis 1 , 4 : Septiformem spiritum in Esaia legimus ' ( Esa. , XI , 2 ) , spiritum ' videlicet ' sapientiae et intellectus , consilii et fortitudinis , scientiae et pietatis , spiritum amorem Domini . ' Authors such Augustine , Hilary of Poitiers , and John Cassian all speak of the gifts with familiarity . Jump up ^ Macfarlane , Bruce ( 2008 ) . Researching with Integrity . The Ethics of Academic Enquiry . London : Routledge . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88696 - 0 . ISBN 0 - 20388696 - 8 . The theoretical , intellectual virtues consist of philosophical wisdom ( sophia ) , scientific or empirical knowledge ( episteme ) , and intuitive understanding ( nous ) . In addition to these three is the virtue of practical wisdom . also known as prudence ( phronesis ) and the productive virtues of art , skill , and craft knowledge ( techne ) . Jump up ^ Stump , Eleonore ( 1998 ) . Kretzmann , Norman ; MacDonald , Scott Charles ; Stump , Eleonore , eds . Aquinas ' Moral Theory . Essays in honor of Norman Kretzmann . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 801 - 43436 - 5 . ISBN 0 - 80143436 - X . Besides the five intellectual virtues and the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit , Aquinas recognizes four other groups of ethical characteristics which are important for his discussion of wisdom . Jump up ^ Walters , Barbara R. ; Corrigan , Vincent Justus ; Ricketts , Peter T. , eds. ( 2006 ) . The Feast of Corpus Christi . University Park , Pennsylvania : Penn State Press . p. 451 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 04831 - 4 . ISBN 0 - 27104831 - X . set grasces : these are the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit , which , in the Middle Ages , were probably codified by Thomas Aquinas ... cf . Isaias 11 : 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Lane Fox , Robin ( 2015 ) . Augustine . Conversions to Confessions . London : Penguin UK . p. 504 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 96548 - 2 . Jump up ^ MacArthur , John ( 2011 ) . Luke 1 - 17 MacArthur New Testament Commentary Set . Chicago : Moody Publishers . pp. 347ff . ISBN 978 - 0 - 802 - 48263 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cantalamessa , Raniero ( 2003 ) . Come , Creator Spirit . Meditations on the Veni Creator . Collegeville , Minnesota : Liturgical Press . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 814 - 62871 - 3 . ISBN 0 - 81462871 - 0 . The text from which it takes its rise is Isaiah 1 1 : 1 , 3 . In the Hebrew original six gifts are listed , and the last , fear , is mentioned twice : wisdom , understanding , counsel , fortitude , knowledge , and fear of the Lord . Jump up ^ `` katapi New Study Bible : Parallel Greek English Old Testament '' . Septuagint Compiled from the Translation by Sir Lancelot C.L. Brenton , 1851 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Isaiah 11 : 1 - 3 ( Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon - Mamre ) Jump up ^ Isaiah 11 : 1 - 3 ( New International Version ) . Jump up ^ `` Online Greek OT ( Septuagint / LXX ) UTF8 '' . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Isaias 11 : 1 - 3 ( Biblia Sacra Vulgata ) . Jump up ^ Anlezark , Daniel ( 2010 ) . Godden , Malcolm ; Keynes , Simon ; Blackburn , Mark , eds . Anglo - Saxon England ( Volume 38 ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 19406 - 8 . ISBN 0 - 52119406 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rolle , Richard ( 1988 ) . Jeffrey , David Lyle , ed . English Spirituality in the Age of Wyclif . Vancouver : Regent College Publishing . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 573 - 83185 - 7 . ISBN 1 - 57383185 - 9 . Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Summa Theologiae III , 39 , q. 66 , a6 . The baptizing of Christ . Article 6 . Whether it is fitting to say that when Christ was baptized the Holy Ghost came down on Him in the form of a dove ? Reply to Objection 4 '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton . Jump up ^ Erickson , Millard J. ( 1992 ) . Introducing Christian Doctrine . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Baker Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 801 - 03215 - 8 . ISBN 0 - 80103215 - 6 . 2nd ed. 2001 . Chapter Thirty - `` The work of the Holy Spirit '' ( pp. 275ff . ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 801 - 02250 - 0 . ISBN 0 - 80102250 - 9 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Russell ; Stravinskas , Peter M.J. ( 1998 ) . Our Sunday Visitor 's Catholic Encyclopedia . Huntington , Indiana : Our Sunday Visitor Publishing . p. 457 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 879 - 73669 - 9 . ISBN 0 - 87973669 - 0 . Jump up ^ CCC § 1285 . Jump up ^ CCC § 1831 . Jump up ^ Tanquerey , Adolphe . The Spiritual Life , § § 1348 & 1349 . Jump up ^ Pope , Charles . `` Distinguishing Knowledge , Wisdom and Understanding '' , Community in Mission , July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harris , Elise . `` Pope Francis : gift of counsel illuminates the will of God '' , Catholic News Agency , May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rickaby , John . `` Fortitude . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 6 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1909 . 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Elise . `` Gift of knowledge attunes us to vision of God , Pope says '' , Catholic News Agency , May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Delany , Joseph . `` Virtue of Religion . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 12 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1911 . 1 September 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` Piety is embracing God and others with real love , not fake devotion , says Pope CatholicHerald.co.uk '' . CatholicHerald.co.uk. 2014 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Harris , Elise . `` Pope : Fear of the Lord an alarm reminding us of what 's right '' , Catholic News Agency , June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Summa Theologiae . First Part of the Second Part ( Prima Secundæ Partis ) . Question 68 . The gifts . Article 1 . Whether the Gifts differ from the virtues ? '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton . Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Summa Theologiae . Second Part of the Second Part ( Secunda Secundæ Partis ) '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton . Jump up ^ Shanley , Brian . Review of Knowledge and Faith in Thomas Aquinas by John I. Jenkins . The Thomist 63 ( 1999 ) , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Augustine . `` On the Sermon on the Mount , Book I '' , Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , First Series , Vol. 6 . ( William Findlay , trans . ) , ( Philip Schaff , ed . ) ( Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1888 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Rickaby , John ( 1909 ) . `` Fortitude '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 6 . New York : Robert Appleton . External links ( edit ) Media related to Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit at Wikimedia Commons Judaism portal Catholicism portal Christianity portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_gifts_of_the_Holy_Spirit&oldid=852405536 '' Categories : Catholic theology and doctrine Christian terminology Spiritual gifts Holy Spirit Hidden categories : Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Español Français Hrvatski Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Nederlands Polski Português Shqip 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 19 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the seven gifts of the holy spirit in confirmation | [
"The Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit is an enumeration of seven spiritual gifts originating from patristic authors,[1] later elaborated by five intellectual virtues[2] and four other groups of ethical characteristics.[3][4] They are: wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, and fear of the Lord.\n",
"The Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit is an enumeration of seven spiritual gifts originating from patristic authors,[1] later elaborated by five intellectual virtues[2] and four other groups of ethical characteristics.[3][4] They are: wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, and fear of the Lord.\n",
"The Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit is an enumeration of seven spiritual gifts originating from patristic authors,[1] later elaborated by five intellectual virtues[2] and four other groups of ethical characteristics.[3][4] They are: wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, and fear of the Lord.\n",
"The Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit is an enumeration of seven spiritual gifts originating from patristic authors,[1] later elaborated by five intellectual virtues[2] and four other groups of ethical characteristics.[3][4] They are: wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, and fear of the Lord.\n",
"The Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit is an enumeration of seven spiritual gifts originating from patristic authors,[1] later elaborated by five intellectual virtues[2] and four other groups of ethical characteristics.[3][4] They are: wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, and fear of the Lord.\n",
"The Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit is an enumeration of seven spiritual gifts originating from patristic authors,[1] later elaborated by five intellectual virtues[2] and four other groups of ethical characteristics.[3][4] They are: wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, and fear of the Lord.\n",
"The Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit is an enumeration of seven spiritual gifts originating from patristic authors,[1] later elaborated by five intellectual virtues[2] and four other groups of ethical characteristics.[3][4] They are: wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, and fear of the Lord.\n"
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6039513982771664058 | Battle of Gettysburg | Battle of Gettysburg - wikipedia Battle of Gettysburg For other uses , see Battle of Gettysburg ( disambiguation ) . Battle of Gettysburg Part of the American Civil War Pickett 's Charge as depicted by Thulstrup in The Battle of Gettysburg Date July 1 -- 3 , 1863 Location Gettysburg , Adams County , Pennsylvania 39 ° 48 ′ 40 '' N 77 ° 13 ′ 30 '' W / 39.811 ° N 77.225 ° W / 39.811 ; - 77.225 Coordinates : 39 ° 48 ′ 40 '' N 77 ° 13 ′ 30 '' W / 39.811 ° N 77.225 ° W / 39.811 ; - 77.225 Result Union victory Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders George G. Meade Robert E. Lee Units involved Army of the Potomac Army of Northern Virginia Strength 104,256 ( `` present for duty '' ) 71,000 -- 75,000 ( estimated ) Casualties and losses 23,049 total ( 3,155 killed ; 14,529 wounded ; 5,365 captured / missing ) 23,000 -- 28,000 ( estimated ) Gettysburg Campaign Franklin 's Crossing Brandy Station 2nd Winchester Aldie Middleburg Upperville Fairfax Court House Corbit 's Charge Hanover Sporting Hill Carlisle Gettysburg Retreat from Gettysburg Fairfield Monterey Williamsport Boonsboro Funkstown Manassas Gap Northern Virginia , Maryland and Pennsylvania ( 1861 - 1865 ) Gettysburg Campaign , ( 1863 ) Battlefield of Gettysburg , ( 1863 ) The Battle of Gettysburg ( locally / ˈɡɛtɪsbɜːrɡ / ( listen ) , with an / s / sound ) was fought July 1 -- 3 , 1863 , in and around the town of Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War . The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war 's turning point . Union Maj. Gen. George Meade 's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia , halting Lee 's invasion of the North . After his success at Chancellorsville in Virginia in May 1863 , Lee led his army through the Shenandoah Valley to begin his second invasion of the North -- the Gettysburg Campaign . With his army in high spirits , Lee intended to shift the focus of the summer campaign from war - ravaged northern Virginia and hoped to influence Northern politicians to give up their prosecution of the war by penetrating as far as Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , or even Philadelphia . Prodded by President Abraham Lincoln , Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker moved his army in pursuit , but was relieved of command just three days before the battle and replaced by Meade . Elements of the two armies initially collided at Gettysburg on July 1 , 1863 , as Lee urgently concentrated his forces there , his objective being to engage the Union army and destroy it . Low ridges to the northwest of town were defended initially by a Union cavalry division under Brig. Gen. John Buford , and soon reinforced with two corps of Union infantry . However , two large Confederate corps assaulted them from the northwest and north , collapsing the hastily developed Union lines , sending the defenders retreating through the streets of the town to the hills just to the south . On the second day of battle , most of both armies had assembled . The Union line was laid out in a defensive formation resembling a fishhook . In the late afternoon of July 2 , Lee launched a heavy assault on the Union left flank , and fierce fighting raged at Little Round Top , the Wheatfield , Devil 's Den , and the Peach Orchard . On the Union right , Confederate demonstrations escalated into full - scale assaults on Culp 's Hill and Cemetery Hill . All across the battlefield , despite significant losses , the Union defenders held their lines . On the third day of battle , fighting resumed on Culp 's Hill , and cavalry battles raged to the east and south , but the main event was a dramatic infantry assault by 12,500 Confederates against the center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge , known as Pickett 's Charge . The charge was repulsed by Union rifle and artillery fire , at great loss to the Confederate army . Lee led his army on a torturous retreat back to Virginia . Between 46,000 and 51,000 soldiers from both armies were casualties in the three - day battle , the most costly in US history . On November 19 , President Lincoln used the dedication ceremony for the Gettysburg National Cemetery to honor the fallen Union soldiers and redefine the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military situation 1.2 Initial movements to battle 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 First day of battle 3.1 Herr Ridge , McPherson Ridge and Seminary Ridge 4 Second day of battle 4.1 Plans and movement to battle 4.2 Attacks on the Union left flank 4.3 Attacks on the Union right flank 5 Third day of battle 5.1 Lee 's plan 5.2 The largest artillery bombardment of the war 5.3 Pickett 's Charge 5.4 Cavalry battles 6 Aftermath 6.1 Casualties 6.2 Confederate retreat 6.3 Union reaction to the news of the victory 6.4 Effect on the Confederacy 6.5 Gettysburg Address 7 Historical assessment 7.1 Decisive victory controversies 7.2 Lee vs. Meade 8 Battlefield preservation 9 Commemoration in U.S. postage and coinage 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Memoirs and primary sources 14 Further reading 15 External links Background Military situation Main articles : Gettysburg Campaign and Gettysburg Battlefield Further information : Battle of Chancellorsville , Eastern Theater of the American Civil War , and American Civil War Gettysburg Campaign ( through July 3 ) ; cavalry movements shown with dashed lines Confederate Union This 1863 oval - shaped map depicts Gettysburg Battlefield during July 1 -- 3 , 1863 , showing troop and artillery positions and movements , relief hachures , drainage , roads , railroads , and houses with the names of residents at the time of the Battle of Gettysburg . A Harper 's Weekly illustration showing Confederate troops escorting captured African American civilians south into slavery . En route to Gettysburg , the Army of Northern Virginia kidnapped approximately 40 black civilians and sent them south into slavery . Shortly after the Army of Northern Virginia won a major victory over the Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Chancellorsville ( April 30 -- May 6 , 1863 ) , Robert E. Lee decided upon a second invasion of the North ( the first was the unsuccessful Maryland Campaign of September 1862 , which ended in the bloody Battle of Antietam ) . Such a move would upset U.S. plans for the summer campaigning season and possibly reduce the pressure on the besieged Confederate garrison at Vicksburg . The invasion would allow the Confederates to live off the bounty of the rich Northern farms while giving war - ravaged Virginia a much - needed rest . In addition , Lee 's 72,000 - man army could threaten Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , and possibly strengthen the growing peace movement in the North . Initial movements to battle Thus , on June 3 , Lee 's army began to shift northward from Fredericksburg , Virginia . Following the death of Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson , Lee reorganized his two large corps into three new corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet ( First Corps ) , Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell ( Second ) , and Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill ( Third ) ; both Ewell and Hill , who had formerly reported to Jackson as division commanders , were new to this level of responsibility . The Cavalry Division remained under the command of Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart . The Union Army of the Potomac , under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker , consisted of seven infantry corps , a cavalry corps , and an Artillery Reserve , for a combined strength of more than 100,000 men . The first major action of the campaign took place on June 9 between cavalry forces at Brandy Station , near Culpeper , Virginia . The 9,500 Confederate cavalrymen under Stuart were surprised by Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton 's combined arms force of two cavalry divisions ( 8,000 troopers ) and 3,000 infantry , but Stuart eventually repulsed the Union attack . The inconclusive battle , the largest predominantly cavalry engagement of the war , proved for the first time that the Union horse soldier was equal to his Southern counterpart . By mid-June , the Army of Northern Virginia was poised to cross the Potomac River and enter Maryland . After defeating the Union garrisons at Winchester and Martinsburg , Ewell 's Second Corps began crossing the river on June 15 . Hill 's and Longstreet 's corps followed on June 24 and 25 . Hooker 's army pursued , keeping between the U.S. capital and Lee 's army . The Union army crossed the Potomac from June 25 to 27 . Lee gave strict orders for his army to minimize any negative impacts on the civilian population . Food , horses , and other supplies were generally not seized outright , although quartermasters reimbursing Northern farmers and merchants with Confederate money were not well received . Various towns , most notably York , Pennsylvania , were required to pay indemnities in lieu of supplies , under threat of destruction . During the invasion , the Confederates seized some 40 northern African Americans . A few of them were escaped fugitive slaves , but most were freemen ; all were sent south into slavery under guard . On June 26 , elements of Maj. Gen. Jubal Early 's division of Ewell 's Corps occupied the town of Gettysburg after chasing off newly raised Pennsylvania militia in a series of minor skirmishes . Early laid the borough under tribute , but did not collect any significant supplies . Soldiers burned several railroad cars and a covered bridge , and destroyed nearby rails and telegraph lines . The following morning , Early departed for adjacent York County . Meanwhile , in a controversial move , Lee allowed J.E.B. Stuart to take a portion of the army 's cavalry and ride around the east flank of the Union army . Lee 's orders gave Stuart much latitude , and both generals share the blame for the long absence of Stuart 's cavalry , as well as for the failure to assign a more active role to the cavalry left with the army . Stuart and his three best brigades were absent from the army during the crucial phase of the approach to Gettysburg and the first two days of battle . By June 29 , Lee 's army was strung out in an arc from Chambersburg ( 28 miles ( 45 km ) northwest of Gettysburg ) to Carlisle ( 30 miles ( 48 km ) north of Gettysburg ) to near Harrisburg and Wrightsville on the Susquehanna River . In a dispute over the use of the forces defending the Harpers Ferry garrison , Hooker offered his resignation , and Abraham Lincoln and General - in - Chief Henry W. Halleck , who were looking for an excuse to rid themselves of him , immediately accepted . They replaced Hooker early on the morning of June 28 with Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade , then commander of the V Corps . On June 29 , when Lee learned that the Army of the Potomac had crossed the Potomac River , he ordered a concentration of his forces around Cashtown , located at the eastern base of South Mountain and eight miles ( 13 km ) west of Gettysburg . On June 30 , while part of Hill 's Corps was in Cashtown , one of Hill 's brigades , North Carolinians under Brig. Gen. J. Johnston Pettigrew , ventured toward Gettysburg . In his memoirs , Maj. Gen. Henry Heth , Pettigrew 's division commander , claimed that he sent Pettigrew to search for supplies in town -- especially shoes . When Pettigrew 's troops approached Gettysburg on June 30 , they noticed Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. John Buford arriving south of town , and Pettigrew returned to Cashtown without engaging them . When Pettigrew told Hill and Heth what he had seen , neither general believed that there was a substantial Union force in or near the town , suspecting that it had been only Pennsylvania militia . Despite General Lee 's order to avoid a general engagement until his entire army was concentrated , Hill decided to mount a significant reconnaissance in force the following morning to determine the size and strength of the enemy force in his front . Around 5 a.m. on Wednesday , July 1 , two brigades of Heth 's division advanced to Gettysburg . Opposing forces Union Key commanders ( Army of the Potomac ) Maj. Gen . George Meade , ( Commanding ) USA Maj. Gen . John F. Reynolds , USA Maj. Gen . Winfield Scott Hancock , USA Maj. Gen . Daniel Sickles , USA Maj. Gen . George Sykes , USA Maj. Gen . John Sedgwick , USA Maj. Gen . Oliver Otis Howard , USA Maj. Gen . Henry Warner Slocum , USA Maj. Gen . Alfred Pleasonton , USA Further information : Union order of battle The Army of the Potomac , initially under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker ( Maj. Gen. George Meade replaced Hooker in command on June 28 ) , consisted of more than 100,000 men in the following organization : I Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds , with divisions commanded by Brig. Gen. James S. Wadsworth , Brig. Gen. John C. Robinson , and Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday . II Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock , with divisions commanded by Brig . Gens . John C. Caldwell , John Gibbon , and Alexander Hays . III Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Daniel Sickles , with divisions commanded by Maj. Gen. David B. Birney and Maj. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys . V Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. George Sykes ( George G. Meade until June 28 ) , with divisions commanded by Brig . Gens . James Barnes , Romeyn B. Ayres , and Samuel W. Crawford . VI Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick , with divisions commanded by Brig. Gen. Horatio G. Wright , Brig. Gen. Albion P. Howe , and Maj. Gen. John Newton . XI Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Oliver Otis Howard , with divisions commanded by Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow , Brig. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr , and Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz . XII Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum , with divisions commanded by Brig . Gens . Alpheus S. Williams and John W. Geary . Cavalry Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton , with divisions commanded by Brig . Gens . John Buford , David McM . Gregg , and H. Judson Kilpatrick . Artillery Reserve , commanded by Brig. Gen. Robert O. Tyler . ( The preeminent artillery officer at Gettysburg was Brig. Gen. Henry J. Hunt , chief of artillery on Meade 's staff . ) During the advance on Gettysburg , Maj. Gen. Reynolds was in operational command of the left , or advanced , wing of the Army , consisting of the I , III , and XI Corps . Note that many other Union units ( not part of the Army of the Potomac ) were actively involved in the Gettysburg Campaign , but not directly involved in the Battle of Gettysburg . These included portions of the Union IV Corps , the militia and state troops of the Department of the Susquehanna , and various garrisons , including that at Harpers Ferry . Confederate Key commanders ( Army of Northern Virginia ) Gen . Robert E. Lee , ( Commanding ) CSA Lt. Gen . James Longstreet , CSA Lt ... Gen . Richard S. Ewell , CSA Lt. Gen . A.P. Hill , CSA Maj. Gen . J.E.B. Stuart , CSA Further information : Confederate order of battle In reaction to the death of Lt. Gen. Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson after Chancellorsville , Lee reorganized his Army of Northern Virginia ( 75,000 men ) from two infantry corps into three . First Corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet , with divisions commanded by Maj . Gens . Lafayette McLaws , George Pickett , and John Bell Hood . Second Corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell , with divisions commanded by Maj . Gens . Jubal A. Early , Edward `` Allegheny '' Johnson , and Robert E. Rodes . Third Corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill , with divisions commanded by Maj . Gens . Richard H. Anderson , Henry Heth , and W. Dorsey Pender . Cavalry division , commanded by Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart , with brigades commanded by Brig . Gens . Wade Hampton , Fitzhugh Lee , Beverly H. Robertson , Albert G. Jenkins , William E. `` Grumble '' Jones , and John D. Imboden , and Col. John R. Chambliss . First day of battle Further information : Battle of Gettysburg , First Day Overview map of the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg , July 1 , 1863 Herr Ridge , McPherson Ridge and Seminary Ridge Anticipating that the Confederates would march on Gettysburg from the west on the morning of July 1 , Buford laid out his defenses on three ridges west of the town : Herr Ridge , McPherson Ridge and Seminary Ridge . These were appropriate terrain for a delaying action by his small cavalry division against superior Confederate infantry forces , meant to buy time awaiting the arrival of Union infantrymen who could occupy the strong defensive positions south of town at Cemetery Hill , Cemetery Ridge , and Culp 's Hill . Buford understood that if the Confederates could gain control of these heights , Meade 's army would have difficulty dislodging them . First shot monument Heth 's division advanced with two brigades forward , commanded by Brig . Gens . James J. Archer and Joseph R. Davis . They proceeded easterly in columns along the Chambersburg Pike . Three miles ( 5 km ) west of town , about 7 : 30 a.m. on July 1 , the two brigades met light resistance from vedettes of Union cavalry , and deployed into line . According to lore , the Union soldier to fire the first shot of the battle was Lt. Marcellus Jones . In 1886 Lt. Jones returned to Gettysburg to mark the spot where he fired the first shot with a monument . Eventually , Heth 's men reached dismounted troopers of Col. William Gamble 's cavalry brigade , who raised determined resistance and delaying tactics from behind fence posts with fire from their breechloading carbines . Still , by 10 : 20 a.m. , the Confederates had pushed the Union cavalrymen east to McPherson Ridge , when the vanguard of the I Corps ( Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds ) finally arrived . North of the pike , Davis gained a temporary success against Brig. Gen. Lysander Cutler 's brigade but was repulsed with heavy losses in an action around an unfinished railroad bed cut in the ridge . South of the pike , Archer 's brigade assaulted through Herbst ( also known as McPherson 's ) Woods . The U.S. Iron Brigade under Brig. Gen. Solomon Meredith enjoyed initial success against Archer , capturing several hundred men , including Archer himself . General Reynolds was shot and killed early in the fighting while directing troop and artillery placements just to the east of the woods . Shelby Foote wrote that the Union cause lost a man considered by many to be `` the best general in the army . '' Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday assumed command . Fighting in the Chambersburg Pike area lasted until about 12 : 30 p.m. It resumed around 2 : 30 p.m. , when Heth 's entire division engaged , adding the brigades of Pettigrew and Col. John M. Brockenbrough . As Pettigrew 's North Carolina Brigade came on line , they flanked the 19th Indiana and drove the Iron Brigade back . The 26th North Carolina ( the largest regiment in the army with 839 men ) lost heavily , leaving the first day 's fight with around 212 men . By the end of the three - day battle , they had about 152 men standing , the highest casualty percentage for one battle of any regiment , North or South . Slowly the Iron Brigade was pushed out of the woods toward Seminary Ridge . Hill added Maj. Gen. William Dorsey Pender 's division to the assault , and the I Corps was driven back through the grounds of the Lutheran Seminary and Gettysburg streets . As the fighting to the west proceeded , two divisions of Ewell 's Second Corps , marching west toward Cashtown in accordance with Lee 's order for the army to concentrate in that vicinity , turned south on the Carlisle and Harrisburg roads toward Gettysburg , while the Union XI Corps ( Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard ) raced north on the Baltimore Pike and Taneytown Road . By early afternoon , the U.S. line ran in a semicircle west , north , and northeast of Gettysburg . However , the U.S. did not have enough troops ; Cutler , whose brigade was deployed north of the Chambersburg Pike , had his right flank in the air . The leftmost division of the XI Corps was unable to deploy in time to strengthen the line , so Doubleday was forced to throw in reserve brigades to salvage his line . Around 2 p.m. , the Confederate Second Corps divisions of Maj . Gens . Robert E. Rodes and Jubal Early assaulted and out - flanked the Union I and XI Corps positions north and northwest of town . The Confederate brigades of Col. Edward A. O'Neal and Brig. Gen. Alfred Iverson suffered severe losses assaulting the I Corps division of Brig. Gen. John C. Robinson south of Oak Hill . Early 's division profited from a blunder by Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow , when he advanced his XI Corps division to Blocher 's Knoll ( directly north of town and now known as Barlow 's Knoll ) ; this represented a salient in the corps line , susceptible to attack from multiple sides , and Early 's troops overran Barlow 's division , which constituted the right flank of the Union Army 's position . Barlow was wounded and captured in the attack . As U.S. positions collapsed both north and west of town , Gen. Howard ordered a retreat to the high ground south of town at Cemetery Hill , where he had left the division of Brig. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr in reserve . Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock assumed command of the battlefield , sent by Meade when he heard that Reynolds had been killed . Hancock , commander of the II Corps and Meade 's most trusted subordinate , was ordered to take command of the field and to determine whether Gettysburg was an appropriate place for a major battle . Hancock told Howard , `` I think this the strongest position by nature upon which to fight a battle that I ever saw . '' When Howard agreed , Hancock concluded the discussion : `` Very well , sir , I select this as the battle - field . '' Hancock 's determination had a morale - boosting effect on the retreating Union soldiers , but he played no direct tactical role on the first day . General Lee understood the defensive potential to the Union if they held this high ground . He sent orders to Ewell that Cemetery Hill be taken `` if practicable . '' Ewell , who had previously served under Stonewall Jackson , a general well known for issuing peremptory orders , determined such an assault was not practicable and , thus , did not attempt it ; this decision is considered by historians to be a great missed opportunity . The first day at Gettysburg , more significant than simply a prelude to the bloody second and third days , ranks as the 23rd biggest battle of the war by number of troops engaged . About one quarter of Meade 's army ( 22,000 men ) and one third of Lee 's army ( 27,000 ) were engaged . Second day of battle Robert E. Lee 's plan for July 2 , 1863 Further information : Battle of Gettysburg , Second Day ; Little Round Top ; Culp 's Hill ; and Cemetery Hill Plans and movement to battle Throughout the evening of July 1 and morning of July 2 , most of the remaining infantry of both armies arrived on the field , including the Union II , III , V , VI , and XII Corps . Two of Longstreet 's brigades were on the road : Brig. Gen. George Pickett , had begun the 22 mile ( 35 km ) march from Chambersburg , while Brig. Gen. E.M. Law had begun the march from Guilford . Both arrived late in the morning . Law completed his 28 - mile ( 45 km ) march in eleven hours . The Union line ran from Culp 's Hill southeast of the town , northwest to Cemetery Hill just south of town , then south for nearly two miles ( 3 km ) along Cemetery Ridge , terminating just north of Little Round Top . Most of the XII Corps was on Culp 's Hill ; the remnants of I and XI Corps defended Cemetery Hill ; II Corps covered most of the northern half of Cemetery Ridge ; and III Corps was ordered to take up a position to its flank . The shape of the Union line is popularly described as a `` fishhook '' formation . The Confederate line paralleled the Union line about a mile ( 1,600 m ) to the west on Seminary Ridge , ran east through the town , then curved southeast to a point opposite Culp 's Hill . Thus , the Union army had interior lines , while the Confederate line was nearly five miles ( 8 km ) long . Lee 's battle plan for July 2 called for a general assault of Meade 's positions . On the right , Longstreet 's First Corps was to position itself to attack the Union left flank , facing northeast astraddle the Emmitsburg Road , and to roll up the U.S. line . The attack sequence was to begin with Maj . Gens . John Bell Hood 's and Lafayette McLaws 's divisions , followed by Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson 's division of Hill 's Third Corps . On the left , Lee instructed Ewell to position his Second Corps to attack Culp 's Hill and Cemetery Hill when he heard the gunfire from Longstreet 's assault , preventing Meade from shifting troops to bolster his left . Though it does not appear in either his or Lee 's Official Report , Ewell claimed years later that Lee had changed the order to simultaneously attack , calling for only a `` diversion '' , to be turned into a full - scale attack if a favorable opportunity presented itself . Lee 's plan , however , was based on faulty intelligence , exacerbated by Stuart 's continued absence from the battlefield . Though Lee personally reconnoitered his left during the morning , he did not visit Longstreet 's position on the Confederate right . Even so , Lee rejected suggestions that Longstreet move beyond Meade 's left and attack the Union flank , capturing the supply trains and effectively blocking Meade 's escape route . Lee did not issue orders for the attack until 11 : 00 a.m. About noon , General Anderson 's advancing troops were discovered by General Sickles ' outpost guard and the Third Corps -- upon which Longstreet 's First Corps was to form -- did not get into position until 1 : 00 p.m. Hood and McLaws , after their long march , were not yet in position and did not launch their attacks until just after 4 p.m. and 5 p.m. , respectively . Attacks on the Union left flank Overview map of the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg , July 2 , 1863 As Longstreet 's left division , under Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws , advanced , they unexpectedly found Maj. Gen. Daniel Sickles 's III Corps directly in their path . Sickles had been dissatisfied with the position assigned him on the southern end of Cemetery Ridge . Seeing ground better suited for artillery positions a half mile ( 800 m ) to the west -- centered at the Sherfy farm 's Peach Orchard -- he violated orders and advanced his corp to the slightly higher ground along the Emmitsburg Road , moving away from Cemetery Ridge . The new line ran from Devil 's Den , northwest to the Peach Orchard , then northeast along the Emmitsburg Road to south of the Codori farm . This created an untenable salient at the Peach Orchard ; Brig. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys 's division ( in position along the Emmitsburg Road ) and Maj. Gen. David B. Birney 's division ( to the south ) were subject to attacks from two sides and were spread out over a longer front than their small corps could defend effectively . The Confederate artillery was ordered to open fire at 3 : 00 p.m. After failing to attend a meeting at this time of Meade 's corps commanders , Meade rode to Sickles ' position and demanded an explanation of the situation . Knowing a Confederate attack was imminent and a retreat would be endangered , Meade refused Sickles ' offer to withdraw . Meade was forced to send 20,000 reinforcements : the entire V Corps , Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell 's division of the II Corps , most of the XII Corps , and portions of the newly arrived VI Corps . Hood 's division moved more to the east than intended , losing its alignment with the Emmitsburg Road , attacking Devil 's Den and Little Round Top . McLaws , coming in on Hood 's left , drove multiple attacks into the thinly stretched III Corps in the Wheatfield and overwhelmed them in Sherfy 's Peach Orchard . McLaws 's attack eventually reached Plum Run Valley ( the `` Valley of Death '' ) before being beaten back by the Pennsylvania Reserves division of the V Corps , moving down from Little Round Top . The III Corps was virtually destroyed as a combat unit in this battle , and Sickles 's leg was amputated after it was shattered by a cannonball . Caldwell 's division was destroyed piecemeal in the Wheatfield . Anderson 's division , coming from McLaws 's left and starting forward around 6 p.m. , reached the crest of Cemetery Ridge , but could not hold the position in the face of counterattacks from the II Corps , including an almost suicidal bayonet charge by the 1st Minnesota regiment against a Confederate brigade , ordered in desperation by Hancock to buy time for reinforcements to arrive . As fighting raged in the Wheatfield and Devil 's Den , Col. Strong Vincent of V Corps had a precarious hold on Little Round Top , an important hill at the extreme left of the Union line . His brigade of four relatively small regiments was able to resist repeated assaults by Brig. Gen. Evander M. Law 's brigade of Hood 's division . Meade 's chief engineer , Brig. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren , had realized the importance of this position , and dispatched Vincent 's brigade , an artillery battery , and the 140th New York to occupy Little Round Top mere minutes before Hood 's troops arrived . The defense of Little Round Top with a bayonet charge by the 20th Maine , ordered by Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain but possibly led by Lt. Holman S. Melcher , was one of the most fabled episodes in the Civil War and propelled Col. Chamberlain into prominence after the war . Attacks on the Union right flank Union breastworks on Culp 's Hill Ewell interpreted his orders as calling only for a cannonade . His 32 guns , along with A.P. Hill 's 55 guns , engaged in a two - hour artillery barrage at extreme range that had little effect . Finally , about six o'clock , Ewell sent orders to each of his division commanders to attack the Union lines in his front . Maj. Gen. Edward `` Allegheny '' Johnson 's Division `` had not been pushed close to ( Culp 's Hill ) in preparation for an assault , although one had been contemplated all day . It now had a full mile ( 1,600 m ) to advance and Rock Creek had to be crossed . This could only be done at few places and involved much delay . Only three of Johnson 's four brigades moved to the attack . '' Most of the hill 's defenders , the Union XII Corps , had been sent to the left to defend against Longstreet 's attacks , leaving only a brigade of New Yorkers under Brig. Gen. George S. Greene behind strong , newly constructed defensive works . With reinforcements from the I and XI Corps , Greene 's men held off the Confederate attackers , though giving up some of the lower earthworks on the lower part of Culp 's Hill . Early was similarly unprepared when he ordered Harry T. Hays ' and Isaac E. Avery 's Brigades to attack the Union XI Corps positions on East Cemetery Hill . Once started , fighting was fierce : Col. Andrew L. Harris of the Union 2nd Brigade , 1st Division , came under a withering attack , losing half his men . Avery was wounded early on , but the Confederates reached the crest of the hill and entered the Union breastworks , capturing one or two batteries . Seeing he was not supported on his right , Hays withdrew . His right was to be supported by Robert E. Rodes ' Division , but Rodes -- like Early and Johnson -- had not been ordered up in preparation for the attack . He had twice as far to travel as Early ; by the time he came in contact with the Union skirmish line , Early 's troops had already begun to withdraw . Jeb Stuart and his three cavalry brigades arrived in Gettysburg around noon but had no role in the second day 's battle . Brig. Gen. Wade Hampton 's brigade fought a minor engagement with newly promoted 23 - year - old Brig. Gen. George Armstrong Custer 's Michigan cavalry near Hunterstown to the northeast of Gettysburg . Third day of battle Further information : Culp 's Hill ; Pickett 's Charge ; and Battle of Gettysburg , Third Day cavalry battles Overview map of the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg , July 3 , 1863 Lee 's plan General Lee wished to renew the attack on Friday , July 3 , using the same basic plan as the previous day : Longstreet would attack the U.S. left , while Ewell attacked Culp 's Hill . However , before Longstreet was ready , Union XII Corps troops started a dawn artillery bombardment against the Confederates on Culp 's Hill in an effort to regain a portion of their lost works . The Confederates attacked , and the second fight for Culp 's Hill ended around 11 a.m. Harry Pfanz judged that , after some seven hours of bitter combat , `` the Union line was intact and held more strongly than before . '' Lee was forced to change his plans . Longstreet would command Pickett 's Virginia division of his own First Corps , plus six brigades from Hill 's Corps , in an attack on the U.S. II Corps position at the right center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge . Prior to the attack , all the artillery the Confederacy could bring to bear on the U.S. positions would bombard and weaken the enemy 's line . Much has been made over the years of General Longstreet 's objections to General Lee 's plan . In his memoirs , Longstreet described their discussion as follows : ( Lee ) rode over after sunrise and gave his orders . His plan was to assault the enemy 's left centre by a column to be composed of McLaws 's and Hood 's divisions reinforced by Pickett 's brigades . I thought that it would not do ; that the point had been fully tested the day before , by more men , when all were fresh ; that the enemy was there looking for us , as we heard him during the night putting up his defences ; that the divisions of McLaws and Hood were holding a mile ( 1,600 m ) along the right of my line against twenty thousand men , who would follow their withdrawal , strike the flank of the assaulting column , crush it , and get on our rear towards the Potomac River ; that thirty thousand men was the minimum of force necessary for the work ; that even such force would need close co-operation on other parts of the line ; that the column as he proposed to organize it would have only about thirteen thousand men ( the divisions having lost a third of their numbers the day before ) ; that the column would have to march a mile ( 1,600 m ) under concentrating battery fire , and a thousand yards ( 900 m ) under long - range musketry ; that the conditions were different from those in the days of Napoleon , when field batteries had a range of six hundred yards ( 550 m ) and musketry about sixty yards ( 55 m ) . He said the distance was not more than fourteen hundred yards ( 1280 m ) . General Meade 's estimate was a mile or a mile and a half ( 1.6 or 2.4 km ) ( Captain Long , the guide of the field of Gettysburg in 1888 , stated that it was a trifle over a mile ) . He then concluded that the divisions of McLaws and Hood could remain on the defensive line ; that he would reinforce by divisions of the Third Corps and Pickett 's brigades , and stated the point to which the march should be directed . I asked the strength of the column . He stated fifteen thousand . Opinion was then expressed that the fifteen thousand men who could make successful assault over that field had never been arrayed for battle ; but he was impatient of listening , and tired of talking , and nothing was left but to proceed . The `` High Water Mark '' on Cemetery Ridge as it appears today . The monument to the 72nd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment ( `` Baxter 's Philadelphia Fire Zouaves '' ) appears at right , the Copse of Trees to the left . The largest artillery bombardment of the War Around 1 p.m. , from 150 to 170 Confederate guns began an artillery bombardment that was probably the largest of the war . In order to save valuable ammunition for the infantry attack that they knew would follow , the Army of the Potomac 's artillery , under the command of Brig. Gen. Henry Jackson Hunt , at first did not return the enemy 's fire . After waiting about 15 minutes , about 80 U.S. cannons added to the din . The Army of Northern Virginia was critically low on artillery ammunition , and the cannonade did not significantly affect the Union position . Pickett 's charge Around 3 p.m. , the cannon fire subsided , and 12,500 Southern soldiers stepped from the ridgeline and advanced the three - quarters of a mile ( 1,200 m ) to Cemetery Ridge in what is known to history as `` Pickett 's Charge '' . As the Confederates approached , there was fierce flanking artillery fire from Union positions on Cemetery Hill and north of Little Round Top , and musket and canister fire from Hancock 's II Corps . In the Union center , the commander of artillery had held fire during the Confederate bombardment ( in order to save it for the infantry assault , which Meade had correctly predicted the day before ) , leading Southern commanders to believe the Northern cannon batteries had been knocked out . However , they opened fire on the Confederate infantry during their approach with devastating results . Nearly one half of the attackers did not return to their own lines . Although the U.S. line wavered and broke temporarily at a jog called the `` Angle '' in a low stone fence , just north of a patch of vegetation called the Copse of Trees , reinforcements rushed into the breach , and the Confederate attack was repulsed . The farthest advance of Brig. Gen. Lewis A. Armistead 's brigade of Maj. Gen. George Pickett 's division at the Angle is referred to as the `` High - water mark of the Confederacy '' , arguably representing the closest the South ever came to its goal of achieving independence from the Union via military victory . Union and Confederate soldiers locked in hand - to - hand combat , attacking with their rifles , bayonets , rocks and even their bare hands . Armistead ordered his Confederates to turn two captured cannons against Union troops , but discovered that there was no ammunition left , the last double canister shots having been used against the charging Confederates . Armistead was wounded shortly afterward three times . Cavalry battles There were two significant cavalry engagements on July 3 . Stuart was sent to guard the Confederate left flank and was to be prepared to exploit any success the infantry might achieve on Cemetery Hill by flanking the U.S. right and hitting their trains and lines of communications . Three miles ( 5 km ) east of Gettysburg , in what is now called `` East Cavalry Field '' ( not shown on the accompanying map , but between the York and Hanover Roads ) , Stuart 's forces collided with U.S. cavalry : Brig. Gen. David McMurtrie Gregg 's division and Brig. Gen. Custer 's brigade . A lengthy mounted battle , including hand - to - hand sabre combat , ensued . Custer 's charge , leading the 1st Michigan Cavalry , blunted the attack by Wade Hampton 's brigade , blocking Stuart from achieving his objectives in the U.S. rear . Meanwhile , after hearing news of the day 's victory , Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick launched a cavalry attack against the infantry positions of Longstreet 's Corps southwest of Big Round Top . Brig. Gen. Elon J. Farnsworth protested against the futility of such a move , but obeyed orders . Farnsworth was killed in the attack , and his brigade suffered significant losses . Aftermath Casualties `` The Harvest of Death '' : Union dead on the battlefield at Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , photographed July 5 or July 6 , 1863 , by Timothy H. O'Sullivan The two armies suffered between 46,000 and 51,000 casualties . Union casualties were 23,055 ( 3,155 killed , 14,531 wounded , 5,369 captured or missing ) , while Confederate casualties are more difficult to estimate . Many authors have referred to as many as 28,000 Confederate casualties , and Busey and Martin 's more recent 2005 work , Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg , documents 23,231 ( 4,708 killed , 12,693 wounded , 5,830 captured or missing ) . Nearly a third of Lee 's general officers were killed , wounded , or captured . The casualties for both sides during the entire campaign were 57,225 . In addition to being the deadliest battle of the war in terms of total casualties , Gettysburg also had the highest number of Generals killed in action of any battle in the war . The Confederacy lost generals Paul Jones Semmes , William Barksdale , William Dorsey Pender , Richard Garnett , and Lewis Armistead , as well as J. Johnston Pettigrew during the retreat after the battle . The Union lost Generals John Reynolds , Samuel K. Zook , Stephen H. Weed , and Elon J. Farnsworth , as well as Strong Vincent , who after being mortally wounded was given a deathbed promotion to brigadier general . Additional senior officer casualties included the wounding of Union Generals Dan Sickles ( lost a leg ) , Francis C. Barlow , and Winfield Scott Hancock . For the Confederacy , Major General John Bell Hood lost the use of his left arm , while Major General Henry Heth received a shot to the head on the first day of battle ( though incapacitated for the rest of the battle , he remarkably survived without long term injuries , credited in part due to his hat stuffed full of paper dispatches ) . Confederate Generals James Kemper and Isaac R. Trimble were severely wounded during Pickett 's charge and captured during the Confederate retreat . General James J. Archer , in command of a brigade that most likely was responsible for killing Reynolds , was taken prisoner shortly after Reynolds ' death . The following tables summarize casualties by corps for the Union and Confederate forces during the three - day battle . Union Corps Casualties ( k / w / m ) I Corps 6059 ( 666 / 3231 / 2162 ) II Corps 4369 ( 797 / 3194 / 378 ) III Corps 4211 ( 593 / 3029 / 589 ) V Corps 2187 ( 365 / 1611 / 211 ) VI Corps 242 ( 27 / 185 / 30 ) XI Corps 3807 ( 369 / 1924 / 1514 ) XII Corps 1082 ( 204 / 812 / 66 ) Cavalry Corps 852 ( 91 / 354 / 407 ) Artillery Reserve 242 ( 43 / 187 / 12 ) Confederate Corps Casualties ( k / w / m ) First Corps 7665 ( 1617 / 4205 / 1843 ) Second Corps 6686 ( 1301 / 3629 / 1756 ) Third Corps 8495 ( 1724 / 4683 / 2088 ) Cavalry Corps 380 ( 66 / 174 / 140 ) Bruce Catton wrote , `` The town of Gettysburg looked as if some universal moving day had been interrupted by catastrophe . '' But there was only one documented civilian death during the battle : Ginnie Wade ( also widely known as Jennie ) , 20 years old , was hit by a stray bullet that passed through her kitchen in town while she was making bread . Another notable civilian casualty was John L. Burns , a 69 - year old veteran of the War of 1812 who walked to the front lines on the first day of battle and participated in heavy combat as a volunteer , receiving numerous wounds in the process . Despite his age and injuries , Burns survived the battle and lived until 1872 . Nearly 8,000 had been killed outright ; these bodies , lying in the hot summer sun , needed to be buried quickly . Over 3,000 horse carcasses were burned in a series of piles south of town ; townsfolk became violently ill from the stench . Meanwhile , the town of Gettysburg , with its population of just 2,400 , found itself tasked with taking care of 14,000 wounded Union troops and an additional 8,000 Confederate prisoners . Confederate retreat Further information : Retreat from Gettysburg Gettysburg Campaign ( July 5 -- July 14 , 1863 ) The armies stared at one another in a heavy rain across the bloody fields on July 4 , the same day that the Vicksburg garrison surrendered to Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant . Lee had reformed his lines into a defensive position on Seminary Ridge the night of July 3 , evacuating the town of Gettysburg . The Confederates remained on the battlefield , hoping that Meade would attack , but the cautious Union commander decided against the risk , a decision for which he would later be criticized . Both armies began to collect their remaining wounded and bury some of the dead . A proposal by Lee for a prisoner exchange was rejected by Meade . Lee started his Army of Northern Virginia in motion late the evening of July 4 towards Fairfield and Chambersburg . Cavalry under Brig. Gen. John D. Imboden was entrusted to escort the miles - long wagon train of supplies and wounded men that Lee wanted to take back to Virginia with him , using the route through Cashtown and Hagerstown to Williamsport , Maryland . Meade 's army followed , although the pursuit was half - spirited . The recently rain - swollen Potomac trapped Lee 's army on the north bank of the river for a time , but when the Union troops finally caught up , the Confederates had forded the river . The rear - guard action at Falling Waters on July 14 added some more names to the long casualty lists , including General Pettigrew , who was mortally wounded . General James Kemper , severely wounded during Pickett 's charge , was captured during Lee 's retreat . In a brief letter to Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck written on July 7 , Lincoln remarked on the two major Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg . He continued : Now , if Gen. Meade can complete his work so gloriously prosecuted thus far , by the literal or substantial destruction of Lee 's army , the rebellion will be over . Halleck then relayed the contents of Lincoln 's letter to Meade in a telegram . Despite repeated pleas from Lincoln and Halleck , which continued over the next week , Meade did not pursue Lee 's army aggressively enough to destroy it before it crossed back over the Potomac River to safety in the South . The campaign continued into Virginia with light engagements until July 23 , in the minor Battle of Manassas Gap , after which Meade abandoned any attempts at pursuit and the two armies took up positions across from each other on the Rappahannock River . Union reaction to the news of the victory The news of the Union victory electrified the North . A headline in The Philadelphia Inquirer proclaimed `` VICTORY ! WATERLOO ECLIPSED ! '' New York diarist George Templeton Strong wrote : The results of this victory are priceless ... The charm of Robert E. Lee 's invincibility is broken . The Army of the Potomac has at last found a general that can handle it , and has stood nobly up to its terrible work in spite of its long disheartening list of hard - fought failures ... Copperheads are palsied and dumb for the moment at least ... Government is strengthened four-fold at home and abroad . -- George Templeton Strong , Diary , p. 330 . However , the Union enthusiasm soon dissipated as the public realized that Lee 's army had escaped destruction and the war would continue . Lincoln complained to Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles that `` Our army held the war in the hollow of their hand and they would not close it ! '' Brig. Gen. Alexander S. Webb wrote to his father on July 17 , stating that such Washington politicians as `` Chase , Seward and others , '' disgusted with Meade , `` write to me that Lee really won that Battle ! '' Effect on the Confederacy In fact , the Confederates had lost militarily and also politically . During the final hours of the battle , Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens was approaching the Union lines at Norfolk , Virginia , under a flag of truce . Although his formal instructions from Confederate President Jefferson Davis had limited his powers to negotiate on prisoner exchanges and other procedural matters , historian James M. McPherson speculates that he had informal goals of presenting peace overtures . Davis had hoped that Stephens would reach Washington from the south while Lee 's victorious army was marching toward it from the north . President Lincoln , upon hearing of the Gettysburg results , refused Stephens 's request to pass through the lines . Furthermore , when the news reached London , any lingering hopes of European recognition of the Confederacy were finally abandoned . Henry Adams wrote , `` The disasters of the rebels are unredeemed by even any hope of success . It is now conceded that all idea of intervention is at an end . '' Compounding the effects of the defeat would be end of the Siege of Vicksburg , which surrendered to Grant 's Federal armies in the West on July 4 , the day after the Gettysburg battle . The immediate reaction of the Southern military and public sectors was that Gettysburg was a setback , not a disaster . The sentiment was that Lee had been successful on July 1 and had fought a valiant battle on July 2 -- 3 , but could not dislodge the Union Army from the strong defensive position to which it fled . The Confederates successfully stood their ground on July 4 and withdrew only after they realized Meade would not attack them . The withdrawal to the Potomac that could have been a disaster was handled masterfully . Furthermore , the Army of the Potomac had been kept away from Virginia farmlands for the summer and all predicted that Meade would be too timid to threaten them for the rest of the year . Lee himself had a positive view of the campaign , writing to his wife that the army had returned `` rather sooner than I had originally contemplated , but having accomplished what I proposed on leaving the Rappahannock , viz. , relieving the Valley of the presence of the enemy and drawing his Army north of the Potomac . '' He was quoted as saying to Maj . John Seddon , brother of the Confederate secretary of war , `` Sir , we did whip them at Gettysburg , and it will be seen for the next six months that that army will be as quiet as a sucking dove . '' Some Southern publications , such as the Charleston Mercury , criticized Lee 's actions in the campaign and on August 8 , he offered his resignation to President Davis , who quickly rejected it . Gettysburg became a postbellum focus of the `` Lost Cause '' , a movement by writers such as Edward A. Pollard and Jubal Early to explain the reasons for the Confederate defeat in the war . A fundamental premise of their argument was that the South was doomed because of the overwhelming advantage in manpower and industrial might possessed by the North . However , they claim it also suffered because Robert E. Lee , who up until this time had been almost invincible , was betrayed by the failures of some of his key subordinates at Gettysburg : Ewell , for failing to seize Cemetery Hill on July 1 ; Stuart , for depriving the army of cavalry intelligence for a key part of the campaign ; and especially Longstreet , for failing to attack on July 2 as early and as forcefully as Lee had originally intended . In this view , Gettysburg was seen as a great lost opportunity , in which a decisive victory by Lee could have meant the end of the war in the Confederacy 's favor . After the war , General Pickett was asked why Confederates lost at Gettysburg . He replied `` I always thought the Yankees had something to do with it . '' Gettysburg Address Main article : Gettysburg Address Gettysburg , November 19 , 1863 . Crowd of citizens , soldiers , and etc. , with a red arrow indicating Abraham Lincoln Gettysburg National Cemetery The ravages of war were still evident in Gettysburg more than four months later when , on November 19 , the Soldiers ' National Cemetery was dedicated . During this ceremony , President Abraham Lincoln honored the fallen and redefined the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address . Historical assessment Decisive victory controversies The nature of the result of the Battle of Gettysburg has been the subject of controversy for years . Although not seen as overwhelmingly significant at the time , particularly since the war continued for almost two years , in retrospect it has often been cited as the `` turning point '' , usually in combination with the fall of Vicksburg the following day . This is based on the observation that after Gettysburg Lee 's army conducted no more strategic offensives -- his army merely reacted to the initiative of Ulysses S. Grant in 1864 and 1865 -- and by the speculative viewpoint of the Lost Cause writers that a Confederate victory at Gettysburg might have resulted in the end of the war . ( The Army of the Potomac ) had won a victory . It might be less of a victory than Mr. Lincoln had hoped for , but it was nevertheless a victory -- and , because of that , it was no longer possible for the Confederacy to win the war . The North might still lose it , to be sure , if the soldiers or the people should lose heart , but outright defeat was no longer in the cards . Bruce Catton , Glory Road It is currently a widely held view that Gettysburg was a decisive victory for the Union , but the term is considered imprecise . It is inarguable that Lee 's offensive on July 3 was turned back decisively and his campaign in Pennsylvania was terminated prematurely ( although the Confederates at the time argued that this was a temporary setback and that the goals of the campaign were largely met ) . However , when the more common definition of `` decisive victory '' is intended -- an indisputable military victory of a battle that determines or significantly influences the ultimate result of a conflict -- historians are divided . For example , David J. Eicher called Gettysburg a `` strategic loss for the Confederacy '' and James M. McPherson wrote that `` Lee and his men would go on to earn further laurels . But they never again possessed the power and reputation they carried into Pennsylvania those palmy summer days of 1863 . '' However , Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones wrote that the `` strategic impact of the Battle of Gettysburg was ... fairly limited . '' Steven E. Woodworth wrote that `` Gettysburg proved only the near impossibility of decisive action in the Eastern theater . '' Edwin Coddington pointed out the heavy toll on the Army of the Potomac and that `` after the battle Meade no longer possessed a truly effective instrument for the accomplishments of his task . The army needed a thorough reorganization with new commanders and fresh troops , but these changes were not made until Grant appeared on the scene in March 1864 . '' Joseph T. Glatthaar wrote that `` Lost opportunities and near successes plagued the Army of Northern Virginia during its Northern invasion , '' yet after Gettysburg , `` without the distractions of duty as an invading force , without the breakdown of discipline , the Army of Northern Virginia ( remained ) an extremely formidable force . '' Ed Bearss wrote , `` Lee 's invasion of the North had been a costly failure . Nevertheless , at best the Army of the Potomac had simply preserved the strategic stalemate in the Eastern Theater ... '' Furthermore , the Confederacy soon proved it was still capable of winning significant victories over the Northern forces in both the East ( Battle of Cold Harbor ) and West ( Battle of Chickamauga ) . Peter Carmichael refers to the military context for the armies , the `` horrendous losses at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg , which effectively destroyed Lee 's offensive capacity , '' implying that these cumulative losses were not the result of a single battle . Thomas Goss , writing in the U.S. Army 's Military Review journal on the definition of `` decisive '' and the application of that description to Gettysburg , concludes : `` For all that was decided and accomplished , the Battle of Gettysburg fails to earn the label ' decisive battle ' . '' The military historian John Keegan agrees . Gettysburg was a landmark battle , the largest of the war and it would not be surpassed . The Union had restored to it the belief in certain victory , and the loss dispirited the Confederacy . If `` not exactly a decisive battle '' , Gettysburg was the end of Confederate use of Northern Virginia as a military buffer zone , the setting for Grant 's Overland Campaign . Lee vs. Meade George G. Meade Prior to Gettysburg , Robert E. Lee had established a reputation as an almost invincible general , achieving stunning victories against superior numbers -- although usually at the cost of high casualties to his army -- during the Seven Days , the Northern Virginia Campaign ( including the Second Battle of Bull Run ) , Fredericksburg , and Chancellorsville . Only the Maryland Campaign , with its tactically inconclusive Battle of Antietam , had been less than successful . Therefore , historians have attempted to explain how Lee 's winning streak was interrupted so dramatically at Gettysburg . Although the issue is tainted by attempts to portray history and Lee 's reputation in a manner supporting different partisan goals , the major factors in Lee 's loss arguably can be attributed to : ( 1 ) his overconfidence in the invincibility of his men ; ( 2 ) the performance of his subordinates , and his management thereof ; ( 3 ) his failing health , and ( 4 ) the performance of his opponent , George G. Meade , and the Army of the Potomac . Robert E. Lee Throughout the campaign , Lee was influenced by the belief that his men were invincible ; most of Lee 's experiences with the Army of Northern Virginia had convinced him of this , including the great victory at Chancellorsville in early May and the rout of the Union troops at Gettysburg on July 1 . Since morale plays an important role in military victory when other factors are equal , Lee did not want to dampen his army 's desire to fight and resisted suggestions , principally by Longstreet , to withdraw from the recently captured Gettysburg to select a ground more favorable to his army . War correspondent Peter W. Alexander wrote that Lee `` acted , probably , under the impression that his troops were able to carry any position however formidable . If such was the case , he committed an error , such however as the ablest commanders will sometimes fall into . '' Lee himself concurred with this judgment , writing to President Davis , `` No blame can be attached to the army for its failure to accomplish what was projected by me , nor should it be censured for the unreasonable expectations of the public -- I am alone to blame , in perhaps expecting too much of its prowess and valor . '' The most controversial assessments of the battle involve the performance of Lee 's subordinates . The dominant theme of the Lost Cause writers and many other historians is that Lee 's senior generals failed him in crucial ways , directly causing the loss of the battle ; the alternative viewpoint is that Lee did not manage his subordinates adequately , and did not thereby compensate for their shortcomings . Two of his corps commanders -- Richard S. Ewell and A.P. Hill -- had only recently been promoted and were not fully accustomed to Lee 's style of command , in which he provided only general objectives and guidance to their former commander , Stonewall Jackson ; Jackson translated these into detailed , specific orders to his division commanders . All four of Lee 's principal commanders received criticism during the campaign and battle : James Longstreet suffered most severely from the wrath of the Lost Cause authors , not the least because he directly criticized Lee in postbellum writings and became a Republican after the war . His critics accuse him of attacking much later than Lee intended on July 2 , squandering a chance to hit the Union Army before its defensive positions had firmed up . They also question his lack of motivation to attack strongly on July 2 and 3 because he had argued that the army should have maneuvered to a place where it would force Meade to attack them . The alternative view is that Lee was in close contact with Longstreet during the battle , agreed to delays on the morning of July 2 , and never criticized Longstreet 's performance . ( There is also considerable speculation about what an attack might have looked like before Dan Sickles moved the III Corps toward the Peach Orchard . ) J.E.B. Stuart deprived Lee of cavalry intelligence during a good part of the campaign by taking his three best brigades on a path away from the army 's . This arguably led to Lee 's surprise at Hooker 's vigorous pursuit ; the engagement on July 1 that escalated into the full battle prematurely ; and it also prevented Lee from understanding the full disposition of the enemy on July 2 . The disagreements regarding Stuart 's culpability for the situation originate in the relatively vague orders issued by Lee , but most modern historians agree that both generals were responsible to some extent for the failure of the cavalry 's mission early in the campaign . Richard S. Ewell has been universally criticized for failing to seize the high ground on the afternoon of July 1 . Once again the disagreement centers on Lee 's orders , which provided general guidance for Ewell to act `` if practicable . '' Many historians speculate that Stonewall Jackson , if he had survived Chancellorsville , would have aggressively seized Culp 's Hill , rendering Cemetery Hill indefensible , and changing the entire complexion of the battle . A differently worded order from Lee might have made the difference with this subordinate . A.P. Hill has received some criticism for his ineffective performance . His actions caused the battle to begin and then escalate on July 1 , despite Lee 's orders not to bring on a general engagement ( although historians point out that Hill kept Lee well informed of his actions during the day ) . However , Hill 's illness minimized his personal involvement in the remainder of the battle , and Lee took the explicit step of temporarily removing troops from Hill 's corps and giving them to Longstreet for Pickett 's Charge . Winfield S. Hancock In addition to Hill 's illness , Lee 's performance was affected by heart troubles , which would eventually lead to his death in 1870 ; he had been diagnosed with pericarditis by his staff physicians in March 1863 , though modern doctors believe he had in fact suffered a heart attack . He wrote to Jefferson Davis that his physical condition prevented him from offering full supervision in the field , and said , `` I am so dull that in making use of the eyes of others I am frequently misled . '' As a final factor , Lee faced a new and formidable opponent in George G. Meade , and the Army of the Potomac fought well on its home territory . Although new to his army command , Meade deployed his forces relatively effectively ; relied on strong subordinates such as Winfield S. Hancock to make decisions where and when they were needed ; took great advantage of defensive positions ; nimbly shifted defensive resources on interior lines to parry strong threats ; and , unlike some of his predecessors , stood his ground throughout the battle in the face of fierce Confederate attacks . Lee was quoted before the battle as saying Meade `` would commit no blunders on my front and if I make one ... will make haste to take advantage of it . '' That prediction proved to be correct at Gettysburg . Stephen Sears wrote , `` The fact of the matter is that George G. Meade , unexpectedly and against all odds , thoroughly outgeneraled Robert E. Lee at Gettysburg . '' Edwin B. Coddington wrote that the soldiers of the Army of the Potomac received a `` sense of triumph which grew into an imperishable faith in ( themselves ) . The men knew what they could do under an extremely competent general ; one of lesser ability and courage could well have lost the battle . '' Meade had his own detractors as well . Similar to the situation with Lee , Meade suffered partisan attacks about his performance at Gettysburg , but he had the misfortune of experiencing them in person . Supporters of his predecessor , Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker , lambasted Meade before the U.S. Congress 's Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War , where Radical Republicans suspected that Meade was a Copperhead and tried in vain to relieve him from command . Daniel E. Sickles and Daniel Butterfield accused Meade of planning to retreat from Gettysburg during the battle . Most politicians , including Lincoln , criticized Meade for what they considered to be his half - hearted pursuit of Lee after the battle . A number of Meade 's most competent subordinates -- Winfield S. Hancock , John Gibbon , Gouverneur K. Warren , and Henry J. Hunt , all heroes of the battle -- defended Meade in print , but Meade was embittered by the overall experience . Battlefield preservation Battle of Gettysburg Protected area M1857 12 - Pounder `` Napoleon '' at Gettysburg National Military Park Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . Country United States State Pennsylvania County Adams Municipalities Cumberland , Franklin Straban Campaign Theater Gettysburg Eastern Landmark High Water Mark monument @ The Angle on Cemetery Ridge Owners private , federal Website : Park Home ( NPS.gov ) Today , the Gettysburg National Cemetery and Gettysburg National Military Park are maintained by the U.S. National Park Service as two of the nation 's most revered historical landmarks . Although Gettysburg is one of the best known of all Civil War battlefields , it too faces threats to its preservation and interpretation . Many historically significant locations on the battlefield lie outside the boundaries of Gettysburg National Military Park and are vulnerable to residential or commercial development . On July 20 , 2009 , a Comfort Inn and Suites opened on Cemetery Hill , adjacent to Evergreen Cemetery , just one of many modern edifices infringing on the historic field . The Baltimore Pike corridor attracts development that concerns preservationists . Some preservation successes have emerged in recent years . Two proposals to open a casino at Gettysburg were defeated in 2006 and most recently in 2011 , when public pressure forced the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board to reject the proposed gambling hub at the intersection of Routes 15 and 30 , near East Cavalry Field . The Civil War Trust also successfully purchased and transferred 95 acres at the former site of the Gettysburg Country Club to the control of the U.S. Department of the Interior in 2011 . Less than half of the over 11,500 acres on the old Gettysburg Battlefield have been preserved for posterity thus far . The Civil War Trust ( a division of the American Battlefield Trust ) and its partners have acquired and preserved 1,022 acres ( 4.14 km ) of the battlefield in more than 30 separate transactions since 1997 . Some of these acres are now among the 4,998 acres of the Gettysburg National Military Park . In 2015 , the Trust made one of its most important and expensive acquisitions , paying $6 million for a four - acre parcel that included the stone house that Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee used as his headquarters during the battle . The Trust razed a motel , restaurant and other buildings within the parcel to restore Lee 's Headquarters and the site to their wartime appearance , adding interpretive signs . It opened the site to the public in October , 2016 . Commemoration in U.S. postage and coinage Gettysburg Centennial Commemorative issue of 1963 Gettysburg National Military Park Quarter , issued 2011 During the Civil War Centennial , the U.S. Post Office issued five postage stamps commemorating the 100th anniversaries of famous battles , as they occurred over a four - year period , beginning with the Battle of Fort Sumter Centennial issue of 1961 . The Battle of Shiloh commemorative stamp was issued in 1962 , the Battle of Gettysburg in 1963 , the Battle of the Wilderness in 1964 , and the Appomattox Centennial commemorative stamp in 1965 . A commemorative half dollar for the battle was produced in 1936 . As was typical for the period , mintage for the coin was very low , just 26,928 . On January 24 , 2011 , the America the Beautiful quarters released a 25 - cent coin commemorating Gettysburg National Military Park and the Battle of Gettysburg . The reverse side of the coin depicts the monument on Cemetery Ridge to the 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry . In popular culture Film records survive of two Gettysburg reunions , held on the battlefield . At the 50th anniversary ( 1913 ) , veterans re-enacted Pickett 's Charge in a spirit of reconciliation , a meeting that carried great emotional force for both sides . At the 75th anniversary ( 1938 ) , 2500 veterans attended , and there was a ceremonial mass hand - shake across a stone wall . This was recorded on sound film , and some Confederates can be heard giving the Rebel Yell . Iced Earth 's three - part song cycle Gettysburg ( 1863 ) , published in 2004 , dramatizes the battle . The Battle of Gettysburg was depicted in the 1993 film Gettysburg , based on Michael Shaara 's 1974 novel The Killer Angels . The film and novel focused primarily on the actions of Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain , John Buford , Robert E. Lee , and James Longstreet during the battle . The first day focused on Buford 's cavalry defense , the second day on Chamberlain 's defense at Little Round Top , and the third day on Pickett 's Charge . The south winning the Battle of Gettysburg is a popular premise for a point of divergence in American Civil War alternate histories . Here are some examples which either depict or make significant reference to an alternate Battle of Gettysburg ( sometimes simply inserting fantasy or sci - fi elements in an account of the battle ) : Novels : Bring the Jubilee by Ward Moore ; If the South Had Won the Civil War by Mackinlay Kantor ; Civil War Trilogy ( Gettysburg , Grant Comes East , Never Call Retreat ) by Newt Gingrich , William R. Forstchen , and Albert S. Hanser ; Stonewall Jackson at Gettysburg by Douglas Lee Gibboney ; By Force of Arms by Billy Bennett . Also : Harry Turtledove 's Southern Victory series has an analogous battle taking place at Camp Hill , another southeast Pennsylvania town . Short fiction : `` If Lee Had NOT Won the Battle of Gettysburg '' by Winston Churchill in If It Had Happened Otherwise and If , or History Rewritten , `` Sidewise in Time '' by Murray Leinster in various collections , `` A Hard Day for Mother '' by William R. Forstchen in Alternate Generals 1 , `` An Old Man 's Summer '' by Esther Friesner also in AG 1 , `` If the Lost Order Had n't Been Lost '' by James M. McPherson in What If ? and What Ifs ? of American History , `` East of Appomattox '' by Lee Allred in Alternate Generals 3 . Also : In `` Maureen Birnbaum on the Art of War '' ( tribute to Horseclans ) within George Alec Effinger 's sword and sorcery spoof Maureen Birnbaum , Barbarian Swordsperson , two armies in a post-apocalyptic world fight a battle at the Gettysburg site sometime in our distant future . Film and television : The Time Tunnel episode 25 `` The Death Merchant , '' Twin Peaks Season 2 ( as a play within a play acted out by characters in the 1990s ) , C.S.A. : The Confederate States of America , Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter X-Men : Origins Wolverine Ultimate General : Gettysburg is a tactical battle simulator video game first released in June 2014 that allows the player to lead soldiers of either side in the Battle of Gettysburg . An expanded version of the game , Ultimate General : Civil War , covering the entire 4 - year conflict , was pre-released in November 2016 . See also American Civil War portal Bibliography of the American Civil War Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1863 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Gettysburg Cyclorama , a painting by the French artist Paul Philippoteaux depicting Pickett 's Charge Armies in the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Notes Jump up ^ Coddington , p. 573 . See the discussion regarding historians ' judgment on whether Gettysburg should be considered a decisive victory . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 1 , pages 155 - 168 Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 2 , pages 283 - 291 Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 1 , page 151 ^ Jump up to : Busey and Martin , p. 125 : `` Engaged strength '' at the battle was 93,921 . ^ Jump up to : Busey and Martin , p. 260 , state that `` engaged strength '' at the battle was 71,699 ; McPherson , p. 648 , lists the strength at the start of the campaign as 75,000 . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 1 , page 187 ^ Jump up to : Busey and Martin , p. 125 . ^ Jump up to : Busey and Martin , p. 260 , cite 23,231 total ( 4,708 killed ; 12,693 wounded ; 5,830 captured / missing ) . See the section on casualties for a discussion of alternative Confederate casualty estimates , which have been cited as high as 28,000 . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 2 , pages 338 - 346 Jump up ^ Robert D. Quigley , Civil War Spoken Here : A Dictionary of Mispronounced People , Places and Things of the 1860 's ( Collingswood , NJ : C.W. Historicals , 1993 ) , p. 68 . ISBN 0 - 9637745 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Battle of Antietam , the culmination of Lee 's first invasion of the North , had the largest number of casualties in a single day , about 23,000 . ^ Jump up to : Rawley , p. 147 ; Sauers , p. 827 ; Gallagher , Lee and His Army , p. 83 ; McPherson , p. 665 ; Eicher , p. 550 . Gallagher and McPherson cite the combination of Gettysburg and Vicksburg as the turning point . Eicher uses the arguably related expression , `` High - water mark of the Confederacy '' . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Gettysburg '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Britannica.com. 15 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Murray , Williamson ; Hsieh , Wayne Wei - siang ( 2016 ) . `` The War in the East , 1863 '' . A Savage War : A Military History of the Civil War . Princeton University Press . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 69 - 116940 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Symonds , pp. 49 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Loewen , James W. ( 1999 ) . Lies Across America : What American Historic Sites Get Wrong . New York City , New York : Touchstone , Simon & Schuster , Inc. p. 350 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Lee 's troops seized scores of free black people in Maryland and Pennsylvania and sent them south into slavery . This was in keeping with Confederate national policy , which virtually re-enslaved free people of color into work gangs on earthworks throughout the south . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Brooks D. ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` The Soldiers ' Flag ? '' . Crossroads . WordPress . ( T ) he Army of Northern Virginia was under orders to capture and send south supposed escaped slaves during that army 's invasion of Pennsylvania in 1863 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 8 -- 9 ; Eicher , p. 490 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 489 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Symonds , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 45 , 66 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frank ( September 25 , 1864 ) . `` The Rebellion Record : A Diary of American Events , with Documents , Narratives Illustrative Incidents , Poetry , Etc '' . Putnam -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Nye , pp. 272 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Symonds , pp. 41 -- 43 ; Sears , pp. 103 -- 106 ; Esposito , text for Map 94 ( Map 34b in the online version ) ; Eicher , pp. 504 -- 507 ; McPherson , p. 649 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 123 ; Trudeau , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 181 , 189 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 508 -- 509 , discounts Heth 's claim because the previous visit by Early to Gettysburg would have made the lack of shoe factories or stores obvious . However , many mainstream historians accept Heth 's account : Sears , p. 136 ; Foote , p. 465 ; Clark , p. 35 ; Tucker , pp. 97 -- 98 ; Martin , p. 25 ; Pfanz , First Day , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 508 ; Tucker , pp. 99 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 502 -- 503 . Jump up ^ Coddington , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 503 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 155 -- 58 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Gettysburg : Who Really Fired the First Shot - HistoryNet '' . www.historynet.com . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Gettysburg and the American Civil War - The First Shot Marker '' . archive.org . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Martin , pp. 80 -- 81 . The troopers carried single - shot , breechloading carbines manufactured by Sharps , Burnside , and others . It is a modern myth that they were armed with multi-shot repeating carbines . Nevertheless , they were able to fire two or three times faster than a muzzle - loaded carbine or rifle . Jump up ^ Symonds , p. 71 ; Coddington , p. 266 ; Eicher , pp. 510 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Tucker , pp. 112 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Foote , p. 468 Jump up ^ Tucker , p. 184 ; Symonds , p. 74 ; Pfanz , First Day , pp. 269 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Busey and Martin , pp. 298 , 501 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , pp. 275 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Clark , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , pp. 156 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , pp. 337 -- 38 ; Sears , pp. 223 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Martin , pp. 482 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , p. 344 ; Eicher , p. 517 ; Sears , p. 228 ; Trudeau , p. 253 . Both Sears and Trudeau record `` if possible . '' Jump up ^ Martin , p. 9 , citing Thomas L. Livermore 's Numbers & Losses in the Civil War in America ( Houghton Mifflin , 1900 ) . Jump up ^ Longstreet , From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America , ( Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott , 1896 ) , pp. 364 , 365 Jump up ^ Clark , p. 74 ; Eicher , p. 521 . Jump up ^ James Longstreet , From Manassas to Appomattox . ( Philadelphia , PA : J.R. Lippincott company , 1896 ) , p. 365 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 255 ; Clark , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Edward Porter Alexander , Military Memoirs of a Confederate . ( New York : Charles Scribner & Sons , 1907 ) , p. 408 Jump up ^ Longstreet , From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America , ( Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott , 1896 ) , pp. 364 , 368 Jump up ^ Longstreet , From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America , ( Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott , 1896 ) , p. 365 Jump up ^ Longstreet , From Mannassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America , p. 366 Jump up ^ Pfanz , Second Day , pp. 119 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , Second Day , pp. 93 -- 97 ; Eicher , pp. 523 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Longstreet , From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America , p. 369 Jump up ^ Eicher Jump up ^ Harman , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Harman , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 312 -- 24 ; Eicher , pp. 530 -- 35 ; Coddington , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 527 -- 30 ; Clark , pp. 81 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Morgan , James . `` Who saved Little Round Top ? '' . Camp Chase Gazette . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Col. Chamberlain did not lead the charge . Lt. Holman Melcher was the first officer down the slope . Jump up ^ Edward Porter Alexander , Military Memoirs of a Confederate . ( New York : Charles Scribner & Sons , 1907 ) , p. 409 Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 537 -- 38 ; Sauers , p. 835 ; Pfanz , Culp 's Hill , pp. 205 -- 34 ; Clark , pp. 115 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Report of Maj. Gen. R.E. Rodes , CSA , commanding division . JUNE 3 - AUGUST 1 , 1863. -- The Gettysburg Campaign . O.R. -- SERIES I -- VOLUME XXVII / 2 ( S # 44 ) Jump up ^ Sears , p. 257 ; Longacre , pp. 198 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Harman , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , Culp 's Hill , pp. 284 -- 352 ; Eicher , pp. 540 -- 41 ; Coddington , pp. 465 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 542 ; Coddington , pp. 485 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Longstreet , From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America , ( Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott , 1896 ) , pp. 386 - 387 Jump up ^ See discussion of varying gun estimates in Pickett 's Charge article footnote . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 661 -- 63 ; Clark , pp. 133 -- 44 ; Symonds , pp. 214 -- 41 ; Eicher , pp. 543 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 549 -- 50 ; Longacre , pp. 226 -- 31 , 240 - 44 ; Sauers , p. 836 ; Wert , pp. 272 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Examples of the varying Confederate casualties for July 1 -- 3 are Sears , p. 498 ( 22,625 ) ; Coddington , p. 536 ( 20,451 , `` and very likely more '' ) ; Trudeau , p. 529 ( 22,874 ) ; Eicher , p. 550 ( 22,874 , `` but probably actually totaled 28,000 or more '' ) ; McPherson , p. 664 ( 28,000 ) ; Esposito , map 99 ( `` near 28,000 '' ) ; Clark , p. 150 ( 20,448 , `` but probably closer to 28,000 , '' which he inaccurately cites as a nearly 40 % loss ) ; Woodworth , p. 209 ( `` at least equal to Meade 's and possibly as high as 28,000 '' ) ; NPS ( 28,000 ) Jump up ^ Glatthaar , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 513 . Jump up ^ Busey and Martin , pp. 125 -- 47 , 260 -- 315 . Headquarters element casualties account for the minor differences in army totals stated previously . Jump up ^ Catton , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 391 . Jump up ^ `` Gettysburg 's Most Unlikely Hero , An Elderly Citizen Who Volunteered '' . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 511 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Pat . `` Nursing the Wounded at Gettysburg '' . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 550 ; Coddington , pp. 539 -- 44 ; Clark , pp. 146 -- 47 ; Sears , p. 469 ; Wert , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Clark , pp. 147 -- 57 ; Longacre , pp. 268 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Coddington , p. 564 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 535 -- 74 ; Sears , pp. 496 -- 97 ; Eicher , p. 596 ; Wittenberg et al. , One Continuous Fight , pp. 345 -- 46 ... Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 664 . Jump up ^ Donald , p. 446 ; Woodworth , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Coddington , p. 573 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 650 , 664 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Lee and His Army , pp. 86 , 93 , 102 - 05 ; Sears , pp. 501 -- 502 ; McPherson , p. 665 , in contrast to Gallagher , depicts Lee as `` profoundly depressed '' about the battle . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Lee and His Generals , pp. 207 -- 208 ; Sears , p. 503 ; Woodworth , p. 221 . Gallagher 's essay `` Jubal A. Early , The Lost Cause , and Civil War History : A Persistent Legacy '' in Lee and His Generals is a good overview of the Lost Cause movement . Jump up ^ `` This site is temporarily unavailable '' . www.brotherswar.com . Jump up ^ White , p. 251 . White refers to Lincoln 's use of the term `` new birth of freedom '' and writes , `` The new birth that slowly emerged in Lincoln 's politics meant that on November 19 at Gettysburg he was no longer , as in his inaugural address , defending an old Union but proclaiming a new Union . The old Union contained and attempted to restrain slavery . The new Union would fulfill the promise of liberty , the crucial step into the future that the Founders had failed to take . '' Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 665 ; Gallagher , Lee and His Generals , pp. 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Catton , p. 331 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 550 ; McPherson , p. 665 Jump up ^ Hattaway and Jones , p. 415 ; Woodworth , p. xiii ; Coddington , p. 573 ; Glatthaar , p. 288 ; Bearss , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Carmichael , p. xvii ; Goss , Major Thomas ( July -- August 2004 ) . `` Gettysburg 's `` Decisive Battle '' '' ( PDF ) . Military Review : 11 -- 16 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keegan , pp. 202 , 239 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 499 -- 500 ; Glatthaar , p. 287 ; Fuller , p. 198 , states that Lee 's `` overweening confidence in the superiority of his soldiers over his enemy possessed him . '' Jump up ^ For example , Sears , p. 504 : `` In the final analysis , it was Robert E. Lee 's inability to manage his generals that went to the heart of the failed campaign . '' Glatthaar , pp. 285 -- 86 , criticizes the inability of the generals to coordinate their actions as a whole . Fuller , p. 198 , states that Lee `` maintained no grip over the operations '' of his army . Jump up ^ Fuller , p. 195 , for example , refers to orders to Stuart that `` were as usual vague . '' Fuller , p. 197 , wrote `` As was ( Lee 's ) custom , he relied on verbal instructions , and left all details to his subordinates . '' Jump up ^ Woodworth , pp. 209 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 501 -- 502 ; McPherson , pp. 656 -- 57 ; Coddington , pp. 375 -- 80 ; A more detailed collection of historical assessments of Longstreet at Gettysburg may be found in James Longstreet # Gettysburg . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 502 ; A more detailed collection of historical assessments of Stuart in the Gettysburg Campaign may be found in J.E.B. Stuart # Gettysburg . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 654 ; Coddington , pp. 317 -- 19 ; Eicher , pp. 517 -- 18 ; Sears , p. 503 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 502 -- 503 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Jim ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Civil War Medicine ( and Writing ) : Medical Department # 18 - Lee 's Health at Gettysburg '' . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 500 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 506 ; Coddington , p. 573 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 505 -- 507 . Jump up ^ `` Preservation Trust Helps Secure Key Piece of Ground in Gettysburg , Baltimore Civil War Roundtable Newsletter , August 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Gettysburg casino plan defeated , Penn State Civil War History Center , April 15 , 2011 Archived April 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Writer , SCOT ANDREW PITZER Times Staff . `` Country club site acquisition ends 25 - year Park Service effort '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) American Battlefield Trust `` Saved Land '' webpage . Accessed May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gettysburg - Civil War Trust '' . www.battlefields.org . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) The Washington Post , `` Lee 's Gettysburg headquarters restored , set to open Oct. 28 . '' Accessed May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arago : 1963 Civil War Centennial Issue '' . arago.si.edu . Jump up ^ HNAI US Coin Auction Catalog # 1145 , Stamford , CT . Heritage Capital Corporation . 2010 . p. 160 . Jump up ^ `` America the Beautiful Quarters ® Program - U.S. Mint '' . www.usmint.gov . References Bearss , Edwin C. Fields of Honor : Pivotal Battles of the Civil War . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 7568 - 3 . Busey , John W. , and David G. Martin . Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg , 4th ed . Hightstown , NJ : Longstreet House , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 944413 - 67 - 6 . Carmichael , Peter S. , ed . Audacity Personified : The Generalship of Robert E. Lee . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2929 - 1 . Catton , Bruce . Glory Road . Garden City , NY : Doubleday and Company , 1952 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 04167 - 5 . Clark , Champ , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . Gettysburg : The Confederate High Tide . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4758 - 4 . Coddington , Edwin B . The Gettysburg Campaign ; a study in command . New York : Scribner 's , 1968 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84569 - 5 . Donald , David Herbert . Lincoln . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80846 - 3 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Foote , Shelby . The Civil War : A Narrative . Vol. 2 , Fredericksburg to Meridian . New York : Random House , 1958 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 49517 - 9 . Fuller , Maj. Gen. J.F.C. Grant and Lee : A Study in Personality and Generalship . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1957 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 13400 - 5 . Gallagher , Gary W. Lee and His Army in Confederate History . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2631 - 7 . Gallagher , Gary W. Lee and His Generals in War and Memory . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2958 - 5 . Glatthaar , Joseph T. General Lee 's Army : From Victory to Collapse . New York : Free Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82787 - 2 . Harman , Troy D. Lee 's Real Plan at Gettysburg . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0054 - 2 . Hattaway , Herman , and Archer Jones . How the North Won : A Military History of the Civil War . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 00918 - 5 . Keegan , John . The American Civil War : A Military History . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26343 - 8 . Longacre , Edward G . The Cavalry at Gettysburg . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7941 - 8 . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Martin , David G. Gettysburg July 1 . rev . ed . Conshohocken , PA : Combined Publishing , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 81 - 0 . Murray , Williamson and Wayne Wei - siang Hsieh . `` A Savage War : A Military History of the Civil War '' . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2016 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 69 - 116940 - 8 . Nye , Wilbur S. Here Come the Rebels ! Dayton , OH : Morningside House , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 89029 - 080 - 6 . First published in 1965 by Louisiana State University Press . Pfanz , Harry W. Gettysburg -- The First Day . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2624 - 3 . Pfanz , Harry W. Gettysburg -- The Second Day . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1749 - X . Pfanz , Harry W. Gettysburg : Culp 's Hill and Cemetery Hill . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2118 - 7 . Rawley , James A. ( 1966 ) . Turning Points of the Civil War . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8935 - 9 . OCLC 44957745 . Sauers , Richard A. `` Battle of Gettysburg . '' In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History , edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . Sears , Stephen W. Gettysburg . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 86761 - 4 . Symonds , Craig L. American Heritage History of the Battle of Gettysburg . New York : HarperCollins , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019474 - X . Tagg , Larry . The Generals of Gettysburg . Campbell , CA : Savas Publishing , 1998 . ISBN 1 - 882810 - 30 - 9 . Trudeau , Noah Andre . Gettysburg : A Testing of Courage . New York : HarperCollins , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019363 - 8 . Tucker , Glenn . High Tide at Gettysburg . Dayton , OH : Morningside House , 1983 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 914427 - 82 - 7 . First published 1958 by Bobbs - Merrill Co . Wert , Jeffry D. Gettysburg : Day Three . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85914 - 9 . White , Ronald C. , Jr . The Eloquent President : A Portrait of Lincoln Through His Words . New York : Random House , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6119 - 9 . Wittenberg , Eric J. , J. David Petruzzi , and Michael F. Nugent . One Continuous Fight : The Retreat from Gettysburg and the Pursuit of Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia , July 4 -- 14 , 1863 . New York : Savas Beatie , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 43 - 2 . Woodworth , Steven E. Beneath a Northern Sky : A Short History of the Gettysburg Campaign . Wilmington , DE : SR Books ( scholarly Resources , Inc . ) , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2933 - 8 . Memoirs and primary sources Paris , Louis - Philippe - Albert d'Orléans . The Battle of Gettysburg : A History of the Civil War in America . Digital Scanning , Inc. , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 58218 - 066 - 0 . First published 1869 by Germer Baillière . New York ( State ) , William F. Fox , and Daniel Edgar Sickles . New York at Gettysburg : Final Report on the Battlefield of Gettysburg . Albany , NY : J.B. Lyon Company , Printers , 1900 . OCLC 607395975 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 . Further reading Adkin , Mark . The Gettysburg Companion : The Complete Guide to America 's Most Famous Battle . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 0439 - 7 . Bachelder , John B . The Bachelder Papers : Gettysburg in Their Own Words . Edited by David L. Ladd and Audrey J. Ladd. 3 vols . Dayton , OH : Morningside Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 89029 - 320 - 1 . Bachelder , John B. Gettysburg : What to See , and How to See It : Embodying Full Information for Visiting the Field . Boston : Bachelder , 1873 . OCLC 4637523 . Ballard , Ted , and Billy Arthur . Gettysburg Staff Ride Briefing Book . Carlisle , PA : United States Army Center of Military History , 1999 . OCLC 42908450 . Bearss , Edwin C. Receding Tide : Vicksburg and Gettysburg : The Campaigns That Changed the Civil War . Washington DC : National Geographic Society , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0510 - 1 . Boritt , Gabor S. , ed . The Gettysburg Nobody Knows . New York : Oxford University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510223 - 1 . Desjardin , Thomas A. These Honored Dead : How the Story of Gettysburg Shaped American Memory . New York : Da Capo Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81267 - 3 . Frassanito , William A. Early Photography at Gettysburg . Gettysburg , PA : Thomas Publications , 1995 . ISBN 1 - 57747 - 032 - X . Lyon Fremantle , Arthur J. The Fremantle Diary : A Journal of the Confederacy . Edited by Walter Lord . Short Hills , NJ : Burford Books , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 58080 - 085 - 8 . First published 1954 by Capicorn Books . Gallagher , Gary W. , ed . Three Days at Gettysburg : Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 629 - 9 . Gottfried , Bradley M. Brigades of Gettysburg . New York : Da Capo Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81175 - 8 . Gottfried , Bradley M. The Maps of Gettysburg : An Atlas of the Gettysburg Campaign , June 3 -- 13 , 1863 . New York : Savas Beatie , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 30 - 2 . Grimsley , Mark , and Brooks D. Simpson . Gettysburg : A Battlefield Guide . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7077 - 1 . Guelzo , Allen C. Gettysburg : The Last Invasion . New York : Vintage Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 74069 - 4 . First published in 2013 by Alfred A. Knopf . Hall , Jeffrey C. The Stand of the U.S. Army at Gettysburg . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34258 - 9 . Haskell , Frank Aretas . The Battle of Gettysburg . Whitefish , MT : Kessinger Publishing , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4286 - 6012 - 0 . Hawthorne , Frederick W. Gettysburg : Stories of Men and Monuments . Gettysburg , PA : Association of Licensed Battlefield Guides , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 9657444 - 0 - X . Hoptak , John David . Confrontation at Gettysburg : A Nation Saved , a Cause Lost . Charleston , SC : The History Press , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60949 - 426 - 1 . Huntington , Tom . Pennsylvania Civil War Trails : The Guide to Battle Sites , Monuments , Museums and Towns . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 3379 - 3 . Laino , Philip , Gettysburg Campaign Atlas , 2nd ed . Dayton , OH : Gatehouse Press 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934900 - 45 - 1 . McMurry , Richard M. `` The Pennsylvania Gambit and the Gettysburg Splash . '' In The Gettysburg Nobody Knows , edited by Gabor Boritt . New York : Oxford University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510223 - 1 . McPherson , James M. Hallowed Ground : A Walk at Gettysburg . New York : Crown Publishers , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 609 - 61023 - 6 . Petruzzi , J. David , and Steven Stanley . The Complete Gettysburg Guide . New York : Savas Beatie , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 63 - 0 . Shaara , Michael . The Killer Angels : A Novel . New York : Ballantine Books , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 44412 - 7 . First published 1974 by David McKay Co . Stackpole , Gen. Edward J. They Met at Gettysburg . Harrisburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 1956 , OCLC 22643644 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Gettysburg , Gettysburg Battlefield and Gettysburg National Military Park . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the battle of gettysburg during the civil war | [
"The Battle of Gettysburg (locally /ˈɡɛtɪsbɜːrɡ/ ( listen), with an /s/ sound)[11] was fought July 1–3, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War. The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war's turning point.[12][13] Union Maj. Gen. George Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, halting Lee's invasion of the North."
] | [
"point.[12][13] Union Maj. Gen. George Meade's Army"
] |
1209237091746216526 | Ain't No Mountain High Enough | Ai n't No Mountain High Enough - wikipedia Ai n't No Mountain High Enough `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' Single by Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell from the album United B - side `` Give a Little Love '' Released April 20 , 1967 Format 7 - inch single Recorded December 1966 -- February 1967 Studio Hitsville USA , Detroit , Michigan Genre Soul rhythm and blues pop Length 2 : 28 Label Tamla ( T - 54149 ) Songwriter ( s ) Nickolas Ashford Valerie Simpson Producer ( s ) Harvey Fuqua Johnny Bristol Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell singles chronology `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' ( 1967 ) `` Your Precious Love '' ( 1967 ) `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' is an R&B / soul song written by Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson in 1966 for the Tamla label , a division of Motown . The composition was first successful as a 1967 hit single recorded by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell , becoming a hit again in 1970 when recorded by former Supremes frontwoman Diana Ross . The song became Ross ' first solo number - one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and was nominated for a Grammy Award . Contents 1 History 1.1 Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell original 1.2 The Supremes and Temptations version 2 Diana Ross solo version 3 Chart history 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Credits and personnel 4 Notable remakes / Usage in media 5 Personnel 5.1 Gaye / Terrell version 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell original ( edit ) The song was written by Ashford and Simpson prior to joining Motown . British soul singer Dusty Springfield wanted to record the song but the duo declined , hoping it would give them access to the Detroit - based label . As Valerie Simpson later recalled , `` We played that song for her ( Springfield ) but would n't give it to her , because we wanted to hold that back . We felt like that could be our entry to Motown . Nick called it the ' golden egg ' . '' Dusty recorded a similar verse melody in ' I 'm Gonna Leave You ' on Dusty . The original 1967 version of `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' was a top twenty hit . According to record producers , Terrell was a little nervous and intimidated during recording because she did not rehearse the lyrics . Terrell recorded her vocals alone with producers Harvey Fuqua and Johnny Bristol , who added Gaye 's vocal at a later date . `` Ai n't No Mountain '' peaked at number nineteen on the Billboard pop charts , and went to number three on the R&B charts . This original version of `` Ai n't No Mountain '' , produced by Fuqua and Bristol , was a care - free , danceable , and romantic love song that became the signature duet between Gaye and Terrell . Its success led to a string of more Ashford / Simpson penned duets ( including `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' , `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' , and `` Your Precious Love '' ) . The Gaye / Terrell version was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999 , and is regarded today as one of the most important records ever released by Motown . The Supremes and Temptations version ( edit ) Diana Ross & The Supremes recorded a version of `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' which was more faithful to the Terrell - Gaye original version as a duet with The Temptations . That song was an album cut from a joint LP released by Motown Records in 1968 on the two superstar groups , titled Diana Ross & the Supremes Join The Temptations . Diana Ross solo version ( edit ) `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' Single by Diana Ross from the album Diana Ross B - side `` Ca n't It Wait Until Tomorrow '' Released July 16 , 1970 Format 7 - inch single Recorded March 13 , 14 , and 18 , 1970 Studio Hitsville USA ( Studio A ) , Detroit , Michigan Genre Soul Length 6 : 18 ( album version ) 3 : 32 ( single version ) Label Motown ( M 1169 ) Songwriter ( s ) Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson Producer ( s ) Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson Diana Ross singles chronology `` Reach Out and Touch ( Somebody 's Hand ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' ( 1970 ) `` Remember Me '' ( 1970 ) In spring 1970 , after the Top 20 success of her first solo single , `` Reach Out and Touch ( Somebody 's Hand ) '' , Ashford and Simpson had Ross re-record `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' . Initially , Ross was apprehensive , but was convinced to make the recording . The remake was similar to gospel with elements of classical music strings ( provided by the Detroit Symphony Orchestra ) , spoken word passages from Ross , with The Andantes , Jimmy Beavers , Jo Armstead , Ashford & Simpson and Brenda Evans and Billie Calvin of The Undisputed Truth as backing singers , giving the song a soul and gospel vocal element . Motown chief Berry Gordy did not like the record upon first hearing it . He hated the spoken - word passages and wanted the song to begin with the climactic chorus / bridge . It was not until radio stations nationwide were editing their own versions and adding it to their playlists that Ashford and Simpson were able to convince Gordy to release an edited three - minute version as a single . Ross ' version of `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' rose up to number one on both the pop and R&B singles charts . Ross received a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . This version is in the key of C minor for most of the song , then towards the end , the key changes to F sharp major . In 2017 , `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' was remixed by Eric Kupper , StoneBridge , and Chris Cox , amongst others , on Motown / UMe . The new remix went to number one on the Billboard US Dance Club Songs chart . Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position Australia 25 Canada 7 Ireland 14 UK 6 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 6 U.S. Billboard R&B U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Canada 97 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 6 U.S. R&B ( Billboard ) 16 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Lead vocals by Diana Ross Background vocals by Nickolas Ashford , Valerie Simpson , Joshie Armstead , Jimmy Beavers , and The Andantes : Jackie Hicks , Marlene Barrow , and Louvain Demps Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers and the Detroit Symphony Orchestra , with Valerie Simpson on the piano . Notable remakes / usage in media ( edit ) Hugh Masekela included the song in his 1968 album The Promise of a Future . In 1981 , American Disco band Inner Life from Salsoul Records released their version , which topped # 20 on US Dance Chart . The Boys Town Gang formed a medley of the two songs `` Remember Me '' and `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' in 1981 . The single was a club hit . Australian singer Jimmy Barnes released an album of soul remakes titled Soul Deep in 1991 , including his rock version of `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' . His version reached # 28 in Australia in 1992 . In 1993 , the film Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit , incorporates a unique mashup cover version , in which the verses and chorus of the song contain the original Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell version , whereas the Diana Ross version 's bridge and ending are used . It is performed by Whoopi Goldberg and the rest of the cast . The original Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell version was used in the 1998 film Stepmom ( film ) when Jackie decides to dance with her children Anna and Ben . The song was used in the 1999 film Our Friend , Martin . Performed by Debelah Morgan In 2000 , Dutch airline carrier KLM used the Supremes / Temptations version in a commercial . Also in 2000 , Disney featured the song in the sports drama film Remember the Titans . Both in 2003 and 2004 , Swedish girl group Play covered the song on their albums Replay , and Do n't Stop the Music with both members Janet Leon , and Fanny Hamlin . In 2004 , Scottish singer Jimmy Somerville covered the song in his album `` Home Again '' . In 2005 , the Diana Ross version was featured at the end of the animated film Chicken Little . In 2006 , Australian vocal group Human Nature included a remake on the second album of their Motown trilogy , Dancing in the Street : the Songs of Motown II . The album debuted at # 1 on the ARIA charts . Also in 2003 , Michael McDonald included the song on the first of his Motown trilogy , Motown . In 2009 , Lucy Hale and Courtney Thorne - Smith performed a cover of the song from the television film Sorority Wars . In 2011 , the song was re-recorded by Paul Epworth and used in a commercial for DHL . In 2011 , the French singer Chimène Badi recorded a version with the singer Billy Paul . In 2013 , Michael Bolton recorded the song with Kelly Rowland for his 2013 album Ai n't No Mountain High Enough -- Tribute to Hitsville . Amy Winehouse used the backing of the song in `` Tears Dry on Their Own '' in her second and final album , Back to Black . An orchestral version of the song was featured in a TD Canada Trust commercial that debuted in 2017 . In 2018 , a remix of the Diana Ross version reached # 1 on the US Dance Club Songs chart . Diana Ross appeared at the Abbey Night Club in West Hollywood to promote the new remix . Personnel ( edit ) Gaye / Terrell version ( edit ) All vocals by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers and Detroit Symphony Orchestra See also ( edit ) List of number - one dance singles of 2018 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Valerie Simpson interview ; Ashford and Simpson remembered '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Chin , Brian ( 2001 ) . Liner notes for Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell : The Complete Duets . New York : Motown Records / UMG Recordings . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel . The Billboard Book of Top 40 R&B and Hip - Hop Hits . New York , NY : Billboard Books , 2006 . Print . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 501 . Jump up ^ `` Diana Ross -- Ai n't No Mountain High Enough / Ca n't It Wait Until Tomorrow '' . discogs . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Club Songs -- January 20 , 2018 '' . Billboard . January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2002 ) ^ Jump up to : `` 1969 : The Top 100 Soul / R&B Singles '' . Rate Your Music . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1970 / Top 100 Songs of 1970 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic : Inner Life -- Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Chart Position @ Australian-Charts.com Retrieved May 3 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` DHL Express presents `` The International Specialists '' `` . DHL . May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Ai n't No Mountain High Enough Lyrics Marvin Gaye singles 1960s : ( Tamla ) 1961 `` Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide '' 1962 `` Sandman '' `` Soldier 's Plea '' `` Stubborn Kind of Fellow '' `` Hitch Hike '' 1963 `` Pride and Joy '' `` Can I Get a Witness '' 1964 `` You 're a Wonderful One '' `` Once Upon a Time '' `` What 's the Matter with You Baby '' `` Try It Baby '' `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' `` What Good Am I Without You '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' 1965 `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Pretty Little Baby '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' 1966 `` One More Heartache '' `` Take This Heart of Mine '' `` Little Darling ( I Need You ) '' `` It Takes Two '' 1967 `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Your Unchanging Love '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` You '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' / `` If This World Were Mine '' 1968 `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` Chained '' `` Keep On Lovin ' Me Honey '' `` You Ai n't Livin ' till You 're Lovin ' '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' 1969 `` Good Lovin ' Ai n't Easy to Come By '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` What You Gave Me '' `` How Can I Forget '' 1970s : ( Tamla ) 1970 `` Gonna Give Her All the Love I 've Got '' `` The Onion Song '' `` California Soul '' `` The End of Our Road '' 1971 `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Save the Children '' 1972 `` You 're the Man '' `` Trouble Man '' `` I Want to Come Home for Christmas '' 1973 `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Come Get to This '' `` You Sure Love to Ball '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Distant Lover '' 1976 `` I Want You '' `` After the Dance '' `` Since I Had You '' 1977 `` Got to Give It Up '' 1978 `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' 1979 `` A Funky Space Reincarnation '' `` Anger '' `` Ego Tripping Out '' 1980s : ( Tamla / Columbia ) 1981 `` Praise '' `` Heavy Love Affair '' 1982 `` Sexual Healing '' `` My Love Is Waiting '' `` ' Til Tomorrow '' `` Joy '' Posthumous 1985 `` Sanctified Lady '' `` It 's Madness '' `` Just Like '' 1986 `` The World Is Rated X '' 1991 `` My Last Chance '' `` Lucky , Lucky Me '' 1995 `` This Love Starved Heart Of Mine ( It 's Killing Me ) '' `` Music '' 2005 `` Let 's Get It On ( The M.P.G. Groove Remix ) '' 2015 `` Where Are We Going '' Book Category Portal Diana Ross singles Discography 1970s singles `` Reach Out and Touch ( Somebody 's Hand ) '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Remember Me '' `` Reach Out ( I 'll Be There ) '' `` Surrender '' `` I 'm Still Waiting '' `` Good Morning Heartache '' `` Touch Me in the Morning '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' `` Last Time I Saw Him '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' `` Love Hangover '' `` Gettin ' Ready for Love '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' `` What You Gave Me '' `` The Boss '' `` It 's My House '' 1980s singles `` Upside Down '' `` I 'm Coming Out '' `` My Old Piano '' `` It 's My Turn '' `` Endless Love '' `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' `` Mirror , Mirror '' `` Muscles '' `` Pieces of Ice '' `` All of You '' `` Swept Away '' `` Missing You '' `` Eaten Alive '' `` Chain Reaction '' 1990 -- 2000s singles `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' ( Remix ) `` Take Me Higher '' `` I Will Survive '' `` Not Over You Yet '' `` Goin ' Back '' `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' Featured singles `` A Brand New Day '' `` We Are the World '' Book Category Template Jimmy Somerville Discography Studio albums Read My Lips Dare to Love Manage the Damage Home Again Compilations The Singles Collection 1984 / 1990 The Very Best of Jimmy Somerville , Bronski Beat and The Communards For a Friend : The Best of Bronski Beat , The Communards & Jimmy Somerville Singles `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Comment te dire adieu '' `` You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) '' `` Read My Lips ( Enough Is Enough ) '' `` To Love Somebody '' `` Smalltown Boy ( ' 91 Remix ) '' `` Gimme Shelter '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Hurt So Good '' `` By Your Side '' `` The Number One Song in Heaven '' `` Why ? ( Almighty Mix ) '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' Other songs `` Love to Love You Baby '' `` Johnny Remember Me '' `` Lover Man '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` From This Moment On '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' `` But Not Tonight '' `` I Was Born This Way '' `` Tell Me Why '' Related articles Bronski Beat The Communards Category Book Michael McDonald Studio albums If That 's What It Takes ( 1982 ) No Lookin ' Back ( 1985 ) Take It to Heart ( 1990 ) Blink of an Eye ( 1993 ) Blue Obsession ( 2000 ) Motown ( 2003 ) Motown Two ( 2004 ) Soul Speak ( 2008 ) Wide Open ( 2017 ) Compilation albums Sweet Freedom ( 1986 ) Singles `` I Keep Forgettin ' ( Every Time You 're Near ) '' `` No Lookin ' Back '' `` Sweet Freedom '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Reach Out , I 'll Be There '' `` Baby I Need Your Lovin ' '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Deck the Halls / Jingle Bells '' `` Walk On By '' `` ( Your Love Keeps Lifting Me ) Higher and Higher '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas ! '' Related articles Discography The Doobie Brothers Toto Amy Holland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_No_Mountain_High_Enough&oldid=854506130 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1970 singles Marvin Gaye songs Tammi Terrell songs Diana Ross songs Michael McDonald ( singer ) songs Songs written by Valerie Simpson Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Vocal duets Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Song recordings produced by Harvey Fuqua 1966 songs Tamla Records singles Song recordings produced by Johnny Bristol Song recordings produced by Ashford & Simpson Songs written by Nickolas Ashford Garage house songs Motown singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from August 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Euskara Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 21 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | movie with the song ain't no mountain high enough | [
"Hugh Masekela included the song in his 1968 album The Promise of a Future.\nIn 1981, American Disco band Inner Life from Salsoul Records released their version, which topped #20 on US Dance Chart.[12]\nThe Boys Town Gang formed a medley of the two songs \"Remember Me\" and \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\" in 1981. The single was a club hit.\nAustralian singer Jimmy Barnes released an album of soul remakes titled Soul Deep in 1991, including his rock version of \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\". His version reached #28 in Australia in 1992.[13]\nIn 1993, the film Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit, incorporates a unique mashup cover version, in which the verses and chorus of the song contain the original Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell version, whereas the Diana Ross version's bridge and ending are used. It is performed by Whoopi Goldberg and the rest of the cast.\nThe original Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell version was used in the 1998 film Stepmom (film) when Jackie decides to dance with her children Anna and Ben.\nThe song was used in the 1999 film Our Friend, Martin. Performed by Debelah Morgan\nIn 2000, Dutch airline carrier KLM used the Supremes/Temptations version in a commercial.\nAlso in 2000, Disney featured the song in the sports drama film Remember the Titans.\nBoth in 2003 and 2004, Swedish girl group Play covered the song on their albums Replay, and Don't Stop the Music with both members Janet Leon, and Fanny Hamlin.\nIn 2004, Scottish singer Jimmy Somerville covered the song in his album \"Home Again\".\nIn 2005, the Diana Ross version was featured at the end of the animated film Chicken Little.\nIn 2006, Australian vocal group Human Nature included a remake on the second album of their Motown trilogy, Dancing in the Street: the Songs of Motown II. The album debuted at #1 on the ARIA charts.\nAlso in 2003, Michael McDonald included the song on the first of his Motown trilogy, Motown.\nIn 2009, Lucy Hale and Courtney Thorne-Smith performed a cover of the song from the television film Sorority Wars.\nIn 2011, the song was re-recorded by Paul Epworth and used in a commercial for DHL.[14]\nIn 2011, the French singer Chimène Badi recorded a version with the singer Billy Paul.\nIn 2013, Michael Bolton recorded the song with Kelly Rowland for his 2013 album Ain't No Mountain High Enough – Tribute to Hitsville.\nAmy Winehouse used the backing of the song in \"Tears Dry on Their Own\" in her second and final album, Back to Black.\nAn orchestral version of the song was featured in a TD Canada Trust commercial that debuted in 2017.\nIn 2018, a remix of the Diana Ross version reached #1 on the US Dance Club Songs chart. Diana Ross appeared at the Abbey Night Club in West Hollywood to promote the new remix.",
"Hugh Masekela included the song in his 1968 album The Promise of a Future.\nIn 1981, American Disco band Inner Life from Salsoul Records released their version, which topped #20 on US Dance Chart.[12]\nThe Boys Town Gang formed a medley of the two songs \"Remember Me\" and \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\" in 1981. The single was a club hit.\nAustralian singer Jimmy Barnes released an album of soul remakes titled Soul Deep in 1991, including his rock version of \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\". His version reached #28 in Australia in 1992.[13]\nIn 1993, the film Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit, incorporates a unique mashup cover version, in which the verses and chorus of the song contain the original Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell version, whereas the Diana Ross version's bridge and ending are used. It is performed by Whoopi Goldberg and the rest of the cast.\nThe original Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell version was used in the 1998 film Stepmom (film) when Jackie decides to dance with her children Anna and Ben.\nThe song was used in the 1999 film Our Friend, Martin. Performed by Debelah Morgan\nIn 2000, Dutch airline carrier KLM used the Supremes/Temptations version in a commercial.\nAlso in 2000, Disney featured the song in the sports drama film Remember the Titans.\nBoth in 2003 and 2004, Swedish girl group Play covered the song on their albums Replay, and Don't Stop the Music with both members Janet Leon, and Fanny Hamlin.\nIn 2004, Scottish singer Jimmy Somerville covered the song in his album \"Home Again\".\nIn 2005, the Diana Ross version was featured at the end of the animated film Chicken Little.\nIn 2006, Australian vocal group Human Nature included a remake on the second album of their Motown trilogy, Dancing in the Street: the Songs of Motown II. The album debuted at #1 on the ARIA charts.\nAlso in 2003, Michael McDonald included the song on the first of his Motown trilogy, Motown.\nIn 2009, Lucy Hale and Courtney Thorne-Smith performed a cover of the song from the television film Sorority Wars.\nIn 2011, the song was re-recorded by Paul Epworth and used in a commercial for DHL.[14]\nIn 2011, the French singer Chimène Badi recorded a version with the singer Billy Paul.\nIn 2013, Michael Bolton recorded the song with Kelly Rowland for his 2013 album Ain't No Mountain High Enough – Tribute to Hitsville.\nAmy Winehouse used the backing of the song in \"Tears Dry on Their Own\" in her second and final album, Back to Black.\nAn orchestral version of the song was featured in a TD Canada Trust commercial that debuted in 2017.\nIn 2018, a remix of the Diana Ross version reached #1 on the US Dance Club Songs chart. Diana Ross appeared at the Abbey Night Club in West Hollywood to promote the new remix.",
"Hugh Masekela included the song in his 1968 album The Promise of a Future.\nIn 1981, American Disco band Inner Life from Salsoul Records released their version, which topped #20 on US Dance Chart.[12]\nThe Boys Town Gang formed a medley of the two songs \"Remember Me\" and \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\" in 1981. The single was a club hit.\nAustralian singer Jimmy Barnes released an album of soul remakes titled Soul Deep in 1991, including his rock version of \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\". His version reached #28 in Australia in 1992.[13]\nIn 1993, the film Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit, incorporates a unique mashup cover version, in which the verses and chorus of the song contain the original Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell version, whereas the Diana Ross version's bridge and ending are used. It is performed by Whoopi Goldberg and the rest of the cast.\nThe original Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell version was used in the 1998 film Stepmom (film) when Jackie decides to dance with her children Anna and Ben.\nThe song was used in the 1999 film Our Friend, Martin. Performed by Debelah Morgan\nIn 2000, Dutch airline carrier KLM used the Supremes/Temptations version in a commercial.\nAlso in 2000, Disney featured the song in the sports drama film Remember the Titans.\nBoth in 2003 and 2004, Swedish girl group Play covered the song on their albums Replay, and Don't Stop the Music with both members Janet Leon, and Fanny Hamlin.\nIn 2004, Scottish singer Jimmy Somerville covered the song in his album \"Home Again\".\nIn 2005, the Diana Ross version was featured at the end of the animated film Chicken Little.\nIn 2006, Australian vocal group Human Nature included a remake on the second album of their Motown trilogy, Dancing in the Street: the Songs of Motown II. The album debuted at #1 on the ARIA charts.\nAlso in 2003, Michael McDonald included the song on the first of his Motown trilogy, Motown.\nIn 2009, Lucy Hale and Courtney Thorne-Smith performed a cover of the song from the television film Sorority Wars.\nIn 2011, the song was re-recorded by Paul Epworth and used in a commercial for DHL.[14]\nIn 2011, the French singer Chimène Badi recorded a version with the singer Billy Paul.\nIn 2013, Michael Bolton recorded the song with Kelly Rowland for his 2013 album Ain't No Mountain High Enough – Tribute to Hitsville.\nAmy Winehouse used the backing of the song in \"Tears Dry on Their Own\" in her second and final album, Back to Black.\nAn orchestral version of the song was featured in a TD Canada Trust commercial that debuted in 2017.\nIn 2018, a remix of the Diana Ross version reached #1 on the US Dance Club Songs chart. Diana Ross appeared at the Abbey Night Club in West Hollywood to promote the new remix.",
"Hugh Masekela included the song in his 1968 album The Promise of a Future.\nIn 1981, American Disco band Inner Life from Salsoul Records released their version, which topped #20 on US Dance Chart.[12]\nThe Boys Town Gang formed a medley of the two songs \"Remember Me\" and \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\" in 1981. The single was a club hit.\nAustralian singer Jimmy Barnes released an album of soul remakes titled Soul Deep in 1991, including his rock version of \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\". His version reached #28 in Australia in 1992.[13]\nIn 1993, the film Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit, incorporates a unique mashup cover version, in which the verses and chorus of the song contain the original Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell version, whereas the Diana Ross version's bridge and ending are used. It is performed by Whoopi Goldberg and the rest of the cast.\nThe original Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell version was used in the 1998 film Stepmom (film) when Jackie decides to dance with her children Anna and Ben.\nThe song was used in the 1999 film Our Friend, Martin. Performed by Debelah Morgan\nIn 2000, Dutch airline carrier KLM used the Supremes/Temptations version in a commercial.\nAlso in 2000, Disney featured the song in the sports drama film Remember the Titans.\nBoth in 2003 and 2004, Swedish girl group Play covered the song on their albums Replay, and Don't Stop the Music with both members Janet Leon, and Fanny Hamlin.\nIn 2004, Scottish singer Jimmy Somerville covered the song in his album \"Home Again\".\nIn 2005, the Diana Ross version was featured at the end of the animated film Chicken Little.\nIn 2006, Australian vocal group Human Nature included a remake on the second album of their Motown trilogy, Dancing in the Street: the Songs of Motown II. The album debuted at #1 on the ARIA charts.\nAlso in 2003, Michael McDonald included the song on the first of his Motown trilogy, Motown.\nIn 2009, Lucy Hale and Courtney Thorne-Smith performed a cover of the song from the television film Sorority Wars.\nIn 2011, the song was re-recorded by Paul Epworth and used in a commercial for DHL.[14]\nIn 2011, the French singer Chimène Badi recorded a version with the singer Billy Paul.\nIn 2013, Michael Bolton recorded the song with Kelly Rowland for his 2013 album Ain't No Mountain High Enough – Tribute to Hitsville.\nAmy Winehouse used the backing of the song in \"Tears Dry on Their Own\" in her second and final album, Back to Black.\nAn orchestral version of the song was featured in a TD Canada Trust commercial that debuted in 2017.\nIn 2018, a remix of the Diana Ross version reached #1 on the US Dance Club Songs chart. Diana Ross appeared at the Abbey Night Club in West Hollywood to promote the new remix.",
"Hugh Masekela included the song in his 1968 album The Promise of a Future.\nIn 1981, American Disco band Inner Life from Salsoul Records released their version, which topped #20 on US Dance Chart.[12]\nThe Boys Town Gang formed a medley of the two songs \"Remember Me\" and \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\" in 1981. The single was a club hit.\nAustralian singer Jimmy Barnes released an album of soul remakes titled Soul Deep in 1991, including his rock version of \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\". His version reached #28 in Australia in 1992.[13]\nIn 1993, the film Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit, incorporates a unique mashup cover version, in which the verses and chorus of the song contain the original Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell version, whereas the Diana Ross version's bridge and ending are used. It is performed by Whoopi Goldberg and the rest of the cast.\nThe original Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell version was used in the 1998 film Stepmom (film) when Jackie decides to dance with her children Anna and Ben.\nThe song was used in the 1999 film Our Friend, Martin. Performed by Debelah Morgan\nIn 2000, Dutch airline carrier KLM used the Supremes/Temptations version in a commercial.\nAlso in 2000, Disney featured the song in the sports drama film Remember the Titans.\nBoth in 2003 and 2004, Swedish girl group Play covered the song on their albums Replay, and Don't Stop the Music with both members Janet Leon, and Fanny Hamlin.\nIn 2004, Scottish singer Jimmy Somerville covered the song in his album \"Home Again\".\nIn 2005, the Diana Ross version was featured at the end of the animated film Chicken Little.\nIn 2006, Australian vocal group Human Nature included a remake on the second album of their Motown trilogy, Dancing in the Street: the Songs of Motown II. The album debuted at #1 on the ARIA charts.\nAlso in 2003, Michael McDonald included the song on the first of his Motown trilogy, Motown.\nIn 2009, Lucy Hale and Courtney Thorne-Smith performed a cover of the song from the television film Sorority Wars.\nIn 2011, the song was re-recorded by Paul Epworth and used in a commercial for DHL.[14]\nIn 2011, the French singer Chimène Badi recorded a version with the singer Billy Paul.\nIn 2013, Michael Bolton recorded the song with Kelly Rowland for his 2013 album Ain't No Mountain High Enough – Tribute to Hitsville.\nAmy Winehouse used the backing of the song in \"Tears Dry on Their Own\" in her second and final album, Back to Black.\nAn orchestral version of the song was featured in a TD Canada Trust commercial that debuted in 2017.\nIn 2018, a remix of the Diana Ross version reached #1 on the US Dance Club Songs chart. Diana Ross appeared at the Abbey Night Club in West Hollywood to promote the new remix.",
"Hugh Masekela included the song in his 1968 album The Promise of a Future.\nIn 1981, American Disco band Inner Life from Salsoul Records released their version, which topped #20 on US Dance Chart.[12]\nThe Boys Town Gang formed a medley of the two songs \"Remember Me\" and \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\" in 1981. The single was a club hit.\nAustralian singer Jimmy Barnes released an album of soul remakes titled Soul Deep in 1991, including his rock version of \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\". His version reached #28 in Australia in 1992.[13]\nIn 1993, the film Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit, incorporates a unique mashup cover version, in which the verses and chorus of the song contain the original Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell version, whereas the Diana Ross version's bridge and ending are used. It is performed by Whoopi Goldberg and the rest of the cast.\nThe original Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell version was used in the 1998 film Stepmom (film) when Jackie decides to dance with her children Anna and Ben.\nThe song was used in the 1999 film Our Friend, Martin. Performed by Debelah Morgan\nIn 2000, Dutch airline carrier KLM used the Supremes/Temptations version in a commercial.\nAlso in 2000, Disney featured the song in the sports drama film Remember the Titans.\nBoth in 2003 and 2004, Swedish girl group Play covered the song on their albums Replay, and Don't Stop the Music with both members Janet Leon, and Fanny Hamlin.\nIn 2004, Scottish singer Jimmy Somerville covered the song in his album \"Home Again\".\nIn 2005, the Diana Ross version was featured at the end of the animated film Chicken Little.\nIn 2006, Australian vocal group Human Nature included a remake on the second album of their Motown trilogy, Dancing in the Street: the Songs of Motown II. The album debuted at #1 on the ARIA charts.\nAlso in 2003, Michael McDonald included the song on the first of his Motown trilogy, Motown.\nIn 2009, Lucy Hale and Courtney Thorne-Smith performed a cover of the song from the television film Sorority Wars.\nIn 2011, the song was re-recorded by Paul Epworth and used in a commercial for DHL.[14]\nIn 2011, the French singer Chimène Badi recorded a version with the singer Billy Paul.\nIn 2013, Michael Bolton recorded the song with Kelly Rowland for his 2013 album Ain't No Mountain High Enough – Tribute to Hitsville.\nAmy Winehouse used the backing of the song in \"Tears Dry on Their Own\" in her second and final album, Back to Black.\nAn orchestral version of the song was featured in a TD Canada Trust commercial that debuted in 2017.\nIn 2018, a remix of the Diana Ross version reached #1 on the US Dance Club Songs chart. Diana Ross appeared at the Abbey Night Club in West Hollywood to promote the new remix."
] | [
"Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit",
"Stepmom",
"Our Friend, Martin",
"Remember the Titans",
"Chicken Little",
"Sorority Wars"
] |
2087189650246414463 | Thermal death time | Thermal death time - wikipedia Thermal death time Jump to : navigation , search Thermal death time is how long it takes to kill a specific bacteria at a specific temperature . It was originally developed for food canning and has found applications in cosmetics , producing salmonella - free feeds for animals ( e.g. poultry ) and pharmaceuticals . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Mathematical formulas 2.1 Graphical method 2.2 Formula method 3 Applications 4 References History ( edit ) In 1895 , William Lyman Underwood of the Underwood Canning Company , a food company founded in 1822 at Boston , Massachusetts and later relocated to Watertown , Massachusetts , approached William Thompson Sedgwick , chair of the biology department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , about losses his company was suffering due to swollen and burst cans despite the newest retort technology available . Sedgwick gave his assistant , Samuel Cate Prescott , a detailed assignment on what needed to be done . Prescott and Underwood worked on the problem every afternoon from late 1895 to late 1896 , focusing on canned clams . They first discovered that the clams contained heat - resistant bacterial spores that were able to survive the processing ; then that these spores ' presence depended on the clams ' living environment ; and finally that these spores would be killed if processed at 250 _̊ F ( 121 _̊ C ) for ten minutes in a retort . These studies prompted the similar research of canned lobster , sardines , peas , tomatoes , corn , and spinach . Prescott and Underwood 's work was first published in late 1896 , with further papers appearing from 1897 to 1926 . This research , though important to the growth of food technology , was never patented . It would pave the way for thermal death time research that was pioneered by Bigelow and C. Olin Ball from 1921 to 1936 at the National Canners Association ( NCA ) . Bigelow and Ball 's research focused on the thermal death time of Clostridium botulinum ( C. botulinum ) that was determined in the early 1920s . Research continued with inoculated canning pack studies that were published by the NCA in 1968 . Mathematical formulas ( edit ) Thermal death time can be determined one of two ways : 1 ) by using graphs or 2 ) by using mathematical formulas . Graphical method ( edit ) This is usually expressed in minutes at the temperature of 250 ° F ( 121 ° C ) . This is designated as F. Each 18 ° F or 10 ° C change results in a time change by a factor of 10 . This would be shown either as F = 10 minutes ( Celsius ) or F = 10 minutes ( Fahrenheit ) . A lethal ratio ( L ) is also a sterilizing effect at 1 minute at other temperatures with ( T ) . L = 10 ( T − T R e f ) / z ( \ displaystyle L = 10 ^ ( ( T - T_ ( \ mathrm ( Ref ) ) ) / z ) ) where T is the reference temperature , usually 250 ° F ( 121 ° C ) ; z is the z - value , and T is the slowest heat point of the product temperature . Formula method ( edit ) Prior to the advent of computers , this was plotted on semilogarithmic paper though it can also be done on spreadsheet programs . The time would be shown on the x-axis while the temperature would be shown on the y - axis . This simple heating curve can also determine the lag factor ( j ) and the slope ( f ) . It also measures the product temperature rather than the can temperature . j = j I I ( \ displaystyle j = ( jI \ over I ) ) where I = RT ( Retort Temperature ) − IT ( Initial Temperature ) and where j is constant for a given product . It is also determined in the equation shown below : log g = log j I − B B f h ( \ displaystyle \ log g = \ log jI - ( B_ ( B ) \ over f_ ( h ) ) ) where g is the number of degrees below the retort temperature on a simple heating curve at the end of the heating period , B is the time in minutes from the beginning of the process to the end of the heating period , and f is the time in minutes required for the straight - line portion of the heating curve plotted semilogarithmically on paper or a computer spreadsheet to pass through a log cycle . A broken heating curve is also used in this method when dealing with different products in the same process such as chicken noodle soup in having to dealing with the meat and the noodles having different cooking times as an example . It is more complex than the simple heating curve for processing . Applications ( edit ) In the food industry , it is important to reduce the amount of microbes in products to ensure proper food safety . This is usually done by thermal processing and finding ways to reduce the number of bacteria in the product . Time - temperature measurements of bacterial reduction is determined by a D - value , meaning how long it would take to reduce the bacterial population by 90 % or one log at a given temperature . This D - value reference ( D ) point is 250 ° F ( 121 ° C ) . z or z - value is used to determine the time values with different D - values at different temperatures with its equation shown below : z = T 2 − T 1 log D 1 − log D 2 ( \ displaystyle z = ( \ frac ( T_ ( 2 ) - T_ ( 1 ) ) ( \ log D_ ( 1 ) - \ log D_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) where T is temperature in ° F or ° C . This D - value is affected by pH of the product where low pH has faster D values on various foods . The D - value at an unknown temperature can be calculated ( 1 ) knowing the D - value at a given temperature provided the Z - value is known . The target of reduction in canning is the 12 - D reduction of C. botulinum , which means that processing time will reduce the amount of this bacteria by a factor of 10 . The D for C. botulinum is 0.21 minute ( 12.6 seconds ) . A 12 - D reduction will take 2.52 minutes ( 151 seconds ) . This is taught in university courses in food science and microbiology and is applicable to cosmetic and pharmaceutical manufacturing . In 2001 , the Purdue University Computer Integrated Food Manufacturing Center and Pilot Plant put Ball 's formula online for use . References ( edit ) Downing , D.L. ( 1996 ) . A Complete Course In Canning - Book II : Microbiology , Packaging , HACCP & Ingredients , 13th Edition . Timonium , MD : CTI Publications , Inc . pp. 62 -- 3 , 71 - 5 , 93 - 6 . Food and Drug Administration ( US ) information on thermal death time of low - acid canned foods - Accessed November 5 , 2006 . Goldblith , S.A. ( 1993 ) . Pioneers in Food Science , Volume 1 : Samuel Cate Prescott - M.I.T. Dean and Pioneer Food Technologist . Trumball , CT : Food & Nutrition Press . pp 22 -- 28 . History about Underwood Canning Company - Accessed October 28 , 2006 . Jay , J.M. ( 1992 ) . Modern Food Microbiology , 4th Edition . New York : Chapman & Hall . pp. 342 -- 6 . Juneja , V.K. and L. Huang . ( 2003 ) . `` Thermal Death Time . '' In Encyclopedia of Agricultural , Food , and Biological Engineering . D.R. Heldman , Ed . New York : Marcel Dekker , Inc . pp. 1011 -- 1013 . Powers , J.J. ( 2000 ) . `` The Food Industry Contribution : Preeminence in Science and in Application . '' A Century of Food Science . Institute of Food Technologists : Chicago . pp. 17 -- 18 . Prescott , L.M. , J.P. Harley , & D.A. Klien. ( 1993 ) . Microbiology , 2nd Edition . Dubuque , IA : William C. Brown Publishers . p. 314 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermal_death_time&oldid=795898269 '' Categories : Food science Microbiology terms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 05 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | give an example of an application use of thermal death time | [
"Thermal death time is how long it takes to kill a specific bacteria at a specific temperature. It was originally developed for food canning and has found applications in cosmetics, producing salmonella-free feeds for animals (e.g. poultry) and pharmaceuticals."
] | [
"producing salmonella-free feeds for animals"
] |
-4550497773246839546 | Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5) | Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 ) - wikipedia Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( season 5 ) Promotional poster Starring Clark Gregg Ming - Na Wen Chloe Bennet Iain De Caestecker Elizabeth Henstridge Henry Simmons Natalia Cordova - Buckley Country of origin United States No. of episodes 17 Release Original network ABC Original release December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes The fifth season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement , and Logistics Division ) , revolves around the character of Phil Coulson and other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and allies as they try to save humanity . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The season is produced by ABC Studios , Marvel Television , and Mutant Enemy Productions , with Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , and Jeffrey Bell serving as showrunners . The season was ordered in May 2017 . Alongside Clark Gregg , who reprises his role as Coulson from the film series , principal cast members Ming - Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons , while Natalia Cordova - Buckley is promoted to the principal cast after appearing in a recurring role since season three . Due to its broadcast schedule , the season was split into two `` pods '' : the first sees the S.H.I.E.L.D. team transported to the year 2091 ; in the second , they return to the present and attempt to prevent that future . The season also saw Gregg make his directorial debut on the series , and features Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's 100th episode , which was promoted with a special commemorative art program . The fifth season began airing on December 1 , 2017 , and is set to run for 22 episodes on ABC until May 18 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.2. 1 First pod 3.2. 2 Second pod 3.3 Casting 3.4 Design 3.5 Filming 3.6 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 4.2. 1 `` The Road to 100 '' 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 89 90 `` Orientation '' Jesse Bochco David Solomon Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen DJ Doyle December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 2.54 An unknown group seizes Phil Coulson , Melinda May , Daisy Johnson , Jemma Simmons , Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie , and Yo - Yo Rodriguez and transports them to a space station through a monolith ; Leo Fitz is left behind . Upon arrival , the team is heralded by Virgil , who dies soon after . They quickly regroup and meet Deke , who reveals that the space station , known as the Lighthouse , was built nearly ninety years prior to his knowledge . Hoping to send a message back to Earth , May and Simmons discover it is no longer habitable and appears to have been torn apart by a cataclysmic event . At the same time , Coulson discovers that the monolith transported them not through space , but through time . Elsewhere , Mack and Yo - Yo are held captive by the Kree , who maintain control of the station by encouraging bloodshed among its inhabitants . Back in the station , the team attempts to blend in by agreeing to work for Grill and meets Tess , who saves them during the Renewal . Coulson goes with Tess to learn more about Virgil 's message and finds a hidden notebook . Meanwhile , Simmons is taken to meet Kasius , the Kree leader of the station , and is inducted as one of his servants . Later on , Johnson confronts Deke in his framework simulation , where he reveals she is the reason the Earth was torn apart . 91 `` A Life Spent '' Kevin Hooks Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 1.93 In preparation for Lady Basha 's arrival , Simmons is given the task of helping an Inhuman champion control her abilities for her exhibition ceremony . Simmons is successful but becomes distraught when Kasius sells his champion to Lady Basha . While the team adapt to their new jobs , Grill becomes suspicious of the new arrivals and sends one of his men to spy on them . During a space expedition , Coulson , May , Mack , and Tess struggle to make sense of Virgil 's notebook and discover a radio transmission supposedly originating from the Earth 's surface . Grill 's spy reports back , only to be framed as a traitor and exiled to die on Earth . Meanwhile , Yo - Yo helps Johnson get ahold of a Kree tablet to try and save Simmons . However , her mission is thwarted by Deke , who reports her to Kasius . Johnson is captured and taken to become his new champion . 92 `` A Life Earned '' Stan Brooks Drew Z . Greenberg December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 1.84 Johnson meets Ben , one of Kasius ' other champions , capable of telepathy . Using Ben to corroborate their story , Kasius interrogates Johnson and Simmons about the others . They are able to convince Kasius they came alone , though he remains suspicious . During the interrogation , Ben learns that Kasius intends to destroy the station and everyone on it once he acquires enough profits to leave . Deke returns to the others to gather new information as they learn about the mysterious Level 35 . Recognizing his father 's voice on the radio transmission , Deke agrees to help them gain access to the restricted floor . There , they discover that Kasius is attempting to breed Inhumans . May also discovers Deke lied about Johnson 's whereabouts , but get interrupted by Sinara 's arrival . Coulson leaves with Deke , while May fights her alone . Meanwhile , Grill sends Mack to confront someone who owes him payment . Later , Fitz is revealed to be one of the bidders who have arrived for Johnson 's exhibition . 93 5 `` Rewind '' Jesse Bochco Craig Titley December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) 2.40 Shortly after the others are taken from the diner , Fitz is taken into military custody and interrogated by General Hale and her subordinates about the others ' whereabouts , as well as their involvement in the assassination attempt on General Talbot and deaths of Jeffrey Mace and Holden Radcliffe . For the next six months , Fitz is given special privileges to allow him to locate the team , but he fails . With help from Lance Hunter , Fitz escapes the military facility and tracks down Enoch , the man who took the others . Enoch explains that a prophecy foretold these events and takes them to meet Robin , the daughter of Charles Hinton , who expresses her prophetic abilities through drawings . Tracked by the military , Enoch helps them escape to a secret bunker , where Fitz learns that he was left behind so he could save the team . Determined to help them , Fitz and Hunter break back into the same military facility to obtain a cryogenic pod ; they find all their old S.H.I.E.L.D. tech , including the Zephyr , which they use to escape . Using the pod , Fitz is put to sleep for the next 74 years . He is awoken by Enoch , who prepares him for their arrival at the Lighthouse . 94 6 `` Fun & Games '' Clark Gregg Brent Fletcher January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 2.49 Down in the station , the Kree have harvested some of the youth for an unscheduled Terrigenesis ceremony . Flint , a friend of Tess , experiences a successful Terrigenesis and is taken into hiding with the team by Yo - Yo . Tess is killed and hanged for Flint 's disappearance . During a dinner with the other bidders , Fitz quickly proves himself as a formidable character , earning Kasius ' respect . The first exhibition is then held between Ben and May , resulting in May being sent to the surface , while Ben is killed for lying during Johnson 's interrogation . Meanwhile , Grill finds the team and holds them captive , until Flint saves them using geokinesis against Grill , killing him . The unexpected arrival of Kasius ' brother prompts Sinara to battle Johnson for her exhibition . During which , Johnson , Fitz , and Simmons are able to subdue the others and escape . During the escape , Simmons proposes to Fitz . 95 7 `` Together or Not at All '' Brad Turner Matt Owens January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) 2.31 Johnson , Fitz , and Simmons are hunted throughout the station and discover the station is being sustained by gravitonium . Fitz is shot during the chase . Deke finds them and takes them to the rest of the team . Reunited , the team plot their escape to the Earth 's surface by using a trawler and Deke 's antigravity device . After learning about Tess ' death , Flint decides to stay on the station to protect the remaining inhabitants . Mack and Yo - Yo agree to stay behind and help him . Coulson , Johnson , Fitz , Simmons , and Deke fly to the surface , but get caught in the gravity storm . Meanwhile , Kasius kills his brother and plots to regain his father 's acceptance by recapturing Johnson with help from Sinara . On the surface , Enoch finds May , but their meeting is cut short by the approaching gravity storm . A mysterious figure takes them to safety , where they are greeted by an elderly Robin . 96 8 `` The Last Day '' Nina Lopez - Corrado James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 2.41 Coulson , Johnson , Fitz , Simmons , and Deke survive the crash and reunite with May in the Zephyr . They meet Samuel Voss , an acquaintance of Deke 's father . Up on the Lighthouse , Kasius punishes the inhabitants by cutting off their resources . Flint , Mack , and Yo - Yo go to retrieve the weapons hidden by Fitz and discover Kasius has released the Vrellnexians onto the lower levels . They defeat the Vrellnexians and rescue the remaining inhabitants . On the surface , the team struggle to get answers from Robin and find a machine built into the Zephyr . While Fitz and Simmons attempt to remove Johnson 's inhibitor , May and Coulson find a shard of the time monolith in Voss ' locker . Deke questions Voss about the shard , which belonged to his parents , and gets knocked out . Voss then tries to kill Johnson and impales Robin to prevent her from giving the team answers . Before dying , Robin is comforted by May as she reveals their history and finally tells May how to save the world , which requires Flint . In the past , May is shown taking care of Robin and encouraging Fitz to build his machine so they can travel through time . 97 9 `` Best Laid Plans '' Garry A. Brown George Kitson January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 2.27 As the gravity storm worsens , the team attempt to relaunch the Zephyr . May reveals that using the shard , Flint can recreate the monolith allowing the team to travel back through time . Similar to the Lighthouse , Fitz and Simmons find gravitonium on the Zephyr and realize the designs were manufactured by Fitz himself . On the station , Flint , Mack , and Yo - Yo successfully gain control of the lower levels . Tess is resurrected by Kasius and sent to relay demands for him , who threatens to detonate explosives killing everyone if they are not met . Mack and Yo - Yo retaliate by placing the explosives on Level 35 , the medical floor , which would prevent Kasius from breeding more Inhumans . During a standoff with Kasius , Flint evacuates the inhabitants to the upper levels and uses the remaining explosives to separate them from the lower levels , out of Kasius ' reach . Using the gravity storm to her advantage , May navigates the Zephyr into space as Johnson battles Sinara again , this time killing her . Johnson then contacts Mack while the team are heading for the Lighthouse . Kasius reveals he has his own seer telling him what will happen . 98 10 `` Past Life '' Eric Laneuville DJ Doyle February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 2.22 While Enoch stays on the Zephyr , the team focus on getting to Flint and rescuing the other Inhumans from captivity . Distraught over Sinara 's death , Kasius infects Tye , the Inhuman trainer , with odium , a substance that excites maniacal behavior and sends him after the team . During a fight with Tye , Coulson seemingly gets infected . Kasius ' seer is revealed to be Yo - Yo from the future , one who has lived through the time loop and endured endless torture . She reveals that the team 's ultimate return will bring the end of the world and that the only solution is to let Coulson succumb to his infection . As Flint recreates the monolith , Mack leaves to find Yo - Yo and witnesses her future self 's death by Kasius , who consumes the remaining odium and fights him . With help from Simmons , Mack kills Kasius and reunites with Yo - Yo , who is still alive in their timeline . Deke returns to the Zephyr in time to save Enoch and fix the machine , although seemingly at the cost of both of their lives , as the team returns to the present . 99 11 `` All the Comforts of Home '' Kate Woods Drew Z . Greenberg March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 1.90 Back in their time , the team meets Noah , Enoch 's successor , who has been monitoring the world from the Lighthouse in their absence . Coulson , May , Fitz , Simmons , Mack , and Yo - Yo investigate a beacon emitting from Earth , which fits Voss ' description of the first signs of the end . Reluctant to join the team , Johnson stays behind and discovers that Deke survived the explosion . After he is arrested , Johnson is forced to leave the bunker to save him and prevent him from exposing the team , who are now most wanted . Upon finding the beacon , the team reunites with Agent Piper , who is revealed to be working for General Hale . They are then ambushed by a group of Hale 's robotic soldiers , led by an assassin . During the fight , the assassin attempts to kill Mack with their chakram , but Yo - Yo blocks the attack and loses both her arms . Piper realigns with the team as they retreat to the Lighthouse with the beacon , which detonates as Noah sacrifices himself to save Johnson and Fitz . Later , General Hale criticizes the assassin , revealed to be her daughter , Ruby , for jeopardizing the operation . In Philadelphia , General Hale recruits Carl Creel to join her team , to which he reluctantly agrees . 100 12 `` The Real Deal '' Kevin Tancharoen Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen & Jeffrey Bell March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 2.04 The destruction of three monoliths caused by the beacon 's explosion creates a dimensional rift that manifests the fears of the team . Using gravitonium , Fitz creates a device capable of sealing the rift ; Coulson volunteers to deliver the device before he collapses . The team finds out about his infection , which is a result of the Ghost Rider burning off the life - sustaining GH. 325 drug within him . The team is forced to accelerate their plan when Yo - Yo is attacked by a manifestation of a Simmons LMD . Coulson sends Deke to the surface to call for backup , then proceeds alone to seal the rift . He encounters a manifestation of Mike Peterson , who claims that Coulson 's experiences are just a dream , and that he is dying on an operating table after the Battle of New York . Coulson overcomes his fear , and is saved by the real Peterson , who responds to Deke 's call and arrives with several other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents . Coulson and Peterson fight off manifestations of Vrellnexians , Lash , and Hive , before managing to contain the rift . Later , the team organize a wedding ceremony for Fitz and Simmons . General Hale , who is investigating sightings of Johnson , finds evidence that Deke is related to Fitz and Simmons . 101 13 `` Principia '' Brad Turner Craig Titley March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 2.07 When the rift begins to reopen , Fitz sends the team to search for more gravitonium . The team hunt down a lead in Baton Rouge ; Mack reunites with his school mate , Tony Caine , who has been helping to redeem scientists coerced into working for Hydra through Cybertek Industries . Caine states that the gravitonium was in transport aboard the Principia , a Cybertek ship that went missing . Deke realizes the gravitonium may have been activated by the lightning storm , sending the Principia into the sky . Following Deke 's theory , the team find the Principia suspended in the atmosphere and discover most of the gravitonium is gone , leaving only a small portion to sustain the ship . As Mack collects the remaining gravitonium , a group of Hale 's robotic soldiers ambush them . The team successfully escapes the ship before it plummets back to Earth . Upon hearing his mother 's saying in an exchange between Simmons and Yo - Yo , Deke realizes Fitz and Simmons are his grandparents . Meanwhile , General Hale continues to form her team by attempting to recruit Werner von Strucker , whose memory had been enhanced after S.H.I.E.L.D. revived him from a vegetative state . While Strucker initially rejects Hale 's offer , Ruby convinces him to stay . 102 14 `` The Devil Complex '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Matt Owens March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 2.07 When Simmons is attacked by a manifestation of an astronaut , Fitz accelerates work on sealing the rift but struggles to figure out how to compress the gravitonium . Under stress , Fitz encounters his Framework alter ego , The Doctor , who taunts him . On the Zephyr , Coulson , May , and Agent Piper capture General Hale ; however , she reveals she was prepared for such an occasion , and threatens to detonate explosives strapped to Creel if S.H.I.E.L.D. fails to comply . Anton Ivanov arrives , and Coulson agrees to accompany them despite May 's unease . Simmons , Mack , and Yo - Yo are attacked by one of the robots that Mack brought back from the Principia . While dealing with technical malfunctions , Johnson is rendered unconcious by another robot and awakens restrained by The Doctor . Simmons finds Fitz trying to remove Johnson 's inhibitor . She deduces that The Doctor was not a result of the fear dimension , but a projection of Fitz 's internal turmoil . He reprogrammed the robots to isolate Johnson , whose powers he uses to compress the gravitonium and seal the rift completely . Deke attempts to comfort Simmons , while also revealing himself as their grandson . Later , Hale speaks to her superior , who hands her a vial of odium and reminds her of her Hydra allegiance . 103 15 `` Rise and Shine '' Jesse Bochco Iden Baghdadchi March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 1.88 28 years ago , a young Hale was assigned by Daniel Whitehall to infiltrate the U.S. Air Force , and also to be impregnated via in vitro fertilization with Ruby to create Hydra 's next leader . In the present , Hale fails to convince a recently - awakened Talbot to release Hydra contraband . She also informs Coulson that an alien alliance known as the Confederacy had made contact with Hydra and offered to assist Earth in an impending invasion ; she intends to betray the alliance by using Whitehall 's particle - infusion chamber and gravitonium to create a Destroyer of Worlds . Though she intends for it to be Ruby , she suggests Johnson may be a better fit . Upon hearing this , Coulson denies her offer and reveals his trip to the future , but she does n't believe him . Back at the Lighthouse , May and Johnson struggle to deduce Hale 's motivations and locate Coulson . Johnson , who has been left as the de facto head of S.H.I.E.L.D. , refuses to trust Fitz and goes in search of Robin . Simmons tells Fitz about their relation to Deke , suggesting they will survive despite the odds . 104 16 `` Inside Voices '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Mark Leitner April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 2.08 Hale attempts to use Creel as a test subject for the particle - infusion chamber , infuriating Ruby who continues to conspire with Strucker in hope of earning her place as the Destroyer of Worlds . Creel 's temporary exposure to the Gravitonium causes him to see memories of Franklin Hall . He determines to get answers from Coulson , who then leads him to Talbot 's cell . Hale sends Ruby to capture Creel and eliminate the other two , but they use the Confederacy 's teleportation device to escape to a snowy mountain area , while Creel remains behind to fight Ruby . Johnson and May locate Robin , who has stopped drawing her visions for some time after seeing her own death in the future . Upon seeing May , Robin begins to draw again , this time showing Coulson and Talbot 's location . Back at the Lighthouse , Simmons convinces Yo - Yo to help her free Fitz in order to pursue possible leads on Hydra 's Gravitonium - powered weapon . Together , they trick Mack into releasing Fitz then lock him up . A flashback to four years ago reveals that Ian Quinn was tricked by Raina into being absorbed by the Gravitonium . 105 17 `` The Honeymoon '' Garry A. Brown James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 1.82 Ruby pursues Coulson and Talbot at the mountains , but Johnson arrives in time to save them . Deke , in an attempt to cover for Johnson , is shot by Hale and her men , forcing S.H.I.E.L.D. to retreat . Deke is taken back to the Lighthouse , where Mack and Piper operate on him and successfully save him . Ruby , furious about her mother 's attitude , decides to rebel and lock Hale in her cell , while she takes over and works with Strucker . Fitz , Simmons and Yo - Yo travel to a Hydra facility in England , where they find the particle infusion chamber . Fitz damages one of the components to render it useless , but they are then surrounded by the robot soldiers . Yo - Yo attempts to escape and call for backup , but is forced to fight Ivanov . As she emerges victorious , she learns that Ivanov 's body is linked to all the robots , thus is able to disable them altogether . However , Ruby and Strucker arrive and decide to capture Fitz and Simmons in order to have them repair the infusion chamber . Johnson later attempts to help Talbot contact his family , but in the middle of his phone call with his wife , Hale 's subordinate has her reading a script , activating Talbot 's brainwashing . 106 18 `` All Roads Lead ... '' Jennifer Lynch George Kitson April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) TBD 107 19 `` Option Two '' Kevin Tancharoen Nora Zuckerman & Lila Zuckerman April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) TBD 108 20 `` The One Who Will Save Us All '' Cherie Gierhart Brent Fletcher May 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 04 ) TBD 109 21 `` The Force of Gravity '' TBA TBA May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) TBD 110 22 `` The End '' TBA TBA May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) TBD Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters Main ( edit ) Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson Ming - Na Wen as Melinda May Chloe Bennet as Daisy Johnson / Quake Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons Henry Simmons as Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie Natalia Cordova - Buckley as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez Recurring ( edit ) Jeff Ward as Deke Shaw Joel Stoffer as Enoch Eve Harlow as Tess Dominic Rains as Kasius Florence Faivre as Sinara Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill Coy Stewart as Flint Catherine Dent as Hale Dove Cameron as Ruby Brian Patrick Wade as Carl Creel Briana Venskus as Piper Maximilian Osinski as Davis Spencer Treat Clark as Werner von Strucker Peter Mensah as Qovas Adrian Pasdar as Glenn Talbot Notable guests ( edit ) Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton Nick Blood as Lance Hunter J. August Richards as Mike Peterson / Deathlok Zach McGowan as Anton Ivanov / The Superior Reed Diamond as Daniel Whitehall Adam Faison as Jasper Sitwell Joey Defore as Wolfgang von Strucker Ruth Negga as Raina David Conrad as Ian Quinn Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2017 , ahead of the mid-season premiere of the fourth season , ABC 's Channing Dungey said that she was `` very bullish '' about S.H.I.E.L.D. 's future , feeling that `` the episodes just keep getting better and stronger '' . The series was renewed for a fifth season of 22 episodes on May 11 , with ABC looking to lower the cost of the series moving forward , by reducing its budget and licensing fee . Asked whether she had considered giving the season a shorter episode order , Dungey noted that every season of the series had been 22 episodes long , and she felt its prior success in delayed viewership and overseas justified continuing that . She added that the `` show has continued to grow creatively every season . I feel like last season ( was ) its strongest creatively yet . I 'm very excited for what we have planned for Season 5 . '' It was reported that Disney , the parent company of Marvel Television , ABC Studios , and ABC , had given a mandate to ABC to renew Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. `` despite the desire by some at the network to end the series '' . Writing ( edit ) In May 2017 , ahead of the fifth season renewal , showrunner and executive producer Jed Whedon said the writers were not sure what would happen in the season , and that it would be `` by the seat of our pants . '' The season explores the ramifications of Phil Coulson making a deal with Ghost Rider at the end of the previous season , as well as the groundwork laid by Aida for humans to fear S.H.I.E.L.D. and Inhumans . Whedon stated , `` The public perception of S.H.I.E.L.D. is at an all - time low , so we have not resolved that , and there will be still more fallout from it . '' Moving beyond the Framework reality established at the end of season four , Tancharoen said the emotional impact from the characters ' experiences would `` be something that resonates throughout the season '' , especially for Fitz and Mack . When asked if the season would be broken into pods as with season four , executive producer Jeffrey Bell said , `` A 22 - episode arc is a lot for people to hold onto . By breaking it up into either smaller arcs or different pods , by introducing a set of antagonists and putting them down , or moving from space to space , our experience has been that it 's something the viewers enjoy , and it makes it a little easier to digest when you 're telling some of these stories . '' However , Whedon noted that it would depend on how the season would be aired as to where the story is broken up . The season ultimately was broken into two pod story arcs , with each pod having a different emphases , but the whole season having an arc `` that will pay off '' . The writers for the season began work at the end of May 2017 . First pod ( edit ) The first pod of the season was informally referred to by the production team as S.H.I.E.L.D. in Space . Ahead of the season premiere , executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen said that `` every year we reset the series , and this year we definitely knew that it would be the most giant reset to date ( with the characters going to space ) . Just creatively across the board for everyone , art direction , all of it , our sets , you 'll see an overhaul . '' On the move to space , Whedon commented , `` Last year was about tearing everybody apart . We spent a lot of time doing that ... So our goal this year was ... putting ( this ) family together in an intense situation ( that ) will end up causing drama internally , inevitably ... we 've spent this many years with them , let 's throw them on the craziest roller coaster adventure we could think of . '' The main characters eventually return home to their time period . Second pod ( edit ) The second pod of the season includes the series ' 100th episode , which Whedon and Tancharoen described as a `` game changer '' that would `` shake up '' the rest of the pod emotionally , to the point that `` nothing will be the same after '' it . Bell added the episode featured `` a device that grows out of our current storyline and plot that allows us to look back and reflect on where we 've come from , turn over a couple cards that people will be excited about and then also celebrate the show and people on it . '' Loeb also felt the episode `` finishes up some stories that perhaps ( viewers ) did n't even know we have n't revealed '' . The episode featured Fitz and Simmons getting married , which Tancharoen said was included because `` it was about damn time . After 100 episodes , they needed to get married . '' Coulson 's deal with Ghost Rider was also revealed , which was to have the Kree serum that revived him after his death be burned off , resulting in his chest wound slowly killing him . Whedon said that Coulson has `` come to terms with it . It 's something he actually had to come to terms with a long time ago when he was discovering the T.A.H.I.T.I. Project and everything that had been done to him . I do n't think he wants to go through any of that again . He 's ready for nature to take its course ... he seems as much at peace with it as you can be considering there 's so much he 's done in a world that thinks he 's dead . '' At the end of February 2018 , the writers were planning the end of the pod , and were planning for the final episode to be able to serve as both a season and series finale , with some elements that could be adjusted based on whether the series was renewed for a sixth season or not . Whedon added , `` we 're ready for if this is the end . We 're definitely going to make it rewarding either way . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Clark Gregg , Ming - Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons as Phil Coulson , Melinda May , Daisy Johnson / Quake , Leo Fitz , Jemma Simmons , and Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie , respectively . Before the 2017 New York Comic - Con , it was revealed that Natalia Cordova - Buckley had been promoted to series regular for the season , after recurring in the past two seasons as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez . De Caestecker also portrays `` The Doctor '' , the version of Fitz from the Framework reality . In September 2017 , former series regular Nick Blood was announced as returning to reprise his role of Lance Hunter . Blood left the series during the third season , to star in the spin - off series Marvel 's Most Wanted , which never came to fruition . Adrianne Palicki , who portrayed Bobbi Morse and also left in the third season for Most Wanted with Blood , expressed interest in October 2017 in returning to guest star in the season , saying she `` would absolutely come back '' if asked . Also returning from earlier in the series are Joel Stoffer as Enoch , who was simply credited as `` silhouetted man '' in his previous appearance , and Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton . Polly 's daughter Robin also appears , portrayed by multiple actresses , after the character made an uncredited appearance in `` Ascension '' : Lexy Kolker appears as 7 - years - old Robin , Ava Kolker appears as 12 - year - old Robin , and Willow Hale appears as an older Robin , when she is also known as The Seer . Additional returning actors include Brian Patrick Wade as Carl Creel , J. August Richards as Mike Peterson / Deathlok , Spencer Treat Clark as Werner von Strucker , Zach McGowan as Anton Ivanov / The Superior , Adrian Pasdar as Glenn Talbot , Reed Diamond as Daniel Whitehall , and Raquel Gardner as Carla Talbot , along with Briana Venskus and Maximilian Osinski as S.H.I.E.L.D. agents Piper and Davis . Ruth Negga and David Conrad reprise their roles as Raina and Ian Quinn , respectively , in a flashback sequence set during the events of the season one finale , `` Beginning of the End '' . The characters Lash and Hive return from earlier seasons for the series ' 100th episode . Younger versions of Jasper Sitwell and Wolfgang von Strucker also appear , portrayed by Adam Faison and Joey Defore , respectively . Older versions of the characters had been respectively portrayed by Maximiliano Hernández ( in the MCU films and first season of the series ) and Thomas Kretschmann ( in the MCU films ) . Jeff Ward was cast in a recurring role in August 2017 , and was revealed in October to be portraying Deke Shaw , alongside other newcomers Eve Harlow as Tess , Coy Stewart as Flint , and Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill . The next month , Marvel revealed that Dove Cameron had joined the season in an unspecified role , which was revealed in January 2018 to be the character Ruby , the daughter of Catherine Dent 's General Hale . Other recurring guests for the season include Dominic Rains as Kasius , Florence Faivre as Sinara , Jay Hunter as a Kree watch commander , Tunisha Hubbard as Ava , Shontae Saldana as Candice Lee , and Peter Mensah as Qovas . Design ( edit ) The title card for the season After leaving the series during the fourth season , costume designer Ann Foley returned for the first two episodes of the fifth season , before handing over to Whitney Galitz , who had assisted her on the previous few seasons , and Christann Chanell . The opening for `` Orientation '' is reminiscent of the sequence for `` 4,722 Hours '' , forgoing the title card and having the typeface silently fading onto the screen . The subsequent episodes of the season feature a title card with the series name against a backdrop of a destroyed Earth . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 20 , 2017 . In May 2017 , Gregg expressed interest in directing an episode in the season , and confirmed that September he would be directing an episode , which was the sixth of the season , `` Fun & Games '' . Gregg felt the idea of directing was `` daunting '' as he would need to be doing `` five weeks of double duty '' , needing to act in addition to the various aspects of directing the episode . He reached out to fellow S.H.I.E.L.D. directors Kevin Tancharoen , Billy Gierhart , and Jesse Bochco to get tips on filming for the series . Bennet felt Gregg was able to bring out performances from the cast `` that another director probably would n't have been able to because he knows the characters so well . '' Gregg added that he had `` shorthand with ( the other actors ) about what we want to try to do , ways the script could give us a chance to push us into new territory . They all also have deep and interesting ideas that helped me . '' Gregg also received a deeper appreciation for some of the other departments on the series he normally does not encounter on a regular basis and the work they contribute to each episode . The scene for Fitz and Simmons ' wedding in `` The Real Deal '' was filmed in `` a very remote location '' in Placerita Canyon State Park . Filming for the season wrapped on April 15 , 2018 . Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins ( edit ) In terms of having connections to Marvel 's Inhumans , Whedon felt it was doubtful , but noted `` we also want there to be a bigger reward for people who watch all of ( the MCU series ) , so they 'll start to see that there 's lines connecting it . It 's more fun for people who are playing the whole game , but if you do n't , you 'll still have a great rollercoaster ride . '' In November 2017 , Whedon said that the season would not have moved the characters to space if the recent MCU films like Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Thor : Ragnarok had not been exploring that part of the MCU , but that this would remain a `` thematic tie '' . He explained that they had moved on from the overt tie - ins with the MCU films that the series utilized in earlier seasons because `` we have our own mythology . That started to be much more interesting to us , and hopefully to the audience , just digging that stuff up . No one wants to come to see our show to see another show . '' Whedon added in March 2018 that the then - upcoming release of Avengers : Infinity War would similarly `` open a new playground '' for the series to explore . The season features the Kree , an alien race that previously appeared in the first three seasons , and in the film Guardians of the Galaxy . The fictional element gravitonium also returns , having first appeared in the first season . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing in the United States on ABC on December 1 , 2017 , beginning once Inhumans finished airing its episodes . It is set to run for 22 episodes , with a short hiatus for the airing of the 2018 Winter Olympics between `` Past Life '' and `` All the Comforts of Home '' . The season is intended to conclude on May 18 , 2018 . The fifth season moved to a Friday timeslot , alongside the seventh season of ABC 's Once Upon a Time , with ABC chief Channing Dungey explaining , `` We 've turned Friday into more of a destination for our fantasy and science fiction fans . Once Upon a Time and S.H.I.E.L.D. are airing on the same night for the first time , which is giving many fans of both shows what they 've been asking for for a long time . '' Andy Kubitz , executive vice president for program planning and scheduling at ABC , added that ABC had `` confidence that ( the S.H.I.E.L.D. ) core audience ... ( would ) travel with it '' to its new Friday time slot . He continued , `` The great thing about Friday night for these shows is it gives three days of downtime for a lot of these younger viewers to be able to catch up on it . You 've got Saturday and Sunday viewing that will be able to be counted into our C3 to help us monetize it . '' Marketing ( edit ) The main cast of the season appeared at New York Comic Con on October 7 , 2017 , where they promoted the season and debuted the first 20 minutes of the first episode of the season . A shortened version of the footage was released by ABC and Marvel on November 26 , 2017 , as a sneak peek before the season premiere later that week . The cast and executive producers will appear at WonderCon 2018 on March 24 , to promote the rest of the season , and show a sneak peek of an upcoming episode . Marvel released three roundtable discussions in support of the series reaching 100 episodes . Hosted by Patton Oswalt , who has portrayed The Koenigs in the series , the first was released on March 8 , 2018 with the women of the series . The second , which release on March 9 , featured the full cast , while the third debuted on March 12 with the executive producers . All premiered on Marvel.com while also being available on Marvel and the series ' social media platforms and Marvel 's YouTube channel . The executive producers , main cast members except Gregg , and Ward appeared at WonderCon 2018 to promote the remainder of the season and answer fan questions . A clip from the end of `` Rise and Shine '' was also shown . `` The Road to 100 '' ( edit ) In December 2017 , Marvel announced the `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 '' art program to commemorate the series reaching 100 episodes . The program features five posters , one for each season of the series , representing `` key pivotal moments of each season '' . The art also appeared as variant covers to select titles published by Marvel Comics in March 2018 . Megan Thomas Bradner , Vice President of Development and Production , Live Action at Marvel Television , called reaching 100 episodes `` quite a feat ... and it felt special enough to share with the fans that got us here . By working with some of our favorite comic artists , we felt we could show a large variety of meaningful moments and the characters that helped get us to a 100 . '' She added that the program `` commemorates these creators , the actors , the characters and a hundred amazing stories '' . The first poster , highlighting season one , was created by Dale Keown . It features four panels , showcasing the moment Coulson and Grant Ward approached Skye in her van from the pilot , Coulson learning he survived the Battle of New York from the T.A.H.I.T.I. program and a drug from a half - dissected Kree alien corpse , the moment Grant Ward revealed he was a Hydra agent by killing Victoria Hand , and Fitz giving Simmons the last remaining oxygen tank and declaring his love for her in the season one finale . The second poster , highlighting season two , was created by Daniel Acuña . The scenes depicted are Coulson writing the Inhuman map on a wall ; Daisy coming out of her Terrigenesis ; the S.H.I.E.L.D. team , Bobbi Morse , Lance Hunter , and the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' logo ; and May cradling the deceased body of Katya Belyakov . The third poster , highlighting season three , was created by Nick Bradshaw . The poster shows the S.H.I.E.L.D. team and Hive , along with the Hydra logo breaking the S.H.I.E.L.D. logo and its tentacles covering much of the poster . Specific moments highlighted include Fitz and Simmons after she has been pulled from the portal to Maveth , Coulson killing Ward on Maveth , and the formation of the Secret Warriors . The fourth poster , highlighting season four , was created by Rahzzah . It highlighted the introduction of Ghost Rider , Life Model Decoys ( LMD ) and the Framework reality , Jeffrey Mace sacrificing himself in the Framework , and Coulson 's kiss with the May LMD . The fifth and final poster , highlighting this season , was created by Stonehouse . Flanked on either side are Kasius and Sinara , with the S.H.I.E.L.D. team and Deke in the center in front of the destroyed Earth of the future as well as Fitz reuniting with Simmons . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) 1 / 2 `` Orientation '' December 1 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.54 0.6 1.72 1.3 4.27 `` A Life Spent '' December 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.93 0.7 1.68 1.2 3.61 `` A Life Earned '' December 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.84 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Rewind '' December 22 , 2017 0.6 / 3 2.40 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Fun & Games '' January 5 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.49 0.7 N / A 1.4 N / A 7 `` Together or Not at All '' January 12 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.31 0.7 1.75 1.3 4.07 8 `` The Last Day '' January 19 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.41 0.8 1.82 1.4 4.23 9 `` Best Laid Plans '' January 26 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.27 0.6 1.72 1.2 4.00 10 `` Past Life '' February 2 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.22 0.6 1.74 1.2 3.96 11 `` All the Comforts of Home '' March 2 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.90 0.7 1.68 1.2 3.58 12 `` The Real Deal '' March 9 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.04 0.7 1.72 1.2 3.78 13 `` Principia '' March 16 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.07 0.6 1.58 1.1 3.65 14 `` The Devil Complex '' March 23 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.07 0.7 1.63 1.2 3.70 15 `` Rise and Shine '' March 30 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.88 0.6 1.61 1.1 3.49 16 `` Inside Voices '' April 6 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.08 0.6 1.59 1.2 3.67 17 `` The Honeymoon '' April 13 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.82 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100 % approval rating , with an average rating of 7.71 out of 10 , based on 11 reviews . Reviewing the premiere episodes , Merrill Barr of Forbes felt moving the series to space was not a reboot of the series , rather `` a continuation , in some form , of the story set - up at the end of last season . The show is not different . The team is still trying to save the world . They 're just doing it in a new place and new way . Overall , there 's a lot to love about what S.H.I.E.L.D. is doing in the new season . It 's a crazy ride fans are going to be glad they 've stayed aboard for . The `` Agents of Hydra '' run ( at the end of season four ) was a bit weak . The space run is so far proving to be anything but . '' Jon Negroni of We Got This Covered praised the show for its delightful twists and turns and for not relying on what 's already worked , adding that `` it 's a testament to the show 's ongoing experimentation that we can watch these characters get to space and believe that this is far from their final frontier . '' He felt , however , that there was `` little room for pathos and seeds for character development '' and that `` we know almost nothing about where these individuals are at emotionally because of how fast we blazed through the finale . '' Alex McLevy of The A.V. Club praised the move to space , saying that `` if season four was Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. firing on all cylinders , especially during its stellar ' Agents of Hydra ' arc in the Framework , then this is the look of a show that knows it has mastered its storytelling , and is confidently expanding the scope of its ambition . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2018 TVLine 's Performer of the Week Performance in `` The Last Day '' Ming - Na Wen Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Mark Kolpack , Sabrina Arnold , David Rey , Kevin Yuille , Gary D'Amico for `` Orientation , Part 1 '' Nominated Saturn Awards Best Superhero Television Series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . 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Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Damore , Meagan ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD Teases the Debut of a Major Marvel Villain ( Again ) '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ABC chief addresses Scandal - free fall lineup and the future of OUAT '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Renews ' Agents of SHIELD , ' ' American Housewife , ' ' Designated Survivor ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Schedule : Once Bumped to Friday , black - ish Shifts to Tuesday , Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.M.I.A. '' TVLine . 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Team Previews Game - Changing Episode 100 , ' Gorgeous Easter Eggs ' for Fans '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McLevy , Alex ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` S.H.I.E.L.D. goes straight for the heart with the year 's best episode '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Massabrook , Nicole ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' Star Adrianne Palicki Is Ready For ' Agents of SHIELD ' Return '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 422 ) `` World 's End '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 508 ) `` The Last Day '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Gregg , Clark ( @ clarkgregg ) ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm directing my first one starting this week . # DaisyDatesanAlien '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Clark Gregg Shares His Experience On ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Directorial Debut '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Clark Gregg Directs His Own `` Mini-Marvel Movie '' In New Agents of SHIELD Episode `` . IGN . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Agard , Chancellor ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 5 premiere date revealed at NYCC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovitch , Matt Webb ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. EPs on Delivering Episode 100 's Surprise ( Spoiler ) , Plus What 's Next for Two Big Reveals '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bennet , Chloe ( @ ChloeBennet4 ) ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Yesterday we wrapped @ AgentsofSHIELD season 5 in truly the most epic way . What . A. Season . 9.5 months of shooting is like sprinting a marathon y'all , but we 're DONE ! I need a week long nap now . '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ; McCabe , Joseph ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD boss casts doubt on crossover with Marvel 's Inhumans series '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ramos , Dino - Ray ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Showrunners Talk How ' Infinity War ' Might Affect The ABC Marvel Series -- Wondercon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Kree Will Return In ' Agents of SHIELD ' Season 5 '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD Just Teased Earth 's Destruction Links Back to Season 1 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's when Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. will return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD Season Finale 's Foreboding Title Revealed '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Why Once Upon a Time and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. are heading to Fridays '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel TV Brings Agents of SHIELD , Punisher and Runaways to NYCC '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the first 17 minutes of the new season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AGENTS OF S.H.I.E.L.D. , CLOAK & DAGGER , Animated DEADPOOL Coming to WONDERCON '' . Newsarama . February 28 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ; Yehl , Joshua ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD Cast and Creators Look Back After 100 Episodes '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Debuts ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road To 100 ' Art Program '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 ' : Season 2 Spotlight '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 ' : Season 3 Spotlight '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 ' : Season 4 Spotlight '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 ' : Season 5 Spotlight '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barr , Merrill ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Season 5 Review : Bonkers But A Lot Of Fun '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Negroni , Jon ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 5 Review '' . We Got This Covered . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McLevy , Alex ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. brings the gravity in a thrilling outer - space season premiere '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Sonequa Martin - Green '' . TVLine . January 20 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . General references `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 5 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . External Links ( edit ) Official website Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on IMDb Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. at TV.com S.H.I.E.L.D. Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Executive Directors George W. Bridge Sharon Carter Timothy Dugan Nick Fury Maria Hill Daisy Johnson Norman Osborn Steve Rogers Tony Stark Field Agents Clay Quartermain Victoria Hand Jasper Sitwell Al MacKenzie Mitch Carson Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Jessica Drew Clint Barton Natasha Romanova Barbara Morse Jimmy Woo Alexander Goodwin Pierce John Garrett Nick Fury Jr . Sam Wilson Antagonists A.I.M. H.A.M.M.E.R. 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'' Season 3 `` Laws of Nature '' `` Purpose in the Machine '' `` A Wanted ( Inhu ) man '' `` Devils You Know '' `` 4,722 Hours '' `` Among Us Hide ... '' `` Chaos Theory '' `` Many Heads , One Tale '' `` Closure '' `` Maveth '' `` Bouncing Back '' `` The Inside Man '' `` Parting Shot '' `` Watchdogs '' `` Spacetime '' `` Paradise Lost '' `` The Team '' `` The Singularity '' `` Failed Experiments '' `` Emancipation '' `` Absolution '' `` Ascension '' Season 4 `` The Ghost '' `` Meet the New Boss '' `` Uprising '' `` Let Me Stand Next to Your Fire '' `` Lockup '' `` The Good Samaritan '' `` Deals with Our Devils '' `` The Laws of Inferno Dynamics '' `` Broken Promises '' `` Self Control '' Season 5 See also Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D._(season_5)&oldid=837269356 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 19 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does agents of shield season 5 end | [
"The fifth season began airing on December 1, 2017, and is set to run for 22 episodes on ABC until May 18, 2018."
] | [
"May 18, 2018"
] |
2440342559980038232 | Google Cloud Messaging | Google Cloud Messaging - wikipedia Google Cloud Messaging Jump to : navigation , search Google Cloud Messaging Overview of the GCM Service architecture . Developer ( s ) Google Target platform ( s ) Android , Chrome Programming language ( s ) Java Status Active License Proprietary Google Cloud Messaging ( commonly referred to as GCM ) is a mobile notification service developed by Google that enables third - party application developers to send notification data or information from developer - run servers to applications that target the Google Android Operating System , as well as applications or extensions developed for the Google Chrome internet browser . It is available to developers free of charge . The GCM Service was first announced in June 2012 as a successor to Google 's now - defunct Android Cloud to Device Messaging ( C2DM ) service , citing improvements to authentication and delivery , new API endpoints and messaging parameters , and the removal of limitations on API send - rates and message sizes . It has been superseded by Google 's Firebase Cloud Messaging ( FCM ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Technical details 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Development ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2014 ) GCM first launched as Google 's Android Cloud to Device Messaging ( C2DM ) service , first featured in Android 2.2 by Google . The transition to Google Cloud Messaging was first announced when the Android service was unveiled on June 27 , 2012 , at Google I / O. Shortly after announcing the Google Cloud Messaging service , Google published documentation to guide application developers with migrating from the C2DM and onto the new service . Migrating to the service required SDK and code changes , as well as a release of an application update to the publish repository ( such as Google Play ) for downloading and updating . The Chrome service was announced before Google I / O 2013 in a blog post titled ' Building efficient apps and extensions with push messaging . ' At I / O 2015 , Google announced a new SDK and iOS support . Technical details ( edit ) Google Cloud Messaging functions using server APIs and SDKs , both maintained by Google . The GCM has the ability to send push notifications , deep - linking commands , and application data . Larger messages can be sent with up to 4 KB of payload data . Upon allowing the application permission to receive and display notifications , the client application sends a registration API request to the Google Cloud Messaging interface to begin the registration process . The GCM Service receives and acknowledges the request and responds by giving the device a GCM Registration ID , a unique identifier that the developer later uses to send a notification to the individual device . The identifier is stored onto the device , and is typically sent to the developer 's application server to be stored . The GCM Registration ID is a randomly - generated identifier that does not contain any personal or device information that could allow a developer to discover the personal identity of the user . When the developer wishes to send a notification event to a device , the process begins with an API POST request being sent to the GCM Authentication Service . The POST request includes the GCM Registration ID , priority , optional values and links , and the information that is to be displayed on the device upon its arrival . Upon successful verification of the GCM Registration ID and other credentials , an authentication token is returned . Both identifiers are then sent to the GCM Service to be enqueued and delivered to the device . See also ( edit ) Firebase Cloud Messaging ( FCM ) Android software development Apple Push Notification Service SQL Server Notification Services Windows Notification Service References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ghosh , Angana ( 2012 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Android Developers Blog '' . Introducing Android 4.1 ( Jelly Bean ) preview platform , and more . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Rubio , Daniel ( August 12 , 2012 ) . `` Google Cloud Messaging for Android ( GCM ) Unveiled , to Replace C2DM Framework '' . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Android Cloud to Device Messaging Framework '' . Google Inc . Jump up ^ `` Android 2.2 Platform Highlights '' . Google Inc . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Google Cloud Messaging ( GCM ) - Google Play for Developers Help '' . Google Inc . Jump up ^ Tarantola , Andrew ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Google 's New Cloud Messaging System Does More for Less '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Migration from C2DM '' . Google . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mark ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Building efficient apps and extensions with push messaging '' . Google . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Google Cloud Messaging for Android '' . Google . Jump up ^ `` Registering Client Apps '' . Google . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official Google Cloud Messaging Websites Official Firebase Cloud Messaging Official Android Developer Page Official Chrome Developer Page GCM Collegelib Seminar Google Chrome Push Notifications implementation by MindAsk PushEm - Google Cloud Messaging Provider ( hide ) Android Software development Official development tools Software Development Kit ( SDK ) Android Debug Bridge ( ADB ) Fastboot Android application package ( APK ) Native Development Kit ( NDK ) Android Open Accessory Development Kit Bionic RenderScript Skia Dalvik Android Runtime ( ART ) Firebase Google Cloud Messaging ( GCM ) Firebase Cloud Messaging ( FCM ) AdMob Material Design Fonts Droid Roboto Noto Google Developers Other development tools OpenBinder Apache Harmony OpenJDK Gradle Integrated development environments ( IDE ) Android Studio IntelliJ IDEA Eclipse Android Development Tools ( ADT ) App Inventor Languages & Databases Java Kotlin XML C++ SQLite Virtual reality Cardboard Daydream Events & Communities Google I / O Developer Challenge Developer Lab Android Open Source Project ( AOSP ) Releases 1.0 Cupcake ( 1.5 ) Donut ( 1.6 ) Eclair ( 2.0 - 2.1 ) Froyo ( 2.2 ) Gingerbread ( 2.3 ) Honeycomb ( 3. x ) Ice Cream Sandwich ( 4.0 ) Jelly Bean ( 4.1 - 4.3 ) KitKat ( 4.4 ) Lollipop ( 5. x ) Marshmallow ( 6.0 ) Nougat ( 7. x ) Oreo ( 8. x ) Derivatives Android Auto Android Things Android TV Android Wear Smartphones & Tablets Google Pixel Pixel & Pixel XL Pixel 2 & Pixel 2 XL Pixel C Nexus devices Nexus One Nexus S Galaxy Nexus Nexus 4 Nexus 5 Nexus 5X Nexus 6 Nexus 6P Nexus 7 2012 version 2013 version Nexus 10 Nexus 9 Nexus Q Nexus Player Google Play edition HTC One ( M7 ) HTC One ( M8 ) LG G Pad 8.3 Moto G Samsung Galaxy S4 Sony Xperia Z Ultra Android One Customized variants Android - x86 Remix OS AOKP Baidu Yi Barnes & Noble Nook ColorOS CopperheadOS CyanogenMod EMUI Fire OS Funtouch OS Flyme OS LeWa OS LineageOS MIUI Nokia X software platform OPhone OmniROM OxygenOS Replicant Samsung Experience Ubuntu for Android XobotOS Yun OS Applications Assistant Google Now Earth Gmail Google Chrome for Android Goggles Hangouts Maps Navigation Pay Play Books Games Movies & TV Music Newsstand Sky Talk Voice APIs Google Maps Google Play Services Google Search Alternative user interfaces Asus Zen UI Hive UI HTC Sense Google Pixel UI LG UX ( Optimus UI ) Samsung TouchWiz Lists Custom firmware Features Free and open - source applications Games Google apps Launchers Related topics Index of articles Google Androidland Lawn statues Chromecast Java vs. Android API Legal issues Oracle America , Inc. v. Google , Inc . Smartphone patent wars XDA Developers Rooting Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Building efficient apps and extensions with push messaging was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google_Cloud_Messaging&oldid=806315304 '' Categories : Mobile telecommunications Google services Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from September 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Қазақша Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 05 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the use of gcm in android | [
"Google Cloud Messaging (commonly referred to as GCM) is a mobile notification service developed by Google that enables third-party application developers to send notification data or information from developer-run servers to applications that target the Google Android Operating System, as well as applications or extensions developed for the Google Chrome internet browser. It is available to developers free of charge. The GCM Service was first announced in June 2012[1] as a successor to Google's now-defunct Android Cloud to Device Messaging (C2DM) service, citing improvements to authentication and delivery, new API endpoints and messaging parameters, and the removal of limitations on API send-rates and message sizes.[2] It has been superseded by Google's Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM)."
] | [
"enables third-party application developers to send notification data or information from developer-run servers to applications that target the Google Android Operating System, as well as applications or extensions developed for the Google Chrome internet browser"
] |
-3691364114760599086 | Portuguese Podengo | Portuguese Podengo - wikipedia Portuguese Podengo Jump to : navigation , search Portuguese Podengo Wirehaired Portuguese Podengo Medio Other names Podengo Portugues Portuguese Warren Hound Origin Portugal ( hide ) Classification / standards FCI Group 5 , Section 7 Primitive Hunting Dogs # 94 standard AKC Portuguese Podengo Pequeno : Hound ; Portuguese Podengo ( Medio and Grande ) : Miscellaneous ( FSS ) ( 1 ) standard The AKC Foundation Stock Service ( FSS ) is an optional recording service for purebred dogs that are not yet eligible for AKC registration . The AKC Miscellaneous class is for breeds working towards full AKC recognition . KC ( UK ) Hound standard UKC Sighthound & Pariah standard Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) The Portuguese Podengo is an ancient multi-sensory hound ( sight and scent ) breed of dog from Portugal . As a breed , the Podengo is divided into three size categories that are not interbred : small ( Pequeno ) , medium ( Médio ) and large ( Grande ) . Their coats are either short and ' smooth ' , or longer and ' wired ' . The smooth coated variety is traditional , dating back to the 5th century , whereas the wire coated variety is an outcome of the assimilation of various other breeds during the 20th century . In general , the breed is healthy ; the Pequeno ( small ) variety has an average lifespan of approximately 15 -- 17 years . All Podengo types are hardy , intelligent and lively dogs , excelling at agility and making fine companions . Loyal and fearless , Podengos are also good house guards and are amenable to training by dog experienced people and those that enjoy primitive ( unrefined , `` less domesticated '' ) dog behavior . Keen hunting dogs , the Podengo has an affinity for game regardless of size . Typically , the dogs hunt in a pack with their handler following . When game is found , they kill and retrieve it , or flush it towards the hunter to be shot . Each size category traditionally hunts game appropriate to their size and temperament . ( Pequeno : rabbits ; Medio : rabbits and wild boar ; Grande : deer and wild boar ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Registration and representation 2 Types and varieties 3 General information 4 Portuguese Podengo Pequeno 4.1 Appearance 4.2 Temperament 4.3 History 5 Portuguese Podengo Medio 5.1 Appearance 5.2 Temperament 5.3 History 6 Portuguese Podengo Grande 6.1 Appearance 6.2 Temperament 6.3 History 7 References Registration and representation ( edit ) The Portuguese Podengo in the UK is represented by The Portuguese Podengo Club of Great Britain , and the Podengo Pequeno was recognized by the Kennel Club in 2003 . The Breed Standard was approved on January 1 , 2006 . The Podengo Pequeno was transferred from the Import Register into the Breed Register on January 1 , 2008 at the Kennel Club . The Podengo Pequeno now has its own breed classes at Championship Shows and Open Shows ( the other sizes are in the process of being included ) . The Podengo Pequeno was shown at Crufts for the first time in 2009 . There are approximately 500 Podengos ( primarily Pequeno ) now resident in the UK . All three sizes and varieties of the Portuguese Podengo have been registered at the United Kennel Club since 2004 and are in the Sighthound & Pariah Group . The Podengo Pequeno became AKC recognized in January 2013 and is now registered there . Incorporated in 2009 , Portuguese Podengo Pequenos of America is the AKC club for the breed in the US and is mostly in a few western states and the Midwest . The Portuguese Podengo Pequeno Club of America ( PPPCA ) , founded in 2001 , is the first and largest club of Podengo Pequeno owners in the USA and is in 40 states . They are the only club dedicated to BOTH the wire coat and the smooth coat varieties of the breed . The PPPCA was incorporated in January 2003 in Newport , Rhode Island and 85 % of its members own Portuguese Podengo Pequenos . Other organizations that recognize the Podengo ( all sizes ) in the US are the United Kennel Club , American Rare Breed Association , North American Kennel Club and The American Sighthound Field Association . The Portuguese Podengo Medio and Grande are represented in the United States by The American Portuguese Podengo Medio / Grande Club ( APPMGC or ' MGC ' ) . The United Kingdom registers the most Podengos , followed by Finland , the United States and Portugal . In Europe , the Podengo is classified by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale ( FCI ) as Group 5 : Spitz and primitive type , Section 7 : Primitive type hunting dogs . The FCI breed standard , which originates in Portugal , governs all types and varieties of the Portuguese Podengo . In both the United States and the UK the Portuguese Podengo is classified in the Hound Group . Types and varieties ( edit ) There are three sizes of Podengos : Podengo Pequeno , Podengo Medio and Podengo Grande . Within each size type are two varieties : smooth ( also referred to as smooth coat ) and wire ( also referred to as wire coat , wirehaired , longhaired or rough coat ) . All of these types are called ' Portuguese Podengo ' as a ' breed , ' although none of these six types are interbred . Portuguese Podengo Pequeno ( Smooth ) Portuguese Podengo Pequeno ( Wire ) Portuguese Podengo Medio ( Smooth ) Portuguese Podengo Medio ( Wire ) Portuguese Podengo Grande ( Smooth ) Portuguese Podengo Grande ( Wire ) In its home country , the Podengo is referred to as Small , Medium or Large Podengo . It is acceptable for the hair description to come before or after the ' type ' name . In the United States , the American Kennel Club split the Podengo Pequeno from the other two sizes as a separate breed . This was done primarily to prevent the interbreeding of the Pequeno with the Medio . General information ( edit ) The Grande ( large ) was developed for deer and wild boar hunting . It will exhaust and hold down the prey and await the hunter 's gun . The Grande is now very rare in its home country . The Medio ( medium ) was developed for rabbit chasing , flushing , hunting and retrieval . Its hunting style includes catlike stalking and , similar to the Ibizan Hound , it often jumps above the prey before landing on or near it to flush it out of dense brush , rock crevices or burrows . It will dig if necessary to flush prey . The Pequeno ( small ) was also developed for flushing rabbits from cover . It is also a good mouser and was probably kept on board explorer ships when the Portuguese initiated the European worldwide explorations in the 15th and 16th centuries . In the United States , the United Kennel Club ( UKC ) represents the breed as shown in Portugal and all FCI countries -- the three sizes , all with two coat varieties -- as one breed . The American Kennel Club ( AKC ) has divided the breed into the Portuguese Podengo Pequeno and the Portuguese Podengo ( includes the Medio and Grande size ) . This breed Portuguese Podengo is represented by the American Portuguese Podengo Medio / Grande Club . The Pequeno entered the AKC Misc class in January 2011 and entered the Hound Class in January 2013 . The Portuguese Podengo ( which includes the Medio and Grande ) , will enter AKC Miscellaneous Class on January 1 , 2014 . Portuguese Podengo Pequeno ( edit ) Wire Coat Portuguese Podengo Pequeno . Appearance ( edit ) The Portuguese Podengo Pequeno is characterized by a wedge shaped head , with erect ears and a curved tail . The AKC breed standards include the following points : Height : 8 to 12 in ( 20 to 30 cm ) Weight : 9 to 13 lb ( 4.1 to 5.9 kg ) Color : yellow or fawn Coat : wire coat ( a rough , single coat -- no undercoat ; does shed but not very much ) or smooth coat ( a dense smooth coat with undercoat that is low maintenance . It naturally sheds dust and dirt and dries very quickly ) Temperament ( edit ) Podengo Pequeno are small , friendly , hardy , lively and intelligent companions . They are very active and usually good with children and other animals when socialized from an early age . They enjoy time with their human family . Like their Medio relatives , they are very watchful and observant and will bark when something gets their attention . They enjoy running and sunshine and must have a secure enclosed fence . The Podengo Pequeno is trained well with positive techniques and should be kept on leash all of the time during training as they can be quite autonomous and have their own ideas about what constitutes proper behavior . They can be remarkably silly in the home . A walk with many Pequenos can be a delight and they will continually come back to the owner to make sure they are coming along . History ( edit ) The Portuguese Podengo Pequeno accompanied Portuguese explorers on their ships for ratting purposes after the Portuguese completed the reconquest of their country from the Moors in the 13th century . Wire Coat Pequenos were first shown in the United States in 2001 when Chicharro de Viamonte , owned by Marilyn Piurek and Kip Bergstrom , was exhibited at an ARBA show in Boston . He was the first Podengo to ever be shown in the United States and the first Podengo Pequeno champion in ARBA and Rarities . Smooth coat Pequenos were first shown in the United States in 2003 . The Viamonte podengos were the first family of Podengos pequenos in the United States , followed by Gelado de Viamonte `` Chico '' in 2004 . Wire Coat Pequenos were first imported to the UK in 2002 . The smooth coated Pequeno followed in 2004 . Most ( 75 % ) of the purebred Portuguese Podengos in the United States consist of the Pequeno size , and most of these ( 85 % ) are of the wire coat variety . Portuguese Podengo Medio ( edit ) Portuguese Podengo Médio Appearance ( edit ) WIRE COAT The WPM is a medium - sized type with a rough coat that functions as an air conditioner in the hot weather . This coat was preferred in the South of their native Portugal , which is very warm . The single coat ( without undercoat ) does shed but not very much . SMOOTH COAT The SPM is a medium - sized type with a dense smooth single layer coat that is extremely low maintenance . It naturally sheds dust and dirt and dries very quickly . For that reason the Smooth Coat variety is preferred in the North of their native Portugal , which has rainy winters . The single coat ( without undercoat ) does shed but not very much . Temperament ( edit ) Both kinds of Podengo Medio are friendly , hardy and intelligent companions . They are very active and usually good with children and other animals , including livestock , especially when socialized from an early age . They are watchful and observant and will bark when something gets their attention . Most enjoy digging and need a secure fence , optimally enclosing their own yard . As they are very agile , regular fencing might not be enough , as they are excellent jumpers and climbers . The best way to address this is with a high enough fence to prevent jumping and a `` fence '' below the ground , preferably of hardware cloth . When trained , Podengo Medios can have good recall when not on leash . While hiking with them , they generally stay in visual distance and `` check '' on their owners frequently , always being aware of their position ( although that can mean a few acres away ) . Of course , they must be trained with a reliable recall first . They are enthusiastic , trainable dogs . This led them to star in a number of movies in the 1990s and 2000s , including Dante 's Peak , Three Wishes , Homeward Bound II : Lost in San Francisco , Zeus and Roxanne , Secondhand Lions , Can of Worms and Soccer Dog : The Movie . Also The Lake House History ( edit ) The Portuguese Podengo Medio , both smooth and wire - haired , has existed , unregistered , in the United States for decades in small numbers with Portuguese - Americans in private home settings , where they have been used for traditional rabbit hunting . They were never really popularized outside of their immigrant homesteads . They are attractive , nice family dogs , with a touch of mischief . The first group of Podengo Medio fanciers met in the US in the early 90 's via the early internet Gopher ( protocol ) system . Registered purebred Smooth Podengo Medios began being shown in America in 2004 and registered purebred Wirehaired Podengo Medios began being shown in America in 2005 . The first Wirehaired Podengo Medio to be shown in North America was AM / CDN Ch Evita V.D. Kleiheuvel , owned by Mary Dixon at a United Kennel Club show in Belleville , Michigan . Evita became the first WPM United States Champion ( with United Kennel Club ) and the first Canadian Podengo Champion ( with Canine Federation of Canada ) . The first Podengo Medio born in North America was Ch Marcos de Retrouvaille and was bred by Dixon . The first Podengo to earn an American Kennel Club Tracking Dog title ( on February 17 , 2008 ) was Jolena De Retrouvaille WM , bred by Mary Dixon . Still rare , breeders in Portugal primarily breed for rabbit hunting , not pets . They are hunting dogs , often kept in kennels , not in homes . The idea of Wirehaired Podengo Medios being kept more as house pets began with breeders in Europe . Portuguese Podengo Grande ( edit ) Wire Coat Portuguese Podengo Grande Appearance ( edit ) WIRE COAT The WPG is a large - sized type with a tough but even temperament and a rough coat that primarily functions as a briar - protectant when hunting wild boar . The single coat ( without undercoat ) does shed but not very much . Registered WPGs are very rare , even in its home country and is not yet available to export . SMOOTH COAT The SPG is a large - sized type with a dense smooth single layer coat that also functions as a briar - protectant when hunting wild boar . The registered SPG is still rare in its home country , with very few individuals available for export . Temperament ( edit ) Both kinds of Podengo Grande are known to be tough , hardy and intelligently observant animals . They must be socialized very well and carefully by a primitive breed - experienced handler . They are used primarily for hunting wild boar in large packs , where they are released from kennel trucks and sent to chase the boar to its den . They then continue to harass it until it emerges in its attack mode . The dogs then jump in and attach to the boar from all angles and dispatch it swiftly . The waiting hunter can then retrieve the prey . They will be good guardians and require a securely fenced yard ( at least 6 ft tall ) . They enjoy digging dens , also , like their other Podengo relations . It is most closely related to the Podengo Medio , in fact , Podengo Medios which grow too tall for the Medio standard may be classified as Podengo Grandes . This arrangement does not exist in any other way within the Podengo group . Training will be firm but fair with the Podengo Grande as it must have respect for its handler and be amenable to training . History ( edit ) The Portuguese Podengo Grande may have existed , unregistered , in North America with Portuguese - Americans in private home settings , where they have been used for deer and wild pig hunting . The first Podengo Grande was imported to the US in 2008 and the first litter born in 2009 as well as the import of 4 Grande of the wire coat . 2010 brought the second litter of Grande . Breeders in Portugal continue to breed primarily for hunting and the PG is kept and raised in kennels . There is a unique system currently in place in Portugal where unregistered dogs ( denoted by the kennel club of Portugal as R.I. or ' Initial Registration ' ) may be evaluated by breed experts and used in a breeding program . Succeeding generations , also evaluated by said experts , may eventually result in a 3 generation pedigree of known , evaluated , ' R.I. ' dogs which would thus create a full pedigree for certain formerly `` RI '' Podengos . This process is carried forth under rules established by the CPC and is not exportable to other countries as it relies on the presence of indigenous wild specimens of the breed . In the United States the American Kennel Club ( AKC ) has determined that the Medio and Grande size together are to be called ' Portuguese Podengo ' as one breed . It will be registered by the AKC in the Hound Group . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Minutes of the Board of Directors '' ( PDF ) . AKC.org . American Kennel Club . November 2010 . Jump up ^ Portuguese Podengo Club Yearbook 2010 , Great Britain , pp. 45 -- 51 . Jump up ^ `` Pondengo Portugueso '' . UKCDogs.com . United Kennel Club . Jump up ^ Pous , Terri ( 12 January 2013 ) . `` American Kennel Club Invites Two New Breeds to the Litter '' . Time . Retrieved 13 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portugues Podengo Pequeno Breed Standards '' . AKC.org . American Kennel Club . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Primitive dogs Primitive hounds Andalusian Hound Basenji Ca de Conills Cirneco dell'Etna Cretan Hound Galician Hound Hierro Hound Ibizan Hound La Palma Hound Maneto Pharaoh Hound Podenco Canario Portuguese Podengo Santal Hound Spanish Orito Hound Xarnego Landrace dogs Africanis Borneo Dog Canaan Dog Carolina Dog Hierran Wolfdog Indian pariah dog Sinhala Hound Taiwan Dog Telomian Thai Ridgeback True wild dogs Dingo New Guinea Singing Dog Hairless breeds Argentine Pila Dog Chinese Crested Dog Mexican Hairless Dog Peruvian Hairless Dog Extinct breeds Chiribaya Shepherd Hawaiian Poi Dog Kurī Marquesan Dog Polynesian Dog Tahitian Dog Tengger Dog Tesem Hounds Scenthounds Alpine Dachsbracke American Foxhound Anglo - Français de Petite Vénerie Ariegeois Artois Hound Austrian Black and Tan Hound Basset Artésien Normand Basset Bleu de Gascogne Basset Fauve de Bretagne Basset Hound Bavarian Mountain Hound Beagle Beagle - Harrier Billy Black and Tan Coonhound Bloodhound Bluetick Coonhound Briquet Griffon Vendéen Dachshund Deutsche Bracke Drever Dumfriesshire Hound Dunker English Coonhound English Foxhound Estonian Hound Finnish Hound Gascon Saintongeois Grand Anglo - Français Blanc et Noir Grand Anglo - Français Blanc et Orange Grand Anglo - Français Tricolore Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen Grand Bleu de Gascogne Grand Griffon Vendéen Greek Harehound Griffon Bleu de Gascogne Griffon Fauve de Bretagne Griffon Nivernais Hamiltonstövare Hanover Hound Harrier Kerry Beagle Otterhound Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen Petit Bleu de Gascogne Plott Hound Poitevin Polish Hound Porcelaine Posavaz Hound Redbone Coonhound Sabueso Cántabro Sabueso Español Schillerstövare Schweizer Laufhund Schweizerischer Niederlaufhund Segugio Italiano Slovenský kopov Transylvanian Hound Treeing Walker Coonhound Welsh Hound Westphalian Dachsbracke Sighthounds Afghan Hound Azawakh Borzoi Chippiparai Combai Galgo Español Greyhound Hortaya borzaya Irish Wolfhound Italian Greyhound Kanni Longdog Lurcher Magyar agár Mudhol Hound Polish Greyhound Rajapalayam Rampur Greyhound Saluki Scottish Deerhound Sloughi Taigan Whippet Other Andalusian Hound Basenji Cirneco dell'Etna Cretan Hound Ibizan Hound Pharaoh Hound Phu Quoc Ridgeback Podenco Canario Portuguese Podengo Rhodesian Ridgeback Thai Ridgeback Xarnego Extinct Celtic Hounds Chien - gris Grand Fauve de Bretagne Limer North Country Beagle Rache Sleuth Hound Southern Hound Talbot Dogs originating from Portugal FCI breeds Cão da Serra de Aires Cão de Castro Laboreiro Cão Fila de São Miguel Estrela Mountain Dog Portuguese Podengo Portuguese Pointer Portuguese Water Dog Rafeiro do Alentejo CPC breeds ( which are not accepted by the FCI ) Barbado da Terceira Barrocal Algarvio Cão de Gado Transmontano Extinct breeds Podengo de Mastra Terceira Mastiff Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Podengo&oldid=813660619 '' Categories : Hounds Dog breeds Dog breeds originating in Portugal Rare dog breeds Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 16 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of dog is zeus in zeus and roxanne | [
"The Portuguese Podengo is an ancient multi-sensory hound (sight and scent) breed of dog from Portugal. As a breed, the Podengo is divided into three size categories that are not interbred: small (Pequeno), medium (Médio) and large (Grande). Their coats are either short and 'smooth', or longer and 'wired'. The smooth coated variety is traditional, dating back to the 5th century, whereas the wire coated variety is an outcome of the assimilation of various other breeds during the 20th century. In general, the breed is healthy; the Pequeno (small) variety has an average lifespan of approximately 15–17 years."
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"multi-sensory hound"
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6849611397146474740 | Powertrain control module | Powertrain control module - wikipedia Powertrain control module Jump to : navigation , search A PCM from a 1996 Chevrolet Beretta . A power - train control module , abbreviated PCM , is an automotive component , a control unit , used on motor vehicles . It is generally a combined control unit , consisting of the engine control unit ( ECU ) and the transmission control unit ( TCU ) . On some cars , such as many Chryslers , there are multiple computers : the PCM , the Transmission Control Unit , and the Body Control Module , for a total of three separate computers as an example . These automotive computers are generally very reliable . The PCM commonly controls more than 100 factors in a car or truck . There are many hundreds of error codes that can occur , which indicates that some subsection of the car is experiencing a problem . When one of these errors occurs , usually it will turn on the `` check engine '' light on the dashboard . The PCM is one of potentially several on - board computers , or essentially the `` brain '' of the engine control system . The primary inputs to the PCM come from many sensors , of different types , that are spread around the car . Most of them are oriented toward engine management and performance . These sensors fail at a much higher rate than any of the computers do . Early use of the powertrain control module dates back to the late 1970s - official phasing in of the PCM occurred during the early 1980s when used in conjunction with electronic controlled carburetors and lockup torque converters ( at the time conventional 3 - speed automatics received lockup converters at the same time overdrives were introduced ) . Other names ( edit ) Engine control unit is also called : PCM : Power - train control module ( Ford / GM ) ECM : Engine control module Injection control unit ( Peugeot , Citroen , Fiat , Alfa , Lancia ) DME / DDE : Digital Motor Electronics / Digital Diesel Electronics ( BMW , Mini ) ECU : Electronic control unit Bibliography ( edit ) Duffy , James E. ( 2003 ) . Modern Automotive Technology ( 6th ed . ) . ISBN 1 - 59070 - 186 - 0 . Ribbens , William B. ( 2002 ) . Understanding Automotive Electronics ( 6th ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 08 - 048149 - 3 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Powertrain Control Module ( PCM ) '' . AA1Car . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://www.obdtester.com/psacom-eculist/peugeot/607_1999_2004_van Jump up ^ http://obdtester.com/bimcom-eculist/bmw/5/2008_e60_e61 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powertrain_control_module&oldid=801284093 '' Categories : Embedded systems Power control Engine technology Fuel injection systems Engine control systems Engine components Onboard computers Auto parts Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 19 : 48 . About Wikipedia | what does pcm stand for on a vehicle | [
"A power-train control module, abbreviated PCM, is an automotive component, a control unit, used on motor vehicles. It is generally a combined control unit, consisting of the engine control unit (ECU) and the transmission control unit (TCU). On some cars, such as many Chryslers, there are multiple computers: the PCM, the Transmission Control Unit, and the Body Control Module, for a total of three separate computers as an example. These automotive computers are generally very reliable. The PCM commonly controls more than 100 factors in a car or truck. There are many hundreds of error codes that can occur, which indicates that some subsection of the car is experiencing a problem. When one of these errors occurs, usually it will turn on the \"check engine\" light on the dashboard. The PCM is one of potentially several on-board computers, or essentially the \"brain\" of the engine control system.[1]"
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-7273126316360454712 | I Can Only Imagine (film) | I Can Only Imagine ( film ) - wikipedia I Can Only Imagine ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search I Can Only Imagine Theatrical release poster Directed by Erwin Brothers Produced by Cindy Bond Kevin Downes Daryl Lefever Mickey Liddell Pete Shilaimon Raymond Harris Joe Knopp Screenplay by Jon Erwin Brent McCorkle Story by Alex Cramer Jon Erwin Brent McCorkle Based on The life story of Bart Millard Starring J. Michael Finley Madeline Carroll Trace Adkins Priscilla Shirer Cloris Leachman Dennis Quaid Music by Brent McCorkle Cinematography Kristopher Kimlin Edited by Andrew Erwin Brent McCorkle Production companies Kevin Downes Productions Mission Pictures International Distributed by Lionsgate Roadside Attractions Release date March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $7 million Box office $83.9 million I Can Only Imagine is a 2018 American Christian drama film directed by the Erwin Brothers and written by Alex Cramer , Jon Erwin , and Brent McCorkle , based on the story behind the MercyMe song of the same name , the best - selling Christian single of all time . The film stars J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard , the lead singer who wrote the song about his relationship with his father ( Dennis Quaid ) . Madeline Carroll , Priscilla Shirer , Cloris Leachman , and Trace Adkins also star . I Can Only Imagine was released in the United States on March 16 , 2018 . It has grossed $83 million worldwide against a production budget of $7 million , and is the third highest - grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States . Some critics praised it as inspiring and noted it as an improvement compared to other faith - based films , while others called it flat and by - the - numbers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Coming from a home with an abusive father , 10 - year - old Bart Millard is dropped off at a Christian camp by his mother , where he meets Shannon . Upon his return from camp , Bart finds his mother has left and movers are removing her belongings , leading to a physical confrontation with his father Arthur , who takes custody of him . Years later , Millard is in Lakeside high school and dating Shannon . Hoping to impress his father , he begins playing football . However , he is injured , breaking both ankles and ending his career . In order to make up the credits he would miss from football , he signs up for music class , the only available class left . Initially , Millard is assigned to be a sound technician . After the director catches him singing in the empty auditorium of Lakeside high school , she casts him as Curly , the lead role in the school production of Oklahoma . He does n't tell his father of his role in the play , and while Bart has risen to the singing demands of the part , Arthur subsequently collapses with severe abdominal pain , but refuses to tell Bart or Shannon about his cancer diagnosis . The following morning , Millard voices his frustrations with his father and is assaulted by his father , who smashes a plate over his head . Shannon presses Bart to open up , but he responds by breaking up with her and leaving to seek his fortune in the city after graduation . Millard then connects with the band who would become MercyMe , and eventually attracts the attention of Christian music producer Scott Brickell ( Trace Adkins ) , who coaches Millard and gets them a showcase in Nashville , leading to meetings with Amy Grant ( Nicole DuPort ) and Michael W. Smith ( Jake B. Miller ) . Millard has been unable to reconcile with Shannon , who rejects his invitation to tour with the band to their upcoming Nashville showcase . While the band felt their performance was the best of their career , industry representatives reject the band as not being good enough to sell records . In despair , Millard quits the band . After talking with Brickell , who encourages him to resolve his issues with his father , Millard rejoins the band but asks they wait for him to confront his father and settle the conflict before they play again . Millard returns home and is greeted enthusiastically by his father , who prepares breakfast for him the next morning . His father claims to have become a Christian , but Bart is initially skeptical and rejects his father 's offer to start over . In anger , Arthur takes a baseball bat and hits his old Jeep , which he had hoped to repair with his son . As Bart prepares to leave , he finds out his father has terminal cancer . Bart and his father reconcile and form a deep bond before Arthur dies of his illness . After his father 's funeral , Millard rejoins the band and writes `` I Can Only Imagine '' . Brickell sends the demo tape to several artists , including Grant , who , deeply moved by the song , asks to record it herself as her next single . The band accepts Grant 's offer . Millard is seated in the audience when Grant intends to unveil the song live in concert . However , Grant decides that Millard should be the one to sing the song , and offers it back to him , calling him to the microphone to sing it before the large audience . Millard 's unexpected performance is wildly applauded and he reunites with Shannon , who had also been in attendance at the concert . The band releases the song as their first single , achieving success on Christian and mainstream radio . Cast ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard Brody Rose as Young Bart Dennis Quaid as Arthur Millard , Bart 's father Cloris Leachman as Meemaw , Bart 's grandmother Madeline Carroll as Shannon , Bart 's girlfriend Taegen Burns as Young Shannon Trace Adkins as Scott Brickell , MercyMe 's manager Priscilla Shirer as Mrs. Fincher , Bart 's teacher Nicole DuPort as Amy Grant Jake B. Miller as Michael W. Smith Mark Furze as Nathan Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) The film was announced in December 2016 . Dennis Quaid joined the cast in January 2017 . Broadway actor J. Michael Finley makes his film debut as Bart Millard . The same month , it was announced that the film was slated for release in the spring of 2018 . In August 2017 , Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions signed on as distributors for the film for a nationwide release in the United States . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of May 13 , 2018 , I Can Only Imagine has grossed $82.4 million in the United States , and Canada and $1.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $83.5 million , against a production budget of $7 million . It is the third - highest grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States , behind Straight Outta Compton and Walk the Line . The film was released on March 16 , 2018 , alongside Tomb Raider and Love , Simon , and was originally projected to gross $2 -- 4 million from 1,620 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after making $6.2 million on its first day ( including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews ) , weekend estimates were increased to $14 million . It ended up grossing $17.1 million , exceeding expectations and finishing third at the box office behind Black Panther and Tomb Raider. 67 % of the opening weekend audience was female while 80 % was over the age of 35 . It was the fourth best - ever opening for a faith - based film , following The Passion of the Christ ( $83.8 million ) , Son of God ( $25.6 million ) and Heaven Is for Real ( $22.5 million ) . In its second weekend the film was added to 624 additional theaters and dropped just 19 % to $13.8 million , again finishing third . It was added to another 395 venues and finished fourth in its third weekend , making $10.4 million ( including $3 million on Easter Sunday ) . The film will be released on DVD , Blu - ray and available at iTunes Store and Google Play Store , June 5 , 2018 . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 70 % based on 23 reviews , and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` I Can Only Imagine 's message will have the most impact among Christian audiences , but overall , its performances and storytelling represent a notable evolution in faith - based cinema . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100 , based on 7 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score . The Arizona Republic 's James Ward gave the film 4 / 5 stars and wrote , `` Too often faith - based films -- say anything with Kirk Cameron or the terrible God 's Not Dead series -- tend to preach to the choir or hector their audience . The Erwins ' films -- I Can Only Imagine definitely among them -- are more inclusive , charitable of spirit and hopeful , all qualities that are always appreciated , be they rooted in Christian faith or otherwise . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a `` C -- '' saying : `` There 's a reason why all of these movies are so amateurishly made ; why they all end with links to religious websites ; why they all look like they were shot on an iPhone by a Walmart - brand Janusz Kaminski who lit each interior like the white light of heaven was streaming through every window ... Art can be affirmation , but affirmation can not be art . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anita , Busch ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based ' I Can Only Imagine ' Picked Up By Lionsgate & Roadside Attractions '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` How did ' I Can Only Imagine ' become the biggest Christian hit ever ( and inspire a movie ) ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff Reports ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` MercyMe hit song turning into Okie production '' . NewsOK . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based Film ' I Can Only Imagine ' With Dennis Quaid , Cloris Leachman And Trace Adkins Eyes Spring 2018 Release '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lionsgate , Roadside Acquire Faith - Based Drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Biopic - Music Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Tomb Raider ' Be the Movie to Finally Knock ' Black Panther ' From Box Office Perch ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised For $460 M+ In Profit ; ' I Can Only Imagine ' Surprises -- Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' I Can Only Imagine ' Revives Faith - Based Genre '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , James ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Faith - based drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' does n't just preach to the choir '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I Can Only Imagine ' Review : A Christian Rock Biopic Shows Why Faith - Based Films Struggle to Convert Secular Audiences '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website I Can Only Imagine on IMDb I Can Only Imagine at the TCM Movie Database I Can Only Imagine at AllMovie I Can Only Imagine at Box Office Mojo I Can Only Imagine at History vs. Hollywood Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Only_Imagine_(film)&oldid=843658836 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Drama films based on actual events Films based on actual events Roadside Attractions films Films shot in Oklahoma Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from March 2018 Articles to be expanded from March 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the bands manager in i can only imagine | [
"Trace Adkins as Scott Brickell, MercyMe's manager"
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"Trace Adkins"
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4290027279813940099 | Shaun of the Dead | Shaun of the Dead - wikipedia Shaun of the Dead Shaun of the Dead Theatrical release poster Directed by Edgar Wright Produced by Nira Park Written by Edgar Wright Simon Pegg Starring Simon Pegg Kate Ashfield Lucy Davis Nick Frost Dylan Moran Bill Nighy Penelope Wilton Music by Pete Woodhead Daniel Mudford Cinematography David M. Dunlap Edited by Chris Dickens Production company StudioCanal Working Title Films Big Talk Productions Film4 Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures ( International ) Rogue Pictures ( United States ) Release date 29 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 29 ) ( London premiere ) 9 April 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 09 ) ( United Kingdom ) 24 September 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 24 ) ( United States ) 27 July 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 27 ) ( France ) Running time 99 minutes Country France United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $6.1 million Box office $30 million Shaun of the Dead is a 2004 horror comedy film directed by Edgar Wright , written by Wright and Simon Pegg , and starring Pegg and Nick Frost . Pegg plays Shaun , a directionless Londoner who is caught in an apocalyptic zombie uprising . The film was a critical and commercial success and was nominated for a BAFTA . It is the first in Wright and Pegg 's Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy , followed by 2007 's Hot Fuzz and 2013 's The World 's End . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Locations 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Awards and recognition 5 Home media 6 Merchandise 7 Cultural references 8 Films influenced by Shaun of the Dead 9 Soundtrack 10 Comic strip 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) Shaun is a shop salesman with no direction in his life . His colleagues disrespect him , he does not get on with his stepfather Philip , and his girlfriend Liz breaks up with him , unhappy they spend every evening at his local pub , the Winchester . After the break - up , Shaun drowns his sorrows there with his housemate and best friend Ed . At home , their housemate Pete , complaining of a bite wound from a mugger , berates Shaun to get his life together . By morning , a zombie apocalypse has overwhelmed London , but Shaun and Ed are slow to notice until they encounter two zombies in their garden and kill them with blows to the head . They form a plan to rescue Shaun 's mother , Barbara , and Liz , then wait out the crisis in the Winchester . They escape in Pete 's car , and pick up Barbara and Philip , who has been bitten , then Liz and her friends Dianne and David . Philip makes peace with Shaun before turning into a zombie . The group abandons the vehicle and continues on foot , evading zombies . They seek refuge inside the Winchester , where Shaun discovers that the Winchester rifle above the bar is functional . Barbara reveals she has been bitten and turns undead after giving Liz and Shaun her blessing . Shaun , distraught , is forced to shoot Barbara . Zombies break into the pub . David is disembowelled , and an enraged Diane grabs David 's leg and rushes into the horde . The zombified Pete bites Ed , after which Shaun shoots Pete and sets fire to the bar . The fire sets off the rifle ammunition while Shaun , Liz , and Ed flee into the cellar , where they contemplate suicide . Ed volunteers to stay behind with the rifle while Shaun and Liz escape through a hatch that opens to the street . The Army arrives and guns down the remaining zombies . Six months after the outbreak , civilisation has returned to normal , and surviving zombies are used as cheap labour and entertainment . Liz has moved in with Shaun , while Shaun keeps the zombie Ed tethered in his shed , where they play video games together . Cast ( edit ) Simon Pegg as Shaun Nick Frost as Ed Kate Ashfield as Liz Lucy Davis as Dianne Dylan Moran as David Penelope Wilton as Barbara Bill Nighy as Philip Jessica Stevenson as Yvonne Peter Serafinowicz as Pete Rafe Spall as Noel Martin Freeman as Declan Reece Shearsmith as Mark Tamsin Greig as Maggie Julia Deakin as Yvonne 's mum Matt Lucas as Cousin Tom Production ( edit ) The film is notable for Wright 's kinetic directing style , and its references to other movies , television series and video games . In this way , it is similar to the British sitcom Spaced , which both Pegg and Wright worked on in similar roles . The film was inspired by the Spaced episode `` Art '' , written by Pegg ( along with his writing partner and co-star Jessica Hynes ) and directed by Wright , in which the character of Tim ( Pegg ) , under the influence of amphetamine and the video game Resident Evil 2 , hallucinates that he is fighting off a zombie invasion . Having discovered a mutual appreciation for Romero 's Dead trilogy , they decided to write their own zombie movie . Spaced was to be a big influence on the making of Shaun of the Dead , as it was directed by Wright in a similar style , and featured many of the same cast and crew in minor and major roles . Nick Frost , who played Mike in Spaced , has a starring role in Shaun of the Dead as Ed . Peter Serafinowicz and Julia Deakin -- who played Duane Benzie and Marsha in Spaced -- appear in Shaun of the Dead as Pete and Yvonne 's mum , and Pegg 's Spaced co-star Jessica Hynes plays Yvonne . The film 's cast features a number of British comedians , comic actors , and sitcom stars , most prominently from Spaced , Black Books and The Office . Shaun of the Dead also co-stars Dylan Moran , who played Bernard Black in Black Books , Martin Freeman ( Tim Canterbury in The Office ) , Tamsin Greig ( Fran in Black Books , Caroline in Green Wing ) , Julia Deakin ( Marsha in Spaced ) , Reece Shearsmith ( Dexter in Spaced and a member of The League of Gentlemen ) and Matt Lucas ( writer / co-star of Little Britain ) . In addition , the voices of Mark Gatiss ( The League of Gentlemen ) and Julia Davis ( Nighty Night ) can be heard as radio news presenters , as can David Walliams ( Little Britain ) who provides the voice of an unseen TV reporter . Trisha Goddard also makes a cameo appearance , hosting two fictionalised episodes of her real - life talk show Trisha . Many other comics and comic actors appear in cameos as zombies , including Rob Brydon , Paul Putner , Russell Howard , Pamela Kempthorne ( Morticia de'Ath in The Vampires of Bloody Island ) , Joe Cornish , Antonia Campbell - Hughes ( from the Jack Dee sitcom Lead Balloon ) , Mark Donovan ( Black Books ) and Michael Smiley ( Tyres in Spaced ) . Coldplay members Chris Martin ( who contributed to the soundtrack by guest singing the cover of Buzzcocks ' `` Everybody 's Happy Nowadays '' with Ash ) and Jonny Buckland also have cameo roles in the film . The film was shot over nine weeks between May and July 2003 . Locations ( edit ) The production was filmed in London , on location and at Ealing Studios , and involved production companies Working Title Films and StudioCanal . Many exterior shots were filmed in and around the North London areas of Crouch End , Highgate Finsbury Park and East Finchley . Zombie extras were mainly local residents or fans of Spaced who responded to a casting call organised through a fan website . Shaun 's place of work is an actual electrical appliances shop located at Tally Ho , North Finchley . The scenes filmed in and around the `` Winchester Tavern '' pub were shot at the `` Duke of Albany '' pub , 39 Monson Road , New Cross , South London -- a three - story Victorian pub . It was turned into flats in 2008 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , Shaun of the Dead took £ 1.6 million at 366 cinemas on its opening weekend and netted £ 6.4 million by mid-May . In its opening weekend in the United States , Shaun of the Dead earned US $3.3 million , taking seventh place at the box office despite a limited release to 607 theatres . The film has earned US $30,039,392 worldwide in box office receipts since its release . Critical response ( edit ) Shaun of the Dead received critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a score of 92 % , based on 201 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Shaun of the Dead cleverly balances scares and witty satire , making for a bloody good zombie movie with loads of wit '' . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Nev Pierce , reviewing the film for the BBC , called it a `` side - splitting , head - smashing , gloriously gory horror comedy '' that will `` amuse casual viewers and delight genre fans . '' Peter Bradshaw gave it four stars out of five , saying it `` boasts a script crammed with real gags '' and is `` pacily directed ( and ) nicely acted . '' The film was placed sixth in Empire 's top one hundred British films list . Awards and recognition ( edit ) In 2004 , Total Film magazine named Shaun of the Dead the 49th greatest British film of all time . In 2005 , it was rated as the third greatest comedy film of all time in a Channel 4 poll . Horror novelist Stephen King described the movie as `` ... a ' 10 ' on the fun meter and destined to be a cult classic . '' In 2007 , Stylus Magazine named it the ninth - greatest zombie film ever made . In 2007 , Time named it one of the 25 best horror films , calling the film `` spooky , silly and smart - smart - smart '' and complimenting its director : `` Wright , who 'd be a director to watch in any genre , plays world - class games with the camera and the viewer 's expectations of what 's supposed to happen in a scare film . '' Bloody Disgusting ranked the film second in their list of the ' Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade ' , with the article saying `` Shaun of the Dead is n't just the best horror - comedy of the decade -- it 's quite possibly the best horror - comedy ever made . '' In December 2009 , Now deemed Shaun of the Dead the best film of the decade . George A. Romero was so impressed with Pegg and Wright 's work that he asked them to appear in cameo roles in the 2005 film Land of the Dead . Pegg and Wright insisted on being zombies rather than the slightly more noticeable roles that were originally offered . Pegg and Frost reprised their roles ( animated style ) in the Phineas and Ferb Halloween special `` Night of the Living Pharmacists '' in October 2014 . Quentin Tarantino dubbed the film as one of his top twenty films made since 1992 . In March 2011 , the film was voted by BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra listeners as their second favourite film of all time . Frank Darabont 's The Shawshank Redemption came in first place . Award Date of ceremony Recipients and nominees Result Notes British Independent Film Awards 30 November 2004 Best British Independent Film Shaun of the Dead Nominated Best Screenplay Edgar Wright and Simon Pegg Won Most Promising Newcomer Nick Frost Nominated Evening Standard British Film Awards 6 February 2005 Peter Sellers Award for Comedy Simon Pegg Won London Film Critics ' Circle Awards 9 February 2005 British Film of the Year Shaun of the Dead Nominated Screenwriter ( s ) of the Year Simon Pegg and Edgar Wright Nominated British Academy Film Awards 12 February 2005 Outstanding British Film Shaun of the Dead Nominated Outstanding Debut by a British Writer , Director or Producer Nira Park ( producer ) Nominated Empire Awards 13 March 2005 Best British Film Shaun of the Dead Won Best British Director Edgar Wright Nominated Best British Actor Simon Pegg Nominated Best British Actress Kate Ashfield Nominated Scene of the Year The records and zombies scene Nominated Saturn Awards 3 May 2005 Best Horror Film Shaun of the Dead Won Bram Stoker Awards 25 June 2005 Best Screenplay Simon Pegg and Edgar Wright ( tied with Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ) Won Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD shortly after its theatrical run in the US , with a DVD release around December 2004 in the US . Features included several audio commentaries , EPK featurettes about the film 's production , pre-production video diaries and concept videos , photo galleries , bloopers , and more . The film also saw release on the HD DVD format in July 2007 , with a Blu - ray Disc release following in September 2009 . Merchandise ( edit ) In 2006 , the National Entertainment Collectibles Association announced that it would be producing action figures based on the film as part of its `` Cult Classics '' line that features fan favourite characters from various genre films . The releases are : 12 '' Shaun with sound 7 '' Shaun , which was released in Cult Classics series 4 . The sculpt was based on the 12 '' figure . `` Winchester '' two - pack , featuring 7 '' versions of Ed and a bloodied - up Shaun with the Winchester rifle . Zombie Ed , which is a re-deco of the `` Winchester '' Ed , to be released in Cult Classics : Hall of Fame . Upper Deck Entertainment released a card for the popular World of Warcraft TCG in 2007 , an ally named `` Shawn of the Dead '' , with the power of bringing back allies from the enemy graveyard . Cultural references ( edit ) Prominent are many references to George A. Romero 's earlier Dead films ( Night of the Living Dead , Dawn of the Dead , and Day of the Dead , with Dawn in particular being referenced ) . Films influenced by Shaun of the Dead ( edit ) The 2010 Cuban film Juan of the Dead and the 2013 Singaporean film Hsien of the Dead were inspired by Shaun of the Dead . Soundtrack ( edit ) Shaun of the Dead : Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack album by various artists Released 12 April 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 12 ) Genre Rock Alternative rock Ska Hip hop Electro Label Universal International Edgar Wright film soundtrack chronology Shaun of the Dead : Music from the Motion Picture ( 2004 ) Hot Fuzz ( 2007 ) The film 's score by Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford is a pastiche of Italian zombie film soundtracks by artists like Goblin and Fabio Frizzi . It also uses many musical cues from the original Dawn of the Dead that were originally culled by George A. Romero from the De Wolfe production music library . On the soundtrack album , dialogue from the film is embedded within the music tracks . `` Figment '' -- S. Park `` The Blue Wrath '' -- I Monster `` Mister Mental '' -- The Eighties Matchbox B - Line Disaster `` Meltdown '' -- Ash `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' -- Queen `` White Lines ( Do n't Do n't Do It ) '' -- Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five and Melle Mel `` Hip Hop , Be Bop ( Do n't Stop ) '' -- Man Parrish `` Zombie Creeping Flesh '' -- Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford `` Kernkraft 400 '' -- Zombie Nation `` Fizzy Legs '' -- Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford `` Soft '' -- Lemon Jelly `` Death Bivouac '' -- Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford `` The Gonk ( Kid Koala Remix ) '' -- The Noveltones `` Envy the Dead '' -- Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford `` Ghost Town '' -- The Specials `` Blood in Three Flavours '' -- Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford `` Panic '' -- The Smiths `` Everybody 's Happy Nowadays '' ( originally by Buzzcocks ) -- Ash featuring Chris Martin `` You 're My Best Friend '' -- Queen `` You 've Got Red on You / Shaun of the Dead Suite '' -- Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford `` Normality '' -- Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford `` Fundead '' -- Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford `` Orpheus '' -- Ash Comic strip ( edit ) Pegg and Wright also scripted a one - off tie - in comic strip for the British comic magazine 2000AD titled `` There 's Something About Mary '' . Set the day before the zombie outbreak , the strip follows and expands on the character of Mary , who appears briefly in the introductory credits , and is the first zombie whom Shaun and Ed are aware of , and details how she became a zombie . It features expanded appearances from many of the minor or background characters who appear in the film . The strip was made available on the DVD release of Shaun , along with two other strips that wrapped up `` Plot Holes '' in the film , like how Dianne escaped and survived the Winchester incident , and Ed 's fate after taking refuge in the pub 's basement . See also ( edit ) List of British films of 2004 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SHAUN OF THE DEAD ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 26 March 2004 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrew Collins . `` Simon Pegg : The World 's End is $4 million shy of double what Hot Fuzz cost '' . RadioTimes . ^ Jump up to : `` SOTD at Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Simon Pegg '' . BBC Website. 1 October 2008 . Retrieved 1 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Slender Fungus ( 13 November 2008 ) . `` Coldplay Official Site : The Oracle Knows Everything '' . Coldplay.com . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SHAUN OF THE DEAD wraps '' . Jump up ^ `` EAT MY BRAINS ! - Shaun of the Dead on - set photos - Feature Article '' . Jump up ^ Kimberley Dadds . `` The `` Shaun Of The Dead '' Guide To London `` . BuzzFeed . Jump up ^ `` SOTD UK figures at Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Shaun of the Dead '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Nev Pierce ( 7 April 2004 ) . `` Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw ( 9 April 2004 ) . `` Shaun of the Dead '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ The 100 best British films . Empire ( official website ) . Published 5 September 2016 . Last updated 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Greatest Comedy Films '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Shaun of the Dead '' DVD News `` . Rebecca Murray . Retrieved 14 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Stylus Magazine 's Top 10 Zombie Films of All Time '' . Stylusmagazine.com . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaun of the Dead , 2004 '' . Time . 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 00 's Retrospect : Bloody Disgusting 's Top 20 Films of the Decade ... Part 4 '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Norman Wilner . `` Top 10 films '' . NOW . ^ Jump up to : J.C. Maçek III ( 15 June 2012 ) . `` The Zombification Family Tree : Legacy of the Living Dead '' . PopMatters . Jump up ^ `` Simon Pegg interviews George A Romero '' . TimeOut . Archived from the original on 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn of the Dead characters appearing in Phineas and Ferb '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Tarantino Reveals His Top 20 Movies ( Since Reservoir Dogs ) '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Radio 1 Movies Blog '' . BBC . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vera Drake scoops best film award '' . BBC . 6 February 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn of the Dead Card Preview '' . UpperDeck.com . Archived from the original on 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Shaun of the Dead Pop Culture References '' . Shaunofthedead.com . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Defore , John ( 15 September 2011 ) . `` Juan of the Dead ( Juan de los Muertos ) : Toronto Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Robert , Catherine ( 11 August 2012 ) . `` Zombie film cast had a blast '' . Archived from the original on 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Edgar Wright and Simon Pegg commentary , Shaun of the Dead ( DVD ) . Universal Pictures Jump up ^ Shaun of the Dead : `` There 's Something About Mary '' ( by Simon Pegg , Edgar Wright , and Frazer Irving , in 2000 AD # 1384 , 2004 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shaun of the Dead . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Shaun of the Dead Shaun of the Dead on IMDb Shaun of the Dead at Box Office Mojo Shaun of the Dead at Rotten Tomatoes Shaun of the Dead at Metacritic Shaun of the Dead at British Comedy Guide Shaun of the Dead filming locations from movielocationsguide.com Related topic navboxes Edgar Wright Films directed Feature films A Fistful of Fingers ( 1994 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) Hot Fuzz ( 2007 ) Scott Pilgrim vs. the World ( 2010 ) The World 's End ( 2013 ) Baby Driver ( 2017 ) Short films Dead Right ( 1993 ) Do n't ( 2007 ) Films written The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) Ant - Man ( 2015 ) Television Asylum ( 1996 ) Spaced ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Related Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy Simon Pegg Screenwriter Film Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) Hot Fuzz ( 2007 ) Run Fatboy Run ( 2007 ) Paul ( 2011 ) The World 's End ( 2013 ) Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) Television Asylum ( 1996 ) Spaced ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Other works Big Train ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Free Jimmy ( 2006 ) Stolen Picture Living Dead films Romero 's Dead series Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 1978 ) Day of the Dead ( 1985 ) Land of the Dead ( 2005 ) Diary of the Dead ( 2007 ) Survival of the Dead ( 2009 ) Dead series remakes Night of the Living Dead ( 1990 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) Night of the Living Dead 3D ( 2006 ) Day of the Dead ( 2008 ) Day of the Dead : Bloodline ( 2018 ) Other official sequels Night of the Living Dead 3D : Re-Animation ( 2012 ) Return of the Living Dead series The Return of the Living Dead ( 1985 ) Return of the Living Dead Part II ( 1988 ) Return of the Living Dead 3 ( 1993 ) Return of the Living Dead : Necropolis ( 2005 ) Return of the Living Dead : Rave to the Grave ( 2005 ) Unofficial sequels Zombi series Zombi 2 ( 1979 ) Zombi 3 ( 1988 ) Zombi 4 : After Death ( 1989 ) Zombi 5 : Killing Birds ( 1988 ) Other unofficial sequels Children of the Living Dead ( 2001 ) Day of the Dead 2 : Contagium ( 2005 ) Night of the Living Dead : Darkest Dawn ( 2015 ) Parodies Night of the Living Bread ( 1990 ) Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead ( 2006 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Homages Flesheater ( 1988 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) Fido ( 2006 ) Flight of the Living Dead : Outbreak on a Plane ( 2007 ) Dance of the Dead ( 2008 ) Zone of the Dead ( 2009 ) Juan of the Dead ( 2011 ) Mimesis : Night of the Living Dead ( 2011 ) Related topics Dawn of the Dead in popular culture Dawn of the Dead ( soundtracks ) `` Night of the Living Dead '' ( 1979 song ) Document of the Dead ( 1979 / 1989 / 2012 documentary ) Escape of the Living Dead ( 2005 comic book ) Land of the Dead : Road to Fiddler 's Green ( 2005 video game ) City of the Dead ( cancelled video game ) Birth of the Living Dead ( 2012 documentary ) Empire of the Dead ( 2014 -- 2015 comic book ) Empire Award for Best British Film Shallow Grave ( 1996 ) Trainspotting ( 1997 ) The Full Monty ( 1998 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1999 ) Notting Hill ( 2000 ) Billy Elliot ( 2001 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2002 ) 28 Days Later ( 2003 ) Love Actually ( 2004 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2005 ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2006 ) United 93 ( 2007 ) Atonement ( 2008 ) RocknRolla ( 2009 ) Harry Brown ( 2010 ) Kick - Ass ( 2011 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2012 ) Sightseers ( 2013 ) The World 's End ( 2014 ) Kingsman : The Secret Service ( 2015 ) Spectre ( 2016 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2017 ) God 's Own Country ( 2018 ) Saturn Award for Best Horror Film Blacula ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 / 75 ) Burnt Offerings ( 1976 ) The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane ( 1977 ) The Wicker Man ( 1978 ) Dracula ( 1979 ) The Howling ( 1980 ) An American Werewolf in London ( 1981 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Gremlins ( 1984 ) Fright Night ( 1985 ) The Fly ( 1986 ) The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Arachnophobia ( 1989 / 90 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Army of Darkness ( 1993 ) Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) From Dusk till Dawn ( 1995 ) Scream ( 1996 ) The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) The Sixth Sense ( 1999 ) Final Destination ( 2000 ) The Others ( 2001 ) The Ring ( 2002 ) 28 Days Later ( 2003 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) The Exorcism of Emily Rose ( 2005 ) The Descent ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Drag Me to Hell ( 2009 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) The Cabin in the Woods ( 2012 ) The Conjuring ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) Do n't Breathe ( 2016 ) Get Out ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaun_of_the_Dead&oldid=866300923 '' Categories : 2004 films English - 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-278241172548708141 | York (explorer) | York ( explorer ) - wikipedia York ( explorer ) Jump to : navigation , search York - Corps of Discovery Explorer York statue at Riverfront Plaza / Belvedere , Louisville , Kentucky 1770 Ladysmith , Caroline County , Virginia < 1832 unknown Cause of death Most likely cholera or any other disease Resting place unknown Nationality American Occupation non-hired hand , explorer , businessman Employer Clark Family , U.S. government , self - employed Notable work Helping cross the United States . Home town Ladysmith , Caroline County , Virginia Movement Lewis and Clark Expedition Spouse ( s ) Parent ( s ) Rose Relatives Juba ( brother ) , Nancy ( sister ) Military career Allegiance United States Service / branch United States Army Years of service 1803 - 1806 Rank sergeant ( honorary posthumous - Presidential citation ) Unit Corps of Discovery York ( 1770 -- before 1832 ) was an African - American explorer best known for his participation with the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Enslaved by William Clark 's father and passed down through a will to William Clark , he performed hard manual labor without pay , but participated as a full member of the expedition . Like many other expedition members , his ultimate fate is unclear . There is evidence that after the expedition 's return , Clark had difficulty compelling York to resume his former status , and York may have later escaped or been freed , but nothing is entirely clear on this . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Lewis and Clark Expedition 3 Later years and ultimate fate 4 Legacy 4.1 Popular culture 4.2 Honors 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) York was born in Caroline County near Ladysmith , Virginia . He , his father , his mother ( Rose ) and younger sister and brother ( Nancy and Juba ) , were enslaved by the Clark family . York was William Clark 's slave from boyhood , and was left to William in his father 's will . He had a fiance whom he rarely saw , and likely lost contact with her after 1811 when she was sold / sent to Mississippi . It is not known if York fathered any children . Lewis and Clark expedition ( edit ) Historian Robert Betts says that the freedom York had during the Lewis and Clark expedition made resuming enslavement unbearable . After the expedition returned to the United States , every other member received money and land for their services . York asked Clark for his freedom based upon his good services during the expedition . According to one account discussed below , Clark eventually gave him his freedom . It is shown that York had gained a little freedom while on the expedition with Lewis and Clark . It is mentioned in journals that York went on scouting trips and going to trade with villages so he saw what freedom was like while doing that . He might have also been shown respect by Clark because Clark named two geographic discoveries after him ; York 's Eight Islands and York 's Dry Creek . Also they took a poll of where they should stay over one winter and York 's opinion was recorded even though it was last . This shows that York had a taste of freedom and possibly gained some respect by the fellow travelers on the expedition . Also he was able to swim unlike some of the men that were with them on their expedition . Later years and ultimate fate ( edit ) As to York 's later life and death , semi-contemporaries Washington Irving and Zenas Leonard give contradictory accounts . When Irving interviewed Clark in 1832 , Clark claimed to have freed York , but that York regretted being free because he was a failure at business , and died trying to get back to serve his master as a slave again in St. Louis . Some contemporary historians doubt the accuracy of Clark 's story , for it reflects pro-slavery arguments that Africans were happy to be slaves , and could not lead successful lives as free people . However , manumission laws and practices of the era often required freed slaves to leave the area , and their family and friends . Betts and Áhati N.N. Touré suggest that York simply refused to return to Clark , and escaped to freedom . Leonard reported meeting with an African man living among the Crows in north - central Wyoming in 1834 , writing : In this village we found a negro man , who informed us that he first came to this country with Lewis & Clark -- with whom he also returned to the State of Missouri , and in a few years returned again with a Mr. Mackinney , a trader on the Missouri river , and has remained here ever since - which is about ten or twelve years . He has acquired a correct knowledge of their manner of living , and speaks their language fluently . He has rose ( sic ? ) to be quite a considerable character , or chief , in their village ; at least he assumes all the dignities of a chief , for he has four wives , with whom he lives alternately . York had experienced freedom on his adventures with Lewis and Clark . He was part of the team , and he contributed just like the rest with hunting , fishing , putting up tents etc . He had crossed rivers and mountains on the expedition and had a taste of what true freedom is like . On the expedition he felt like a free man , and then when he returned east he was a slave again , in a world where there was slavery and bondage . According to yet another source , York continued to work for Clark as a slave after the expedition . York asked for his freedom and at first Clark refused but did send him to Kentucky so he could be closer to his wife . Ten years after the expedition Clark granted York his freedom and York worked in the freighting business in Tennessee and Kentucky . In 1832 , York died from cholera . Legacy ( edit ) Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Child soldiers Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Wage slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Child soldiers Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Malta Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Colonization Liberia Sierra Leone Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Emancipation Day Popular culture ( edit ) Kentucky poet Frank X . Walker has written two books of poetry about York : Buffalo Dance : the Journey of York ( 2004 ) , and When Winter Come : the Ascension of York ( 2008 ) . Both books were published by the University of Kentucky Press . In his novel Little Big Man , Thomas Berger mentions York as having likely been the father of some very dark skinned Indians . The opera `` York '' ( composer Bruce Trinkley and librettist Jason Charnesky ) , based on York 's life , was composed for the first international conference on the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial and performed at Penn State Opera Theatre . The play `` York '' was created by actor and African drummer David Casteal and playwright Bryan Harnetiaux , and premiered at Spokane Civic theatre on April 29 , 2005 , as directed by Susan Hardie and performed by David Casteal , ( with performances in New York City in July 2006 ) . In commemoration of Black History Month , the play was again presented on February 27 -- 28 , 2016 with David Casteal returning in the lead role as York in a one - man performance . Honors ( edit ) A statue of York , by sculptor Ed Hamilton , with plaques commemorating the Lewis and Clark Expedition and his participation in it , stands at Louisville 's Riverfront Plaza / Belvedere , next to the wharf on the Ohio River . Another statue of York stands on the campus of Lewis and Clark College in Portland , Oregon . Dedicated on May 8 , 2010 , it does not focus on York 's face , since no images of York are known to exist . Instead , it features fragments of William Clark 's maps `` scarred '' on the statue 's back . Yorks Islands are an archipelago of islands in the Missouri River near Broadwater County , Montana , which were named for York by the Lewis and Clark Expedition . The islands were originally named `` York 's 8 Islands , '' but have since become known as `` Yorks Islands '' or simply `` York Island '' . The naming of `` Yorks 8 Islands '' is not found in the narrative journals of Lewis and Clark . Instead it is found in Clark 's tabulations of `` Creeks and Rivers , '' by the entry , `` Yorks 8 Islands . '' The Lewis and Clark Expedition also named another geographical feature for York , `` York 's Dry Creek '' , a tributary of the Yellowstone River , in Custer County , Montana . This name was later abandoned , and the creek was renamed `` Custer Creek '' . In 2001 , President Bill Clinton posthumously granted York the rank of honorary sergeant in the United States Army . See also ( edit ) List of people from the Louisville metropolitan area List of slaves Stephen Bishop ( cave explorer ) , another accomplished African - American slave from Kentucky , renowned as an explorer . Further reading ( edit ) Robert Betts , In Search of York : The Slave Who Went to the Pacific With Lewis and Clark . University Press of Colorado , 1985 ( revised 2002 ) . James Holmberg , Dear Brother : Letters of William Clark to Jonathan Clark . Yale University Press , 2002 , 2nd Printing Catherine McGrew Jaime , York Proceeded On : The Lewis & Clark Expedition through the Eyes of Their Forgotten Member . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform , 2011 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Montana Medicine Show : York '' , KGLT , American Archive of Public Broadcasting ( WGBH and the Library of Congress ) , Boston , MA and Washington , DC , accessed September 14 , 2016 . Available on - site or online in the US only . Jump up ^ The Slave Who Went with Them , Brian Hall , Time , June 2002 Jump up ^ William Clark : Indian diplomat Jay Buckley , University kora Press , 2008 , pg 20 Jump up ^ Áhati N.N. Touré ( April 2006 ) . `` Fallout over Freedom '' . Lewis and Clark.org . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ * William English , Conquest of the Country Northwest of the River Ohio , 1778 -- 1783 , and Life of Gen. George Rogers Clark . Indianapolis : Bowen - Merrill , 1896 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ `` The Lewis and Clark Journey of Discovery '' . United States National Park Service . April 2006 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2008 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert Betts ( 1985 ) . In Search of York : The Slave Who Went to the Pacific with Lewis and Clark . Colorado Associated University Press . ISBN 0 - 87081 - 714 - 0 . page citation needed Jump up ^ http://0-web.b.ebscohost.com.dunnlib.simpson.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=5&sid=3a67c719-8ccf-433b-9715-3faa4c9eeeef%40sessionmgr113&hid=101&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLHVybCx1aWQsY29va2llJnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=a9h&AN=6902662 Jump up ^ York of the Corps of Discovery : Interpretations of York 's Character and His Role in the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Darrell Millner , Oregon Historical Quarterly , Fall 2003 , pg 10 , 13 - 4 , 57 . Jump up ^ Zenas Leonard ( 1839 ) . `` Narrative of the Adventures of Zenas Leonard '' . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/living/idx_5.html Jump up ^ `` Lewis and Clark , Inside the Corps , York '' . PBS . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` York : The Voice of Freedom '' . Pennsylvania State University . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2004 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` York '' . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Source '' . Lewis and Clark College . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ U.S. Board on Geographic Names , listing for `` York 's Island '' . Jump up ^ Crimson Bluffs Chapter , Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation , Inc. , Dedication Ceremony for York 's Islands Fishing Access Commemoration . Archived May 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Copy of Captain William Clark 's map for July 24 , 1805 with `` York 's 8 Islands '' marked in his handwriting . Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ PBS , `` Inside the Corps '' , Article on `` York '' . Archived 2015 - 05 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ York Islands Lewis and Clark . Jump up ^ `` President Clinton : Celebrating the Legacy of Lewis and Clark and Preserving America 's Natural Treasures '' . FirstGov . January 17 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . `` York '' . The Encyclopedia of Louisville . 2001 . `` York : The Voice of Freedom '' English , William Hayden . Conquest of the Country Northwest of the River Ohio , 1778 -- 1783 , and Life of Gen. George Rogers Clark . 2 vols . Indianapolis : Bowen - Merrill , 1896 . External links ( edit ) Lewis and Clark Journals , Members of the Expedition ( U. Nebraska ) Who was York ? York at Find a Grave Lewis and Clark website @ PBS Recognizing York : A Community Initiative . Lewis and Clark College , Portland Oregon . York of the Corps of Discovery Darrell M. Millner , Oregon Historical Quarterly 104.3 ( Fall 2003 ) Searching for York , Oregon Experience ( Oregon Public Broadcasting ) Vote 4 York Black Heritage Stamp 2013 , Jackson Davis V Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_(explorer)&oldid=842989035 '' Categories : 1770s births African - American people American slaves Lewis and Clark Expedition people People from Louisville , Kentucky People from Caroline County , Virginia African - American history in Omaha , Nebraska 19th - century deaths Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using ethnicity Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 02 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the name of clarks african american helper | [
"York (1770 – before 1832[1]) was an African-American explorer best known for his participation with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Enslaved by William Clark's father and passed down through a will to William Clark, he performed hard manual labor without pay,[2] but participated as a full member of the expedition. Like many other expedition members, his ultimate fate is unclear. There is evidence that after the expedition's return, Clark had difficulty compelling York to resume his former status, and York may have later escaped or been freed, but nothing is entirely clear on this.[3]"
] | [
"York"
] |
7910612344556122086 | Solo: A Star Wars Story | Solo : a Star Wars Story - wikipedia Solo : a Star Wars Story Jump to : navigation , search Solo : A Star Wars Story Teaser poster Directed by Ron Howard Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Allison Shearmur Simon Emanuel Screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan Jon Kasdan Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Alden Ehrenreich Woody Harrelson Emilia Clarke Donald Glover Thandie Newton Phoebe Waller - Bridge Joonas Suotamo Paul Bettany Music by John Powell Cinematography Bradford Young Edited by Chris Dickens Pietro Scalia Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) ( United States ) Country United States Language English Solo : A Star Wars Story , or simply Solo , is an upcoming American space western film centered on Han Solo , a character from the Star Wars franchise . The film is directed by Ron Howard and is produced by Lucasfilm from a screenplay by Lawrence and Jon Kasdan , and will be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The film will be the second Star Wars anthology film , following the 2016 film Rogue One . A stand - alone installment , set prior to the events of the original 1977 film , it explores the adventures of a young Han Solo and Chewbacca , including meeting Lando Calrissian . The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as Solo , alongside Woody Harrelson , Emilia Clarke , Donald Glover , Thandie Newton , Phoebe Waller - Bridge , Joonas Suotamo , and Paul Bettany . Principal photography began in January 2017 at Pinewood Studios , under the direction of Phil Lord and Christopher Miller . The pair left the project in June 2017 after reportedly being fired over `` creative differences '' with Lucasfilm , and Ron Howard took over directing duties . The film is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 25 , 2018 . It will be released in RealD 3D and IMAX 3D . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Described as a space western , the film is centered on a young Han Solo and his adventures with his Wookiee partner Chewbacca , including their encounter with Lando Calrissian . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast members Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo , a cynical smuggler . When asked how Solo differs from the Solo of latter Star Wars films , Ehrenreich stated `` I think the main thing that 's different is that the Han we meet in this film is more of an idealist . He has certain dreams that he follows , and we watch how it affects him as those dreams meet new realities -- realities that are harder and more challenging than he 'd expected . '' Woody Harrelson as Tobias Beckett , a criminal and Han 's mentor . Emilia Clarke as Qi'ra . Describing her character , Clarke said `` She has a couple of guises , but essentially she is just fighting to stay alive . If you 've got a really glamorous lady in a really sordid environment , you kind of know the glamor is hiding a few rough roads . '' With regards to her character 's relationship with Solo , Clarke offered that `` They grew up as comrades , essentially . They grew up as pals , as partners in crime . There is obviously the romantic side of things . But they grew up together . So they were kids together . '' Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian , a smuggler on the rise in the galaxy 's underworld . Thandie Newton as Val Phoebe Waller - Bridge as L3 - 37 , Lando 's droid companion . Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca , Han 's Wookiee sidekick and first mate . Paul Bettany as Dryden Vos , a crime lord . Michael K. Williams had originally been cast , but he was removed from the final film after being unable to return to set during the film 's reshoots . Bettany was cast in his place , with the character being reworked from a motion - capture alien to a human . Harley Durst as Moloch Additionally , screenwriter Jon Kasdan and first assistant director Toby Hefferman portray Tag Greenley and Bink Otauna , respectively , two characters that first appeared in the Star Wars comics published by Dark Horse Comics . Ian Kenny , Warwick Davis and Clint Howard are also cast in undisclosed roles while Jon Favreau will provide the voice for `` a very cool and important alien character '' . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Before selling Lucasfilm to Disney , George Lucas started development on a film about a young Han Solo . Lucas hired Star Wars original trilogy veteran script writer Lawrence Kasdan to write the script . However when Kasdan left to help finish the script for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , he left his son Jon Kasdan who had been unofficially helping him , in charge of finishing the script for Solo until his return . In February 2013 , Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two Star Wars standalone films , each individually written by Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg . Shortly after , it was reported that Disney was working on two films featuring Han Solo and Boba Fett . Disney CFO Jay Rasulo described the standalone films as origin stories . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films would not crossover with the films of the sequel trilogy , stating , `` George ( Lucas ) was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spin - off movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the standalone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . '' In April 2015 , Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology series . In July 2015 , Lucasfilm announced that an Anthology film , focusing `` on how ( a ) young Han Solo became the smuggler , thief , and scoundrel whom Luke Skywalker and Obi - Wan Kenobi first encountered in the cantina at Mos Eisley '' , would be released on May 25 , 2018 . The project would be directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a script by Lawrence Kasdan and Jon Kasdan . Kennedy would serve as a producer on the film , with Lawrence Kasdan and Jason McGatlin executive producers ; Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel also produce . The Han Solo project was separate from a film that was originally being developed by Josh Trank , which was pushed back to an unconfirmed date . Solo 's friend , the Wookiee , Chewbacca , would also appear in the film . In May 2016 , Lawrence Kasdan stated that filming would start in January 2017 . Casting ( edit ) Donald Glover portrays Lando Calrissian in the film . In January 2016 , a shortlist of actors was revealed for the role of young Han Solo , including Miles Teller , Ansel Elgort , Dave Franco , Jack Reynor , Scott Eastwood , Logan Lerman , Emory Cohen and Blake Jenner . In March 2016 , it was reported that Alden Ehrenreich , Reynor and Taron Egerton were on a shortlist of actors considered for the young Han Solo role . In May 2016 , Ehrenreich was reported to have been cast as the young Han Solo , and was revealed in the role at Star Wars Celebration : Celebration Europe III two months later . Miller called casting the role one of `` the hardest casting challenges of all time '' adding they `` saw over 3,000 people for the part '' . By the following October , Tessa Thompson , Naomi Scott , Zoë Kravitz , Emilia Clarke , Kiersey Clemons , Jessica Henwick and Adria Arjona were being considered for the female lead , while Donald Glover was being considered to play a young Lando Calrissian . Glover was confirmed for Calrissian shortly after , with Clarke cast as the female lead the following month . In early January 2017 , Woody Harrelson was revealed to be in negotiations to portray Han Solo 's mentor , and was confirmed to be appearing in the film shortly after . Christian Bale had previously been in discussions for the role . A subsequent interview with Harrelson bolstered speculation that he may be specifically playing Star Wars Legends character Garris Shrike , but Harrelson revealed the character 's name as Beckett in March 2017 . In February 2017 , Phoebe Waller - Bridge joined the cast in an undisclosed role , said to be `` a CGI - driven performance '' similar to Alan Tudyk in Rogue One as the droid K - 2SO . Additionally , it was reported that Thandie Newton was in negotiations to star in the film . Waller - Bridge and Newton were confirmed as being cast by the end of February , alongside the announcement that Joonas Suotamo would appear as Chewbacca , reprising the role from Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Star Wars : The Last Jedi that he shared with original Chewbacca actor Peter Mayhew . Michael K. Williams entered talks to join the film in early March 2017 , and was confirmed shortly after , portraying a half - human , half - animal creature . By the end of the month , Ian Kenny had joined the cast . Warwick Davis was confirmed as part of the cast by the end of July 2017 . Filming ( edit ) Filming began on January 30 , 2017 , at Pinewood Studios , under the working title Star Wars : Red Cup . Lucasfilm announced that principal photography started on February 20 , 2017 . Bradford Young serves as the cinematographer for the film . In May 2017 , filming moved to the Canary Islands , and Lucasfilm replaced editor Chris Dickens with Pietro Scalia . Lucasfilm also hired an acting coach for Ehrenreich , as they were unhappy with his performance up to that point . On June 20 , 2017 , citing `` creative differences '' , Lucasfilm and Lord and Miller jointly announced their intent to part ways , with a new director `` to be announced soon '' . It was reported that the directors were fired after Kennedy and Kasdan disagreed with their shooting style ; Lord and Miller believed they were hired to make a comedy film , while Lucasfilm was looking for the duo to add `` a comedic touch '' to the space fantasy . Lucasfilm also felt that the directors were encouraging too much improvisation from the actors , which was believed to be `` shifting the story off - course '' from the Kasdans ' script . To appease Kasdan , who was unhappy with scenes not being filmed `` word for word ... Lord and Miller would do several takes exactly as written and then shoot additional takes . '' Lord and Miller refused to compromise on the way to approach certain scenes , such as filming a scene from fewer angles than what Lucasfilm was expecting reducing the options available in editing , leading to a strained relationship with Lucasfilm . The duo were also unhappy when Kasdan was brought to the London set , feeling he became a `` shadow director '' . The decision to remove Lord and Miller from the project was made after a short hiatus in filming taken to review the footage . Additional weeks of filming had been planned . It was reported that Star Wars creator George Lucas 's close friend Ron Howard , who previously had turned down an offer from Lucas himself to direct Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , was a frontrunner to step in as director . Joe Johnston and Kasdan were also being considered , though Directors Guild of America rules state that a replacement for a director may not be someone already involved in the production . Two days later , it was announced that Howard would take over directing duties for the remaining three - and - a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography as well as the scheduled five weeks of reshoots . On being hired , Howard wrote , `` I 'm beyond grateful to add my voice to the Star Wars Universe ... I hope to honor the great work already done & help deliver on the promise of a Han Solo film . '' Howard was expected to arrive in London on June 26 to complete filming . During the film 's reshoots , actor Michael K. Williams was unable to return to the production , due to a schedule conflict with filming The Red Sea Diving Resort , resulting in his part being cut . Williams stated the reshoots for his character were `` to match the new direction which the producers wanted Ron to carry the film in '' , and that he would not have been available again until November 2017 , and the production did not want to wait for his availability in order to still be able to release in May 2018 . Lucas , a friend and mentor of Howard due to previous collaborations , made a surprise visit to the set to encourage his friend on his first day shooting . While originally meant as a short meeting , Lucas ended up spending the whole day with the crew . While Lucas did not mean to interfere , at some point he forgot and asked `` Why does n't Han just do this ? '' . Upon hearing Lucas ' suggestion , Howard decided to film it and include it in the film . On October 17 , 2017 , Howard announced that principal photography had been completed ; he also revealed the official title of the film as Solo : A Star Wars Story . In March 2018 , it was announced that the original directors Lord and Miller will receive executive producer credits on the film . Music ( edit ) In July 2017 , John Powell was announced as the main composer of the film 's score . Longtime Star Wars composer John Williams will contribute the Han Solo theme for the film . Release ( edit ) Solo : A Star Wars Story is scheduled to be released on May 25 , 2018 , the 41st anniversary of Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope in which Harrison Ford first appeared as Han Solo . Despite the firing of Phil Lord and Christopher Miller , Lucasfilm has maintained that the film is on schedule for its intended release date . Marketing ( edit ) A `` sneak peek '' TV spot was released during Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . It became the most popular Super Bowl trailer on YouTube with 8 million views . It also had 5.9 million views on Facebook . The first official teaser trailer was released in February 5 , 2018 . Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the trailer as `` dull '' , and compared it negatively to the look of Rogue One , opining that the visuals `` should be the hive of scum and villainy of the Cantina of the very first movie , filled with colorful aliens and things happening all over the place . That busyness , the sense of danger and hustle , feels appropriate for Solo in a way that what 's on show in this first trailer simply does n't . '' He also noted that several plot elements presented in the trailer were reminiscent of The Han Solo Trilogy , a series of novels published in 1997 and 1998 . In early March 2018 , French artist Hachim Bahous asserted that Disney had plagiarized a series of album covers he designed for Sony Music 's label Legacy Recordings in France with character posters for the film . Disney stated they were investigating the alleged plagiarism and that the Solo posters had been produced by an outside vendor . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Phil Lord and Christopher Miller , the film 's original directors , were fired from the film in June 2017 after over four - and - a-half months of shooting , about three - quarters through principal photography . Howard took over directing duties for the remaining three - and - a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography and five weeks of reshoots . The duo opted to receive credit as executive producers on the film . Jump up ^ Dickens , the film 's original editor , was replaced by Scalia in May 2017 during principal photography . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Miller and Phil Lord to helm Han Solo Anthology Film '' . StarWars.com . July 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Message from Lucasfilm Regarding the Untitled Han Solo Film '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . June 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff : Lord & Miller Fired After Clashing With Kathleen Kennedy ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Steps in to Direct Han Solo Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roettgers , Janko ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' : Phil Lord and Chris Miller Reveal Their Credit '' . Variety . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Han Solo -- Smuggler . Scoundrel . Hero . A New Star Wars Story Begins '' . Star Wars.com . February 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Firing Reveals a Disturbance in the Franchise '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` The Han Solo movie will be more of a space Western , Kathleen Kennedy says '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alden Ehrenreich Lands The Lead In Star Wars Han Solo Film '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Utichi , Joe ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Alden Ehrenreich Introduced As Han Solo Stand - Alone Pic & Episode VIII Teased At Star Wars Celebration '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' : New Images Reveal Droids , Cleavage , and the Millennium Falcon '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Woody Harrelson Signs on For Young Han Solo Film '' . StarWars.com . January 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Khosla , Proma ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson reveals his Star Wars character name '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Venture into Solo : A Star Wars Story : This week 's cover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Michael K. Williams Has a Story You Need to Read to Believe '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WE LOVE THESE NEW SOLO : A STAR WARS STORY TEASER POSTERS '' . StarWars.com . February 5 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' : Emilia Clarke Shares First Details on Qi'ra and Her History with Han '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donald Glover Cast As Young Lando Calrissian in Upcoming Han Solo Star Wars Stand - Alone Film '' . StarWars.com . October 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Fleabag Star Eyed for Key Role in ' Han Solo ' Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Kennth Williams joins young Han Solo film '' . StarWars.com . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Blyth , Antonia ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Michael K. Williams ' Rome Cut from ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Film Amid Reshoots '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Han Solo Spin - Off Adds Paul Bettany to Replace Michael K. Williams '' . / Film . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Ron Howard Teases Fan Favorite Characters For Han Solo Spinoff '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sing Street ' Star Ian Kenny Joins Han Solo Movie ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Ryan ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Warwick Davis Joins Han Solo Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Han Solo Movie : Clint Howard to Appear in ' Star Wars ' Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' : Jon Favreau to Voice an `` Important Alien Character '' `` . Collider.com . February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Lucas had been developing a Han Solo movie for ages '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Earnings Beat ; ' Star Wars ' Spinoffs Planned '' . cnbc.com . CNBC . February 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' spin - offs : A young Han Solo movie , and a Boba Fett film -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : The ' Sky 's the Limit ' for Disney 's Spinoff Opportunities '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian . `` ' Star Wars ' Spin - Offs Will Not Crossover with the New Trilogy '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One Details Revealed at Star Wars Celebration Anaheim '' . Star Wars.com. April 19 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Antonghy ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One and mystery stand - alone movie take center stage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : 32 - Minute Talk With J.J. Abrams And Lawrence Kasdan About ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' And More '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff in the Works With ' Lego Movie ' Directors ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ; Snider , Jeff ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Chewbacca to Appear in New Han Solo Movie , Confirms Disney 's Bob Iger '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yee , Lawrence ; Blacklow , Jeremy ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Alden Ehrenreich Teases Han Solo Spinoff , Younger Chewbacca '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Lawrence Kasdan Talks Han Solo Start Date , Star Wars Saga Involvement '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Han Solo Spinoff : Actor Shortlist Revealed ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Young Han Solo Search Narrows to Final Shortlist of Actors After Screen - Tests '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Celebration : Han Solo Standalone Directors Phil Lord And Chris Miller Offer An Update ( And A Brand New Star ) '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Han Solo Film : Tessa Thompson and Zoe Kravitz Among Those Testing for Female Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Emilia Clarke Joins ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Joins The Han Solo Stand - Alone Film '' . StarWars.com . November 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Eyed to Play Han Solo 's Mentor in Star Wars Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Christian Bale Confirms He Was in Talks for a Role in ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About Woody Harrelson 's Star Wars Role '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson is likely playing Garris Shrike in the Han Solo movie '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Thandie Newton in Talks for Han Solo Movie '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Han Solo Spinoff Movie Casts Michael K. Williams '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McMillian , Graeme ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Han Solo Spinoff Director Starts Movie With Greedo Shoutout '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raup , Jordan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Emmanuel Lubezki Reteams With Alfonso Cuarón ; Bradford Young to Shoot Han Solo Film '' . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Han Solo Film Loses Directors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Why the Han Solo Film Directors Were Fired '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` How the Han Solo film broke apart -- with Ron Howard picking up the pieces '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Ron Howard turned down directing ' The Phantom Menace ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Flemming Jr , Mike ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Top Choice To Take Over Han Solo Film ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Howard to Assume Directorial Duties on the Untitled Han Solo Film '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Comments on Taking Over The Han Solo Movie '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Ron Howard : A Star Wars Story -- Why the Oscar - winner joined Solo in its time of upheaval '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Movie Title Announced '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Powell to Score Untitled Han Solo Movie '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . July 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( December 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Solo ' Locks in Key ' Star Wars ' Veteran ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Ramos , Dino - Ray ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Teaser Surprises Super Bowl Audiences '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Trailers : ' Avengers ' Rules Social Media , ' Solo ' Dominates on YouTube '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` What Does the Han Solo Movie Want to Be ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Disney `` Looking Into '' Allegations of Design Theft Over ' Solo ' Posters `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Solo : A Star Wars Story on IMDb Solo : A Star Wars Story on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Themes `` Star Wars ( 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Wars Story ( 2018 ) Chaos Walking ( 2019 ) Star Wars portal Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solo:_A_Star_Wars_Story&oldid=833146846 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English - language films American films Films directed by Ron Howard Films produced by Kathleen Kennedy Films scored by John Powell Films shot at Pinewood Studios Lucasfilm films Prequel films Star Wars spin - off films Upcoming English - language films Upcoming IMAX films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 22 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays han in the new solo movie | [
"Solo: A Star Wars Story, or simply Solo, is an upcoming American space western film centered on Han Solo, a character from the Star Wars franchise. The film is directed by Ron Howard and is produced by Lucasfilm from a screenplay by Lawrence and Jon Kasdan, and will be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The film will be the second Star Wars anthology film, following the 2016 film Rogue One. A stand-alone installment, set prior to the events of the original 1977 film, it explores the adventures of a young Han Solo and Chewbacca, including meeting Lando Calrissian. The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as Solo, alongside Woody Harrelson, Emilia Clarke, Donald Glover, Thandie Newton, Phoebe Waller-Bridge, Joonas Suotamo, and Paul Bettany."
] | [
"Alden Ehrenreich"
] |
6446590656957262079 | Sonarika Bhadoria | Sonarika Bhadoria - Wikipedia Sonarika Bhadoria Sonarika Bhadoria Sonarika Bhadoria in 2013 ( 1992 - 12 - 03 ) 3 December 1992 ( age 25 ) Mumbai , Maharashtra , India Residence Mumbai , India Nationality Indian Occupation Actress , model Years active 2011 - present Known for Devon Ke Dev ... Mahadev Prithvi Vallabh Sonarika Bhadoria ( born 3 December 1992 ) is an Indian film actress and model known for her works in television and Telugu cinema . She is known for her portrayal of Goddess Parvati and Adi Shakti in Devon Ke Dev ... Mahadev . She was last seen portraying the role of Mrinal in Sony TV 's Prithvi Vallabh . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Television ( 2011 -- present ) 2.2 Debut in films ( 2015 -- present ) 3 In Media 4 Filmography 4.1 Television 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Bhadoria 's father is in the construction business , and her mother is a homemaker . She was born and raised in Mumbai . She did her schooling from Yashodham High School and completed her pre-university education at D.G. Ruparel College . Career ( edit ) Television ( 2011 -- present ) ( edit ) Bhadoria debuted on the television show Tum Dena Saath Mera , which aired on Life OK in 2011 . Before that she was to play the lead role in Rajan Shahi 's untitled serial , but this never happened . After Tum Dena Saath Mera she was cast in the show Devon Ke Dev ... Mahadev as Parvati . She received immense fame and popularity for the portrayal of Goddess Parvati / Adishakti as well as Durga and Mahakali . She played the role of Mrinal in Sony TV 's Prithvi Vallabh , an Indian historical series . Debut in films ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) In 2015 , Bhadoria made her debut in Telugu cinema as the female lead in Jadoogadu . She was also signed by Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao in Speedunnodu , the Telugu remake of the 2012 hit romantic drama film Sundarapandian . The film was released in February 2016 to positive reviews and she was praised for her performance . Her second release in 2016 was the successful Telugu film Eedo Rakam Aado Rakam , in which she starred opposite Manchu Vishnu and Raj Tarun . She signed to play the lead role in her debut Hindi film Saansein , directed by Rajiv S Ruia , opposite Rajneesh Duggal . She is pairing with Manchu Vishnu for the second time in the Telugu movie Sarada directed by G. Karthik Reddy , also starring popular south Indian actress Anjali in a special role . Bhadoria 's debut Tamil movie Indrajith , opposite Gautham Karthik , is in post-production . In media ( edit ) In 2018 , she was listed among the Top 20 Most Desirable Women on Indian Television . Filmography ( edit ) Indicates unreleased films Year Title Role Language Notes 2015 Jadoogadu Parvathi Telugu 2016 Speedunnodu Vasanthi Eedo Rakam Aado Rakam Neelaveni Sarada ( 2016 film ) Shelved Saansein : The Last Breath Shirin Hindi 2017 Indrajith Meetah Tamil Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Co-star Notes 2011 - 12 Tum Dena Saath Mera Abhilasha Ankit Narang 2012 -- 13 Devon Ke Dev ... Mahadev Maa Parvati Mohit Raina 2018 -- Present Prithvi Vallabh Rajkumari Mrinalvati Ashish Sharma References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sonarika Bhadoria : I did pose in a bikini hoping that a filmmaker would offer me a movie Jump up ^ Vijaya Tiwari ( 2012 - 06 - 23 ) . `` I was destined to play Parvati : Sonarika Bhadoria ! '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sonarika Bhadoria education details '' . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sonarika Bhadoria aka Abhilasha felt uncomfortable getting intimate '' . Tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sonarika Bhadoria ditches TV , plans to move to Bollywood '' . Hindustan Times . 2013 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sonarika Bhadoria is just 18 '' . Times of India . 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi , Rahasya Bhi - First Look '' . Jump up ^ `` Sonarika on a roll '' . The Times of India . 2015 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Speedunnodu movie review by audience '' . IBTimes . Jump up ^ `` Meet The Times 20 Most Desirable Women on TV - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Sonarika Bhadoria on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonarika_Bhadoria&oldid=854754584 '' Categories : Living people Actresses in Telugu cinema 21st - century Indian actresses Indian film actresses Actresses from Mumbai Indian television actresses Actresses in Hindi cinema Actresses in Tamil cinema Actresses in Hindi television 1992 births Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2016 Use Indian English from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी मैथिली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 15 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is playing parvati role in mahadev serial | [
"Sonarika Bhadoria (born 3 December 1992) is an Indian film actress and model known for her works in television and Telugu cinema. She is known for her portrayal of Goddess Parvati and Adi Shakti in Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev.[1][2] She was last seen portraying the role of Mrinal in Sony TV's Prithvi Vallabh.\n"
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"Sonarika Bhadoria"
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-493510371802193988 | The Federalist Papers | The Federalist Papers - wikipedia The Federalist Papers `` The Federalist '' redirects here . For the website , see The Federalist ( website ) . For other uses , see Federalist ( disambiguation ) . Series of 85 essays arguing in favor of the ratification of the US Constitution The Federalist Papers Title page of the first collection of The Federalist ( 1788 ) . This particular volume was a gift from Alexander Hamilton 's wife Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton to her sister Angelica Authors Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , John Jay Original title The Federalist Country The United States Language English Publisher The Independent Journal , New York Packet , The Daily Advertiser , J. & A. McLean Publication date October 27 , 1787 -- May 28 , 1788 Media type Newspaper , book The Federalist ( later known as The Federalist Papers ) is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , and John Jay under the pseudonym `` Publius '' to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution . The first 77 of these essays were published serially in the Independent Journal , the New York Packet , and The Daily Advertiser between October 1787 and April 1788 . A two - volume compilation of these 77 essays and eight others was published as The Federalist : A Collection of Essays , Written in Favour of the New Constitution , as Agreed upon by the Federal Convention , September 17 , 1787 by publishing firm J. & A. McLean in March and May 1788 . The collection was commonly known as The Federalist until the name The Federalist Papers emerged in the 20th century . Though the authors of The Federalist foremost wished to influence the vote in favor of ratifying the Constitution , in `` Federalist No. 1 '' , they explicitly set that debate in broader political terms : It has been frequently remarked , that it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country , by their conduct and example , to decide the important question , whether societies of men are really capable or not , of establishing good government from reflection and choice , or whether they are forever destined to depend , for their political constitutions , on accident and force . `` Federalist No. 10 '' , in which Madison discusses the means of preventing rule by majority faction and advocates a large , commercial republic , is generally regarded as the most important of the 85 articles from a philosophical perspective ; it is complemented by `` Federalist No. 14 '' , in which Madison takes the measure of the United States , declares it appropriate for an extended republic , and concludes with a memorable defense of the constitutional and political creativity of the Federal Convention . In `` Federalist No. 84 '' , Hamilton makes the case that there is no need to amend the Constitution by adding a Bill of Rights , insisting that the various provisions in the proposed Constitution protecting liberty amount to a `` bill of rights '' . `` Federalist No. 78 '' , also written by Hamilton , lays the groundwork for the doctrine of judicial review by federal courts of federal legislation or executive acts . `` Federalist No. 70 '' presents Hamilton 's case for a one - man chief executive . In `` Federalist No. 39 '' , Madison presents the clearest exposition of what has come to be called `` Federalism '' . In `` Federalist No. 51 '' , Madison distills arguments for checks and balances in an essay often quoted for its justification of government as `` the greatest of all reflections on human nature . '' According to historian Richard B. Morris , they are an `` incomparable exposition of the Constitution , a classic in political science unsurpassed in both breadth and depth by the product of any later American writer . '' Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Authorship 1.3 Publication 1.4 Disputed essays 1.5 Influence on the ratification debates 2 Structure and content 2.1 Opposition to the Bill of Rights 3 Judicial use 4 Complete list 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Alexander Hamilton , author of the majority of The Federalist Papers The Federal Convention sent the proposed Constitution to the Confederation Congress , which in turn submitted it to the states for ratification at the end of September 1787 . On September 27 , 1787 , `` Cato '' first appeared in the New York press criticizing the proposition ; `` Brutus '' followed on October 18 , 1787 . These and other articles and public letters critical of the new Constitution would eventually become known as the `` Anti-Federalist Papers '' . In response , Alexander Hamilton decided to launch a measured defense and extensive explanation of the proposed Constitution to the people of the state of New York . He wrote in Federalist No. 1 that the series would `` endeavor to give a satisfactory answer to all the objections which shall have made their appearance , that may seem to have any claim to your attention . '' Hamilton recruited collaborators for the project . He enlisted John Jay , who after four strong essays ( Federalist Nos. 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 ) , fell ill and contributed only one more essay , Federalist No. 64 , to the series . Jay also distilled his case into a pamphlet in the spring of 1788 , An Address to the People of the State of New - York ; Hamilton cited it approvingly in Federalist No. 85 . James Madison , present in New York as a Virginia delegate to the Confederation Congress , was recruited by Hamilton and Jay , and became Hamilton 's major collaborator . Gouverneur Morris and William Duer were also apparently considered ; Morris turned down the invitation , and Hamilton rejected three essays written by Duer . Duer later wrote in support of the three Federalist authors under the name `` Philo - Publius '' , or `` Friend of Publius '' . Hamilton chose `` Publius '' as the pseudonym under which the series would be written . While many other pieces representing both sides of the constitutional debate were written under Roman names , Albert Furtwangler contends that `` ' Publius ' was a cut above ' Caesar ' or ' Brutus ' or even ' Cato . ' Publius Valerius was not a late defender of the republic but one of its founders . His more famous name , Publicola , meant ' friend of the people . ' '' It was not the first time Hamilton had used this pseudonym : in 1778 , he had applied it to three letters attacking fellow Federalist Samuel Chase . Chase 's patriotism was questioned when Hamilton revealed that Chase had taken advantage of knowledge gained in Congress to try to dominate the flour market . Authorship ( edit ) At the time of publication the authorship of the articles was a closely guarded secret , though astute observers discerned the identities of Hamilton , Madison , and Jay . Following Hamilton 's death in 1804 , a list that he had drafted claiming fully two - thirds of the papers for himself became public , including some that seemed more likely the work of Madison ( No. 49 -- 58 and 62 -- 63 ) . The scholarly detective work of Douglass Adair in 1944 postulated the following assignments of authorship , corroborated in 1964 by a computer analysis of the text : Alexander Hamilton ( 51 articles : No. 1 , 6 -- 9 , 11 -- 13 , 15 -- 17 , 21 -- 36 , 59 -- 61 , and 65 -- 85 ) James Madison ( 29 articles : No. 10 , 14 , 18 -- 20 , 37 -- 58 and 62 -- 63 ) John Jay ( 5 articles : No. 2 -- 5 and 64 ) . In a span of ten months , a total of 85 articles were written by the three men . Hamilton , who had been a leading advocate of national constitutional reform throughout the 1780s and represented New York at the Constitutional Convention , in 1789 became the first Secretary of the Treasury , a post he held until his resignation in 1795 . Madison , who is now acknowledged as the father of the Constitution -- despite his repeated rejection of this honor during his lifetime , became a leading member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia ( 1789 -- 1797 ) , Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 1809 ) , and ultimately the fourth President of the United States . John Jay , who had been secretary for foreign affairs under the Articles of Confederation from 1784 through their expiration in 1789 , became the first Chief Justice of the United States in 1789 , stepping down in 1795 to accept election as governor of New York , a post he held for two terms , retiring in 1801 . Publication ( edit ) An advertisement for The Federalist , 1787 , using the pseudonym `` Philo - Publius '' The Federalist articles appeared in three New York newspapers : The Independent Journal , the New - York Packet , and the Daily Advertiser , beginning on October 27 , 1787 . Although written and published with haste , The Federalist articles were widely read and greatly influenced the shape of American political institutions . Between them , Hamilton , Madison and Jay kept up a rapid pace , with at times three or four new essays by Publius appearing in the papers in a week . Garry Wills observes that the pace of production `` overwhelmed '' any possible response : `` Who , given ample time could have answered such a battery of arguments ? And no time was given . '' Hamilton also encouraged the reprinting of the essays in newspapers outside New York state , and indeed they were published in several other states where the ratification debate was taking place . However , they were only irregularly published outside New York , and in other parts of the country they were often overshadowed by local writers . Because the essays were initially published in New York , most of them begin with the same salutation : `` To the People of the State of New York '' . The high demand for the essays led to their publication in a more permanent form . On January 1 , 1788 , the New York publishing firm J. & A. McLean announced that they would publish the first thirty - six essays as a bound volume ; that volume was released on March 22 , 1788 and was titled The Federalist Volume 1 . New essays continued to appear in the newspapers ; Federalist No. 77 was the last number to appear first in that form , on April 2 . A second bound volume containing Federalist 37 -- 77 and the yet to be published Federalist 78 -- 85 was released on May 28 . The last eight papers ( Federalist 78 -- 85 ) were republished in the New York newspapers between June 14 and August 16 , 1788 . A 1792 French edition ended the collective anonymity of Publius , announcing that the work had been written by `` MM Hamilton , Maddisson E Gay '' , citizens of the State of New York . In 1802 , George Hopkins published an American edition that similarly named the authors . Hopkins wished as well that `` the name of the writer should be prefixed to each number , '' but at this point Hamilton insisted that this was not to be , and the division of the essays among the three authors remained a secret . James Madison , Hamilton 's major collaborator , later President of the United States The first publication to divide the papers in such a way was an 1810 edition that used a list left by Hamilton to associate the authors with their numbers ; this edition appeared as two volumes of the compiled `` Works of Hamilton '' . In 1818 , Jacob Gideon published a new edition with a new listing of authors , based on a list provided by Madison . The difference between Hamilton 's list and Madison 's formed the basis for a dispute over the authorship of a dozen of the essays . Both Hopkins 's and Gideon 's editions incorporated significant edits to the text of the papers themselves , generally with the approval of the authors . In 1863 , Henry Dawson published an edition containing the original text of the papers , arguing that they should be preserved as they were written in that particular historical moment , not as edited by the authors years later . Modern scholars generally use the text prepared by Jacob E. Cooke for his 1961 edition of The Federalist ; this edition used the newspaper texts for essay numbers 1 -- 76 and the McLean edition for essay numbers 77 -- 85 . Disputed essays ( edit ) The authorship of seventy - three of The Federalist essays is fairly certain . Twelve of these essays are disputed over by some scholars , though the modern consensus is that Madison wrote essays Nos. 49 -- 58 , with Nos. 18 -- 20 being products of a collaboration between him and Hamilton ; No. 64 was by John Jay . The first open designation of which essay belonged to whom was provided by Hamilton who , in the days before his ultimately fatal gun duel with Aaron Burr , provided his lawyer with a list detailing the author of each number . This list credited Hamilton with a full sixty - three of the essays ( three of those being jointly written with Madison ) , almost three - quarters of the whole , and was used as the basis for an 1810 printing that was the first to make specific attribution for the essays . John Jay , author of five of The Federalist Papers , later became the first Chief Justice of the United States Madison did not immediately dispute Hamilton 's list , but provided his own list for the 1818 Gideon edition of The Federalist . Madison claimed twenty - nine numbers for himself , and he suggested that the difference between the two lists was `` owing doubtless to the hurry in which ( Hamilton 's ) memorandum was made out . '' A known error in Hamilton 's list -- Hamilton incorrectly ascribed No. 54 to John Jay , when in fact , Jay wrote No. 64 -- provided some evidence for Madison 's suggestion . Statistical analysis has been undertaken on several occasions to try to ascertain the authorship question based on word frequencies and writing styles . Nearly all of the statistical studies show that the disputed papers were written by Madison , although a computer science study theorizes the papers were a collaborative effort . Influence on the ratification debates ( edit ) The Federalist Papers were written to support the ratification of the Constitution , specifically in New York . Whether they succeeded in this mission is questionable . Separate ratification proceedings took place in each state , and the essays were not reliably reprinted outside of New York ; furthermore , by the time the series was well underway , a number of important states had already ratified it , for instance Pennsylvania on December 12 . New York held out until July 26 ; certainly The Federalist was more important there than anywhere else , but Furtwangler argues that it `` could hardly rival other major forces in the ratification contests '' -- specifically , these forces included the personal influence of well - known Federalists , for instance Hamilton and Jay , and Anti-Federalists , including Governor George Clinton . Further , by the time New York came to a vote , ten states had already ratified the Constitution and it had thus already passed -- only nine states had to ratify it for the new government to be established among them ; the ratification by Virginia , the tenth state , placed pressure on New York to ratify . In light of that , Furtwangler observes , `` New York 's refusal would make that state an odd outsider . '' Only 19 Federalists were elected to New York 's ratification convention , compared to the Anti-Federalists ' 46 delegates . While New York did indeed ratify the Constitution on July 26 , the lack of public support for pro-Constitution Federalists has led historian John Kaminski to suggest that the impact of The Federalist on New York citizens was `` negligible '' . As for Virginia , which only ratified the Constitution at its convention on June 25 , Hamilton writes in a letter to Madison that the collected edition of The Federalist had been sent to Virginia ; Furtwangler presumes that it was to act as a `` debater 's handbook for the convention there , '' though he claims that this indirect influence would be a `` dubious distinction . '' Probably of greater importance to the Virginia debate , in any case , were George Washington 's support for the proposed Constitution and the presence of Madison and Edmund Randolph , the governor , at the convention arguing for ratification . Structure and content ( edit ) In Federalist No. 1 , Hamilton listed six topics to be covered in the subsequent articles : `` The utility of the UNION to your political prosperity '' -- covered in No. 2 through No. 14 `` The insufficiency of the present Confederation to preserve that Union '' -- covered in No. 15 through No. 22 `` The necessity of a government at least equally energetic with the one proposed to the attainment of this object '' -- covered in No. 23 through No. 36 `` The conformity of the proposed constitution to the true principles of republican government '' -- covered in No. 37 through No. 84 `` Its analogy to your own state constitution '' -- covered in No. 85 `` The additional security which its adoption will afford to the preservation of that species of government , to liberty and to prosperity '' -- covered in No. 85 . Furtwangler notes that as the series grew , this plan was somewhat changed . The fourth topic expanded into detailed coverage of the individual articles of the Constitution and the institutions it mandated , while the two last topics were merely touched on in the last essay . The papers can be broken down by author as well as by topic . At the start of the series , all three authors were contributing ; the first twenty papers are broken down as eleven by Hamilton , five by Madison and four by Jay . The rest of the series , however , is dominated by three long segments by a single writer : No. 21 through No. 36 by Hamilton , No. 37 through 58 by Madison , written while Hamilton was in Albany , and No. 65 through the end by Hamilton , published after Madison had left for Virginia . Opposition to the Bill of Rights ( edit ) The Federalist Papers ( specifically Federalist No. 84 ) are notable for their opposition to what later became the United States Bill of Rights . The idea of adding a Bill of Rights to the Constitution was originally controversial because the Constitution , as written , did not specifically enumerate or protect the rights of the people , rather it listed the powers of the government and left all that remained to the states and the people . Alexander Hamilton , the author of Federalist No. 84 , feared that such an enumeration , once written down explicitly , would later be interpreted as a list of the only rights that people had . However , Hamilton 's opposition to a Bill of Rights was far from universal . Robert Yates , writing under the pseudonym Brutus , articulated this view point in the so - called Anti-Federalist No. 84 , asserting that a government unrestrained by such a bill could easily devolve into tyranny . References in The Federalist and in the ratification debates warn of demagogues of the variety who through divisive appeals would aim at tyranny . The Federalist begins and ends with this issue . In the final paper Hamilton offers `` a lesson of moderation to all sincere lovers of the Union , and ought to put them on their guard against hazarding anarchy , civil war , a perpetual alienation of the States from each other , and perhaps the military despotism of a successful demagogue '' . The matter was further clarified by the Ninth Amendment . Judicial use ( edit ) Federal judges , when interpreting the Constitution , frequently use The Federalist Papers as a contemporary account of the intentions of the framers and ratifiers . They have been applied on issues ranging from the power of the federal government in foreign affairs ( in Hines v. Davidowitz ) to the validity of ex post facto laws ( in the 1798 decision Calder v. Bull , apparently the first decision to mention The Federalist ) . By 2000 , The Federalist had been quoted 291 times in Supreme Court decisions . The amount of deference that should be given to The Federalist Papers in constitutional interpretation has always been somewhat controversial . As early as 1819 , Chief Justice John Marshall noted in the famous case McCulloch v. Maryland , that `` the opinions expressed by the authors of that work have been justly supposed to be entitled to great respect in expounding the Constitution . No tribute can be paid to them which exceeds their merit ; but in applying their opinions to the cases which may arise in the progress of our government , a right to judge of their correctness must be retained . '' In a letter to Thomas Ritchie in 1821 , he stated that `` the legitimate meaning of the Instrument must be derived from the text itself ; or if a key is to be sought elsewhere , it must be not in the opinions or intentions of the Body which planned & proposed the Constitution , but in the sense attached to it by the people in their respective State Conventions where it recd . all the authority which it possesses . '' Complete list ( edit ) The colors used to highlight the rows correspond to the author of the paper . Alexander Hamilton John Jay James Madison # Date Title Author October 27 , 1787 General Introduction Alexander Hamilton October 31 , 1787 Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence John Jay November 3 , 1787 The Same Subject Continued : Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence John Jay November 7 , 1787 The Same Subject Continued : Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence John Jay 5 November 10 , 1787 The Same Subject Continued : Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence John Jay 6 November 14 , 1787 Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States Alexander Hamilton 7 November 15 , 1787 The Same Subject Continued : Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States Alexander Hamilton 8 November 20 , 1787 The Consequences of Hostilities Between the States Alexander Hamilton 9 November 21 , 1787 The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection Alexander Hamilton 10 November 22 , 1787 The Same Subject Continued : The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection James Madison 11 November 24 , 1787 The Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy Alexander Hamilton 12 November 27 , 1787 The Utility of the Union In Respect to Revenue Alexander Hamilton 13 November 28 , 1787 Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government Alexander Hamilton 14 November 30 , 1787 Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered James Madison 15 December 1 , 1787 The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union Alexander Hamilton 16 December 4 , 1787 The Same Subject Continued : The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union Alexander Hamilton 17 December 5 , 1787 The Same Subject Continued : The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union Alexander Hamilton 18 December 7 , 1787 The Same Subject Continued : The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union James Madison 19 December 8 , 1787 The Same Subject Continued : The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union James Madison 20 December 11 , 1787 The Same Subject Continued : The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union James Madison 21 December 12 , 1787 Other Defects of the Present Confederation Alexander Hamilton 22 December 14 , 1787 The Same Subject Continued : Other Defects of the Present Confederation Alexander Hamilton 23 December 18 , 1787 The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the Union Alexander Hamilton 24 December 19 , 1787 The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered Alexander Hamilton 25 December 21 , 1787 The Same Subject Continued : The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered Alexander Hamilton 26 December 22 , 1787 The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered Alexander Hamilton 27 December 25 , 1787 The Same Subject Continued : The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered Alexander Hamilton 28 December 26 , 1787 The Same Subject Continued : The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered Alexander Hamilton 29 January 9 , 1788 Concerning the Militia Alexander Hamilton 30 December 28 , 1787 Concerning the General Power of Taxation Alexander Hamilton 31 January 1 , 1788 The Same Subject Continued : Concerning the General Power of Taxation Alexander Hamilton 32 January 2 , 1788 The Same Subject Continued : Concerning the General Power of Taxation Alexander Hamilton 33 January 2 , 1788 The Same Subject Continued : Concerning the General Power of Taxation Alexander Hamilton 34 January 5 , 1788 The Same Subject Continued : Concerning the General Power of Taxation Alexander Hamilton 35 January 5 , 1788 The Same Subject Continued : Concerning the General Power of Taxation Alexander Hamilton 36 January 8 , 1788 The Same Subject Continued : Concerning the General Power of Taxation Alexander Hamilton 37 January 11 , 1788 Concerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising a Proper Form of Government James Madison 38 January 12 , 1788 The Same Subject Continued , and the Incoherence of the Objections to the New Plan Exposed James Madison 39 January 18 , 1788 The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles James Madison 40 January 18 , 1788 The Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and Sustained James Madison 41 January 19 , 1788 General View of the Powers Conferred by the Constitution James Madison 42 January 22 , 1788 The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered James Madison 43 January 23 , 1788 The Same Subject Continued : The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered James Madison 44 January 25 , 1788 Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States James Madison 45 January 26 , 1788 The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered James Madison 46 January 29 , 1788 The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared James Madison 47 January 30 , 1788 The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts James Madison 48 February 1 , 1788 These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control Over Each Other James Madison 49 February 2 , 1788 Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government James Madison 50 February 5 , 1788 Periodic Appeals to the People Considered James Madison 51 February 6 , 1788 The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments James Madison 52 February 8 , 1788 The House of Representatives James Madison 53 February 9 , 1788 The Same Subject Continued : The House of Representatives James Madison 54 February 12 , 1788 The Apportionment of Members Among the States James Madison 55 February 13 , 1788 The Total Number of the House of Representatives James Madison 56 February 16 , 1788 The Same Subject Continued : The Total Number of the House of Representatives James Madison 57 February 19 , 1788 The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many James Madison 58 February 20 , 1788 Objection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands Considered James Madison 59 February 22 , 1788 Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members Alexander Hamilton 60 February 23 , 1788 The Same Subject Continued : Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members Alexander Hamilton 61 February 26 , 1788 The Same Subject Continued : Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members Alexander Hamilton 62 February 27 , 1788 The Senate James Madison 63 March 1 , 1788 The Senate Continued James Madison 64 March 5 , 1788 The Powers of the Senate John Jay 65 March 7 , 1788 The Powers of the Senate Continued Alexander Hamilton 66 March 8 , 1788 Objections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered Alexander Hamilton 67 March 11 , 1788 The Executive Department Alexander Hamilton 68 March 12 , 1788 The Mode of Electing the President Alexander Hamilton 69 March 14 , 1788 The Real Character of the Executive Alexander Hamilton 70 March 15 , 1788 The Executive Department Further Considered Alexander Hamilton 71 March 18 , 1788 The Duration in Office of the Executive Alexander Hamilton 72 March 19 , 1788 The Same Subject Continued , and Re-Eligibility of the Executive Considered Alexander Hamilton 73 March 21 , 1788 The Provision For The Support of the Executive , and the Veto Power Alexander Hamilton 74 March 25 , 1788 The Command of the Military and Naval Forces , and the Pardoning Power of the Executive Alexander Hamilton 75 March 26 , 1788 The Treaty Making Power of the Executive Alexander Hamilton 76 April 1 , 1788 The Appointing Power of the Executive Alexander Hamilton 77 April 2 , 1788 The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive Considered Alexander Hamilton 78 May 28 , 1788 ( book ) June 14 , 1788 ( newspaper ) The Judiciary Department Alexander Hamilton 79 May 28 , 1788 ( book ) June 18 , 1788 ( newspaper ) The Judiciary Continued Alexander Hamilton 80 June 21 , 1788 The Powers of the Judiciary Alexander Hamilton 81 June 25 , 1788 and June 28 , 1788 The Judiciary Continued , and the Distribution of the Judicial Authority Alexander Hamilton 82 July 2 , 1788 The Judiciary Continued Alexander Hamilton 83 July 5 , 1788 , July 9 , 1788 and July 12 , 1788 The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by Jury Alexander Hamilton 84 July 16 , 1788 , July 26 , 1788 and August 9 , 1788 Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered Alexander Hamilton 85 August 13 , 1788 and August 16 , 1788 Concluding Remarks Alexander Hamilton See also ( edit ) Book : The Federalist Papers American philosophy The Anti-Federalist Papers The Complete Anti-Federalist List of pseudonyms used in the American Constitutional debates Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , Gordon . `` Introduction to the Federalist '' . teachingamericanhistory.org . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ The Federalist : a Collection of Essays , Written in Favour of the New Constitution , as Agreed upon by the Federal Convention , September 17 , 1787 , in two volumes ( 1 ed . ) . New York : J. and A. McLean. 1788 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 -- via Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T . The Encyclopedia of New York City : The New York Historical Society ; Yale University Press ; 1995 . p. 194 . Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers . Toronto : Bantam Books . 1982 . Jump up ^ Wills , x . Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , The Forging of the Union : 1781 -- 1789 ( 1987 ) p. 309 Jump up ^ Furtwangler , 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Gunn , Giles B. ( 1994 ) . Early American Writing . Penguin Classics . p. 540 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 039087 - 1 . Jump up ^ Furtwangler , 51 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Furtwangler , Albert ( 1984 ) . The Authority of Publius : A Reading of the Federalist Papers . Cornell Univ Pr . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 9339 - 3 . , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Nos. 18 , 19 , 20 are frequently indicated as being jointly written by Hamilton and Madison . However , Adair concurs with previous historians that these are Madison 's writing alone : `` Madison had certainly written all of the essays himself , including in revised form only a small amount of pertinent information submitted by Hamilton from his rather sketchy research on the same subject . '' Adair , 63 . Jump up ^ Banning , Lance James Madison : Federalist , note 1 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. Ralph Ketcham , James Madison . New York : Macmillan , 1971 ; reprint ed. , Charlottesville : University Press of Virginia , 1998 . See also Irving N. Brant , James Madison : Father of the Constitution , 1787 -- 1800 . Indianapolis : Bobbs - Merrill , 1950 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. ( 2007 ) . Founding Fathers : The Essential Guide to the Men Who Made America . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons Jump up ^ Wills , xii . Jump up ^ Furtwangler , 20 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. ( 2007 ) . Founding Fathers : The Essential Guide to the Men Who Made America . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . Jump up ^ Adair , 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Adair , 44 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Henry Cabot Lodge , ed. ( 1902 ) . The Federalist , a Commentary on the Constitution of the United States . Putnam . pp. xxxviii -- xliii . Retrieved February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton , John Jay , and James Madison ( Jacob E. Cooke , ed. , The Federalist ( Middletown , CT : Wesleyan University Press , 1961 and later reprintings ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6077 - 3 . Jump up ^ Adair , 46 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Adair , 48 . Jump up ^ Jeff Collins , David Kaufer , Pantelis Vlachos , Brian Butler and Suguru Ishizaki , `` Detecting Collaborations in Text : Comparing the Authors ' Rhetorical Language Choices in the Federalist Papers '' Computers and the Humanities 38 no . 1 ( Feb. 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Mosteller and Wallace . Jump up ^ Fung , Glenn , The disputed federalist papers : SVM feature selection via concave minimization , New York City , ACM Press , 2003 . ( 9 pg pdf file ) Jump up ^ Furtwangler , 21 . Jump up ^ Furtwangler , 22 . Jump up ^ Coenen , Dan . `` Fifteen Curious Facts about The Federalist Papers '' . Media Commons . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Furtwangler , 23 . Jump up ^ This scheme of division is adapted from Charles K. Kesler 's introduction to The Federalist Papers ( New York : Signet Classic , 1999 ) pp. 15 -- 17 . A similar division is indicated by Furtwangler , 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Wills , 274 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Tulis ( 1987 ) . The Rhetorical Presidency . Princeton University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02295 - X . Jump up ^ Harvey Flaumenhaft , `` Hamilton 's Administrative Republic and the American Presidency , '' in The Presidency in the Constitutional Order , ed . Joseph M. Bessette and Jeffrey Tulis ( Baton Rouge and London : Louisiana State University Press , 1981 ) , 65 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Lupu , Ira C. ; `` The Most - Cited Federalist Papers '' . Constitutional Commentary ( 1998 ) pp. 403 + ; using Supreme Court citations , the five most cited were Federalist No. 42 ( Madison ) ( 33 decisions ) , Federalist No. 78 ( Hamilton ) ( 30 decisions ) , Federalist No. 81 ( Hamilton ) ( 27 decisions ) , Federalist No. 51 ( Madison ) ( 26 decisions ) , Federalist No. 32 ( Hamilton ) ( 25 decisions ) . Jump up ^ See , among others , a very early exploration of the judicial use of The Federalist in Charles W. Pierson , `` The Federalist in the Supreme Court '' , The Yale Law Journal , Vol. 33 , No. 7 . ( May 1924 ) , pp. 728 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron . `` Alexander Hamilton '' . Penguin Books , 2004 . ( p. 260 ) Jump up ^ Arthur , John ( 1995 ) . Words That Bind : Judicial Review and the Grounds of Modern Constitutional Theory . Westview Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2349 - 5 . Jump up ^ Madison to Thomas Ritchie , September 15 , 1821 . Quoted in Furtwangler , 36 . Jump up ^ Max Farrand , ed. ( 1911 ) . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 . Yale University Press . ^ Jump up to : One of twelve `` disputed papers '' to which both Madison and Hamilton laid claim . Modern scholarly consensus leans towards Madison as the author of all twelve , and he is so credited in this table . See Federalist Papers : Disputed essays . See Adair , 93 : `` The disputed numbers of The Federalist claimed by both Hamilton and Madison are Numbers 49 through 58 and Numbers 62 and 63 . References ( edit ) Adair , Douglass . Fame and the Founding Fathers . Indianapolis : Liberty Fund , 1974 . A collection of essays ; that used here is `` The Disputed Federalist Papers '' . Frederick Mosteller and David L. Wallace . Inference and Disputed Authorship : The Federalist . Addison - Wesley , Reading , Mass. , 1964 . Summarized in `` Inference in an Authorship Problem '' . Journal of the American Statistical Association 58 : 302 ( June , 1963 ) , pp. 275 -- 309 . ( Full text via JSTOR . ) Furtwangler , Albert . The Authority of Publius : A Reading of the Federalist Papers . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press , 1984 . Wills , Gary . Explaining America : The Federalist , Garden City , NJ : 1981 . Further Reading ( edit ) Everdell , William R . The End of Kings : A History of Republics and Republicans , Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2000 . Meyerson , Michael I. Liberty 's Blueprint : How Madison and Hamilton Wrote the Federalist Papers , Defined the Constitution , and Made Democracy Safe for the World , New York : Basic Books , 2008 . Dietze , Gottfried . The Federalist : A Classic on Federalism and Free Government , Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins Press , 1960 . Epstein , David F. The Political Theory of the Federalist , Chicago : The University of Chicago Press , 1984 . Gray , Leslie , and Wynell Burroughs . `` Teaching With Documents : Ratification of the Constitution '' , Social Education , 51 ( 1987 ) : 322 -- 24 . Kesler , Charles R. Saving the Revolution : The Federalist Papers and the American Founding , New York : 1987 . Patrick , John J. , and Clair W. Keller . Lessons on the Federalist Papers : Supplements to High School Courses in American History , Government and Civics , Bloomington , IN : Organization of American Historians in association with ERIC / ChESS , 1987 . ED 280 764 . Schechter , Stephen L. Teaching about American Federal Democracy , Philadelphia : Center for the Study of Federalism at Temple University , 1984 . ED 248 161 . Scott , Kyle . The Federalist Papers : A Reader 's Guide ( New York : Bloomsbury Press , 2013 ) 202 pp . Sunstein , Cass R . The Enlarged Republic -- Then and Now , New York Review of Books , ( March 26 , 2009 ) : Volume LVI , Number 5 , 45 . Webster , Mary E. The Federalist Papers : In Modern Language Indexed for Today 's Political Issues . Bellevue , WA : Merril Press , 1999 . White , Morton . Philosophy , The Federalist , and the Constitution , New York : 1987 . Zebra Edition . The Federalist Papers : ( Or , How Government is Supposed to Work ) , Edited for Readability . Oakesdale , WA : Lucky Zebra Press , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutThe Federalist Papersat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata The Federalist Papers public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Federalist Papers , original 1788 printing The Federalist Papers at Project Gutenberg The Federalist Papers on the Bill of Rights Teaching The Federalist Papers Booknotes interview with Robert Scigliano on Scigliano 's Modern Library edition of The Federalist Papers , January 21 , 2001 . Collection of The Federalist Papers EDSITEment on The Federalist and Anti-Federalist debates on diversity and the extended republic `` Federalist , The '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . National Archives on The Federalist The Federalist Papers Authors Alexander Hamilton ( papers ) James Madison ( papers ) John Jay ( papers ) Papers 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 Related United States Constitution The Independent Journal Publius Valerius Publicola Anti-Federalist Papers complete The Federalist Papers The Federalist Papers Portal : History The Federalist United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 1795 -- 1804 11 12 Reconstruction 13 14 15 Twentieth century 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Presidential succession Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) USS Constitution Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( U.S. Coast Guard ) U.S. Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Funding Act of 1790 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 U.S. Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Reports `` First Report on the Public Credit '' `` Second Report on Public Credit '' `` Report On Manufactures '' `` Report on a Plan for the Further Support of Public Credit '' Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery Washington 's aide - de-camp In the Revolutionary War Battle of Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds affair Rutgers v. Waddington Relationship with slavery Depictions Alexander Hamilton ( Fraser statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Ceracchi bust ) Alexander Hamilton ( Conrads statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Trumbull portrait ) U.S. postage stamps U.S. $10 bill Memorials Alexander Hamilton Bridge Alexander Hamilton High School ( Los Angeles ) Fort Hamilton Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Hall ( Columbia Univ . ) Hamilton Hall ( Salem , Mass . ) Hamilton Heights , Manhattan Hamilton , Ohio Hamilton - Oneida Academy Trinity Church Cemetery Popular culture Hamilton ( 1917 play ) Alexander Hamilton ( 1931 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Hamilton : An American Musical ( 2015 ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Liberty Hall ( N.J. ) New York Manumission Society African Free School `` American System '' economic plan American School American Revolution patriots Family Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton wife Schuyler family Philip Hamilton ( oldest son ) Angelica Hamilton ( daughter ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( son ) James Alexander Hamilton ( son ) John Church Hamilton ( son ) William S. Hamilton ( son ) Eliza Hamilton Holly ( daughter ) Philip Hamilton ( youngest son ) Schuyler Hamilton ( grandson ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( grandson ) Allan McLane Hamilton ( grandson ) Robert Ray Hamilton ( great - grandson ) James Madison 4th President of the United States ( 1809 -- 1817 ) 5th U.S. Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 1809 ) United States House of Representatives ( 1789 -- 1797 ) Congress of the Confederation ( 1781 -- 1783 ) Virginia House of Delegates ( 1776 -- 1779 , 1784 -- 1786 ) `` Father of the Constitution '' Co-wrote , 1776 Virginia Constitution 1786 Annapolis Convention 1787 Constitutional Convention Virginia Plan Constitution of the United States Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 The Federalist Papers written by Madison No. 10 No. 51 Virginia Ratifying Convention United States Bill of Rights 27th amendment Constitution drafting and ratification timeline Founding Fathers Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Tecumseh 's War Battle of Tippecanoe War of 1812 origins Burning of Washington The Octagon House Treaty of Ghent Seven Buildings residence results Second Barbary War Era of Good Feelings Second Bank of the United States State of the Union Address ( 1810 1814 1815 1816 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other noted accomplisments Co-founder , American Whig Society Supervised the Louisiana Purchase Anti-Administration party Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Democratic - Republican Party First Party System republicanism Library of Congress Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Report of 1800 Other writings The Papers of James Madison Life Early life and career Belle Grove Plantation , birthplace Montpelier Elections U.S. House of Representatives election , 1789 1790 1792 1794 U.S. presidential election , 1808 1812 Legacy and popular culture James Madison Memorial Building James Madison University James Madison College Madison , Wisconsin Madison Square Madison River Madison Street U.S. postage stamps James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation James Madison Freedom of Information Award James Madison Award James Madison Institute A More Perfect Union ( 1989 film ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 series ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment Marbury v. Madison National Gazette Paul Jennings Madisonian Model American Philosophical Society The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Family Dolley Madison ( wife ) John Payne Todd ( stepson ) James Madison , Sr. ( father ) Nelly Conway Madison ( mother ) William Madison ( brother ) Ambrose Madison ( paternal grandfather ) James Madison ( cousin ) George Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) Thomas Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) John Madison ( great - grandfather ) ← Thomas Jefferson James Monroe → GND : 4202673 - 8 LCCN : n80021463 SUDOC : 027678385 VIAF : 185884818 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Federalist_Papers&oldid=855391281 '' Categories : The Federalist Papers 1787 in law 1788 in law 1787 in the United States 1788 in the United States 1787 works 1788 works 1788 books 18th - century essays American political philosophy literature Democracy Essay collections United States historical documents Works published under a pseudonym Works published anonymously Hidden categories : Articles with short description Use mdy dates from January 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2000 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 23 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did alexander hamilton write the federalist papers | [
"The Federalist Papers \nTitle page of the first collection of The Federalist (1788). This particular volume was a gift from Alexander Hamilton's wife Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton to her sister AngelicaAuthors\nAlexander Hamilton, James Madison, John JayOriginal title\nThe FederalistCountry\nThe United StatesLanguage\nEnglishPublisher\nThe Independent Journal, New York Packet, The Daily Advertiser, J. & A. McLeanPublication date\nOctober 27, 1787 – May 28, 1788Media type\nNewspaper, book"
] | [
"October 27, 1787 – May 28, 1788"
] |
-2569947728334828171 | Grey's Anatomy (season 14) | Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network ABC Original release September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) -- May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 13 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on February 10 , 2017 , by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and premiered on September 28 , 2017 with a special two - hour premiere . The season will consist of 24 episodes , with the season 's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper . The fourteenth season is the first not to feature Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards since her introduction in the ninth season , following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season . The season marks the last appearance of Martin Henderson , Jason George , Jessica Capshaw , and Sarah Drew as series regulars , as well as the first appearance of Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andy Herrera , the lead character of Grey 's Anatomy 's second spin - off series , Station 19 . On April 20 , 2018 , ABC officially renewed Grey 's Anatomy for a network primetime drama record - setting fifteenth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . After the explosion at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , Chief Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) finds it the perfect time to give the place a much needed upgrade in look and functionality . During the construction , Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) struggles with the shocking reunion with his sister , Megan ( Abigail Spencer ) , who was recently found in a hostage camp overseas . The discovery also welcomes back Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , the former chief cardiothoracic surgery and Owen 's best friend , which leads to awkward moments with Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) . Of course , Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) , who was once in love with Megan , is torn between his love for her and his most recent interest in Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) learns what `` ghosting '' is after Eliza Minnick ( Marika Dominczyk ) vanishes without a trace , but she quickly finds company in an Italian girl she met at the bar , Carina DeLuca ( Stefania Spampinato ) , sister to Andrew DeLuca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) . Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) struggles to patch her relationship with Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , but when her attempts fail , she finds herself sleeping with one of the new interns . When Carina finds that Amelia has a brain tumor , she brings her former mentor / professor Dr Tom Koracek ( Greg Germann ) to create a treatment plan . But when he points out how the tumor has affected her judgment , she fears that it might have ruined her patient 's lives or put them in more danger -- specifically Dr Nicole Herman ( Geena Davis ) , who despite saving her life , left her blind . After the tumor is removed , Amelia and Owen reflect on their marriage and decide that everything up to that point has been misguided ; the tumor made Amelia someone she was not , and they ultimately decide to get a divorce . With all the changes happening at Grey Sloan , Harper Avery ( Chelcie Ross ) shows up to discuss everything with Bailey and then ends up firing her . Shortly after , he immediately dies from cardiac arrest . Before they have to find another chief , Catherine ( Debbie Allen ) and Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) reinstate Bailey to her position . At a family dinner hosted by Catherine and Richard Weber ( James Pickens Jr . ) , Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) and Jackson learn that he 'll be receiving his grandfather 's inheritance , a quarter billion dollars , which he 'll eventually use to fund a medical research contest . Now that Megan is healthy again , Meredith and Nathan work together to bring her son over to the United States . Upon arrival , Nathan , Megan , and Farouk all move to California to start a life together , which officially ends Nathan 's relationship with Meredith . Despite the breakup , Meredith has more exciting news on the horizon when she learns at the intern mixer that a ground breaking surgery has earned her a nomination for the highly - esteemed Harper Avery Foundation Award , which she goes on to win . While the joyous news spreads around the hospital , Bailey learns that Ben Warren ( Jason George ) wants to leave surgery to join the Seattle Fire Department . With Jo and Alex now living together again , she realizes how much control her estranged husband , Dr Paul Stadler ( Matthew Morrison ) , has over her . Now in the running for chief resident , Jo decides to file for divorce . With her mind on her secret relationship with Paul , she 's surprised to find him in the hospital . Jo attempts to steer clear of him , but at the same time also believes she has a duty to inform Paul 's fiancé of what type of man he really is . As Paul keeps trying to find Jo , Meredith pretends to call security to have him removed , but he leaves before they can get there . However , he winds up back in the ER as a victim of a hit and run accident . With everyone running around the ER , April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) sees a familiar face in Matthew ( Justin Bruening ) , the paramedic she left at the altar for Jackson . He 's there with his wife who is now pregnant . After Jo talks to Jenny ( Bethany Joy Lenz ) , Paul 's fiancé , they venture to Paul 's room to tell him they 're taking him to court . Upon receiving the news , he tries to attack them in a bout of rage ; however , he falls out of bed and hits his head knocking him unconscious , rendering him brain dead . Still legally his wife , Jo decides to have them remove all life - sustaining support . April struggles with the idea that the man she left to pursue her own happiness is now married and expecting a child , while she 's alone and a single mother . As she begins to question her faith , she acts out and sleeps with an intern . With all the stress and work that comes with being Chief of Surgery , Bailey begins to show signs of a heart attack . She winds up at Seattle Presbyterian Hospital , where the doctors take her concerns less than seriously . They see in her chart a history of OCD and believe that is the underlying issue , since the tests they are running are coming back negative . Bailey calls on Maggie to save her , and after she does , Bailey decides to support Ben 's decision to become a firefighter , as she realizes life is too short to do anything than what makes you happy . With the medical research contest , funded by Jackson 's money , getting underway , the doctors begin to team up and brainstorm ideas that will help them win the top prize of a grant that will fund their research even further . Meredith learns that for her project , she 'll need to acquire a patent that is owned by Marie Cerone ... a former friend of her mother 's . When Marie denies access to the patent , Meredith is forced to investigate further into the reason why . According to Richard , there was a falling out of some sort , but he never knew what happened between the two women . At a dinner party hosted by Amelia , Maggie brings her new boyfriend around to meet her friends . However , it 's soon revealed that her boyfriend is a married man . Quick to call it off , Jackson sees his opportunity to invest in his love interest with Maggie . In Meredith 's search for answers , she learns that Ellis Grey left Marie 's name off the surgical method they created together . If she is to acquire the patent , she must publicly announce a change the method 's name to the Grey - Cerone Method . Meredith denies the ultimatum . While Maggie and Jackson try to get past the quirks of their relationship and the fact that their step - siblings , Jo shockingly asks Alex to marry him . He quickly accepts . With the research projects humming along , Owen and Amelia continue to take advantage of their `` friends with benefits '' relationship , that is until Amelia learns how close Owen is with Teddy . She advises him to go after her if she 's the love of his life . The advice sends him to Germany where he surprises Teddy . The two talk all night and make plans to stay together , but when she learns that Amelia had just told him the night before to pursue her , she refuses to be his backup plan and kicks him out . Bailey is surprised to learn that one of her interns , Sam Bello ( Jeanine Mason ) , is a `` Dreamer '' protected by ( DACA ) . Meredith designs a plan to keep from being deported . Despite pleas from Andrew ( Sam 's boyfriend ) , Meredith sends to work under Dr Cristina Yang in Switzerland . While the research contest reaches the next milestone , presentation day , Catherine confronts Jackson about a major secret concerning his grandfather . The man had 13 cases of sexual harassment filed against him , and she herself paid the women major settlements to keep it all covered up . Meredith learns of this truth and also that Marie Cerone was one of the 13 . Disgusted with the whole situation , Meredith decides to return her and her mother 's Harper Avery awards and Bailey shuts down the research contest . In the meantime , Catherine tries with all her might to save the face of the foundation since the news has spread . While in surgery , Jackson and Meredith come up with their own plan , which is to rename the foundation in honor of Catherine ( née Fox ) to the Catherine Fox Foundation . When Alex learns that his mom has n't been cashing the checks he 's been sending , he and Jo take off to Iowa to check on her . He surprisingly finds that she is doing well and even works her old job at the library . The two extend an invitation to the wedding , but she declines stating it would be too much for her . While Owen and Amelia struggle with adjusting to being foster parents -- Owen to a baby and Amelia to the baby 's teenaged mother on drugs , Arizona continues to battle with Sofia who wants to move back to New York to be with her other mom , Callie . After calling Callie to tell her they 're moving to the east coast to be closer to her , Arizona announced her impeding departure to Bailey . However , an unexpected visit from Nicole Herman changes those plans just slightly . Nicole has been following Arizona 's work and she would like to partner with her in creating the Robbins - Herman Center for Women 's Health . Knowing that she 's headed to New York , Arizona asks that it be there , and Nicole obliges . Matthew winds up in the ER again , but this time for himself , after he rolled his car . Trying to get information from him about what happened , he mentions April 's name , which sends the doctors into a frenzy trying to make sure she 's safe . Owen finds her unconscious at the site of the accident , down in a ravine nearby . After he rushes her back to the hospital , the team rallies to save her , and after extreme measures have been taken to bring her back to life , she wakes up , fully functional . Alex and Jo 's wedding day has arrived , and though most details have come together , April ( who has been planning the wedding ) panics when multiple guests go to the wrong ceremony . While trying to escape , the mother of the bride faints , keeping Ben and Bailey behind . Once at the hospital , Bailey struggles to find an available cardio surgeon until Teddy unexpectedly arrives looking for a job . Jo learns she 's been accepted into Mass Gen 's fellowship program , but fearful of losing Alex , Meredith offers Jo the general surgery attending position . The wedding is delayed when the wedding planner goes into anaphylactic shock and an emergency tracheotomy is performed to save her . After the guests leave thinking there 'll be no wedding , the pastor finally arrives in time to marry April and Matthew after a surprise re-engagement . On a ferry back to the main land , Maggie has the idea to have Meredith ordained online to officiate the wedding right there on the ferry . Bailey , wanting to take a break from being chief to focus on her passions , offers Teddy the chance to be interim chief . Watching the wedding happening at the hospital on a tablet , in the ICU with the bride 's mother , Teddy reveals she 's pregnant . Arizona says her sad goodbyes before heading to New York , but is giddy to be closer to Callie who is recently single . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Recurring cast ( edit ) Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery / Catherine Fox Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Blake Hood as Clive Johnson Bethany Joy Lenz as Jenny Justin Bruening as Paramedic Matthew Taylor Nayah Damasen as Kimmie Park Peyton Kennedy as Betty Candis Cayne as Dr. Michelle Velez Rachel Ticotin as Dr. Marie Cerone Guest cast ( edit ) Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey Mark Moses as Dr. Larry Maxwell Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea ' Andy ' Herrera Scott Speedman as Dr. Nick Marsh Mary Kay Place as Olive Warner Sarah Utterback as Nurse Olivia Harper Lindsay Wagner as Helen Karev Geena Davis as Dr. Nicole Herman Casting ( edit ) Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the 9th season , after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball 's new HBO drama series Here and Now . Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast , but ABC passed on the project . Renewing her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season , Jessica Capshaw returned for the 14th season . On June 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Kim Raver would reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest arc . In August 2017 , it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season . After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character , Eliza Minnick , it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show . On September 13 , 2017 , another guest star was announced in Greg Germann ( Ally McBeal ) , and later it was revealed that his character would be Tom Koracick , Amelia 's neurosurgery mentor . On October 9 , 2017 , the new group of interns to join the cast in the fourth episode `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' was announced to include Jeanine Mason ( So You Think You Can Dance ) as Sam , Alex Blue Davis as Casey , Rushi Kota as Vik , Jaicy Elliot as Taryn , Sophia Ali as Dahlia , and Jake Borelli as Levi . On October 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Martin Henderson 's appearance in the fifth episode titled `` Danger Zone '' would be his last . On January 31 , 2018 , it was announced that Candis Cayne would be joining the show as Dr. Michelle Velez for a multi-episode arc revolving around a transgender character receiving a ground breaking surgery . On March 8 , 2018 , it was announced that both Jessica Capshaw and Sarah Drew would leave the series following the conclusion of the season . It was released on April 4 , 2018 that a familiar character would be returning to the set later on in the season as Sarah Utterback 's Nurse Olivia Harper would be revisiting Grey Sloan , not as a nurse but as mom of a patient . Details of her storyline or duration of arc have yet to be released . On April 20 , 2018 , it was released that Geena Davis would return for the episode `` Cold as Ice '' as Dr. Herman to present a new opportunity for Arizona . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season on February 10 , 2017 . It premiered on September 28 , 2017 , with a two - hour premiere . Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season . On April 28 , 2017 , veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she would return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season . On January 11 , 2018 , ABC released a six - episode web series following the new surgical interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . The web series was written by Barbara Kaye Friend and directed by series regular Sarah Drew . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 294 `` Break Down the House '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan `` major uplift '' , Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan , Owen 's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas . With Megan 's reappearance , Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom , which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia . With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit , Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person . After being `` ghosted '' by Eliza , Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her . When DeLuca comes home , he finds his sister half - naked on his couch with Arizona . 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' Kevin McKidd Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 Carina , DeLuca 's sister , asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital ; Bailey obliges due to society 's double standard . Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan 's wounds ; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith 's intentions of being Megan 's surgeon . Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex . Later , it is revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns . Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia , who seems to be avoiding him and his family . Even without the support of Jackson , Amelia fights to remove a patient 's mastoid tumor . She later takes part in Carina 's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain . 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' Chandra Wilson Meg Marinis October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 8.06 Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins , Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor . Much to her chagrin , Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years ; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has not been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she is closest . Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation ; when Bailey stands up to him , Avery fires her . In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief . Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor . Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist , who winds up as a patient , to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan . Jo asks Alex to move back home . 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' Geary McLeod Marlana Hope October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 8.08 Amelia has her brain tumor removed , but in the days following , she experiences some complications , such as speaking only French , and memory loss . Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine , which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Avery his inheritance from Harper 's passing , a quarter billion dollars . Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate . Using her research to justify his entry into the country , Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan 's adopted son to America . Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness . Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home . Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her . 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' Cecilie Mosli Jalysa Conway October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 7.67 As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she will start her new life with Nathan and her son , Farouk , they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah , Iraq . During their time overseas , Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was not initially intended for her . Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean . Despite the good news of the engagement , Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat , which is later revealed to her as Owen 's own doing . Distraught over her brother 's betrayal , she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops , leading to her disappearance . While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen , he bonds with Farouk , who is having trouble acclimating to the free world . He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith , as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy . 299 6 `` Come on Down to My Boat , Baby '' Lisa Leone Kiley Donovan November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 7.38 As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal , JSA , Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis . The men of Grey Sloan take a `` sick day '' and hang out on a Jackson 's newly purchased boat , whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder . Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home . Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence , recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard . While Arizona and April repair a woman 's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina , Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting . At the surgeon - intern mixer , Meredith learns that she has been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award ; however , the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient . Jackson gives half of his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition . Jo learns she is in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge . DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past , while Owen and Carina are caught kissing . 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 8.13 When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks , Meredith 's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold . Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital : Drs . Cristina Yang , George O'Malley , and Izzie Stevens . Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR , after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair . As Arizona performs surgery on Liza , Izzie 's look - a-like , she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia 's return to Seattle . Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is , to which Alex says he knows how she is : a happily married surgeon with three children . As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston , Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek . Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department , due to Bailey 's fear that he has commitment issues . Unable to fly out to Boston , in an OR -- in front of her friends and colleagues -- Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award . 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' Kevin McKidd William Harper November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 7.52 As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons , Jo begins her reign as chief resident . Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial , as all of the patients ' records get held hostage for $20 million . Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented , Bailey realizes it is due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson 's inheritance . Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed , they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients ; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the `` Stone Age '' . One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence , causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere . Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her abusive husband , Paul , on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient . 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' Bill D'Elia Andy Reaser January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 8.27 While the staff of the hospital fawns over Dr. Paul Stadler and his legendary work as a surgeon , Jo tries to steer clear of him . Alex and Meredith team up to do their best to protect Jo during the process of filing for divorce . Drenched in blood , Jackson and Maggie save their patient 's life and then bond in the locker room after showers ; April and Owen use their trauma skills to work on patients in less than ideal and extremely hot conditions , very similar to when they were overseas . Bailey works with an exceptionally computer - savvy intern to take back the power against those who hacked the hospital ; this intern later outs himself as `` a proud trans man '' . After Paul 's fiancée , Jenny , tells him about her secret exchange with Jo , Meredith pretends to call in security to remove Paul from the hospital . However , he soon winds back up in the ER as a victim of a hit - and - run . This episode was followed by a PSA of Camilla Luddington reminding viewers that psychological abuse is a form of domestic violence and providing the number of the National Domestic Violence Hotline : 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 , the episode 's title . 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' Kevin Sullivan Zoanne Clack January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 8.62 With Paul recovering from surgery , Meredith questions Alex and Jo 's alibi . Believing that it is his fiancée , Jenny , who ran him over , Jo feels the need to consult her . April 's patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiancé , Matthew , proving to be more than an awkward situation , as she helps deliver their baby , and then watches him deal with his wife 's unexpected death . Jackson , Bailey , and April are confronted with racial profiling when police show up with a handcuffed 12 - year - old boy whom they shot when he was seen trying to enter his own home through a window . Police officers continue to treat him like a criminal in the ER , prompting Bailey and Ben to give Tucker `` the talk '' . When Jo and Jenny go to Paul 's room to announce they are taking him to court , he gets in a bout of rage , falls out of his bed , and knocks himself out becoming brain dead . Still legally his wife , Jo decides to take him off life support and have his organs donated . April ends up in the shower with Vikram , an intern , after she finds herself questioning her faith . 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' Nicole Rubio Elisabeth R. Finch February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 8.93 With her intuition and the more subtle signs of a heart attack , Bailey winds up in the ER at Seattle Presbyterian ; however , after her doctors treat her condescendingly , assuming she is imagining the heart attack and really just suffering from her OCD , she calls on Maggie to come save her . When Maggie arrives , she runs into Richard who found his way there based on Bailey 's record of attendance . With her life flashing before her eyes , Bailey reflects on her upbringing and her past as a surgeon with all the stressful fights and struggles she has gone through to get to this point in her life . Right before she goes under for emergency surgery to save her life , Bailey asks Maggie to call Ben who is able to get there before she wakes up . Ben announces that he has quit being a firefighter , but Bailey demands that he go back and never do anything other than what he truly loves . 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' Jeannot Szwarc Kiley Donovan February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 7.32 As the contest draws near , a competitive edge and tension arise between the doctors and their selected interns vying for millions of dollars . In preparation to surprise Catherine on her birthday , Richard takes salsa dancing lessons with Maggie , who is struggling with the one year anniversary of her mother 's death . Amelia and Alex tag team a pediatric case , in order to save their patient 's ability to sing , as well as retain all mental capabilities . Meredith gets a visit from an old splenectomy patient , who is back with multiple miniature spleens , which guides Meredith to her idea for the competition , and Jackson gets pulled into his mother 's gender confirmation proposal , despite his wishes . 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' Nzingha Stewart Stacy McKee March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 7.52 A house fire brings two young boys , who were rescued by the Seattle Grace fire department -- Station 19 , to the ER . Meredith meets Andy Herrera , a firefighter , who has her hand inside the patient , clamping his abdominal aorta . While Andy gets a front row seat to view the action inside the OR , Ben struggles with idea of not being a surgeon anymore . Dr. Tom Koracik , Amelia 's former professor , shows up to help her with her research project , but quickly shoots down her ideas . However , when they confront each other about their difference in opinion , they come up with an idea to save her patient . Richard watches Bailey very closely , as it is her first day back after recovering from her heart attack . Jackson begins to worry about April and the fact that the interns have nicknamed her `` the Party '' . 307 14 `` Games People Play '' Chandra Wilson Jason Ganzel & Julie Wong March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 7.07 As Maggie 's budding romance with Clive gets more serious , Amelia suggests hosting a game night so they can secretly judge him . Meredith prepares to meet the owner of the patent she is pursuing ; however , she is surprised to find out that it is an old `` friend '' of Ellis ' . When Marie turns down the opportunity to hand over the patent , Meredith resorts to showing her the device has already been implemented and works . The legal team is brought in after April forgets to file a report when she accidentally severs a patient 's ear , which falls to the floor and causes Deluca to slip and fall , resulting in a concussion . Alex requests permission to use medicinal marijuana on his underage patient , but when her grandma learns of his treatment plan , she temporarily fires him . The game night takes a turn when April has an inebriated breakdown and an unexpected guest shows up -- Clive 's wife . Calling off the relationship , Jackson sees his opportunity and makes his move on Maggie . Richard reveals to Meredith that Marie and Ellis had a falling out , which leads Meredith to the conclusion that she has been played . 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' Ellen Pompeo Tameson Duffy March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 7.18 Alex , Jo , and Maggie reflect on their first loves as they prepare their teenaged patient for heart surgery ; however , when a heart transplant becomes available , he denies it until his boyfriend breaks up with him . Marie tells Meredith that her friendship with Ellis ended when Ellis left her name off her Harper Avery award winning research . Marie gives Meredith the ultimatum that for her to get the patent , she must make a statement that the Grey Method is now the Grey - Cerone Method . After a night spent together , April confesses to Tom that her deviant behavior is a result of her failing faith and hatred of God . Maggie and Jackson learn to move past their quirks and baggage . Alex fears that Jo 's fellowship applications indicate that she 's willing to leave him behind in Seattle ; however , in a twist of events , Jo asks Alex to marry her and he quickly accepts . 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' Nicole Rubio Jalysa Conway March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) 7.61 Bailey 's patient turns out to be one of her childhood heroes , a female astronaut who is in the process of building a time machine . Meredith throws in the towel on her research , since she is no longer receiving the patent . Richard and Catherine learn of Jackson and Maggie 's relationship , which causes some awkward tension as Jackson , Catherine , and Richard work together on the vaginoplasty case . April hijacks the trauma certification drill , and leaves the interns in tears and doubt . After Bailey loses her patient , she finds the inspiration needed to name her research project `` The Trailblazer '' , and Jo reignites Meredith 's will to continue on with her project . Amelia and Owen continue to pursue their `` friends with benefits '' relationship until she finds out how close Owen and Teddy are , and Arizona helps Sofia get accustomed to her new life away from New York . 310 17 `` One Day Like This '' Kevin McKidd Elisabeth R. Finch March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 7.15 April crosses Bailey when she disagrees on Bailey 's treatment plan for a rabbi who came in three times for diverticulitis and only gave him antibiotics , and who is now suffering from toxic epidermal necrolysis as a side effect . As April treats the rabbi , he gives her a lesson on faith which allows her to reflect on her recent struggles . Meredith buddies up with a new transplant surgeon from the Mayo Clinic , Dr Nick Marsh , who is recovering from a recent kidney transplant of his own . After his lab results come back , Meredith rushes him to surgery to remove a blood clot and successfully saves his kidney . After calling it quits with Amelia , Owen reconnects with Teddy , who now lives in Germany . However , after the short , happy reunion , Teddy learns that just a short while ago he was still sleeping with Amelia and refuses to be his second choice . 311 18 `` Hold Back the River '' Geary McLeod Alex Manugian April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 6.84 Richard is surprised to see his AA sponsor , Ollie , arrive at Grey Sloan in an ambulance . After she denies him the ability to save her life once more , he enlists the help of Maggie and Meredith . Now that Owen is back in the States , he has to face the disdain of Arizona and Amelia 's failure to fix things with Teddy . In between the personal conversations , Arizona and Owen look further into a fraudulent oncologist . In their pursuit , they coincidentally learn that Arizona has breast cancer -- at least until it was proven that the image produced was a fake . Alex , Amelia , and Tom resect Noah 's brain tumor , despite never performing the procedure before . Though successful , Amelia and Tom decide that it is too risky to do the same for Kimmy , which infuriates Alex. April strives to make amends with her colleagues , and Jackson , claiming that she has found Jesus again . Meredith and Jo learn that their research can be successful without the polymer , and that they can help patients grow livers and save lives . 312 19 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' Jeannot Szwarc Meg Marinis April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 6.97 Bailey gets caught off guard when an agent from ICE ( Immigration and Customs Enforcement ) shows up looking for one of her surgical interns , Sam Bello . Unaware of the situation , Sam explains that she is a `` dreamer '' protected by DACA . While Meredith and Andrew scheme up ideas to keep Sam from being deported back to El Salvador , Bailey distracts Agent Fields with concerns about his own health . As Arizona and Carina move forward in their research by learning from their previous patient 's death , April is surprised to see Matthew back at Grey Sloan with his baby who is failing to thrive . When Alex refuses to give up on Kimmy , Jo realizes Kimmy 's dream and signs off on discharge papers . Catherine comes back to support Richard who has stayed with Ollie right through her final breath . Meredith sends Sam to Zurich to study under Cristina ; Owen signs up to become a foster parent , and Jackson confronts Maggie about her tendency to resist their relationship . Jackson directs the Harper Avery Foundation to release a researcher from an agreement so she can collaborate with Amelia ; Catherine tells Richard that the hospital is now doomed . 313 20 `` Judgment Day '' Sydney Freeland Julie Wong April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 6.93 As the next stage of the research contest begins , the Top 25 proposals are presented by their respective owners who have gathered to present in front of a panel and audience . Arizona shares cookies , provided by a grateful patient , with her colleagues ; however , she later learns they were laced with cannabis . Due to the mishap , the presentations are postponed , and the interns are summoned to replace the stoned attendings . Meredith walks Jo through surgery after Bailey is forced to scrub out and accidentally injures Meredith 's hand . Jo makes effective use of Richard 's project . Catherine tells Jackson of the 13 cases of sexual harassment that were filed against his grandfather and the major settlements used to cover them up . April overhears and then shares the secret with Bailey , who has a secret of her own -- she is partnering with a sex toy company to make her `` Trailblazer '' device . Owen gets a call about his first foster child , which makes him nervous until Amelia saves him . Meredith learns about the dark past of Harper Avery and , in addition , that Marie Cerone was one of the 13 women . Richard fires intern , Dr Vikram Roy , who was found practicing under the influence . 314 21 `` Bad Reputation '' Kevin McKidd Mark Driscoll April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 6.54 With word spreading about Harper Avery , Meredith decides to return her and Ellis ' awards to the foundation . Catherine hires a crisis management specialist , who brings in a patient for Jackson and Meredith to heal as PR stunt. Bailey shuts down the innovation contest for fear of word getting out that an Avery funded it , so April volunteers her time to plan Alex and Jo 's wedding . Alex and Jo get awkward when , Olivia , the former `` Syph nurse , '' returns to the hospital with her son -- who swallowed a whistle -- and begins planting seeds of doubt . Owen takes Leo in for his check up with his birth mom in tow , who ends up talking to Amelia . Thinking she can sponsor her with her drug addiction , Amelia takes her in as a foster child of her own . Meredith and Jackson think up a way to save the foundation by changing its name to the Catherine Fox Foundation dedicated to all the women victimized by the previous regime . Alex learns that his bank account balance is awfully high due to his mom not cashing the checks he 's been sending her , and Vikram plans to sue the hospital for wrongful termination . 315 22 `` Fight for Your Mind '' Jesse Williams Andy Reaser May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 6.66 Alex and Jo drive to Iowa to locate his mom , only to find that she no longer exhibits schizophrenic behavior and that she 's even returned to her old job . Richard and Bailey battle to keep the hospital from being sued by Vikram ; although Bailey stands by the initial firing , Richard empathizes as he reflects on the times he operated while inebriated . As Amelia helps Betty detox , Arizona struggles to accept that Sofia stole money . Meredith kills time before her presentation throwing darts with a guy she eventually learns is a surgeon who 's there to see her . Their conversation leads Meredith to decide that the `` Grey Method '' should be renamed the `` Grey - Cerone Method . '' After Alex works things out with his mom , Jo extends a declined invitation to their wedding . Bailey allows Vikram to return under strict probationary rules ; Amelia visits an AA group after Betty makes an escape , and Arizona calls Callie to say that she thinks it 's time for her and Sofia to move to New York . 316 23 `` Cold as Ice '' Bill D'Elia William Harper May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 7.35 After Arizona tells Bailey of her upcoming departure , she and Amelia consult with a familiar patient , Dr Nicole Herman . Her arrival presents an opportunity that changes Arizona 's future plans - the chance to partner with her and create the Robbins - Herman Center for Women 's Health . When Matthew winds up in the ER after rolling his car and mentions being with April , the doctors fear the worst . Frantically trying to locate her , Owen finds her unconscious in a nearby ravine . Unknowing of the latest events , Alex and Jo work to finalize the details of their impending wedding . Maggie thinks she detects a subtle rhythm on April 's monitor , but she has to repeatedly shock her to strengthen it . While waiting for her to wake up , Arizona breaks the news that Matthew and April have been seeing each other for months and that they were in love . Thinking that the end has come , Jackson finally prays to God and begs Him to save her in exchange for his belief . However , April awakens fully functional despite the disbelief of all her coworkers . 317 24 `` All of Me '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 7.60 Alex and Jo 's wedding day has arrived , and though most details have come together , April ( who quit the hospital and is now doing medical work with the homeless ) panics when multiple guests go to the wrong ceremony . While trying to escape , the mother of the bride faints , keeping Ben and Bailey behind . Once at the hospital , Bailey struggles to find an available cardio surgeon until Teddy unexpectedly arrives looking for a job . Jo learns she 's been accepted into Mass Gen 's fellowship program , but fearful of losing Alex , Meredith offers Jo the general surgery attending position . As guests arrive , Alex and Jo accidentally lock themselves in a shed after engaging in one last fling before tying the knot . The wedding is delayed when the wedding planner goes into anaphylactic shock and an emergency tracheotomy is performed to save her . After the guests leave thinking there 'll be no wedding , the pastor finally arrives in time to marry April and Matthew after a surprise re-engagement . On a ferry back to the main land , Maggie has the idea to have Meredith ordained online to officiate the wedding right there on the ferry . Bailey , wanting to take a break from being chief to focus on her passions , offers Teddy the chance to be interim chief . Watching the wedding happening at the hospital on a tablet , in the ICU with the bride 's mother , Teddy reveals she 's pregnant . Arizona says her sad goodbyes before heading to New York , but is giddy to be closer to Callie who is recently single . Ratings ( edit ) Live + sd ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 8 8.06 11 21 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 2.1 / 8 8.08 10 17 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.8 / 7 7.67 14 22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.8 / 7 7.38 13 21 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.9 / 7 8.13 11 19 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.8 / 7 7.52 13 21 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 2.3 / 9 8.27 7 14 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 2.3 / 9 8.62 7 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 2.3 / 9 8.93 5 8 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 2.0 / 8 7.32 6 13 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 2.0 / 8 7.52 9 17 307 14 `` Games People Play '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 1.7 / 7 7.07 9 19 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 1.8 / 7 7.18 5 15 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) 1.9 / 8 7.61 7 12 310 17 `` One Day Like This '' March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 1.8 / 7 7.15 8 19 311 18 `` Hold Back the River '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 1.7 / 7 6.84 8 20 312 19 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 1.7 / 7 6.97 8 16 313 20 `` Judgment Day '' April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 1.7 / 7 6.93 6 18 314 21 `` Bad Reputation '' April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 1.5 / 6 6.54 7 16 315 22 `` Fight for Your Mind '' May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 1.6 / 7 6.66 8 18 316 23 `` Cold as Ice '' May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 1.9 / 8 7.35 16 317 24 `` All of Me '' May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 1.9 / 8 7.60 10 Live + 7 day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.83 3.7 11.89 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1.4 3.51 3.5 11.59 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.5 3.45 3.2 10.84 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.5 3.53 3.4 11.67 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.07 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 1.3 3.30 3.6 11.58 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 1.3 3.35 3.6 11.98 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 1.4 3.41 3.7 12.35 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 1.5 3.72 3.5 11.05 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 1.6 3.90 3.6 11.43 307 14 `` Games People Play '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 1.5 3.57 3.2 10.65 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 1.5 3.64 3.3 10.82 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) 1.4 3.25 3.3 10.87 310 17 `` One Day Like This '' March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 1.4 3.50 3.2 10.66 311 18 `` Hold Back the River '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 1.4 3.58 3.1 10.43 312 19 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 1.4 3.44 3.1 10.42 313 20 `` Judgment Day '' April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 1.3 3.40 3.0 10.35 314 21 `` Bad Reputation '' April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 1.3 3.31 2.8 9.93 315 22 `` Fight for Your Mind '' May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 1.4 3.44 3.0 10.10 316 23 `` Cold as Ice '' May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 1.4 3.38 3.3 10.71 317 24 `` All of Me '' May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 1.3 3.09 3.3 11.01 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV shows renewed for 2017 -- 18 and beyond '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy TV show on ABC : season 14 renewal '' . canceled TV shows -- TV Series Finale. 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : ( Spoiler ) Poised to Exit '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Martin Henderson exit Riggs '' . EW . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Jessica Capshaw , Sarah Drew to Exit After Season 14 , '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Renewed for Season 15 at ABC '' . Variety . 2018 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kim Raver To Make A Return In Season 14 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Abigail Spencer Set To Recur In Recasting '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 14 Admits Greg Germann for Guest - Star Role '' . E !. Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Morrison will return to Grey 's Anatomy in 14th season '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Adds a Controversial New Doctor for Season 14 '' . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Grey 's Anatomy 's New Season 14 Interns '' . E !. Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Niles , Billy ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Candis Cayne for `` Groundbreaking '' Season 14 Transgender Storyline `` . eonline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/02/scott-speedman-cast-greys-anatomy-guest-star-animal-kingdom-exit-tnt-1202279529/ ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Is Welcoming Back Another Familiar Face in Season 14 '' . E !. Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Lindsay Wagner To Play Alex 's Mom On ABC Medical Drama Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy ' : Geena Davis Returns To Reprise Dr. Herman Role '' . Deadline. April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Ball HBO Series Casts Sosie Bacon , Daniel Zovatto , Raymond Lee & Jerrika Hinton '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jerrika Hinton Nabs Lead in Shondaland Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension -- Find Out How Long Arizona 's Sticking Around '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy spoiler ! Look who else is leaving Grey Sloan '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Another cast member exits '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Candis Cayne for `` Groundbreaking '' Season 14 Transgender Storyline `` . E ! Online . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Ellen Pompeo Could n't Say No to Directing Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernoff , Krista ( @ KristaVernoff ) ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Friday afternoon seems as good a time as any to announce this tidbit : I 'm returning to # GreysAnatomy for Season 14 ! # NeverSayNever '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Corinthios , Aurelie ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Web Series Follows Latest Batch of Newbie Doctors : Meet the B - Team '' . People.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` AP Bio ' adjusts up , NCAA Tournament adjusts down but ahead of 2017 : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' AP Bio ' adjusts up , NCAA Sweet 16 ahead of last year : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Fire ' adjust up , ' SWAT ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjust up , ' Mom , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' SWAT , ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Station 19 ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' SWAT ' and ' Arrow ' finales adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series makes FOX No. 1 in week 5 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` World Series , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` FOX dominates , ABC gets a boost in week 17 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Grammys and ' NCIS ' carry CBS to victory : Week 18 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl LII ( obviously ) dominates week 19 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics push NBC to No. 1 for the season : Week 20 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Low Oscars still carries ABC to No. 1 : Week 23 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' helps ABC lead the week 24 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' NCAA carry CBS to No. 1 : Week 25 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` March Madness and ' 60 Minutes ' carry CBS : Week 26 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' carries ABC to No. 1 in week 27 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ABC and CBS share lead in week 28 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' is still No. 1 , but CBS wins week 29 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' stays in front , networks soft : Week 30 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' helps ABC lead the week 31 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' Idol ' and LeBron help ABC top week 32 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' finale overtakes ' Roseanne ' : Week 33 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` NBC and CBS will split season victory : Week 34 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Roseanne ' Returns on Top '' . Variety . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings - 2016 / 2017 Season * Updated 8th June 2017 * '' . Spoiler TV . June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . hide Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` All of Me '' hide Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_14)&oldid=846477531 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 00 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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"\n\nGrey's Anatomy (season 14)\n\n\n\nPromotional poster\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nEllen Pompeo\nJustin Chambers\nChandra Wilson\nJames Pickens, Jr.\nKevin McKidd\nJessica Capshaw\nSarah Drew\nJesse Williams\nCaterina Scorsone\nCamilla Luddington\nKelly McCreary\nJason George\nMartin Henderson\nGiacomo Gianniotti\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n24\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nABC\n\n\nOriginal release\nSeptember 28, 2017 (2017-09-28) – May 17, 2018 (2018-05-17)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 13\n\n\n\n\nList of Grey's Anatomy episodes\n\n"
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"September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28) – May 17, 2018"
] |
1309349369009511766 | Tsonga people | Tsonga people - Wikipedia Tsonga people Tsonga people Vatsonga Traditional location of Tsonga people with dialectical differences and before the borders between South Africa , Swaziland , Mozambique and Zimbabwe were erected and the people separated . Total population 5,370,000 ( late 20th - century estimate ) Regions with significant populations Mozambique 3,100,000 South Africa 2,300,000 Swaziland 27,000 Zimbabwe 5,000 Languages Tsonga , Portuguese , English Religion African traditional religion , Christianity Related ethnic groups Other Bantu peoples Tsonga Person Mutsonga People Vatsonga Language Xitsonga Tsonga people ( Tsonga : Vatsonga ) are a Bantu ethnic group native mainly to South Africa and southern Mozambique . They speak Xitsonga , a Southern Bantu language which is closely related to neighbouring Nguni , Basotho , and Vhavenda . A very Small number of Tsonga people are also found in Swaziland and Zimbabwe . The Tsonga people of South Africa share a common history with the Tsonga people of southern Mozambique , however they differ culturally and linguistically from the Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe . Contents 1 History 2 Name 3 Language 4 Conflics and Naming Conventions 5 Clan structures 6 Population 7 Economy 8 Culture 9 Traditional beliefs and healers 10 Notable Tsonga people 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links History ( edit ) Tsonga wooden headrest Tsonga globular pot , collected c. 1900 The Tsonga people originated from Central and West Africa somewhere between AD 200 and 500 , and have been migrating in - and - out of South Africa for over a thousand ( 1000 ) years . Initially , the Tsonga people settled on the coastal plains of Southern Mozambique but finally settled in the Transvaal Province and around parts of St Lucia Bay in South Africa from as early as the 1300s . One of the earliest reputable written accounts of the Tsonga people is by HP Junod titled `` Matimu ya Vatsonga 1498 - 1650 '' which was formally published in 1977 by his son , and it speaks of the earliest Tsonga kingdoms . The son of HP Junod , Henri Alexandri Junod carried on where his father left off and further released his own work titled `` The life of a South African Tribe '' which was officially published in 1927 . The historical movements of the Tsonga people is dominated by separate migrations , with the Tembe people settling at the northern parts of KwaZulu Natal around the 1350s and the Van'wanati and Vanyayi settling in the eastern Limpopo region between the late 1400s and 1650s . Separate migrations from parts of Mozambique occurred shortly thereafter and particularly during the 1800s . Within apartheid South Africa , a Tsonga `` homeland '' , Gazankulu Bantustan , was created out of part of northern Transvaal Province ( Now Limpopo Province and Mpumalanga ) during the 1960s and was granted self - governing status in 1973 . This bantustan 's economy depended largely on gold and on a small manufacturing sector . However , only an estimated 500,000 people -- less than half the Tsonga population of South Africa -- ever lived there . Many others joined township residents from other parts of South Africa around urban centres , especially Johannesburg and Pretoria . Name ( edit ) The Constitution of South Africa stipulates that all South Africans have a right to identify with their own language , and points out that tribal affiliations or `` ethnicity '' is identifiable mostly through a common language ; hence the recognition of groups such as , for example the Xhosas who are united by isiXhosa ; Zulus who are united by isiZulu ; Vendas who are united by Tshivenda ; and the Sothos who are united by Sesotho . The various groups who speak the Xitsonga language or one of its dialects are therefore also united by the language and take its name from it , hence Constitutionally they are the Tsonga people ( Vatsonga ) . The name ' Tsonga ' itself is only applied within the South African context . Groups outside of South Africa who are ancestral or related to the South African Tsonga people go by various tribal names ( e.g. , Tonga , Rhonga , Chopi , Tswa ) but they are sometimes classified within the heritage and history of the Tsonga people of South Africa . Language ( edit ) The Tsonga people speak the Xitsonga language , which is one of the official languages of the Republic of South Africa . According to historians , the Xitsonga language had already developed during the 1500s with its predecessor the `` Thonga language '' identified as the main origin . It was mostly through the missionary work of the late 1800s to mid-1900s that led to a cohesive study of the Tsonga people 's dialects and language features . The work carried out by Henri Junod and his father left a lasting legacy for the Tsonga people to rediscover their past history . It was however Paul Berthoud and his companion Ernest Creux who actively engaged with the Tsonga people of the Spelonken region to eventually produce the first hymn books written in the Xitsonga language at around 1878 . These Swiss Missionaries however did not understand the Xitsonga language at all and had to depend on the guidance of native speakers for the translations . The first book written in the Xitsonga language was published in 1883 by Paul Berthoud after dedicating enough time to learning the language . The Tsonga people themselves had then began to learn to read and write in Xitsonga , however it should be noted that the Tsonga people had already been well affluent in the Xitsonga language or one of its dialects long before the arrival of the Swiss Missionaries . There is evidence to indicate that the `` language was already - spoken by the primitive occupants of the country more than 500 years '' before the arrival of Swiss Missionaries. ( Junod 1912 , p. 33 ) Conflics and naming conventions ( edit ) In South Africa the name `` Shangaan '' or `` Machangane '' is regularly applied to the entire Tsonga population ; however , this is a common misconception and others even take offense to it with regards to tribal affiliation . What can be identified as the Shangaan tribe only forms a small fraction of the entire Tsonga ethnic group , meaning that the term `` Shangaan '' should only be applied to that tribe which is directly related to Soshangane ka Zikode ( a Ngoni general from the Ndwandwe tribe ) who came to existence during the 1800s , as well as those tribes which were founded or assimilated directly by him . In contrast , the Tsonga ethnic group comprises various tribal identities , some of which have been recognised and well established in Mozambique and South Africa even back around 1350 all the way through the 1600s to 1900s , namely the Varhonga , Vaxika , Vahlengwe , Van'wanati , Vacopi , Valoyi , and others . On the other hand , the double barrel term `` Tsonga - Shangaan '' is often applied in a way similar to Sotho and Tswana ; Pedi and Lobedu ; or Xhosa and Mpondo . Historical research shows that a substantial number of Tsonga tribes have been living together in South Africa during the 1400s to 1700s at a time where the name `` Shangaan '' had not yet existed . Back during the 1640s - 1700s the Tsonga people of South Africa were already integrated and living together established under their own traditional leaderships ( such as the kingdoms led by Gulukhulu , Xihlomulo of the Valozyi , Maxakadzi of the Van'wanati , and Ngomani of the Vaxika ) . When Soshangane ( whom the name `` Shangaan '' is taken from ) and other Ngoni invaders raided Mozambique later during the 1820s , the Tsonga people who were already living prior under Dutch colonialism in South Africa did not form a part of the Ngoni Shangaan empire ( and were often hostile to it ) and they had already been speaking the Xitsonga language through dialects such as Xin'walungu , Xihlanganu , Xidzonga etc within the Transvaal . Such Tsonga tribes have never been subjects of the Gaza Shangaan empire and have always retained their senior traditional leadership even during the governance of the Apartheid homeland system . The misconception that they were all united by a single leader appears to be false as most of the people who organised the early Tsonga / Tonga groupings would still be integrated within South Africa even if the Mfecane Nguni wars did not happen . In short , the tribal identity of the Tsonga people is not simply reduced to the aftermath of the Mfecane and the name `` Tsonga '' therefore classifies the entire Xitsonga - speaking communities who share a common heritage within the Xitsonga language , customs , and traditions ; whereas `` Shangaan '' classifies the Ngoni people ( Amashangane ) who assimilated into those communities between 1815 and 1920 but still largely identify with Nguni customs . In modern South Africa , the integration of such tribes has led to a social cohesion drive where some of the Tsonga people believe they face an identity crisis as a result of perceived tribalism of the Ndwandwe Shangaan tribe against the original Tsonga tribes. . Another factor is the Gaza - Shangaan people 's association with past slavery and the oppression and exploitation that the Shona , Kalanga , and Tsonga people suffered under the rule of the Gaza Empire , which has been well documented by reliable sources and is a subject of much controversy and debate . Clan structures ( edit ) The Tsonga ethnic group has been united by the gradual assimilation of various nearing tribes found in abundance within Mozambique , Zimbabwe , and South Africa respectively . Historical research indicates that the development of a common language ( Xitsonga ) as well as cultural integration within the Tsonga ethnic group has been occurring ever since the 1200s ( over 800 years ago ) . It is possible that different waring groups sought to establish protection alliances and thus integrated their tribes into a common establishment or to secure trade . Language appears to be the dominant factor in uniting the Tsonga tribes , similarly to the Venda people who are also of various tribes united by the Venda language . It is apparent that the Tsonga people have never been united by a single leader but by various tribal kingdoms that fought for dominance over time , who were eventually overcame by internal conflicts as well as the impact of colonial rule . However there is evidence to suggest that the earliest most dominant Tsonga kingdom within South African territory from the 1600s to the late 1900s was the Mhinga Dynasty , who founded Malamulele ( the Rescuer ) and further formed the leadership of the Gazankulu territorial authority around the 1960s in what is today the eastern parts of the Limpopo province . The Van'wanati clan according to Henry A. Junod ( 1912 ) are also the ones who assimilated the Baloyi and Vanyayi clans who left the Kalanga country and became Tsonga - speaking . The Tsonga people themselves still recognize their respective tribal origins and have also embraced the Tsonga national identity , which unites them linguistically and culturally within South Africa . Xitsonga - speaking communities after 1890 ( through a related dialect or sub dialect ) : Vatsonga - Van'wanati Vatsonga - Valoyi Vatsonga - Varhonga Vatsonga - Vatembe Vatsonga - Vadjonga Vatsonga - Vanhlanganu Vatsonga - Vabila Vatsonga - Vahlengwe Vatsonga - Vaxika Vatsonga - Vaxingwidzi Vatsonga - Vankomati Vatsonga - Valambya Vatsonga - Vandawu Vatsonga - Vankuna Vatsonga - Vamhlave Vatsonga - Machangana Population ( edit ) In total , there were 7 , 3 million Tsonga speakers in 2011 , divided mainly between South Africa and Mozambique . South Africa was home to 3 , 3 million Tsonga speakers in the 2011 population census , while Mozambique accounted for 4 million speakers of the language . A small insignificant number of speakers included 15 000 Tsonga speakers in Swaziland and roughly 18 000 speakers in Zimbabwe . In South Africa , Tsonga people were concentrated in the following municipal areas during the 2011 population census : Greater Giyani Local Municipality ( 248,000 people ) , Bushbuckridge Local Municipality ( 320,000 people ) , Greater Tzaneen Local Municipality ( 195,000 people ) , Ba - Phalaborwa Local Municipality ( 80,000 people ) , Makhado Local Municipality ( 170,000 people ) , Thulamela Local Municipality ( 220,000 people ) , City of Tshwane ( 280,000 people ) , City of Johannesburg ( 290,000 people ) , and Ekurhuleni ( 260,000 people ) . In the following municipalities , Tsonga people are present but they are not large enough or are not significant enough to form a dominant community in their shere of influence , in most cases , they are less than 50,000 people in each municipality . At the same time , they are not small enough to be ignored as they constitute the largest minority language group . They are as follows : Greater Letaba Local Municipality ( 28 , 00 people ) , Mbombela Local Municipality ( 26,000 ) people , Nkomazi Local Municipality ( 28,500 ) people , Mogalakwena Local Municipality ( 31,400 people ) , Madibeng Local Municipality ( 51,000 ) , Moretele Local Municipality ( 34,000 ) , and Rustenburg Local Municipality ( 30,000 ) . The provincial breakdown of Tsonga speakers , according to the 2011 census , are as follows : Limpopo Province ( 1,006,000 people , Mpumalanga Province ( 415,000 people , Gauteng Province ( 800,000 people and North West Province ( 110,000 people . Overall , Tsonga speakers constitutes 4.4 % of South Africa 's total population . Economy ( edit ) The Tsonga traditional economy is based on mixed agriculture and pastoralism . Cassava is the staple ; corn ( maize ) , millet , sorghum , and other crops are also grown . Women do much of the agricultural work , while men and teenage boys take care of domestic animals ( a herd of cows , sheep , and goats ) although some men grow cash crops . Most Tsongas now depend on wage labour for cash , many migrating to South Africa to find work . Culture ( edit ) Tsonga women perform the xibelani dance . Tsonga men traditionally attend the initiation school for circumcision called Matlala ( KaMatlala ) or Ngoma ( e Ngomeni ) after which they are regarded as men . Young teenage girls attend an initiation school that old Vatsonga women lead called Khomba , and initiates are therefore called tikhomba ( khomba - singular , tikhomba - plural ) . Only virgins are allowed to attend this initiation school where they will be taught more about womanhood , how to carry themselves as tikhomba in the community , and they are also readied for marriage . The Vatsonga people living along the Limpopo River in South Africa have recently gained a significant amount of attention for their low - tech , lo - fi electronic dance music Xitsonga Traditional and otherwise promoted as Tsonga Disco , electro , and Tsonga ndzhumbha . The more traditional dance music of the Tsonga people was pioneered by the likes of General MD Shirinda , Fanny Mpfumo , Matshwa Bemuda , and Thomas Chauke , while the experimental genres of Tsonga disco and Tsonga ndzhumbha have been popularized by artists such as Joe Shirimani , Penny Penny , Peta Teanet , and Benny Mayengani . The more westernized type of sound which includes a lot of English words , sampled vocals and heavy synthesizers is promoted as Shangaan electro in Europe and has been pioneered by the likes of Nozinja , the Tshetsha Boys , and DJ Khwaya . The Tsonga people are also known for a number of traditional dances such as the Makhwaya , Xighubu , Mchongolo and Xibelani dances . Traditional beliefs and healers ( edit ) Senior n'angas relax and celebrate after an initiation dedicated to the Ndau spirit . Senior N'angas help a new n'agna out of the water during an initiation Like most Bantu cultures , the Tsonga people have a strong acknowledgment of their ancestors , who are believed to have a considerable effect on the lives of their descendants . The traditional healers are called n'anga . Legend has it that the first Tsonga diviners of the South African lowveld were a woman called Nkomo We Lwandle ( Cow of the Ocean ) and a man called Dunga Manzi ( Stirring Waters ) . A powerful water serpent , Nzunzu ( Ndhzhundzhu ) , allegedly captured them and submerged them in deep waters . They did not drown , but lived underwater breathing like fish . Once their kin had slaughtered a cow for Nzunzu , they were released and emerged from the water on their knees as powerful diviners with an assortment of potent herbs for healing . Nkomo We Lwandle and Dunga Manzi became famous healers and trained hundred of women and men as diviners . Among the Tsongas , symptoms such as persistent pains , infertility and bouts of aggression can be interpreted as signs that an alien spirit has entered a person 's body . When this occurs , the individual will consult a n'anga to diagnose the cause of illness . If it has been ascertained that the person has been called by the ancestors to become a n'anga , they will become a client of a senior diviner who will not only heal the sickness , but also invoke the spirits and train them to become diviners themselves . The legend of the water serpent is re-enacted during the diviner 's initiation , by ceremoniously submerging the initiates in water from which they emerge as diviners . The kind of spirits that inhabit a person are identified by the language they speak . There are generally the Ngoni ( derived from the word Nguni ) , the Ndau and the Malopo . The Ndau spirit possesses the descendants of the Gaza soldiers who had slain the Ndau and taken their wives . Once the spirit has been converted from hostile to benevolent forces , the spirits bestow the powers of divination and healing on the nganga . Notable Tsonga people ( edit ) The following is a list of notable Tsonga people who have their own Wikipedia articles . Hudson William Edison Ntsanwisi ( Former Chief Minister of Gazankulu ) Cassius Baloyi ( South African Boxer ) Collins Chabane ( South African politician ) Eduardo Mondlane ( Founding President of FRELIMO ) Gito Baloi ( Mozambicam musician ) Penny Penny ( South African Musician ) Jeff Maluleke ( South African musician ) Trevor Nyakane ( South African rugby union player ) Graça Machel ( Former South African and Mozambican First Lady ) Herman Mashaba ( Founder of Black Like Me and Executive Mayor of the City of Johannesburg ) Joaquim Chissano ( Former President of Mozambique ) Jomo Sono ( South African Football Legend ; Owner of Jomo Cosmos ) Lizha James ( Mozambican musician and celebrity ) Mbhazima Shilowa ( former Gauteng Premier ) Samora Moisés Machel ( Former President of Mozambique ) Sam Nzima ( Photographer of famous Hector Pieterson , his sister Anotinette Sithole and Mbuyisa Makhubo picture ) Tito Mboweni ( Former South African Reserve Bank Governor ) Thomas Chauke ( Tsonga musician ) DJ Brian ( Radio personality , Club DJ and an entrepreneur ) Floyd Shivambu ( South African Politician , Deputy President of the Economic Freedom Fighters ) Lucky Baloyi ( South African footballer ) Nice Rikhotso ( South African Producer ) Benny Mayengani ( South African musician ) Richard Hasani Chauke ( South African scientist ) Prince Rhangani ( South African musician and producer ) Risenga Buttler Maluleke ( Director General Statistics of SA ) Joe Shirimani ( South African musician and producer ) Tinyiko Maluleke ( South African Political analyst ) Sho Madjozi ( South African musician ) Salvador Pedro Maiaze ( Mozambican Musician and celebrity ) Basani Maluleke ( African Bank CEO ) Hlengani Mathebula ( Chief Officer SARS ) Tshikani Lewis Khoza ( South African scientist ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Tsonga joshuaproject.net '' . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Junod , Henri ( 1927 ) , Life of a South African Tribe : The Social Life , London : Macmillan & Co . ^ Jump up to : Mathebula , Mandla ( 2002 ) , 800 Years of Tsonga History : 1200 - 2000 , Burgersfort : Sasavona Publishers and Booksellers Pty Ltd . ^ Jump up to : Rita M. Byrnes , ed. ( 1996 ) . `` Tsonga and Venda '' . South Africa : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . Retrieved 15 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Harries , P 1987 , The Roots of Ethnicity : Discourse and the Politics of Language Construction in South - East Africa , University of the Witwatersrand . Jump up ^ Junod , Henri ( 1977 ) , Matimu Ya Vatsonga : 1498 - 1650 , Braamfontein : Sasavona Publishers . Jump up ^ Theal , GM ( 1902 ) , The Beginning of South African History , London : T. Fisher unwin . Jump up ^ Junod , HA 1913 , The Life of a South African Tribe : The Psychic Life , Imprimerie Attinger Freres , Neuchatel . Jump up ^ VivLifestyle ( 2017 ) , ' Why does Munghana Lonene FM insist on labeling us as `` Vatsonga - Machangani '' ? ' , accessed 11 October 2017 , from http://vivmag.co.za/archives/13078 Jump up ^ Harries , P 1981 , Slavery Amongst the Gaza Nguni : Its Changing Shape and Function and its Relationship to Other Forms of Exploitation , in JB Peires ( ed . ) , pp. 210 - 229 . Jump up ^ Liesegang , G. ( 1986 ) . Nghunghunyani Nqumayo : Rei de Gaza 1884 - 1895 eo desaparecimento do seu estado . Arquivo de Património Cultural . Jump up ^ Witter , R. ( 2010 ) , Taking their territory with them when they go : Mobility and access in Mozambique 's Limpopo National Park , Unpublished Ph. D. thesis , University of Georgia . Jump up ^ Bandama , F. ( 2013 ) , The Archaeology and Technology of Metal Production in the Late Iron Age of the Southern Waterberg , Limpopo Province , South Africa , Doctors thesis , University of Cape Town . Jump up ^ `` Tsonga People '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Liebhammer , Nessa ( 2007 ) . Dungamanzi ( Stirring Waters ) . Johannesburg : WITS University Press . pp. 171 -- 174 . ISBN 1 - 86814 - 449 - 6 . Jump up ^ Broch - Due , Vigdis ( 2005 ) . Violence And Belonging : The Quest For Identity In Post-Colonial Africa . Psychology Press . p. 97 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Junod , Henri Alexandre ( 1927 ) . The Life of a South African Tribe . London ( second edition ) . The Fader -- Ghetto Palms 90 : New Styles / Shangaan Electro / South Africa Road Epic ! Mandla Mathebula , et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Tsonga History Perspective '' . `` First Online Tsonga Dictionary '' . External links ( edit ) Ethnologue entry on Tsonga language Ethnic groups in South Africa Bantu - speaking Nguni Bhaca Bhele Fengu Hlubi Ndebele Pondo Ngcoya Swazi Ndwandwe Thembu Xhosa Gcaleka Gqunukhwebe Gaika Xesibe Zulu Fingo Khumalo Sotho - Tswana Basotho / S. Sotho Bakoena Bataung Batlokwa Pedi / N. Sotho Balobedu Mabelane Tswana Balete Tsonga Hlengwe Xika N'walungu Gwamba Tswha Rhonga Hlanganu Nhlave Bila Dzonga Copi Ndzawu Thonga Venda Ngona Lemba Khoi and San San ! Kung ǀXam Khoikhoi Nama Strandloper Whites Afrikaners Boer Cape Dutch Huguenots British Germans Greeks Irish Italians Jews Afrikaner - Jews Lebanese Portuguese Coloureds Cape Coloureds Cape Malay Griqua Oorlams Asians Chinese Indian Tamil Japanese Koreans Pakistanis Ethnic groups in Swaziland Ndwandwe Sotho Swazi Tsonga Ethnic groups in Zimbabwe Goffal Hungwe Kunda Lemba Manyika Nambya Ndau Ndwandwe Northern Ndebele Shona Tokaleya Tonga Tsonga Vadoma White BNF : cb12147209s ( data ) LCCN : sh85134944 SUDOC : 029956889 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsonga_people&oldid=853624916 '' Categories : Tsonga Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 `` Related ethnic groups '' needing confirmation Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters Articles containing Tsonga - language text Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Қазақша Кырык мары Лакку Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Xitsonga 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 00 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in which province do the majority of the tsonga culture stay | [
"In South Africa, Tsonga people were concentrated in the following municipal areas during the 2011 population census: Greater Giyani Local Municipality (248,000 people), Bushbuckridge Local Municipality (320,000 people), Greater Tzaneen Local Municipality (195,000 people), Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality (80,000 people), Makhado Local Municipality (170,000 people), Thulamela Local Municipality (220,000 people), City of Tshwane (280,000 people), City of Johannesburg (290,000 people), and Ekurhuleni (260,000 people). In the following municipalities, Tsonga people are present but they are not large enough or are not significant enough to form a dominant community in their shere of influence, in most cases, they are less than 50,000 people in each municipality. At the same time, they are not small enough to be ignored as they constitute the largest minority language group. They are as follows: Greater Letaba Local Municipality (28,00 people), Mbombela Local Municipality (26,000) people, Nkomazi Local Municipality (28,500) people, Mogalakwena Local Municipality (31,400 people), Madibeng Local Municipality (51,000), Moretele Local Municipality (34,000), and Rustenburg Local Municipality (30,000). The provincial breakdown of Tsonga speakers, according to the 2011 census, are as follows: Limpopo Province (1,006,000 people, Mpumalanga Province (415,000 people, Gauteng Province (800,000 people and North West Province (110,000 people. Overall, Tsonga speakers constitutes 4.4% of South Africa's total population.[1]\n"
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"Limpopo Province"
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-701468025081472517 | Suez Canal | Suez canal - wikipedia Suez canal Jump to : navigation , search Suez Canal Specifications Length 193 km ( 120 miles ) ( originally 164 km or 102 mi ) Maximum boat beam 77.5 m ( 254 ft 3 in ) Locks None Navigation authority Suez Canal Authority History Original owner Suez Canal Company ( Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez ) Construction began September 25 , 1859 ( 1859 - 09 - 25 ) Date completed November 17 , 1869 ( 1869 - 11 - 17 ) Geography Start point Port Said End point Port Tewfik , Suez The southern terminus of the Suez Canal at Suez on the Gulf of Suez ( Red Sea ) The Suez Canal ( Arabic : قناة السويس qanāt as - suwēs ) is an artificial sea - level waterway in Egypt , connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez . Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869 , it was officially opened on November 17 , 1869 . The canal offers watercraft a shorter journey between the North Atlantic and northern Indian Oceans via the Mediterranean and Red seas by avoiding the South Atlantic and southern Indian oceans , in turn reducing the journey by approximately 7,000 kilometres ( 4,300 mi ) . It extends from the northern terminus of Port Said to the southern terminus of Port Tewfik at the city of Suez . Its length is 193.30 km ( 120.11 mi ) , including its northern and southern access channels . In 2012 , 17,225 vessels traversed the canal ( 47 per day ) . The original canal was a single - lane waterway with passing locations in the Ballah Bypass and the Great Bitter Lake . It contains no locks system , with seawater flowing freely through it . In general , the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer . South of the lakes , the current changes with the tide at Suez . The canal is owned and maintained by the Suez Canal Authority ( SCA ) of Egypt . Under the Convention of Constantinople , it may be used `` in time of war as in time of peace , by every vessel of commerce or of war , without distinction of flag '' . In August 2014 , construction was launched to expand and widen the Ballah Bypass for 35 km ( 22 mi ) to speed the canal 's transit time . The expansion was planned to double the capacity of the Suez Canal from 49 to 97 ships a day . At a cost of $ 8.4 billion , this project was funded with interest - bearing investment certificates issued exclusively to Egyptian entities and individuals . The `` New Suez Canal '' , as the expansion was dubbed , was opened with great fanfare in a ceremony on 6 August 2015 . On February 24 , 2016 , the Suez Canal Authority officially opened the new side channel . This side channel , located at the northern side of the east extension of the Suez Canal , serves the East Terminal for berthing and unberthing vessels from the terminal . As the East Container Terminal is located on the Canal itself , before the construction of the new side channel it was not possible to berth or unberth vessels at the terminal while the convoy was running . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precursors 1.1 2nd millennium BCE 1.2 Canals dug by Necho , Darius I and Ptolemy 1.3 Receding Red Sea and the dwindling Nile 1.4 Old Cairo to the Red Sea 1.5 Repair by al - Ḥākim 1.6 Conception by Venice 1.7 Napoleon 's discovery of an ancient canal 2 History 2.1 Interim period 2.2 Construction by the Suez Canal Company 2.3 Company rule after opening 2.4 Suez Crisis 2.5 Arab -- Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973 2.6 Bypass expansion 2.7 Timeline 2.8 Leadership 3 Layout and operation 3.1 Capacity 3.2 Navigation 3.3 Operation 3.4 Convoy sailing 3.5 Canal crossings 4 Alternative routes 4.1 Cape Agulhas 4.2 Northern Sea Route 4.3 Negev desert railroad 5 Environmental impact 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Precursors ( edit ) Main article : Canal of the Pharaohs Ancient west -- east canals were built to facilitate travel from the Nile River to the Red Sea . One smaller canal is believed to have been constructed under the auspices of Senusret II or Ramesses II . Another canal , probably incorporating a portion of the first , was constructed under the reign of Necho II , but the only fully functional canal was engineered and completed by Darius I . 2nd millennium bce ( edit ) The legendary Sesostris ( likely either Pharaoh Senusret II or Senusret III of the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt ) may have started work on an ancient canal joining the Nile with the Red Sea ( 1897 BC -- 1839 BC ) , when an irrigation channel was constructed around 1850 BC that was navigable during the flood season , leading into a dry river valley east of the Nile River Delta named Wadi Tumelat . ( It is said that in ancient times the Red Sea reached northward to the Bitter Lakes and Lake Timsah . ) In his Meteorology , Aristotle wrote : One of their kings tried to make a canal to it ( for it would have been of no little advantage to them for the whole region to have become navigable ; Sesostris is said to have been the first of the ancient kings to try ) , but he found that the sea was higher than the land . So he first , and Darius afterwards , stopped making the canal , lest the sea should mix with the river water and spoil it . Strabo wrote that Sesostris started to build a canal , and Pliny the Elder wrote : 165 . Next comes the Tyro tribe and , the harbour of the Daneoi , from which Sesostris , king of Egypt , intended to carry a ship - canal to where the Nile flows into what is known as the Delta ; this is a distance of over 60 miles . Later the Persian king Darius had the same idea , and yet again Ptolemy II , who made a trench 100 feet wide , 30 feet deep and about 35 miles long , as far as the Bitter Lakes . In the second half of the 19th century , French cartographers discovered the remnants of an ancient north -- south canal past the east side of Lake Timsah and ending near the north end of the Great Bitter Lake . This proved to be the celebrated canal made by the Persian king Darius I , as his stele commemorating its construction was found at the site . ( This ancient , second canal may have followed a course along the shoreline of the Red Sea when it once extended north to Lake Timsah . ) In the 20th century the northward extension of this ancient canal was discovered , extending from Lake Timsah to the Ballah Lakes . This was dated to the Middle Kingdom of Egypt by extrapolating the dates of ancient sites along its course . The reliefs of the Punt expedition under Hatshepsut , 1470 BC , depict seagoing vessels carrying the expeditionary force returning from Punt . This suggests that a navigable link existed between the Red Sea and the Nile . Recent excavations in Wadi Gawasis may indicate that Egypt 's maritime trade started from the Red Sea and did not require a canal . Evidence seems to indicate its existence by the 13th century BC during the time of Ramesses II . Canals dug by Necho , Darius I and Ptolemy ( edit ) Remnants of an ancient west -- east canal through the ancient Egyptian cities of Bubastis , Pi - Ramesses , and Pithom were discovered by Napoleon Bonaparte and his engineers and cartographers in 1799 . According to the Histories of the Greek historian Herodotus , about 600 BC , Necho II undertook to dig a west -- east canal through the Wadi Tumilat between Bubastis and Heroopolis , and perhaps continued it to the Heroopolite Gulf and the Red Sea . Regardless , Necho is reported as having never completed his project . Herodotus was told that 120,000 men perished in this undertaking , but this figure is doubtless exaggerated . According to Pliny the Elder , Necho 's extension to the canal was about 57 English miles , equal to the total distance between Bubastis and the Great Bitter Lake , allowing for winding through valleys . The length that Herodotus tells , of over 1000 stadia ( i.e. , over 114 miles ( 183 km ) ) , must be understood to include the entire distance between the Nile and the Red Sea at that time . With Necho 's death , work was discontinued . Herodotus tells that the reason the project was abandoned was because of a warning received from an oracle that others would benefit from its successful completion . Necho 's war with Nebuchadnezzar II most probably prevented the canal 's continuation . Necho 's project was completed by Darius I of Persia , who ruled over Ancient Egypt after it had been conquered by his predecessor Cambyses II . It may be that by Darius 's time a natural waterway passage which had existed between the Heroopolite Gulf and the Red Sea in the vicinity of the Egyptian town of Shaluf ( alt . Chalouf or Shaloof ) , located just south of the Great Bitter Lake , had become so blocked with silt that Darius needed to clear it out so as to allow navigation once again . According to Herodotus , Darius 's canal was wide enough that two triremes could pass each other with oars extended , and required four days to traverse . Darius commemorated his achievement with a number of granite stelae that he set up on the Nile bank , including one near Kabret , and a further one a few miles north of Suez . The Darius Inscriptions read : Saith King Darius : I am a Persian . Setting out from Persia , I conquered Egypt . I ordered this canal dug from the river called the Nile that flows in Egypt , to the sea that begins in Persia . When the canal had been dug as I ordered , ships went from Egypt through this canal to Persia , even as I intended . -- Darius Inscription The canal left the Nile at Bubastis . An inscription on a pillar at Pithom records that in 270 or 269 BC , it was again reopened , by Ptolemy II Philadelphus . In Arsinoe , Ptolemy constructed a navigable lock , with sluices , at the Heroopolite Gulf of the Red Sea , which allowed the passage of vessels but prevented salt water from the Red Sea from mingling with the fresh water in the canal . Receding Red Sea and the dwindling Nile ( edit ) The Red Sea is believed by some historians to have gradually receded over the centuries , its coastline slowly moving southward away from Lake Timsah and the Great Bitter Lake . Coupled with persistent accumulations of Nile silt , maintenance and repair of Ptolemy 's canal became increasingly cumbersome over each passing century . Two hundred years after the construction of Ptolemy 's canal , Cleopatra seems to have had no west -- east waterway passage , because the Pelusiac branch of the Nile , which fed Ptolemy 's west -- east canal , had by that time dwindled , being choked with silt . Old Cairo to the Red Sea ( edit ) By the 8th century , a navigable canal existed between Old Cairo and the Red Sea , but accounts vary as to who ordered its construction -- either Trajan or ' Amr ibn al - ' As , or Omar the Great . This canal was reportedly linked to the River Nile at Old Cairo and ended near modern Suez . A geography treatise by Dicuil reports a conversation with an English monk , Fidelis , who had sailed on the canal from the Nile to the Red Sea during a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in the first half of the 8th century The Abbasid Caliph al - Mansur is said to have ordered this canal closed in 767 to prevent supplies from reaching Arabian detractors . Repair by al - Hakim ( edit ) Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah is claimed to have repaired the Cairo to Red Sea passageway , but only briefly , circa 1000 AD , as it soon `` became choked with sand . '' However , we are told that parts of this canal still continued to fill in during the Nile 's annual inundations . Conception by Venice ( edit ) The successful 1488 navigation of southern Africa by Bartolomeu Dias opened a direct maritime trading route to India and the spice islands , and forever changed the balance of Mediterranean trade . One of the most prominent losers in the new order , as former middlemen , was the former spice trading center of Venice . Venetian leaders , driven to desperation , contemplated digging a waterway between the Red Sea and the Nile -- anticipating the Suez Canal by almost 400 years -- to bring the luxury trade flooding to their doors again . But this remained a dream . -- Colin Thubron , Seafarers : The Venetians ( 1980 ) , p. 102 Despite entering negotiations with Egypt 's ruling Mamelukes , the Venetian plan to build the canal was quickly put to rest by the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517 , led by Sultan Selim I Napoleon 's discovery of an ancient canal ( edit ) During the French campaign in Egypt and Syria in late 1798 , Napoleon showed an interest in finding the remnants of an ancient waterway passage . This culminated in a cadre of archaeologists , scientists , cartographers and engineers scouring northern Egypt . Their findings , recorded in the Description de l'Égypte , include detailed maps that depict the discovery of an ancient canal extending northward from the Red Sea and then westward toward the Nile . Later , Napoleon , who would become French Emperor in 1804 , contemplated the construction of a north -- south canal to connect the Mediterranean with the Red Sea . But the plan was abandoned because it wrongly concluded that the waterway would require locks to operate . These would be very expensive and take a long time to construct . This decision was based on an erroneous belief that the Red Sea was 10 m ( 33 ft ) higher than the Mediterranean . The error was the result of using fragmentary survey measurements taken in wartime during Napoleon 's Egyptian Expedition . In 1819 the Pacha of Egypt undertook some canal work . However , as late as 1861 , the unnavigable ancient route discovered by Napoleon from Bubastis to the Red Sea still channeled water in spots as far east as Kassassin . History ( edit ) Interim period ( edit ) Bathymetric chart , northern Gulf of Suez , route to Cairo , 1856 Although the alleged difference in sea levels could be problematic for construction , the idea of finding a shorter route to the east remained alive . In 1830 , F.R. Chesney submitted a report to the British government that stated that there was no difference in altitude and that the Suez Canal was feasible , but his report received no further attention . Lieutenant Waghorn established his `` Overland Route '' , which transported post and passengers to India via Egypt . Linant de Bellefonds , a French explorer of Egypt , became chief engineer of Egypt 's Public Works . In addition to his normal duties , he surveyed the Isthmus of Suez and made plans for the Suez Canal . French Saint - Simonianists showed an interest in the canal and in 1833 , Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin tried to draw Muhammad Ali 's attention to the canal but was unsuccessful . Alois Negrelli , the Austrian railroad pioneer , became interested in the idea in 1836 . In 1846 , Prosper Enfantin 's Société d'Études du Canal de Suez invited a number of experts , among them Robert Stephenson , Negrelli and Paul - Adrien Bourdaloue to study the feasibility of the Suez Canal ( with the assistance of Linant de Bellefonds ) . Bourdaloue 's survey of the isthmus was the first generally accepted evidence that there was no practical difference in altitude between the two seas . Britain , however , feared that a canal open to everyone might interfere with its India trade and therefore preferred a connection by train from Alexandria via Cairo to Suez , which was eventually built by Stephenson . Construction by the Suez canal Company ( edit ) 1881 drawing of the Suez Canal Suez Canal , Egypt . early 1900s . Goodyear Archival Collection . Brooklyn Museum In 1854 and 1856 , Ferdinand de Lesseps obtained a concession from Sa'id Pasha , the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan , to create a company to construct a canal open to ships of all nations . The company was to operate the canal for 99 years from its opening . De Lesseps had used his friendly relationship with Sa'id , which he had developed while he was a French diplomat in the 1830s . As stipulated in the concessions , Ferdinand convened the International Commission for the piercing of the isthmus of Suez ( Commission Internationale pour le percement de l'isthme des Suez ) consisting of 13 experts from seven countries , among them John Robinson McClean , later President of the Institution of Civil Engineers in London , and again Negrelli , to examine the plans developed by Linant de Bellefonds , and to advise on the feasibility of and the best route for the canal . After surveys and analyses in Egypt and discussions in Paris on various aspects of the canal , where many of Negrelli 's ideas prevailed , the commission produced a unanimous report in December 1856 containing a detailed description of the canal complete with plans and profiles . The Suez Canal Company ( Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez ) came into being on 15 December 1858 and work started on the shore of the future Port Said on 25 April 1859 . The excavation took some 10 years using forced labour ( corvée ) of Egyptian workers during the first years . Some sources estimate that over 30,000 people were working on the canal at any given period , that more than 1.5 million people from various countries were employed , and that thousands of labourers died , many of them from cholera and similar epidemics . The British government had opposed the project from the outset to its completion . As one of the diplomatic moves against the canal , it disapproved of the use of `` slave labour '' of forced workers . The British Empire was the major global naval force and officially condemned the forced work and sent armed Bedouins to start a revolt among workers . Involuntary labour on the project ceased , and the viceroy condemned the corvée , halting the project . Angered by the British opportunism , de Lesseps sent a letter to the British government remarking on the British lack of remorse a few years earlier when forced workers died in similar conditions building the British railway in Egypt . Initially international opinion was skeptical and Suez Canal Company shares did not sell well overseas . Britain , Austria , and Russia did not buy a significant number of shares . However , with assistance from the Cattaui banking family , and their relationship with James de Rothschild of the French House of Rothschild bonds and shares were successfully promoted in France and other parts of Europe . All French shares were quickly sold in France . A contemporary British skeptic claimed `` One thing is sure ... our local merchant community does n't pay practical attention at all to this grand work , and it is legitimate to doubt that the canal 's receipts ... could ever be sufficient to recover its maintenance fee . It will never become a large ship 's accessible way in any case . '' One of the first traverses in the 19th century Predominant currents in the Mediterranean Sea for June Suez Canal in February 1934 . Air photograph taken by Swiss pilot and photographer Walter Mittelholzer The canal opened under French control on 17 November 1869 . Although numerous technical , political , and financial problems had been overcome , the final cost was more than double the original estimate . The opening was performed by Khedive Isma'il Pasha of Egypt and Sudan , and at Ismail 's invitation French Empress Eugenie in the Imperial yacht L'Aigle piloted by Napoléon Coste , who was bestowed by the Khedive the Ottoman Order of the Medjidie . The first ship to follow L'Aigle through the canal was the British P&O liner Delta . Although L'Aigle was officially the first vessel through the canal , HMS Newport , captained by George Nares , passed through it first . On the night before the canal was due to open , Captain Nares navigated his vessel , in total darkness and without lights , through the mass of waiting ships until it was in front of L'Aigle . When dawn broke , the French were horrified to find that the Royal Navy was first in line and that it would be impossible to pass them . Nares received both an official reprimand and an unofficial vote of thanks from the Admiralty for his actions in promoting British interests and for demonstrating such superb seamanship . An Anchor Line ship , the S.S. Dido , became the first to pass through the Canal from South to North . After the opening , the Suez Canal Company was in financial difficulties . The remaining works were completed only in 1871 , and traffic was below expectations in the first two years . De Lesseps therefore tried to increase revenues by interpreting the kind of net ton referred to in the second concession ( tonneau de capacité ) as meaning a ship 's cargo capacity and not only the theoretical net tonnage of the `` Moorsom System '' introduced in Britain by the Merchant Shipping Act in 1854 . The ensuing commercial and diplomatic activities resulted in the International Commission of Constantinople establishing a specific kind of net tonnage and settling the question of tariffs in its protocol of 18 December 1873 . This was the origin of the Suez Canal Net Tonnage and the Suez Canal Special Tonnage Certificate , both of which are still in use today . Company rule after opening ( edit ) The canal had an immediate and dramatic effect on world trade . Combined with the American transcontinental railroad completed six months earlier , it allowed the world to be circled in record time . It played an important role in increasing European colonization of Africa . The construction of the canal was one of the reasons for the Panic of 1873 , because goods from the Far East were carried in sailing vessels around the Cape of Good Hope and were stored in British warehouses . As sailing vessels were not adaptable for use through the canal , because the prevailing winds of the Mediterranean blow from west to east , British entrepôt trade suffered . External debts forced Said Pasha 's successor , Isma'il Pasha , to sell his country 's share in the canal with the help of both Yacoub Cattaui and Lionel de Rothschild both of whom he was personal friends with for £ 4,000,000 ( about £ 89.1 million in 2017 ) to the United Kingdom in 1875 , but French shareholders still held the majority . Lionel de Rothschild agreed to underwrite the loan for the British government after Yacoub Cattaui negotiated the terms and financially engineered the transaction on behalf of Egypt with Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli , who was a personal friend of both Yacoub Cattaui and Lionel de Rothschild . However , the Prime Minister was later accused by William Ewart Gladstone of undermining Britain 's constitutional system , because he had not referred to , or obtained consent from Parliament when purchasing the shares with funding from the Rothschilds . The Canal , ca 1914 The Convention of Constantinople in 1888 declared the canal a neutral zone under the protection of the British , who had occupied Egypt and Sudan at the request of Khedive Tewfiq to suppress the Urabi Revolt against his rule . The revolt went on from 1879 to 1882 . As a result of British involvement on the side of Khedive Tewfiq , Britain gained control of the canal in 1882 . The British defended the strategically important passage against a major Ottoman attack in 1915 , during the First World War . Under the Anglo - Egyptian Treaty of 1936 , the UK retained control over the canal . The canal was again strategically important in the 1939 -- 1945 Second World War , and Italo - German attempts to capture it were repulsed during the North Africa Campaign , during which the canal was closed to Axis shipping . In 1951 Egypt repudiated the treaty and in October 1954 the UK agreed to remove its troops . Withdrawal was completed on 18 July 1956 . Suez Crisis ( edit ) Main article : Suez Crisis Smoke rises from oil tanks beside the Suez Canal hit during the initial Anglo - French assault on Port Said , 5 November 1956 Because of Egyptian overtures towards the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom and the United States withdrew their pledge to support the construction of the Aswan Dam . Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser responded by nationalizing the canal on 26 July 1956 and transferring it to the Suez Canal Authority , intending to finance the dam project using revenue from the canal . On the same day that the canal was nationalized Nasser also closed the Straits of Tiran to all Israeli ships . This led to the Suez Crisis in which the UK , France , and Israel invaded Egypt . According to the pre-agreed war plans under the Protocol of Sèvres , the Israelis invaded the Sinai Peninsula , forcing Egypt to engage them militarily , and allowing the Anglo - French partnership to declare the resultant fighting a threat to stability in the Middle East and enter the war - officially to divide the two forces but in reality to regain the Canal and bring down the Nasser government . To save the British from what he thought was a disastrous action and to stop the war from a possible escalation , Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs Lester B. Pearson proposed the creation of the first United Nations peacekeeping force to ensure access to the canal for all and an Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula . On 4 November 1956 , a majority at the United Nations voted for Pearson 's peacekeeping resolution , which mandated the UN peacekeepers to stay in Sinai unless both Egypt and Israel agreed to their withdrawal . The United States backed this proposal by putting pressure on the British government through the selling of sterling , which would cause it to depreciate . Britain then called a ceasefire , and later agreed to withdraw its troops by the end of the year . Pearson was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . As a result of damage and ships sunk under orders from Nasser the canal was closed until April 1957 , when it was cleared with UN assistance . A UN force ( UNEF ) was established to maintain the free navigability of the canal , and peace in the Sinai Peninsula . According to the historian Abd aI - Azim Ramadan , Nasser 's decision to nationalize the Suez Canal was his alone , made without political or military consultation . The events leading up to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company , as other events during Nasser 's rule , showed Nasser 's inclination to solitary decision making . Ramadan considered Nasser to be far from a rational , responsible leader . Arab -- Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973 ( edit ) Egyptian vehicles crossing the Suez Canal on October 7 , 1973 , during the Yom Kippur War Israeli tank crossing the Suez Canal , 1973 In May 1967 , Nasser ordered the UN peacekeeping forces out of Sinai , including the Suez Canal area . Israel objected to the closing of the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping . The canal had been closed to Israeli shipping since 1949 , except for a short period in 1951 -- 1952 . After the 1967 Six Day War , Israeli forces occupied the Sinai peninsula , including the entire east bank of the Suez Canal . Unwilling to allow the Israelis to use the canal , Egypt immediately imposed a blockade which closed the canal to all shipping until 5 June 1975 . As a result , 15 cargo ships , known as the `` Yellow Fleet '' , were trapped in the canal for over eight years . In 1973 , during the Yom Kippur War , the canal was the scene of a major crossing by the Egyptian army into Israeli - occupied Sinai and a counter-crossing by the Israeli army to Egypt . Much wreckage from this conflict remains visible along the canal 's edges . After the Yom Kippur War the United States initiated Operation Nimbus Moon . The amphibious assault ship USS Inchon ( LPH - 12 ) was sent to the Canal , carrying 12 RH - 53D minesweeping helicopters of HM - 12 . These partly cleared the canal between May and December 1974 . She was relieved by the LST USS Barnstable County ( LST1197 ) . The British Royal Navy initiated Operation Rheostat and Task Group 65.2 provided for Operation Rheostat One ( six months in 1974 ) , the minehunters HMS Maxton , HMS Bossington , and HMS Wilton , the Fleet Clearance Diving Team ( FCDT ) and HMS Abdiel , a practice minelayer / MCMV support ship ; and for Operation Rheostat Two ( six months in 1975 ) the minehunters HMS Hubberston and HMS Sheraton , and HMS Abdiel . When the Canal Clearance Operations were completed , the canal and its lakes were considered 99 % clear of mines . The canal was then reopened by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat aboard an Egyptian destroyer , which led the first convoy northbound to Port Said in 1975 . At his side stood the Iranian Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi , delegated to represent his father , Mohammed Reza Pahlavi , the Shah of Iran . The cruiser USS Little Rock was the only American naval ship in the convoy . The UNEF mandate expired in 1979 . Despite the efforts of the United States , Israel , Egypt , and others to obtain an extension of the UN role in observing the peace between Israel and Egypt , as called for under the Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty of 1979 , the mandate could not be extended because of the veto by the Soviet Union in the UN Security Council , at the request of Syria . Accordingly , negotiations for a new observer force in the Sinai produced the Multinational Force and Observers ( MFO ) , stationed in Sinai in 1981 in coordination with a phased Israeli withdrawal . It is there under agreements between the United States , Israel , Egypt , and other nations . Bypass expansion ( edit ) Main article : New Suez Canal In the summer of 2014 , months after taking office as President of Egypt , Abdel Fattah el - Sisi ordered the expansion of the Ballah Bypass from 61 metres wide to 312 metres wide for 35 kilometers . The project was called the New Suez Canal , as it would allow ships to transit the canal in both directions simultaneously . The project cost more than $8 billion and was completed within one year . Sisi declared the expanded channel open for business in a ceremony on 6 August 2015 . Timeline ( edit ) Circa 1799 -- Napoleon Bonaparte conquers Egypt and orders a feasibility analysis . This reports a supposed 10 - metre ( 33 ft ) difference in sea levels and a high cost , so the project is put on hold . Circa 1840 -- A second survey finds the first analysis incorrect . A direct link between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea is possible and not as expensive as previously estimated . 30 November 1854 -- The former French consul in Cairo , Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps , obtains the first license for construction and subsequent operation from the Viceroy for a period of 99 years . 6 January 1856 -- de Lesseps is provided with a second , more detailed license . Container ship Hanjin Kaohsiung transiting the Suez Canal 15 December 1858 -- de Lesseps establishes the `` Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez '' , with Said Pasha acquiring 22 % of the Suez Canal Company ; the majority is controlled by French private holders . 25 April 1859 -- construction officially starts . 17 November 1869 -- The canal is opened , owned and operated by Suez Canal Company . 18 December 1873 -- The International Commission of Constantinople establishes the Suez Canal Net Ton and the Suez Canal Special Tonnage Certificate ( as known today ) 25 November 1875 -- Britain becomes a minority share holder in the company , acquiring 44 % , with the remainder being controlled by French business syndicates . 20 May 1882 -- Britain invades Egypt , with French assistance , and begins its occupation of Egypt . 25 August 1882 -- Britain takes control of the canal . 2 March 1888 -- The Convention of Constantinople renews the guaranteed right of passage of all ships through the canal during war and peace ; these rights were already part of the licenses awarded to de Lesseps , but are recognised as international law . 14 November 1936 -- Following a new treaty , Britain theoretically pulls out of Egypt , but establishes the ' Suez Canal Zone ' under its control . USS America ( CV - 66 ) , an American aircraft carrier in the Suez Canal 13 June 1956 -- Suez Canal Zone is restored to Egyptian sovereignty , following British withdrawal and years of negotiations . 26 July 1956 -- Egypt nationalizes the company ; its Egyptian assets , rights and obligations are transferred to the Suez Canal Authority , which compensates the previous owners at the established pre-nationalization price . Egypt closes the canal to Israeli shipping as part of a broader blockade involving the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba . 31 October 1956 to 24 April 1957 -- the canal is blocked to shipping following the Suez Crisis , a conflict that leads to Israeli , and later French and British , occupation of the canal zone . 22 December 1956 -- The canal zone is restored to Egyptian control , following French and British withdrawal , and the landing of UNEF troops . 5 June 1967 to 10 June 1975 -- the canal is blocked by Egypt , following the war with Israel ; it becomes the front line during the ensuing War of Attrition and the 1973 war , remaining closed to international shipping , until general agreement was near . 1 January 2008 -- New rules of navigation passed by the Suez Canal Authority come into force . 6 August 2015 -- The new canal extensions are opened . Leadership ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ferdinand de Lesseps , developer of the Suez Canal Presidents of the Suez Canal Company ( 1858 -- 1956 ) : Ferdinand de Lesseps ( 15 December 1858 -- 7 December 1894 ) Jules Guichard ( 17 December 1892 -- 17 July 1896 ) ( acting for de Lesseps to 7 December 1894 ) Auguste - Louis - Albéric , prince d'Arenberg ( 3 August 1896 -- 1913 ) Charles Jonnart ( 19 May 1913 -- 1927 ) Louis de Vogüé ( 4 April 1927 -- 1 March 1948 ) François Charles - Roux ( 4 April 1948 -- 26 July 1956 ) Chairmen of the Suez Canal Authority ( 1956 -- present ) : Doctor Mohamed Helmy Bahgat Badawy ( 26 July 1956 -- 9 July 1957 ) Engineer Mahmoud Younis ( 10 July 1957 -- 10 October 1965 ) Engineer Mashhour Ahmed Mashhour ( 14 October 1965 -- 31 December 1983 ) Engineer Mohamed Ezzat Adel ( 1 January 1984 -- December 1995 ) Admiral Ahmed Ali Fadel ( 22 January 1996 -- Aug 2012 ) Admiral Mohab Mamish ( 2012 -- present ) Layout and Operation ( edit ) When built , the canal was 164 km ( 102 mi ) long and 8 m ( 26 ft ) deep . After several enlargements , it is 193.30 km ( 120.11 mi ) long , 24 m ( 79 ft ) deep and 205 metres ( 673 ft ) wide . It consists of the northern access channel of 22 km ( 14 mi ) , the canal itself of 162.25 km ( 100.82 mi ) and the southern access channel of 9 km ( 5.6 mi ) . The so - called New Suez Canal , functional since 6 August 2015 , currently has a new parallel canal in the middle part , with its length over 35 km ( 22 mi ) . The current parameters of the Suez Canal , including both individual canals of the parallel section are : depth 23 to 24 metres ( 75 to 79 ft ) and width at least 205 to 225 metres ( 673 to 738 ft ) ( that width measured at 11 metres ( 36 ft ) of depth ) . ( hide ) Suez Canal Legend km Mediterranean Sea Approaches ( Southward convoy waiting area ) 0.0 ( show ) Port Said lighthouse , fishing harbour , cruise terminal Port Said ( city ) , former headquarters Port Said harbour , Port Fuad ( city ) , East Port , SCCT container terminal E-class turning dock Shohada 25 January Bridge 51.5 Ballah ( former by - pass ) 59.9 Eastern lane : second shipping lane , New Suez Canal El Ferdan Railway Bridge 76.5 Ismaïlia , SCA headquarters Lake Timsah 95.0 Deversoir Great Bitter Lake Small Bitter Lake Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel overhead powerline 162 ( show ) Suez , Suez Port Petroleum Dock , Port Tewfik Gulf of Suez ( Northward convoy waiting area ) Red Sea Legend : Navigable canal Anchorage Dock , industrial or logistical area Village or town , feature Railroad ( defunct ) with swing bridge Capacity ( edit ) Ships moored at El Ballah during transit See also : Suezmax The canal allows passage of ships up to 20 m ( 66 ft ) draft or 240,000 deadweight tons and up to a height of 68 m ( 223 ft ) above water level and a maximum beam of 77.5 m ( 254 ft ) under certain conditions . The canal can handle more traffic and larger ships than the Panama Canal , as Suezmax dimensions are greater than both Panamax and New Panamax . Some supertankers are too large to traverse the canal . Others can offload part of their cargo onto a canal - owned boat to reduce their draft , transit , and reload at the other end of the canal . Navigation ( edit ) The canal has no locks because of the flat terrain , and the minor sea level difference between each end is inconsequential for shipping . As the canal has no sea surge gates , the ports at the ends would be subject to the sudden impact of tsunamis from the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea , according to a 2012 article in the Journal of Coastal Research . There is one shipping lane with passing areas in Ballah - Bypass near El Qantara and in the Great Bitter Lake . On a typical day , three convoys transit the canal , two southbound and one northbound . The passage takes between 11 and 16 hours at a speed of around 8 knots ( 15 km / h ; 9 mph ) . The low speed helps prevent erosion of the banks by ships ' wakes . By 1955 , about two - thirds of Europe 's oil passed through the canal . Around 8 % of world sea trade is carried via the canal . In 2008 , 21,415 vessels passed through the canal and the receipts totaled $5.381 billion , with an average cost per ship of $251,000 . New Rules of Navigation came into force on 1 January 2008 , passed by the board of directors of the Suez Canal Authority ( SCA ) to organise vessels ' transit . The most important amendments include allowing vessels with 62 - foot ( 19 m ) draught to pass , increasing the allowed breadth from 32 metres ( 105 ft ) to 40 metres ( 130 ft ) ( following improvement operations ) , and imposing a fine on vessels using divers from outside the SCA inside the canal boundaries without permission . The amendments allow vessels loaded with dangerous cargo ( such as radioactive or flammable materials ) to pass if they conform with the latest amendments provided by international conventions . The SCA has the right to determine the number of tugs required to assist warships traversing the canal , to achieve the highest degree of safety during transit . Operation ( edit ) As of July 2015 , the canal was too narrow for free two - way traffic , so ships pass in convoys and they use bypasses . The by - passes are 78 km ( 48 mi ) out of 193 km ( 120 mi ) ( 40 % ) . From north to south , they are : Port Said by - pass ( entrances ) 36.5 km ( 23 mi ) , Ballah by - pass & anchorage , 9 km ( 6 mi ) , Timsah by - pass 5 km ( 3 mi ) , and the Deversoir by - pass ( northern end of the Great Bitter Lake ) 27.5 km ( 17 mi ) . The bypasses were completed in 1980 . Typically , it takes a ship 12 to 16 hours to transit the canal . The canal 's 24 - hour capacity is about 76 standard ships . In August 2014 , Egypt chose a consortium that includes the Egyptian army and global engineering firm Dar Al - Handasah to develop an international industrial and logistics hub in the Suez Canal area , and began the construction of a new canal section from km 60 to km 95 combined with expansion and deep digging of the other 37 km of the canal . This will allow navigation in both directions simultaneously in the 72 km long central section of the canal . These extensions were formally opened on 6 August 2015 by President Al - Sisi . Convoy sailing ( edit ) October 2014 : the northbound convoy is waiting in the Great Bitter Lake , the southbound convoy pass The canal in 2015 Since the canal does not cater to unregulated two - way traffic , all ships transit in convoys on regular times , scheduled on a 24 - hour basis . Each day , a single northbound convoy starts at 04 : 00 from Suez . At dulka lane sections , the convoy uses the eastern route . Synchronised with this convoy 's passage is the southbound convoy . It starts at 03 : 30 from Port Said and so passes the Northbound convoy in the two - lane section . Canal crossings ( edit ) Post-deepening , a capesize bulk carrier approaches the Friendship Bridge From north to south , the crossings are : The Suez Canal Bridge ( 30 ° 49 ′ 42 '' N 32 ° 19 ′ 03 '' E / 30.828248 ° N 32.317572 ° E / 30.828248 ; 32.317572 ( Suez Canal Bridge ) ) , also called the Egyptian - Japanese Friendship Bridge , a high - level road bridge at El Qantara . In Arabic , al qantara means `` arch '' . Opened in 2001 , it has a 70 - metre ( 230 ft ) clearance over the canal and was built with assistance from the Japanese government and by Kajima . El Ferdan Railway Bridge ( 30 ° 39 ′ 25 '' N 32 ° 20 ′ 02 '' E / 30.657 ° N 32.334 ° E / 30.657 ; 32.334 ( El Ferdan Railway Bridge ) ) 20 km ( 12 mi ) north of Ismailia ( 30 ° 35 ′ N 32 ° 16 ′ E / 30.583 ° N 32.267 ° E / 30.583 ; 32.267 ( Ismailia ) ) was completed in 2001 and is the longest swing - span bridge in the world , with a span of 340 m ( 1100 ft ) . The previous bridge was destroyed in 1967 during the Arab - Israeli conflict . The current bridge is no longer functional due to the expansion of the Suez Canal , as the parallel shipping lane completed in 2015 just east of the bridge lacks a structure spanning it . Pipelines taking fresh water under the canal to Sinai , about 57 km ( 35 mi ) north of Suez , at 30 ° 27.3 ′ N 32 ° 21.0 ′ E / 30.4550 ° N 32.3500 ° E / 30.4550 ; 32.3500 ( Fresh - water pipelines ) . Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel ( 30 ° 5 ′ 9 '' N 32 ° 34 ′ 32 '' E / 30.08583 ° N 32.57556 ° E / 30.08583 ; 32.57556 ( Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel ) ) south of the Great Bitter Lake ( 30 ° 20 ′ N 32 ° 23 ′ E / 30.333 ° N 32.383 ° E / 30.333 ; 32.383 ( Great Bitter Lake ) ) was built in 1983 . Because of leakage problems , a new water - tight tunnel was built inside the old one from 1992 to 1995 . The Suez Canal overhead powerline crossing ( 29 ° 59 ′ 46 '' N 32 ° 34 ′ 59 '' E / 29.996 ° N 32.583 ° E / 29.996 ; 32.583 ( Suez Canal overhead powerline crossing ) ) was built in 1999 . A railway on the west bank runs parallel to the canal for its entire length . Six new tunnels for cars and trains are also planned across the canal . Currently the Ahmed Hamdi is the only tunnel connecting Suez to the Sinai . Alternative routes ( edit ) Cape Agulhas ( edit ) The main alternative is around Cape Agulhas , the southernmost point of Africa , commonly referred as the Cape of Good Hope route . This was the only sea route before the canal was constructed , and when the canal was closed . It is still the only route for ships that are too large for the canal . In the early 21st century , the Suez Canal has suffered from diminished traffic due to piracy in Somalia , with many shipping companies choosing to take the long route instead . Between 2008 and 2010 , it is estimated that the canal lost 10 % of traffic due to the threat of piracy , and another 10 % due to the financial crisis . An oil tanker going from Saudi Arabia to the United States has 2,700 mi ( 4,345 km ) longer to go when taking the route south of Africa rather than the canal . Before the canal 's opening in 1869 , goods were sometimes offloaded from ships and carried overland between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea . Northern Sea route ( edit ) A graphical comparison between the Northern Sea Route ( blue ) and an alternative route through Suez Canal ( red ) In recent years , the shrinking Arctic sea ice has made the Northern Sea Route feasible for commercial cargo ships between Europe and East Asia during a six - to - eight - week window in the summer months , shortening the voyage by thousands of miles compared to that through the Suez Canal . According to polar climate researchers , as the extent of the Arctic summer ice pack recedes the route will become passable without the help of icebreakers for a greater period each summer . The Bremen - based Beluga Group claimed in 2009 to be the first Western company to attempt using the Northern Sea Route without assistance from icebreakers , cutting 4000 nautical miles off the journey between Ulsan , Korea and Rotterdam , the Netherlands . Negev desert railroad ( edit ) Israel has declared that it will construct a railroad through the Negev desert to compete with the canal , with construction partly financed by China . Environmental impact ( edit ) Main article : Lessepsian migration The opening of the canal created the first salt - water passage between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea . Although the Red Sea is about 1.2 m ( 4 ft ) higher than the eastern Mediterranean , the current between the Mediterranean and the middle of the canal at the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer . The current south of the Bitter Lakes is tidal , varying with the tide at Suez . The Bitter Lakes , which were hypersaline natural lakes , blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades , but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Sea the barrier to migration was removed , and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonise the eastern Mediterranean . The Red Sea is generally saltier and more nutrient - poor than the Atlantic , so the Red Sea species have advantages over Atlantic species in the less salty and nutrient - rich eastern Mediterranean . Accordingly , most Red Sea species invade the Mediterranean biota , and only few do the opposite . This migratory phenomenon is called Lessepsian migration ( after Ferdinand de Lesseps ) or `` Erythrean invasion '' . Also impacting the eastern Mediterranean , starting in 1968 , was the operation of Aswan High Dam across the Nile . While providing for increased human development , the project reduced the inflow of freshwater and ended all natural nutrient - rich silt entering the eastern Mediterranean at the Nile Delta . This provided less natural dilution of Mediterranean salinity and ended the higher levels of natural turbidity , additionally making conditions more like those in the Red Sea . Invasive species originated from the Red Sea and introduced into the Mediterranean by the canal have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem and have serious impacts on the ecology , endangering many local and endemic species . About 300 species from the Red Sea have been identified in the Mediterranean , and there are probably others yet unidentified . The Egyptian government 's intent to enlarge the canal has raised concerns from marine biologists , fearing that this will worsen the invasion of Red Sea species . Construction of the canal was preceded by cutting a small fresh - water canal called Sweet Water Canal from the Nile delta along Wadi Tumilat to the future canal , with a southern branch to Suez and a northern branch to Port Said . Completed in 1863 , these brought fresh water to a previously arid area , initially for canal construction , and subsequently facilitating growth of agriculture and settlements along the canal . See also ( edit ) Egypt portal Transport portal Kanal İstanbul New Imperialism New Suez Canal Panama Canal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Yearly Number & Net Tone by Ship Type , Direction & Ship Status '' . Suez Canal . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved Apr 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Suez Canal Authority ^ Jump up to : The Red Sea Pilot . Imray Laurie Norie & Wilson . 1995 . p. 266 . Jump up ^ `` Official Web Site of the Suez Canal Authority '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Constantinople Convention of the Suez Canal of 2 March 1888 still in force and specifically maintained in Nasser 's Nationalization Act . ^ Jump up to : `` New Suez Canal project proposed by Egypt to boost trade '' . Cairo News.Net . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tadros , Sherine ( 6 August 2015 ) . `` Egypt Opens New £ 6bn Suez Canal '' . Sky News . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt opens East Port Said side channel for navigation - Xinhua '' . News.xinhuanet.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Suez Canal '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 22 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Rappoport , S. ( Doctor of Philosophy , Basel ) . History of Egypt ( undated , early 20th century ) , Volume 12 , Part B , Chapter V : `` The Waterways of Egypt '' , pages 248 -- 257 . London : The Grolier Society . ^ Jump up to : Hassan , F.A. & Tassie , G.J. Site location and history ( 2003 ) . Kafr Hassan Dawood On - Line , Egyptian Cultural Heritage Organization . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Please refer to Sesostris # Modern research . Jump up ^ J.H. Breasted attributes the ancient canal 's early construction to Senusret III , up through the first cataract . Please refer to J.H. Breasted , Ancient Records of Egypt , Part One , Chicago 1906 , § § 642 -- 648 Jump up ^ Fisher , William B. ; Smith , Charles Gordon . `` Suez Canal '' . www.britannica.com . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition , s.v. `` Suez Canal '' Archived 14 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 14 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Naville , Édouard . `` Map of the Wadi Tumilat '' ( plate image ) , in The Store - City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus ( 1885 ) . London : Trubner and Company . Jump up ^ `` Meteorology ( 1.15 ) '' . Ebooks.adelaide.edu.au. 25 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ The Elder Pliny and John Healey Natural History ( 6.33. 165 ) Penguin Classics ; Reprint edition ( 5 February 2004 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 044413 - 1 p. 70 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Carte hydrographique de l'Basse Egypte et d'une partie de l'Isthme de Suez ( 1855 , 1882 ) . Volume 87 , page 803 . Paris . See ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : Shea , William H. `` A Date for the Recently Discovered Eastern Canal of Egypt '' , in Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research ' , ' No. 226 ( April 1977 ) , pp. 31 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Sanford ( 1938 ) , p. 72 ; Garrison ( 1999 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Hess , Richard S. Rev. of Israel in Egypt : The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Exodus Tradition , by James K. Hoffmeier . The Denver Journal 1 ( 1 January 1998 ) . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Fekri A. Kafr Hassan Dawood On - line , 17 August 2003 . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Martínez Babon , Javier . `` Consideraciones sobre la Marinay la Guerra durante el Egipto Faraónico '' Archived 1 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Descriptions de l'Égypte , Volume 11 ( État Moderne ) , containing Mémoire sur la communication de la mer des Indes à la Méditerranée par la mer Rouge et l'Isthme de Sueys , par M.J.M. Le Père , ingénieur en chef , inspecteur divisionnaire au corps impérial des ponts et chaussées , membre de l'Institut d'Égypte , pp. 21 -- 186 Jump up ^ Their reports were published in Description de l'Égypte Jump up ^ Montet , Pierre . Everyday Life in the Days of Ramesses The Great ( 1981 ) , page 184 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . Jump up ^ Silver , Morris . Ancient Economies II ( 6 April 1998 ) , `` 5c . Evidence for Earlier Canals . '' ANCIENT ECONOMIES II . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . Economics Department , City College of New York . Jump up ^ Herodotus ii. 158 . Jump up ^ `` The figure ' 120,000 ' is doubtless exaggerated . Mehemet Ali lost only 10,000 in making the Mahmûdieh Canal ( from the Nile to Alexandria ) . '' remarked W.W. How and J. Wells , A Commentary on Herodotus . Jump up ^ According to Herodotus , work on the project was `` stayed by a prophetic utterance that he ( Necho ) was toiling beforehand for the barbarian . The Egyptians call all men of other languages barbarians . '' ( Herodotus , eo . loc ... ) Jump up ^ `` Cambyses II - king of Persia '' . ^ Jump up to : Apparently , Ptolemy considered the Great Bitter Lake as a northern extension of the Red Sea , whereas Darius had not , because Arsinoe is located north of Shaluf . ( See Naville , `` Map of the Wadi Tumilat '' , referenced above . ) Jump up ^ Please refer to Darius the Great 's Suez Inscriptions . Jump up ^ Jona Lendering . `` Darius ' Suez Inscriptions '' . Livius.org . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pithom Stele - translation of inscription '' . www.attalus.org . Jump up ^ R.E. Gmirkin , `` Berossus and Genesis , Manetho and Exodus : Hellenistic Histories and the Date of the Pentateuch '' , p. 236 Jump up ^ Petermann , A. Karte Der Bai Von Súes ( 1856 ) . Nach der Engl . Aufnahme v. Comm . Mansell . Jump up ^ Tuchman , Barbara Bible and Sword : How the British came to Palestine MacMillan , London ( 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 333 - 33414 - 0 Jump up ^ Starthern , P ( 2013 ) `` The Venetians '' p. 175 ^ Jump up to : Hall , Linda . The Search for the Ancient Suez Canal . Kansas City , Missouri . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Please refer to Description de l'Égypte . Jump up ^ Descriptions de l'Égypte , Volume 11 ( État Moderne ) , containing Mémoire sur la communication de la mer des Indes à la Méditerranée par la mer Rouge et l'Isthme de Sueys , par M.J.M. Le Père , ingénieur en chef , inspecteur divisionnaire au corps impérial des ponts et chaussées , membre de l'Institut d'Égypte , pp. 21 -- 186 Jump up ^ Wilson , The Suez Canal Jump up ^ `` ( untitled ) '' . The Hobart Town Gazette. 26 February 1820 . p. 2 , col. 1 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Percement de l'isthme de Suez . Rapport et Projet de la Commission Internationale . Documents Publiés par M. Ferdinand de Lesseps . Troisième série . Paris aux bureaux de l'Isthme de Suez , Journal de l'Union des deux Mers , et chez Henri Plon , Éditeur , 1856 . On Google Books ( french ) Jump up ^ Arnold . T. Wilson , The Suez Canal Jump up ^ `` Le canal de Suez -- ARTE '' . Arte.tv. 13 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Oster ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ There is differing information on the exact amounts Jump up ^ ( reported by German historian Uwe A. Oster ) Archived 19 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Suez Canal '' . Russojapanesewar.com . Archived from the original on 30 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Haddad , Emily A. ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Digging to India : Modernity , Imperialism , and the Suez Canal '' . Victorian Studies . Indiana University Press . 47 ( 3 ) : 363 . JSTOR 3830220 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` The People : Captain Nares '' . HMS Challenger . University of California , San Diego . Archived from the original on 9 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Glasgow Herald , 17th November 1903 Jump up ^ History of the Anchor Line 1852 - 1911 . 1911 . Glasgow , UK : John Horn , for Anchor Line . Jump up ^ Protocol of the Commission ( in french ) Jump up ^ The economic development of the American nation , p. 356 , Reginald Charles McGrane , Ginn & Co. , Boston 1950 . Jump up ^ Stephen J. Lee , Gladstone and Disraeli . Routledge , 107 Jump up ^ First World War -- Willmott , H.P. Dorling Kindersley , 2003 , Page 87 Jump up ^ `` The Suez Canal formally opened to ships '' . stratscope.com . StratScope . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 : Egypt seizes Suez Canal '' . 26 July 1956 -- via news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ The Other Side of Suez ( documentary ) -- 2003 Jump up ^ Elie Podeh ; Onn Winckler ( 1 December 2004 ) . Rethinking Nasserism : Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt . University Press of Florida . pp. 105 , 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3137 - 8 . the prominent historian and commentator Abd al - Azim Ramadan , In a series of articles published in AlWafd , subsequently compiled in a hook published in 2000 , Ramadan criticized the Nasser cult , ... The events leading up to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company , as other events during Nasser 's rule , Ramadan wrote , showed Nasser to be far from a rational , responsible leader ... His decision to nationalize the Suez Canal was his alone , made without political or military consultation ... The source of all this evil . Ramadan noted , was Nasser 's inclination to solitary decision making ... the revolutionary regime led by the same individual -- Nasser -- repeated its mistakes when it decided to expel the international peacekeeping force from the Sinai Peninsula and close the Straits of Tiran in 1967 . Both decisions led to a state of war with Israel , despite the lack of military preparedness Jump up ^ `` OPERATION RHEOSTAT ONE - ROYAL NAVY MINESWEEPERS ARRIVE AT PORT SAID TO HELP CLEAR THE SUEZ CANAL ( Allocated Title ) '' . www.iwm.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` OPERATION RHEOSTAT ONE - FLEET CLEARANCE DIVING TEAM AT WORK ON THE WRECK OF THE MECCA ( Allocated Title ) '' . www.iwm.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` OPERATION RHEOSTAT TWO - THE SUEZ CANAL IS REOPENED ( Allocated Title ) '' . www.iwm.org.uk . Jump up ^ http://www.history.navy.mil/nan/backissues/1970s/1974/sep74.pdf Jump up ^ `` The Stars and Stripes '' . 1975 - 06 - 07 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ ( Multinational Force and Observers ) Jump up ^ Lakshmi , Aiswarya ( 17 July 2015 ) . `` Egypt Completes New Waterway in Suez Canal '' . MarineLink . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt completes dredging for new waterway in Suez Canal '' . Al - Ahram. 16 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Knecht , Eric ( 6 August 2015 ) . `` Egypt 's Sisi launches nationalist New Suez Canal celebration '' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canal Characteristics '' . Suez Canal Authority . 2010 . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Characteristics of the canal '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Navigation Circular `` The New Suez Canal '' No 5 / 2015 `` . Suez Canal Authority . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` '' Attached Charts '' to Navigation Circular `` The New Suez Canal '' No 5 / 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Suez Canal Authority . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` New Suez Canal '' . Government of Egypt ( Suez Canal Authority ) . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Suez Canal Authority http://www.suezcanal.gov.eg Jump up ^ `` Canal Characteristics '' . Suez Canal Authority . 2010 . Retrieved 14 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Finkl , Charles W. ; Pelinovsky , Efim ; Cathcart , Richard B. ( 2012 ) . `` A Review of Potential Tsunami Impacts to the Suez Canal '' . Journal of Coastal Research . 283 : 745 -- 759 . doi : 10.2112 / JCOASTRES - D - 12A - 00002.1 . ISSN 0749 - 0208 . Jump up ^ SC News Jump up ^ `` Traffic system '' . Egyptian Maritime Data Bank ( EMDB ) . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Saleh , Stephen Kalin and Yasmine . `` Egypt awards Suez hub project to consortium that includes army : sources '' . Jump up ^ http://www.suezcanal.gov.eg/sc.aspx?show=69 Jump up ^ Kingsley , Patrick ( 5 August 2014 ) . `` Egypt to build new Suez canal '' -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ `` Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion '' . BBC News . 6 August 2015 . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic system '' . Jump up ^ `` Navigation Circular 5 / 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` Navigation , Convoy System '' . Suez Canal Authority . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kajima History '' . Kajima . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Salt - Corroded Tunnel Undergoes Major Renovation '' . Kajima.co.jp . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Six tunnels under Suez Canal '' . Tunnelbuilder. 1 December 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Liam Stack , Arab countries meet to tackle Somali pirate threat -- The Christian Science Monitor ( November 21 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Louis Wasser , Somali piracy costs Suez Canal business , San Francisco Chronicle ( April 29 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Bowden , Anna et al . The Economic Cost of Maritime Piracy Archived 29 June 2012 at Archive - It page 13 . One Earth Future , December 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Overland Mail by Thomas Fletcher Waghorn , Railway Alexandria -- Cairo -- Suez built by Robert Stephenson Jump up ^ `` The Final Frontier : The Northern Sea Route '' . Jump up ^ `` Bye pirates , hello Northeast Passage '' . AsianCorrespondent.com. 3 January 2010 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Melting ice cap opens up Northeast Passage to British ships '' . Daily Mail . 12 September 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` German vessels ready for the Northern Sea Route '' . BarentsObserver.com. 5 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 21 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ( In Estonian ) Israel builds a railroad between the Mediterranean and the Red sea '' . E24.ee. 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Madl , Pierre ( 1999 ) . Essay about the phenomenon of Lessepsian Migration , Colloquial Meeting of Marine Biology I , Salzburg , April 1999 ( revised in Nov. 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Galil and Zenetos ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Britannica ( 2007 ) References ( edit ) Britannica ( 2007 ) `` Suez Canal '' , in : The new Encyclopædia Britannica , 15th ed. , 28 , Chicago , Ill . ; London : Encyclopædia Britannica , ISBN 1 - 59339 - 292 - 3 Galil , B.S. and Zenetos , A. ( 2002 ) . `` A sea change : exotics in the eastern Mediterranean Sea '' , in : Leppäkoski , E. , Gollasch , S. and Olenin , S. ( eds ) , Invasive aquatic species of Europe : distribution , impacts , and management , Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer Academic , ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0837 - 6 , p. 325 -- 336 Garrison , Ervan G. ( 1999 ) A history of engineering and technology : artful methods , 2nd ed. , Boca Raton , Fla . ; London : CRC Press , ISBN 0 - 8493 - 9810 - X Karabell , Zachary ( 2003 ) Parting the Desert : The Creation of the Suez Canal , Knopf , ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 40883 - 0 Oster , Uwe ( 2006 ) Le fabuleux destin des inventions : le canal de Suez , TV documentary produced by ZDF and directed by Axel Engstfeld ( Germany ) Rathbone , William ( 1882 ) . Great Britain and the Suez Canal . London : Chapman and Hall , Limited . Sanford , Eva Matthews ( 1938 ) The Mediterranean world in ancient times , Ronald series in history , New York : The Ronald Press Company , 618 p . Pudney , John . Suez ; De Lesseps ' Canal . New York : Praeger , 1969 . Print . Thomas , Hugh . Suez . ( 1st U.S ed . ) . New York : Harper & Row , 1967 . Print . Arrow , Sir Frederick . `` A fortnight in Egypt at the opening of the Suez Canal '' , London : Smith and Ebbs , 1869 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suez Canal . Suez Canal Authority Darius the Great 's Suez Inscriptions Suez Canal on OpenStreetMap Encyclopedia of the Orient : Suez Canal Entrance of the Suez Canal -- 1882 Suez Canal Container Terminal at Port Said Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library 3min video of sailing the 163km on YouTube , including the new section American Society of Civil Engineers - Suez Canal Suez Canal Authorities Suez Canal Authority ( SCA ) Port Said Port Authority Suez Governorate Ismailia Governorate Port Said Governorate Cities and ports Port Said Port Fuad Suez Canal Container Terminal Ismailia Suez Suez Port Infrastructure Waterworks Suezmax Lake Manzala Lake Timsah Great Bitter Lake Sweet Water Canal Constructions Port Said Lighthouse Suez Canal Bridge El Ferdan Railway Bridge Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel Power line crossing Canal expansion ( 2015 ) Area Development Project New Suez Canal Marine life Lessepsian migration List History Heroopolite Gulf Canal of the Pharaohs Société d'études du Canal de Suez ( 1846 ) French / UK operation Ferdinand de Lesseps Isma'il Pasha Suez Canal Company Convention of Constantinople Raid on the Suez Canal Anglo - Egyptian treaty of 1936 Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Operation Musketeer Operation Tarnegol Operation Telescope Protocol of Sèvres United Nations Security Council Resolution 118 United Nations Security Council Resolution 119 VIAF : 139560417 ISNI : 0000 0004 0644 1253 GND : 4058518 - 9 SELIBR : 163296 BNF : cb119333319 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90591893 BNE : XX451056 Coordinates : 30 ° 42 ′ 18 '' N 32 ° 20 ′ 39 '' E / 30.70500 ° N 32.34417 ° E / 30.70500 ; 32.34417 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suez_Canal&oldid=834497310 '' Categories : Suez Canal Canals in Egypt Ship canals 1860s in Egypt Canals opened in 1869 Cuts ( earthmoving ) Macro-engineering Economy of Egypt Egypt -- United Kingdom relations Geography of Egypt Red Sea 1869 establishments in Egypt NM Rothschild & Sons Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template other archives Use dmy dates from August 2013 Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 129 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 01 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the suez canal taken by egypt | [
"The Convention of Constantinople in 1888 declared the canal a neutral zone under the protection of the British, who had occupied Egypt and Sudan at the request of Khedive Tewfiq to suppress the Urabi Revolt against his rule. The revolt went on from 1879 to 1882. As a result of British involvement on the side of Khedive Tewfiq, Britain gained control of the canal in 1882. The British defended the strategically important passage against a major Ottoman attack in 1915, during the First World War.[60] Under the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936, the UK retained control over the canal. The canal was again strategically important in the 1939–1945 Second World War, and Italo-German attempts to capture it were repulsed during the North Africa Campaign, during which the canal was closed to Axis shipping. In 1951 Egypt repudiated the treaty and in October 1954 the UK agreed to remove its troops. Withdrawal was completed on 18 July 1956."
] | [
"18 July 1956"
] |
5724742752272639058 | Tom Coughlin | Tom Coughlin - wikipedia Tom Coughlin Jump to : navigation , search Tom Coughlin Coughlin in March 2013 Jacksonville Jaguars Position : Executive VP of football operations Born : ( 1946 - 08 - 31 ) August 31 , 1946 ( age 71 ) Waterloo , New York Career information High school : Waterloo ( NY ) Central College : Syracuse Undrafted : 1968 Career history As coach : Syracuse University ( 1969 ) Graduate assistant Rochester Institute of Technology ( 1970 -- 1973 ) Head coach Syracuse University ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Quarterbacks coach Syracuse University ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Offensive coordinator Boston College ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Quarterbacks coach Philadelphia Eagles ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Wide receivers coach Green Bay Packers ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Wide receivers coach New York Giants ( 1988 -- 1990 ) Wide receivers coach Boston College ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Head coach Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- 2002 ) Head coach New York Giants ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Head coach As executive : NFL senior advisor to football operations ( 2016 ) Jacksonville Jaguars Executive VP of Football Operations ( 2017 -- present ) Career highlights and awards 3 × Super Bowl champion ( XXV , XLII , XLVI ) New York Giants Ring of Honor Head coaching record Regular season : 170 -- 150 (. 531 ) Postseason : 12 -- 7 (. 632 ) Career : College : 21 -- 13 (. 618 ) Bowl games : 1 -- 1 (. 500 ) NFL : 182 -- 157 (. 537 ) Coaching stats at PFR Thomas Richard Coughlin ( / ˈkɑːflɪn / ; born August 31 , 1946 ) is the executive vice president of football operations for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was the head coach for the New York Giants for 12 seasons . He led the Giants to victory in Super Bowl XLII and Super Bowl XLVI , both against the New England Patriots . Coughlin was also the inaugural head coach of the Jaguars , serving from 1995 to 2002 and leading the team to two AFC Championship Games . Prior to his head coaching career in the NFL , he was head coach of the Boston College Eagles football team from 1991 to 1993 , and served in a variety of coaching positions in the NFL as well as coaching and administrative positions in college football . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 College 3 Coaching style 4 Coaching career 4.1 Boston College 4.2 Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- 2002 ) 4.3 New York Giants ( 2004 -- 2015 ) 4.3. 1 Early years ( 2004 -- 2006 ) 4.3. 2 Super Bowl run and success ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 4.3. 3 Second Super Bowl run ( 2011 ) 4.3. 4 Aftermath and playoff drought ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 4.3. 5 2015 season 4.4 Return to the Jacksonville Jaguars 5 Personal life 6 Foundation 7 Head coaching record 7.1 College 7.2 NFL 8 Coaching tree 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Early life ( edit ) Coughlin was born in Waterloo , NY in 1946 , and played football and basketball in High School . He once played High School basketball game against Jim Boeheim , who played for Lyons High School at the time . He idolized Ernie Davis and wished to play at Syracuse . College ( edit ) Coughlin attended Syracuse University when he was offered scholarship by assistant coach Jim Shreve . He played halfback for the Syracuse Orange football team . He was teammates with Larry Csonka and Floyd Little . In 1967 , he set the school 's single - season pass receiving record . Jim Boeheim was his residence advisor ( RA ) during Coughlin 's senior year at Syracuse . He stayed at Syracuse after graduation and obtained his masters while working as a graduate assistant . Coaching style ( edit ) Coughlin was mentored by Bill Parcells while Coughlin was wide receivers coach and Parcells was head coach for the New York Giants . Like his mentor , Coughlin is known as a stern disciplinarian and for his meticulous attention to detail ( for example , at the start of his Giants tenure he fined players for being two minutes early to team meetings , saying they should have arrived at least five minutes early per his new rules ) , earning him the nickname `` Colonel Coughlin '' . Coaching career ( edit ) Coughlin 's first head coaching job was at the Rochester Institute of Technology from 1970 to 1973 . He then returned to his alma mater where he was eventually promoted to offensive coordinator , a position he also held at Boston College where he coached Doug Flutie . He returned to the staff after his stint at the Rochester Institute of Technology . Coughlin 's second stint started in 1974 , and ended in 1980 . He left the collegiate level to become a wide receivers coach in the NFL for the Philadelphia Eagles , and later the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants . While at New York , he was an assistant to Bill Parcells , and helped the Giants win Super Bowl XXV . Coughlin and Parcells have both made the NFL playoffs five times as Giants head coach , and the two Super Bowl titles they each have won with the Giants have occurred in their fourth and eighth seasons with the franchise , respectively . Boston College ( edit ) After the 1990 season , Coughlin returned to Boston College to take on his second job as a head coach . In three seasons at Boston College , he turned the program into a consistent winner . Coughlin 's tenure was capped with a 41 -- 39 victory over # 1 ranked Notre Dame in 1993 , the first time Boston College defeated Notre Dame . Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) Coughlin 's success at Boston College led to his subsequent hiring as the first head coach of the NFL 's expansion Jacksonville Jaguars . In eight seasons at Jacksonville , he helmed the most successful expansion team in league history . During Coughlin 's tenure , the Jaguars made four consecutive playoff appearances and went to the AFC Championship Game twice . The first time , in only the second year of the team 's existence ( 1996 ) , the Jaguars qualified for the playoffs on the last day of the season and upset the heavily favored Buffalo Bills and Denver Broncos on the road . He was named NFL Coach of the Year by United Press International . Coughlin would again take the Jaguars to the AFC Championship Game in 1999 after achieving a league - high 14 -- 2 regular season record ; the 14 wins stood as the most won by the current wave of expansion teams ( the Jaguars , Carolina Panthers , Baltimore Ravens and Houston Texans ) until the Panthers surpassed it in 2015 . However , in both appearances in the championship game , the Jaguars were defeated : in 1996 by the New England Patriots , and in 1999 , by the Tennessee Titans . Coughlin 's Jaguars won 49 regular season games in his first five years as head coach , a remarkable average for an expansion team of nearly ten wins per year . But the Jaguars ' record for the next three years was only 19 -- 29 , and after a 6 -- 10 finish in 2002 , Coughlin was fired by owner Wayne Weaver . He finished his eight - year career in Jacksonville with a 68 -- 60 regular season record and a 4 -- 4 playoff record . In 2011 ( after selling the Jaguars to Shahid Khan ) , Weaver said when looking back on his tenure as owner , one of his biggest regrets was firing Coughlin . New York Giants ( 2004 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) Early years ( 2004 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) After being out of football in 2003 , Coughlin was hired to replace Jim Fassel as head coach of the New York Giants in January 2004 . He inherited a team that finished 4 -- 12 in 2003 . As Coughlin took over , the Giants were trying to put together a trade for the first pick in the draft . That year , the San Diego Chargers held that pick , and the expected selection was Mississippi quarterback Eli Manning , who had made his desire clear that he wanted to play for the Giants . On draft day the Giants drafted NC State 's Philip Rivers with the fourth pick and traded him to the Chargers for Manning . Coughlin 's incumbent quarterback , Kerry Collins , was incensed by the move and demanded his release , leaving the team without a veteran who could hold the fort until Manning was ready . To fill that role the Giants signed Kurt Warner , the former Super Bowl MVP who had been cut by the St. Louis Rams after he lost his starting job to Marc Bulger . Behind Warner , Coughlin led the Giants to five wins in their first seven games . However , with the team having lost their next two , Coughlin decided that Warner , who had been struggling , could no longer do the job and began starting the highly touted Manning beginning in the tenth game . The coach received criticism from some who felt the move amounted to a surrender of the 2004 season , as their 5 -- 4 record meant the Giants were still in playoff contention . Manning did in fact struggle and the Giants ' losing streak reached eight games before Manning defeated the Dallas Cowboys in the final game of the season . Another major impact Coughlin would have on the Giants was star running back Tiki Barber 's fumbling problems . In the 2000 -- 2004 seasons , Barber lost the ball 19 times . By simply teaching Barber to use a different grip on the ball , Coughlin reduced Barber 's fumbles to only one in the 2005 season . Barber also saw his production increase significantly , setting career highs in rushing and total yards each year under Coughlin . Coughlin 's early move to Manning , though , would pay dividends in 2005 , as Manning and the Giants went 11 -- 5 in Coughlin 's second season and won the NFC East for the first time since 2000 . It was also the Giants ' first postseason appearance since making it as a wild card in 2002 . However , a very poor performance by Manning , and a defense missing three starting linebackers , saw the Giants get shut out 23 -- 0 at the hands of the Carolina Panthers at Giants Stadium . Following the game , Tiki Barber called out Coughlin and his offensive coordinator , partially because a Panthers player said that `` We knew what they were going to do before they did it . '' Coughlin and Barber have yet to reconcile their differences , with Coughlin even refusing an interview by Tiki , then a sideline reporter for NBC , which would have been held prior to a Panthers -- Giants game in 2008 . New York Giants GM Jerry Reese , defensive coordinator Steve Spagnuolo , offensive coordinator Kevin Gilbride & Coughlin at Giants Stadium Heading into the 2006 season , expectations for the Giants were high . In just over two years as the Giants head coach , Coughlin transformed the Giants from an underachieving , last place team into a possible Super Bowl contender . The Giants struggled early during the 2006 campaign , going 1 -- 2 in their first three games . After a particularly bad loss to the Seattle Seahawks , star tight end Jeremy Shockey stated that the Giants had been `` outplayed and outcoached . '' The Giants rebounded by winning their next five games to go 6 -- 2 . However , the Giants suffered a stunning second half collapse , losing 6 of their next 7 games to fall to 7 -- 8 heading into the last game of the season . After a late November loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars , Coughlin and his coaching staff were once again criticized by Tiki Barber . Barber also announced he was going to retire following the season , which provided another distraction for the sliding Giants . Things took another turn for the worse the next week when the Giants blew a 21 - point fourth quarter lead and lost to the Tennessee Titans by a score of 24 -- 21 . After the game Coughlin had said to the media `` I 'm going to be sick about this one forever . '' Numerous injuries , excessive penalties , and a high number of turnovers were most responsible for the downward spiral of the 2006 Giants . The media hounded Coughlin with questions about Barber 's announcement , and whether differences between Coughlin and Barber led to this point , and the team 's fans and ownership were starting to get restless about the coach 's performance ; during a 30 -- 7 loss to the New Orleans Saints late in the year a loud `` Fire Coughlin '' chant erupted at Giants Stadium . The Giants rebounded with a victory in the season 's final game at the Washington Redskins , thereby securing a playoff berth and perhaps saving Coughlin 's job in the process . However , Coughlin and the Giants lost to the Philadelphia Eagles , 23 -- 20 , in the first round of the playoffs . On January 10 , 2007 , it was announced that Coughlin would receive a one - year extension on his current contract through the 2008 season , but since the Giants ' team policy is to never have a coach in the final year of his contract , this only guaranteed that Coughlin would remain as the Giants ' head coach in 2007 . On February 7 , 2007 , Tiki Barber officially followed through on his threat to retire from the Giants . He cited numerous complaints about Eli Manning 's leadership skills and Coughlin 's practice style as decisions to retire at what seemed the peak of his career . Super Bowl run and success ( 2007 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Coughlin with President Bush on April 30 , 2008 . In the 2007 season , the Giants again started poorly with an 0 -- 2 record . However , the team rebounded and won 6 straight games . The team compiled a 7 - 1 road record for the season , and they made it to the playoffs for the third year in a row . Coughlin and the Giants had their first playoff win in seven years when his team defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on January 6 , 2008 , 24 -- 14 . The Giants immediately followed up their win against Tampa Bay by narrowly defeating the Dallas Cowboys in the Divisional Playoffs , winning 21 -- 17 , preventing Dallas from beating them for the third time in the season . The upset victory over the Cowboys was followed up by a 23 -- 20 overtime victory against the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game . This victory set up Coughlin 's first appearance in a Super Bowl as a head coach . Super Bowl XLII took place in Glendale , Arizona on February 3 , 2008 . The game pitted Coughlin 's New York Giants ( 13 -- 6 ) against the undefeated New England Patriots ( 18 -- 0 ) coached by Bill Belichick . The Patriots were favored by 12 points . The underdog Giants beat the Patriots 17 -- 14 in one of the biggest upsets in NFL history . The upset would give Coughlin his first Super Bowl ring as a head coach . Prior to the start of Giants mini-camp in May 2008 , Coughlin and the Giants were invited by President Bush to the White House to honor their victory in Super Bowl XLII . The Super Bowl win got Coughlin a four - year contract worth roughly $21 million to coach the Giants through 2011 . The deal made him one of the NFL 's highest - paid coaches . Fresh off their Super Bowl season , the team started off red hot going 11 -- 1 through 12 games , but after the Plaxico Burress shooting incident , the team went 1 -- 3 down the stretch and despite being the # 1 seed they were eliminated in the divisional round of the playoffs by the Philadelphia Eagles . The Giants finished 8 -- 8 in 2009 , despite solid offensive play , however , their defense struggled throughout the season , and they missed the playoffs . In 2010 , they began 1 -- 2 , and then began a five - game winning streak to finish 6 -- 2 at the bye . The Giants headed into week 15 against the Eagles with a record of 9 -- 4 . In the final seconds the Giants were faced with a fourth down and Coughlin told his punter , Matt Dodge , to punt the ball out of bounds to effectively end the game . However , he punted the ball right to DeSean Jackson who took it the distance and won the Eagles the game in the Miracle at the New Meadowlands . The loss jeopardized the Giants ' playoff bid and once again Coughlin 's future was uncertain . However , on July 24 , 2011 , he signed a one - year contract extension to remain with the Giants through the end of the 2012 season . Second Super Bowl run ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Following a very hectic free agency period when the Giants lost Pro Bowl Wide Receiver Steve Smith , Defensive Tackle Barry Cofield , and Tight End Kevin Boss , expectations from many analysts and fans alike were very low . After losing the season opener to the Washington Redskins , in which the Giants seemed worn out and tired , the Giants went 6 -- 2 before hitting a collapse , losing four straight games . At 6 -- 6 , the Giants won three of their last four games to finish at 9 -- 7 with the NFC East championship . In their first playoff game since the 2008 NFC Divisional round , they defeated the Atlanta Falcons 24 -- 2 , with the Falcons ' only points coming on a first quarter safety on Eli Manning . In the 2012 divisional game Coughlin coached the Giants to a 37 -- 20 win over the heavily favored defending Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers a team who finished the 2011 regular season with a league best 15 -- 1 won - loss record . The following week , he coached the Giants to a 20 -- 17 overtime victory over the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship game to set up a Super Bowl rematch with the New England Patriots . On February 5 , 2012 , Coughlin 's Giants defeated the Patriots 21 -- 17 in Super Bowl XLVI , thus making Coughlin the oldest head coach to win a Super Bowl . On June 6 , 2012 it was announced he had signed a contract extension to keep him with the Giants until at least 2014 . At the same time , Coughlin announced that he would like to coach into his seventies . In July 2012 , Coughlin was the winner of the 2012 Best Coach / Manager ESPY Award . Aftermath and playoff drought ( 2012 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Unfortunately for Coughlin , the Giants failed to make the playoffs in the 2012 season , despite starting the season 6 -- 2 and finishing once again at 9 -- 7 . This was due in large part to two lopsided losses to the NFC 's number one seed Atlanta Falcons and Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens in weeks 15 and 16 respectively . Worse still , the Giants began the 2013 season 0 -- 6 for the first time since 1976 . John Mara , the Giants co-owner , stated that Coughlin 's time with the Giants could be limited . Despite the difficult start , the team remained resilient and rebounded with wins against the Vikings and Eagles , hitting the bye week at 2 -- 6 . Victories against the Raiders and Packers coupled with a floundering NFC East left the Giants only one and half games behind the division - leading Eagles going into week 12 . This resurgence was brought to an abrupt halt with a 24 -- 21 loss against the division rival Cowboys . The Giants eventually finished the 2013 season with a record of 7 -- 9 , Coughlin 's only sub . 500 record as head coach since his first season , and quarterback Eli Manning 's rookie season , in 2004 . On February 21 , 2014 , Coughlin told reporters at the 2014 NFL Combine that he agreed on a one - year extension to his contract . This move allowed him to remain the Giants ' head coach throughout the 2015 season . On March 11 , 2015 , the Giants extended his contract through the 2016 season . 2015 season ( edit ) The Giants stumbled in the 2015 season ; through week 15 , their record was 6 -- 8 , with many of the losses coming in the game 's final minute of play ; the Giants lost 6 out of their 8 losses by less than one touchdown with the final points being scored against them in the last 2 minutes . Criticism of Coughlin built throughout the season and peaked in week 15 , after a 38 -- 35 loss to the Carolina Panthers in which Coughlin left star receiver Odell Beckham Jr. in the game despite the latter 's on - field behavior resulting in a slew of personal foul penalties . On January 4 , 2016 , Coughlin resigned from his position as head coach for the Giants . In a statement released by the Giants that day , Coughlin wrote , `` I met with John Mara and Steve Tisch this afternoon , and I informed them that it is in the best interest of the organization that I step down as head coach . I strongly believe the time is right for me and my family , and as I said , the Giants organization . '' The Giants finished the 2015 season at 6 -- 10 , their third straight losing season and a fourth straight season without a playoff appearance . It was later revealed that Coughlin was actually forced to step down by the Giants organization . Return to the Jacksonville Jaguars ( edit ) Following his forced resignation as head coach of the Giants , Coughlin took an executive position with the Jacksonville Jaguars where he currently serves as executive vice president of football operations . In January 2018 , the Jaguars reached the AFC Championship for the first time since he was the head coach of the Jaguars in 1999 . Personal life ( edit ) Coughlin is the oldest of seven children . He and his wife Judy have two daughters , Keli and Katie , and two sons , Brian and Tim . He has eleven grandchildren . Coughlin is a practicing Roman Catholic . While with the Giants , Coughlin has been a resident of Park Ridge , New Jersey . While on a USO -- NFL coaches tour to Iraq in 2009 , Coughlin and fellow coaches Jeff Fisher , Jon Gruden , Bill Cowher and John Harbaugh stayed in one of Saddam Hussein 's former palaces . In 2012 , Coughlin was awarded the third highest honor within the Department of the Army Civilian Awards , the Outstanding Civilian Service Award , for substantial contributions to the U.S. Army community while serving as the New York Giants Coach . In July 2016 , Coughlin was hired to be a senior advisor to the NFL 's football operations department , and on November 14 , 2016 , during half time of the game between the Giants and the Cincinnati Bengals at MetLife Stadium , Coughlin was inducted into the Giants ' `` Ring of Honor '' . In January 2017 , it was revealed that Coughlin had been re-hired by the Jacksonville Jaguars to be the team 's executive vice president for football operations . In July 2017 , Coughlin was awarded the Arents Award which is Syracuse University 's highest alumni honor . Foundation ( edit ) Coughlin created the Jay Fund , officially the Tom Coughlin Jay Fund Foundation in 1996 while coaching at Jacksonville , Florida . The foundation is named after Jay McGillis , a Boston College player who had been diagnosed with and died from leukemia during Coughlin 's tenure as head coach . The non-profit organization is devoted to assisting `` children with leukemia and other cancers and their families by providing emotional and financial support to help reduce the stress associated with treatment and improve their quality of life '' , according to the foundation 's mission statement . As of early 2017 , the fund had disbursed in excess of $8 million while assisting over 4,000 families of children with cancer . Head coaching record ( edit ) Coughlin at the New York Giants Super Bowl Ticker Tape parade in New York City Feb 5 , 2008 College ( edit ) Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl / playoffs Coaches AP RIT Tigers ( Empire 8 ) ( 1970 -- 1973 ) RIT : 16 -- 15 -- 2 Boston College Eagles ( Big East Conference ) ( 1991 -- 1993 ) 1991 Boston College 4 -- 7 2 -- 4 7th Boston College 8 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 -- 1 3rd L Hall of Fame 21 21 Boston College 9 -- 3 5 -- 2 3rd W Carquest 12 13 Boston College : 21 -- 13 -- 1 9 -- 7 -- 1 Total : 37 -- 28 -- 3 Rankings from final Coaches Poll . Rankings from final AP Poll . NFL ( edit ) Team Year Regular season Postseason Won Lost Ties Win % Finish Won Lost Win % Result JAX 1995 12 0 . 250 5th in AFC Central -- -- -- -- JAX 9 7 0 . 563 2nd in AFC Central . 667 Lost to New England Patriots in AFC Championship Game . JAX 11 5 0 . 688 2nd in AFC Central 0 . 000 Lost to Denver Broncos in AFC Wild Card Game . JAX 1998 11 5 0 . 688 1st in AFC Central . 500 Lost to New York Jets in AFC Divisional Game . JAX 1999 14 0 . 875 1st in AFC Central . 500 Lost to Tennessee Titans in AFC Championship Game . JAX 2000 7 9 0 . 438 4th in AFC Central -- -- -- -- JAX 6 10 0 . 375 5th in AFC Central -- -- -- -- JAX 2002 6 10 0 . 375 3rd in AFC South -- -- -- -- JAX total 68 60 0 . 531 . 500 NYG 6 10 0 . 375 2nd in NFC East -- -- -- -- NYG 2005 11 5 0 . 688 1st in NFC East 0 . 000 Lost to Carolina Panthers in NFC Wild Card Game . NYG 2006 8 8 0 . 500 3rd in NFC East 0 . 000 Lost to Philadelphia Eagles in NFC Wild Card Game . NYG 2007 10 6 0 . 625 2nd in NFC East 0 1.000 Super Bowl XLII Champions . NYG 2008 12 0 . 750 1st in NFC East 0 . 000 Lost to Philadelphia Eagles in NFC Divisional Game . NYG 2009 8 8 0 . 500 3rd in NFC East -- -- -- -- NYG 10 6 0 . 625 2nd in NFC East -- -- -- -- NYG 2011 9 7 0 . 563 1st in NFC East 0 1.000 Super Bowl XLVI Champions . NYG 2012 9 7 0 . 563 2nd in NFC East -- -- -- -- NYG 2013 7 9 0 . 438 3rd in NFC East -- -- -- -- NYG 2014 6 10 0 . 375 3rd in NFC East -- -- -- -- NYG 2015 6 10 0 . 375 3rd in NFC East -- -- -- -- NYG total 102 90 0 . 531 8 . 727 Total 170 150 0 . 531 12 7 . 632 Coaching tree ( edit ) NFL head coaches under whom Coughlin has served : Marion Campbell : Philadelphia Eagles ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Forrest Gregg : Green Bay Packers ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Bill Parcells : New York Giants ( 1988 -- 1990 ) Assistant coaches under Coughlin who became NFL head coaches : Dom Capers : Houston Texans ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Kevin Gilbride : San Diego Chargers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Dick Jauron : Chicago Bears ( 1999 -- 2003 ) , Buffalo Bills ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Lane Kiffin : Oakland Raiders ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Ben McAdoo : New York Giants ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Bobby Petrino : Atlanta Falcons ( 2007 ) Steve Spagnuolo : St. Louis Rams ( 2009 -- 2011 ) New York Giants ( 2017 ) Tony Sparano : Miami Dolphins ( 2008 -- 2011 ) , Oakland Raiders ( 2014 ) Assistant coaches under Coughlin who became NCAA head coaches : John Bonamego : Central Michigan Chippewas ( 2015 -- present ) Gary Crowton : Louisiana Tech Bulldogs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) , Brigham Young Cougars ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Randy Edsall : Connecticut Huskies ( 1999 -- 2010 , 2017 -- present ) , Maryland Terrapins ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Paul Haynes : Kent State Golden Flashes ( 2013 -- current ) Lane Kiffin : Tennessee Volunteers ( 2009 ) , USC Trojans ( 2010 -- 2013 ) , Florida Atlantic Owls ( 2017 - current ) Bobby Petrino : Louisville Cardinals ( 2003 -- 2006 ; 2014 -- current ) , Arkansas Razorbacks ( 2008 -- 2011 ) , Western Kentucky Hilltoppers ( 2013 ) Matt Rhule : Temple Owls football ( 2013 -- 2016 ) , Baylor Bears ( 2017 -- current ) See also ( edit ) History of the New York Giants ( 1994 -- present ) List of National Football League head coaches with 50 wins References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Q & A : Tom Coughlin ' 68 , G'69 : Syracuse University Magazine '' . sumagazine.syr.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Newberry , Paul ( 2008 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Kinder , gentler and now a champion -- Coughlin makes his mark '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Myers , Gary ( 2013 - 08 - 03 ) . `` As Bill Parcells enters Football Hall , Tom Coughlin 's resume displays Fame appeal '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ Katzkowitz , Josh . Jags owner Weaver regrets firing Coughlin Archived December 25 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... CBSSports.com , 2011 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Coughlin Snubs Barber '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Raanan , Jordan ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Coughlin gets contract extended by Giants through 2016 '' . NJ.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Office of the Press Secretary ( April 30 , 2008 ) . `` President Bush Welcomes Super Bowl XLII Champion New York Giants to White House '' . The White House . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Branch , John ( March 8 , 2008 ) . `` Coughlin Signs Deal to Coach for 4 Years '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Coughlin 's new contract puts him among NFL 's highest - paid coaches '' . ESPN . March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants ' Tom Coughlin gets extension through 2012 -- ESPN New York '' . Espn.go.com. 2011 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Vacchiano , Ralph ( January 6 , 2012 ) . `` How Coughlin rescued Giants and himself '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ `` Tom Coughlin gets contract extension from New York Giants '' . Staten Island Advance . Associated Press . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hojnacki , Sean ( 2012 - 06 - 06 ) . `` NY Giants Should Make Tom Coughlin Their Head Coach in Perpetuity '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Debate : Does Tom Coughlin Deserve to Be Fired as New York Giants Head Coach ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Tony Romo , Cowboys scrape past Giants with late drive '' . USA Today . November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Coughlin agrees to a one - year extension with Giants '' . Pro Football Talk . 2014 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Banks , Don ( 2015 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Week 15 Snaps : Instant classic shows Panthers , Giants could n't be less alike '' . SI.com . Jump up ^ `` Statement from Tom Coughlin '' . Giants.com . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Ebenezer ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Tom Coughlin steps down as Giants head coach after 12 seasons '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ Orr , Connor ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Coughlin : ' I 'm not necessarily done with coaching ' '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Tom Coughlin admits that the Giants forced him out as coach '' . CBS Sports . New York . Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/2017/1/9/14100748/tom-coughlin-jaguars-hired-executive-football-operations Jump up ^ Breig , James . `` The Tom Coughlin Few People Know '' , St. Anthony Messenger , January , 2013 . Accessed January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Jeff . `` Signed And Ready : Park Ridge 's Tom Coughlin agrees to contract extension with Giants '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , July 27 , 2011 . Accessed September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coughlin , Tom . `` It 's All About the Team '' . USO.org . USO . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Coughlin will be a `` senior advisor '' to NFL football operations `` . profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Pat ( November 14 , 2016 ) `` Tom Coughlin makes most of time at Giants ' Ring of Honor ceremony '' New York Daily News Jump up ^ DiRocco , Mike ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Do n't be late : Tom Coughlin takes control even before he 's introduced '' . expn.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Four Accomplished Alumni to Receive Arents Awards During Orange Central '' . SU News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jay Fund website , History Jump up ^ Kerr , Jessie - Lynne . `` Coughlin : Jay Fund 's future is now '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Super ' coach started with Tigers '' . RIT University Magazine . 2012 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Tom Coughlin at Wikimedia Commons Links to related articles RIT Tigers head football coaches Tom Coughlin ( 1970 -- 1973 ) Lou Spiotti ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Boston College Eagles head football coaches Joseph Drum ( 1893 ) William Nagle ( 1894 ) Joseph Lawless ( 1895 ) Frank Carney ( 1896 ) John Dunlop ( 1897 -- 1899 ) No team ( 1900 ) John Dunlop ( 1901 ) Arthur White ( 1902 ) No team ( 1903 -- 1907 ) Joe Reilly & Joe Kenney ( 1908 ) Thomas H. Maguire ( 1909 ) James Hart ( 1910 ) Joseph Courtney ( 1911 ) William Joy ( 1912 -- 1913 ) Stephen Mahoney ( 1914 -- 1915 ) Charles Brickley ( 1916 -- 1917 ) Frank Morrissey ( 1918 ) Frank Cavanaugh ( 1919 -- 1926 ) D. Leo Daley ( 1927 ) Joe McKenney ( 1928 -- 1934 ) Dinny McNamara ( 1935 ) Harry Downes # ( 1935 ) Gil Dobie ( 1936 -- 1938 ) Frank Leahy ( 1939 -- 1940 ) Denny Myers ( 1941 -- 1942 ) Moody Sarno # ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Denny Myers ( 1946 -- 1950 ) Mike Holovak ( 1951 -- 1959 ) Ernie Hefferle ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Jim Miller ( 1962 -- 1967 ) Joe Yukica ( 1968 -- 1977 ) Ed Chlebek ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Jack Bicknell ( 1981 -- 1990 ) Tom Coughlin ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Dan Henning ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Tom O'Brien ( 1997 -- 2006 ) Frank Spaziani # ( 2006 ) Jeff Jagodzinski ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Frank Spaziani ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Steve Addazio ( 2013 -- ) Pound sign ( # ) denotes interim head coach . Jacksonville Jaguars head coaches Tom Coughlin ( 1995 -- 2002 ) Jack Del Rio ( 2003 -- 2011 ) Mel Tucker # ( 2011 ) Mike Mularkey ( 2012 ) Gus Bradley ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Doug Marrone ( 2016 -- ) Pound sign ( # ) denotes interim head coach . New York Giants head coaches Bob Folwell ( 1925 ) Doc Alexander ( 1926 ) Earl Potteiger ( 1927 -- 1928 ) LeRoy Andrews ( 1929 -- 1930 ) Benny Friedman ( 1930 ) Steve Owen ( 1931 -- 1953 ) Jim Lee Howell ( 1954 -- 1960 ) Allie Sherman ( 1961 -- 1968 ) Alex Webster ( 1969 -- 1973 ) Bill Arnsparger ( 1974 -- 1976 ) John McVay ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Ray Perkins ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Bill Parcells ( 1983 -- 1990 ) Ray Handley ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Dan Reeves ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Jim Fassel ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Tom Coughlin ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Ben McAdoo ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Steve Spagnuolo # ( 2017 ) Pat Shurmur ( 2018 -- ) Pound sign ( # ) denotes interim head coach Jacksonville Jaguars 1995 inaugural season roster 1 Mike Hollis 4 Bryan Barker 7 Steve Beuerlein 8 Mark Brunell 11 Rob Johnson 20 Chris Hudson 21 Deral Boykin 21 Tommy Johnson 23 Randy Jordan 24 Harry Colon 25 Mickey Washington 26 Rogerick Green 27 Vinnie Clark 28 Monty Grow 29 Darren Carrington 30 Darren Studstill 32 Vaughn Dunbar 33 James Stewart 34 Reggie Cobb 35 Le'Shai Maston 36 Ryan Christopherson 38 Mike Dumas 40 Gordon Laro 41 Dave Thomas 45 Travis Davis 50 Tom Myslinski 51 Mark Williams 52 Brant Boyer 53 Santo Stephens 54 Keith Goganious 55 Tom McManus 56 Jeff Lageman 58 Bryan Schwartz 59 Reggie Clark 62 Ben Coleman 63 Frank Cornish 65 Bronzell Miller 66 Shawn Bouwens 67 Jeff Novak 68 Bruce Wilkerson 69 Eugene Chung 71 Tony Boselli 73 Brian DeMarco 78 Greg Huntington 79 Dave Widell 80 Willie Jackson 81 Desmond Howard 82 Jimmy Smith 83 Pete Mitchell 84 Ernest Givins 85 Rich Griffith 87 Cedric Tillman 88 Craig Keith 89 Curtis Marsh Sr . 90 James Williams 91 Paul Frase 92 Don Davey 93 Ernie Logan 94 Kelvin Pritchett 95 Mike Thompson 96 Bernard Carter 96 Ashley Sheppard 97 Ray Hall 98 Corey Mayfield 99 Joel Smeenge Brad Goebel Mazio Royster Head coach : Tom Coughlin Assistant coaches : Joe Baker Pete Carmichael Randy Edsall Kevin Gilbride Jeff Hurd Jerald Ingram Dick Jauron Mike Maser Jerry Palmieri Larry Pasquale John Pease Lucious Selmon Steve Szabo New York Giants Super Bowl XXV champions 2 Raul Allegre 3 Matt Stover 5 Sean Landeta 6 Matt Cavanaugh 9 Matt Bahr 11 Phil Simms 15 Jeff Hostetler 21 Reyna Thompson 22 Lee Rouson 23 Perry Williams 24 Ottis Anderson ( MVP ) 25 Mark Collins 26 Dave Duerson 27 Rodney Hampton 28 Everson Walls 29 Myron Guyton 30 Dave Meggett 34 Lewis Tillman 43 David Whitmore 44 Maurice Carthon 46 Roger Brown 47 Greg Jackson 51 Bobby Abrams 52 Pepper Johnson 55 Gary Reasons 56 Lawrence Taylor 57 Larry McGrew 58 Carl Banks 59 Brian Williams 60 Eric Moore 61 Bob Kratch 64 Tom Rehder 65 Bart Oates 66 William Roberts 70 Leonard Marshall 72 Doug Riesenberg 73 John Washington 74 Erik Howard 76 Jumbo Elliott 77 Eric Dorsey 80 Bob Mrosko 81 Stacy Robinson 82 Mark Ingram 83 Odessa Turner 84 Troy Kyles 85 Stephen Baker 86 Lionel Manuel 87 Howard Cross 89 Mark Bavaro 93 Mike Fox 98 Johnie Cooks 99 Steve DeOssie Head coach : Bill Parcells Coaches : Bill Belichick Romeo Crennel Tom Coughlin Ron Erhardt Al Groh Ray Handley Fred Hoaglin Johnny Parker Mike Pope Mike Sweatman Bob Trott Charlie Weis New York Giants Super Bowl XLII champions 2 Anthony Wright 9 Lawrence Tynes 10 Eli Manning ( MVP ) 12 Steve Smith 13 Jared Lorenzen 15 Michael Jennings 17 Plaxico Burress 18 Jeff Feagles 20 Jim Finn 22 Reuben Droughns 23 Corey Webster 24 Robert Douglas 25 R.W. McQuarters 26 DJ Ware 27 Brandon Jacobs 28 Gibril Wilson 29 Sam Madison 30 Craig Dahl 31 Aaron Ross 33 Geoff Pope 34 Derrick Ward 35 Kevin Dockery 37 James Butler 39 Madison Hedgecock 43 Michael Johnson 44 Ahmad Bradshaw 51 Zak DeOssie 52 Tank Daniels 53 Reggie Torbor 55 Kawika Mitchell 57 Chase Blackburn 58 Antonio Pierce 59 Gerris Wilkinson 60 Shaun O'Hara 61 Adam Koets 65 Grey Ruegamer 66 David Diehl 67 Kareem McKenzie 69 Rich Seubert 70 Na'Shan Goddard 71 Dave Tollefson 72 Osi Umenyiora 75 Manuel Wright 76 Chris Snee 77 Kevin Boothe 77 Dek Bake 79 Guy Whimper 80 Jeremy Shockey 81 Amani Toomer 82 Brandon London 83 Sinorice Moss 84 Darcy Johnson 85 David Tyree 86 Jerome Collins 87 Domenik Hixon 88 Michael Matthews 89 Kevin Boss 90 Ryan Kuehl 91 Justin Tuck 92 Michael Strahan 93 Jay Alford 94 William Joseph 95 Adrian Awasom 96 Barry Cofield 97 Mathias Kiwanuka 98 Fred Robbins 99 Russell Davis -- Kay - Jay Harris -- Todd Lowber -- Jason Bell Head coach : Tom Coughlin Coaches : Andre Curtis Dave DeGuglielmo Pat Flaherty Kevin Gilbride Peter Giunta Jerald Ingram David Merritt Chris Palmer Mike Pope Tom Quinn Sean Ryan Bill Sheridan Steve Spagnuolo Mike Sullivan Mike Waufle Markus Paul New York Giants Super Bowl XLVI champions 5 Steve Weatherford 8 David Carr 9 Lawrence Tynes 10 Eli Manning ( MVP ) 12 Jerrel Jernigan 13 Ramses Barden 15 Devin Thomas 17 Ryan Perrilloux 18 Isaiah Stanback 19 Dan DePalma 20 Prince Amukamara 21 Kenny Phillips 22 Derrick Martin 23 Corey Webster 24 Terrell Thomas 25 Bruce Johnson 26 Antrel Rolle 27 Brandon Jacobs 28 DJ Ware 29 Brian Witherspoon 30 Justin Tryon 31 Aaron Ross 33 Da'Rel Scott 34 Deon Grant 35 Andre Brown 36 Will Blackmon 37 Michael Coe 39 Tyler Sash 41 Brandon Bing 44 Ahmad Bradshaw 45 Henry Hynoski 47 Travis Beckum 48 Christian Hopkins 51 Zak DeOssie 52 Clint Sintim 53 Greg Jones 54 Jonathan Goff 55 Spencer Paysinger 57 Jacquian Williams 58 Mark Herzlich 59 Michael Boley 60 Selvish Capers 62 Mitch Petrus 63 Jim Cordle 64 David Baas 65 Will Beatty 66 David Diehl 67 Kareem McKenzie 69 Justin Trattou 70 Tony Ugoh 71 Dave Tollefson 72 Osi Umenyiora 73 Jimmy Kennedy 74 Dwayne Hendricks 76 Chris Snee 77 Kevin Boothe 78 Stacy Andrews 79 James Brewer 80 Victor Cruz 82 Mario Manningham 83 Michael Clayton 85 Jake Ballard 86 Bear Pascoe 87 Domenik Hixon 88 Hakeem Nicks 90 Jason Pierre - Paul 91 Justin Tuck 93 Chase Blackburn 94 Mathias Kiwanuka 95 Rocky Bernard 96 Marvin Austin 97 Linval Joseph 98 Adrian Tracy 99 Chris Canty Head coach : Tom Coughlin Coaches : Jack Bicknell Jr . Perry Fewell Pat Flaherty Kevin Gilbride Kevin Gilbride , Jr . 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4454038924845454883 | Jennifer Jareau | Jennifer Jareau - wikipedia Jennifer Jareau Jennifer Jareau Criminal Minds character A.J. Cook as Jennifer Jareau First appearance `` Compulsion '' 1x02 , September 28 , 2005 Created by Jeff Davis Portrayed by A.J. Cook Information Nickname ( s ) JJ , Jen ( By Spencer Reid ) Occupation FBI Special Agent Conditional Unit Chief ( formerly ) Communications Liaison ( formerly ) Title FBI BAU Supervisory Special Agent Family Rosaline Jareau ( sister , deceased ) Unnamed niece Sandy Jareau ( mother ) Unnamed sibling Unnamed aunt Significant other ( s ) William LaMontagne ( Husband ) Children Henry Jareau LaMontagne Michael Jareau LaMontagne Seasons 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau is a fictional character from the CBS crime drama Criminal Minds , portrayed by A.J. Cook . Contents 1 Character background 2 Storylines 2.1 Promotion to Pentagon and brief return 2.2 Return to the BAU 2.3 Relationships and family 3 Characterization 3.1 Fears and obsessions 4 References 5 External links Character background ( edit ) During various episodes , Jareau has described growing up in a small town near Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . When she was eleven , her seventeen - year - old sister Rosaline committed suicide by cutting . Rosaline 's death was a particularly painful topic for her and she initially chose not to tell her young son about Rosaline , until her mother Sandy reminded her that avoidance was not the solution to dealing with the pain . A high school athlete , Jareau graduated valedictorian from East Allegheny High School , where she was the captain of the varsity soccer team her senior year and earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Pittsburgh . She also attended Georgetown , presumably for graduate studies . JJ decided to join the FBI after attending a book reading by BAU founder and then - Unit Chief Agent David Rossi . She once told Rossi that she had not known what to do with her life until she listened to his reading , which was held in the campus bookstore during her senior year in college . The next fall , she applied to the FBI Academy . Storylines ( edit ) In the FBI 's Behavioral Analysis Unit ( BAU ) , JJ acted as the team 's liaison with the media and local police agencies . Though talented and helpful , she was not actually a profiler , having once declined Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner 's suggestion to take the necessary classes in behavioral analysis . She works mostly out of the confines of the police stations and field offices the team visits . However , she does accompany the team on raids , and is proficient with firearms . This is made particularly clear when JJ resolves a hostage situation inside the BAU by killing the hostage - taker , Jason Clark Battle , with a single shot ( Battle is a serial perpetrator of hero homicide , who lured Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia onto a date , and then shot her , in an attempt to keep his crimes from being discovered ) . During season six , JJ is given a promotion to the Pentagon ; however , she returns in season seven as a full - time profiler , having received the necessary training . In season 9 ( `` 200 '' ) , she is then kidnapped , and it is revealed that her year as the DOD Liaison at the Pentagon was a cover story . It turns out she was on a task force in Afghanistan , in search for Bin Laden . The team saves her , and in season 10 , it is revealed she has PTSD , and has n't been dealing with her ordeal being tortured when she was kidnapped , as well as 2 main events that happened when she was in Afghanistan , one of which includes her having a miscarriage , after a convoy was attacked . She tries to work through it with the help of Reid , who calls her on it when she disappears into the morgue one day , for almost a half - hour , after seeing herself on the table , in place of the victim . Promotion to Pentagon and brief return ( edit ) It is revealed in `` JJ '' , that JJ had twice rejected a promotion to The Pentagon and hid the offers from her superiors . However , she is finally forced to transfer by `` the brass '' . JJ 's departure reflects that Cook was let go at the beginning of season six , for financial reasons relating to the premiere of the spin - off Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior . JJ 's time at the Pentagon was revealed in depth in season nine . Cook later returned for the departure of Paget Brewster ( Agent Emily Prentiss ) . In the episode titled `` Lauren '' , JJ receives a call and returns to help the BAU find Emily and capture Ian Doyle . The episode ends with Emily presumed dead after being stabbed with a broken chair leg in the stomach . It is later revealed that Emily is alive and in Paris with JJ 's help , providing her passports from three different countries and a bank account in each `` to keep her comfortable '' . In the season six finale , JJ returns in order to tell David Rossi that she is `` coming back '' . In `` 200 '' , it was revealed that JJ 's transfer was a backstop and that she was actually put on a task force in the Middle East with Mateo Cruz ( who later became the section chief of the BAU following Strauss 's death ) . During this time , she witnessed a mission she had pushed for fail and discovered one of the task force 's informants dead . In February 2011 , while overseas , she discovered that she was pregnant . However , in April 2011 , following the events of `` Lauren '' , during an attack on the task force , she was wounded and miscarried the baby . She did n't initially tell Will of the pregnancy , and it remained a secret between her and Cruz . In `` The Forever People '' , when she starts showing signs of PTSD , Reid calls her on it , and he tries to help her and talk to her . She eventually admits she had a miscarriage due to the attack on her convoy , and asks him to keep it between them . Return to the BAU ( edit ) The season seven premiere reveals that JJ has returned to the Behavioral Analysis Unit , having received the training to become a full - time profiler , instead of the Media Liaison , a position which has been split between Hotch and Garcia . She is initially against summoning Prentiss `` back from the dead , '' but Hotch insists on telling the team the truth . Also , she learns Reid is emotionally hurt by her deception , as she knew he cried for ten weeks after losing Prentiss and she never said a word , and Reid revealed he considered taking Dilaudid again . In season nine , the events during her departure in 2010 -- 11 returned when Mateo Cruz was promoted to Section Chief . In `` The Road Home '' , while waiting to meet Cruz , she is suddenly kidnapped . In `` 200 '' , it is revealed that she was kidnapped by a man named Tivon Askari , who was a traitor in the task force , in order to access files from her mission in the Middle East . She was held hostage alongside Cruz and was tortured into giving up the code . She discovered that Askari was not working alone when he mentioned her miscarriage , revealing the true enemy to be Michael Hastings , a man she worked with on the task force . He threatened to rape JJ in order to get Cruz to give up his access code . She is rescued by Hotch and Prentiss , and she proceeds to chase after Hastings . Prentiss accompanies her and they both take on Hastings , resulting in Hastings falling off a roof to his death . JJ is left traumatized by the situation and promises to stop the lies and give only the truth . A year after her kidnapping and torture , she starts experiencing PTSD , something that Reid notices . When she is confronted by him , she asks him to provide a term to describe her situation , saying that it 's more than PTSD . She breaks down and reveals the source of her PTSD to be Tivon Askari and reveals her miscarriage to Reid . She later takes an extremely large risk against an UnSub in a room with a gas leak , which could have resulted the deaths of herself , the UnSub , and a hostage . Reid approaches her in the BAU to tell her that while he could n't find a term to describe JJ 's condition , he called Emily and managed to obtain Askari 's file , revealing his background of his life on the streets of Tikrit , Iraq , and his criminal background . JJ unknowingly hallucinates Askari in the room with her . He taunts her and tells her that he wants to watch her kill herself . He also tells her that he will take her sleep , her smile , and her safety away , as well as change her so that her husband and son wo n't even recognise her . He explains that the memories will eventually take away everything she holds dear , but JJ snarls a harsh `` No '' to Askari before realizing it was all a hallucination . Relationships and family ( edit ) JJ is married to Detective William `` Will '' LaMontagne . They have two sons Henry and Michael . As of season 13 she and Matt Simmons are the only members of the BAU who are married with children . Prior to her courtship and marriage to Will , JJ displayed little interest in dating . She once went on a date with Spencer Reid to a Washington Redskins game , but little came of it romantically , although the two became very good friends . In the season 2 episode `` Jones '' , JJ first meets William `` Will '' LaMontagne , Jr. a NOPD detective whom the team worked with while in New Orleans after a serial killer presumed dead following Hurricane Katrina resurfaces . It is revealed the following season that he and JJ had been seeing each other for the past year but kept it a secret as she wanted to keep her personal life away from the prying eyes of her colleagues , which Will initially misunderstood as her being ashamed of their relationship . When she finally reveals their relationship by kissing him goodbye in her office with the blinds open , it is apparent that her colleagues already knew about them . In `` The Crossing '' , JJ told Will that she was pregnant with his child . He later asked her to marry him , and indicated that he was willing to give up his detective 's shield in order to help take care of the baby and allow JJ to continue to do her job , though he was worried about her safety and the safety of their child . JJ later told Hotch she had found a temporary replacement for the duration of her maternity leave , and soon after gave birth to a baby boy named Henry . Will transfers to the MPDC , and the family live together in Washington . In later seasons , toddler Henry is portrayed by actress A.J. Cook 's real - life son Mekhai Andersen . JJ and Will named Reid and Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia as Henry 's godparents . When JJ returned from maternity leave , she and Will had exchanged rings with Henry 's birthstone , but did not seem to be officially engaged , as she wore her ring on her right hand , not the left . In the season seven finale , JJ tearfully asked Will to propose to her again , and they married the following evening in a small ceremony in David Rossi 's backyard . Characterization ( edit ) JJ is very loyal to her family and friends , as well as very protective . She is also known to be a crack shot . This was demonstrated in many episodes such as `` Nanny Dearest '' by shooting a fleeing suspect in the head at a faraway distance . In `` Revelations '' , she killed numerous flesh eating dogs in a dark barn . In `` Penelope '' , she kills Garcia 's attacker by shooting him directly between the eyes precisely as he turns around to find JJ behind him . Despite her petite frame , she is very athletic and has shown herself to be able to hold her own even if disarmed . In the season 7 finale , she manages to physically fight off a stronger and taller suspect who had tried to kill Will and took their son Henry hostage . She is best friends with Spencer ( and is the only one who calls him `` Spence '' ) , Penelope , and Emily . Fears and obsessions ( edit ) In `` The Boogeyman '' , JJ reveals that she is afraid of the woods . When agents Derek Morgan and Dr. Spencer Reid ask her why , she tells them a chilling story about working as a summer camp counselor and discovering her boss 's murdered body in his cabin . After telling the story , she admits she was joking , and says she does n't know why she is afraid of the woods . In the same episode , JJ also states that she has a niece who , at the time , is about 8 years old . When she and Reid unexpectedly came across serial killer Tobias Hankel in the episode `` The Big Game '' , and split up to apprehend the suspect , JJ walked into a dark barn and was attacked by several attack dogs . Although JJ shot and killed the dogs , saving her own life , Reid was abducted by Hankel in the meantime , and would later be tortured and almost killed by Hankel before the BAU team was able to rescue him . After this traumatic experience , it appears that JJ developed a fear of dogs . In the episode `` Penelope '' , it 's announced that JJ has never shot someone until she shot the man who had attempted to kill , and who continued to threaten the life of , Penelope Garcia . She also seems to have a slight obsession with Cheetos . She can be seen eating them often , and it was implied that her online Scrabble handle was `` Cheeto - breath '' when she was playing Emily ( who was hiding in Paris at the time ) . In `` Mr. Scratch '' , JJ tells Hotch that her worst fear as a child was being separated from her parents . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` If the Shoe Fits '' . Criminal Minds . Season 10 . Episode 6 . November 5 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Route 66 '' . Criminal Minds . Season 9 . Episode 5 . October 23 , 2013 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Painless '' . Criminal Minds . Season 7 . Episode 4 . October 12 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ CBS Corporation . `` About Criminal Minds - CBS.com '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` North Mammon '' . Criminal Minds . Season 2 . Episode 7 . November 1 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ' Criminal Minds ' update : Cook and Brewster returning -- but for how long ? Jump up ^ A.J. Cook Returns to ' Criminal Minds ' for Paget Brewster 's Final Episode Jump up ^ `` In Heat '' . Criminal Minds . Season 3 . Episode 17 . April 30 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Crossing '' . Criminal Minds . Season 3 . Episode 18 . May 7 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Lo - Fi '' . Criminal Minds . Season 3 . Episode 20 . May 21 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Catching Out '' . Criminal Minds . Season 4 . Episode 5 . October 29 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Memoriam '' . Criminal Minds . Season 4 . Episode 7 . November 12 , 2008 . CBS . External links ( edit ) Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Tara Lewis Matt Simmons Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Jareau&oldid=865955817 '' Categories : Criminal Minds characters Fictional characters of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Fictional characters from Pittsburgh Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 08 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what episode does jj announce she's pregnant | [
"In \"The Crossing\",[10] JJ told Will that she was pregnant with his child. He later asked her to marry him, and indicated that he was willing to give up his detective's shield in order to help take care of the baby and allow JJ to continue to do her job, though he was worried about her safety and the safety of their child.[11] JJ later told Hotch she had found a temporary replacement for the duration of her maternity leave,[12] and soon after gave birth to a baby boy named Henry. Will transfers to the MPDC, and the family live together in Washington.[13] In later seasons, toddler Henry is portrayed by actress A. J. Cook's real-life son Mekhai Andersen. JJ and Will named Reid and Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia as Henry's godparents. When JJ returned from maternity leave, she and Will had exchanged rings with Henry's birthstone, but did not seem to be officially engaged, as she wore her ring on her right hand, not the left. In the season seven finale, JJ tearfully asked Will to propose to her again, and they married the following evening in a small ceremony in David Rossi's backyard.\n"
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"The Crossing"
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6335444822107197410 | Instant replay in Major League Baseball | Instant replay in Major League Baseball - wikipedia Instant replay in Major League Baseball Jump to : navigation , search Umpires in St. Louis await the ruling . Major League Baseball ( MLB ) allows the use of instant replay review to allow league officials to review certain types of plays in order to determine the accuracy of the initial call of the umpires on the field . Reviews may be initiated either by a team 's manager with limitations or by the umpires themselves . All instant - replay reviews are examined by an umpire at the Replay Command Center in New York City , who has the final decision as to whether to uphold or overturn the initial call . MLB was the last of the four major North American professional sports leagues to implement an instant replay review system . Instant replay review was first implemented during the 2008 season . Under that system , only the umpire crew chief could initiate a review , and one or more members of the umpiring crew would review the video at the stadium and render the decision to uphold or overturn the call . Only boundary home run calls could be reviewed , either if the initial call was a home run but might not have been ( e.g. , spectator interference or a foul ball near the foul pole ) or if the initial call was not a home run but might have been ( e.g. , the ball hit an object such as a railing beyond the outfield wall and then bounced back onto the field ) . The current instant replay system was implemented in the 2014 season . Under the current system each manager is allotted one challenge per game , with additional challenges granted only if the previous one was successful . From the eighth inning on , the umpire crew chief is allowed to initiate his own replay review . The umpire crew chief is also allowed to initiate a review during any inning if the play in question is a boundary home run call . Contents ( hide ) 1 Procedure 2 Background 2.1 2008 2.2 2009 2.2. 1 World Baseball Classic 2.2. 2 MLB Season and Post-Season 2.3 2011 2.4 2013 2.5 Changes for 2014 2.5. 1 2013 Arizona Fall League Testing 2.6 Expanded replay approved for 2014 2.7 Changes for 2015 3 References Procedure ( edit ) The following plays may be subjected to instant replay review : Ground - rule doubles Fan interference calls Boundary calls ( Managers may not , however , challenge home run or potential home run calls , only the crew chief can decide to review home run calls . If an initially signaled home run is overturned it is declared to be a double and the runners each advance two bases . ) Force plays at all bases Tag plays on the base paths , i.e. , whether a runner was tagged or whether the runner touched a base ( an appeal is still required ahead of the latter ) Fair / foul calls on balls hit into the outfield Catch / trap calls on balls hit into the outfield , i.e. , whether an outfielder cleanly caught a ball on the fly or trapped it against his body Time plays , i.e. , whether or not a run scored prior to the third out Whether a runner passed a preceding runner Scorekeeping issues , including the count , number of outs , score , or substitutions Whether a batter was hit by a pitch Interference on double plays To initiate a managers 's challenge , a manager must enter the field of play and verbally tell the umpire he will use his challenge . Teams are allowed to have a replay assistant in the booth watch the replay and talk with a coach via the dugout telephone to decide if the team should challenge the call . A player or coach in the dugout will signal to the manager whether or not to use the challenge . When a play is reviewed , at least two umpires , ( including the crew chief ) will go to an area behind home plate where they will meet a technician . The technician hands the umpires headsets where they can communicate with the umpires at the Replay Command Center in New York City . During the review , the replay may be displayed on the stadium video screen . Once the call is determined , the field technician will leave and the crew chief will signal the final call . If a manager enters the field of play to argue a reviewed call , he will be automatically ejected from the game . Background ( edit ) Instant replay in MLB actually had been used once before in the 1999 season during a Florida Marlins home game at Pro Player Stadium . This was the first instance in which instant replay was utilized in Major League Baseball . While playing the St. Louis Cardinals , Cliff Floyd hit a ball off of the top of the left field scoreboard . Originally ruled a double , then ruled a home run , NL Umpire Frank Pulli reverted the call back to a double , after consulting a TV monitor in the Marlins dugout . The Cardinals won the game , 5 - 2 , and the Marlins protested the use of the TV monitor . The National League Office declared the umpires erred in using instant replay , and the American League Office concurred that instant replay was not to be used in the future . However , the Marlins protest was denied on the grounds that it was a judgment call rather than a rules violation as such , and the play stood . MLB did not use instant replay again for almost a decade . Although not an exact `` instant '' replay , a controversial play in the 1969 World Series involving a J.C. Martin bunt attempt led Commissioner Bowie Kuhn to study the videotape the next day , to assure himself and to announce that a reasonable call had been made by the umpires . Major League Baseball instant replay was instituted on August 28 , 2008 by commissioner Bud Selig . `` I believe that the extraordinary technology that we now have merits the use of instant replay on a very limited basis '' , Commissioner Selig said . `` The system we have in place will ensure that the proper call is made on home run balls and will not cause a significant delay to the game . '' Although MLB was the last of the four major United States professional sports leagues to implement an instant replay review system , replay was used 123 times between August 28 , 2008 and the conclusion of the 2010 season ( with 48 of those instances resulting in overturned calls ) . 2008 ( edit ) Replay made its official , sanctioned MLB debut at Tropicana Field on September 3 , 2008 after Alex Rodriguez of the New York Yankees hit a ball near the left - field foul pole that was initially ruled a home run by third base umpire Brian Runge . Tampa Bay Rays manager Joe Maddon and catcher Dioner Navarro argued that the ball was foul and asked for a review . After a conversation among the umpires , crew chief Charlie Reliford allowed the replay , which was sent by MLB.com logger Dominic Sims , to take place and after review , upheld the home run call . The first instance of an umpire 's call being overturned by instant replay also occurred at Tropicana Field . On September 19 , 2008 , in the bottom of the 4th inning with two men on , Carlos Peña of the Rays hit the ball just over the fence in right field . The umpires originally ruled that there was spectator interference , but after several minutes of viewing replays , the umpires returned to the field and signaled it a home run , extending the Rays ' lead to 9 - 0 at that point . Aside from the two aforementioned reviews at Tampa Bay , review was used five additional times during the 2008 regular season : twice at Houston , and once each at Seattle , San Francisco , and Philadelphia . 2009 ( edit ) World Baseball Classic ( edit ) On March 16 , 2009 , during the 2009 World Baseball Classic , instant replay was requested for the first time in the tournament 's history at Dolphin Stadium to give Venezuela a home run against Puerto Rico . Crew chief Ed Rapuano stated in a postgame press conference that there was never any replay , because the `` war room '' in New York City was unable to send him a replay of the play in question due to technical difficulties . The umpires , two from the United States and two from Japan , then worked with a translator to make a final ruling . Three of the four umpires said they believed it was a home run , and when third - base umpire Hitoshi Watarida was asked by Rapuano if he was `` 110 percent sure '' that it was a home run , Watarida said yes . Nearly 10 minutes after first entering the dugout , the umpires returned to the field and awarded the Venezuelan team with a home run . Instant replay instead made its WBC debut during the 2013 World Baseball Classic as umpires upheld a home run call during a Mexico vs. USA game . MLB season and Postseason ( edit ) On June 19 , 2009 , instant replay was used twice in a game for the first time , during a Detroit Tigers vs. Milwaukee Brewers game . On October 31 , 2009 , instant replay was used for the first time in a World Series , when in the fourth inning of Game 3 of the World Series , Alex Rodriguez hit a ball that bounced off the camera in right field . Initially called as a double , the umpires reviewed the play , and determined that had the camera not been in its location , the ball probably would have left the park , and a home run was awarded to Rodriguez , making the score 3 - 2 . 2011 ( edit ) On June 1 , 2011 , Billy Butler of the Kansas City Royals hit a fly ball to left field in the bottom of the ninth inning of a scoreless game against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim . The ball hit off the fence over the left - field wall and skipped back onto the field . It was ruled a double and Jeff Francoeur held at third . Manager Ned Yost argued that it was a home run . The umpires reviewed it and saw that the ball hit off the back part of the fence and went back onto the field ( Kauffman Stadium 's configuration allows for this play to be officiated as a home run ) . After review , the umpires accordingly ruled home run , granting the Royals a 2 - 0 victory . This was the second walk - off home run reviewed by instant replay in MLB history . On June 29 , 2011 , Jorge Posada of the New York Yankees hit a fly ball to right field . The ball bounced off the wall and a fan reached over to grab it . Originally ruled a base hit , instant replay showed that the fan touched the ball as it bounced back onto the field . After the review , the umpires called it a home run . On August 17 , 2011 , Billy Butler hit a fly ball to left field . It hit off the railing in left . Brett Gardner grabbed the ball when it came back in and threw it into the infield . The umpires called it a home run . Joe Girardi came out to argue . The umpires looked at the review . The replays showed that the ball hit off the wall in left , exited the field and returned ; the call stood , giving Butler his 15th home run of the season . On August 18 , 2011 , Justin Morneau hit a deep fly ball to right field that appeared to go just to the right side of the foul pole for a foul ball . However , the umpires immediately called it a home run . For the second straight night , Joe Girardi came out to argue the call and ask for a review . The umpires reviewed and ruled that the ball did indeed go past the right side of the foul pole , thus calling it a foul ball . Twins manager Ron Gardenhire came out to argue the call and was ejected from the game by home plate umpire Brian O'Nora for arguing a decision to change a call after looking at instant replay , which pursuant to MLB rule , shall result in an automatic ejection . On September 4 , 2011 , Hunter Pence of the Philadelphia Phillies hit a fly ball to deep right field . Originally ruled a live ball , instant replay showed Marlins right fielder Bryan Petersen was interfered with by multiple fans during his opportunity to catch a ball , under Rule 2.00 INTERFERENCE ( d ) ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) . After instant replay review , first base umpire and crew chief Joe West ruled Pence out under the provisions of spectator interference , Rule 3.16 , and sent Phillies baserunner Ryan Howard back to first base . For the second time in less than a month , a manager was ejected arguing the instant replay decision : Charlie Manuel was ejected and elected to play the game under protest . On September 7 , 2011 , MLB VP of Baseball Operations Joe Torre denied the first ever protest associated with authorized instant replay usage . During the 2011 American League Division Series , Robinson Canó of the New York Yankees hit a fly ball to left field . It bounced off the wall and back into play . Cano argued that the ball went over the wall . Instant replay showed that the ball bounced off the wall and narrowly missed a fan , bouncing back into play . Therefore , the call stood . 2013 ( edit ) On May 8 , 2013 , Adam Rosales of the Oakland Athletics hit a game tying home run , but was initially ruled a double , as the ball hit a railing behind the wall in left field and bounced back on the field . Despite video replays clearly indicating a home run , umpire Ángel Hernández upheld the original ruling . Oakland manager Bob Melvin was ejected for arguing and the Cleveland Indians held on to win 4 - 3 . Changes for 2014 ( edit ) Instant replay was not expanded in 2012 , and Executive Vice President of Baseball Operations Joe Torre confirmed that instant replay would again not be expanded in time for Opening Day 2013 , putting off plans for another season . On August 15 , 2013 , Major League Baseball announced that it would expand its video review process for the 2014 season , granting managers one challenge over the first six innings of games and two from the seventh inning until the end of the game . Calls that are challenged would be reviewed by a crew in MLB headquarters in New York City , who make the final ruling . As part of the 2014 collective bargaining agreement between MLB 's owners and players union ( MLBPA ) , and approval by the umpires union ( WUA ) , two additional elements were added to the replay rules . Instant replay was expanded to include fair and foul calls and balls that are caught or trapped by the player catching the ball . It also expanded interference reviews beyond the home run boundary to all walls . 2013 Arizona Fall League testing ( edit ) Following the conclusion of the 2013 World Series , MLB announced it would test expanded instant replay as proposed for 2014 for a week 's slate of games in the Arizona Fall League . During the second inning of the Tuesday , November 5 Solar Sox - Rafters game played at Talking Stick , first base umpire Sean Barber ruled batter CJ Cron out at first base on a close play . Manager Bill Richardson approached plate umpire Hal Gibson to challenge the play , initiating the first video review conducted by off - field umpires and relayed via headset to the plate umpire ; Barber 's out call was upheld after the review . In total , four plays were reviewed during the debut game , with instant replay affirming the umpire 's on - field call all four times . The first overturned call occurred during November 6 's Rafters - Scorpions game when umpires used replay to reverse an out call on a stolen base attempt . The game also featured a rare multi-replay challenge , as video review upheld two umpiring calls in one play -- batter Kyle Kubitza 's touch of second base as well as his slide into third base ahead of a tag . In total , fifteen calls were challenged with three overturned upon instant replay review , resulting in a 20 % overturn rate . Expanded replay approved for 2014 ( edit ) To accommodate the anticipated expansion of instant replay , MLB promoted seven minor league umpires to the full - time major league staff on January 14 , 2014 . Two days later , on January 16 , MLB officially announced the approval of expanded instant replay for use during the 2014 season , whose terms were modified after negotiations with the MLBPA and WUA . According to its terms , managers will be allotted one challenge per game ( two if the first challenge results in an overturned call ) while the umpiring crew chief will be empowered to initiate a review in innings 7 and later . The umpires will also be allowed to review a home run call at any time . Once a call is challenged an umpire requests a video review , fellow umpires in New York 's Replay Operations Center will watch video of the play in question using the `` indisputable video evidence '' standard when deciding whether to overturn a call . The following plays will be reviewable under the system : Ground - rule doubles Fan interference calls Boundary calls ( managers may not , however , challenge home run or potential home run calls ) Force plays at all bases , except whether a middle infielder touched second base during the attempt to `` turn '' a double play Tag plays on the base paths -- whether a runner was tagged or whether the runner touched a base ( an appeal is still required ahead of the latter ) Fair / foul calls on balls hit into the outfield Catch / trap calls on balls hit into the outfield Time plays ( whether or not a run scored prior to the third out ) Whether a runner passed a preceding runner Scorekeeping issues , including the count , number of outs , score or substitutions Judgment calls not specified above , including , but not limited to , pitches called ball or strike , obstruction , interference , the infield fly rule , and checked swings are not reviewable . On March 31 , 2014 , the first instant replay challenge logged was sent by former MLB.com logger Drew `` Cashmere '' Schaefer with the MLB Replay Tech in NYC being Timothy Akins as Chicago Cubs manager Rick Renteria challenged a potential double play in the top of fifth inning against the Pittsburgh Pirates , disputing the call on the field that pitcher Jeff Samardzija was out at first . The umpires confirmed the call on the field , and the Cubs lost the challenge . From announcement of the challenge to confirmation of the call , the process took 1 minute and 40 seconds , longer than MLB 's hope for 60 to 90 seconds per review . Later that day , the first successful challenge took place when Atlanta Braves manager Fredi González challenged the call of a Ryan Braun single . It was overturned to an out in a review that took 58 seconds , although the Braves lost the game to the Milwaukee Brewers 2 - 0 ; coincidentally , former Brewers owner and MLB commissioner Bud Selig was in attendance for the first successful challenge . Moments later , the aforementioned Cubs -- Pirates game had the second overturned call ( and the first in extra innings ) when Emilio Bonifacio was called safe on a pickoff attempt by Bryan Morris . Pirates manager Clint Hurdle successfully challenged the call , and was said to influence the outcome of the game , a 1 - 0 Pirates victory . Finally , the first umpire - initiated review took place in a game between the Oakland Athletics and Cleveland Indians when umpire Mike Winters wanted to confirm that Oakland catcher John Jaso did not unnecessarily block the plate as Michael Brantley attempted to score . As of the 2014 All - Star Break , instant replay was generally well received by managers , players , and umpires . Managers challenged 606 calls , or an average of one every 2.35 games , of which 52 % were overturned . Including situations where umpires request the Replay Operations Center to review a call , 47.7 % of calls are overturned . However , MLB informally allows up to 30 seconds to have the team 's video coordinator signal a call to the manager . When situations where the manager comes out on the field to await a decision from a team video coordinator are included , MLB estimates the percentage of calls overturned decreases to 21 % . The average replay review takes one minute and fifty seconds , which is higher than MLB 's original goal of 90 seconds per review . One side effect has been the addition of 12 new umpires , the most since 1999 , to MLB staff , due to the need to staff the Replay Operations Center with two crews . However , statistics show that umpiring quality has remained constant despite the additions , with four out of the top seven umpires with reversals those who have umpired more than 1,600 games . Changes for 2015 ( edit ) The following changes were made in 2015 : Managers may now invoke instant replay from the dugout and will no longer be required to approach the calling umpire to challenge a call . Managers may hold play from the top step of the dugout by signaling to players and the home plate umpire that he is considering a challenge . A decision can be communicated verbally or with a hand signal . To challenge an inning - ending call , managers will be required to leave the dugout immediately in order to hold the defensive team on the field . Whether a runner left the base early or properly touched a base on a tag - up play will be reviewable . A manager will retain his challenge after every call that is overturned . Last year , a manager retained his challenge only after the first overturned call . A manager must use a challenge in order to review whether a play at home plate included a violation of the rule governing home plate collisions . However , in the event that a manager is out of challenges after the start of the seventh inning , the Crew Chief may still choose to review whether there was a violation of the rule . During Postseason games , regular season tiebreaker games and the All - Star Game , managers will now have two challenges per game . Instant replay will not be utilized during 2015 Spring Training , but it will be in place for exhibition games at Major League ballparks prior to the start of the 2015 regular season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Major League Baseball approves expanded instant replay , managers can challenge up to two calls a game '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ `` MLB clubs unanimously approve expansion of instant replay '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/official_rules/replay_review Jump up ^ http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article/mlb/all-systems-go-with-expanded-instant-replay-for-major-league-baseball?ymd=20140327&content_id=70050812&vkey=news_mlb Jump up ^ `` Marlins object to umps watching TV '' . CNN . June 1 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Marlins ' ' Replay ' Protest Denied '' . Los Angeles Times . June 4 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` NL president : Umpire erred in consulting replay '' . CNN . June 2 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( August 27 , 2008 ) . `` Baseball to Use Replay Review on Homers '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Instant Replay at a Glance '' . October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Instant replay goes off without a hitch '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rays ' Pena shines , receives MLB 's first replay reversal in rout of Twins '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Baseball Classic : Umpires do n't use replay in Classic '' . World Baseball Classic . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Instant Replay Debuts at World Baseball Classic '' , Close Call Sports , March 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ https://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/news?slug=ap-worldseries-videoreview&prov=ap&type=lgns Jump up ^ `` Discussions : Replaying a Home Run '' . Close Call Sports / Umpire Ejection Fantasy League . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ejections : Brian O'Nora ( 1 ) '' . Close Call Sports / Umpire Ejection Fantasy League . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ejections : Joe West ( 7 ) '' . Close Call Sports / Umpire Ejection Fantasy League . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jorge L. ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Blown HR call after replay review leaves A 's furious '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Expanded Replay Not on Par for Opening Day 2013 '' , Close Call Sports / Umpire Ejection Fantasy League , February 19 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` MLB to expand instant replay in 2014 '' . ESPN.com . August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Instant replay testing to be conducted at Arizona Fall League . '' MLB ( Press release ) . November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFL Instant Replay Update : Umpires Perfect in Game 1 . '' Close Call Sports / Umpire Ejection Fantasy League . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFL Instant Replay Update : Video Reverses Call in Game 2 . '' Close Call Sports / Umpire Ejection Fantasy League . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFL Instant Replay : 20 % of Challenged Calls Overturned . '' Close Call Sports / Umpire Ejection Fantasy League . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Imber , Gil . `` Confirmed : MLB Hires 7 New Umpires to Full - Time Staff . '' Close Call Sports / Umpire Ejection Fantasy League . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MLB clubs unanimously approve expansion of instant replay . '' Major League Baseball ( Press Release ) . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MLB on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Baseball launches expanded replay era '' . Yahoo Sports . April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A 's lose major league - record 10th straight Opening Day game '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Paul White , USA TODAY Sports ( July 20 , 2014 ) . `` What are the early returns on MLB instant replay ? '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Press Releases '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . ( hide ) Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instant_replay_in_Major_League_Baseball&oldid=798311123 '' Categories : Baseball rules Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 04 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was instant replay first used in mlb | [
"MLB was the last of the four major North American professional sports leagues to implement an instant replay review system. Instant replay review was first implemented during the 2008 season. Under that system, only the umpire crew chief could initiate a review, and one or more members of the umpiring crew would review the video at the stadium and render the decision to uphold or overturn the call. Only boundary home run calls could be reviewed, either if the initial call was a home run but might not have been (e.g., spectator interference or a foul ball near the foul pole) or if the initial call was not a home run but might have been (e.g., the ball hit an object such as a railing beyond the outfield wall and then bounced back onto the field).[1][2]"
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"2008 season"
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-1619364662754369313 | Knob-and-tube wiring | Knob - and - tube wiring - wikipedia Knob - and - tube wiring Jump to : navigation , search Knob - and - tube wiring in a 1930 home . View looking upwards at upper wall stud bays and nearby ceiling joists Knob - and - tube wiring used in an industrial textile factory . Relevant topics on Electrical Installations Wiring practice by region or country North American practice United Kingdom Practice Regulation of electrical installations BS 7671 UK wiring regulations IEC 60364 IEC international standard Canadian Electrical Code ( CEC ) US National Electrical Code ( NEC ) Cabling and accessories AC power plugs and sockets Cable tray Electrical conduit Mineral - insulated copper - clad cable Multiway switching Steel wire armoured cable Ring circuit Thermoplastic - sheathed cable Switching and protection devices AFCI ELCB Circuit breakers Fuse Residual Current Device ( RCD ) / GFCI ( USA ) Distribution board Consumer unit Electrical switch Earthing system Knob - and - tube wiring ( sometimes abbreviated K&T ) is an early standardized method of electrical wiring in buildings , in common use in North America from about 1880 to the 1930s . It consisted of single - insulated copper conductors run within wall or ceiling cavities , passing through joist and stud drill - holes via protective porcelain insulating tubes , and supported along their length on nailed - down porcelain knob insulators . Where conductors entered a wiring device such as a lamp or switch , or were pulled into a wall , they were protected by flexible cloth insulating sleeving called loom . The first insulation was asphalt - saturated cotton cloth , then rubber became common . Wire splices in such installations were twisted together for good mechanical strength , then soldered and wrapped with rubber insulating tape and friction tape ( asphalt saturated cloth ) , or made inside metal junction boxes . Knob and tube wiring was eventually displaced from interior wiring systems because of the high cost of installation compared with use of power cables , which combined both power conductors of a circuit in one run ( and which later included grounding conductors ) . At present , new knob and tube installations are permitted in the US only in a few very specific situations listed in the National Electrical Code , such as certain industrial and agricultural environments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Elements 2 Unusual wiring layouts 3 Neutral fusing 4 Advantages 5 Disadvantages 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Elements ( edit ) Ceramic knobs were cylindrical and generally nailed directly into the wall studs or floor joists . Most had a circular groove running around their circumference , although some were constructed in two pieces with pass - through grooves on each side of the nail in the middle . A leather washer often cushioned the ceramic , to reduce breakage during installation . By wrapping electrical wires around the knob , and securing them with tie wires , the knob could be used to securely and permanently anchor the wire . The knobs separated the wire from potentially combustible framework , facilitated changes in direction , and ensured that wires were not subject to excessive tension . Because the wires were suspended in air , they could dissipate heat well . Ceramic tubes were inserted into holes bored in wall studs or floor joists , and the wires were directed through them . This kept the wires from coming into contact with the wood framing members and from being compressed by the wood as the house settled . Ceramic tubes were sometimes also used when wires crossed over each other , for protection in case the upper wire were to break and fall on the lower conductor . Ceramic cleats , which were block - shaped pieces , served a purpose similar to that of the knobs . Not all knob and tube installations utilized cleats . Ceramic bushings protected each wire entering a metal device box , when such an enclosure was used . Loom , a woven flexible insulating sleeve , was slipped over insulated wire to provide additional protection whenever a wire passed over or under another wire , when a wire entered a metal device enclosure , and in other situations prescribed by code . Other ceramic pieces would typically be used as a junction point between the wiring system proper , and the more flexible cloth - clad wiring found in light fixtures or other permanent , hard - wired devices . When a generic power outlet was desired , the wiring could run directly into the junction box through a tube of protective loom and a ceramic bushing . Wiring devices such as light switches , receptacle outlets , and lamp sockets were either surface - mounted , suspended , or flush - mounted within walls and ceilings . Only in the last case were metal boxes always used to enclose the wiring and device . Knob supporting a wire change in direction . Knob supporting a splice Knobs supporting long runs of wire Knobs serving multiple functions Ceramic tubes protecting wires passing through ceiling joists . Ceramic junction for suspended light socket . Note deteriorated wire insulation . Splice with more modern power outlet , a probable code violation as seen here . Wiring running through tubes , and turning a corner supported by a knob . Notice the direct splice with more modern ( 1950s - era ) non-metallic sheathed cable . This type of connection is forbidden by the National Electrical Code , and a junction box should have been used . Unusual wiring layouts ( edit ) In many older K&T installations , the supply and return wires were routed separately from each other , rather than being located parallel to and near each other . This direct routing method has the advantage of reduced cost by allowing use of the shortest possible lengths of wire , but the major disadvantage is that a detailed building wiring diagram is needed for other electricians to understand multiple interwoven circuits , especially if the wiring is not fully visible throughout its length . By contrast , modern electrical codes now require that all residential wiring connections be made only inside protective enclosures , such as junction boxes , and that all connections must remain accessible for inspection , troubleshooting , repair , or modification . For example , consider the installation of a light , controlled by two switches in different locations . In modern practice , the supply and return wires both arrive at the first switch , where the supply is connected to one of the two switching wires ( hot / red ) ; the return wire is carried inside the same multi-conductor cable to the distant second switch . From there , a supply wire carries power to the light , and a return wire goes back to location of the second switch , and then retraces the path back to the fusebox . For older K&T installations , the supply and return wires were not necessarily installed as a pair , and did not necessarily have to be near each other at all . From the fusebox , a single supply wire would go to the first switch . From there , it would divide into two switching wires . At the second , remote switch the two wires would come together to be a single supply wire again . Finally this supply wire would be routed from the second switch to the light fixture , and then a single return wire would take the shortest path through the building back to the fusebox . The foregoing is an example of the so - called Carter system wire layout . In the case of modern North American split - phase power , the supply wires from two opposite single - phase circuit breakers are used to supply 240 V AC for high power devices . In modern circuits , these two wires are grouped together , and for each 240 V device a dedicated circuit is installed , usually with the two circuit breakers ganged together to operate simultaneously . But with old K&T , a past electrician might have reasoned as follows : `` I have a 20 amp circuit on one phase over here , and another 20 amp circuit on an opposite phase over there . Rather than run an entirely new set of wires for this one device , I will just tap off the supply wires of those two circuits and bring them together for this one device . '' This method of wiring does work and it reduces the amount of wire used , but it makes electrical problems very hard to find and fix , with ( possibly undocumented ) wires going all over the place within the walls and ceilings , to whatever was the most expedient supply or return wire at the time of installation . Under the US electrical code , Carter system wiring layouts have now been banned , even for permissible new installations of K&T wiring . However , electricians must be aware of this older system , which is still present in many existing older electrical installations . Neutral fusing ( edit ) Another practice that was common ( or even required ) in some older K&T designs was the installation of separate fuses in both the hot wire and the neutral ( return ) wire of an electrical circuit . The failure of a neutral fuse would cut off power flow through the affected circuit , but the hot conductor could still remain hot relative to ground , an unexpected and potentially hazardous situation . Because of the presence of a neutral fuse , the neutral conductor could not be relied on to remain near ground potential , and could in fact be at full line potential instead ( via transmission of voltage through a switched - on light bulb , for example ) . Modern electrical codes generally do not require a neutral fuse . Instead , they explicitly forbid configurations that might break continuity of the neutral conductor , unless all associated hot conductors are also simultaneously disconnected ( for example , with ganged or `` tied '' circuit breakers ) . Advantages ( edit ) In the early 1900s , K&T wiring was less expensive to install than other wiring methods . For several decades , electricians could choose between K&T wiring , conduit , armored cable , and metal junction boxes . The conduit methods were known to be of better quality , but cost significantly more than K&T . In 1909 , flexible armored cable cost about twice as much as K&T , and conduit cost about three times the price of K&T . Knob and tube wiring persisted since it allowed owners to wire a building for electricity at lower cost . Modern wiring methods assume two or more load - carrying conductors will lie very near each other , as for instance in standard NM - 2 cable . Since the load - carrying wires are in proximity , when they heat up , the heating is shared across the wires , limiting the overall current load they can support . Since the load - carrying wires in K&T wiring are widely spaced , the wires can carry higher currents than the same conductors in proximity . When installed correctly , the K&T wires are held away from the structural materials by ceramic insulators . K&T wiring was commonly insulated with cotton cloth and soft rubber , in addition to the porcelain standoffs . Although the actual wire covering may have degraded over the decades , the porcelain standoffs have a nearly unlimited lifespan and will keep any bare wires safely insulated . Today , porcelain standoffs are still commonly used with bare - wire electric fencing for livestock , and such porcelain standoffs carry far higher voltage surges without risk of shorting to ground . In short , K&T wiring that was installed correctly , and not damaged or incorrectly modified since then , is fairly safe when used within the original current - carrying limits . Disadvantages ( edit ) Historically , wiring installation requirements were less demanding in the age of knob - and - tube wiring than today . Compared to modern electrical wiring standards , these are the main technical shortcomings of knob - and - tube wiring methods : never included a safety grounding conductor did not confine switching to the hot conductor ( the so - called Carter system places electrical loads across the common terminals of a three - way switch pair ) permitted the use of in - line splices in walls without a junction box ( however , this downside is offset by the strong nature of the soldered and taped junctions used at the time ) . Knob - and - tube wiring at a museum display Over time , the price of electrician labor grew faster than the cost of materials . This removed the price advantage of K&T methods , especially since they required time - consuming skillful soldering of in - line splices and junctions , and careful hand - wrapping of connections in layers of insulating tape . Knob - and - tube wiring can be made with high current carrying capacity . However , most existing residential knob - and - tube installations , dating to before 1940 , have fewer branch circuits than is desired today . While these installations were adequate for the electrical loads at the time of installation , modern households use a range and intensity of electrical equipment unforeseen at the time . Household power use increased dramatically following World War II , due to the wide availability of new electrical appliances and devices . Modern home buyers often find that existing K&T systems lack the capacity for today 's levels of power use . First - generation wiring systems became susceptible to abuse by homeowners who would replace blown fuses with fuses rated for higher current . This overfusing of the circuits subjects wiring to higher levels of current and risks heat damage or fire . Knob - and - tube wiring may also be damaged by building renovations . Its cloth and rubber insulation can dry out and turn brittle . It may also be damaged by rodents and careless activities such as hanging objects from wiring running in accessible areas like basements . Currently , the United States National Electrical Code forbids the use of loose , blown - in , or expanding foam insulation over K&T wiring . This is because K&T is designed to let heat dissipate to the surrounding air . As a result , energy efficiency upgrades that involve insulating previously uninsulated walls usually also require replacement of the wiring in affected homes . However , California , Washington , Nebraska , and Oregon have modified the NEC to conditionally allow insulation around K&T . They did not find a single fire that was attributed to K&T , and permit insulation provided the home first passes inspection by an electrician . As existing K&T wiring gets older , insurance companies may deny coverage due to a perception of increased risk . Several companies will not write new homeowners policies at all unless all K&T wiring is replaced , or an electrician certifies that the wiring is in good condition . Also , many institutional lenders are unwilling to finance a home with the relatively low - capacity service typical of K&T wiring , unless the electrical service is upgraded . Partial upgrades , where low demand lighting circuits are left intact , may be acceptable to some insurers . See also ( edit ) Rat - tail splice T - splice Western Union splice References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Knob and tube wiring . Jump up ^ Croft , Terrell ; Summers , Wilford , eds. ( 1987 ) . American Electricans ' Handbook ( 11 ed . ) . New York : McGraw Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 013932 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Schneider , Norman Hugh ( 1916 ) . `` 2 - 4 '' . Wiring houses for the electric light ; together with special references to low voltage battery systems . New York : Spon and Chamberlain . Jump up ^ Knox , Charles E. ( 1909 ) . Electric Wiring Instruction Paper . Chicago : American School of Correspondence . ^ Jump up to : Krasner , Steve . `` Knob - and - Tube Wiring : What 's the Big Deal ? '' . Only Connect : Electrical FAQ 's . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Nick Gromicko , Rob London and Kenton Shepard . `` Knob - and - Tube Wiring '' . Inspecting the World . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Carson Dunlop . `` Knob and Tube Wiring & Home Owners ' Insurance '' . Carson Dunlop Report . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : KNTelectric . `` Knob and Tube Wiring - an unbiased review '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Daniel . `` Electrical Knob & Tube Electrical Wiring Inspection , Evaluation , & Repair Suggestions '' . InspectAPedia . InspectAPedia.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ William Kibbel III . `` Ask the Home Inspector : Knob and Tube Wiring '' . Old House Web . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Knob - and - Tube Wiring Hang - ups '' . Home Energy Magazine . Energy Auditor & Retrofitter , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Letters : Knob and Tube Not a Fire Hazard '' . Home Energy Magazine . Energy Auditor & Retrofitter , Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Did you know that ... '' ( PDF ) . Insurance coverage issues affecting older homes . Financial Services Commission of Ontario . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Further reading ( edit ) Cauldwell , Rex ( 2009 ) . Wiring a house ( 4th ed . ) . Newtown , CT : Taunton Press . ISBN 978 - 1600852619 . Shapiro , David E. ( 2010 ) . Old electrical wiring : evaluating , repairing , and upgrading dated systems ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0071663571 . -- written for professional electricians and advanced property owners Shapiro , David E. ( 2001 ) . Your old wiring . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0071357012 . -- written for home owners and do - it - yourselfers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knob-and-tube_wiring&oldid=794426705 '' Categories : Electrical wiring Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2017 , at 23 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did builders stop using knob and tube | [
"Knob-and-tube wiring (sometimes abbreviated K&T) is an early standardized method of electrical wiring in buildings, in common use in North America from about 1880 to the 1930s.[1][2] It consisted of single-insulated copper conductors run within wall or ceiling cavities, passing through joist and stud drill-holes via protective porcelain insulating tubes, and supported along their length on nailed-down porcelain knob insulators. Where conductors entered a wiring device such as a lamp or switch, or were pulled into a wall, they were protected by flexible cloth insulating sleeving called loom. The first insulation was asphalt-saturated cotton cloth, then rubber became common. Wire splices in such installations were twisted together for good mechanical strength, then soldered and wrapped with rubber insulating tape and friction tape (asphalt saturated cloth), or made inside metal junction boxes."
] | [
"1930s"
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-4268717503640315673 | Those Were the Days (song) | Those Were the Days ( song ) - wikipedia Those Were the Days ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other songs , see Those Were the Days ( disambiguation ) . `` Those Were the Days '' Single by Mary Hopkin B - side `` Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! '' Released 26 August 1968 ( US ) 30 August 1968 ( UK ) Format 7 '' single Recorded mid-July 1968 Genre Folk Length 5 : 05 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Boris Fomin Gene Raskin Producer ( s ) Paul McCartney Mary Hopkin singles chronology `` Those Were the Days '' ( 1968 ) `` Goodbye '' ( 1969 ) `` Those Were the Days '' ( 1968 ) `` Goodbye '' ( 1969 ) `` Those Were The Days '' Single by Sandie Shaw B - side `` Make It Go '' Released 1968 Label Pye Songwriter ( s ) Boris Fomin Gene Raskin Sandie Shaw singles chronology `` Together '' ( 1968 ) `` Those Were The Days '' ( 1968 ) `` Monsieur Dupont '' ( 1969 ) `` Together '' ( 1968 ) `` Those Were the Days '' ( 1968 ) `` Monsieur Dupont '' ( 1969 ) `` Those Were the Days '' is a song credited to Gene Raskin , who put a new English lyric to the Russian romance song `` Dorogoi dlinnoyu '' ( `` Дорогой длинною '' , literally `` By the long road '' ) , composed by Boris Fomin ( 1900 -- 1948 ) with words by the poet Konstantin Podrevsky . It deals with reminiscence upon youth and romantic idealism . Mary Hopkin 's 1968 version of the song , produced by Paul McCartney , became a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart . The song also reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 , behind McCartney 's own band The Beatles ' hit `` Hey Jude '' . In France the song was at no . 1 in the very first edition of the singles sales chart launched by the Centre d'Information et de Documentation du Disque in October 1968 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 Later history 3 Recordings 4 Chart performance ( Mary Hopkin version ) 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Early History ( edit ) Georgian singer Tamara Tsereteli ( 1900 -- 1968 ) and Russian singer Alexander Vertinsky made what were probably the earliest recordings of the song , in 1925 and in 1926 respectively . The song appears in the 1953 British / French movie Innocents in Paris , in which it was sung with its original Russian lyrics by the Russian Tzigane chanteuse Ludmila Lopato . Mary Hopkin 's 1968 recording of it with Gene Raskin 's lyric was a chart - topping hit in much of the Northern Hemisphere . On most recordings of the song , Raskin is credited as the sole writer , even though he wrote only the later English lyrics ( which are not an English translation of the Russian lyrics ) and not the music . Later History ( edit ) In the early 1960s Raskin , with his wife Francesca , played folk music around Greenwich Village in New York , including White Horse Tavern . Raskin , who had grown up hearing the song , wrote with his wife new English lyrics to the old Russian music and then copyrighted both music and lyrics in his own name . The Limeliters subsequently released a recording of the song on their 1962 LP Folk Matinee . The Raskins were international performers and had played London 's `` Blue Angel '' every year , always closing their show with the song . Paul McCartney frequented the club and being quite taken with the song he attempted to get several singers or groups ( including the early Moody Blues ) to record it . Failing at that , after the formation of the Beatles ' own Apple Records label , McCartney immediately recorded Mary Hopkin performing the song . The song was eventually recorded in over twenty languages and by many different artists , including Gene and Francesca , and Raskin was able to live very well on the royalties , buying a home in Pollensa , Mallorca , a Porsche Spyder and a sail boat . Hopkin 's recording was produced by Paul McCartney with an arrangement by Richard Hewson ( per the label of the record ) and became a number - one hit on the UK Singles Chart . In the United States , Hopkin 's recording reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 ( held out of the top spot for three weeks by `` Hey Jude '' by the Beatles ) and topped the Billboard Easy Listening charts for six weeks . In the Netherlands , it topped the charts for two consecutive weeks . The Russian origin of the melody was accentuated by an instrumentation that was unusual for a top - ten pop record , including balalaika , clarinet , hammered dulcimer , tenor banjo and children 's chorus , giving a klezmer feel to the song . Mary Hopkin played acoustic guitar on the recording , and Paul McCartney also played acoustic guitar and possibly percussion . The hammered dulcimer , or cimbalom , was played by Gilbert Webster . It is unknown who played the banjo though McCartney is known to be a banjoist . McCartney also recorded Hopkin singing `` Those Were The Days '' in five other languages for release in their respective countries : In Spain , Qué tiempo tan feliz , by Rosa Morena ( instead of Aquellos Fueron Los Días or En Aquellos Días ) In West Germany , An jenem Tag In Italy , Quelli erano giorni In France , Le temps des fleurs In Afghanistan , Farsi , `` Deegar Ashkam Mariz '' by legendary singer Ahmad Zahir ( 1972 ) . All five non-English sets of lyrics were also recorded by Dalida and Sandie Shaw , with Shaw recording the English lyrics as well . The UK and United States recording 's B - side was Pete Seeger 's `` Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! '' , which had been a United States number - one hit for The Byrds in 1965 . `` Those Were the Days '' was catalogue number APPLE 2 ( the APPLE 1 number had been given to an unreleased version of `` The Lady Is a Tramp '' by Frank Sinatra , recorded specially in 1968 , for Maureen Starkey 's 22nd birthday , as a gift from Ringo Starr , under the name of `` The Lady is a Champ '' ) . It was the second single to be released on the Apple label , the first -- `` Hey Jude '' by the Beatles -- had retained the sequential catalogue numbers used by Parlophone ( in the UK ) and Capitol ( in the US ) . Hopkin 's version was released on the back of her success on the television talent show Opportunity Knocks , and around the time of its release popular singer Sandie Shaw was also asked to record the song by her management , feeling that it should be done by a `` real '' singer . Shaw 's version was released as a single , but did not match the success of Hopkin 's version . At the peak of the song 's success , a New York company used the melody in a commercial for Rokeach gefilte fish , arguing that the tune was an old Russian folk - tune and thus in the public domain . ( The commercial included the line `` The perfect dish , Rokeach Gefilte Fish '' where the English - language song would go `` Those were the days , oh yes , those were the days . '' ) Raskin successfully sued and won a settlement , since he had slightly altered the tune to fit his lyrics and had taken out the valid new copyright . In the mid-1970s , after Hopkin 's contract with Apple ended , `` Those Were the Days '' and `` Goodbye '' were re-recorded with producer Tony Visconti , whom she had married in 1971 . These re-recorded versions can be found on music compilations . On 25 October 2010 , Apple Records released Come and Get It : The Best of Apple Records , which included the original recordings of `` Those Were the Days '' and `` Goodbye '' . The greatest hits compilation album contained songs by artists signed to the Beatles ' Apple record label between 1968 and 1973 , the first such multi-artist Apple compilation . On Christmas 1975 , the President of Equatorial Guinea , Francisco Macías Nguema , had 150 alleged coup plotters executed in the national stadium while a band played `` Those Were the Days '' . Recordings ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1959 ( 1959 ) : Theodore Bikel recorded this song , in the original Russian language . 1962 ( 1962 ) : American folk group The Limeliters released the song on a 1962 LP called Folk Matinee . This recording was later reissued on a 1968 album . 1968 ( 1968 ) : The French version of the song , `` Le temps des fleurs '' , was popularized by the international recording star Dalida . She also recorded the song in Italian and German . 1968 ( 1968 ) : The Hungarian recording star Teri Harangozó recorded the Hungarian version `` Azok a szép napok '' and had a huge hit in Hungary , and Hungarian minorities in the neighbourhood countries of Hungary with this song . 1968 ( 1968 ) : The international recording star Vicky Leandros recorded the French version `` Le temps des fleurs '' and had a huge hit in Japan , Canada , and Greece with this song . Mary Hopkin 's version was released as `` Kanashiki Tenshi '' ( 悲しき 天使 , literally `` Sad Angel '' ) in Japan . 1969 ( 1969 ) : Gene & Francesca recorded the song on their album Hello Love on Tetragrammaton . 1969 ( 1969 ) : Chris Connor recorded the song for her album Softly and Swingin ' which was released only in Japan . The track was left off the final album release . Connor 's estate preserved an original master tape of this album on cassette which includes this track and the track `` Did n't We ? '' 1969 ( 1969 ) : Bing Crosby recorded the song for his album Hey Jude / Hey Bing ! 1969 ( 1969 ) : Roger Whittaker recorded the song for his album This Is Roger Whittaker In the 1960s : Mary Hopkin and Sandie Shaw also sang the song in French , as well as in Italian , Spanish and German . Both Shaw 's and Hopkin 's versions were released roughly around the same time , as a sort of competition between the two , to see whose single would fare better with the public . When Hopkin 's album , Postcard , was re-released on CD , the Spanish and Italian versions of the songs appeared as bonus tracks . Sandie Shaw has had all of her versions re-released on separate CDs , split up by language . 1995 ( 1995 ) : Cynthia Lennon 2005 ( 2005 ) : Il Folklorista recorded `` Those Were the Days '' ; Il Folklorista is a project by Gigi D'Agostino and Luca Noise . The remix was included in the compilation albums Disco Tanz and 2006s Some Experiments . 2005 ( 2005 ) : American country singer - songwriter Dolly Parton recorded an album including folk and pop songs from the 1960s and 1970s . This was the opening song and title track to her album Those Were The Days . Mary Hopkin provided backing vocals to this recording . 2007 ( 2007 ) : Jamaican dancehall artist Shaggy put the refrain of `` Those Were the Days '' in his album Intoxication . 2007 ( 2007 ) : Latvian instrumental cello rock trio Melo - M included a version in their 2007 album Singalongs . 2008 ( 2008 ) : Bad Boys Blue covered the song on their album Heart & Soul . 2010 ( 2010 ) : Wilfredo , the comic alter ego of the British comedian Matt Roper , performed the song at the Salento Festival , Italy . 2011 ( 2011 ) : The Iranian rock band Kiosk recorded this song on their 2011 album Outcome of Negotiations . 2013 ( 2013 ) : Australian country artist Nia Robertson recorded the song on her album The Woman I Am . Chart performance ( Mary Hopkin version ) ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 -- 69 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Denmark Finland France ( CIDD ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 15 Japan ( Oricon Singles Chart ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Spain ( AFE ) Sweden Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Easy Listening US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box US Record World Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Belgium ( Back Catalogue Singles Flanders ) 25 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Canada ( RPM 100 Top Singles ) 16 Italy ( FIMI ) 73 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 30 US Cash Box 22 Chart successions Preceded by `` Fire '' by Arthur Brown Canadian RPM number - one single 28 October 1968 -- 2 November 1968 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Hold Me Tight '' by Johnny Nash Preceded by `` Monia '' by Peter Holm French number - one single 21 September 1968 -- 5 October 1968 ( 3 weeks ) 19 October 1968 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Monia '' by Peter Holm Preceded by `` Hey Jude '' by The Beatles Belgian Ultratop 50 Flanders number - one single 19 October 1968 -- 16 November 1968 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` My Little Lady '' by The Tremeloes Irish Singles Chart number - one single 12 October 1968 -- 2 November 1968 ( 4 weeks ) Single Top 100 number - one single 19 October 1968 -- 26 October 1968 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Hey Jude '' by The Beatles Spain number - one single 9 December 1968 -- 13 January 1969 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Eloise '' by Barry Ryan Norwegian number - one single 45 / 1968 -- 46 / 1968 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Langs hver en vei '' by Gluntan Swiss number - one single 22 October 1968 -- 26 November 1968 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' by Joe Cocker UK Singles Chart number - one single 28 September 1968 -- 2 November 1968 ( 6 weeks ) Canadian CHUM number - one single ( tie with `` Hey Jude '' ) 19 October 1968 -- 26 October 1968 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Love Child '' by Diana Ross & the Supremes US Cash Box number - one single 9 November 1968 -- 16 November 1968 ( 2 weeks ) Preceded by `` My Special Angel '' by The Vogues US Billboard Easy Listening number - one single 2 November 1968 -- 7 December 1968 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Wichita Lineman '' by Glen Campbell Preceded by `` Heidschi Bumbeidschi '' by Heintje German number - one single 25 November 1982 -- 2 December 1982 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Heidschi Bumbeidschi '' by Heintje Preceded by `` Koi no Kisetsu '' by Pinky & Killers Japanese Oricon Singles Chart number - one single 27 January 1969 Succeeded by `` Namida no Kisetsu '' by Pinky & Killers See also ( edit ) Apple Records discography References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kay , Hilary ( 1992 ) . Rock & Roll Memorabilia : A History of Rock Momentos With over 600 Illustrations . Prentice Hall . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0671 - 77931 - 3 . The Hopkin single , a McCartney - produced traditional Russian folk song , knocked Apple 1 ( `` Hey Jude '' ) off the U.K. top slot . Jump up ^ Spizer , Bruce . `` An Apple a Day : Mary Hopkin -- Post Card '' . Beatlesnews.com . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Mary Hopkin 's debut single paired `` Those Were The Days , '' a Lithuanian folk song adapted by American Gene Raskin ^ Jump up to : `` An Industry Report on France '' . Billboard. 14 July 1973 . p. 42 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Topic : Дорогой длинною '' . SecondHandSongs . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Recording : Дорогой длинною - Alexander Vertinsky '' . SecondHandSongs . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul McCartney - Many Years From Now , p. 455 Jump up ^ Perrone , Pierre ( 18 June 2004 ) . `` Gene Raskin -- Singer , songwriter and architectural scholar '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 ... The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Those Were The Days ( original ) -- The Limeliters 1962. wmv '' . YouTube . 23 April 2010 . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Engelhardt , Kristofer ( 2010 ) . Beatles Deeper Undercover . Collector 's Guide Publishing , Incorporated . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 926 - 59209 - 1 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Mary Hopkin -- Those Were The Days '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Engelhardt , Kristofer ( 2010 ) . Beatles Deeper Undercover . Collector 's Guide Publishing , Incorporated . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 926 - 59209 - 1 . Jump up ^ Farah , Douglas ( 13 May 2001 ) . `` Oil Gives African Nation a Chance for Change '' . The Washington Post . Hartford Web Publishing . Retrieved 9 January 2011 ... a far cry from the days of Macias , who on Christmas 1975 executed 150 alleged coup plotters in the national stadium while a band played `` Those Were the Days . '' Jump up ^ Edwards , David ; Eyries , Patrice ; Callahan , Mike ( 27 December 2005 ) . `` Elektra Album Discography , Part 2 -- EKL - 100 / EKS - 7100 Series ( 1956 - 1967 ) '' . Elektra . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Limeliters '' . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 ... Akh.se . ^ Jump up to : `` Vicky Leandros - Le temps des fleurs '' . YouTube . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gene And Francesca -- Hello Love '' . Discogs . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Dave . `` Bing Crosby -- Hey Jude / Hey Bing ! '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Is ... by Roger Whittaker '' . Rate Your Music . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gigi D'Agostino -- Some Experiments ( CD ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Melo - M -- Singalongs '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` wilfredo in italy -- salento festival '' . YouTube . 12 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Click on the album covers to order the CD / MP3 Download on iTunes '' . Kiosktheband.com . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NiaRobertsonMusic.com '' . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- CHART POSITIONS Pre 1989 Part 4 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Mary Hopkin -- Those Were The Days '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mary Hopkin -- Those Were The Days '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5815 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Hits Of The World '' . Billboard. 80 ( 49 ) : 68 . 7 December 1968 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard -- Hits Of The World '' . Billboard. 80 ( 47 ) : 78 . 23 November 1968 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Mary Hopkin -- Those Were The Days '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Those Were the Days '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1968 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Japan # 1 DISKS by Oricon Hot Singles '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . 18.ocn.ne.jp . Archived from the original on 26 December 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Mary Hopkin - Those Were The Days '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Hits Of The World '' . Billboard. 80 ( 50 ) : 68 . 14 December 1968 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Mary Hopkin -- Those Were The Days '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Hits Of The World '' . Billboard. 60 ( 48 ) : 88 . 30 November 1968 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Hits Of The World '' . Billboard. 80 ( 46 ) : 71 . 30 November 1968 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Mary Hopkin -- Those Were The Days '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Post Card -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending NOVEMBER 9 , 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 30 September 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` 100 Top Pops '' ( PDF ) . Record World . 2 November 1981 . p. 25 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Back Catalogue Singles -- 21 / 11 / 2009 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1968 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 10 , No. 19 , January 06 1969 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1968 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1968 '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1968 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Archived from the original on 25 November 2010 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 14 August 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Several Russian songs , including Дорогой длинною Those were the days on song facts Discography of `` Дорогой длинною '' song on Russian-Records.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Those_Were_the_Days_(song)&oldid=815401116 '' Categories : 1968 singles Mary Hopkin songs The 5th Dimension songs Dolly Parton songs Sandie Shaw songs Song recordings produced by Paul McCartney Apple Records singles Debut singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles CIDD singles chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Switzerland Oricon Weekly number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Folk songs Russian songs Songs about old age Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Pages with timeline metadata Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing Japanese - language text Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Hrvatski עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 16 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang those were the days my friend we thought they'd never end | [
"Mary Hopkin's 1968 version of the song, produced by Paul McCartney, became a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart. The song also reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100, behind McCartney's own band The Beatles' hit \"Hey Jude\". In France the song was at no. 1 in the very first edition of the singles sales chart launched by the Centre d'Information et de Documentation du Disque in October 1968.[3]"
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"Mary Hopkin"
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880023941314744010 | One Step Forward | One Step Forward - Wikipedia One Step Forward Jump to : navigation , search `` One Step Forward '' Single by The Desert Rose Band from the album The Desert Rose Band B - side `` Glass Hearts '' Released October 26 , 1987 Genre Country , country rock Length 3 : 22 Label MCA / Curb Songwriter ( s ) Chris Hillman , Bill Wildes Producer ( s ) Paul Worley The Desert Rose Band singles chronology `` Love Reunited '' ( 1987 ) `` One Step Forward '' ( 1987 ) `` He 's Back and I 'm Blue '' ( 1988 ) `` Love Reunited '' ( 1987 ) `` One Step Forward '' ( 1987 ) `` He 's Back and I 'm Blue '' ( 1988 ) `` One Step Forward '' is a song written by Chris Hillman and Bill Wildes , and recorded by American country rock group The Desert Rose Band . It was released in October 1987 as the third single from the album The Desert Rose Band . The song reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . This song can also be heard on the video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas on the fictional radio station K - Rose . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 104 . Jump up ^ `` Desert Rose Band Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Desert Rose Band Chris Hillman Herb Pedersen John Jorgenson Bill Bryson Steve Duncan Jay Dee Maness Tom Brumley Jeff Ross Tim Grogan Studio albums The Desert Rose Band Running Pages of Life True Love Life Goes On Compilation albums A Dozen Roses -- Greatest Hits Traditional Top 40 Singles `` Ashes of Love '' `` Love Reunited '' `` One Step Forward '' `` He 's Back and I 'm Blue '' `` Summer Wind '' `` I Still Believe in You '' `` She Do n't Love Nobody '' `` Hello Trouble '' `` Start All Over Again '' `` In Another Lifetime '' `` Story of Love '' `` Will This Be the Day '' `` Come a Little Closer '' `` You Can Go Home '' `` Twilight is Gone '' `` What About Love '' `` Night after Night '' Related articles The Byrds The Flying Burrito Brothers This 1987 country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Step_Forward&oldid=832817507 '' Categories : 1987 singles The Desert Rose Band songs Songs written by Chris Hillman Song recordings produced by Paul Worley MCA Records singles Curb Records singles 1987 songs 1987 country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 04 : 33 . About Wikipedia | who sang one step forward two steps back | [
"\"One Step Forward\" is a song written by Chris Hillman and Bill Wildes, and recorded by American country rock group The Desert Rose Band. It was released in October 1987 as the third single from the album The Desert Rose Band. The song reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.[1] This song can also be heard on the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas on the fictional radio station K-Rose."
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"The Desert Rose Band"
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6046339813434983316 | Presidential library | Presidential Library - wikipedia Presidential Library Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Presidential library ( disambiguation ) . Official seal of the presidential libraries In the United States , the presidential library system is a nationwide network of 15 libraries administered by the Office of Presidential Libraries , which is part of the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) . These are repositories for preserving and making available the papers , records , collections and other historical materials of every President of the United States from Herbert Hoover ( 31st President , 1929 - 1933 ) to George W. Bush ( 43rd President , 2001 - 2009 ) . In addition to the library services , museum exhibitions concerning the presidency are displayed . Although recognized as having historical significance , before the mid-20th century , presidential papers and effects were generally understood to be the private property of the president . Franklin D. Roosevelt , the 32nd president , proposed to leave his papers to the public in a building donated by him on his Hyde Park estate . Since then a series of laws have established the public keeping of documents and the presidential library system . While not officially sanctioned and maintained by the NARA , libraries have also been organized for several presidents who preceded Hoover and the official start of the Presidential Library Office . The library planned for Barack Obama ( 44th President , 2009 -- 2017 ) will partner with the NARA in a `` new model '' , digitizing and making available documents , but without NARA running a new separate facility . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Presidential libraries outside NARA 2 History 2.1 National Archives 2.2 Presidential Libraries Act of 1955 2.3 Presidential Records Act of 1978 2.4 Presidential Libraries Act of 1986 3 Holdings 4 List of presidential libraries 5 Locations of other presidents ' papers 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Overview ( edit ) Washington Adams Jefferson Monroe Jackson Lincoln A. Johnson Grant Hayes Madison Harrison McKinley Wilson Polk Coolidge Hoover F.D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford ( Museum ) Ford ( Library ) Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. Bush Obama Locations of the NARA - administered ( red ) and other ( blue ) U.S. presidential libraries For every president since Herbert Hoover , presidential libraries have been established in each president 's home state in which documents , artifacts , gifts of state and museum exhibits are maintained that relate to the former president 's life and career both political and professional . Each library also provides an active series of public programs . When a president leaves office , the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) establishes a presidential materials project to house and index the documents until a new presidential library is built and transferred to the federal government . The first presidential library is the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum , dedicated on June 30 , 1941 . The William J. Clinton Presidential Library became the eleventh presidential library on November 18 , 2004 , the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum became the twelfth on July 11 , 2007 , and the George W. Bush Presidential Center became the thirteenth on May 1 , 2013 . Official fundraising for the Barack Obama Presidential Library and Museum began in January 2014 ; however President Obama has chosen to forego the traditional route and his Presidential Center will not be a part of NARA . The Obama Foundation will own and operate the museum , but will pay NARA to digitize unclassified records and release them to the public as they become available . Presidential libraries outside NARA ( edit ) The presidential library system is made up of thirteen presidential libraries operated by the NARA . Libraries and museums have been established for earlier presidents , but they are not part of the NARA presidential library system , and are operated by private foundations , historical societies , or state governments , including the James K. Polk , William McKinley , Rutherford Hayes , Calvin Coolidge , Abraham Lincoln and Woodrow Wilson libraries . For example , the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is owned and operated by the state of Illinois . The Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace was not originally part of the presidential library system . While the Nixon Presidential Materials Staff , which administers the Nixon presidential materials under the terms of the Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act , is part of NARA , a private foundation operated the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace . In January 2004 , Congress passed legislation that provided for the establishment of a federally operated Richard Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda . In March 2005 , the Archivist of the United States and John Taylor , the director of the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace Foundation , exchanged letters on the requirements to allow the Nixon Library to become the twelfth federally funded Presidential library operated by the NARA by 2007 . On October 16 , 2006 , Dr. Timothy Naftali began his tenure as the first federal director of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace , and in the winter of 2006 NARA began to transfer the 30,000 presidential gifts from the Nixon Presidential Materials Staff in College Park , Maryland to the facility . On July 11 , 2007 , the Nixon Foundation deeded the Library and Birthplace to the government of the United States . On the same day , the newly renamed federal Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum officially opened . In May 2012 , on the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Ulysses S. Grant Foundation , it selected Mississippi State University as the permanent location for Ulysses S. Grant 's presidential library . Historian John Simon edited Grant 's letters into a 32 - volume scholarly edition published by Southern Illinois University Press . On April 30 , 2013 , both chambers of the North Dakota Legislative Assembly passed a bill appropriating $12 million to Dickinson State University to award a grant to the Theodore Roosevelt Center for construction of a building to be named the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library . To access these funds , the Theodore Roosevelt Center must first raise $3 million from non-state sources . Dickinson State University is also home to the Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library which has formed partnerships with the Library of Congress and Harvard University , among other institutions . They currently have over 25,000 items online . In May 2017 , it was announced that the Barack Obama Presidential Center , the planned location of the Presidential library of Barack Obama , would not be part of the NARA system , making Obama the first president since Calvin Coolidge not to have a federally funded facility . Instead , in a `` new model '' the nonprofit Obama Foundation will partner with the NARA on digitization and making documents available . History ( edit ) Historically , all presidential papers were considered the personal property of the president . Some took them at the end of their terms , others destroyed them , and many papers were scattered . Though many pre-Hoover collections now reside in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress , others are split among other libraries , historical societies , and private collections . However , many materials have been lost or deliberately destroyed . Lucretia Rudolph Garfield , the wife of James A. Garfield ( president from March 4 , 1881 , until his death on September 19 , 1881 ) added a Memorial Library wing to their family home in Mentor , Ohio , four years after his assassination . The James A. Garfield National Historic Site is operated by the National Park Service and the Western Reserve Historical Society . National Archives ( edit ) In 1939 , President Franklin Delano Roosevelt donated his personal and presidential papers to the federal government . At the same time , Roosevelt pledged part of his estate at Hyde Park , New York to the United States , and friends of the President formed a non-profit corporation to raise funds for the construction of the library and museum building . Roosevelt 's decision stemmed from his belief that Presidential papers were an important part of the national heritage and should be accessible to the public . He asked the National Archives to take custody of his papers and other historical materials and to administer his library . On June 30 , 2013 , new interactive and multimedia exhibits developed by the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) opened to the public as part of the first renovation of this library since its opening . In 1950 , Harry S. Truman decided that he , too , would build a library to house his Presidential papers and helped to galvanize congressional action . Presidential libraries Act of 1955 ( edit ) In 1955 , Congress passed the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955 , establishing a system of privately erected and federally maintained libraries . The Act encouraged other Presidents to donate their historical materials to the government and ensured the preservation of Presidential papers and their availability to the American people . Under this and subsequent acts , nine more libraries have been established . In each case , funds from private and non-federal public sources provided the funds to build the library . Once completed , the private organization turned over the libraries to the National Archives and Records Administration to operate and maintain . Until 1978 , Presidents , scholars , and legal professionals held the view dating back to George Washington that the records created by the President or his staff while in office remained the personal property of the President and were his to take with him when he left office . The first Presidential libraries were built on this concept . NARA successfully persuaded Presidents to donate their historical materials to the federal government for housing in a Presidential library managed by NARA . Presidential Records Act of 1978 ( edit ) The Presidential Records Act of 1978 established that the Presidential records that document the constitutional , statutory , and ceremonial duties of the President are the property of the United States Government . After the President leaves office , the Archivist of the United States assumes custody of the records . The Act allowed for the continuation of Presidential libraries as the repository for Presidential records . Presidential libraries Act of 1986 ( edit ) The Presidential Libraries Act of 1986 made additional changes to Presidential libraries , requiring private endowments linked to the size of the facility . NARA uses these endowments to offset a portion of the maintenance costs for the library . Holdings ( edit ) The thirteen presidential libraries maintain over 400 million pages of textual materials ; nearly ten million photographs ; over 15 million feet ( 5,000 km ) of motion picture film ; nearly 100,000 hours of disc , audiotape , and videotape recordings ; and approximately half a million museum objects . These varied holdings make each library a valuable source of information and a center for research on the Presidency . The most important textual materials in each library are those created by the President and his staff in the course of performing the official duties . Libraries also house numerous objects including family heirlooms , items collected by the President and his family , campaign memorabilia , awards , and the many gifts given to the President by American citizens and foreign dignitaries . These gifts range in type from homemade items to valuable works of art . Curators in Presidential libraries and in other museums throughout the country draw upon these collections for historical exhibits . Other significant holdings include the personal papers and historical materials donated by individuals associated with the President . These individuals may include Cabinet officials , envoys to foreign governments , political party associates , and the President 's family and personal friends . Several libraries have undertaken oral history programs that have produced tape - recorded memoirs . A third body of materials comprises the papers accumulated by the President prior to , and following , his Presidency . Such collections include documents relating to Roosevelt 's tenure as Governor of New York and Dwight D. Eisenhower 's long military career . With the exception of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson , and upon their own deaths , Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush , every American president since Hoover is or has chosen to be buried at his presidential library . Kennedy is buried at Arlington National Cemetery ; Johnson is buried at his ranch in the hill country of Texas , west of Austin ; Carter plans to be buried near his home in Plains , Georgia . George W. Bush plans on being buried at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin , Texas . Unlike all other Presidents whose libraries are part of the NARA system , Ford 's library and museum are geographically separate buildings , located in different parts of Michigan ; Ford is buried at his museum in Grand Rapids , while the library is in Ann Arbor . List of Presidential libraries ( edit ) This is a list of the presidential libraries . Denotes libraries outside the NARA Presidential Library Office ( most of these Presidents pre-date the administration of Herbert Hoover ) . No . President Library name Location Operated By Image Logo / Website George Washington Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington at Mount Vernon Mount Vernon , Virginia Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association 2 and 6 John Adams John Quincy Adams Stone Library at Adams National Historical Park Quincy , Massachusetts National Park Service Thomas Jefferson Robert H. Smith International Center for Jefferson Studies at Kenwood Charlottesville , Virginia Thomas Jefferson Foundation 5 James Monroe James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library Fredericksburg , Virginia University of Mary Washington 16 Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum Springfield , Illinois State of Illinois 17 Andrew Johnson President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library Tusculum , Tennessee Tusculum College 18 Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant Presidential Library Starkville , Mississippi Mississippi State University Library and Ulysses S. Grant Association 19 Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center Fremont , Ohio Ohio Historical Society and Hayes Presidential Center , Inc . 20 James A. Garfield James A. Garfield National Historic Site Mentor , Ohio National Park Service and Western Reserve Historical Society 25 William McKinley William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum Canton , Ohio Stark County Historical Society 28 Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library Staunton , Virginia Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library Foundation 30 Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum Northampton , Massachusetts Commonwealth of Massachusetts 31 Herbert Hoover Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum West Branch , Iowa National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum Hyde Park , New York NARA 33 Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum Independence , Missouri NARA 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library , Museum and Boyhood Home Abilene , Kansas NARA 35 John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Boston , Massachusetts NARA 36 Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Austin , Texas NARA and The University of Texas at Austin 37 Richard Nixon Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum Yorba Linda , California NARA 38 Gerald Ford Gerald R. Ford Museum Grand Rapids , Michigan NARA Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library Ann Arbor , Michigan 39 Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter Library and Museum Atlanta , Georgia NARA 40 Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Simi Valley , California NARA 41 George H.W. Bush George Bush Presidential Library & Museum College Station , Texas NARA and Texas A&M University 42 Bill Clinton William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park Little Rock , Arkansas NARA 43 George W. Bush George W. Bush Presidential Center Dallas , Texas NARA and Southern Methodist University 44 Barack Obama Barack Obama Presidential Center Chicago , Illinois Obama Foundation and The University of Chicago Locations of other Presidents ' papers ( edit ) Grover Cleveland and Woodrow Wilson left their papers to Princeton University where they may be found at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library . After the Theodore Roosevelt Association failed to get enough funds to start what would be the second presidential library after Rutherford Hayes ' , they donated his papers to Harvard University in 1943 . These reside at its Houghton Library . James Buchanan left his papers to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia , where they may still be found . In the 1960s , the University of Tennessee at Knoxville endeavored to collect all of Andrew Jackson 's papers on microfilm and the results are now available online . A similar project is underway on behalf of James Madison by the Universities of Virginia and Chicago . For many presidents , especially before the development of the NARA system , substantial collections may be found in multiple private and public collections . Until the Obama Administration 's library is ready for service , its papers are being held in a facility in Hoffman Estates , Illinois , and are not available to the public as they are classified . See also ( edit ) United States presidential memorials First Ladies National Historic Site Jefferson Davis Presidential Library and Museum Gladstone 's Library Churchill Archives Centre National Churchill Museum Vicente Fox Center of Studies , Library and Museum Dan Quayle Vice Presidential Center and Museum Hufbauer , Benjamin ( January 10 , 2006 ) . Presidential Temples : How Memorials and Libraries Shape Public Memory . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0700614226 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ NARA and the Obama Foundation are partnering in a new model , digitizing the Obama presidential records but not creating a new NARA facility . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` National Archives Announces a New Model for the Preservation and Accessibility of Presidential Records '' . May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark , Anthony ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` Presidential Libraries Are a Scam . Could Obama Change That ? '' . Politico Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Library Updates '' . Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` National Archives Names Director of the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum '' ( Press release ) . National Archives and Records Administration . July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The National Archives Opens Federal Nixon Library , Releases Previously - Restricted Documents and Tapes '' ( Press release ) . National Archives and Records Administration . July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` MSU joins exclusive list as presidential library host '' ( Press release ) . Mississippi State University . May 17 , 2012 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Collection Overview '' . Ulysses S. Grant Association . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Assembly awards funding for creation of TR Library '' ( Press release ) . Theodore Roosevelt Center . May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Caputo , Blair Kamin , Katherine Skiba , Angela . `` Obama Presidential Center breaks from National Archives model '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gunther , John ( 1950 ) . Roosevelt in Retrospect . Harper & Brothers . pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Papers , Manuscript Division , Library of Congress '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` History Associates Assists With Content Development for New Exhibit at Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum '' ( Press release ) . History Associates . September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Minor , Elliot ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Carter 's Hometown Happy with Burial Plan '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` George Walker Bush '' . Texas State Cemetery . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Caitlin ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Mount Vernon Getting New Library '' . WRC - TV News . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lutz , BJ ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Chicago to Get Obama Presidential Library '' . WMAQ - TV News . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Clark , Anthony ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` Obama Foundation Changes Presidential Libraries -- Perhaps Forever '' . medium.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . ( I ) t seems quite certain that the Obama Foundation anticipates keeping and operating both the foundation space as well as the museum on its own ... Jump up ^ Julie Bosman & Mitch Smith , Chicago Wins Bid to Host Obama Library , New York Times , May 12 , 2015 . Portions of this article based on public domain text from the National Archives and Records Administration United States Presidential Libraries Non-NARA libraries Washington J. and J.Q. Adams Lincoln A. Johnson Hayes McKinley Wilson Coolidge Obama ( future ) NARA libraries Hoover F.D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford ( L ) Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. Bush Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Memorials to United States presidents By president 1 Washington 2 J. 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Bush 44 Obama 45 Trump By topic Counties Currency Educational institutions Military vessels Postage stamps Presidential libraries Residences United States National Libraries Department of Agriculture : National Agricultural Library Congress : Library of Congress Department of Transportation : National Transportation Library Department of Health and Human Services / National Institutes of Health : National Library of Medicine Department of Education : National Library of Education Other related libraries and services Federal Depository Library Program National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) Presidential library system List of U.S. state libraries and archives Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential_library&oldid=843083801 '' Categories : National Archives and Records Administration Presidential libraries Libraries by subject Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 19 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who pays for presidential libraries to be built | [
"In 1955, Congress passed the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955, establishing a system of privately erected and federally maintained libraries. The Act encouraged other Presidents to donate their historical materials to the government and ensured the preservation of Presidential papers and their availability to the American people. Under this and subsequent acts, nine more libraries have been established. In each case, funds from private and non-federal public sources provided the funds to build the library. Once completed, the private organization turned over the libraries to the National Archives and Records Administration to operate and maintain."
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"private and non-federal public sources"
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-4623925283730383998 | Greenhouse gas | Greenhouse gas - wikipedia Greenhouse gas This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see GHG . Greenhouse effect schematic showing energy flows between space , the atmosphere , and Earth 's surface . Energy influx and emittance are expressed in watts per square meter ( W / m ) . A greenhouse gas ( abbrev . GHG ) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range . This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect . The primary greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere are water vapor , carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone . Without greenhouse gases , the average temperature of Earth 's surface would be about − 18 ° C ( 0 ° F ) , rather than the present average of 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) . In the Solar System , the atmospheres of Venus , Mars and Titan also contain gases that cause a greenhouse effect . Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution ( taken as sometime between the years 1740 and 1754 ) have produced a 40 % increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide , from 280 ppm in 1750 to 406 ppm in early 2017 . This increase has occurred despite the uptake of a large portion of the emissions by various natural `` sinks '' involved in the carbon cycle . The vast majority of Anthropogenic carbon dioxide ( CO ) emissions ( i.e. , emissions produced by human activities ) come from combustion of fossil fuels , principally coal , oil , and natural gas , with comparatively modest additional contributions coming from deforestation , changes in land use , soil erosion , and agriculture ( including animal agriculture ) , though some of the emissions of this sector are offset by carbon sequestration . It has been estimated that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at the present rate , Earth 's surface temperature could exceed historical values as early as 2047 , with potentially harmful effects on ecosystems , biodiversity and the livelihoods of people worldwide . Recent estimates suggest that on the current emissions trajectory the Earth could pass a threshold of 2 ° C global warming , which the United Nations ' IPCC designated as the upper limit to avoid `` dangerous '' global warming , by 2036 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gases in Earth 's atmosphere 1.1 Greenhouse gases 1.2 Non-greenhouse gases 1.3 Indirect radiative effects 1.4 Contribution of clouds to Earth 's greenhouse effect 2 Impacts on the overall greenhouse effect 2.1 Proportion of direct effects at a given moment 2.2 Atmospheric lifetime 2.3 Radiative forcing 2.4 Global warming potential 3 Natural and anthropogenic sources 3.1 Ice cores 3.2 Changes since the Industrial Revolution 4 Anthropogenic greenhouse gases 4.1 Sectors 4.1. 1 Tourism 4.1. 2 Road Haulage 5 Role of water vapor 6 Direct greenhouse gas emissions 6.1 Regional and national attribution of emissions 6.2 Land - use change 6.3 Greenhouse gas intensity 6.4 Cumulative and historical emissions 6.5 Changes since a particular base year 6.6 Annual emissions 6.7 Top emitter countries 6.7. 1 Annual 6.7. 2 Cumulative 6.8 Embedded emissions 6.9 Effect of policy 6.10 Projections 6.11 Relative CO emission from various fuels 7 Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources 8 Removal from the atmosphere ( `` sinks '' ) 8.1 Natural processes 8.2 Negative emissions 9 History of scientific research 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links 13.1 Carbon dioxide emissions Gases in Earth 's atmosphere ( edit ) Main articles : Greenhouse effect and Atmosphere of Earth See also : Global warming and Carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere Atmospheric absorption and scattering at different wavelengths of electromagnetic waves . The largest absorption band of carbon dioxide is not far from the maximum in the thermal emission from ground , and it partly closes the window of transparency of water ; hence its major effect . Greenhouse gases ( edit ) Greenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth . In order , the most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere are : Water vapor ( H 2O ) Carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) Methane ( CH 4 ) Nitrous oxide ( N 2O ) Ozone ( O 3 ) Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) Hydrofluorocarbons ( incl . HCFCs and HFCs ) Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases are determined by the balance between sources ( emissions of the gas from human activities and natural systems ) and sinks ( the removal of the gas from the atmosphere by conversion to a different chemical compound ) . The proportion of an emission remaining in the atmosphere after a specified time is the `` airborne fraction '' ( AF ) . The annual airborne fraction is the ratio of the atmospheric increase in a given year to that year 's total emissions . As of 2006 the annual airborne fraction for CO was about 0.45 . The annual airborne fraction increased at a rate of 0.25 ± 0.21 % per year over the period 1959 -- 2006 . Non-greenhouse gases ( edit ) The major atmospheric constituents , nitrogen ( N 2 ) , oxygen ( O 2 ) , and argon ( Ar ) , are not greenhouse gases because molecules containing two atoms of the same element such as N 2 and O 2 and monatomic molecules such as argon ( Ar ) have no net change in the distribution of their electrical charges when they vibrate . Hence they are almost totally unaffected by infrared radiation . Although molecules containing two atoms of different elements such as carbon monoxide ( CO ) or hydrogen chloride ( HCl ) absorb infrared radiation , these molecules are short - lived in the atmosphere owing to their reactivity and solubility . Therefore , they do not contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect and often are omitted when discussing greenhouse gases . Indirect radiative effects ( edit ) The false colors in this image represent concentrations of carbon monoxide in the lower atmosphere , ranging from about 390 parts per billion ( dark brown pixels ) , to 220 parts per billion ( red pixels ) , to 50 parts per billion ( blue pixels ) . Some gases have indirect radiative effects ( whether or not they are greenhouse gases themselves ) . This happens in two main ways . One way is that when they break down in the atmosphere they produce another greenhouse gas . For example , methane and carbon monoxide ( CO ) are oxidized to give carbon dioxide ( and methane oxidation also produces water vapor , as discussed later ) . Oxidation of CO to CO directly produces an unambiguous increase in radiative forcing although the reason is subtle . The peak of the thermal IR emission from Earth 's surface is very close to a strong vibrational absorption band of CO ( 15 microns , or 667 cm ) . On the other hand , the single CO vibrational band only absorbs IR at much shorter wavelengths ( 4.7 microns , or 2145 cm ) , where the emission of radiant energy from Earth 's surface is at least a factor of ten lower . Oxidation of methane to CO , which requires reactions with the OH radical , produces an instantaneous reduction in radiative absorption and emission since CO is a weaker greenhouse gas than methane , although CO has a longer lifetime . As described below this is not the whole story , since the oxidations of CO and CH 4 are intertwined by both consuming OH radicals . In any case , the calculation of the total radiative effect needs to include both the direct and indirect forcing . A second type of indirect effect happens when chemical reactions in the atmosphere involving these gases change the concentrations of greenhouse gases . For example , the destruction of non-methane volatile organic compounds ( NMVOCs ) in the atmosphere can produce ozone . The size of the indirect effect can depend strongly on where and when the gas is emitted . Methane has a number of indirect effects in addition to forming CO . First , the main chemical that reacts with methane in the atmosphere is the hydroxyl radical ( OH ) , thus more methane means that the concentration of OH goes down . Effectively , methane increases its own atmospheric lifetime and therefore its overall radiative effect . The second effect is that the oxidation of methane can produce ozone . Third , as well as making CO , the oxidation of methane produces water ; this is a major source of water vapor in the stratosphere , which is otherwise very dry . CO and NMVOCs also produce CO when they are oxidized . They remove OH from the atmosphere , and this leads to higher concentrations of methane . The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO . The same process that converts NMVOCs to carbon dioxide can also lead to the formation of tropospheric ozone . Halocarbons have an indirect effect because they destroy stratospheric ozone . Finally , hydrogen can lead to ozone production and CH 4 increases as well as producing water vapor in the stratosphere . Contribution of clouds to Earth 's greenhouse effect ( edit ) The major non-gas contributor to Earth 's greenhouse effect , clouds , also absorb and emit infrared radiation and thus have an effect on radiative properties of the greenhouse gases . Clouds are water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere . Impacts on the overall greenhouse effect ( edit ) Schmidt et al. ( 2010 ) analysed how individual components of the atmosphere contribute to the total greenhouse effect . They estimated that water vapor accounts for about 50 % of Earth 's greenhouse effect , with clouds contributing 25 % , carbon dioxide 20 % , and the minor greenhouse gases and aerosols accounting for the remaining 5 % . In the study , the reference model atmosphere is for 1980 conditions . Image credit : NASA . The contribution of each gas to the greenhouse effect is determined by the characteristics of that gas , its abundance , and any indirect effects it may cause . For example , the direct radiative effect of a mass of methane is about 84 times stronger than the same mass of carbon dioxide over a 20 - year time frame but it is present in much smaller concentrations so that its total direct radiative effect is smaller , in part due to its shorter atmospheric lifetime . On the other hand , in addition to its direct radiative impact , methane has a large , indirect radiative effect because it contributes to ozone formation . Shindell et al. ( 2005 ) argue that the contribution to climate change from methane is at least double previous estimates as a result of this effect . When ranked by their direct contribution to the greenhouse effect , the most important are : Compound Formula Concentration in atmosphere ( ppm ) Contribution ( % ) Water vapor and clouds 2O 10 -- 50,000 36 -- 72 % Carbon dioxide CO ~ 400 9 -- 26 % Methane CH ~ 1.8 4 -- 9 % Ozone O 2 -- 8 3 -- 7 % notes : Water vapor strongly varies locally The concentration in stratosphere . About 90 % of the ozone in Earth 's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere . In addition to the main greenhouse gases listed above , other greenhouse gases include sulfur hexafluoride , hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons ( see IPCC list of greenhouse gases ) . Some greenhouse gases are not often listed . For example , nitrogen trifluoride has a high global warming potential ( GWP ) but is only present in very small quantities . Proportion of direct effects at a given moment ( edit ) It is not possible to state that a certain gas causes an exact percentage of the greenhouse effect . This is because some of the gases absorb and emit radiation at the same frequencies as others , so that the total greenhouse effect is not simply the sum of the influence of each gas . The higher ends of the ranges quoted are for each gas alone ; the lower ends account for overlaps with the other gases . In addition , some gases such as methane are known to have large indirect effects that are still being quantified . Atmospheric lifetime ( edit ) Aside from water vapor , which has a residence time of about nine days , major greenhouse gases are well mixed and take many years to leave the atmosphere . Although it is not easy to know with precision how long it takes greenhouse gases to leave the atmosphere , there are estimates for the principal greenhouse gases . Jacob ( 1999 ) defines the lifetime τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) of an atmospheric species X in a one - box model as the average time that a molecule of X remains in the box . Mathematically τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) can be defined as the ratio of the mass m ( \ displaystyle m ) ( in kg ) of X in the box to its removal rate , which is the sum of the flow of X out of the box ( F o u t ( \ displaystyle F_ ( out ) ) ) , chemical loss of X ( L ( \ displaystyle L ) ) , and deposition of X ( D ( \ displaystyle D ) ) ( all in kg / s ) : τ = m F o u t + L + D ( \ displaystyle \ tau = ( \ frac ( m ) ( F_ ( out ) + L + D ) ) ) . If one stopped pouring any of this gas into the box , then after a time τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) , its concentration would be about halved . The atmospheric lifetime of a species therefore measures the time required to restore equilibrium following a sudden increase or decrease in its concentration in the atmosphere . Individual atoms or molecules may be lost or deposited to sinks such as the soil , the oceans and other waters , or vegetation and other biological systems , reducing the excess to background concentrations . The average time taken to achieve this is the mean lifetime . Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime , and can not be specified precisely . The atmospheric lifetime of CO is estimated of the order of 30 -- 95 years . This figure accounts for CO molecules being removed from the atmosphere by mixing into the ocean , photosynthesis , and other processes . However , this excludes the balancing fluxes of CO into the atmosphere from the geological reservoirs , which have slower characteristic rates . Although more than half of the CO emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century , some fraction ( about 20 % ) of emitted CO remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years . Similar issues apply to other greenhouse gases , many of which have longer mean lifetimes than CO . E.g. , N O has a mean atmospheric lifetime of 121 years . Radiative forcing ( edit ) Earth absorbs some of the radiant energy received from the sun , reflects some of it as light and reflects or radiates the rest back to space as heat . Earth 's surface temperature depends on this balance between incoming and outgoing energy . If this energy balance is shifted , Earth 's surface becomes warmer or cooler , leading to a variety of changes in global climate . A number of natural and man - made mechanisms can affect the global energy balance and force changes in Earth 's climate . Greenhouse gases are one such mechanism . Greenhouse gases absorb and emit some of the outgoing energy radiated from Earth 's surface , causing that heat to be retained in the lower atmosphere . As explained above , some greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere for decades or even centuries , and therefore can affect Earth 's energy balance over a long period . Radiative forcing quantifies the effect of factors that influence Earth 's energy balance , including changes in the concentrations of greenhouse gases . Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy , whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling . Global warming potential ( edit ) The global warming potential ( GWP ) depends on both the efficiency of the molecule as a greenhouse gas and its atmospheric lifetime . GWP is measured relative to the same mass of CO and evaluated for a specific timescale . Thus , if a gas has a high ( positive ) radiative forcing but also a short lifetime , it will have a large GWP on a 20 - year scale but a small one on a 100 - year scale . Conversely , if a molecule has a longer atmospheric lifetime than CO its GWP will increase with the timescale considered . Carbon dioxide is defined to have a GWP of 1 over all time periods . Methane has an atmospheric lifetime of 12 ± 3 years . The 2007 IPCC report lists the GWP as 72 over a time scale of 20 years , 25 over 100 years and 7.6 over 500 years . A 2014 analysis , however , states that although methane 's initial impact is about 100 times greater than that of CO , because of the shorter atmospheric lifetime , after six or seven decades , the impact of the two gases is about equal , and from then on methane 's relative role continues to decline . The decrease in GWP at longer times is because methane is degraded to water and CO through chemical reactions in the atmosphere . Examples of the atmospheric lifetime and GWP relative to CO for several greenhouse gases are given in the following table : Atmospheric lifetime and GWP relative to CO at different time horizon for various greenhouse gases Gas name Chemical formula Lifetime ( years ) Global warming potential ( GWP ) for given time horizon 20 - yr 100 - yr 500 - yr Carbon dioxide CO 30 -- 95 Methane CH 12 84 28 7.6 Nitrous oxide 2O 121 264 265 153 CFC - 12 CCl 100 10 800 10 200 5 200 HCFC - 22 CHClF 12 5 280 1 760 549 Tetrafluoromethane CF 50 000 4 880 6 630 11 200 Hexafluoroethane 6 10 000 8 210 11 100 18 200 Sulfur hexafluoride SF 6 3 200 17 500 23 500 32 600 Nitrogen trifluoride NF 500 12 800 16 100 20 700 The use of CFC - 12 ( except some essential uses ) has been phased out due to its ozone depleting properties . The phasing - out of less active HCFC - compounds will be completed in 2030 . Carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere if half of global - warming emissions are not absorbed . ( NASA simulation ; 9 November 2015 ) Nitrogen dioxide 2014 -- global air quality levels ( released 14 December 2015 ) . Natural and anthropogenic sources ( edit ) Top : Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels as measured in the atmosphere and reflected in ice cores . Bottom : The amount of net carbon increase in the atmosphere , compared to carbon emissions from burning fossil fuel . This diagram shows a simplified representation of the contemporary global carbon cycle . Changes are measured in gigatons of carbon per year ( GtC / y ) . Canadell et al. ( 2007 ) estimated the growth rate of global average atmospheric CO for 2000 -- 2006 as 1.93 parts - per - million per year ( 4.1 petagrams of carbon per year ) . Aside from purely human - produced synthetic halocarbons , most greenhouse gases have both natural and human - caused sources . During the pre-industrial Holocene , concentrations of existing gases were roughly constant , because the large natural sources and sinks roughly balance . In the industrial era , human activities have added greenhouse gases to the atmosphere , mainly through the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests . The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC ( AR4 ) noted that `` changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols , land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system '' , and concluded that `` increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century '' . In AR4 , `` most of '' is defined as more than 50 % . Abbreviations used in the two tables below : ppm = parts - per - million ; ppb = parts - per - billion ; ppt = parts - per - trillion ; W / m = watts per square metre Current greenhouse gas concentrations Gas Pre-1750 tropospheric concentration Recent tropospheric concentration Absolute increase since 1750 Percentage increase since 1750 Increased radiative forcing ( W / m ) Carbon dioxide ( CO ) 280 ppm 395.4 ppm 115.4 ppm 41.2 % 1.88 Methane ( CH 4 ) 700 ppb 1893 ppb / 1762 ppb 1193 ppb / 1062 ppb 170.4 % / 151.7 % 0.49 Nitrous oxide ( N 2O ) 270 ppb 326 ppb / 324 ppb 56 ppb / 54 ppb 20.7 % / 20.0 % 0.17 Tropospheric ozone ( O 3 ) 237 ppb 337 ppb 100 ppb 42 % 0.4 Relevant to radiative forcing and / or ozone depletion ; all of the following have no natural sources and hence zero amounts pre-industrial Gas Recent tropospheric concentration Increased radiative forcing ( W / m ) CFC - 11 ( trichlorofluoromethane ) ( CCl 3F ) 236 ppt / 234 ppt 0.061 CFC - 12 ( CCl 2 ) 527 ppt / 527 ppt 0.169 CFC - 113 ( Cl 2FC - CClF 2 ) 74 ppt / 74 ppt 0.022 HCFC - 22 ( CHClF 2 ) 231 ppt / 210 ppt 0.046 HCFC - 141b ( CH 3CCl 2F ) 24 ppt / 21 ppt 0.0036 HCFC - 142b ( CH 3CClF 2 ) 23 ppt / 21 ppt 0.0042 Halon 1211 ( CBrClF 2 ) 4.1 ppt / 4.0 ppt 0.0012 Halon 1301 ( CBrClF 3 ) 3.3 ppt / 3.3 ppt 0.001 HFC - 134a ( CH 2FCF 3 ) 75 ppt / 64 ppt 0.0108 Carbon tetrachloride ( CCl 4 ) 85 ppt / 83 ppt 0.0143 Sulfur hexafluoride ( SF 6 ) 7.79 ppt / 7.39 ppt 0.0043 Other halocarbons Varies by substance collectively 0.02 Halocarbons in total 0.3574 400,000 years of ice core data Ice cores provide evidence for greenhouse gas concentration variations over the past 800,000 years ( see the following section ) . Both CO and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases , and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature . Direct data does not exist for periods earlier than those represented in the ice core record , a record that indicates CO mole fractions stayed within a range of 180 ppm to 280 ppm throughout the last 800,000 years , until the increase of the last 250 years . However , various proxies and modeling suggests larger variations in past epochs ; 500 million years ago CO levels were likely 10 times higher than now . Indeed , higher CO concentrations are thought to have prevailed throughout most of the Phanerozoic eon , with concentrations four to six times current concentrations during the Mesozoic era , and ten to fifteen times current concentrations during the early Palaeozoic era until the middle of the Devonian period , about 400 Ma . The spread of land plants is thought to have reduced CO concentrations during the late Devonian , and plant activities as both sources and sinks of CO have since been important in providing stabilising feedbacks . Earlier still , a 200 - million year period of intermittent , widespread glaciation extending close to the equator ( Snowball Earth ) appears to have been ended suddenly , about 550 Ma , by a colossal volcanic outgassing that raised the CO concentration of the atmosphere abruptly to 12 % , about 350 times modern levels , causing extreme greenhouse conditions and carbonate deposition as limestone at the rate of about 1 mm per day . This episode marked the close of the Precambrian eon , and was succeeded by the generally warmer conditions of the Phanerozoic , during which multicellular animal and plant life evolved . No volcanic carbon dioxide emission of comparable scale has occurred since . In the modern era , emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are only about 1 % of emissions from human sources . Ice cores ( edit ) Measurements from Antarctic ice cores show that before industrial emissions started atmospheric CO mole fractions were about 280 parts per million ( ppm ) , and stayed between 260 and 280 during the preceding ten thousand years . Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s , rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009 . One study using evidence from stomata of fossilized leaves suggests greater variability , with carbon dioxide mole fractions above 300 ppm during the period seven to ten thousand years ago , though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration or contamination problems rather than actual CO variability . Because of the way air is trapped in ice ( pores in the ice close off slowly to form bubbles deep within the firn ) and the time period represented in each ice sample analyzed , these figures represent averages of atmospheric concentrations of up to a few centuries rather than annual or decadal levels . Changes since the industrial Revolution ( edit ) Recent year - to - year increase of atmospheric CO . Major greenhouse gas trends . Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , the concentrations of most of the greenhouse gases have increased . For example , the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 400 ppm , or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels . The first 30 ppm increase took place in about 200 years , from the start of the Industrial Revolution to 1958 ; however the next 90 ppm increase took place within 56 years , from 1958 to 2014 . Recent data also shows that the concentration is increasing at a higher rate . In the 1960s , the average annual increase was only 37 % of what it was in 2000 through 2007 . Today , the stock of carbon in the atmosphere increases by more than 3 million tonnes per annum ( 0.04 % ) compared with the existing stock . This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels , deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions . The other greenhouse gases produced from human activity show similar increases in both amount and rate of increase . Many observations are available online in a variety of Atmospheric Chemistry Observational Databases . Anthropogenic greenhouse gases ( edit ) This graph shows changes in the annual greenhouse gas index ( AGGI ) between 1979 and 2011 . The AGGI measures the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere based on their ability to cause changes in Earth 's climate . This bar graph shows global greenhouse gas emissions by sector from 1990 to 2005 , measured in carbon dioxide equivalents . Modern global CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels . Since about 1750 human activity has increased the concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases . Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels . Natural sources of carbon dioxide are more than 20 times greater than sources due to human activity , but over periods longer than a few years natural sources are closely balanced by natural sinks , mainly photosynthesis of carbon compounds by plants and marine plankton . As a result of this balance , the atmospheric mole fraction of carbon dioxide remained between 260 and 280 parts per million for the 10,000 years between the end of the last glacial maximum and the start of the industrial era . It is likely that anthropogenic ( i.e. , human - induced ) warming , such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels , has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems . Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts , including sea level rise , increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events , loss of biodiversity , and regional changes in agricultural productivity . The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are : burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air . Land use change ( mainly deforestation in the tropics ) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO emissions . livestock enteric fermentation and manure management , paddy rice farming , land use and wetland changes , man - made lakes , pipeline losses , and covered vented landfill emissions leading to higher methane atmospheric concentrations . Many of the newer style fully vented septic systems that enhance and target the fermentation process also are sources of atmospheric methane . use of chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) in refrigeration systems , and use of CFCs and halons in fire suppression systems and manufacturing processes . agricultural activities , including the use of fertilizers , that lead to higher nitrous oxide ( N 2O ) concentrations . The seven sources of CO from fossil fuel combustion are ( with percentage contributions for 2000 -- 2004 ) : Seven main fossil fuel combustion sources Contribution ( % ) Liquid fuels ( e.g. , gasoline , fuel oil ) 36 % Solid fuels ( e.g. , coal ) 35 % Gaseous fuels ( e.g. , natural gas ) 20 % Cement production 3 % Flaring gas industrially and at wells < 1 % Non-fuel hydrocarbons < 1 % `` International bunker fuels '' of transport not included in national inventories 4 % Carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide ( N 2O ) and three groups of fluorinated gases ( sulfur hexafluoride ( SF 6 ) , hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) , and perfluorocarbons ( PFCs ) ) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases , and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty , which came into force in 2005 . Emissions limitations specified in the Kyoto Protocol expired in 2012 . The Cancún agreement , agreed in 2010 , includes voluntary pledges made by 76 countries to control emissions . At the time of the agreement , these 76 countries were collectively responsible for 85 % of annual global emissions . Although CFCs are greenhouse gases , they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol , which was motivated by CFCs ' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming . Note that ozone depletion has only a minor role in greenhouse warming though the two processes often are confused in the media . On 15 October 2016 , negotiators from over 170 nations meeting at the summit of the United Nations Environment Programme reached a legally binding accord to phase out hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) in an amendment to the Montreal Protocol . Sectors ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : Information on emissions from other sectors . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2013 ) This figure shows the relative fraction of anthropogenic greenhouse gases coming from each of eight categories of sources , as estimated by the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research version 3.2 , fast track 2000 project ( 1 ) . These values are intended to provide a snapshot of global annual greenhouse gas emissions in the year 2000 . The top panel shows the sum over all anthropogenic greenhouse gases , weighted by their global warming potential over the next 100 years . This consists of 72 % carbon dioxide , 18 % methane , 8 % nitrous oxide and 1 % other gases . Lower panels show the comparable information for each of these three primary greenhouse gases , with the same coloring of sectors as used in the top chart . Segments with less than 1 % fraction are not labeled . Tourism ( edit ) According to UNEP global tourism is closely linked to climate change . Tourism is a significant contributor to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere . Tourism accounts for about 50 % of traffic movements . Rapidly expanding air traffic contributes about 2.5 % of the production of CO . The number of international travelers is expected to increase from 594 million in 1996 to 1.6 billion by 2020 , adding greatly to the problem unless steps are taken to reduce emissions . Road haulage ( edit ) The road haulage industry plays a part in production of CO , contributing around 20 % of the UK 's total carbon emissions a year , with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39 % . Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling -- in the thirty - year period from 1977 to 2007 , the carbon emissions associated with a 200 - mile journey fell by 21 percent ; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent , whereas journey times have fallen by around a third . Due to their size , HGVs often receive criticism regarding their CO2 emissions ; however , rapid development in engine technology and fuel management is having a largely positive effect . Role of water vapor ( edit ) Increasing water vapor in the stratosphere at Boulder , Colorado . Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect , between 36 % and 66 % for clear sky conditions and between 66 % and 85 % when including clouds . Water vapor concentrations fluctuate regionally , but human activity does not directly affect water vapor concentrations except at local scales , such as near irrigated fields . Indirectly , human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations , a process known as water vapor feedback . The atmospheric concentration of vapor is highly variable and depends largely on temperature , from less than 0.01 % in extremely cold regions up to 3 % by mass in saturated air at about 32 ° C. ( See Relative humidity # other important facts . ) The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days , compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH 4 and CO . Thus , water vapor responds to and amplifies effects of the other greenhouse gases . The Clausius -- Clapeyron relation establishes that more water vapor will be present per unit volume at elevated temperatures . This and other basic principles indicate that warming associated with increased concentrations of the other greenhouse gases also will increase the concentration of water vapor ( assuming that the relative humidity remains approximately constant ; modeling and observational studies find that this is indeed so ) . Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas , this results in further warming and so is a `` positive feedback '' that amplifies the original warming . Eventually other earth processes offset these positive feedbacks , stabilizing the global temperature at a new equilibrium and preventing the loss of Earth 's water through a Venus - like runaway greenhouse effect . Direct greenhouse gas emissions ( edit ) Between the period 1970 to 2004 , GHG emissions ( measured in CO-equivalent ) increased at an average rate of 1.6 % per year , with CO emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9 % per year . Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO-equivalent . These emissions include CO from fossil fuel use and from land use , as well as emissions of methane , nitrous oxide and other GHGs covered by the Kyoto Protocol . At present , the primary source of CO emissions is the burning of coal , natural gas , and petroleum for electricity and heat . Regional and national attribution of emissions ( edit ) See also : Kyoto Protocol and government action There are several different ways of measuring GHG emissions , for example , see World Bank ( 2010 ) for tables of national emissions data . Some variables that have been reported include : Definition of measurement boundaries : Emissions can be attributed geographically , to the area where they were emitted ( the territory principle ) or by the activity principle to the territory produced the emissions . These two principles result in different totals when measuring , for example , electricity importation from one country to another , or emissions at an international airport . Time horizon of different GHGs : Contribution of a given GHG is reported as a CO equivalent . The calculation to determine this takes into account how long that gas remains in the atmosphere . This is not always known accurately and calculations must be regularly updated to reflect new information . What sectors are included in the calculation ( e.g. , energy industries , industrial processes , agriculture etc . ) : There is often a conflict between transparency and availability of data . The measurement protocol itself : This may be via direct measurement or estimation . The four main methods are the emission factor - based method , mass balance method , predictive emissions monitoring systems , and continuous emissions monitoring systems . These methods differ in accuracy , cost , and usability . These different measures are sometimes used by different countries to assert various policy / ethical positions on climate change ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , p. 94 ) . This use of different measures leads to a lack of comparability , which is problematic when monitoring progress towards targets . There are arguments for the adoption of a common measurement tool , or at least the development of communication between different tools . Emissions may be measured over long time periods . This measurement type is called historical or cumulative emissions . Cumulative emissions give some indication of who is responsible for the build - up in the atmospheric concentration of GHGs ( IEA , 2007 , p. 199 ) . The national accounts balance would be positively related to carbon emissions . The national accounts balance shows the difference between exports and imports . For many richer nations , such as the United States , the accounts balance is negative because more goods are imported than they are exported . This is mostly due to the fact that it is cheaper to produce goods outside of developed countries , leading the economies of developed countries to become increasingly dependent on services and not goods . We believed that a positive accounts balance would means that more production was occurring in a country , so more factories working would increase carbon emission levels. ( Holtz - Eakin , 1995 , pp. ; 85 ; 101 ) . Emissions may also be measured across shorter time periods . Emissions changes may , for example , be measured against a base year of 1990 . 1990 was used in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) as the base year for emissions , and is also used in the Kyoto Protocol ( some gases are also measured from the year 1995 ) . A country 's emissions may also be reported as a proportion of global emissions for a particular year . Another measurement is of per capita emissions . This divides a country 's total annual emissions by its mid-year population . Per capita emissions may be based on historical or annual emissions ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , pp. 106 -- 107 ) . Land - use Change ( edit ) Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture , forestry and other land use , 1970 -- 2010 . Land - use change , e.g. , the clearing of forests for agricultural use , can affect the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere by altering how much carbon flows out of the atmosphere into carbon sinks . Accounting for land - use change can be understood as an attempt to measure `` net '' emissions , i.e. , gross emissions from all GHG sources minus the removal of emissions from the atmosphere by carbon sinks ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , pp. 92 -- 93 ) . There are substantial uncertainties in the measurement of net carbon emissions . Additionally , there is controversy over how carbon sinks should be allocated between different regions and over time ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , p. 93 ) . For instance , concentrating on more recent changes in carbon sinks is likely to favour those regions that have deforested earlier , e.g. , Europe . Greenhouse gas intensity ( edit ) See also : List of countries by carbon intensity Greenhouse gas intensity in the year 2000 , including land - use change . Carbon intensity of GDP ( using PPP ) for different regions , 1982 -- 2011 . Carbon intensity of GDP ( using MER ) for different regions , 1982 -- 2011 . Greenhouse gas intensity is a ratio between greenhouse gas emissions and another metric , e.g. , gross domestic product ( GDP ) or energy use . The terms `` carbon intensity '' and `` emissions intensity '' are also sometimes used . GHG intensities may be calculated using market exchange rates ( MER ) or purchasing power parity ( PPP ) ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , p. 96 ) . Calculations based on MER show large differences in intensities between developed and developing countries , whereas calculations based on PPP show smaller differences . Cumulative and historical emissions ( edit ) Cumulative energy - related CO emissions between the years 1850 -- 2005 grouped into low - income , middle - income , high - income , the EU - 15 , and the OECD countries . Cumulative energy - related CO emissions between the years 1850 -- 2005 for individual countries . Map of cumulative per capita anthropogenic atmospheric CO emissions by country . Cumulative emissions include land use change , and are measured between the years 1950 and 2000 . Regional trends in annual CO emissions from fuel combustion between 1971 and 2009 . Regional trends in annual per capita CO emissions from fuel combustion between 1971 and 2009 . Cumulative anthropogenic ( i.e. , human - emitted ) emissions of CO from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming , and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human - induced climate change . Top - 5 historic CO contributors by region over the years 1800 to 1988 ( in % ) Region Industrial CO Total CO OECD North America 33.2 29.7 OECD Europe 26.1 16.6 Former USSR 14.1 12.5 China 5.5 6.0 Eastern Europe 5.5 4.8 The table above to the left is based on Banuri et al. ( 1996 , p. 94 ) . Overall , developed countries accounted for 83.8 % of industrial CO emissions over this time period , and 67.8 % of total CO emissions . Developing countries accounted for industrial CO emissions of 16.2 % over this time period , and 32.2 % of total CO emissions . The estimate of total CO emissions includes biotic carbon emissions , mainly from deforestation . Banuri et al. ( 1996 , p. 94 ) calculated per capita cumulative emissions based on then - current population . The ratio in per capita emissions between industrialized countries and developing countries was estimated at more than 10 to 1 . Including biotic emissions brings about the same controversy mentioned earlier regarding carbon sinks and land - use change ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , pp. 93 -- 94 ) . The actual calculation of net emissions is very complex , and is affected by how carbon sinks are allocated between regions and the dynamics of the climate system . Non-OECD countries accounted for 42 % of cumulative energy - related CO emissions between 1890 and 2007 . Over this time period , the US accounted for 28 % of emissions ; the EU , 23 % ; Russia , 11 % ; China , 9 % ; other OECD countries , 5 % ; Japan , 4 % ; India , 3 % ; and the rest of the world , 18 % . Changes since a particular base year ( edit ) See also : Kyoto Protocol § Government action and emissions Between 1970 and 2004 , global growth in annual CO emissions was driven by North America , Asia , and the Middle East . The sharp acceleration in CO emissions since 2000 to more than a 3 % increase per year ( more than 2 ppm per year ) from 1.1 % per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations . China was responsible for most of global growth in emissions during this period . Localised plummeting emissions associated with the collapse of the Soviet Union have been followed by slow emissions growth in this region due to more efficient energy use , made necessary by the increasing proportion of it that is exported . In comparison , methane has not increased appreciably , and N 2O by 0.25 % y . Using different base years for measuring emissions has an effect on estimates of national contributions to global warming . This can be calculated by dividing a country 's highest contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year , by that country 's minimum contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year . Choosing between different base years of 1750 , 1900 , 1950 , and 1990 has a significant effect for most countries . Within the G8 group of countries , it is most significant for the UK , France and Germany . These countries have a long history of CO emissions ( see the section on Cumulative and historical emissions ) . Annual emissions ( edit ) Per capita anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by country for the year 2000 including land - use change . Annual per capita emissions in the industrialized countries are typically as much as ten times the average in developing countries . Due to China 's fast economic development , its annual per capita emissions are quickly approaching the levels of those in the Annex I group of the Kyoto Protocol ( i.e. , the developed countries excluding the USA ) . Other countries with fast growing emissions are South Korea , Iran , and Australia ( which apart from the oil rich Persian Gulf states , now has the highest percapita emission rate in the world ) . On the other hand , annual per capita emissions of the EU - 15 and the USA are gradually decreasing over time . Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries . Energy statistics for fast growing economies are less accurate than those for the industrialized countries . For China 's annual emissions in 2008 , the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency estimated an uncertainty range of about 10 % . The GHG footprint , or greenhouse gas footprint , refers to the amount of GHG that are emitted during the creation of products or services . It is more comprehensive than the commonly used carbon footprint , which measures only carbon dioxide , one of many greenhouse gases . 2015 was the first year to see both total global economic growth and a reduction of carbon emissions . Top emitter countries ( edit ) Global carbon dioxide emissions by country . The top 40 countries emitting all greenhouse gases , showing both that derived from all sources including land clearance and forestry and also the CO2 component excluding those sources . Per capita figures are included . Data taken from World Resources Institute , Washington . Note that Indonesia and Brazil show very much higher than on graphs simply showing fossil fuel use . See also : List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions , List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita , List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions , and List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita Annual ( edit ) In 2009 , the annual top ten emitting countries accounted for about two - thirds of the world 's annual energy - related CO emissions . Top - 10 annual energy - related CO emitters for the year 2009 Country % of global total annual emissions Tonnes of GHG per capita People 's Rep. of China 23.6 5.1 United States 17.9 16.9 India 5.5 1.4 Russian Federation 5.3 10.8 Japan 3.8 8.6 Germany 2.6 9.2 Islamic Rep. of Iran 1.8 7.3 Canada 1.8 15.4 South Korea 1.8 10.6 United Kingdom 1.6 7.5 Cumulative ( edit ) Play media The C - Story of Human Civilization by PIK Top - 10 cumulative energy - related CO emitters between 1850 and 2008 Country % of world total Metric tonnes CO per person United States 28.5 1,132.7 China 9.36 85.4 Russian Federation 7.95 677.2 Germany 6.78 998.9 United Kingdom 5.73 1,127.8 Japan 3.88 367 France 2.73 514.9 India 2.52 26.7 Canada 2.17 789.2 Ukraine 2.13 556.4 Embedded emissions ( edit ) One way of attributing greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions is to measure the embedded emissions ( also referred to as `` embodied emissions '' ) of goods that are being consumed . Emissions are usually measured according to production , rather than consumption . For example , in the main international treaty on climate change ( the UNFCCC ) , countries report on emissions produced within their borders , e.g. , the emissions produced from burning fossil fuels . Under a production - based accounting of emissions , embedded emissions on imported goods are attributed to the exporting , rather than the importing , country . Under a consumption - based accounting of emissions , embedded emissions on imported goods are attributed to the importing country , rather than the exporting , country . Davis and Caldeira ( 2010 ) found that a substantial proportion of CO emissions are traded internationally . The net effect of trade was to export emissions from China and other emerging markets to consumers in the US , Japan , and Western Europe . Based on annual emissions data from the year 2004 , and on a per - capita consumption basis , the top - 5 emitting countries were found to be ( in tCO per person , per year ) : Luxembourg ( 34.7 ) , the US ( 22.0 ) , Singapore ( 20.2 ) , Australia ( 16.7 ) , and Canada ( 16.6 ) . Carbon Trust research revealed that approximately 25 % of all CO emissions from human activities ' flow ' ( i.e. , are imported or exported ) from one country to another . Major developed economies were found to be typically net importers of embodied carbon emissions -- with UK consumption emissions 34 % higher than production emissions , and Germany ( 29 % ) , Japan ( 19 % ) and the USA ( 13 % ) also significant net importers of embodied emissions . Effect of Policy ( edit ) See also : Kyoto Protocol and government action Governments have taken action to reduce GHG emissions ( climate change mitigation ) . Assessments of policy effectiveness have included work by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , International Energy Agency , and United Nations Environment Programme . Policies implemented by governments have included national and regional targets to reduce emissions , promoting energy efficiency , and support for renewable energy such as Solar energy as an effective use of renewable energy because solar uses energy from the sun and does not release pollutants into the air . Countries and regions listed in Annex I of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ( i.e. , the OECD and former planned economies of the Soviet Union ) are required to submit periodic assessments to the UNFCCC of actions they are taking to address climate change . Analysis by the UNFCCC ( 2011 ) suggested that policies and measures undertaken by Annex I Parties may have produced emission savings of 1.5 thousand Tg CO-eq in the year 2010 , with most savings made in the energy sector . The projected emissions saving of 1.5 thousand Tg CO-eq is measured against a hypothetical `` baseline '' of Annex I emissions , i.e. , projected Annex I emissions in the absence of policies and measures . The total projected Annex I saving of 1.5 thousand CO-eq does not include emissions savings in seven of the Annex I Parties . Projections ( edit ) Further information : climate change scenario § Quantitative emissions projections See also : Global climate model § Projections of future climate change A wide range of projections of future GHG emissions have been produced . Rogner et al. ( 2007 ) assessed the scientific literature on GHG projections . Rogner et al. ( 2007 ) concluded that unless energy policies changed substantially , the world would continue to depend on fossil fuels until 2025 -- 2030 . Projections suggest that more than 80 % of the world 's energy will come from fossil fuels . This conclusion was based on `` much evidence '' and `` high agreement '' in the literature . Projected annual energy - related CO emissions in 2030 were 40 -- 110 % higher than in 2000 , with two - thirds of the increase originating in developing countries . Projected annual per capita emissions in developed country regions remained substantially lower ( 2.8 -- 5.1 tonnes CO ) than those in developed country regions ( 9.6 -- 15.1 tonnes CO ) . Projections consistently showed increase in annual world GHG emissions ( the `` Kyoto '' gases , measured in CO-equivalent ) of 25 -- 90 % by 2030 , compared to 2000 . Relative CO emission from various fuels ( edit ) One liter of gasoline , when used as a fuel , produces 2.32 kg ( about 1300 liters or 1.3 cubic meters ) of carbon dioxide , a greenhouse gas . One US gallon produces 19.4 lb ( 1,291.5 gallons or 172.65 cubic feet ) Mass of carbon dioxide emitted per quantity of energy for various fuels Fuel name CO emitted ( lbs / 10 Btu ) CO emitted ( g / MJ ) CO emitted ( g / KWh ) Natural gas 117 50.30 181.08 Liquefied petroleum gas 139 59.76 215.14 Propane 139 59.76 215.14 Aviation gasoline 153 65.78 236.81 Automobile gasoline 156 67.07 241.45 Kerosene 159 68.36 246.10 Fuel oil 161 69.22 249.19 Tires / tire derived fuel 189 81.26 292.54 Wood and wood waste 195 83.83 301.79 Coal ( bituminous ) 205 88.13 317.27 Coal ( sub-bituminous ) 213 91.57 329.65 Coal ( lignite ) 215 92.43 332.75 Petroleum coke 225 96.73 348.23 Tar - sand Bitumen Coal ( anthracite ) 227 97.59 351.32 Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources ( edit ) Main article : Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources A literature review of numerous energy sources CO emissions by the IPCC in 2011 , found that , the CO emission value that fell within the 50th percentile of all total life cycle emissions studies conducted was as follows . Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions by electricity source . Technology Description 50th percentile ( g CO / kWh ) Hydroelectric reservoir Ocean Energy wave and tidal 8 Wind onshore 12 Nuclear various generation II reactor types 16 Biomass various 18 Solar thermal parabolic trough 22 Geothermal hot dry rock 45 Solar PV Polycrystalline silicon 46 Natural gas various combined cycle turbines without scrubbing 469 Coal various generator types without scrubbing 1001 Removal from the atmosphere ( `` sinks '' ) ( edit ) Natural processes ( edit ) Greenhouse gases can be removed from the atmosphere by various processes , as a consequence of : a physical change ( condensation and precipitation remove water vapor from the atmosphere ) . a chemical reaction within the atmosphere . For example , methane is oxidized by reaction with naturally occurring hydroxyl radical , OH and degraded to CO and water vapor ( CO from the oxidation of methane is not included in the methane Global warming potential ) . Other chemical reactions include solution and solid phase chemistry occurring in atmospheric aerosols . a physical exchange between the atmosphere and the other compartments of the planet . An example is the mixing of atmospheric gases into the oceans . a chemical change at the interface between the atmosphere and the other compartments of the planet . This is the case for CO , which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants , and which , after dissolving in the oceans , reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions ( see ocean acidification ) . a photochemical change . Halocarbons are dissociated by UV light releasing Cl and F as free radicals in the stratosphere with harmful effects on ozone ( halocarbons are generally too stable to disappear by chemical reaction in the atmosphere ) . Negative emissions ( edit ) Main article : Negative carbon dioxide emission A number of technologies remove greenhouse gases emissions from the atmosphere . Most widely analysed are those that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , either to geologic formations such as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage and carbon dioxide air capture , or to the soil as in the case with biochar . The IPCC has pointed out that many long - term climate scenario models require large - scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change . History of scientific Research ( edit ) In the late 19th century scientists experimentally discovered that N 2 and O 2 do not absorb infrared radiation ( called , at that time , `` dark radiation '' ) , while water ( both as true vapor and condensed in the form of microscopic droplets suspended in clouds ) and CO and other poly - atomic gaseous molecules do absorb infrared radiation . In the early 20th century researchers realized that greenhouse gases in the atmosphere made Earth 's overall temperature higher than it would be without them . During the late 20th century , a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system , with consequences for the environment and for human health . See also ( edit ) Attribution of recent climate change Carbon accounting Carbon credit Carbon emissions reporting Carbon neutrality Carbon offset Cap and Trade Deforestation and climate change Effects of global warming Emission standard Environmental impact of aviation Greenhouse debt Hydrogen economy Integrated Carbon Observation System List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources List of international environmental agreements Low - carbon economy Methane Mobile source air pollution Perfluorotributylamine Physical properties of greenhouse gases Sustainability measurement World energy consumption Zero - emissions vehicle References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` IPCC AR4 SYR Appendix Glossary '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NASA GISS : Science Briefs : Greenhouse Gases : Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide '' . www.giss.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Karl TR , Trenberth KE ( 2003 ) . `` Modern global climate change '' . Science . 302 ( 5651 ) : 1719 -- 23 . Bibcode : 2003Sci ... 302.1719 K . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1090228 . PMID 14657489 . Jump up ^ Le Treut H. ; Somerville R. ; Cubasch U. ; Ding Y. ; Mauritzen C. ; Mokssit A. ; Peterson T. ; Prather M. ( 2007 ) . Historical overview of climate change science . In : Climate change 2007 : The physical science basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( Solomon S. , Qin D. , Manning M. , Chen Z. , Marquis M. , Averyt K.B. , Tignor M. and Miller H.L. , editors ) ( PDF ) . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 14 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Science Mission Directorate article on the water cycle '' . Nasascience.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 17 January 2009 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide '' . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked global change questions '' . Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center . Jump up ^ ESRL Web Team ( 14 January 2008 ) . `` Trends in carbon dioxide '' . Esrl.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data Jump up ^ `` AR4 SYR Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers -- 2 Causes of change '' . ipcc.ch . Jump up ^ Mora , C ( 2013 ) . `` The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability '' . Nature . 502 ( 7470 ) : 183 -- 187 . Bibcode : 2013Natur. 502 ... 183M . doi : 10.1038 / nature12540 . PMID 24108050 . Jump up ^ Mann , Michael E. ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Earth Will Cross the Climate Danger Threshold by 2036 '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 7 : Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry '' ( PDF ) . IPCC WG1 AR4 Report . IPCC. 2007 . p . FAQ 7.1 ; report page 512 ; pdf page 14 . Retrieved 11 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Canadell , J.G. ; Le Quere , C. ; Raupach , M.R. ; Field , C.B. ; Buitenhuis , E.T. ; Ciais , P. ; Conway , T.J. ; Gillett , N.P. ; Houghton , R.A. ; Marland , G. ( 2007 ) . `` Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO growth from economic activity , carbon intensity , and efficiency of natural sinks '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 ( 47 ) : 18866 -- 70 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10418866C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0702737104 . PMC 2141868 . PMID 17962418 . Jump up ^ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/RemoteSensingAtmosphere/remote_sensing6.html Archived 20 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Forster , P. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` 2.10. 3 Indirect GWPs '' . Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ MacCarty , N. `` Laboratory Comparison of the Global - Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves '' ( PDF ) . Approvecho Research Center . ^ Jump up to : Kiehl , J.T. ; Kevin E. Trenberth ( 1997 ) . `` Earth 's annual global mean energy budget '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 78 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 208 . Bibcode : 1997BAMS ... 78 ... 197K . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0477 ( 1997 ) 078 < 0197 : EAGMEB > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 March 2006 . Retrieved 1 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water vapour : feedback or forcing ? '' . RealClimate. 6 April 2005 . Retrieved 1 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , G.A. ; R. Ruedy ; R.L. Miller ; A.A. Lacis ( 2010 ) , `` The attribution of the present - day total greenhouse effect '' ( PDF ) , J. Geophys . Res. , 115 , Bibcode : 2010JGRD ... 11520106S , doi : 10.1029 / 2010JD014287 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 October 2011 , D20106 . Web page for paper . Jump up ^ Lacis , A. ( October 2010 ) , NASA GISS : CO : The Thermostat that Controls Earth 's Temperature , New York : NASA GISS ^ Jump up to : IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , Appendix 8. A , Chap. 8 , p. 731 Jump up ^ Shindell , Drew T. ( 2005 ) . `` An emissions - based view of climate forcing by methane and tropospheric ozone '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 32 ( 4 ) : L04803 . Bibcode : 2005GeoRL ... 3204803S . doi : 10.1029 / 2004GL021900 . Jump up ^ `` Methane 's Impacts on Climate Change May Be Twice Previous Estimates '' . Nasa.gov. 30 November 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change Indicators : Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases '' . Climate Change Indicators . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wallace , John M. and Peter V. Hobbs . Atmospheric Science ; An Introductory Survey . Elsevier . Second Edition , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 732951 - 2 . Chapter 1 Jump up ^ Prather , Michael J. ; J Hsu ( 2008 ) . `` NF 3 , the greenhouse gas missing from Kyoto `` . Geophysical Research Letters. 35 ( 12 ) : L12810 . Bibcode : 2008GeoRL ... 3512810P . doi : 10.1029 / 2008GL034542 . Jump up ^ Isaksen , Ivar S.A. ; Michael Gauss ; Gunnar Myhre ; Katey M. Walter Anthony ; Carolyn Ruppel ( 20 April 2011 ) . `` Strong atmospheric chemistry feedback to climate warming from Arctic methane emissions '' ( PDF ) . Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 25 ( 2 ) . Bibcode : 2011GBioC ... 25B2002I . doi : 10.1029 / 2010GB003845 . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AGU Water Vapor in the Climate System '' . Eso.org. 27 April 1995 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Betts ( 2001 ) . `` 6.3 Well - mixed Greenhouse Gases '' . Chapter 6 Radiative Forcing of Climate Change . Working Group I : The Scientific Basis IPCC Third Assessment Report -- Climate Change 2001 . UNEP / GRID - Arendal -- Publications . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jacob , Daniel ( 1999 ) . Introduction to atmospheric chemistry . Princeton University Press . pp. 25 -- 26 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00185 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` How long will global warming last ? '' . RealClimate . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , MZ ( 2005 ) . `` Correction to `` Control of fossil - fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter , possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming . '' `` . J. Geophys . Res. 110 . pp. D14105 . doi : 10.1029 / 2005JD005888 . Jump up ^ Archer , David ( 2009 ) . `` Atmospheric lifetime of fossil fuel carbon dioxide '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 37 . pp. 117 -- 134 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. earth. 031208.100206 . Jump up ^ Meehl , G.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Frequently Asked Question 10.3 : If emissions of greenhouse gases are reduced , how quickly do their concentrations in the atmosphere decrease ? '' . In S. Solomon ; et al. Chapter 10 : Global Climate Projections . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press ( CUP ) , Cambridge , United Kingdom and New York , USA. : Print version : CUP . This version : IPCC website . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ See also : Archer , David ( 2005 ) . `` Fate of fossil fuel CO in geologic time '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 110 ( C9 ) : C09S05. 1 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2005JGRC ... 11009S05A . doi : 10.1029 / 2004JC002625 . Retrieved 27 July 2007 . Jump up ^ See also : Caldeira , Ken ; Wickett , Michael E. ( 2005 ) . `` Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 110 ( C9 ) : C09S04. 1 -- 12 . Bibcode : 2005JGRC ... 11009S04C . doi : 10.1029 / 2004JC002671 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Edited quote from public - domain source : `` Climate Change Indicators in the United States '' . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . 2010 . Greenhouse Gases : Figure 1 . The Annual Greenhouse Gas Index , 1979 -- 2008 : Background ... This publication is also available as a PDF ( page 18 ) . ^ Jump up to : IPCC Fourth Assessment Report , Table 2.14 , Chap. 2 , p. 212 Jump up ^ David L. Chandler , How to count methane emissions , MIT News , April 25 , 2014 ( Accessed Jan. 15 , 2015 ) . Referenced paper is Jessika Trancik and Morgan Edwards , Climate impacts of energy technologies depend on emissions timing , Nature Climate Change , Volume 4 , April 25 , 2014 , p. 347 ( Accessed Jan. 15 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Vaara , Miska ( 1 January 2003 ) , Use of ozone depleting substances in laboratories , TemaNord , p. 170 , ISBN 92 - 893 - 0884 - 2 , Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Montreal Protocol Jump up ^ St. Fleur , Nicholas ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Levels Hit Record , Report Says '' . New York Times . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritter , Karl ( 9 November 2015 ) . `` UK : In 1st , global temps average could be 1 degree C higher '' . AP News . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Cole , Steve ; Gray , Ellen ( 14 December 2015 ) . `` New NASA Satellite Maps Show Human Fingerprint on Global Air Quality '' . NASA . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Canadell , J.G. ; et al. ( 20 November 2007 ) , `` Contributions to Accelerating Atmospheric CO2 Growth from Economic Activity , Carbon Intensity , and Efficiency of Natural Sinks ( Results and Discussion : Growth in Atmospheric CO ) '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 104 ( 47 ) : 18866 -- 18870 , Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10418866C , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0702737104 , PMC 2141868 , PMID 17962418 Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 Historical Overview of Climate Change Science -- FAQ 1.3 Figure 1 description page 116 '' ( PDF ) . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 5 February 2007 . Retrieved 25 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 3 , IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios , 2000 '' . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 2000 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( November 17 , 2007 ) . `` Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report '' ( PDF ) . p. 5 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : From non-copyrighted source : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 . Details on copyright status : Frequently Asked Global Change Questions , Q34 : I would like to use a diagram , image , graph , table , or other materials from the CDIAC Web site . How can I obtain permission ? Are there copyright restrictions ? , retrieved 2012 - 09 - 26 , on CDIAC 2013 . `` All of the reports , graphics , data , and other information on the CDIAC Web site are freely and publicly available without copyright restrictions . However as a professional courtesy , we ask that the original data source be acknowledged . '' ^ Jump up to : Ehhalt , D. ; et al. , `` Ch 4 . Atmospheric Chemistry and Greenhouse Gases '' , Table 4.1 , in IPCC TAR WG1 2001 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 . Based on Blasing et al. ( 2013 ) : Pre-1750 concentrations of CH4 , N2O and current concentrations of O3 , are taken from Table 4.1 ( a ) of the IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) , 2001 . Following the convention of IPCC ( 2001 ) , inferred global - scale trace - gas concentrations from prior to 1750 are assumed to be practically uninfluenced by human activities such as increasingly specialized agriculture , land clearing , and combustion of fossil fuels . Preindustrial concentrations of industrially manufactured compounds are given as zero . The short atmospheric lifetime of ozone ( hours - days ) together with the spatial variability of its sources precludes a globally or vertically homogeneous distribution , so that a fractional unit such as parts per billion would not apply over a range of altitudes or geographical locations . Therefore a different unit is used to integrate the varying concentrations of ozone in the vertical dimension over a unit area , and the results can then be averaged globally . This unit is called a Dobson Unit ( D.U. ) , after G.M.B. Dobson , one of the first investigators of atmospheric ozone . A Dobson unit is the amount of ozone in a column that , unmixed with the rest of the atmosphere , would be 10 micrometers thick at standard temperature and pressure . Jump up ^ Because atmospheric concentrations of most gases tend to vary systematically over the course of a year , figures given represent averages over a 12 - month period for all gases except ozone ( O3 ) , for which a current global value has been estimated ( IPCC , 2001 , Table 4.1 a ) . CO averages for year 2012 are taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Earth System Research Laboratory , web site : www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends maintained by Dr. Pieter Tans . For other chemical species , the values given are averages for 2011 . These data are found on the CDIAC AGAGE web site : http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ndps/alegage.html or the AGAGE home page : http://agage.eas.gatech.edu . ^ Jump up to : Forster , P. ; et al. , `` Ch 2 : Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing '' , Table 2.1 , in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 , p. 141 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 . For the latest updates , see the NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index at : ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Prentice , I.C. ; et al. , `` Ch 3 . The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide '' , Executive summary , archived from the original on 7 December 2009 , in IPCC TAR WG1 2001 , p. 185 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 Jump up ^ Recent CO concentration ( 395.4 ppm ) is the 2013 average taken from globally averaged marine surface data given by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory , website : http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/index.html#global . Please read the material on that web page and reference Dr. Pieter Tans when citing this average ( Dr. Pieter Tans , NOAA / ESRL http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends ) . The oft - cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm , which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above . Refer to http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends for records back to the late 1950s . Jump up ^ ppb = parts - per - billion ^ Jump up to : The first value in a cell represents Mace Head , Ireland , a mid-latitude Northern - Hemisphere site , and the second value represents Cape Grim , Tasmania , a mid-latitude Southern - Hemisphere site . `` Current '' values given for these gases are annual arithmetic averages based on monthly background concentrations for year 2011 . The SF 6 values are from the AGAGE gas chromatography -- mass spectrometer ( gc - ms ) Medusa measuring system . Source : Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment ( AGAGE ) data posted on CDIAC web site at : http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ . These data are compiled from data on finer time scales in the ALE / GAGE / AGAGE database ( 2 ) ( Prinn et al. , 2000 ) . These data represent the work of several investigators at various institutions ; guidelines on citing the various parts of the AGAGE database are found within the ALE / GAGE / AGAGE database , see : ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ The pre-1750 value for N 2O is consistent with ice - core records from 10,000 B.C.E. through 1750 C.E. : `` Summary for policymakers '' , Figure SPM. 1 , IPCC , in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 , p. 3 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 Jump up ^ Changes in stratospheric ozone have resulted in a decrease in radiative forcing of 0.05 W / m : Forster , P. ; et al. , `` Ch 2 : Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing '' , Table 2.12 , in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 , p. 204 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 ^ Jump up to : For SF 6 data from January 2004 onward see : ( 4 ) . For data from 1995 through 2004 , see the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , Halogenated and other Atmospheric Trace Species ( HATS ) site at : ( 5 ) . Concentrations of SF 6 from 1970 through 1999 , obtained from Antarctic firn ( consolidated deep snow ) air samples , can be found in W.T. Sturges et al . Jump up ^ File : Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide. png Jump up ^ Berner , Robert A. ( January 1994 ) . `` GEOCARB II : a revised model of atmospheric CO over Phanerozoic time '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Science . 294 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 91 . doi : 10.2475 / ajs. 294.1. 56 . Jump up ^ Royer , D.L. ; R.A. Berner ; D.J. Beerling ( 2001 ) . `` Phanerozoic atmospheric CO change : evaluating geochemical and paleobiological approaches '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 54 ( 4 ) : 349 -- 92 . Bibcode : 2001ESRv ... 54 ... 349R . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 8252 ( 00 ) 00042 - 8 . Jump up ^ Berner , Robert A. ; Kothavala , Zavareth ( 2001 ) . `` GEOCARB III : a revised model of atmospheric CO over Phanerozoic time '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Science . 301 ( 2 ) : 182 -- 204 . doi : 10.2475 / ajs. 301.2. 182 . Jump up ^ Beerling , D.J. ; Berner , R.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Feedbacks and the co-evolution of plants and atmospheric CO '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 ( 5 ) : 1302 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2005PNAS ... 102.1302 B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0408724102 . PMC 547859 . PMID 15668402 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffmann , PF ; AJ Kaufman ; GP Halverson ; DP Schrag ( 1998 ) . `` A neoproterozoic snowball earth '' . Science . 281 ( 5381 ) : 1342 -- 6 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 281.1342 H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 281.5381. 1342 . PMID 9721097 . Jump up ^ Gerlach , TM ( 1991 ) . `` Present - day CO emissions from volcanoes '' . Transactions of the American Geophysical Union . 72 ( 23 ) : 249 -- 55 . Bibcode : 1991EOSTr ... 72 ... 249 ... doi : 10.1029 / 90EO10192 . Jump up ^ See also : `` U.S. Geological Survey '' . 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Flückiger , Jacqueline ( 2002 ) . `` High - resolution Holocene N 2O ice core record and its relationship with CH 4 and CO `` . Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 16 : 1010 . Bibcode : 2002GBioC ... 16a ... 10F . doi : 10.1029 / 2001GB001417 . Jump up ^ Friederike Wagner ; Bent Aaby ; Henk Visscher ( 2002 ) . `` Rapid atmospheric CO changes associated with the 8,200 - years - B.P. cooling event '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 ( 19 ) : 12011 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2002PNAS ... 9912011W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 182420699 . PMC 129389 . PMID 12202744 . Jump up ^ Andreas Indermühle ; Bernhard Stauffer ; Thomas F. Stocker ( 1999 ) . `` Early Holocene Atmospheric CO Concentrations '' . Science . 286 ( 5446 ) : 1815 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 286.5446. 1815a . `` Early Holocene atmospheric CO concentrations '' . Science . 286 : 1815a -- 1815 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 286.5446. 1815a . Retrieved 26 May 2005 . Jump up ^ H.J. Smith ; M. Wahlen ; D. Mastroianni ( 1997 ) . `` The CO concentration of air trapped in GISP2 ice from the Last Glacial Maximum - Holocene transition '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 24 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 4 . Bibcode : 1997GeoRL ... 24 ... 1S . doi : 10.1029 / 96GL03700 . Jump up ^ Charles J. Kibert ( 2016 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Background '' . Sustainable Construction : Green Building Design and Delivery . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 119 - 05532 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Full Mauna Loa CO record '' . Earth System Research Laboratory . 2005 . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Dr. Pieter Tans ( 3 May 2008 ) `` Annual CO mole fraction increase ( ppm ) '' for 1959 -- 2007 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory , Global Monitoring Division ( additional details ; see also K.A. Masarie ; P.P. Tans ( 1995 ) . `` Extension and integration of atmospheric carbon dioxide data into a globally consistent measurement record '' . J. Geophys . Res. 100 : 11593 -- 610 . Bibcode : 1995JGR ... 10011593M . doi : 10.1029 / 95JD00859 . Jump up ^ Dumitru - Romulus Târziu ; Victor - Dan Păcurar ( Jan 2011 ) . `` Pădurea , climatul și energia '' . Rev. pădur. ( in Romanian ) . 126 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 39 . ISSN 1583 - 7890 . 16720 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . ( webpage has a translation button ) ^ Jump up to : `` Climate Change Indicators in the United States '' . NOAA. 2012 . Figure 4 . The Annual Greenhouse Gas Index , 1979 -- 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change Indicators in the United States '' . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . 2010 . Figure 2 . Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector , 1990 -- 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change 2001 : Working Group I : The Scientific Basis : figure 6 - 6 '' . Archived from the original on 14 June 2006 . Retrieved 1 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The present carbon cycle -- Climate Change '' . Grida.no . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , S. ; D. Qin ; M. Manning ; Z . Chen ; M. Marquis ; K.B. Averyt ; M. Tignor ; H.L. Miller , eds. ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 7 . Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry '' ( PDF ) . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge , United Kingdom and New York , USA : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88009 - 1 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ IPCC ( 2007d ) . `` 6.1 Observed changes in climate and their effects , and their causes '' . 6 Robust findings , key uncertainties . Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report . A Contribution of Working Groups I , II , and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Geneva , Switzerland : IPCC . ^ Jump up to : `` 6.2 Drivers and projections of future climate changes and their impacts '' . 6 Robust findings , key uncertainties . Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report . A Contribution of Working Groups I , II , and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Geneva , Switzerland : IPCC . 2007d . ^ Jump up to : `` 3.3. 1 Impacts on systems and sectors '' . 3 Climate change and its impacts in the near and long term under different scenarios . Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report . A Contribution of Working Groups I , II , and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Geneva , Switzerland : IPCC . 2007d . Jump up ^ H. Steinfeld , P. Gerber , T. Wassenaar , V. Castel , M. Rosales , C. de Haan ( 2006 ) Livestock 's long shadow . Environmental issues and options . FAO Livestock , Environment and Development ( LEAD ) Initiative . Jump up ^ Ciais , Phillipe ; Sabine , Christopher . `` Climate Change 2013 : The Physical Science Basis : Chapter 6 : Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles '' . IPCC . Chapter 6 : IPCC . p. 473 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Raupach , M.R. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO emissions '' ( PDF ) . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 ( 24 ) : 10288 -- 93 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10410288R . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0700609104 . PMC 1876160 . PMID 17519334 . Jump up ^ Schrooten , L ; De Vlieger , Ina ; Int Panis , Luc ; Styns , R. Torfs , K ; Torfs , R ( 2008 ) . `` Inventory and forecasting of maritime emissions in the Belgian sea territory , an activity based emission model '' . Atmospheric Environment. 42 ( 4 ) : 667 -- 676 . doi : 10.1016 / j. atmosenv. 2007.09. 071 . ^ Jump up to : Grubb , M. ( July -- September 2003 ) . `` The economics of the Kyoto protocol '' ( PDF ) . World Economics . 4 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Lerner & K. Lee Lerner , Brenda Wilmoth ( 2006 ) . `` Environmental issues : essential primary sources '' . Thomson Gale . Retrieved 11 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kyoto Protocol '' . United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . Home > Kyoto Protocol . ^ Jump up to : King , D. ; et al. ( July 2011 ) , `` Copenhagen and Cancún '' , International climate change negotiations : Key lessons and next steps , Oxford , UK : Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment , University of Oxford , p. 12 , doi : 10.4210 / ssee. pbs. 2011.0003 , archived from the original on 1 August 2013 PDF version is also available Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chris Johnston , Oliver Milman , John Vidal and agencies , `` Climate change : global deal reached to limit use of hydrofluorocarbons '' , The Guardian , Saturday 15 October 2016 ( page visited on 15 October 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Climate change : ' Monumental ' deal to cut HFCs , fastest growing greenhouse gases '' . BBC News . 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nations , Fighting Powerful Refrigerant That Warms Planet , Reach Landmark Deal '' . New York Times . 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Environmental Impacts of Tourism -- Global Level UNEP Jump up ^ `` A Cheaper and More Efficient Freight Industry In and Out of the UK '' . freightbestpractice.org.uk . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Newbold , Richard ( May 19 , 2014 ) , A practical guide for fleet operators , returnloads.net , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Held , I.M. and Soden , B.J. , 2000 . Water vapor feedback and global warming . Annual review of energy and the environment , 25 ( 1 ) , pp. 441 -- 475 . Jump up ^ Evans , Kimberly Masters ( 2005 ) . `` The greenhouse effect and climate change '' . The environment : a revolution in attitudes . Detroit : Thomson Gale . ISBN 0 - 7876 - 9082 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks : 1990 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 15 April 2012 . p. 1.4 . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Held , I.M. ; Soden , B.J. ( 2000 ) . `` Water Vapor Feedback and Global Warming1 '' . Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 25 : 441 -- 475 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. energy. 25.1. 441 . Jump up ^ Includes the Kyoto `` basket '' of GHGs ^ Jump up to : Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) . `` Executive Summary '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Introduction . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) . `` 1.3. 1 Review of the last three decades '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Introduction . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) This citation clarifies the time period ( 1970 -- 2004 ) for the observed emissions trends Jump up ^ Bridging the Emissions Gap : A UNEP Synthesis Report ( PDF ) , Nairobi , Kenya : United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , November 2011 , ISBN 978 - 92 - 807 - 3229 - 0 UNEP Stock Number : DEW / 1470 / NA Jump up ^ `` Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data '' . EPA . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . The burning of coal , natural gas , and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions . ^ Jump up to : `` Selected Development Indicators '' ( PDF ) . World Development Report 2010 : Development and Climate Change ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. , USA : The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank . 2010 . Tables A1 and A2 . doi : 10.1596 / 978 - 0 - 8213 - 7987 - 5 . ISBN 9780821379875 . ^ Jump up to : Bader , N. ; Bleichwitz , R. ( 2009 ) . `` Measuring urban greenhouse gas emissions : The challenge of comparability . S.A.P.I. EN. S. 2 ( 3 ) '' . Sapiens.revues.org . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Banuri , T. ( 1996 ) . Equity and social considerations . In : Climate change 1995 : Economic and social dimensions of climate change . Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( J.P. Bruce et al. Eds . ) ( PDF ) . This version : Printed by Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK , and New York , USA . PDF version : IPCC website . doi : 10.2277 / 0521568544 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56854 - 8 . Jump up ^ World energy outlook 2007 edition -- China and India insights . International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , Head of Communication and Information Office , 9 rue de la Fédération , 75739 Paris Cedex 15 , France . 2007 . p. 600 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 02730 - 5 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Holtz - Eakin , D. ( 1995 ) . `` Stoking the fires ? CO emissions and economic growth '' . Journal of Public Economics . 57 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 101 . doi : 10.1016 / 0047 - 2727 ( 94 ) 01449 - X . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer , eds. ( 2007 ) . `` Annex I : Glossary J-P '' . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Print version : Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , United Kingdom and New York , USA . This version : IPCC website . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Markandya , A. ( 2001 ) . `` 7.3. 5 Cost Implications of Alternative GHG Emission Reduction Options and Carbon Sinks '' . In B. Metz ; et al. Costing Methodologies . Climate Change 2001 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Print version : Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , U.K. , and New York , N.Y. This version : GRID - Arendal website . doi : 10.2277 / 0521015022 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01502 - 8 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Herzog , T. ( November 2006 ) . Yamashita , M.B. , ed . Target : intensity -- an analysis of greenhouse gas intensity targets ( PDF ) . World Resources Institute . ISBN 1 - 56973 - 638 - 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Botzen , W.J.W. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Cumulative CO emissions : shifting international responsibilities for climate debt '' . Climate Policy . 8 : 570 . doi : 10.3763 / cpol. 2008.0539 . ^ Jump up to : Höhne , N. ; et al. ( 24 September 2010 ) . `` Contributions of individual countries ' emissions to climate change and their uncertainty '' ( PDF ) . Climatic Change . Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 106 : 359 -- 391 . doi : 10.1007 / s10584 - 010 - 9930 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : World Energy Outlook 2009 ( PDF ) , Paris , France : International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , 2009 , pp. 179 -- 180 , ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 06130 - 9 Jump up ^ Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) , `` 1.3. 1 Review of the last three decades '' , in B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer , Introduction , Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The cited paper uses the term `` start date '' instead of `` base year . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Global CO emissions : annual increase halves in 2008 '' . Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency ( PBL ) website . 25 June 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Global Carbon Mechanisms : Emerging lessons and implications ( CTC748 ) '' . Carbon Trust . March 2009 . p. 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Adam ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Global emissions to fall for first time during a period of economic growth '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23 . 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Washington , D.C. , USA : The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank . 2010 . p 192 , Box 4.2 : Efficient and clean energy can be good for development . doi : 10.1596 / 978 - 0 - 8213 - 7987 - 5 . ISBN 9780821379875 . Jump up ^ Sixth compilation and synthesis of initial national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention . Note by the secretariat . Executive summary ( PDF ) . Geneva , Switzerland : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . 2005 . pp. 10 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Compilation and synthesis of fifth national communications . Executive summary . Note by the secretariat ( PDF ) . Geneva ( Switzerland ) : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . 2011 . pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Fisher , B. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` 3.1 Emissions scenarios '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Chapter 3 : Issues related to mitigation in the long - term context . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) . `` 1.3. 2 Future outlook '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Introduction . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) . `` 1.3. 2.4 Total GHG emissions '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Introduction . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , sulfur hexafluoride Jump up ^ `` Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle , US Environment Protection Agency '' ( PDF ) . Epa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Engber , Daniel ( 1 November 2006 ) . `` How gasoline becomes CO , Slate Magazine '' . Slate Magazine . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Volume calculation for carbon dioxide '' . Icbe.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program '' . Energy Information Administration . Archived from the original on 1 November 2004 . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Moomaw , W. , P. Burgherr , G. Heath , M. Lenzen , J. Nyboer , A. Verbruggen ( 2011 ) . `` Annex II : Methodology '' ( PDF ) . IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation : 10 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Obersteiner M ; Azar C ; Kauppi P ; et al. ( October 2001 ) . `` Managing climate risk '' . Science . 294 ( 5543 ) : 786 -- 7 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 294.5543. 786b . PMID 11681318 . Jump up ^ Azar , C. , Lindgren , K. , Larson , E.D. and Möllersten , K. ( 2006 ) . `` Carbon capture and storage from fossil fuels and biomass -- Costs and potential role in stabilising the atmosphere '' ( PDF ) . Climatic Change . 74 : 47 -- 79 . doi : 10.1007 / s10584 - 005 - 3484 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Geoengineering the climate : science , governance and uncertainty '' . The Royal Society . 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 September 2009 . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Fischer , B.S. , N. Nakicenovic , K. Alfsen , J. Corfee Morlot , F. de la Chesnaye , J. - Ch . Hourcade , K. Jiang , M. Kainuma , E. La Rovere , A. Matysek , A. Rana , K. Riahi , R. Richels , S. Rose , D. van Vuuren , R. Warren , ( 2007 ) `` Issues related to mitigation in the long term context '' , In Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change ( B. Metz , O.R. Davidson , P.R. Bosch , R. Dave , L.A. Meyer ( eds ) ) , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . Jump up ^ Cook , J. ; Nuccitelli , D. ; Green , S.A. ; Richardson , M. ; Winkler , B.R. ; Painting , R. ; Way , R. ; Jacobs , P. ; Skuce , A. ( 2013 ) . `` Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature '' . Environmental Research Letters. 8 ( 2 ) : 024024 . doi : 10.1088 / 1748 - 9326 / 8 / 2 / 024024 . Bibliography ( edit ) Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center ( CDIAC ) , Oak Ridge , Tennessee , 2012 IPCC TAR WG1 ( 2001 ) , Houghton , J.T. ; Ding , Y. ; Griggs , D.J. ; Noguer , M. ; van der Linden , P.J. ; Dai , X. ; Maskell , K. ; Johnson , C.A. , eds. , Climate Change 2001 : The Scientific Basis , Contribution of Working Group I ( WG1 ) to the Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 80767 - 0 , archived from the original on 30 March 2016 ( pb : 0 - 521 - 01495 - 6 ) IPCC AR4 WG1 ( 2007 ) , Solomon , S. ; Qin , D. ; Manning , M. ; Chen , Z. ; Marquis , M. ; Averyt , K.B. ; Tignor , M. ; Miller , H.L. , eds. , Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis , Contribution of Working Group I ( WG1 ) to the Fourth Assessment Report ( AR4 ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88009 - 1 ( pb : 978 - 0 - 521 - 70596 - 7 ) Van Dijk , P. ; Zhang , J. ; Jun , W. ; Kuenzer , C. ; WOLF , K.H. ( 2011 ) . `` Assessment of the contribution of in - situ combustion of coal to greenhouse gas emission ; based on a comparison of Chinese mining information to previous remote sensing estimates '' . International Journal of Coal Geology. 86 ( 1 Special Issue RS / GIS ) : 108 -- 119 . doi : 10.1016 / j. coal. 2011.01. 009 . Zhou , Yiqin ( 2011 ) . Compar ( ison of ) Fresh or Ensiled Fodders ( e.g. , Grass , Legume , Corn ) on the Production of Greenhouse Gases Following Enteric Fermentation in Beef Cattle . Rouyn - Noranda , Qué. : Université du Québec en Abitibi - Témiscamingue . N.B. : Research report . External links ( edit ) The official greenhouse gas emissions data of developed countries from the UNFCCC Greenhouse gas at DMOZ Annual Greenhouse Gas Index ( AGGI ) from NOAA Atmospheric spectra of GHGs and other trace gases How Much Greenhouse Gas Does the United States Emit ? Carbon dioxide emissions ( edit ) International Energy Annual : Reserves Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide at NOAA NOAA CMDL CCGG -- Interactive Atmospheric Data Visualization NOAA CO data Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center ( CDIAC ) Little Green Data Book 2007 , World Bank . Lists CO statistics by country , including per capita and by country income class . 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-8026279742367623824 | Day of the Dead | Day of the Dead - wikipedia Day of the Dead Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Mexican holiday . For other uses , see Day of the Dead ( disambiguation ) . Day of the Dead Día de Muertos altar commemorating a deceased man in Milpa Alta , México DF Observed by Mexico , and regions with large Hispanic populations Type Cultural Syncretic Christian Significance Prayer and remembrance of friends and family members who have died Celebrations Creation of altars to remember the dead , traditional dishes for Day of the Dead Begins October 31 Ends November 2 Date October 31 Next time 31 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 31 ) Frequency Annual Related to All Saints ' Day The Day of the Dead ( Spanish : Día de Muertos ) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico , in particular the Central and South regions , and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places , especially the United States . It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures . The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died , and help support their spiritual journey . In 2008 , the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO . The holiday is sometimes called Día de los Muertos in Anglophone countries , a back - translation of its original name , Día de Muertos . It is particularly celebrated in Mexico where the day is a public holiday . Prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century , the celebration took place at the beginning of summer . Gradually , it was associated with October 31 , November 1 , and November 2 to coincide with the Western Christianity triduum of Allhallowtide : All Saints ' Eve , All Saints ' Day , and All Souls ' Day . Traditions connected with the holiday include building private altars called ofrendas , honoring the deceased using calaveras , aztec marigolds , and the favorite foods and beverages of the departed , and visiting graves with these as gifts . Visitors also leave possessions of the deceased at the graves . Scholars trace the origins of the modern Mexican holiday to indigenous observances dating back hundreds of years and to an Aztec festival dedicated to the goddess Mictecacihuatl . The holiday has spread throughout the world , being absorbed into other deep traditions in honor of the dead . It has become a national symbol and as such is taught ( for educational purposes ) in the nation 's schools . Many families celebrate a traditional `` All Saints ' Day '' associated with the Catholic Church . Originally , the Day of the Dead as such was not celebrated in northern Mexico , where it was unknown until the 20th century because its indigenous people had different traditions . The people and the church rejected it as a day related to syncretizing pagan elements with Catholic Christianity . They held the traditional ' All Saints ' Day ' in the same way as other Christians in the world . There was limited Mesoamerican influence in this region , and relatively few indigenous inhabitants from the regions of Southern Mexico , where the holiday was celebrated . In the early 21st century in northern Mexico , Día de Muertos is observed because the Mexican government made it a national holiday based on educational policies from the 1960s ; it has introduced this holiday as a unifying national tradition based on indigenous traditions . The Mexican Day of the Dead celebration is similar to other societies ' observances of a time to honor the dead . The Spanish tradition , for instance , includes festivals and parades , as well as gatherings of families at cemeteries to pray for their deceased loved ones at the end of the day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Observance in Mexico 1.1 Origins 1.2 Beliefs 1.3 Food 2 Observances outside Mexico 2.1 Americas 2.1. 1 Belize 2.1. 2 Bolivia 2.1. 3 Brazil 2.1. 4 Guatemala 2.1. 5 Ecuador 2.1. 6 Peru 2.1. 7 United States 2.1. 7.1 California 2.2 Asia 2.2. 1 Goa , India 2.2. 2 The Philippines 2.3 Europe 2.4 Oceania 3 Similar traditions 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 7 Further reading Observance in Mexico Origins Woman lighting copal incense at the cemetery during the `` Alumbrada '' vigil in San Andrés Mixquic The Day of the Dead celebrations in Mexico developed from ancient traditions among its pre-Columbian cultures . Rituals celebrating the deaths of ancestors had been observed by these civilizations perhaps for as long as 2,500 -- 3,000 years . The festival that developed into the modern Day of the Dead fell in the ninth month of the Aztec calendar , about the beginning of August , and was celebrated for an entire month . The festivities were dedicated to the goddess known as the `` Lady of the Dead '' , corresponding to the modern La Calavera Catrina . By the late 20th century in most regions of Mexico , practices had developed to honor dead children and infants on November 1 , and to honor deceased adults on November 2 . November 1 is generally referred to as Día de los Inocentes ( `` Day of the Innocents '' ) but also as Día de los Angelitos ( `` Day of the Little Angels '' ) ; November 2 is referred to as Día de los Muertos or Día de los Difuntos ( `` Day of the Dead '' ) . Beliefs This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Frances Ann Day summarizes the three - day celebration , the Day of the Dead : `` On October 31 , All Hallows Eve , the children make a children 's altar to invite the angelitos ( spirits of dead children ) to come back for a visit . November 1 is All Saints Day , and the adult spirits will come to visit . November 2 is All Souls Day , when families go to the cemetery to decorate the graves and tombs of their relatives . The three - day fiesta is filled with marigolds , the flowers of the dead ; muertos ( the bread of the dead ) ; sugar skulls ; cardboard skeletons ; tissue paper decorations ; fruit and nuts ; incense , and other traditional foods and decorations . '' -- Latina and Latino Voices in Literature People go to cemeteries to be with the souls of the departed and build private altars containing the favorite foods and beverages , as well as photos and memorabilia , of the departed . The intent is to encourage visits by the souls , so the souls will hear the prayers and the comments of the living directed to them . Celebrations can take a humorous tone , as celebrants remember funny events and anecdotes about the departed . Mexican cempasúchil ( marigold ) is the traditional flower used to honor the dead Cempasúchil , alfeñiques and papel picado used to decorate an altar Plans for the day are made throughout the year , including gathering the goods to be offered to the dead . During the three - day period families usually clean and decorate graves ; most visit the cemeteries where their loved ones are buried and decorate their graves with ofrendas ( altars ) , which often include orange Mexican marigolds ( Tagetes erecta ) called cempasúchil ( originally named cempoaxochitl , Nāhuatl for `` twenty flowers '' ) . In modern Mexico the marigold is sometimes called Flor de Muerto ( Flower of Dead ) . These flowers are thought to attract souls of the dead to the offerings . Toys are brought for dead children ( los angelitos , or `` the little angels '' ) , and bottles of tequila , mezcal or pulque or jars of atole for adults . Families will also offer trinkets or the deceased 's favorite candies on the grave . Some families have ofrendas in homes , usually with foods such as candied pumpkin , pan de muerto ( `` bread of dead '' ) , and sugar skulls ; and beverages such as atole . The ofrendas are left out in the homes as a welcoming gesture for the deceased . Some people believe the spirits of the dead eat the `` spiritual essence '' of the ofrendas food , so though the celebrators eat the food after the festivities , they believe it lacks nutritional value . Pillows and blankets are left out so the deceased can rest after their long journey . In some parts of Mexico , such as the towns of Mixquic , Pátzcuaro and Janitzio , people spend all night beside the graves of their relatives . In many places , people have picnics at the grave site , as well . Families tidying and decorating graves at a cemetery in Almoloya del Río in the State of Mexico , 1995 Some families build altars or small shrines in their homes ; these sometimes feature a Christian cross , statues or pictures of the Blessed Virgin Mary , pictures of deceased relatives and other people , scores of candles , and an ofrenda . Traditionally , families spend some time around the altar , praying and telling anecdotes about the deceased . In some locations , celebrants wear shells on their clothing , so when they dance , the noise will wake up the dead ; some will also dress up as the deceased . Public schools at all levels build altars with ofrendas , usually omitting the religious symbols . Government offices usually have at least a small altar , as this holiday is seen as important to the Mexican heritage . Those with a distinctive talent for writing sometimes create short poems , called calaveras ( skulls ) , mocking epitaphs of friends , describing interesting habits and attitudes or funny anecdotes . This custom originated in the 18th or 19th century after a newspaper published a poem narrating a dream of a cemetery in the future , `` and all of us were dead '' , proceeding to read the tombstones . Newspapers dedicate calaveras to public figures , with cartoons of skeletons in the style of the famous calaveras of José Guadalupe Posada , a Mexican illustrator . Theatrical presentations of Don Juan Tenorio by José Zorrilla ( 1817 -- 1893 ) are also traditional on this day . Modern representations of Catrina José Guadalupe Posada created a famous print of a figure he called La Calavera Catrina ( `` The Elegant Skull '' ) as a parody of a Mexican upper - class female . Posada 's striking image of a costumed female with a skeleton face has become associated with the Day of the Dead , and Catrina figures often are a prominent part of modern Day of the Dead observances . A common symbol of the holiday is the skull ( in Spanish calavera ) , which celebrants represent in masks , called calacas ( colloquial term for skeleton ) , and foods such as sugar or chocolate skulls , which are inscribed with the name of the recipient on the forehead . Sugar skulls can be given as gifts to both the living and the dead . Other holiday foods include pan de muerto , a sweet egg bread made in various shapes from plain rounds to skulls and rabbits , often decorated with white frosting to look like twisted bones . The traditions and activities that take place in celebration of the Day of the Dead are not universal , often varying from town to town . For example , in the town of Pátzcuaro on the Lago de Pátzcuaro in Michoacán , the tradition is very different if the deceased is a child rather than an adult . On November 1 of the year after a child 's death , the godparents set a table in the parents ' home with sweets , fruits , pan de muerto , a cross , a rosary ( used to ask the Virgin Mary to pray for them ) and candles . This is meant to celebrate the child 's life , in respect and appreciation for the parents . There is also dancing with colorful costumes , often with skull - shaped masks and devil masks in the plaza or garden of the town . At midnight on November 2 , the people light candles and ride winged boats called mariposas ( butterflies ) to Janitzio , an island in the middle of the lake where there is a cemetery , to honor and celebrate the lives of the dead there . In contrast , the town of Ocotepec , north of Cuernavaca in the State of Morelos , opens its doors to visitors in exchange for veladoras ( small wax candles ) to show respect for the recently deceased . In return the visitors receive tamales and atole . This is done only by the owners of the house where someone in the household has died in the previous year . Many people of the surrounding areas arrive early to eat for free and enjoy the elaborate altars set up to receive the visitors . In some parts of the country ( especially the cities , where in recent years other customs have been displaced ) children in costumes roam the streets , knocking on people 's doors for a calaverita , a small gift of candies or money ; they also ask passersby for it . This relatively recent custom is similar to that of Halloween 's trick - or - treating in the United States . Some people believe possessing Day of the Dead items can bring good luck . Many people get tattoos or have dolls of the dead to carry with them . They also clean their houses and prepare the favorite dishes of their deceased loved ones to place upon their altar or ofrenda . Food During Day of the Dead festivities , food is both eaten by living people and given to the spirits of their departed ancestors as ofrendas ( `` offerings '' ) . Tamales are one of the most common dishes prepared for this day for both purposes . Pan de muerto and calaveras are associated specifically with Day of the Dead . Pan de muerto is a type of sweet roll shaped like a bun , topped with sugar , and often decorated with bone - shaped phalanges pieces . Calaveras , or sugar skulls , display colorful designs to represent the vitality and individual personality of the departed . In addition to food , drink is also important to the tradition of Day of the Dead . Historically , the main alcoholic drink was pulque while today families will commonly drink the favorite beverage of their deceased ancestors . Other drinks associated with the holiday are atole and champurrado , warm , thick , non-alcoholic masa drinks . Jamaican iced tea is a popular herbal tea made of the flowers and leaves of the Jamaican hibiscus plant ( Hibiscus sabdariffa ) , known as flor de Jamaica in Mexico . It is served cold and quite sweet with a lot of ice . The ruby - red beverage is called hibiscus tea in English - speaking countries and called agua de Jamaica ( water of Jamaica ) in Spanish . Observances outside Mexico See also : Festival of the Dead Americas Belize In Belize , Day of the Dead is practiced by people of the Yucatec Maya ethnicity . The celebration is known as Hanal Pixan which means `` food for the souls '' in their language . Altars are constructed and decorated with food , drinks , candies , and candles put on them . Bolivia Día de las Ñatitas ( `` Day of the Skulls '' ) is a festival celebrated in La Paz , Bolivia , on May 5 . In pre-Columbian times indigenous Andeans had a tradition of sharing a day with the bones of their ancestors on the third year after burial . Today families keep only the skulls for such rituals . Traditionally , the skulls of family members are kept at home to watch over the family and protect them during the year . On November 9 , the family crowns the skulls with fresh flowers , sometimes also dressing them in various garments , and making offerings of cigarettes , coca leaves , alcohol , and various other items in thanks for the year 's protection . The skulls are also sometimes taken to the central cemetery in La Paz for a special Mass and blessing . Brazil The Brazilian public holiday of Finados ( Day of the Dead ) is celebrated on November 2 . Similar to other Day of the Dead celebrations , people go to cemeteries and churches with flowers and candles and offer prayers . The celebration is intended as a positive honoring of the dead . Memorializing the dead draws from indigenous , African and European Catholic origins . Guatemala Guatemalan celebrations of the Day of the Dead , on November 1 , are highlighted by the construction and flying of giant kites in addition to the traditional visits to grave sites of ancestors . A big event also is the consumption of fiambre , which is made only for this day during the year . Ecuador In Ecuador the Day of the Dead is observed to some extent by all parts of society , though it is especially important to the indigenous Kichwa peoples , who make up an estimated quarter of the population . Indigena families gather together in the community cemetery with offerings of food for a day - long remembrance of their ancestors and lost loved ones . Ceremonial foods include colada morada , a spiced fruit porridge that derives its deep purple color from the Andean blackberry and purple maize . This is typically consumed with guagua de pan , a bread shaped like a swaddled infant , though variations include many pigs -- the latter being traditional to the city of Loja . The bread , which is wheat flour - based today , but was made with masa in the pre-Columbian era , can be made savory with cheese inside or sweet with a filling of guava paste . These traditions have permeated mainstream society , as well , where food establishments add both colada morada and gaugua de pan to their menus for the season . Many non-indigenous Ecuadorians visit the graves of the deceased , cleaning and bringing flowers , or preparing the traditional foods , too . Perú Usually people visit the cemetery and bring flowers to decorate the graves of dead relatives . Sometimes people play music at the cemetery . United States An ánima for the dead Women with calaveras makeup celebrating Dia de Muertos in the Mission District of San Francisco , California In many American communities with Mexican residents , Day of the Dead celebrations are very similar to those held in Mexico . In some of these communities , in states such as Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona , the celebrations tend to be mostly traditional . The All Souls Procession has been an annual Tucson , Arizona event since 1990 . The event combines elements of traditional Day of the Dead celebrations with those of pagan harvest festivals . People wearing masks carry signs honoring the dead and an urn in which people can place slips of paper with prayers on them to be burned . Likewise , Old Town San Diego , California annually hosts a traditional two - day celebration culminating in a candlelight procession to the historic El Campo Santo Cemetery . In Missoula , Montana , celebrants wearing skeleton costumes and walking on stilts , riding novelty bicycles , and traveling on skis parade through town . The festival also is held annually at historic Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston 's Jamaica Plain neighborhood . Sponsored by Forest Hills Educational Trust and the folkloric performance group La Piñata , the Day of the Dead festivities celebrate the cycle of life and death . People bring offerings of flowers , photos , mementos , and food for their departed loved ones , which they place at an elaborately and colorfully decorated altar . A program of traditional music and dance also accompanies the community event . The Smithsonian Institution , in collaboration with the University of Texas at El Paso and Second Life , have created a Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum and accompanying multimedia e-book : Día de los Muertos : Day of the Dead . The project 's website contains some of the text and images which explain the origins of some of the customary core practices related to the Day of the Dead , such as the background beliefs and the offrenda ( the special altar commemorating one 's deceased loved one ) . The Made For iTunes multimedia e-book version provides additional content , such as further details ; additional photo galleries ; pop - up profiles of influential Latino artists and cultural figures over the decades ; and video clips of interviews with artists who make Dia de Muertos - themed artwork , explanations and performances of Aztec and other traditional dances , an animation short that explains the customs to children , virtual poetry readings in English and Spanish . California Corazon del Pueblo in Fruitvale , Oakland , California , 2016 Santa Ana , California is said to hold the `` largest event in Southern California '' honoring Día de Muertos , called the annual Noche de Altares , which began in 2002 . The celebration of the Day of the Dead in Santa Ana has grown to two large events with the creation of an event held at the Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center for the first time on November 1 , 2015 . In other communities , interactions between Mexican traditions and American culture are resulting in celebrations in which Mexican traditions are being extended to make artistic or sometimes political statements . For example , in Los Angeles , California , the Self Help Graphics & Art Mexican - American cultural center presents an annual Day of the Dead celebration that includes both traditional and political elements , such as altars to honor the victims of the Iraq War , highlighting the high casualty rate among Latino soldiers . An updated , intercultural version of the Day of the Dead is also evolving at Hollywood Forever Cemetery . There , in a mixture of Native Californian art , Mexican traditions and Hollywood hip , conventional altars are set up side - by - side with altars to Jayne Mansfield and Johnny Ramone . Colorful native dancers and music intermix with performance artists , while sly pranksters play on traditional themes . Similar traditional and intercultural updating of Mexican celebrations are held in San Francisco . For example , the Galería de la Raza , SomArts Cultural Center , Mission Cultural Center , de Young Museum and altars at Garfield Square by the Marigold Project . Oakland is home to Corazon Del Pueblo in the Fruitvale district . Corazon Del Pueblo has a shop offering handcrafted Mexican gifts and a museum devoted to Day of the Dead artifacts . Also , the Fruitvale district in Oakland serves as the hub of the Dia de Muertos annual festival which occurs the last weekend of October . Here , a mix of several Mexican traditions come together with traditional Aztec dancers , regional Mexican music , and other Mexican artisans to celebrate the day . Asia Goa , india The Catholic traditions were initiated with the arrival of the Portuguese in 1510 . The Almacho Dis ( Souls Day ) is commemorated on Nov 2 , following all Saints Day ( Nov. 1 ) . On this day , the forgotten souls are remembered and spiritual charity is done though prayer for the deceased family and ancestral souls . Charity is practiced also by offering food for the poor called beggars lunch ( bikareanchem jevonn ) where the poor are invited for lunch , from the village and treated with dignity and respect . The invited down trodden are served as guest and usually commences with prayers for the deceased souls . Following mass on all souls day , the deceased visit the graveyard of the deceased souls and pray and also decorate their graves . The philippines While ancestor veneration is an ancient part of Filipino culture , the modern observance is believed to have been imported from Mexico when the islands ( as part of the Spanish East Indies ) were governed from Mexico City as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . During the holiday ( observed every November 1 ) , Filipinos customarily visit family tombs and other graves , which they repair and clean . Entire families spend a night or two at their loved ones ' tombs , passing time with card games , eating , drinking , singing and dancing . Prayers such as the rosary are often said for the deceased , who are normally offered candles , flowers , food , and even liquor . Some Catholic Chinese Filipino families additionally offer joss sticks to the dead , and observe customs otherwise associated with the Hungry Ghost Festival . Europe In Christian Europe , Roman Catholic customs absorbed pagan traditions . All Saints Day and All Souls Day became the autumnal celebration of the dead . Over many centuries , rites which had occurred in cultivated fields , where the souls of the dead were thought to leave after the harvest , to cemeteries . In many countries with a Roman Catholic heritage , All Saints Day and All Souls Day have evolved traditions in which people take the day off work , go to cemeteries with candles and flowers , and give presents to children , usually sweets and toys . In Portugal and Spain ofrendas ( `` offerings '' ) are made on this day . In Spain , the play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed . In Belgium , France , Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , Portugal , and Spain , people bring flowers ( typically chrysanthemums in France and northern Europe ) to the graves of dead relatives and say prayers over the dead . In Eastern Europe holiday is called Dziady and also has pagan origins . In Belarus the ancient tradition involved cooking ritual dishes for supper . Part of each dish was put into a separate plate and left overnight for the dead ancestors . Public meetings are often organized on this day to commemorate the victims of Soviet political repressions . As part of a promotion by the Mexican embassy in Prague , Czech Republic , since the late 20th century , some local citizens join in a Mexican - style Day of the Dead . A theatre group produces events featuring masks , candles , and sugar skulls . Oceania Mexican - style Day of the Dead celebrations occur in major cities in Australia , Fiji , and Indonesia . Additionally , prominent celebrations are held in Wellington , New Zealand , complete with altars celebrating the deceased with flowers and gifts . Similar traditions Many other cultures around the world have similar traditions of a day set aside to visit the graves of deceased family members . Often included in these traditions are celebrations , food , and beverages , in addition to prayers and remembrances of the departed . In some African cultures , visits to ancestors ' graves , the leaving of food and gifts , and the asking of protection from them serve as important parts of traditional rituals . One such ritual is held just before the start of the hunting season . The Qingming Festival ( simplified Chinese : 清明 节 ; traditional Chinese : 清明 節 ; pinyin : qīng míng jié ) is a traditional Chinese festival usually occurring around April 5 of the Gregorian calendar . Along with Double Ninth Festival on the 9th day of the 9th month in the Chinese calendar , it is a time to tend to the graves of departed ones . In addition , in the Chinese tradition , the seventh month in the Chinese calendar is called the Ghost Month ( 鬼 月 ) , in which ghosts and spirits come out from the underworld to visit earth . The Bon Festival ( O - bon ( お盆 ) , or only Bon ( 盆 ) ) , is a Japanese Buddhist holiday held in August to honor the spirits of departed ancestors . It is derived in part from the Chinese observance of the Ghost Month , and was affixed to the solar calendar along with other traditional Japanese holidays . In Korea , Chuseok ( 추석 , 秋 夕 ; also called Hangawi ) is a major traditional holiday . People go where the spirits of their ancestors are enshrined , and perform ancestral worship rituals early in the morning . They visit the tombs of immediate ancestors to trim plants , clean the area around the tomb , and offer food , drink , and crops to their ancestors . During the Nepalese holiday of Gai Jatra ( `` Cow Pilgrimage '' ) , every family who has lost a member during the previous year creates a tai out of bamboo branches , cloth , and paper decorations , in which are placed portraits of the deceased . As a cow traditionally leads the spirits of the dead into the afterlife , an actual or symbolic cow is used depending on local custom . The festival is also a time to dress up in a costume reminiscent of the western Halloween , with popular subjects including political commentary and satire . In popular culture This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Disneyland Resorts ' annual `` Halloween Time '' celebrates the art and traditions of Dias de los Muertos located at Frontierland . The 1998 Grim Fandango video game features Mexican Day of the Dead iconography with Aztec and Egyptian influences . The 2014 The Book of Life film follows a bullfighter who , on the Day of the Dead , embarks on an afterlife adventure . In the 2015 James Bond film , Spectre , the opening sequence featured a Day of the Dead parade in Mexico City . At the time , no such parade took place in Mexico City ; one year later , due to the interest in the film and the government desire to promote the pre-Hispanic Mexican culture , the federal and local authorities decided to organize an actual `` Día de Muertos '' parade through Paseo de la Reforma and Centro Historico on October 29 , 2016 , which was attended by 250,000 people . The 2016 Elena of Avalor season one episode `` A Night to Remember '' focused on Dias de los Muertos . The 2017 Pixar film Coco features the Dias de los Muertos holiday as a major element in its plot . See also Literary Calaverita Danse Macabre Samhain Skull art Thursday of the Dead Veneration of the dead Walpurgis Night References Notes Jump up ^ `` Indigenous festivity dedicated to the dead '' . UNESCO . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . El Museo del Barrio . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austin Days of the Dead '' . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Day , Frances Ann ( 2003 ) . Latina and Latino Voices in Literature . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 0313323942 . Jump up ^ Lumaban , Weely A. ( October -- November 2008 ) . `` All Soul 's Day '' . The Bread Basket . Vol . V no . 3 . Rex Bookstore , Inc . pp. 23 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . National Geographic Society . Jump up ^ Lee , Stacy ( 2002 ) . Mexico and the United States . Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 0761474021 . Jump up ^ Cazares , Eduardo ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Día de Muertos en Nuevo León '' . Diario Cultura . Diario Cultura.mx . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Gustavo . `` Hasta en el velorio , las penas con pan son menos '' . Milenio . ^ Jump up to : `` Dia de Todos los Santos : All Saints ' Day in Spain '' . don Quijote . Ideal Education Group S.L . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Carlos ( 2005 ) . `` History : Indigenous people would n't let ' Day of the Dead ' die '' . The Arizona Republic . Day of the Dead -- Día De Los Muertos . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Salvador , R.J. ( 2003 ) . John D. Morgan and Pittu Laungani , ed . Death and Bereavement Around the World : Death and Bereavement in the Americas . Death , Value and Meaning Series , Vol. II . Amityville , New York : Baywood Publishing Company . pp. 75 -- 76 . ISBN 0 - 89503 - 232 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Palfrey , Dale Hoyt ( 1995 ) . `` The Day of the Dead '' . Día de los Muertos Index . Access Mexico Connect . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Turim , Gayle ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Day of the Dead Sweets and Treats '' . History Stories . History Channel . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Godoy , Maria . `` Sugar Skulls , Tamales And More : Why Is That Food On The Day Of The Dead Altar ? '' . NPR . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castella , Krystina ( October 2010 ) . `` Pan de Muerto Recipe '' . Epicurious . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaica iced tea '' . Cooking in Mexico . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Guidi , Ruxandra ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` Las Natitas '' . BBC . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Fiona ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` Bolivians Honor Skull - Toting Tradition '' . Associated Press . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` All Saints day in Bolivia -- `` The skull festival '' `` . Bolivia Line ( May 2005 ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Betsy ; Wood , Joshua . `` Visit to cemetery in Guatemala '' . Expatexchange.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Gonzalo ( October 30 , 2010 ) . `` Diversity in Remembering the Dead '' . InterPress Service News Agency . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Perú : así se vivió Día de todos los santos en cementerios de Lima '' . Peru . peru.com . January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wise , Danno. `` Port Isabel 's Day of the Dead Celebration '' . Texas Travel . About.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . visitalbuquerque.org . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hedding , Judy . `` Day of the Dead '' . Phoenix . About.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ White , Erin ( November 5 , 2006 ) . `` All Souls Procession '' . Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Old Town San Diego 's Dia de los Muertos '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saroff , Steve S. ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` Missoula Day of the Dead Parade , November 2nd 2006 , 6pm . Intersection of Higgins and Broadway '' . Saroff Photography . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum . Día de los Muertos : Day of the Dead ( Version 1.2 ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum '' . Ustream . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum . `` Day of the Dead '' . Theater of the Dead . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Institution . `` Smithsonian - UTEP Día de los Muertos Festival : A 2D and 3D Experience ! '' . Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum Press Release . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Less - scary holiday : Some faith groups offer alternatives to Halloween trick - or - treating '' . The Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` Viva la Vida or Noche de Altares ? Santa Ana 's downtown division fuels dueling Day of the Dead events '' . The Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` Making a night of Day of the Dead '' Los Angeles Times October 18 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos ( Day of the Dead ) -- San Francisco '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Vicky ( October 27 , 2000 ) . `` Lively Petaluma festival marks Day of the Dead '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Photograph of cemetery decorated with flowers '' ( GIF ) , UCAnews , Union of Catholic Asian News ( UCAN ) , November 2011 Jump up ^ `` All Saints Day celebrations in Italy '' . ITALY Magazine . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Day of the Dead in Prague , Radio Czech . Jump up ^ `` Day of the Dead in Wellington , New Zealand '' . Scoop.co.nz . October 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kopytoff , Igor ( 1971 ) . `` Ancestors as Elders '' . Africa . Cambridge University Press . 41 : 129 -- 42 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Martin , Caroline ( September 1 , 2006 ) . `` A Nepali Day of the Dead : An American citizen reporter visits the Gai Jatra festival '' . OhmyNews . Retrieved June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Día de los Muertos '' . Disneyland . Disney . 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` Celebrate Día de los Muertos During Halloween Time at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disneyland Resort . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Dia de los Muertos at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disneyland Resort . Jump up ^ Senior , Tom ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Grim Fandango Remastered Review '' . PC Gamer . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` El Tigre '' Creator Jorge Gutierrez Moves Into Features with `` Book of Life '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico City stages first Day of the Dead parade '' . BBC . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fotogalería : Desfile por Día de Muertos reúne a 250 mil personas '' . Excélsior ( in Spanish ) . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Galerías Archivo '' . Televisa News . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.16. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Announces Its Coming Slate of Animated Films at D23 Expo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Day of the Dead . Andrade , Mary J. Day of the Dead A Passion for Life -- Día de los Muertos Pasión por la Vida . La Oferta Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9791624 - 04 Anguiano , Mariana , et al. Las tradiciones de Día de Muertos en México . Mexico City 1987 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1997 ) . `` Sugar , Colonialism , and Death : On the Origins of Mexico 's Day of the Dead '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 39 ( 2 ) : 270 -- 299 . doi : 10.1017 / S0010417500020624 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1998 ) . `` The Day of the Dead , Halloween , and the Quest for Mexican National Identity '' . Journal of American Folklore. 442 : 359 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 541045 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1998 ) . `` Iconography in Mexico 's Day of the Dead '' . Ethnohistory . Duke University Press . 45 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 218 . Brandes , Stanley ( December 15 , 2006 ) . Skulls to the Living , Bread to the Dead . Blackwell Publishing . p. 232 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 5247 - 8 . Cadafalch , Antoni . The Day of the Dead . Korero Books , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 907621 - 01 - 7 Carmichael , Elizabeth ; Sayer , Chloe . The Skeleton at the Feast : The Day of the Dead in Mexico . Great Britain : The Bath Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 2503 - 2 Conklin , Paul . `` Death Takes a Holiday '' . U.S. Catholic 66 ( 2001 ) : 38 -- 41 . Garcia - Rivera , Alex . `` Death Takes a Holiday '' . U.S. Catholic 62 ( 1997 ) : 50 . Haley , Shawn D. ; Fukuda , Curt . Day of the Dead : When Two Worlds Meet in Oaxaca . Berhahn Books , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 083 - 3 Lane , Sarah and Marilyn Turkovich , Días de los Muertos / Days of the Dead . Chicago 1987 . Lomnitz , Claudio . Death and the Idea of Mexico . Zone Books , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 890951 - 53 - 6 Matos Moctezuma , Eduardo , et al. `` Miccahuitl : El culto a la muerte , '' Special issue of Artes de México 145 ( 1971 ) Nutini , Hugo G. Todos Santos in Rural Tlaxcala : A Syncretic , Expressive , and Symbolic Analysis of the Cult of the Dead . Princeton 1988 . Oliver Vega , Beatriz , et al . The Days of the Dead , a Mexican Tradition . Mexico City 1988 . Roy , Ann . `` A Crack Between the Worlds '' . Commonwealth 122 ( 1995 ) : 13 -- 16 . UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage : representative list Africa Aka music Chopi timbila Garifuna culture Afounkaha Gbofe Gelede Gule Wamkulu Ifá Ijele Masquerade Kamablon re-roofing Kankurang Manden Charter Mbende Jerusarema Sosso Bala Ugandan barkcloth making Vimbuza healing dance Yaaral & Degal Zafimaniry woodcrafting Zambian Makishi Festival Arab States Ahellil Al - Sirah Al - Hilaliyyah Bedu culture at Petra and Wadi Rum Iraqi maqam Jemaa el - Fnaa Palestinian Hikaye Shashmaqam Song of Sana'a Taghribat Bani Hilal Tan - Tan Moussem Asia & Pacific Acupuncture & Moxibustion Ainu dance Akiu no Taue Odori Akyn Angklung `` Arirang '' Bakhshi music Batik Baul Beijing opera Boysun District Bunraku Cantonese opera Ca trù Chakkirako Cheoyongmu Chhau dance Chinese architecture Chinese block printing Chinese calligraphy Chinese paper cutting Chinese seal engraving Chinese shadow puppetry Daemokjang Daimokutate Dainichido Bugaku Darangen Epic Dragon Boat Festival Drametse Ngacham Epic of King Gesar Gagaku Gagok Ganggangsullae Gangneung Danoje Festival Gimjang Gióng Festival Gong culture Grand Song Guqin Guqin music Hayachine Kagura Hitachi Furyumono Hua'er Hudhud Chant Indonesian kris Jamdani Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut Jultagi Kabuki Kalbelia Kashan rug Katta Ashula Khoomei Koshikijima no Toshidon Kumiodori Kunqu Kutiyattam Ladakh chant Lakalaka Lenj boats Lhamo Longquan celadon Mak yong Mangal Shobhajatra Mazu belief Meshrep Mibu no Hana Taue Morin khuur Mosie ramie Mudiyett Muqam Naadam Namsadang Nori Nanyin Naqqāli Nhã nhạc Noh Oku - noto no Aenokoto Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals Pansori Pungmul Quan họ Radif Ramlila Ramman Royal Ballet of Cambodia Regong arts Royal Ancestral Ritual Sada Shin Noh Saman dance Sand drawing Sbek Toch Sekishu - Banshi Shiraz rug Taekkyeon Ta'zīye Urtiin Duu Vedic chanting Wayang Xi'an ensemble Xuan paper Yamahoko Yeongsanjae Yūki - tsumugi Yunjin Europe & N. America Albanian iso - polyphony Ashik Ashiqs of Azerbaijan Aubusson tapestry Azerbaijani rug weaving Azerbaijani tar Baltic song and dance celebrations Bećarac Busójárás Căluş Cante Alentejano Cantu a tenore Carnival of Aalst Carnival of Binche Castell Chovgan Christmas Tsars Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia & Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia Copper craftsmanship of Lahij Cremona violins Croatian lacemaking Daina Daredevils of Sassoun Doina Duduk Fado Falconry Falles of the Pyrenees Festivity of ' la Mare de Déu de la Salut ' of Algemesí Festivity of Saint Blaise Flamenco French timber framing scribing Fujara Georgian vocal polyphony Horezu ceramics Houtem Jaarmarkt Hrvatsko Zagorje toys Istrian scale Jem Karagöz and Hacivat Kelaghayi Keşkek Khachkar Kihnu culture Kırkpınar Klapa Kryždirbystė Kvevri wine La Patum Lefkaritika Licitar Ljelje / Kraljice Makishi Festival Maldovan Christmas Carols Maloya Manas Meddah Mediterranean diet Mesir Macunu Mugham Mystery Play of Elche Nestinarstvo Nijemo Kolo Nowruz Azerbaijani Indian Iranian Turkish Ojkanje Olonkho Opera dei Pupi Petrykivka decorative painting Procession of the Holy Blood Sama Semeiskie culture Seto Leelo Silbo Gomero Sinjska alka Slovácko Verbuňk Turkish Sohbet The Song of the Sibyl Suiti culture Sutartinės Táncház Turkish coffee Viennese cafes Wajãpi culture Za križen Zvončari Caribbean & Latin America Carnaval de Barranquilla Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella Candombe Carnaval de Negros y Blancos Carnaval de Oruro Círio de Nazaré Cocolo Costa Rican oxherding Dancing Devils of Yare Danza de los Voladores Danza de tijeras Frevo Garifuna culture Gióng Festival Harakmbut Huaconada Indigenous Day of the Dead Kallawaya culture Mexican cuisine Moore Town 's Maroon Heritage Palenque de San Basilio Panama hat Parachico Peña de Bernal Pirekua Popayán Holy Week processions Pütchipü'ü Quyllur Rit'i Rabinal Achí Samba de Roda South Pacific Colombian marimba Tango Taquile textiles La Tumba Francesa Vallenato Wajãpi culture Yaokwa Záparo culture Ghosts List of ghosts Manifestations Haunted locations Haunted highways Haunted house Haunted trains Haunted ships Hungry ghost Phantom vehicle Poltergeist Residual haunting Vengeful ghost By continent and culture African South Africa Asian South Asian Bengali Burmese Chinese locations Ghost Festival Filipino locations India Japanese Onryō Korean Malay Thai locations Tibetan Vietnamese Europe France Slavic religion Romania United Kingdom Scotland North America Canada Caribbean Navajo Ghost sickness Ghost Dance Mexican locations Day of the Dead United States District of Columbia South America Colombia Oceania Maori Polynesian History Mesopotamian Ancient Egyptian culture Classical Antiquity Ghosts in English - speaking cultures Ghosts in Spanish - speaking cultures Parapsychology Apparitional experience Electronic voice phenomenon kaidan Ghost hunting Séance Mediumship Spirit photography Popular culture Films about ghosts India Stories about ghosts Halloween Samhain Paranormal television Court cases Booty v Barnaby Related Fear of ghosts Spectrophilia Spiritualism Spiritism The Ghost Club ( hide ) Halloween Main topics History Samhain Allhallowtide Symbols Activities Trick - or - treating Geography Christian observances Traditions Abstinence from meat Apple bobbing Cards Costumes Food Ghost tours Jack - o ' - lantern Lighting candles on graves Prayer for the dead Soul cake Events Bonfire Great Pumpkin Haunted attraction Pumpkin queen Media Television Films Books Music Albums Songs Related events Festival of the Dead Bon Festival Chuseok Día de Muertos Gai Jatra Pitri Paksha Qingming Festival Totensonntag Zhōng yuán jié Veneration of the dead Death anniversary Death customs Kaddish Yizkor Other events Allantide Beggars Night Devil 's Night Eid il - Burbara Hop - tu - Naa Korochun Krampus Mischief Night Namahage Old Halloween Saci day Superstition Walpurgis Night Will - o ' - the - wisp Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Day_of_the_Dead&oldid=818684922 '' Categories : Day of the Dead Folk festivals in Mexico Religious holidays Mexican culture Mexican - American culture Latin American culture Latin American folklore November observances Mexican folklore Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity Halloween October observances Observances honoring the dead Religious festivals in Mexico Parades in Mexico Festivals in El Salvador Allhallowtide Autumn events in Mexico Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from November 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Infobox holiday fixed day Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with attributed pull quotes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles needing additional references from November 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Ladino Latina Lumbaart Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 00 : 06 . 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"The Day of the Dead (Spanish: Día de Muertos) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico, in particular the Central and South regions, and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places, especially the United States. It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures. The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died, and help support their spiritual journey. In 2008, the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.[1]"
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"Mexico"
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-6268288897661908891 | Muhammadu Buhari | Muhammadu Buhari - wikipedia Muhammadu Buhari Jump to : navigation , search Muhammadu Buhari GCFR 15th President of Nigeria Incumbent Assumed office 29 May 2015 Vice President Yemi Osinbajo Preceded by Goodluck Jonathan Federal Minister of Petroleum Resources Incumbent Assumed office 11 November 2015 Preceded by Diezani Allison - Madueke 7th Head of State of Nigeria In office 31 December 1983 -- 27 August 1985 Vice President Tunde Idiagbon as Chief of Staff , Supreme Headquarters Preceded by Shehu Shagari Succeeded by Ibrahim Babangida Federal Commissioner of Petroleum and Natural Resources In office March 1976 -- June 1978 Governor of Borno State In office 3 February 1976 -- 15 March 1976 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Mustapha Amin Governor of the Northeastern State In office 1 August 1975 -- 3 February 1976 Preceded by Musa Usman Succeeded by Position abolished Personal details ( 1942 - 12 - 17 ) 17 December 1942 ( age 75 ) Daura , Northern Region , British Nigeria ( now Daura , Katsina State , Nigeria ) Nationality Nigerian Political party All Progressives Congress Spouse ( s ) Safinatu Yusuf ( m . 1971 ; div. 1988 ) Aisha Halilu ( m . 1989 ) Children 10 ( show ) Zulaihat ( deceased ) Fatima Musa ( deceased ) Hadiza Safinatu Aisha Halima Yusuf Zarah Amina Alma mater Nigerian Military Training College Mons Officer Cadet School U.S. Army War College Website www.mbuhari.ng Military service Nickname ( s ) Baba go slow Service / branch Nigerian Army Years of service 1961 -- 1985 Rank Major general Muhammadu Buhari GCFR ( born 17 December 1942 ) is the President of Nigeria , in office since 2015 . He is a retired major general in the Nigerian Army and previously served as the nation 's head of state from 31 December 1983 to 27 August 1985 , after taking power in a military coup d'état . The term Buharism is ascribed to the Buhari military government . He unsuccessfully ran for the office of president of Nigeria in the 2003 , 2007 and 2011 general elections . In December 2014 , he emerged as the presidential candidate of the All Progressives Congress for the March 2015 general elections . Buhari won the election , defeating the incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan . This marked the first time in the history of Nigeria that an incumbent president lost to an opposition candidate in a general election . He was sworn in on 29 May 2015 . Buhari has stated that he takes responsibility for anything over which he presided during his military rule , and that he can not change the past . He has described himself as a `` converted democrat '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Early military career 2.1 Northern counter-coup of 28 July 1966 2.2 Civil war 3 After the war 3.1 Buhari 's participation in July 1975 coup 4 Governor of North Eastern State 5 Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural Resources 6 Back in military service 6.1 Chadian military affair 7 December 1983 military coup 8 Head of state ( 1983 -- 85 ) 8.1 Policies and initiatives 8.1. 1 Economic policy 8.1. 2 Foreign policy 8.1. 3 War on corruption 8.1. 4 War Against Indiscipline 8.2 53 suitcases saga 8.3 Human rights 9 1985 coup and detention 10 In retirement 10.1 Civilian life 10.2 Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund 11 Presidential campaigns and elections 11.1 2003 presidential elections 11.2 2007 presidential elections 11.3 2011 presidential elections 11.4 2015 presidential elections 11.4. 1 Abolishing the office of the First Lady 11.4. 2 Freedom of religion 12 Presidency ( 2015 -- present ) 12.1 Economy 12.2 Anti-corruption 12.3 Foreign policy 12.4 Niger Delta 12.5 Plagiarism scandal 12.6 Boko Haram and Chibok girls 12.7 Health issues 12.8 2019 Re-election bid 13 Security challenges 14 Personal life 15 Awards 16 See also 17 References 18 Sources 19 External links Early life ( edit ) Muhammadu Buhari was born to a Fulani family on 17 December 1942 , in Daura , Katsina State , to his father Hardo Adamu , a Fulani chief , and mother Zulaihat . He is the twenty - third child of his father . Buhari was raised by his mother , after his father died when he was about four years old . He attended primary school in Daura and Mai'adua before proceeding to Katsina Model School in 1953 , and to Katsina Provincial Secondary School ( now Government College Katsina ) from 1956 to 1961 . Early military career ( edit ) Buhari joined the Nigerian Army by enrolling at age 19 in the Nigerian Military Training College ( NMTC ) in 1961 . In February 1964 , the college was upgraded to an officer commissioning unit of the Nigerian Army and renamed the Nigerian Defence Academy ( NDA ) ( prior to 1964 , the Nigerian government sent cadets who had completed their NMTC preliminary training to mostly Commonwealth military academies for officer cadet training ) . From 1962 to 1963 , Buhari underwent officer cadet training at Mons Officer Cadet School in Aldershot in England . In January 1963 , at age 21 , Buhari was commissioned a second lieutenant and appointed Platoon Commander of the Second Infantry Battalion in Abeokuta , Nigeria . From November 1963 to January 1964 , Buhari attended the Platoon Commanders ' Course at the Nigerian Military Training College , Kaduna . In 1964 , he facilitated his military training by attending the Mechanical Transport Officer 's Course at the Army Mechanical Transport School in Borden , United Kingdom . From 1965 to 1967 , Buhari served as commander of the Second Infantry Battalion and appointed brigade major , Second Sector , First Infantry Division , April 1967 to July 1967 . Northern counter-coup of 28 July 1966 ( edit ) In July 1966 Lieutenant Muhammadu Buhari was one of the participants in the `` July Rematch '' or so called `` Counter-Coup '' , led by Lt - Col Murtala Muhammed , that overthrew and assassinated Nigeria 's first self - appointed military Head of State General Aguiyi Ironsi , who had assumed leadership of the Nigerian government after a failed coup attempt on 15 January 1966 , which overthrew the elected parliamentary government of Nigeria ( also known as first republic ) . Other participants in the coup on 28 July 1966 included 2nd Lieutenant Sani Abacha , Lieutenant Ibrahim Babangida , Major Theophilus Danjuma , Lieutenant Ibrahim Bako among others . The coup was a reaction to the January coup where a group of mostly Igbo officers led by Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu overthrew the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa . Many Northern soldiers were aggrieved by the murder of senior politicians , Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa , northern regional premier , Ahmadu Bello , and four senior officers from northern Nigeria : Brigadier Zakariya Maimalari , Colonel Kur Mohammed , Lt - Cols Abogo Largema and James Pam . The counter-coup was very bloody leading to the murder of mostly Igbo officers . Among the casualties were the first military head of state General Aguiyi Ironsi and Lt Colonel Adekunle Fajuyi , the military governor of the Western Region . Civil War ( edit ) Buhari was assigned to the 1st Division under the command of Lt. Col Mohammed Shuwa , the division had temporarily moved from Kaduna to Makurdi at the onset of the Nigerian Civil War . The 1st division was divided into sectors and then battalions with Shuwa assisted by sector commanders Martin Adamu and Sule Apollo who was later replaced by Theophilus Danjuma . Buhari 's initial assignment was as Adjutant and Company Commander 2 battalion unit , Second Sector Infantry of the 1st Division . The 2 battalion was one of the units that participated in the first actions of the war , they started from Gakem near Afikpo and moved towards Ogoja with support from Gado Nasko 's artillery squad . They reached and captured Ogoja within a week with the intention of advancing through the flanks to Enugu , the rebel capital . Buhari was briefly the 2 battalion 's Commander and led the battalion to Afikpo to link with the 3rd Marine Commando and advance towards Enugu through Nkalagu and Abakaliki . However , before the move to Enugu , he was posted to Nsukka as Brigade Major of the 3rd Infantry Brigade under Joshua Gin who would later become battle fatigued and replaced by Isa Bukar . Buhari stayed with the infantry for a few months as the Nigerian army began to adjust tactics learnt from early battle experiences . Instead of swift advances , the new tactics involved securing and holding on to the lines of communications and using captured towns as training ground to train new recruits brought in from the army depots in Abeokuta and Zaria . In 1968 , he was posted to the 4 Sector also called the Awka sector which was charged to take over the capture of Onitsha from Division 2 . The sector 's operations was within the Awka - Abagana - Onitsha region which was important to Biafran forces because it was a major source of food supply . It was in the sector that Buhari 's group suffered a lot of casualties trying to protect food supplies route of the rebels along Oji River and Abagana . After the War ( edit ) From 1970 to 1971 , Buhari was Brigade Major / Commandant , Thirty - first Infantry Brigade . He then served as the Assistant Adjutant - General , First Infantry Division Headquarters , from 1971 to 1972 . He also attended the Defence Services Staff College , Wellington , India , in 1973 . From 1974 to 1975 Buhari was Acting Director of Transport and Supply at the Nigerian Army Corps of Supply and Transport Headquarters . Buhari 's participation in July 1975 coup ( edit ) Then Lieutenant Colonel Buhari was among a group of officers ( led by Colonels Ibrahim Taiwo , Joseph Garba , Abdulahi Mohammed , Anthony Ochefu , Lieutenant Colonels Shehu Musa Yar'Adua , Ibrahim Babangida and Alfred Aduloju ) who overthrew the Head of State , General Yakubu Gowon . Governor of North Eastern state ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) From 1 August 1975 to 3 February 1976 , General Murtala Mohammed , appointed Buhari as Governor of the North - Eastern State , to oversee social , economic and political improvements in the state . Buhari also briefly served as Governor of Borno state from 3 February 1976 to 15 March 1976 . On 3 February 1976 , the North Eastern state was divided by the Military Government into Bauchi , Borno and Gongola states . In August 1991 , Yobe state was created from Borno state , while Gongola state was split into two states , Taraba and Adamawa . In October 1996 , Gombe State was created from Bauchi State . Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural resources ( edit ) In March 1976 , the Head of State , General Olusegun Obasanjo , appointed Buhari as the Federal Commissioner ( position now called Minister ) for Petroleum and Natural Resources . When the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation was created in 1977 , Buhari was also appointed as its Chairman , a position he held until 1978 . During his tenure as Commissioner , 2.8 billion dollars allegedly went missing from the accounts of the NNPC in Midlands Bank in the United Kingdom . Former President Ibrahim Babangida allegedly accused Buhari of being responsible for this fraud . However , in the conclusion of the Crude Oil Sales Tribunal of Inquiry headed by Justice Ayo Irikefe to investigate allegations of 2.8 billion Dollars misappropriation from the NNPC account . The tribunal found no truth in the allegations even though it noticed some lapses in the NNPC accounts . During Buhari 's tenure as the Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural Resources , the government invested in pipelines and petroleum storage infrastructures . The government built about 21 petroleum storage depots all over the country from Lagos to Maidugiuri and from Calabar to Gusau ; the administration constructed a pipeline network that connected Bonny terminal and the Port Harcourt refinery to the depots . Also , the administration signed the contract for the construction of a refinery in Kaduna and an oil pipeline that will connect the Escravos oil terminal to Warri Refinery and the proposed Kaduna refinery . Back in military Service ( edit ) From 1978 to 1979 , he was Military Secretary at the Army Headquarters and was a member of the Supreme Military Council from 1978 to 1979 . From 1979 to 1980 , at the rank of colonel , Buhari ( class of 1980 ) attended the US Army War College in Carlisle , Pennsylvania , in the United States , and gained a Masters Degree in Strategic Studies . Upon completion of the on - campus full - time resident program lasting ten months and the two - year - long , distance learning program , the United States Army War College ( USAWC ) college awards its graduate officers a master 's degree in Strategic Studies . Other roles include : General Officer Commanding , 4th Infantry Division , August 1980 -- January 1981 General Officer Commanding , 2nd Mechanised Infantry Division , January 1981 -- October 1981 General Officer Commanding , 3rd Armed Division Nigerian Army , October 1981 -- December 1983 Chadian military affair ( edit ) In 1983 , when Chadian forces invaded Nigeria in the Borno State , Buhari used the forces under his command to chase them out of the country , crossing into Chadian territory in spite of an order given by President Shagari to withdraw . This 1983 Chadian military affair led to more than 100 victims and `` prisoners of war '' . December 1983 military coup ( edit ) Main article : 1983 Nigerian coup d'état Major - General Buhari was one of the leaders of the military coup of December 1983 that overthrew the democratically elected government of President Shehu Shagari . At the time of the coup plot , Buhari was the General Officer Commanding ( GOC ) , Third Armored Division of Jos . With the successful execution of the coup by General Buhari , Tunde Idiagbon was appointed Chief of General Staff ( the de facto No. 2 in the administration ) . The coup ended Nigeria 's short - lived Second Republic , a period of multi-party democracy started in 1979 . According to The New York Times , the officers who took power argued that `` a flawed democracy was worse than no democracy at all '' . Buhari justified the military 's seizure of power by castigating the civilian government as hopelessly corrupt and promptly suspended Nigeria 's 1979 Constitution . Another rationale for the coup was to correct economic decline in Nigeria . Sani Abacha in the military 's first broadcast after the coup linked ' an inept and corrupt leadership ' with general economic decline . In Buhari 's New Year day speech , he too mentioned the corrupt class of the second republic but also as the cause of a general decline in morality in the society . Head of state ( 1983 -- 85 ) ( edit ) The structure of the new military leadership which was also the fifth in Nigeria since independence resembled the last military regime , the Obasanjo / Yaradua administration . The new regime established a Supreme Military Council , a Federal Executive Council and a Council of States . The number of ministries was trimmed to 18 while the administration carried out a retrenchment exercise among the senior ranks of the civil service and police . It retired 17 permanent secretaries and some senior police and naval officers . In addition , the new military administration promulgated new laws to achieve its aim . These laws included the Robbery and Firearms ( Special Provisions ) Decree for the prosecution of armed robbery cases , the State Security ( Detention of Person ) Decree which gave powers to the military to detain individuals suspected of jeopardizing state security or causing economic adversity . Other decrees included the Civil Service Commission and Public Offenders Decree which constituted the legal and administrative basis to conduct a purge in the civil service . Policies and initiatives ( edit ) Economic policy ( edit ) In order to reform the economy , as Head of State , Buhari started to rebuild the nation 's social - political and economic systems , along the realities of Nigeria 's austere economic conditions . The rebuilding included removing or cutting back the excesses in national expenditure , obliterating or removing completely , corruption from the nation 's social ethics , shifting from mainly public sector employment to self - employment . Buhari also encouraged import substitution industrialisation based to a great extent on the use of local materials . However , tightening of imports led to reduction in raw materials for industries causing many industries to operate below capacity . However , Buhari 's bid to re-balance public finances by curbing imports led to many job losses and the closure of businesses . Buhari broke ties with the International Monetary Fund , when the fund asked the government to devalue the naira by 60 % . However , the reforms that Buhari instigated on his own were as or more rigorous as those required by the IMF . On 7 May 1984 , Buhari announced the country 's 1984 National Budget . The budget came with a series of complementary measures : A temporary ban on recruiting federal public sector workers Raising of Interest rates Halting Capital Projects Prohibition of borrowing by State governments 15 percent cut from Shagari 's 1983 Budget Realignment of import duties Reducing the balance of payment deficit by cutting imports It also gave priority to the importation of raw materials and spare parts that were needed for agriculture and industry . Other economic measures by Buhari took the form of counter trade , currency change , price reduction of goods and services . Buhari 's economic policies did not earn him the legitimacy of the masses due to the rise in inflation and the use of military might to continue to push many policies blamed for the rise in food prices . Foreign policy ( edit ) Buhari 's military government continued largely with the foreign policy it inherited from Shehu Shagari . In January 1984 , in his new year broadcast speech , Buhari stated that he would maintain and enhance diplomatic relations with all countries and international organisations such as the OAU , UN , OPEC , ECOWAS and the Commonwealth of Nations . He also stated that he would honour all treaty obligations entered into by previous governments , which he did . Buhari 's foreign policy also focused on Africa , mostly Nigeria 's neighbours due to financial commitments . War on corruption ( edit ) Buhari mounted an offensive against entrenched interests . In 20 months as Head of State , about 500 politicians , officials and businessmen were jailed for corruption during his stewardship . Detainees were released after releasing sums to the government and agreeing to meet certain conditions . The Umaru Dikko Affair was another defining moment in Buhari 's military government . Umaru Dikko , a former Minister of Transportation under the previous civilian administration of President Shagari who fled the country shortly after the coup , was accused of embezzling $1 billion in oil profits . With the help of an alleged former Mossad agent , the NSO traced him to London , where operatives from Nigeria and Israel drugged and kidnapped him . They placed him in a plastic bag , which was subsequently hidden inside a crate labelled as `` Diplomatic Baggage '' . The purpose of this secret operation was to ship Dikko off to Nigeria on an empty Nigerian Airways Boeing 707 , to stand trial for embezzlement . The plot was foiled by British airport officers . Buhari 's administration enacted three decrees to investigate corruption and control foreign exchange . The Banking ( Freezing of Accounts ) Decree of 1984 , allotted to the Federal Military Government the power to freeze bank accounts of persons suspected to have committed fraud . The Recovery of Public Property ( Special Military Tribunals ) Decree permitted the government to investigate the assets of public officials linked with corruption and constitute a military tribunal to try such persons . The Exchange Control ( Anti-Sabotage ) Decree stated penalties for violators of foreign exchange laws . War against Indiscipline ( edit ) One of the most enduring legacies of the Buhari government has been the War Against Indiscipline ( WAI ) . Launched on 20 March 1984 , the policy tried to address the perceived lack of public morality and civic responsibility of Nigerian society . Unruly Nigerians were ordered to form neat queues at bus stops , under the eyes of whip - wielding soldiers . Civil servants who failed to show up on time at work were humiliated and forced to do `` frog jumps '' . Minor offences carried long sentences . Any student over the age of 17 caught cheating on an exam would get 21 years in prison . Counterfeiting and arson could lead to the death penalty . 53 suitcases SAGA ( edit ) Buhari 's administration was embroiled in a scandal concerning the fate of 53 suitcases with unknown contents . The suitcases were being transported by the Emir of Gwandu , whose son was Buhari 's aide - de-camp , and were cleared through customs on 10 June 1984 without inspection during his return flight from Saudi Arabia . Human rights ( edit ) According to Decree Number 2 of 1984 , the state security and the chief of staff were given the power to detain , without charges , individuals deemed to be a security risk to the state for up to three months . Strikes and popular demonstrations were banned and Nigeria 's security agency , the National Security Organization ( NSO ) was entrusted with unprecedented powers . The NSO played a wide role in the cracking down of public dissent by intimidating , harassing and jailing individuals who broke the interdiction on strikes . By October 1984 , about 200,000 civil servants were retrenched . The regime also jailed its critics , as in the case of Nigeria 's most popular artist and one time presidential contender , afro - beat singer Fela Kuti . He was arrested on 4 September 1984 at the airport as he was about to embark on an American tour . Amnesty International described the charges brought against him for illegally exporting foreign currency as `` spurious '' . Using the wide powers bestowed upon it by Decree Number 2 , the government sentenced Fela to five years in prison . He was released after 18 months , when the Buhari government was toppled in a coup d'état . In 1984 , Buhari passed Decree Number 4 , the Protection Against False Accusations Decree , considered by scholars as the most repressive press law ever enacted in Nigeria . Section 1 of the law provided that `` Any person who publishes in any form , whether written or otherwise , any message , rumour , report or statement ( ... ) which is false in any material particular or which brings or is calculated to bring the Federal Military Government or the Government of a state or public officer to ridicule or disrepute , shall be guilty of an offense under this Decree '' . The law further stated that offending journalists and publishers will be tried by an open military tribunal , whose ruling would be final and unappealable in any court and those found guilty would be eligible for a fine not less than 10,000 naira and a jail sentence of up to two years . Tunde Thompson and Nduka Irabor of The Guardian were among the journalists who were tried under the decree . Decree 20 on illegal ship bunkering and drug trafficking was another example of Buhari 's tough approach to crime . Section 3 ( 2 ) ( K ) provided that `` any person who , without lawful authority deals in , sells , smokes or inhales the drug known as cocaine or other similar drugs , shall be guilty under section 6 ( 3 ) ( K ) of an offence and liable on conviction to suffer death sentence by firing squad . '' In the case of Bernard Ogedengebe , the Decree was applied retroactively . He was executed even if at the time of his arrest the crime did not mandate the capital punishment , but had carried a sentence of six months imprisonment . In another prominent case of April 1985 , six Nigerians were condemned to death under the same decree : Sidikatu Tairi , Sola Oguntayo , Oladele Omosebi , Lasunkanmi Awolola , Jimi Adebayo and Gladys Iyamah . In 1985 , prompted by economic uncertainties and a rising crime rate , the government of Buhari opened the borders ( closed since April 1984 ) with Benin , Niger , Chad and Cameroon to speed up the expulsion of 700,000 illegal foreigners and illegal migrant workers . Buhari is today known for this crisis ; there even is a famine in the east of Niger that have been named `` El Buhari '' . His regime drew criticism from many , including Nigeria 's first Nobel Prize winner Wole Soyinka , who , in 2007 , wrote a piece called `` The Crimes of Buhari '' which outlined many of the abuses conducted under his military rule . Ahead of the 2015 general election , Buhari responded to his human rights criticism by saying that if elected , he would follow the rule of law , and that there would be access to justice for all Nigerians and respect for fundamental human rights of Nigerians . 1985 coup and detention ( edit ) In August 1985 , Major General Buhari was overthrown in a coup led by General Ibrahim Babangida and other members of the ruling Supreme Military Council ( SMC ) . Babangida brought many of Buhari 's most vocal critics into his administration , including Fela Kuti 's brother Olikoye Ransome - Kuti , a doctor who had led a strike against Buhari to protest declining health care services . Buhari was then detained in Benin City until 1988 . Buhari 's admirers believe that he was overthrown by corrupt elements in his government who were afraid of being brought to justice as his policies were beginning to yield tangible dividends in terms of public discipline , curbing corruption , lowering inflation , enhancing workforce and improving productivity . Ibrahim Babangida justified his coup d'état by saying that Buhari failed to deal with the country 's economic problems and promised `` to rejuvenate the economy ravaged by decades of government mismanagement and corruption '' . Buhari spent three years of detention in a small guarded bungalow in Benin . He had access to television that showed two channels and members of his family were allowed to visit him on the authorization of Babangida . In retirement ( edit ) Civilian life ( edit ) After his mother 's death , he was released in December 1988 and went into farming . While in detention , his farm was managed by his relatives . He divorced his first wife in 1988 and married Aisha Halilu . In Katsina , he became the pioneer chairman of Katsina Foundation that was founded to encourage social and economic development in Katsina State . Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund ( edit ) Buhari served as the Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund ( PTF ) , a body created by the government of General Sani Abacha , and funded from the revenue generated by the increase in price of petroleum products , to pursue developmental projects around the country . A 1998 report in New African praised the PTF under Buhari for its transparency , calling it a rare `` success story '' . However , the same report also noted that critics had questioned the PTF 's allocation of 20 % of its resources to the military , which the critics feared would not be accountable for the revenue . Presidential campaigns and elections ( edit ) Buhari ( left ) with Governor Abiola Ajimobi ( right ) Buhari with former Vice President Atiku Abubakar ( left ) 2003 Presidential elections ( edit ) In 2003 , Buhari ran for office in the presidential election as the candidate of the All Nigeria People 's Party ( ANPP ) . He was defeated by the People 's Democratic Party nominee , President Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ , by a margin of more than 11 million votes . 2007 Presidential elections ( edit ) On 18 December 2006 , Gen. Buhari was nominated as the consensus candidate of the All Nigeria People 's Party . His main challenger in the April 2007 polls was the ruling PDP candidate , Umaru Yar'Adua , who hailed from the same home state of Katsina . In the election , Buhari officially took 18 % of the vote against 70 % for Yar'Adua , but Buhari rejected these results . After Yar'Adua took office , the ANPP agreed to join his government , but Buhari denounced this agreement . 2011 Presidential elections ( edit ) In March 2010 , Buhari left the ANPP for the Congress for Progressive Change ( CPC ) , a party that he had helped to found . He said that he had supported foundation of the CPC `` as a solution to the debilitating , ethical and ideological conflicts in my former party the ANPP '' . Buhari was the CPC Presidential candidate in 16 April 2011 general election , running against incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan of the People 's Democratic Party ( PDP ) , Mallam Nuhu Ribadu of Action Congress of Nigeria ( ACN ) , and Ibrahim Shekarau of ANPP . They were the major contenders among 20 contestants . He was campaigning on an anti-corruption platform and pledged to remove immunity protections from government officials . He also gave support to enforcement of Sharia law in Nigeria 's northern states , which had previously caused him political difficulties among Christian voters in the country 's south . The elections were marred by widespread sectarian violence , which claimed the lives of 800 people across the country , as Buhari 's supporters attacked Christian settlements in the country 's centre regions . The three - day uprising was blamed in part on Buhari 's inflammatory comments . In spite of assurances from Human Rights Watch , who had judged the elections as `` among the fairest in Nigeria 's history '' , Buhari claimed that the poll was flawed and warned that `` If what happened in 2011 should again happen in 2015 , by the grace of God , the dog and the baboon would all be soaked in blood '' . However , he remains a `` folk hero '' to some for his vocal opposition to corruption . Buhari won 12,214,853 votes , coming in second to the incumbent president Goodluck Jonathan of the PDP , who polled 22,495,187 votes and was declared the winner . 2015 Presidential elections ( edit ) Main article : Nigerian general election , 2015 Incoming and outgoing Nigerian Presidents at the inauguration ceremony In the runup to the 2015 Presidential elections , the campaign team of incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan asked for the disqualification of General Buhari from the election , claiming that he is in breach of the Constitution . According to the fundamental document , in order to qualify for election to the office of the President , an individual must be `` educated up to at least School certificate level or its equivalent '' . Buhari has failed to submit any such evidence , claiming that he lost the original copies of his diplomas when his house was raided following his overthrow from power in 1985 . Buhari ran in the 2015 Presidential election as a candidate of the All Progressives Congress party . His platform was built around his image as a staunch anti-corruption fighter and his incorruptible and honest reputation . However , Buhari stated in an interview that he would not probe past corrupt leaders and that he would give officials who stole in the past amnesty , insofar as they repent . In January 2015 , the insurgent group `` The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta '' ( MEND ) endorsed Buhari in the Presidential race , saying he is the best candidate to lead the country . Muhammadu Buhari 's campaign was briefly advised by former Obama campaign manager , David Axelrod , and his AKPD consultancy . In February 2015 , former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo quit the ruling PDP party and threw his support behind the Buhari / Osinbajo ticket . On 31 March , incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan called Buhari to offer his concession and congratulations for his election as president . Buhari was sworn in on 29 May 2015 in a ceremony attended by at least 23 Heads of State and Government . Abolishing the office of the first Lady ( edit ) In December 2014 , Muhammadu Buhari went on the record to say he would abolish , scrap or ban the office of the First Lady if he was elected as President , saying that it was unconstitutional . The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta ( MEND ) , which endorsed Buhari for the 2015 general elections , commended Buhari for his plans , when elected as President , to scrap the so - called `` Office of the First Lady '' . MEND went on to say that the office of the first lady is obviously an irrelevant , fraudulent and unconstitutional office , whose only purpose is to further plunder the resources of the country . Since assuming the presidency on 29 May 2015 , Buhari has yet to officially abolish , scrap or ban the office of the First Lady . Aisha Buhari operates from the office of the First Lady as `` wife of the President '' . Freedom of religion ( edit ) Buhari with Iranian President Hassan Rouhani during the Third GECF summit Previously , Buhari gave his support for the total implementation of Sharia in the country . He was quoted in 2001 as saying , `` I will continue to show openly and inside me the total commitment to the Sharia movement that is sweeping all over Nigeria '' , he then added : `` God willing , we will not stop the agitation for the total implementation of the Sharia in the country . '' On 4 January 2015 , while campaigning for the 2015 general election , Buhari stated that he favoured freedom of religion , that every Nigerian should be free and secure to practice their different religions . Buhari said , `` Religion must never be used as an excuse to divide us , oppress others or gain unfair advantage . All my life I have expressed the belief that all Nigerians must worship God according to their wish '' . Buhari has denied all allegations that he has a radical Islamist agenda . On 6 January 2015 , Buhari said : `` Because they ca n't attack our record , they accuse me falsely of ethnic jingoism ; they accuse me falsely of religious fundamentalism . Because they can not attack our record , they accuse us falsely of calling for election violence -- when we have only insisted on peace . Even as Head of State , we never imposed Sha'riah . '' Presidency ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) Seal of the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Second presidency of Muhammadu Buhari . ( Discuss ) ( February 2018 ) Economy ( edit ) An attractive choice to many Nigerians because of a perceived incorruptible character . Once in power , Buhari who had earlier mobilized supporters in three previous elections was slow to manifest his intention to solve problems he mentioned during his campaign . Determination to initiate his domestic policy agenda like naming of cabinet officials took six months , while the passage of the 2016 and 2017 budgets were delayed by infighting In Buhari 's first year in office , Nigeria suffered a decline in commodity prices which triggered an economic recession . To source funds to close shortfall in revenue and fund an expansionary capital budget , Buhari traveled to 20 countries seeking loans . Thereby , expansionary budget allocation to finance infrastructure was pushed back to a further date . In the first year of the administration , Naira , the currency of Nigeria depreciated in the black market leading to a gulf between the official exchange rate and the black - market rate . A resulting shortage in foreign exchange hit various businesses including petroleum marketers . However , the gulf between the official rates and the black market rates opened up the opportunity for well connected individuals to engage in arbitrage making a mockery of the president 's anti-corruption image . In May , 2016 , the government announced a rise in the official pump price of petroleum to curtail shortfall in the commodity as a result of foreign exchange shortages . In 2016 , the country 's economy declined by 1.6 % and in 2017 per capital economic growth is projected to be negligible . Buhari 's first tenure as head of state coincided with a decline in oil prices similar to his second stint but his administration has not shown dedicated effort to diversify sources of government spending . The 2018 budget signaled an expansionary fiscal policy with funds dedicated to infrastructural projects such as strategic roads , bridges and power plants . Anti-corruption ( edit ) On 21 December 2016 , the government 's Federal Ministry of Finance announced a whistle - blowing policy with a 2.5 % - 5 % reward . The aim is to obtain relevant data or information regarding : the violation of financial regulations ; the mismanagement of public funds and assets ; financial malpractice ; fraud ; and theft . Foreign policy ( edit ) Third GECF summit in Tehran , 22 May 2015 Buhari with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry , 31 March 2016 Buhari described the military crackdown by the Myanmar Army and police on Rohingya Muslims as ethnic cleansing and warned of a disaster like the Rwandan genocide . Niger Delta ( edit ) In spite of roles played by the Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs and the Amnesty programme led by Usani Uguru Usani and Paul Boroh respectively , to ameliorate the conditions of the people 's lives and settle militant activities , they are still intermittent attacks on oil facilities by groups such as the Niger Delta Avengers . This has significantly affected oil production leading to cuts in exports and government revenue . The Avengers are waging conflict for greater economic and political autonomy . Plagiarism scandal ( edit ) In September 2016 President Buhari came under heavy criticism after a newspaper report found him using plagiarized speech during launching of a national re-orientation campaign tagged `` Change begins with me '' . The speech was later found to be lifted from the 2008 inaugural speech of former US President Barack Obama . The presidency later apologized and says the blunder was caused by `` overzealous staff '' and `` Those responsible '' will be sanctioned . However , week later a deputy director in the State House linked to the speech was redeployed and presidency assured Nigerian public that it has taken steps to avoid a repeat of such an embarrassing occurrence by providing digital tools in the State House that detect plagiarism , similar to those used by editors and academics around the world Boko Haram and Chibok girls ( edit ) See also : Boko Haram In October 2016 , the government negotiated a deal with the terrorist group , Boko Haram which secured the release of 21 Chibok girls . By December 2016 , the government had recovered much of the territories previously held by Boko Haram and after the capture of Sambisa Forest , Buhari announced that Boko Haram has been technically defeated . The insurgency displaced about 2 million people from their homes and the recapture of the towns now present humanitarian challenges in health , education and nutrition . On 6 May 2017 , Buhari 's government secured a further release of 82 out of 276 girls kidnapped in 2014 , in exchange of five Boko Haram leaders . On 7 May 2017 , President Buhari met with the 82 released Chibok girls , before departing to London , UK , for a follow up treatment for an undisclosed illness . Health issues ( edit ) In May 2016 , Buhari cancelled a two - day visit to Lagos to inaugurate projects in the state but he was represented by the Vice-President Yemi Osinbajo after citing an `` ear infection '' suspected to be Ménière 's disease . On 6 June , Buhari travelled to the United Kingdom to seek medical attention . This happened days after the Presidential Spokesman Femi Adesina was quoted as saying Buhari was `` as fit as fiddle '' and `` hale and hearty '' , to much discontent and criticism from political analysts and followers . In February 2017 , following what were described as `` routine medical check - ups '' in the UK , Buhari asked parliament to extend his medical leave to await test results . His office did not give any further details on his health condition nor the expected date of his return . On 8 February , President Buhari personally signed a letter addressed to the President of the Senate of Nigeria alerting him of a further extension to his annual leave , leaving his Vice President in charge . Following an absence of 51 days from office , President Buhari returned to Nigeria . He arrived at Kaduna Airport in the morning of March 10 . Although information was limited during his stay in London , he was pictured on March 9 meeting the most senior cleric of the world Anglican congregation , Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby . Vice President Yemi Osibanjo remained in charge as acting President , while the President continued to recover in Abuja . The President has missed major official and public appearances just two months following his return to office from England . Most recently he was absent from the Federal Executive Council ( FEC ) meeting , the worker 's day event held at the Eagle Square in Abuja on May Day 2017 . Speculations about the President 's health circulated in the public sphere in the days following President Buhari 's wishes to `` work from home '' . Some prominent Nigerian figures urged the President to take a long - term medical leave , citing his failure to make any public appearances over a two - week period . President Buhari again left Nigeria for a reported health check - up in London on 7 May 2017 . President Buhari returned to Nigeria from his medical leave in the United Kingdom 104 days after leaving , on August 19 , 2017 . 2019 re-election bid ( edit ) On 24th January , 2018 , former president Obasanjo wrote a letter to president Buhari accusing his government of nepotism , while commending his war against corruption and lauding his achievements on Boko Haram . Obasanjo 's letter also included an appeal to president Buhari not to contest re-election in 2019 but to instead `` join the stock of Nigerian leaders whose experience , influence , wisdom , and outreach can be deployed on the sideline for the good of the country '' . Shrugging off opposition from a previous president , during a national executive council meeting on the morning of April , 9th 2018 , President Buhari declared his intention to re-enter the presidential race in 2019 and seek a second term in office as a democratic leader . This came after much speculation by political players and members of the public about whether or not he was going to run , especially considering his rather late timing . Reactions to his announcement have been mixed , as many observers think this put a question to his integrity . Buhari said during the 2011 presidential campaigns under the CPC banner that he would never seek a re-election bid should he ever become president . Security challenges ( edit ) In 2012 , Buhari 's name was included on a list published by Boko Haram of individuals it would trust to mediate between the group and the Federal Government . However , Buhari strongly objected and declined to mediate between the government and Boko Haram . In 2013 , Muhammadu Buhari made a series of statements , when he asked the Federal Government to stop the killing of Boko Haram members and blamed the rise of the terrorist group on the prevalence of Niger Delta militants in the South . Buhari stated that `` what is responsible for the security situation in the country is caused by the activities of Niger Delta militants ( ... ) The Niger Delta militants started it all '' . He also questioned the special treatment including close to $500 million a year paid to 30,000 militants under the amnesty programme since 2013 by the Federal Government and deplored the fact that Boko Haram members were killed and their houses destroyed . In May 2014 , in the wake of the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping , Buhari strongly denounced the Boko Haram insurgency . He `` urged Nigerians to put aside religion , politics and all other divisions to crush the insurgency he said is fanned by mindless bigots masquerading as Muslims '' . In July 2014 , Buhari escaped a bomb attack on his life by Boko Haram in Kaduna , 82 people were killed . In December 2014 , Buhari pledged to enhance security in Nigeria , if he wins the general elections on 14 February 2015 , which were later rescheduled for 28 March 2015 . Since this announcement , Buhari 's approval ratings reportedly have skyrocketed amongst the Nigerian people ( largely due to the incumbent Goodluck Jonathan 's apparent inability to fight Boko Haram 's brutal insurgency ) . Buhari has now made internal security and wiping out the militant group one of the key pillars of his campaigning . Personal life ( edit ) In 1971 , Buhari married his first wife , Safinatu ( née Yusuf ) Buhari ( First lady of Nigeria December 1983 -- August 1985 ) . They had five children together , four girls and one boy . Their first daughter , Zulaihat ( Zulai ) was named after Buhari 's mother . Their other children are Fatima , Musa ( deceased son ) , Hadiza , and Safinatu . In 1988 , Buhari and his first wife Safinatu divorced . In December 1989 , Buhari married his second and current wife Aisha Buhari ( née Halilu ) . They also had five children together , a boy and four girls : Aisha , Halima , Yusuf , Zahra and Amina . On 14 January 2006 , Safinatu Buhari , the former first lady , died from complications of diabetes . She was buried at Unguwar Rimi cemetery in accordance with Islamic rites . In November 2012 , Buhari 's first daughter , Zulaihat ( née Buhari ) Junaid died from sickle cell anaemia , two days after having a baby at a hospital in Kaduna . Awards ( edit ) Major - General Buhari ( Rtd . ) has received several awards and medals . In alphabetical order they include : Congo Medal ( CM ) Defence Service Medal ( DSM ) General Service Medal ( GSM ) Global Seal of Integrity ( GSOI ) Gran Collar De La Orden De La Independencia translated as Grand Collar of the Order of the Independence was conferred on Buhari by President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea at the Presidential Palace on 14 March 2016 Grand Commander of the Federal Republic of Nigeria ( GCFR ) Loyal Service and Good Conduct Medal ( LSGCM ) National Service Medal ( NSM ) See also ( edit ) Biography portal Nigeria portal Politics portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Muhammadu Buhari Presidential Candidate '' . thisisbuhari.com . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Muhammad Buhari '' . Enyclopaedia Britannica . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Muhammad Buhari '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Paden , John ( 2016 ) . Muhammadu Buhari : The Challenges of Leadership in Nigeria . Roaring Forties Press . ISBN 1 - 938901 - 64 - 9 . Jump up ^ Magnoswki , Daniel . `` Buhari Goes From Nigeria 's Change Champion to ' Baba Go Slow ' '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Buhari , Muhammadu . `` From Baba Buhari Am Now Being Called Baba ' Go Slow ' -- 22 / 07 / 15 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Military Regime of Buhari and Idiagbon , January 1984 -- August 1985 '' . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Max Siollun ( October 2003 ) . `` Buhari and Idiagbon : A Missed Opportunity for Nigeria '' . Dawodu.com . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sanusi Lamido Sanusi ( 22 July 2002 ) . `` Buharism : Economic Theory and Political Economy '' . Lagos . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Mohammed Nura ( 14 September 2010 ) . `` Nigeria : The Spontaneous ' Buharism ' Explosion in the Polity '' . Leadership ( Nigeria ) . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Buhari , Muhammadu ( 26 February 2015 ) . Prospects for Democratic Consolidation in Africa : Nigeria 's Transition ( Speech ) . Chatham House , London . Jump up ^ The Guardian : `` Muhammadu Buhari : reformed dictator returns to power in democratic Nigeria '' by David Smith 31 March 2015 Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview With GMB -- Buhari speaks to The Sun Newspaper '' . Jump up ^ Ogbebor , Paul Osakpamwan . `` The Nigerian Defence Academy -- A Pioneer Cadet 's Memoir '' . Vanguard ( Nigeria ) . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Agbese , Dan . Ibrahim Babangida : The Military , Power and Politics . Adonis & Abbey Publishers , 2012 . pp. 48 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906704 - 96 - 4 . Jump up ^ Luckham , Robin . The Nigerian Military a Sociological Analysis of Authority & Revolt 1960 -- 1967 . CUP Archive , 1971 . p. 235 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Siollun , Max . Oil , Politics and Violence : Nigeria 's Military Coup Culture ( 1966 -- 1976 ) . Algora . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 709 - 0 . Jump up ^ Momoh 2000 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Momoh 2000 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ Momoh 2000 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Momoh 2000 , p. 339 . ^ Jump up to : Momoh 2000 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Momoh 2000 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Siddhartha Mitter ( 28 October 2015 ) . `` India can rival China in Nigeria , by being exactly what China is not : Open and free '' . Quartz . Jump up ^ Solomon Williams Obotetukudo ( 2010 ) . The Inaugural Addresses and Ascension Speeches of Nigerian Elected and Non-Elected Presidents and Prime Minister , 1960 -- 2010 . University Press of America . pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Farnsworth , Clyde . `` Man in the news ; A nationalist for Nigerians '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Omoigui , Nowa . `` The Murtala Muhammed Coup Of 1975 Part 2 '' . Uhrhobo Historical Society . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Nigerian Petroleum Industry '' . Nigerian National Petroleum Company . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IBB Hits Buhari Harder : Over N2. 8Billion Was Stolen By Buhari and Seen In His UK Bank '' . brimtime.com. 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Uko , Ndaeyo ( December 2003 ) . Romancing the Gun : The Press as Promoter of Military Rule . Africa World Press . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59221 - 189 - 0 . Buhari 's Decree 4 , which led to his overthrow , was seen by Nigerians as an attempt to prevent the press from digging into a scandal which he was supposed to have known something about : the mysterious disappearance of the huge sum of N2. 8 billion from the NNPC while it was under his supervision . Jump up ^ Frynas , Jedrzej Georg ( 1 April 2000 ) . Oil in Nigeria ( Politics and Economics in Africa ) . Lit Verlag . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8258 - 3921 - 5 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . This followed evidence from an US accountancy firm that some 2.8 billion Naira ( roughly US $4 billion ) had not been accounted for by the bank records of the NNPC . The Irikife Tribunal , which investigated the matter , even failed to summon Generals Buhari and Obsanjo who were responsible for supervising the NNPC and controlled oil sales during the period in question . Jump up ^ Zabadi , Istifanus ; Sampson , Isaac ( 2009 ) . `` Modalities for Coordinating Nigeria 's Anti-Corruption Strategies '' . Constructive Engagement. 1 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria 's Oil Production on Increase . '' Afro - American ( 1893 -- 1988 ) : 16 . 16 December 1978 . Jump up ^ Muhammed Kabir Hassan ( 31 December 2014 ) . `` Nigeria : The Mess ' Full Literates ' Have Put Us All In ! '' . AllAfrica . Jump up ^ `` A Rejoinder To ' Semi-Illiterate ' PDP Secretary Prof. Wale Oladipo By Dr. M.K. Hassan '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The Source Magazine Online . Thesourceng.com . Retrieved on 4 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Akinsanya , Adeoye A. ( 2013 ) . An Introduction to Political Science in Nigeria . John Adebunmi Ayoade . p. 272 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 5743 - 3 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Martin P. Nigeria : current issues and historical background . p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Graf 1988 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Graf 1988 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Graf 1988 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Nwachuku , Levi Akalazu ; G.N. Uzoigwe ( 2004 ) . Troubled Journey : Nigeria Since the Civil War . University Press of America . p. 192 . Jump up ^ Graf 1988 , p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nigeria 's Muhammadu Buhari in profile '' . BBC News . 17 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Vreeland , James Raymond ( 19 December 2006 ) . The International Monetary Fund : Politics of Conditional Lending . Routledge . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37463 - 7 . Buhari proved his independence by pushing through economic austerity so severe it went beyond what many advised -- all the while he refused IMF assistance . Jump up ^ Mathews , Martin P. ( 1 May 2002 ) . Nigeria : Current Issues and Historical Background . Nova Science Publishers , Inc. p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59033 - 316 - 7 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Graf 1988 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Nwachukwu ; Uzoigwe ( 2004 ) . Troubled Journey . p. 197 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria : Human Rights Watch Africa '' . africa.upenn.eu. 10 May 1996 . Jump up ^ Alex , Last ( 12 November 2012 ) . `` The foiled Nigerian kidnap plot '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Graf 1988 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria 's Muhammadu Buhari in profile '' . bbc.co.uk. 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Clifford D. May ( 10 August 1984 ) . `` Nigeria 's discipline campaign : Not sparing the rod '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` S-H-O-C-K-I-N-G ! ! ! 5 starnge things you never knew about Buhari -- By Nzeribe Enz '' . transparentnigeria.com . Nzeribe Enz. 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ 53 SUITCASES SAGA : Buhari blasts Atiku , Jonathan -- Vanguard News . Vanguardngr.com ( 21 March 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria : Repeal of Decree 2 '' . refworld.org. 1 October 1998 . Jump up ^ `` THE UNTOLD TALES OF GEN . BUHARI ... ( a must read ) '' . Naija Politica. 4 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fela Kuti , PoC , Nigeria '' ( PDF ) . amnesty.org. 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 April 2015 . On numerous occasions he was detained and harassed by the authorities Jump up ^ Ogbondah , Chris ( 1991 ) . `` Origins and Interpretation of Nigerian Press Laws '' ( PDF ) . Africa Media Review . ^ Jump up to : `` Military Degree 4 The Repressive Anti People 's Law Of Grandpa Buhari - Ifeduba -- Politics -- Nairaland '' . nairaland.com. 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` My Stance On ' Non Disclosure ' Remains Unshakable -- Tunde Thompson '' . nationalnetworkonline.com. 9 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Security and Anticrime Measures '' . country-data.com . June 1991 . ^ Jump up to : `` Buhari : History and the Wilfully Blind '' . thisdaylive.com. 10 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Muhammadu Buhari , Nigeria 's Strictest Leader '' . abiyamo.com. 2 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Expelled foreigners pouring out of Nigeria By The Associated Press '' . nytimes.com. 5 May 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Présidentielle nigériane : Muhammadu Buhari affrontera Goodluck Jonathan '' . jeuneafrique.com. 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The crimes of Buhari - Wole Soyinka '' . saharareporters.com. 14 January 2007 . Jump up ^ My contract with Nigeria -- Buhari . vanguardngr.com ( 17 March 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Muhammad Buhari ( head of state of Nigeria ) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 20 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Toyin Falola ; Matthew M. Heaton ( 2008 ) . A History of Nigeria . Cambridge University Press . p. 271 . Jump up ^ Cyr , Ruth ( 2001 ) . Twentieth Century Africa . iUniverse . p. 401 . ^ Jump up to : `` Development : PTF -- shining in the gloom '' . June 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria : Facts and figures '' . BBC News . 17 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Huge win for Nigeria 's Yar'Adua '' , BBC News , 23 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Felix Onuah and Camillus Eboh , `` Nigerian president picks ministers '' , Reuters ( IOL ) , 4 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Emeka Mamah ( 18 March 2010 ) . `` Buhari Joins Congress for Progressive Change '' . Vanguard . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of the 2011 Presidential election results '' . Archived from the original on 29 May 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Nigerian Religious Leaders Advise Political Candidates '' . cfr.org. 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Soyombo , Fisayo ( 31 December 2014 ) . `` Opinion Will Muhammadu Buhari be Nigeria 's next president ? '' . aljazeera.com . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . In 2011 , Buhari was accused of inciting the violence that followed his loss to Jonathan . The following year , he said `` the dog and the baboon would all be soaked in blood '' should the 2015 election be rigged . Buhari has shed blood before for his presidential ambition , some people believe . And they think he would do it again . Such a man , they reason , should never taste power . Jump up ^ NDUJIHE , CLIFFORD ; IDONOR , DANIEL ( 11 October 2011 ) . `` Post-election violence : FG panel report indicts Buhari '' . vanguardngr.com . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari 's Presidential Attempts And 2015 Chances '' . naij.com . November 2014 . Jump up ^ Festus Owete ( 21 April 2011 ) . `` Congress for Progressive Change considers going to court and Buhari declared that he will make Nigeria ungovernable for Jonathan . Since then the Boko Haram Sect has been bombing Nigerians '' . Next . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` # Nigeria2015 : Jonathan wants Buhari disqualified '' . premiumtimesng.com. 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari : Certificate nuisance ! '' . vanguardngr.com. 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari will not probe past corrupt Nigerian leaders if they repent -- APC '' . premiumtimesng.com. 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MEND replies PDP , says Buhari best candidate '' . punchng.com. 9 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kredo , Adam ( 9 February 2015 ) . `` David Axelrod 's Political Consulting Firm Far More Involved in Nigeria Election than Previously Disclosed '' . freebeacon.com . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria : l'ex - président Olusegun Obasanjo lâche Goodluck Jonathan '' . RFI. 18 February 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Colin Freeman ( 31 March 2015 ) . `` Muhammadu Buhari claims victory in Nigeria 's presidential elections '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Buhari Says `` No First Lady '' If Elected ... Patience Jonathan Kinda Responds . What Do You Think ? . that1960chick.com ( 27 December 2014 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Buhari Comes Under Severe Attack Over Plans to Scrap First Lady 's Office -- Worldnews.com . Article.wn.com . Retrieved on 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ MEND endorses Buhari for president Peoples Daily Newspaper . Peoplesdailyng.com . Retrieved on 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Aisha Buhari Takes Over Patience Jonathan 's Office -- Entertainment Express . Expressng.com . Retrieved on 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Akhaine , Saxone ( 27 August 2001 ) Nigeria : Buhari Calls for Sharia in All States Archived 23 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... allafrica.com Jump up ^ `` Insurgency and Buhari 's call for full Sharia '' . vanguardngr.com . Viewpoint. 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Every Nigerian has right to freedom of religion -- Buhari . Dailytrust.com.ng ( 5 January 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nigeria 's Muhammadu Buhari in profile -- BBC News . Bbc.co.uk ( 31 March 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Iginla , Ademola ( 6 January 2015 ) A Great Message : Gen Buhari Tweets From His Heart This Morning . osundefender.org Jump up ^ Obadare , Ebenezer ( May 2017 ) . `` Current History '' . www.currenthistory.com. 116 ( 790 ) . Jump up ^ `` Economy Thwarts Buhari '' . Afr Res Bull Econ. 53 ( 4 ) . June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Political schisms hit recovery and reform '' . African Confidential. 57 ( 23 ) . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Verbatim : Why I attempted absconding from office after becoming President -- Buhari - OAK TV '' . oak.tv . Oak TV . Oak TV . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pilling , David ( July 12 , 2p17 ) . `` Nigeria has let a crisis go to waste '' . Financial Times . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` NIGERIA : A Turbulent Year '' . Afr Res Bull Econ. 53 ( 5 ) . July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari opens the war chest '' . Africa Confidential. 58 ( 23 ) . November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Ministry of Finance introduces new whistleblowing initiative '' . Archived from the original on 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nigerian president likens Myanmar crisis to Bosnia , Rwanda genocides '' . 19 September 2017 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Danegeld in the Delta ; The Niger Delta Avengers '' . The Economist . June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari and other leaders caught in plagiarism scandal '' . Naij.com . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nigerian president apologizes for plagiarizing Obama in speech '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria 's Buhari admits line plagiarised from Obama '' . Aljazeera . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria president blames aide for plagiarising Obama '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari sacks own official over plagiarism of Obama 's speech '' . Vanguard Newspaper . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Steven ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Schoolgirl hostage found almost three years after Boko Haram capture '' . Christian Science Monitor . Boston . Jump up ^ Fick , Maggie ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Boko Haram leaves traumatic legacy '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria exchanges 82 Chibok girls kidnapped by Boko Haram for prisoners '' . 7 May 2017 . Retrieved 7 May 2017 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Buhari Departs for London After Receiving Chibok Girls '' . Jump up ^ Adetayo , Olalekan ( 22 May 2016 ) . `` Buhari cancels two - day state visit to Lagos '' . The Punch . Abuja . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Nwabughuiogu , Levinus ( 6 June 2016 ) . `` Buhari heads to London for medical treatment '' . Vanguard News . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Ifijeh , Martins ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Nigeria : Meniere 's Disease and Buhari 's Health '' . Thisday Live . All Africa . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari Travelled Abroad Over Poor Health -- Nigerians '' . Naij . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Tunde ( 11 June 2016 ) . `` On President Buhari 's Health '' . ThisDay Live . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kolawole , O'Femi ( 7 June 2016 ) . `` President Buhari 's health and Aso Rock lies '' . The Cable . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari not dead - Presidency - Premium Times Nigeria '' . Premium Times Nigeria. 2017 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Muhammadu Buhari extends medical leave in UK '' . www.aljazeera.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ismail Mudashir , `` I wo n't return until doctors are satisfied -- Buhari '' , Daily Trust , 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why I ca n't return home now , by Buhari '' , The Nation Jump up ^ `` XCLUSIVE : I wo n't return until doctors are satisfied -- Buhari '' , Premium Times , 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ by adekunle ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Ag . President , others receive Buhari in Presidential Villa - Vanguard News '' . Vanguardngr.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Comrade , Ameh ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Buhari returns to Nigeria - Daily Post Nigeria '' . Dailypost.ng . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : Buhari arrives Nigeria - Premium Times Nigeria '' . Premiumtimesng.com. 2017 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria President Buhari : I 've never been so sick - BBC News '' . Bbc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Muhammadu Buhari returns home from London medical leave Nigeria News '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria 's Buhari returns but VP will stay in charge '' . Dailymail.co.uk. 2017 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : Osinbajo remains Acting President , says Buhari - Vanguard News '' . Vanguardngr.com. 2017 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ siteadmin ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` # WhereIsBuhari : President Buhari Absent From May Day Rally '' . Sahara Reporters . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathaniel , Soonest ( 2 May 2017 ) . `` Panic over Buhari 's health : OBJ , IBB , Abdulsalami to meet secretly in Minna '' . naij.com . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/05/falana-civil-society-leaders-urge-president-buhari-to-take-medical-leave/ Jump up ^ `` Buhari To Work From Home Today Channels Television '' . channelstv.com. 26 April 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria 's President Buhari urged to take medical leave '' . 2 May 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ Staff , Daily Post ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Buhari 's health needs urgent medical attention -- Falana '' . dailypost.ng . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ AFP , Pulse News Agency International By . `` Muhammadu Buhari : Nigeria '' s President urged to take medical leave `` . pulse.ng . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Bolashodun , Oluwatobi ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` BREAKING : President Buhari absent at Friday Juma'at prayer in Aso Villa '' . naij.com . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Again , Buhari travels to UK for check - up , hands over to Osinbajo '' . 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari returns after lengthy UK medical treatment '' . www.aljazeera.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Adeshida , Abayomi ; Agbakwuru , Johnbosco ; Nwabughiogu , Levinus ; Ajayi , Omeiza . `` After 104 days on medical vacation ... Finally , Buhari returns '' . Vanguard . Jump up ^ `` Full text : Obasanjo 's letter to Buhari '' . Punch Newspapers . Punch Newspaper. 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Boko Haram names Buhari , 5 others as mediators -- Vanguard News . Vanguardngr.com ( 1 November 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Stop Killing Boko Haram Members -- Buhari Tells FG . pointblanknews.com ( 2 June 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Why we 're yet to crush Boko Haram -- Jonathan '' . vanguardngr.com. 13 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Has Nigeria 's Niger Delta managed to buy peace ? -- BBC News . Bbc.co.uk ( 1 May 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ajasa , Femi. ( 8 May 2014 ) BUHARI TO BOKO HARAM : You 're bigots masquerading as Muslims -- Vanguard News . Vanguardngr.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Muhammed , Garba. ( 24 July 2014 ) Suicide bombs in Nigeria 's Kaduna kill 82 , ex-leader Buhari targeted Reuters . Uk.reuters.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nigeria Opposition Leader Vows to Improve Security . Voanews.com ( 12 December 2014 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : General Muhammadu Buhari and his late wife , Safinatu . naijarchives.com ( 3 April 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` General Muhammad Buhari loses 40 year old daughter , Zulai Buhari - Junaid to sickle cell '' . FAB Magazine Online . 1 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Sources ( edit ) Graf , William ( 1988 ) . The Nigerian state : Political economy , state class , and political system in the post-colonial era . London : James Currey . ISBN 0 - 85255 - 313 - 7 . Momoh , H.B ( 2000 ) . The Nigerian Civil War , 1967 -- 1970 : history and reminiscences . Ibadan : Sam Bookman Publishers = . ISBN 978 - 2165 - 96 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muhammadu Buhari . Official website 2011 Presidential Election Campaign website Appearances on C - SPAN Muhammadu Buhari -- In a HARDtalk interview on 21 January 2004 Political offices Preceded by Shehu Shagari as President of Nigeria Chair of the Supreme Military Council of Nigeria 1983 -- 1985 Succeeded by Ibrahim Babangida as Chair of the Armed Forces Ruling Council of Nigeria Preceded by Goodluck Jonathan President of Nigeria 2015 -- present Incumbent ( hide ) Muhammadu Buhari President of Nigeria ( 2015 -- present ) Military Head of State of Nigeria ( 1983 -- 1985 ) Governor of the Northeastern State ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Born 17 December 1942 Leadership 1983 coup d'état Military Governors 2015 inauguration Cabinet International Trips Elections Nigerian presidential election , 2003 Nigerian general election , 2007 Nigerian presidential election , 2011 Nigerian general election , 2015 Family Aisha Buhari ( spouse ) Muhammadu Ribadu ( grandfather - in - law ) Eponyms Buharism Category : Muhammadu Buhari Articles related to Muhammadu Buhari Heads of State of Nigeria Queen ( 1960 -- 1963 ) Elizabeth II President of the First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 ) Azikiwe Military regime ( 1966 -- 1979 ) Aguiyi - Ironsi Gowon Mohammed Obasanjo President of the Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) Shehu Shagari Military regime ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Buhari Babangida Shonekan ( interim ) * Abacha Abubakar President of the Fourth Republic ( from 1999 ) Obasanjo Yar'Adua Jonathan Buhari * civilian ; headed transition to abortive Third Republic Governors of North - Eastern and Borno State North - Eastern State Musa Usman Muhammadu Buhari Borno State Mustapha Amin Tunde Idiagbon Mohammed Goni Asheik Jarma Abubakar Waziri Abdulmumini Aminu Abdul One Mohammed Mohammed Maina Mohammed Buba Marwa Maina Maaji Lawan Ibrahim Dada Victor Ozodinobi Augustine Aniebo Lawal Haruna Mala Kachalla Ali Modu Sheriff Kashim Shettima Military Governors in Nigeria during the Olusegun Obasanjo regime ( 13 February 1976 -- 1 October 1979 ) Anambra John Kpera Datti Abubakar Bauchi Mohammed Kaliel Garba Duba Bendel Husaini Abdullahi Abubakar Waziri Benue Abdullahi Shelleng Adebayo Lawal Borno Muhammadu Buhari Mustapha Amin Tunde Idiagbon Cross River Paul Omu Babatunde Elegbede Gongola Mohammed Jega Abdul Rahman Mamudu Imo Ndubuisi Kanu Adekunle Lawal Sunday Ajibade Adenihun Kaduna Muktar Muhammed Ibrahim Mahmud Alfa Kano Ishaya Shekari Kwara George Agbazika Innih Sunday Ifere Lagos Adekunle Lawal Ndubuisi Kanu Ebitu Ukiwe Niger Murtala Nyako Ebitu Ukiwe Joseph Oni Ogun Saidu Ayodele Balogun Harris Eghagha Ondo Ita David Ikpeme Sunday Tuoyo Oyo David Jemibewon Paul Tarfa Plateau Dan Suleiman Joshua Anaja Rivers Suleiman Saidu Sokoto Umaru Mohammed Gado Nasko See also Military Governors in Nigeria during the Murtala Muhammed regime ( 1975 - 1976 ) and State governors in the Nigerian Second Republic ( 1979 - 1983 ) Military Governors of Nigerian States under General Murtala Muhammed ( July 1975 - February 1976 ) Benue - Plateau State Colonel Abdullahi Mohammed East - Central State Colonel Anthony Ochefu Kano State Lt - Colonel Sani Bello Kwara State Colonel Ibrahim Taiwo Lagos State Navy Captain Adekunle Lawal Mid-West State Colonel George Agbazika Innih North - Central State Lt - Colonel Usman Jibrin North - Eastern State Lt - Colonel Muhammadu Buhari North - Western State Lt - Colonel Umaru Mohammed Rivers State Lt - Colonel Zamani Lekwot South - Eastern State Lt - Colonel Paul Omu Western State Navy Captain Akintunde Aduwo Colonel David Jemibewon See also Military Governors in Nigeria during the Yakubu Gowon regime ( 1967 - 1975 ) and Military Governors in Nigeria during the Olusegun Obasanjo regime ( 1976 -- 1979 ) Candidates in the 2007 Nigerian presidential election Umaru Yar'Adua Muhammadu Buhari Atiku Abubakar Orji Uzor Kalu Attahiru Bafarawa Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu Pere Ajuwa Chris Okotie Patrick Utomi Ambrose Owuru Emmanuel Okereke Lawrence Adedoyin Habu Fari Maxi Okwu Bartholomew Nnaji Emmanuel Obayuwana Olapade Agoro Mojisola Obasanjo Heads of state of OPEC member states Bouteflika Lourenço Moreno Obiang Bongo Khamenei Masum Sabah Sarraj Buhari Tamim Salman Khalifa Maduro Acting heads of state shown in italics . Leaders of the Next Eleven economies Hasina el - Sisi Jokowi Rouhani Peña Nieto Buhari Abbasi Duterte Moon Erdoğan Phúc VIAF : 52967503 LCCN : n79094087 GND : 1152234536 SELIBR : 406403 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammadu_Buhari&oldid=839326069 '' Categories : Muhammadu Buhari 1942 births All Nigeria Peoples Party politicians All Progressives Congress politicians Candidates in the Nigerian general election , 2003 Candidates in the Nigerian general election , 2007 Candidates in the Nigerian general election , 2011 Candidates in the Nigerian general election , 2015 Leaders ousted by a coup Leaders who took power by coup Living people Nigerian Defence Academy alumni Nigerian Fula people Nigerian generals Nigerian military governors Nigerian Muslims Nigerian revolutionaries Participants in the 1966 Nigerian counter-coup Participants in the 1975 Nigerian military coup Participants in the 1983 Nigerian military coup Participants of coups in Nigeria People from Katsina State Petroleum ministers of Nigeria Politicians from Katsina Presidents of Nigeria Ribadu family United States Army War College alumni Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 CS1 maint : Unfit url Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates EngvarB from May 2016 Use dmy dates from November 2016 Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles to be split from February 2018 All articles to be split Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Afrikaans Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hausa Hrvatski Ido Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 18 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the full name of nigeria president | [
"Muhammadu Buhari GCFR (born 17 December 1942) is the President of Nigeria, in office since 2015. He is a retired major general in the Nigerian Army and previously served as the nation's head of state from 31 December 1983 to 27 August 1985, after taking power in a military coup d'état.[6][7] The term Buharism is ascribed to the Buhari military government.[8][9]"
] | [
"Muhammadu Buhari"
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5080515546965337290 | Battle of Shiloh | Battle of Shiloh - Wikipedia Battle of Shiloh Jump to : navigation , search For the historic site , see Shiloh National Military Park . Battle of Shiloh Battle of Pittsburg Landing Part of the American Civil War Battle of Shiloh , by Thure de Thulstrup Date April 6 -- 7 , 1862 Location Hardin County , Tennessee 35 ° 09 ′ 02 '' N 88 ° 19 ′ 19 '' W / 35.15068 ° N 88.32183 ° W / 35.15068 ; - 88.32183 Coordinates : 35 ° 09 ′ 02 '' N 88 ° 19 ′ 19 '' W / 35.15068 ° N 88.32183 ° W / 35.15068 ; - 88.32183 Result Union victory Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders Ulysses S. Grant Don Carlos Buell Albert Sidney Johnston † P.G.T. Beauregard Units involved Army of the Tennessee Army of the Ohio Army of Mississippi Strength ∼ 63,000 ( estimated ) : Army of the Tennessee : 44,894 Army of the Ohio : ∼ 17,918 40,335 Casualties and losses 13,047 ( 1,754 killed ; 8,408 wounded ; 2,885 captured / missing ) 10,699 ( 1,728 killed ; 8,012 wounded ; 959 captured / missing ) Federal Penetration up the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers Fort Henry Fort Donelson Shiloh Corinth The Battle of Shiloh ( also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing ) was a major battle in the Western Theater of the American Civil War , fought April 6 -- 7 , 1862 , in southwestern Tennessee . A Union force known as the Army of the Tennessee under Major General Ulysses S. Grant had moved via the Tennessee River deep into Tennessee and was encamped principally at Pittsburg Landing , Tennessee on the west bank of that river , where the Confederate Army of Mississippi , under General Albert Sidney Johnston and second - in - command P.G.T. Beauregard , launched a surprise attack on Grant 's army from its base in Corinth , Mississippi . Johnston was mortally wounded during the fighting ; Beauregard , who thus succeeded to command of the army , decided against pressing the attack late in the evening . Overnight Grant was reinforced by one of his own divisions stationed further north and was joined by three divisions from another Union army under Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell . This allowed them to launch an unexpected counterattack the next morning which completely reversed the Confederate gains of the previous day . On April 6 , the first day of the battle , the Confederates struck with the intention of driving the Union defenders away from the river and into the swamps of Owl Creek to the west . Johnston hoped to defeat Grant 's army before the anticipated arrival of General Buell 's Army of the Ohio . The Confederate battle lines became confused during the fierce fighting , and Grant 's men instead fell back to the northeast , in the direction of Pittsburg Landing . A Union position on a slightly sunken road , nicknamed the `` Hornet 's Nest , '' defended by the men of Brig . Gens . Benjamin Prentiss 's and William H.L. Wallace 's divisions , provided critical time for the remainder of the Union line to stabilize under the protection of numerous artillery batteries . Wallace was mortally wounded when the position collapsed , while several regiments from the two divisions were eventually surrounded and surrendered . General Johnston was shot in the leg and bled to death while personally leading an attack . Beauregard , his second in command , acknowledged how tired the army was from the day 's exertions and decided against assaulting the final Union position that night . Tired but unfought and well - organized men from Buell 's army and a division of Grant 's army arrived in the evening of April 6 and helped turn the tide the next morning , when the Union commanders launched a counterattack along the entire line . Confederate forces were forced to retreat from the area , ending their hopes of blocking the Union advance into northern Mississippi . The Battle of Shiloh was the bloodiest battle in American history up to that time . It was eventually superseded that coming September by the Battle of Antietam ( an overall bloodier battle , and still the bloodiest single - day in American military history ) , then the next year by the Battle of Chancellorsville , and , soon after , the three - day Battle of Gettysburg , which would prove to be the bloodiest overall battle of the war . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and plans 1.1 Military situation 2 Opposing forces and initial movements 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 2.3 Comparison between Union and Confederate armies 2.4 Johnston 's plan 3 Battle , April 6 ( first day : Confederate assault ) 3.1 Early morning attack 3.2 Grant and his army rally 3.3 Lew Wallace 's division 3.4 Hornet 's Nest 3.5 Defense at Pittsburg Landing 3.6 Evening lull 4 Battle , April 7 ( second day : Union counterattack ) 4.1 Confederate retreat 5 Fallen Timbers , April 8 6 Aftermath 6.1 Reactions and effects 6.2 Subsequent events 6.3 Casualties 7 Notable veterans 8 Battlefield preservation 9 Honors and commemoration 10 In popular culture 10.1 Simulation games 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Background and plans ( edit ) Military situation ( edit ) Kentucky - Tennessee , 1862 Tennessee - Alabama , 1862 Main articles : Battle of Fort Henry and Battle of Fort Donelson Further information : Western Theater of the American Civil War and American Civil War After the losses of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862 , Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston withdrew his forces into western Tennessee , northern Mississippi , and Alabama to reorganize . Johnston established his base at Corinth , Mississippi , the site of a major railroad junction and strategic transportation link between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mississippi River , but left the Union troops with access into southern Tennessee and points farther south via the Tennessee River . In early March , Union Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck , then commander of the Department of the Missouri , ordered Grant to remain at Fort Henry , and on March 4 turned field command of the expedition over to a subordinate , Brig. Gen. C.F. Smith , who had recently been nominated as a major general . ( Various writers assert that Halleck took this step because of professional and personal animosity toward Grant ; however , Halleck shortly restored Grant to full command , perhaps influenced by an inquiry from President Abraham Lincoln . ) Smith 's orders were to lead raids intended to capture or damage the railroads in southwestern Tennessee . Brig. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman 's troops arrived from Paducah , Kentucky , to conduct a similar mission to break the railroads near Eastport , Mississippi . Halleck also ordered Grant to advance his Army of West Tennessee ( soon to be known by its more famous name , the Army of the Tennessee ) on an invasion up the Tennessee River . Grant left Fort Henry and headed upriver ( south ) , arriving at Savannah , Tennessee , on March 14 , and established his headquarters on the east bank of the river . Grant 's troops set up camp farther upriver : five divisions at Pittsburg Landing , Tennessee , and a sixth at Crump 's Landing , four miles from Grant 's headquarters . Meanwhile , Halleck 's command was enlarged through consolidation of Grant 's and Buell 's armies and renamed the Department of the Mississippi . With Buell 's Army of the Ohio under his command , Halleck ordered Buell to concentrate with Grant at Savannah . Buell began a march with much of his army from Nashville , Tennessee , and headed southwest toward Savannah . Halleck intended to take the field in person and lead both armies in an advance south to seize Corinth , Mississippi , where the Mobile and Ohio Railroad linking Mobile , Alabama , to the Ohio River intersected the Memphis and Charleston Railroad . The railroad was a vital supply line connecting the Mississippi River at Memphis , Tennessee to Richmond , Virginia . Opposing forces and initial movements ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Further information : Union order of battle Union army commanders Maj. Gen . Ulysses S. Grant , USA Maj. Gen . Don Carlos Buell , USA Union division commanders ( Army of the Tennessee ) Brig. Gen . William T. Sherman , USA Maj. Gen . John A. McClernand , USA Brig. Gen . W.H.L. Wallace , USA Brig. Gen . Benjamin Prentiss , USA Maj. Gen . Lew Wallace , USA Brig. Gen . Stephen A. Hurlbut , USA Union division commanders ( Army of the Ohio ) Brig. Gen . Alexander M. McCook , USA Brig. Gen . William Nelson , USA Brig. Gen . Thomas L. Crittenden , USA Brig. Gen . Thomas J. Wood , USA Western Theater in early 1862 : Confederate Union Shiloh Campaign ( 1862 ) Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 's Army of the Tennessee of 44,895 men consisted of six divisions : 1st Division ( Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand ) : 3 brigades ; 2nd Division ( Brig. Gen. W.H.L. Wallace ) : 3 brigades ; 3rd Division ( Maj. Gen. Lew Wallace ) : 3 brigades ; 4th Division ( Brig. Gen. Stephen A. Hurlbut ) : 3 brigades ; 5th Division ( Brig. Gen. William T. Sherman ) : 4 brigades ; 6th Division ( Brig. Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss ) : 2 brigades ; Of the six divisions encamped on the western side of the Tennessee River in early April , only Lew Wallace 's 3rd Division was at Crump 's Landing ; the remainder were farther south ( upriver ) at Pittsburg Landing . Grant developed a reputation during the war for being more concerned with his own plans than with those of the enemy . His encampment at Pittsburg Landing displayed his most consequential lack of such concern -- his army was spread out in bivouac style , with many of his men surrounding a small , log meetinghouse named Shiloh Church ( Shiloh was a biblical city that served as the capital of the Kingdom of Israel ) , passing the time waiting for Buell 's army with drills for his many raw troops without establishing entrenchments or other significant defensive measures . In his memoirs , Grant reacted to criticism of his lack of entrenchments : `` Besides this , the troops with me , officers and men , needed discipline and drill more than they did experience with the pick , shovel and axe ... under all these circumstances I concluded that drill and discipline were worth more to our men than fortifications . '' Lew Wallace 's division was 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) downstream ( north ) from Pittsburg Landing , at Crump 's Landing , a position intended to prevent the placement of Confederate river batteries , to protect the road connecting Crump 's Landing to Bethel Station , Tennessee , and to guard the Union army 's right flank . In addition , Wallace 's troops could strike the railroad line connecting Bethel Station to Corinth , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) to the south . The portion of Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell 's Army of the Ohio that was engaged in the battle consisted of four divisions : 2nd Division ( Brig. Gen. Alexander M. McCook ) : 3 brigades ; 4th Division ( Brig. Gen. William `` Bull '' Nelson ) : 3 brigades ; 5th Division ( Brig. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden ) : 2 brigades ; 6th Division ( Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood ) : 2 brigades ; On April 5 , the eve of battle , the first of Buell 's divisions , under the command of Brig. Gen. William `` Bull '' Nelson , reached Savannah . Grant instructed Nelson to encamp there instead of immediately crossing the river . The remainder of Buell 's army , still marching toward Savannah with only portions of four of his divisions , totaling 17,918 men , did not reach the area in time to have a significant role in the battle until its second day . Buell 's three other divisions were led by Brig . Gens . Alexander M. McCook , Thomas L. Crittenden , and Thomas J. Wood . ( Wood 's division appeared too late even to be of much service on the second day . ) Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Confederate order of battle Confederate army commanders Gen . Albert Sidney Johnston , CSA Gen . P.G.T. Beauregard , CSA Confederate corps commanders Maj. Gen . Leonidas Polk , CSA Maj. Gen . Braxton Bragg , CSA Maj. Gen . William J. Hardee , CSA Brig. Gen . John C. Breckinridge , CSA On the Confederate side , Albert S. Johnston named his newly assembled force the Army of Mississippi . The 59 - year old Johnston was one of the most experienced officers on either side at this point in the war , having participated in five different wars for three different nations during a military career that covered 34 years . Jefferson Davis once said `` If Johnston is not a general , then we have no general . '' He concentrated almost 55,000 men around Corinth , Mississippi , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) southwest of Grant 's troops at Pittsburg Landing . Of these men , 40,335 departed from Corinth on April 3 , hoping to surprise Grant before Buell arrived to join forces . They were organized into four large corps , commanded by : I Corps ( Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk ) , with 2 divisions under Brig. Gen. Charles Clark and Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham ; II Corps ( Maj. Gen. Braxton Bragg ) , with 2 divisions under Brig . Gens . Daniel Ruggles and Jones M. Withers ; III Corps ( Maj. Gen. William J. Hardee ) , with 3 brigades under Brig . Gens . Thomas C. Hindman , Patrick Cleburne , and Sterling A.M. Wood ; Reserve Corps ( Brig. Gen. John C. Breckinridge ) , with 3 brigades under Cols . Robert Trabue and Winfield S. Statham , and Brig. Gen. John S. Bowen , and attached cavalry ; Comparison between Union and Confederate armies ( edit ) On the eve of battle , Grant 's and Johnston 's armies were of comparable size , but the Confederates were poorly armed with antique weapons , including shotguns , hunting rifles , pistols , flintlock muskets , and even a few pikes ; however , some regiments , such as the 6th and 7th Kentucky Infantry , had Enfield rifles . The troops approached the battle with very little combat experience ; Braxton Bragg 's men from Pensacola and Mobile were the best trained . Grant 's army included 32 out of 62 infantry regiments who had combat experience at Fort Donelson . One half of his artillery batteries and most of his cavalry were also combat veterans . Johnston 's plan ( edit ) In the struggle tomorrow we shall be fighting men of our own blood , Western men , who understand the use of firearms . The struggle will be a desperate one . P.G.T. Beauregard Johnston 's plan was to attack Grant 's left , separate the Union army from its gunboat support and avenue of retreat on the Tennessee River , and drive it west into the swamps of Snake and Owl Creeks , where it could be destroyed . The attack on Grant was originally planned for April 4 , but it was delayed forty - eight hours due to a heavy rain storm that turned roads into seas of mud , causing some units to get lost in the woods and others to grind to a halt faced with heavy traffic jams . It ended up taking Johnston 3 days to move his army just 23 miles . This was a significant setback for the Confederate Army , as the originally scheduled attack would have commenced when Buell 's Army of the Ohio was too far away to be of any aid to Grant . Instead , it would happen on the 6th with Buell 's army close at hand and able to re-enforce Grant on the second day . Furthermore , the delay left the Confederate Army desperately short of rations . They had issued their troops 5 days of rations just before leaving Corinth , but failure to properly conserve their food intake and the 2 - day delay left most troops completely out of rations by the time the battle commenced . During the Confederate march , there were several minor skirmishes with Union scouts and both sides had taken prisoners . Furthermore , many Confederate troops failed to maintain proper noise discipline as the army prepared for the attack . Positioned only a few miles from the Union Army , the rebel soldiers routinely played their bugles , pounded their drums , and even discharged their muskets hunting for game . As a result , Johnston 's second in command , P.G.T. Beauregard , feared that the element of surprise had been lost and recommended withdrawing to Corinth , believing that by the time the battle commenced , they would be facing an enemy `` entrenched up to the eyes '' . He was also concerned about the lack of rations , fearing that if the army got into prolonged engagement , their meager remaining food supplies would not be able to sustain them . But Johnston once more refused to consider retreat . Johnston made the decision to attack , stating `` I would fight them if they were a million . '' Despite Beauregard 's well - founded concern , most of the Union forces did not hear the marching army approach and were unaware of the enemy camps less than 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) away . Battle , April 6 ( first day : Confederate assault ) ( edit ) Map of the Battle of Shiloh , morning of April 6 , 1862 Early morning attack ( edit ) Before 6 a.m. on Sunday , April 6 , Johnston 's army was deployed for battle , straddling the Corinth Road . The army had spent the entire night bivouacking in order of battle within 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) of the Union camp near Sherman 's headquarters at Shiloh Church . Despite several contacts , a few minor skirmishes with Union forces , and the failure of the army to maintain proper noise discipline in the days leading up to the 6th , their approach and dawn assault achieved a strategic and tactical surprise . Grant wanted to avoid provoking any major battles until the linkup with Buell 's Army of the Ohio was complete . Thus the Union army had sent out no scouts or regular patrols and did not have any vedettes in place for early warning , concerned that scouts and patrols might provoke a major battle before the Army of the Ohio finished crossing the river . Grant telegraphed a message to Halleck on the night of April 5 , `` I have scarcely the faintest idea of an attack ( general one ) being made upon us , but will be prepared should such a thing take place . '' Grant 's declaration proved to be overstated . Sherman , the informal camp commander at Pittsburg Landing , did not believe the Confederates had a major assault force nearby ; he discounted the possibility of an attack from the south . Sherman expected that Johnston would eventually attack from the direction of Purdy , Tennessee , to the west . When Col. Jesse Appler , 53rd Ohio Infantry , warned Sherman that an attack was imminent , the general angrily replied , `` Take your damned regiment back to Ohio . There are no Confederates closer than Corinth . '' Around 3 a.m. , Col. Everett Peabody , commanding Brig. Gen. Benjamin Prentiss 's 1st Brigade , sent a patrol of 250 infantry men from the 25th Missouri and the 12th Michigan out on reconnaissance patrol , convinced that the constant reports of Confederate contacts over the last few days meant there was a strong possibility of a large confederate force in the area . The patrol , under the command of Maj . James E. Powell , met fire from Confederates who then fled into the woods . A short time later , 5 : 15 a.m. , they encountered Confederate outposts manned by the 3rd Mississippi Battalion , and a spirited fight lasted about an hour . Arriving messengers and sounds of gunfire from the skirmish alerted the nearest Union troops , who formed battle line positions before the Confederates were able to reach them ; however , the Union army command had not adequately prepared for an attack on their camps . When Prentiss learned that Peabody had sent out a patrol without his authorization he was outraged and accused the Colonel of provoking a major engagement in violation of Grant 's orders , but he soon realized he was facing an assault by an entire Confederate army and rushed to prepare his men for defense . By 9 a.m. Union forces at Pittsburg Landing were either engaged or moving toward the front line . Both Peabody and Powell were soon killed in the subsequent fighting . The confusing alignment of the Confederate troops helped reduce the effectiveness of the attack , since Johnston and Beauregard had no unified battle plan . Earlier , Johnston had telegraphed Confederate President Jefferson Davis his plan for the attack : `` Polk the left , Bragg the center , Hardee the right , Breckinridge in reserve . '' His strategy was to emphasize the attack on his right flank to prevent the Union army from reaching the Tennessee River , its supply line and avenue of retreat . Johnston instructed Beauregard to stay in the rear and direct men and supplies as needed , while he rode to the front to lead the men on the battle line . This effectively ceded control of the battle to Beauregard , who had a different concept , which was simply to attack in three waves and push the Union army eastward to the river . The corps of Hardee and Bragg began the assault with their divisions in one line , nearly 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) wide and about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) from its front to its rear column . As these units advanced , they became intermingled and difficult to control . Corps commanders attacked in line without reserves , and artillery could not be concentrated to effect a breakthrough . At about 7 : 30 a.m. , from his position in the rear , Beauregard ordered the corps of Polk and Breckinridge forward on the left and right of the line , diluting their effectiveness . The attack therefore went forward as a frontal assault conducted by a single linear formation , which lacked both the depth and weight needed for success . Units marching through rough uneven terrain were unable to maintain formation integrity and ended up mixing together with regiments from other commands . Generals ended up having to take command of zones of the battlefield rather than their own assigned divisions . Command and control , in the modern sense , were lost from the onset of the first assault . Grant and his army rally ( edit ) The Confederate assault , despite its shortcomings , was ferocious , causing some of the numerous inexperienced Union soldiers in Grant 's new army to flee to the river for safety . Others fought well , but were forced to withdraw under strong pressure from the Confederates , and attempted to form new defensive lines . Many Union regiments fragmented entirely ; the companies and sections that remained on the field attached themselves to other commands . Sherman , who had been negligent in preparing for an attack , became one of its most important elements . He appeared everywhere along his lines , inspiring his raw recruits to resist the initial assaults , despite the staggering losses on both sides . Sherman received two minor wounds and had three horses shot out from under him . Historian James M. McPherson cites the battle as the turning point of Sherman 's life , helping him to become one of the North 's premier generals . Sherman 's division bore the brunt of the initial attack . Despite heavy fire on their position and their left flank crumbling , Sherman 's men fought stubbornly , but the Union troops slowly lost ground and fell back to a position behind Shiloh Church . McClernand 's division temporarily stabilized the position . Overall , however , Johnston 's forces made steady progress until noon , rolling up Union positions one by one . As the Confederates advanced , many threw away their flintlock muskets and grabbed rifles dropped by the fleeing Union troops . By 11 : 00 am , the Confederate advance began to slow down , due to stiff Union resistance , but also due to disciplinary problems as the army overran the Federal camps . The sight of fresh food still burning on camp fires proved too tempting for many hungry Confederates , and many broke ranks to pillage and loot the camps , putting the army on hold until their officers could get them back into line . Grant was about 10 miles ( 16 km ) downriver at Savannah , Tennessee , when he heard the sound of artillery fire . ( On April 4 , he had been injured when his horse fell and pinned him underneath . He was convalescing and unable to move without crutches . ) Before leaving Savannah , Grant ordered Bull Nelson 's division to march along the east side of the river , to a point opposite Pittsburg Landing , where it could be ferried over to the battlefield . Grant then took his steamboat , Tigress , to Crump 's Landing , where he gave Lew Wallace his first orders , which were to wait in reserve and be ready to move . Grant proceeded to Pittsburg Landing , arriving about 8 : 30 a.m. ; most of the day went by before the first of these reinforcements arrived . ( Nelson 's division arrived around 5 p.m. ; Wallace 's appeared about 7 p.m. ) Wallace 's slow movement to the battlefield would become particularly controversial . Lew Wallace 's division ( edit ) On the morning of April 6 , around 8 : 00 or 8 : 30 a.m. , Grant 's flagship stopped alongside Wallace 's boat moored at Crump 's Landing and gave orders for the 3rd Division to be held ready to move in any direction . Wallace concentrated his troops at Stoney Lonesome , although his westernmost brigade remained at Adamsville . He then waited for further orders , which arrived between 11 and 11 : 30 a.m. Grant ordered Wallace to move his unit up to join the Union right , a move that would have been in support of Sherman 's 5th Division , which was encamped around Shiloh Church when the battle began . The written orders , transcribed from verbal orders that Grant gave to an aide , were lost during the battle and controversy remains over their wording . Wallace maintained that he was not ordered to Pittsburg Landing , which was to the left rear of the army , or told which road to use . Grant later claimed that he ordered Wallace to Pittsburg Landing by way of the River Road ( also called the Hamburg -- Savannah Road ) . Around noon , Wallace began the journey along the Shunpike , a route familiar to his men . A member of Grant 's staff , William R. Rowley , found Wallace between 2 and 2 : 30 p.m. on the Shunpike , after Grant wondered where Wallace was and why he had not arrived on the battlefield , while the main Union force was being slowly pressed backward . Rowley told Wallace that the Union army had retreated , Sherman was no longer fighting at Shiloh Church , and the battle line had moved northeast toward Pittsburg Landing . If Wallace continued in the same direction , he would have found himself in the rear of the advancing Confederate troops . Wallace had to make a choice : he could launch an attack and fight through the Confederate rear to reach Grant 's forces closer to Pittsburg Landing , or reverse his direction and march toward Pittsburg Landing via a crossroads to the River Road . Wallace chose the second option . ( After the war , Wallace claimed that his division might have attacked and defeated the Confederates if his advance had not been interrupted , but later conceded that the move would not have been successful . ) Rather than realign his troops so the rear guard would be in the front , Wallace made a controversial decision to countermarch his troops to maintain the original order , only facing in the other direction . The move further delayed Wallace 's troops as they marched north along the Shunpike road , then took a crossover to reach the River Road to the east , and headed south toward the battlefield . Wallace 's division began arriving at Grant 's position about 6 : 30 p.m. , after a march of about 14 miles ( 23 km ) in seven hours over poor and muddy roads . It formed line on the battlefield about 7 p.m. , when the fighting was nearly over for the day . Although Grant showed no disapproval at the time , his later endorsement of Wallace 's battle report was negative enough to severely damage Wallace 's military career . Today , Wallace is better remembered as the author of Ben - Hur . Hornet 's Nest ( edit ) Map of the Battle of Shiloh , afternoon of April 6 , 1862 Hurlbut 's Division defending the peach orchard On the main Union defensive line , starting around 9 a.m. , Prentiss 's and W.H.L. Wallace 's divisions established and held a position nicknamed the `` Hornet 's Nest '' , in a field along a road , now popularly called the `` Sunken Road , '' although there is little physical justification for that name . The Confederates assaulted the position for several hours rather than simply bypassing it , and suffered heavy casualties . Historians ' estimates of the number of separate charges range from 8 to 14 . The Union forces to the left and right of the Nest were forced back , making Prentiss 's position a prominent point in the line . Coordination within the Nest was poor , and units withdrew based solely on their individual commanders ' decisions . The pressure increased when W.H.L. Wallace , commander of the largest concentration of troops in the position , was mortally wounded while attempting to lead a breakout from the Confederate encirclement . Union regiments became disorganized and companies disintegrated as the Confederates , led by Brig. Gen. Daniel Ruggles , assembled more than 50 cannons into `` Ruggles 's Battery '' , the largest concentration of artillery ever assembled in North America , to blast the line at close range . Confederates surrounded the Hornet 's Nest , and it fell after holding out for seven hours . Prentiss surrendered himself and the remains of his division to the Confederates . A large portion of the Union survivors , an estimated 2,200 to 2,400 men , were captured , but their sacrifice bought time for Grant to establish a final defense line near Pittsburg Landing . While dealing with the Hornet 's Nest , the South suffered a serious setback with the death of their commanding general . Albert Sidney Johnston was mortally wounded at about 2 : 30 p.m. as he led attacks on the Union left through the Widow Bell 's cotton field against the Peach Orchard , accompanied by Tennessee governor Isham Harris . Johnston was shot in his right leg , behind the knee . Deeming the wound insignificant ( possibly due to a wound he received 25 years earlier that had inflicted permanent nerve damage preventing him from feeling how bad his injury was ) , Johnston continued on leading the battle . Eventually , Johnston 's staff members noticed him slumping in his saddle . Harris asked Johnston if he was wounded , and the general replied `` Yes , and I fear seriously . '' Earlier in the battle , Johnston had sent his personal surgeon to care for the wounded Confederate troops and Yankee prisoners , and there was no medical staff at his current location . An aide helped him off his horse and laid him down under a tree , then went to fetch his surgeon , but did not apply a tourniquet to Johnston 's wounded leg . Before a doctor could be found , Johnston bled to death from a torn popliteal artery that caused internal bleeding and blood to collect unnoticed in his riding boot . Jefferson Davis considered Johnston to be the most effective general they had ( this was two months before Robert E. Lee emerged as the preeminent Confederate general ) . Johnston was the highest - ranking officer from either side to be killed in combat during the Civil War . Beauregard assumed command , but his position in the rear , where he relied on field reports from his subordinates , may have given him only a vague idea of the disposition of forces at the front . Beauregard ordered Johnston 's body shrouded for secrecy to avoid lowering morale and resumed attacks against the Hornet 's Nest . This was likely a tactical error , because the Union flanks were slowly pulling back to form a semicircular line around Pittsburg Landing . If Beauregard had concentrated his forces against the flanks , he might have defeated the Union army at the landing , and then reduced the Hornet 's Nest position at his leisure . Defense at Pittsburg Landing ( edit ) Lexington and Tyler at Shiloh The Union flanks were being pushed back , but not decisively . Hardee and Polk caused Sherman and McClernand on the Union right to retreat in the direction of Pittsburg Landing , leaving the right flank of the Hornet 's Nest exposed . Just after Johnston 's death , Breckinridge , whose corps had been in reserve , attacked on the extreme left of the Union line , driving off the understrength brigade of Col. David Stuart and potentially opening a path into the Union rear and the Tennessee River . However , the Confederates paused to regroup and recover from exhaustion and disorganization , then followed the sounds of the guns toward the Hornet 's Nest , and an opportunity was lost . After the Hornet 's Nest fell , the remnants of the Union line established a solid three - mile ( 5 km ) front around Pittsburg Landing , extending west from the river and then north , up the River Road , keeping the approach open for the expected , although belated , arrival of Lew Wallace 's division . Sherman commanded the right of the line , McClernand took the center , and on the left , the remnants of W.H.L. Wallace 's , Hurlbut 's , and Stuart 's men mixed with thousands of stragglers who were crowding on the bluff over the landing . The advance of Buell 's army , Col. Jacob Ammen 's brigade of Bull Nelson 's division , arrived in time to be ferried over and join the left end of the line . The defensive line included a ring of more than 50 cannons and naval guns from the river ( the gunboats USS Lexington and USS Tyler ) . A final Confederate charge of two brigades , led by Brig. Gen. Withers , attempted to break through the line but was repulsed . Beauregard called off a second attempt after 6 p.m. , as the sun set . The Confederate plan had failed ; they had pushed Grant east to a defensible position on the river , not forced him west into the swamps . Evening lull ( edit ) The evening of April 6 was a dispiriting end to the first day of one of the bloodiest battles in American history . The cries of wounded and dying men on the fields between the armies could be heard in the Union and Confederate camps throughout the night . Exhausted Confederate soldiers bedded down in the abandoned Union camps . The Union troops were pushed back to the river and the junction of the River ( Hamburg -- Savannah Road ) and the Corinth - Pittsburg Landing Roads . Around 10 p.m. a thunderstorm passed through the area . Coupled with the continuous shelling from the Union gunboats Lexington and Tyler , it made the night a miserable experience for both sides . In his 1885 memoirs , Grant described his experience that night : `` During the night rain fell in torrents and our troops were exposed to the storm without shelter . I made my headquarters under a tree a few hundred yards back from the river bank . My ankle was so much swollen from the fall of my horse the Friday night preceding , and the bruise was so painful , that I could get no rest . The drenching rain would have precluded the possibility of sleep without this additional cause . Some time after midnight , growing restive under the storm and the continuous pain , I moved back to the loghouse under the bank . This had been taken as a hospital , and all night wounded men were being brought in , their wounds dressed , a leg or an arm amputated as the case might require , and everything being done to save life or alleviate suffering . The sight was more unendurable than encountering the enemy 's fire , and I returned to my tree in the rain . '' A famous anecdote encapsulates Grant 's unflinching attitude to temporary setbacks and his tendency for offensive action . Sometime after midnight , Sherman encountered Grant standing under a tree , sheltering himself from the pouring rain and smoking one of his cigars , while considering his losses and planning for the next day . Sherman remarked , `` Well , Grant , we 've had the devil 's own day , have n't we ? '' Grant looked up . `` Yes , '' he replied , followed by a puff . `` Yes . Lick ' em tomorrow , though . '' If the enemy comes on us in the morning , we 'll be whipped like hell . Nathan Bedford Forrest to Patrick R. Cleburne Beauregard sent a telegram to President Davis announcing a complete victory . He later admitted , `` I thought I had Grant just where I wanted him and could finish him up in the morning . '' Many of his men were jubilant , having overrun the Union camps and taken thousands of prisoners and tons of supplies . Grant still had reason to be optimistic : Lew Wallace 's 5,800 men ( minus the two regiments guarding the supplies at Crump 's Landing ) and 15,000 of Don Carlos Buell 's army began to arrive that evening . Wallace 's division took up a position on the right of the Union line and was in place by 1 a.m. ; Buell 's men were fully on the scene by 4 a.m. , in time to turn the tide the next day . Beauregard caused considerable historical controversy with his decision to halt the assault at dusk . Braxton Bragg and Albert Sidney Johnston 's son , Col. William Preston Johnston , were among those who bemoaned the so - called `` lost opportunity at Shiloh . '' Beauregard did not come to the front to inspect the strength of the Union lines ; he remained at Shiloh Church . He also discounted intelligence reports from Col. Nathan Bedford Forrest ( and bluster from prisoner of war General Prentiss ) that Buell 's men were crossing the river to reinforce Grant . In defense of his decision , Beauregard 's troops were simply exhausted , there was less than an hour of daylight left , and Grant 's artillery advantage was formidable . In addition , he had received a dispatch from Brig. Gen. Benjamin Hardin Helm in northern Alabama that indicated Buell was marching toward Decatur and not Pittsburg Landing . Battle , April 7 ( second day : Union counterattack ) ( edit ) Map of the Battle of Shiloh , April 7 , 1862 On Monday morning , April 7 , the combined Union armies numbered 45,000 men ; the Confederates suffered as many as 8,500 casualties the first day and their commanders reported no more than 20,000 effectives due to stragglers and deserters . ( Buell disputed that figure after the war , stating that there were 28,000 ) . The Confederates had withdrawn south into Prentiss 's and Sherman 's former camps , while Polk 's corps retired to the Confederate bivouac established on April 5 , which was 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) southwest of Pittsburg Landing . No line of battle was formed , and few if any commands were resupplied with ammunition . The soldiers were consumed by the need to locate food , water , and shelter for a much - needed night 's rest . Beauregard , unaware that he was now outnumbered , planned to continue the attack and drive Grant into the river . To his surprise , Union forces started moving forward in a massive counterattack at dawn . Grant and Buell launched their attacks separately ; coordination occurred only at the division level . Lew Wallace 's division was the first to see action , about 5 : 30 a.m. , at the extreme right of the Union line . Wallace continued the advance , crossing Tilghman Branch around 7 a.m. and met little resistance . Changing direction and moving to the southwest , Wallace 's men drove back the brigade of Col. Preston Pond . On Wallace 's left were the survivors of Sherman 's division , then McClernand 's , and W.H.L. Wallace 's ( now under the command of Col. James M. Tuttle ) . Buell 's army continued to the left with Bull Nelson 's , Crittenden 's , and McCook 's divisions . The Confederate defenders were so badly commingled that little unit cohesion existed above the brigade level . It required more than two hours to locate Gen. Polk and bring up his division from its bivouac to the southwest . By 10 a.m. , Beauregard had stabilized his front with his corps commanders from left to right : Bragg , Polk , Breckinridge , and Hardee . In a thicket near the Hamburg - Purdy Road , the fighting was so intense that Sherman described in his report of the battle `` the severest musketry fire I ever heard . '' On the Union left , Nelson 's division led the advance , followed closely by Crittenden 's and McCook 's men , down the Corinth and Hamburg - Savannah roads . After heavy fighting , Crittenden 's division recaptured the Hornet 's Nest area by late morning , but the Crittenden and Nelson forces were repulsed by determined counterattacks from Breckinridge . Wallace 's and Sherman 's men on the Union right made steady progress , driving Bragg and Polk to the south . As Crittenden and McCook resumed their attacks , Breckinridge was forced to retire . By noon Beauregard 's line paralleled the Hamburg - Purdy Road . In early afternoon , Beauregard launched a series of counterattacks from the Shiloh Church area , aiming to control the Corinth Road . The Union right was temporarily driven back by these assaults at Water Oaks Pond . Crittenden , reinforced by Tuttle , seized the junction of the Hamburg - Purdy and East Corinth roads , driving the Confederates into Prentiss 's old camps . Nelson resumed his attack and seized the heights overlooking Locust Grove Branch by late afternoon . Beauregard 's final counterattack was flanked and repulsed when Grant moved Col. James C. Veatch 's brigade forward . Confederate retreat ( edit ) Realizing that he had lost the initiative , was low on ammunition and food , and had more than 10,000 of his men killed , wounded , or missing , Beauregard could go no further . He withdrew beyond Shiloh Church , leaving 5,000 men under Breckinridge as a covering force , and massed Confederate batteries at the church and on the ridge south of Shiloh Branch . Confederate forces kept the Union men in position on the Corinth Road until 5 p.m. , then began an orderly withdrawal southwest to Corinth . The exhausted Union soldiers did not pursue much farther than the original Sherman and Prentiss encampments . Lew Wallace 's division crossed Shiloh Branch and advanced nearly 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) , but received no support from other units and was recalled . They returned to Sherman 's camps at dark . The battle was over . For long afterwards , Grant and Buell quarreled over Grant 's decision not to mount an immediate pursuit with another hour of daylight remaining . Grant cited the exhaustion of his troops , although the Confederates were certainly just as exhausted . Part of Grant 's reluctance to act could have been the unusual command relationship he had with Buell . Although Grant was the senior officer and technically was in command of both armies , Buell made it quite clear throughout the two days that he was acting independently . Fallen Timbers , April 8 ( edit ) On April 8 , Grant sent Sherman south along the Corinth Road on a reconnaissance in force to confirm that the Confederates had retreated , or if they were regrouping to resume their attacks . Grant 's army lacked the large organized cavalry units that would have been better suited for reconnaissance and vigorous pursuit of a retreating enemy . Sherman marched with two infantry brigades from his division , along with two battalions of cavalry , and met Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood 's division of Buell 's army . Six miles ( 10 km ) southwest of Pittsburg Landing , Sherman 's men came upon a clear field in which an extensive camp was erected , including a Confederate field hospital . The camp was protected by 300 troopers of Confederate cavalry , commanded by Col. Nathan Bedford Forrest . The road approaching the field was covered by fallen trees for more than 200 yards ( 180 m ) . As skirmishers from the 77th Ohio Infantry approached , having difficulty clearing the fallen timber , Forrest ordered a charge . The wild melee , with Confederate troops firing shotguns and revolvers and brandishing sabers , nearly resulted in Forrest 's capture . As Col. Jesse Hildebrand 's brigade began forming in line of battle , the Southern troopers started to retreat at the sight of the strong force , and Forrest , who was well in advance of his men , came within a few yards of the Union soldiers before realizing he was all alone . Sherman 's men yelled out , `` Kill him ! Kill him and his horse ! '' A Union soldier shoved his musket into Forrest 's side and fired , striking him above the hip , penetrating to near the spine . Although he was seriously wounded , Forrest was able to stay on horseback and escape ; he survived both the wound and the war . The Union lost about 100 men , most of them captured during Forrest 's charge , in an incident that has been remembered with the name `` Fallen Timbers '' . After capturing the Confederate field hospital , Sherman encountered the rear of Breckinridge 's covering force , but determined the enemy was making no signs of renewing its attack and withdrew back to the Union camps . Aftermath ( edit ) Shiloh Church at Shiloh National Military Park , 2006 . The original church building did not survive the battle . The present - day structure is a reconstruction erected in 2003 on the historical site by the Tennessee Sons of Confederate Veterans organization . In his Memoirs Grant intimated that , `` The battle of Shiloh , or Pittsburg landing , has been perhaps less understood , or , to state the case more accurately , more persistently misunderstood , than any other engagement between National and Confederate troops during the entire rebellion . Correct reports of the battle have been published , notably by Sherman , Badeau and , in a speech before a meeting of veterans , by General Prentiss ; but all of these appeared long subsequent to the close of the rebellion and after public opinion had been most erroneously formed '' -- Ulysses S. Grant Reactions and effects ( edit ) In the immediate aftermath of the battle , Northern newspapers vilified Grant for his performance during the battle on April 6 , especially for being surprised and unprepared . Reporters , many far from the battle , spread the story that Grant had been drunk , falsely alleging that this had resulted in many of his men being bayoneted in their tents because of a lack of defensive preparedness . Despite the Union victory , Grant 's reputation suffered in Northern public opinion . Many credited Buell with taking control of the broken Union forces and leading them to victory on April 7 . Calls for Grant 's removal overwhelmed the White House . President Lincoln replied with one of his most famous quotations about Grant : `` I ca n't spare this man ; he fights . '' Although all of the Union division commanders fought well , Sherman emerged as an immediate hero after Grant and Halleck commended him especially . His steadfastness under fire and amid chaos atoned for his previous melancholy and his defensive lapses preceding the battle . Army officers that were with Grant gave a starkly different account of his capacity , and performance , than those of enterprising newspaper reporters far away from Grant during the battle . One such officer , Colonel William R. Rowley , answering a letter of inquiry about allegations aimed at Grant , maintained : `` I pronounce it an unmitigated slander . I have been on his Staff ever since the Donelson affair ( and saw him frequently during that ) and necessary in close contact with him every day , and I have never seen him take even a glass of liquor more than two or three times in my life and then only a single at a time . And I have never seen him intoxicated or even approximate to it . As to the story that he was intoxicated at the Battle of Pittsburg , I have only to say that the man who fabricated the story is an infamous liar , and you are at liberty to say to him that I say so ... '' -- Yours &c WR ROWLEY In retrospect , however , Grant is recognized positively for the clear judgment he was able to retain under the strenuous circumstances , and his ability to perceive the larger tactical picture that ultimately resulted in victory on the second day . Subsequent events ( edit ) Nevertheless , Grant 's career suffered temporarily in the aftermath of Shiloh . Halleck combined and reorganized his armies , relegating Grant to the powerless position of second - in - command . Meanwhile , Beauregard remained in command of the Army of Mississippi and led it back to Corinth . In late April and May , the Union armies , under Halleck 's personal command , advanced slowly toward Corinth and captured it , while an amphibious force on the Mississippi River destroyed the Confederates ' River Defense Fleet and captured Memphis , Tennessee . Halleck was promoted to be general in chief of all the Union armies . With Halleck 's departure to the East , Grant was restored to command and eventually pushed down the Mississippi River to besiege Vicksburg , Mississippi . After the surrender of Vicksburg and the fall of Port Hudson in the summer of 1863 , the Mississippi River was under Union control and the Confederacy was cut in two . Davis was outraged at Beauregard for withdrawing from Corinth without a fight , even though he faced an army nearly twice his size and his water supplies in the city had become contaminated . Shortly after the fall of Corinth , Beauregard took medical leave without receiving authorization from Davis . This was the final straw for Davis , who quickly reassigned him to oversee the coastal defenses in South Carolina . Command of the Army of Mississippi fell to Braxton Bragg , who was promoted to full general on April 6 , and during the fall of 1862 , he led it on an unsuccessful invasion of Kentucky , culminating in his retreat from the Battle of Perryville . Union General Lew Wallace was heavily criticized for failing to get his division into the battle until 1830 hours , near the end of combat on the first day . He was removed from the Army of the Tennessee and would never again get a front line command or take part in a major offensive operation , though his backwater assignments would still place him in important battles . Shortly after Shiloh , he was sent to the War Department in Ohio where he led the successful Defense of Cincinnati during Bragg 's invasion of Kentucky . In 1864 , at the Battle of Monocacy , Wallace commanded a 5,800 man force tasked with opposing Jubal Early 's 14,000 man invasion of Maryland . Faced against an army more than twice his size , Wallace was eventually forced to retreat to Baltimore , but his men delayed Early 's advance for a full day , enabling Union re-enforcement to be brought up to secure Washington D.C. from Early 's further incursion . Despite this success , and later fame for writing the book Ben Hur , criticism of Wallace 's conduct at Shiloh would haunt him for the rest of his life and he would spend much of it trying to defend his actions there . Casualties ( edit ) The two - day battle of Shiloh , the costliest in American history up to that time , resulted in the defeat of the Confederate army and frustration of Johnston 's plans to prevent the two Union armies in Tennessee from joining together . Union casualties were 13,047 ( 1,754 killed , 8,408 wounded , and 2,885 missing ) ; Grant 's army bore the brunt of the fighting over the two days , with casualties of 1,513 killed , 6,601 wounded , and 2,830 missing or captured . Confederate casualties were 10,699 ( 1,728 killed , 8,012 wounded , and 959 missing or captured ) . The dead included the Confederate army 's commander , Albert Sidney Johnston , as well as Brigadier General Adley H. Gladden . The highest ranking Union general killed was W.H.L. Wallace . Union Colonel Everett Peabody , whose decision to send out a patrol the morning of the battle may have saved the Union from disaster , was also among the dead . Both sides were shocked at the carnage , which resulted in more than four times as many casualties as the Battle of Bull Run that had horrified the nation 10 months earlier . `` I saw an open field , in our possession on the second day , over which the Confederates had made repeated charges the day before , so covered with dead that it would have been possible to walk across the clearing , in any direction , stepping on dead bodies , without a foot touching the ground . '' -- Ulysses S. Grant Three more years of such bloodshed remained and eight larger and bloodier battles were yet to come . Grant later came to realize that his prediction of one great battle bringing the war to a close would probably not occur . The war would continue , at great cost in casualties and resources , until the Confederacy succumbed or the Union was divided . Grant also learned a valuable personal lesson on preparedness that ( mostly ) served him well for the rest of the war . The loss of Albert Johnston was a particularly severe blow to the Confederacy . President Jefferson Davis called it `` the turning point of our fate . '' For the remainder of the war , the Confederate armies in the West would go through a long string of commanders , much like the Union in the east , as Davis searched for a leader who was the caliber of Robert E. Lee . Notable veterans ( edit ) In addition to those already mentioned , several other famous people participated in the Battle of Shiloh Sam Watkins , a famous writer and humorist who fought in many famous Civil War battles , experienced his first major battle at Shiloh . Famed African explorer Henry Morton Stanley fought for the Confederacy at Shiloh and was taken prisoner on the second day . Ambrose Bierce fought in Shiloh as a Union officer . He published a memoir of the battle , `` What I Saw of Shiloh '' , in 1881 , and took a tour of the battlefield shortly before his disappearance in 1913 . Geologist and explorer John Wesley Powell fought in the battle as an officer in the Union Army . Despite suffering a severe wound that resulted in the amputation of his right arm , Powell would later go on many famous expeditions and become the first white American ever to explore the Grand Canyon . Future U.S. President James Garfield took part in the battle on the second day , leading a brigade under Don Buell 's Army of the Ohio . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) Shiloh National Military Park Ruggles ' Battery at Shiloh National Military Park . Location Shiloh , Hardin County , Tennessee & Corinth , Mississippi , USA Nearest city Savannah , Tennessee Area 3,996.64 acres ( 16.1738 km ) Established December 27 , 1894 Visitors 315,296 ( in 2005 ) Governing body National Park Service Shiloh 's importance as a Civil War battle , coupled with the lack of widespread agricultural or industrial development in the battle area after the war , led to its development as one of the first five battlefields restored by the federal government in the 1890s . Government involvement eventually proved insufficient to preserve the land on which the battle took place . ( The federal government had saved just over 2,000 acres at Shiloh by 1897 , and consolidated those gains by adding another 1,700 acres by 1954 . ) Preservation eventually slowed . Since 1954 , only 300 additional acres of the saved land had been preserved . Private preservation organizations stepped in to fill the void . The Civil War Trust became the primary agent of these efforts , preserving 1,158 acres at Shiloh since its inception . The land preserved by the Trust at Shiloh included tracts over which Confederate divisions passed as they fought Grant 's men on the battle 's first day and their retreat during the Union counteroffensive on day two . A 2012 campaign focused in particular on a section of land which was part of the Confederate right flank on day one and on several tracts which were part of the Battle of Fallen Timbers . Shiloh National Military Park is managed by the National Park Service . Honors and commemoration ( edit ) Issue of 1962 The United States Postal Service released a commemorative stamp on the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Shiloh , first issued through the Shiloh , Tennessee , Post Office on April 7 , 1962 . It was the second in a series of five stamps marking the Civil War Centennial . In popular culture ( edit ) The writer Ambrose Bierce was at Shiloh as a First Lieutenant on Gen. William B. Hazen 's staff , serving as a topographical engineer . He recalled his experiences in the short story `` What I Saw of Shiloh '' , written in 1874 and twice revised in the following 35 years . He describes Pittsburg Landing as follows : `` Here in 1862 were some fields and a house or two ; now there are a national cemetery and other improvements . '' Some scholars think ' What I Saw of Shiloh ' is Bierce 's best work . The song `` Shiloh 's Hill '' was written shortly after the battle and soon became a popular civil war tune . The Battle of Shiloh was depicted in the 1962 film How the West Was Won , directed by John Ford . Shel Silverstein wrote `` In the Hills of Shiloh '' , a poignant song about widowed bride forever awaiting the return of a man killed in the battle of Shiloh . The song was recorded by The New Christy Minstrels , Judy Collins , and others . Bobbie Ann Mason 's short story `` Shiloh '' , which appeared in The New Yorker on October 20 , 1980 , describes a visit to the site of the battle by a modern couple whose marriage is about to collapse . The context gives the mundane events depicted in the story layer on layer of broad significance . In Frederick Forsyth 's 1999 novel The Phantom of Manhattan , one of the main plots is of the Phantom composing an opera set during the battle called The Angel of Shiloh . In 2011 , the American Celtic punk band Dropkick Murphys included a song lamenting the heavy casualties taken by Irish units at Shiloh on their album Going Out in Style entitled `` Broken Hymns . '' Simulation Games ( edit ) The Battle of Shiloh was depicted in the wargame Bloody April : The Battle of Shiloh , 1862 , published in 1979 by Simulation Publications Inc . ( SPI ) . In May 2016 , Bloody April , a computer game based on the SPI title was released by HexWar Games , Ltd . ( Scotland ) , for iPhone / iPad / Mac platforms . This single - player game ( with a computer opponent ) presents several scenarios covering the two - day battle . The battle is also depicted on in Ultimate General : Civil War ( released November 2016 by Game Labs ) , a computer game that presents various battles of the civil war in a realistic and tactical manner . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Tennessee portal Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Shiloh National Military Park Battle of Fort Henry Battle of Fort Donelson Battle of Island Number Ten List of American Civil War battles Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1862 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Armies in the American Civil War Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume X , Part 1 , pages 100 -- 105 Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume X , Part 1 , pages 105 -- 108 ^ Jump up to : Eicher , 2001 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume X , Part 1 , pages 382 -- 384 ^ Jump up to : During the battle , correspondence referred to the army as the Army of the Mississippi , deviating from the general rule that only Union armies were named after rivers . See , for instance , the NPS website . It was also sometimes referred to as the Army of the West . The army was activated on March 5 , 1862 , and was renamed by Braxton Bragg as the Army of Tennessee in November . See Army of Mississippi . Jump up ^ 66,812 according to Eicher , pp. 222 -- 223 ( Army of the Tennessee : 48,894 ; Army of the Ohio : 17,918 ) ; Stephens , pp. 80 , 90 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume X , Part 1 , page 112 . ^ Jump up to : 48,894 according to Eicher , p. 222 . Jump up ^ 17,918 according to Eicher , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Official Records , Series I , Volume X , Part 1 , page 396 ^ Jump up to : 44,699 according to Eicher , p. 222 Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume X , Part 1 , page 108 Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 422 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume X , Part 1 , page 395 Jump up ^ Cunningham , p. 422 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Stephens , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Conger , p. 211 ; Nevin , p. 104 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , pp. 128 -- 31 , 141 -- 42 ; Smith , pp. 173 -- 79 ; Cunningham , pp. 72 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 64 , 68 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 179 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , p. 136 ; Marszalek , pp. 119 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume X , Part 1 , page 112 Jump up ^ Smith , p. 185 ; Eicher , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Grant , pp. 211 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel , p. 139 ; Nevin , p. 105 ; Stephens , p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Eicher , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 222 , 230 ; Grant , Memoirs , p. 245 ( Lib. of Am. ed . ) . Jump up ^ Kent , Tim ( May 8 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Kent 's Civil War tales : Who killed Albert Sidney Johnston '' . Jump up ^ Weapons of the Orphan Brigade , accessed August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 93 , 98 -- 101 , 120 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , p. 125 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Road to Shiloh , April 1862 - The Civil War For Dummies '' . erenow.com . Jump up ^ http://digitalcommons.apus.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1108&context=theses Jump up ^ `` Battle of Shiloh : Shattering Myths '' . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Shiloh '' . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 119 , 121 -- 23 ; Cunningham , pp. 128 -- 29 , 137 -- 40 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , p. 108 ; Eicher , p. 223 . Jump up ^ `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 127 -- 28 ; Stephens , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Stephens , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Shiloh : Shattering Myths '' . ^ Jump up to : Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Allen - Issue3 - 19 > `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , pp. 150 -- 54 ; Nevin , pp. 110 -- 11 ; Cunningham , pp. 143 -- 44 ; Sword , p. 127 ; Eicher , p. 224 ; Daniel , pp. 141 -- 42 ; Smith , p. 185 ; McPherson , p. 408 . Jump up ^ `` Great American History Unsung Hero of the Civil War - '' . Jump up ^ Stephens , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Nevin , p. 113 . Daniel , p. 145 . Esposito , text for Map 34 , states that Johnston was severely criticized for this arrangement with Beauregard , but there was some justification since Johnston 's had many inexperienced recruits in his army that needed personal inspiration at the front . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , p. 200 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Shiloh : The Devil 's Day '' . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 187 ; Esposito , map 34 ; Eicher pp. 224 -- 26 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 409 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 143 -- 64 ; Eicher , p. 226 ; Esposito , map 34 . Jump up ^ `` Concise History of the 7th Arkansas Infantry , Company I '' . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Shiloh -- Essential Civil War Curriculum '' . Jump up ^ Daniel , p. 139 ; Cunningham , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Stephens , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 79 , 91 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 143 -- 64 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , pp. 164 -- 66 ; Cunningham , pp. 157 -- 58 , 174 ; Eicher , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 83 -- 84 ; Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 85 , 92 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 86 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Stephens , pp. 88 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Grant 's Lieutenants , p. 77 ; Cunningham , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 80 , 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Grant 's Lieutenants , p. 72 -- 82 ; Daniel , pp. 256 -- 61 ; Sword , pp. 439 -- 40 ; Cunningham , pp. 338 -- 39 ; Smith , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Ray Boomhower ( Winter 1993 ) . `` The Gen. Lew Wallace Study and Ben - Hur Museum '' . Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History . Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society . 5 ( 1 ) : 14 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 241 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 227 , cites 12 . Daniel , p. 214 , refers to `` modern historians '' who criticize Bragg for ordering 11 to 14 assaults , but Daniel accounts for only 8 unique instances . Jump up ^ Cunningham , p. 298 . Jump up ^ Historians disagree on the number of artillery pieces the Confederates massed against the Hornets Nest . Cunningham , p. 290 , accounts for 51 ; Daniel , p. 229 , argues for 53 ; and Sword , p. 326 , and Eicher , p. 228 , report the traditional count of 62 , which was originally established by battlefield historian D.W. Reed . Jump up ^ `` Ruggles ' Battery , Battle of Shiloh , Tennessee - Static Artillery Displays on Waymarking.com '' . www.waymarking.com . Jump up ^ Nevin , pp. 121 -- 29 , 136 -- 39 ; Esposito , map 36 ; Daniel , pp. 207 -- 14 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , pp. 179 -- 85 ; Eicher , p. 227 . Sword , p. 306 , lists 2,320 captured ; Eicher , p. 228 , 2,200 ; Daniel , p. 214 , 2,400 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 226 -- 27 ; Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 53 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee 4 Me - General Albert Sidney Johnston 's death at Shiloh '' . www.tn4me.org . Jump up ^ `` cwla - Shiloh Battlefield Tours - 1 Death of General Johnston Frame '' . civilwarlandscapes.org . Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 275 -- 77 ; Sword , pp. 271 -- 73 , 443 -- 46 . In 1837 , Johnston had been hit in the right hip by a pistol shot during a duel that severed the sciatic nerve . This earlier injury caused nerve damage and numbness in his right leg . As a result , Johnston was unable to feel heat , cold , or pain in his right leg and may not have realized that he had been seriously wounded at Shiloh . See Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 53 . Jump up ^ A traditional view of the battle holds that Johnston 's death caused a lull in fighting , which deprived the Confederates of their momentum and eventually led to their defeat in battle . Both Sword , p. 310 , and Daniel , p. 235 , subscribe to this view ; however , Cunningham , p. 277 -- 78 , maintains that any such lull was a factor of the general Confederate disorganization , not Beauregard 's lack of action , and that he held a good sense of the dispositions on the battlefield . Jump up ^ Nevin , pp. 121 -- 29 , 136 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , p. 321 , estimates the number of stragglers and noncombatant troops at the landing to be about 15,000 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , p. 317 . Jump up ^ As with the Hornets Nest , the estimate of the number of guns varies widely . Grant , in his memoirs , recalls `` 20 or more . '' Daniel , p. 246 , and Grimsley , p. 109 , account for 41 guns ; Sword , p. 356 , states there were `` at least 10 batteries '' ; and Cunningham , p. 307 , cites historical accounts that vary from 42 to more than 100 . Jump up ^ Daniel , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 323 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 227 -- 28 ; Daniel , pp. 235 -- 37 ; Nevin , pp. 138 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 201 ; Sword , p. 369 -- 82 , and Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 80 , 90 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 340 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 332 -- 34 . Prentiss laughed to his captors , `` You gentlemen have had your way today , but it will be very different to - morrow . You 'll see ! Buell will effect the junction with Grant to - night , and we 'll turn the tables on you in the morning . '' Jump up ^ Nevin , p. 147 ; Daniel , pp. 252 -- 56 ; Cunningham , pp. 323 -- 26 , 332 ; Sword , p. 378 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 263 -- 64 , 278 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 93 and 95 , and Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 265 , 278 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Nothing But Victory , p. 196 . In Woodworth 's Sherman : Lessons in Leadership , Palgrave Macmillan , 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 61024 - 8 , p. 57 , he wrote ( without a citation ) that Sherman recalled in later years that the gunfire there was the heaviest he heard during the war . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 275 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 283 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' , p. 46 ; Stephens , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 289 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 296 -- 97 ; Sword , pp. 423 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Sword , pp. 425 -- 26 ; Daniel , pp. 296 -- 97 ; Cunningham , pp. 373 -- 75 . A popular story about Forrest 's grabbing a Union soldier by the collar and lifting him up on the horse to be a human shield is probably not true ; none of the cited references include it . Jump up ^ `` Civil War Landscapes Association '' . Civilwarlandscapes.org . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant , Chapter XXV Jump up ^ Daniel , p. 308 . ^ Jump up to : Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , pp. 198 -- 201 ; Smith , pp. 204 -- 205 ; Cunningham , pp. 382 -- 83 . Jump up ^ The Ulysses S. Grant Association Newsletter , 1972 , Volume X1 Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 384 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Some authors claim that the total of 23,746 casualties at the battle ( counting both sides ) represented more than the American battle - related casualties of the American Revolutionary War , the War of 1812 , and the Mexican - American War combined . See Smith , p. 204 , and Daniel , p. 305 . The other references to this article do not make this claim , perhaps due to the uncertainties of the actual casualty figures in the earlier wars . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 230 ; Cunningham , pp. 421 -- 24 . In his memoirs , Grant ( vol. 1 , chap. 25 , p. 22 ) disputes the Confederate casualties reported by Beauregard , claiming that the Union burial parties documented far more Confederate dead than Beauregard 's figures . Grant estimates the Confederate dead at 4,000 . Jump up ^ List of battles . The eight battles with higher casualties than Shiloh were : Gettysburg , Chickamauga , Chancellorsville , Spotsylvania , Antietam , Wilderness , Second Bull Run , and Stones River . Jump up ^ McDonough , p. 1775 . Jump up ^ `` 4 Things You May Not Know About the Battle of Shiloh -- History in the Headlines '' . Jump up ^ `` '' A History of Shiloh National Military Park , '' Charles E. Shedd , Jr. , 1954 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Shiloh Summary & Facts - Civilwar.org '' . Jump up ^ `` Maps of Shiloh , Tennessee ( 1862 ) : Battle of Shiloh -- April 6 , 1862 '' . Civil War Trust . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Civil War Centennial Issue '' . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What I Saw of Shiloh by Ambrose Bierce @ Classic Reader '' . www.classicreader.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Skaptason , Bjorn ( 2007 ) . `` What I Saw of Shiloh : In the Footsteps of Ambrose Bierce '' ( PDF ) . The Ambrose Bierce Project . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wuthering Expectations : What He Saw at Shiloh -- the best piece Bierce ever wrote '' . wutheringexpectations.blogspot.co.uk . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Songs of Yesterday : Civil War Series , Part 1 - The Battle of Shiloh Hill '' . Genealogy Today . Jump up ^ `` Dropkick Murphys : Broken Hymns Meaning '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish in the American Civil War : Battle of Shiloh '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Allen , Stacy D. ( February 1997 ) . `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' . Blue & Gray . Columbus , OH : Blue and Gray Enterprises , Inc . XIV ( 3 ) : 7 -- 8 . Allen , Stacy D. ( April 1997 ) . `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' . Blue & Gray . Columbus , OH : Blue and Gray Enterprises , Inc . XIV ( 4 ) : 7 -- 8 . Conger , Arthur Latham . The Rise of U.S. Grant . Freeport , NY : Books for Libraries Press , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 5572 - 2 . First published 1931 by the Century Co . Cunningham , O. Edward . Shiloh and the Western Campaign of 1862 . Edited by Gary Joiner and Timothy Smith . New York : Savas Beatie , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 27 - 2 . Daniel , Larry J. Shiloh : The Battle That Changed the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80375 - 5 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Grimsley , Mark , and Steven E. Woodworth . Shiloh : A Battlefield Guide . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7100 - X . Hanson , Victor Davis . Ripples of Battle : How Wars of the Past Still Determine How We Fight , How We Live , and How We Think . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 50400 - 4 . McDonough , James L. `` Battle of Shiloh . '' In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History , edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era ( Oxford History of the United States ) . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Marszalek , John F. Commander of All Lincoln 's Armies : A Life of General Henry W. Halleck . Boston : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01493 - 6 . Nevin , David , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . The Road to Shiloh : Early Battles in the West . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4716 - 9 . Smith , Jean Edward . Grant . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84927 - 5 . Stephens , Gail . The Shadow of Shiloh : Major General Lew Wallace in the Civil War . Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87195 - 287 - 5 . Sword , Wiley . Shiloh : Bloody April . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0650 - 5 . First published 1974 by Morrow . Woodworth , Steven E. , ed . Grant 's Lieutenants : From Cairo to Vicksburg . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1127 - 4 . Woodworth , Steven E. , ed . Nothing but Victory : The Army of the Tennessee , 1861 -- 1865 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41218 - 2 . `` The Ulysses S. Grant Association Newsletter ( s ) , Volume X : ( X , 1 -- X , 4 ) '' . Ulysses S. Grant Presidential Library / Ulysses S. Grant Association . 1972 -- 1973 . Further reading ( edit ) Arnold , James R. , Carl Smith , and Alan Perry . Shiloh 1862 : The Death of Innocence . London : Osprey Publishing , 1998 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 606 - X . Davis , William C. , ed. ( 1990 ) . `` Chapter 2 : This Day Will Long Be Remembered : Shiloh '' . Diary of a Confederate Soldier : John S. Jackman of the Orphan Brigade . American Military History . Columbia , South Carolina : University of South Carolina Press . pp. 28 -- 42 . ISBN 0 - 87249 - 695 - 3 . LCCN 90012431 . OCLC 906557161 . Frank , Joseph Allan , and George A. Reaves . Seeing the Elephant : Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07126 - 3 . First published 1989 by Greenwood Press . Grant , Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant . 2 vols . Charles L. Webster & Company , 1885 -- 86 . ISBN 0 - 914427 - 67 - 9 . Groom , Winston . Shiloh , 1862 . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0874 - 4 . Groom , Winston . `` Why Shiloh Matters . '' New York Times Opinionator weblog , April 6 , 2012 . Gudmens , Jeffrey J. Staff Ride Handbook for the Battle of Shiloh , 6 -- 7 April 1862 . Fort Leavenworth , KS : Combat Studies Institute Press , 2005 . OCLC 58801939 . Howard , Samuel Meek ( 1921 ) . The illustrated comprehensive history of the great battle of Shiloh . Gettysburg , S.D. : Howard . McDonough , James Lee . Shiloh : In Hell before Night . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 1977 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 232 - 2 . Martin , David G . The Shiloh Campaign : March -- April 1862 . New York : Da Capo Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81259 - 2 . Reasoner , James . Shiloh : A Novel , Nashville , TN : Cumberland House , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 58182 - 248 - 0 ; fiction Reed , David W . The Battle of Shiloh and the Organizations Engaged . 2nd ed . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1909 . Smith , Timothy B. Rethinking Shiloh : Myth and Memory . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 941 - 5 . -- -- The Untold Story of Shiloh : The Battle and the Battlefield . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 466 - 3 . Woodworth , Steven E ... , ed . The Shiloh Campaign . Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2892 - 5 . Tidball , John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion , 1861 -- 1865 . Westholme Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1594161490 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 . 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Grant 18th President of the United States ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Commanding General of the United States Army 1865 - 1869 Life and politics Early life and career Birth Place Boyhood home Grant Schoolhouse Point Pleasant , Ohio White Haven home farm Galena home Military Career Military Service Commanding General of the United States Army American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Appomattox Court House Campaigns Vicksburg Campaign Chattanooga Campaign Overland Campaign Petersburg Campaign Appomattox Campaign General of the Army Reconstruction Era Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Scandals Reforms Peace Policy Department of Justice Fifteenth Amendment Treaty of Washington Korean Expedition Comstock Laws Panic of 1873 1875 Civil Rights Act Modoc War Great Sioux War Pardons Cabinet Judicial appointments State of the Union addresses 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 Elections Republican National Convention , 1868 1872 United States presidential election , 1868 1872 Post-presidency Later life Bid for a Third Term World tour of Ulysses S. 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Grant Battles of the American Civil War in Tennessee Battles of the Federal Penetration up the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers of the American Civil War Battles of the Western Theater of the American Civil War Hardin County , Tennessee Union victories of the American Civil War Hidden categories : Use American English from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from April 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 01 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the battle of shiloh take place | [
"The Battle of Shiloh (also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing) was a major battle in the Western Theater of the American Civil War, fought April 6–7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. A Union force known as the Army of the Tennessee under Major General Ulysses S. Grant had moved via the Tennessee River deep into Tennessee and was encamped principally at Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee on the west bank of that river, where the Confederate Army of Mississippi, under General Albert Sidney Johnston and second-in-command P. G. T. Beauregard, launched a surprise attack on Grant's army from its base in Corinth, Mississippi. Johnston was mortally wounded during the fighting; Beauregard, who thus succeeded to command of the army, decided against pressing the attack late in the evening. Overnight Grant was reinforced by one of his own divisions stationed further north and was joined by three divisions from another Union army under Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell. This allowed them to launch an unexpected counterattack the next morning which completely reversed the Confederate gains of the previous day."
] | [
"Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee"
] |
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