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-4165205040448349593 | List of Super Bowl champions | List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is the annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) . Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were marketed as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' , but were also casually referred to as `` the Super Bowl game '' during the television broadcast . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker in official marketing ; the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 27 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Twenty franchises , including teams that have relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 -- 5 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four ( all losses ) from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 1974 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls . The Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the Green Bay Packers ( 1966 -- 1967 ) , the Miami Dolphins ( 1972 -- 1973 ) , the Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1974 -- 1975 and 1978 -- 1979 , the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the San Francisco 49ers ( 1988 -- 1989 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 1992 -- 1993 ) , the Denver Broncos ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , and the New England Patriots ( 2003 -- 2004 ) . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 1993 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 2004 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 1.2 Consecutive losers 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.3 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 48 , 25 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 48 , 23 -- 25 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Los Angeles , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Los Angeles , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium San Francisco , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Los Angeles , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Los Angeles , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego , California ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! Alltel Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Phoenix , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium San Francisco , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 Philadelphia Eagles 03 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 4133 ! 41 -- 33 New England Patriots 10 ! New England Patriots ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) 067612 ! 67,612 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Los Angeles , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which ( Pittsburgh ) has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls ( XIII and XIV ) for four wins in six seasons . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . The New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI , which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX , for three wins in four seasons . They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season ( XXXVII ) . The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season ( 50 ) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos . Consecutive losers Three franchises have lost consecutive Super Bowls : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) ( Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII ) -- The only team to appear in four straight Super Bowls , let alone lose in all four appearances . Minnesota Vikings ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls VIII and IX ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XI , and were knocked out of the playoffs for Super Bowl X by the eventual losers the Dallas Cowboys for three losses in four seasons . Denver Broncos ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls XXI and XXII ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XXIV , but did not even make the playoffs for Super Bowl XXIII for three losses in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team The Patriots played their first championship game in Super Bowl XX ( pictured ) and hold the record for most Super Bowl appearances ( 10 ) and are tied for the most losses ( 5 ) as of 2018 . NFL / NFC teams ( 27 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) NFL / AFC team ( 0 - 1 as part of the NFL , 2 - 1 as part of the AFC ) In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by number of years since last appearing in a Super Bowl . In the `` Seasons '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Seasons 10A - 05W - 01YA - 02YW ! 10 New England Patriots 05W - 10A - 02YW - 01YA ! 5 05L - 10A - 01YL - 01YA ! 5 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 08A - 06W - 08YA - 10YW ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 06W - 08A - 10YW - 08YA ! 6 02L - 08A - 08YL - 08YA ! 2 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08A - 05W - 23YA - 23YW ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 05W - 08A - 23YW - 23YA ! 5 03L - 08A - 40YL - 23YA ! 3 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08A - 03W - 03YA - 03YW ! 8 Denver Broncos 03W - 08A - 03YW - 03YA ! 3 05L - 08A - 05YL - 03YA ! 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06A - 05W - 06YA - 24YW ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 05W - 06A - 24YW - 06YA ! 5 01L - 06A - 06YL - 06YA ! 1 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05A - 04W - 08YA - 08YW ! 5 Green Bay Packers 04W - 05A - 08YW - 08YA ! 4 01L - 05A - 21YL - 08YA ! 1 . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05A - 04W - 07YA - 07YW ! 5 New York Giants 04W - 05A - 07YW - 07YA ! 4 01L - 05A - 18YL - 07YA ! 1 . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05A - 03W - 27YA - 27YW ! 5 Washington Redskins 03W - 05A - 27YW - 27YA ! 3 02L - 05A - 35YL - 27YA ! 2 . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05A - 03W - 16YA - 35YW ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 03W - 05A - 35YW - 16YA ! 3 02L - 05A - 16YL - 16YA ! 2 . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05A - 02W - 34YA - 45YW ! 5 Miami Dolphins 02W - 05A - 45YW - 34YA ! 2 03L - 05A - 34YL - 34YA ! 3 . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04A - 02W - 09YA - 12YW ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 02W - 04A - 12YW - 09YA ! 2 02L - 04A - 09YL - 09YA ! 2 . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04A - 00W - 42YA - 53YW ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 04L - 04A - 42YL - 42YA ! 4 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04A - 00W - 25YA - 53YW ! 4 Buffalo Bills 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 04L - 04A - 25YL - 25YA ! 4 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03A - 01W - 17YA - 19YW ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 01W - 03A - 19YW - 17YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 17YL - 17YA ! 2 . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03A - 01W - 03YA - 04YW ! 3 Seattle Seahawks 01W - 03A - 04YW - 03YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 03A - 01W - 01YA - 01YW ! 3 Philadelphia Eagles 01W - 03A - 01YW - 01YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 14YL - 01YA ! 2 . 333 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 , 2017 02A - 02W - 06YA - 06YW ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 02W - 02A - 06YW - 06YA ! 2 00L - 02A - 22YL - 06YA ! 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02A - 01W - 49YA - 49YW ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs 01W - 02A - 49YW - 49YA ! 1 01L - 02A - 52YL - 49YA ! 1 . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02A - 01W - 12YA - 33YW ! 2 Chicago Bears 01W - 02A - 33YW - 12YA ! 1 01L - 02A - 12YL - 12YA ! 1 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02A - 00W - 30YA - 53YW ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 00W - 02A - 53YW - 30YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 30YL - 30YA ! 2 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02A - 00W - 03YA - 23YW ! 2 Carolina Panthers 00W - 02A - 23YW - 03YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 02A - 00W - 02YA - 53YW ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 00W - 02A - 53YW - 02YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 02YL - 02YA ! 2 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 01A - 01W - 50YA - 50YW ! 1 New York Jets 01W - 01A - 50YW - 50YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 53YL - 50YA ! 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01A - 01W - 18YA - 18YW ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01W - 01A - 18YW - 18YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 44YL - 18YA ! 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01A - 01W - 09YA - 09YW ! 1 New Orleans Saints 01W - 01A - 09YW - 09YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 52YL - 09YA ! 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01A - 00W - 24YA - 53YW ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 00W - 01A - 53YW - 24YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 24YL - 24YA ! 1 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01A - 00W - 19YA - 53YW ! 1 Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans 00W - 01A - 53YW - 19YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 19YL - 19YA ! 1 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01A - 00W - 10YA - 53YW ! 1 St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals 00W - 01A - 53YW - 10YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 10YL - 10YA ! 1 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 11CG ! 0 Cleveland Browns 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 05CG ! 0 Detroit Lions 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 23YA - 23YW - 00CG ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 00W - 00A - 23YW - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 23YL - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 16YA - 16YW - 00CG ! 0 Houston Texans 00W - 00A - 16YW - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 16YL - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Seasons Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 to 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were created as an expansion team with former Browns players in 1996 , and have since won two Super Bowls . Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1996 , 1999 , and 2017 . Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston , and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls , making Cleveland the only current NFL city that has neither hosted nor had its team play in a Super Bowl . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' last championship appearance was their victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III . Although Jacksonville and Houston have never appeared in a Super Bowl , there are teams whose most recent Super Bowl appearance is older than when Jacksonville and Houston joined the NFL ( 1995 and 2002 , respectively ) , resulting in longer Super Bowl droughts than these teams for the following eight teams . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) However , the Jets and the Chiefs are the only non-NFL teams to win the Super Bowl , both being members of the now - defunct AFL at the time . The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) Los Angeles Chargers ( played as San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Super Bowl rematches The 49ers and the Bengals , who faced off in Super Bowl XVI ( pictured ) , would rematch each other again in Super Bowl XXIII . The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . New England Patriots and Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl XXXIX was won by New England , Super Bowl LII was won by Philadelphia . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of the National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming : SDCCU Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium , San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium , and Qualcomm Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . Jump up ^ Unlike other Super Bowls , Super Bowl 50 's official name , as designated by the NFL , uses the Arabic numeral `` 50 '' instead of the Roman numeral `` L '' . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . The Colts are the only team to have played in the Super Bowl for both the NFL and AFC . ^ Jump up to : Although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Top Plays in Super Bowl History `` and the old veteran scores the first touchdown of the Super Bowl game '' YouTube , NFL Highlights . Jump up ^ `` Culture in NFL History '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 -- The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1975 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Pittsburgh Punches It Out '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1976 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Dallas Feels The Steeler Crunch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Raiders Were All Suped Up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . January 21 , 1979 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV post game QT '' . NFL . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title '' . NFL . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indianapolis ahead of curve in preparations for Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 '' . NFL . Associated Press . 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Jason . `` Super Bowl 2012 : Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658 '' . SBNation Boston . SBNation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klemko , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Arizona , not Tampa , will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco awarded Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . External links National Football League Super Bowl List of winning rosters Super Bowl champions I : Green Bay Packers II : Green Bay Packers III : New York Jets IV : Kansas City Chiefs V : Baltimore Colts VI : Dallas Cowboys VII : Miami Dolphins VIII : Miami Dolphins IX : Pittsburgh Steelers X : Pittsburgh Steelers XI : Oakland Raiders XII : Dallas Cowboys XIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers XV : Oakland Raiders XVI : San Francisco 49ers XVII : Washington Redskins XVIII : Los Angeles Raiders XIX : San Francisco 49ers XX : Chicago Bears XXI : New York Giants XXII : Washington Redskins XXIII : San Francisco 49ers XXIV : San Francisco 49ers XXV : New York Giants XXVI : Washington Redskins XXVII : Dallas Cowboys XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys XXIX : San Francisco 49ers XXX : Dallas Cowboys XXXI : Green Bay Packers XXXII : Denver Broncos XXXIII : Denver Broncos XXXIV : St. Louis Rams XXXV : Baltimore Ravens XXXVI : New England Patriots XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers XXXVIII : New England Patriots XXXIX : New England Patriots XL : Pittsburgh Steelers XLI : Indianapolis Colts XLII : New York Giants XLIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XLIV : New Orleans Saints XLV : Green Bay Packers XLVI : New York Giants XLVII : Baltimore Ravens XLVIII : Seattle Seahawks XLIX : New England Patriots 50 : Denver Broncos LI : New England Patriots LII : Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_champions&oldid=833105797 '' Categories : Super Bowl lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2013 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 18 : 13 . 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"\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n\n\n01 !I\n000000001967-01-15-0000January 15, 1967\nGreen Bay Packers 01 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(1, 1–0)\n3510 !35–10\nKansas City Chiefs 01 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum\nLos Angeles, California 01 !Los Angeles, California[note 1]\n061946 !61,946\n[11]\n\n\n02 !II\n000000001968-01-14-0000January 14, 1968\nGreen Bay Packers 02 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(2, 2–0)\n3314 !33–14\nOakland Raiders 01 !Oakland Raiders^\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 01 !Miami Orange Bowl\nMiami, Florida 01 !Miami, Florida[note 2]\n075546 !75,546\n[12]\n\n\n03 !III\n000000001969-01-12-0000January 12, 1969\nNew York Jets 01 !New York Jets^\n(1, 1–0)\n1607 !16–7 \nIndianapolis Colts 01 !Baltimore Colts‡\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 02 !Miami Orange Bowl (2)\nMiami, Florida 02 !Miami, Florida (2)[note 2]\n075389 !75,389\n[13]\n\n\n04 !IV\n000000001970-01-11-0000January 11, 1970\nKansas City Chiefs 02 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(2, 1–1)\n2307 !23–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 01 !Minnesota Vikings‡\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 01 !Tulane Stadium\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 01 !New Orleans, Louisiana\n080562 !80,562\n[14]\n\n\n05 !V\n000000001971-01-17-0000January 17, 1971\nIndianapolis Colts 02 !Baltimore Colts†\n(2, 1–1)\n1613 !16–13 \nDallas Cowboys 01 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 03 !Miami Orange Bowl (3)\nMiami, Florida 03 !Miami, Florida (3)[note 2]\n079204 !79,204\n[15]\n\n\n06 !VI\n000000001972-01-16-0000January 16, 1972\nDallas Cowboys 02 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(2, 1–1)\n2403 !24–3 \nMiami Dolphins 01 !Miami Dolphins†\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 02 !Tulane Stadium (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 02 !New Orleans, Louisiana (2)\n081023 !81,023\n[16]\n\n\n07 !VII\n000000001973-01-14-0000January 14, 1973\nMiami Dolphins 02 !Miami Dolphins†\n(2, 1–1)\n1407 !14–7 \nWashington Redskins 01 !Washington Redskins*\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (2)\nLos Angeles, California 02 !Los Angeles, California (2)[note 1]\n090182 !90,182\n[17]\n\n\n08 !VIII\n000000001974-01-13-0000January 13, 1974\nMiami Dolphins 03 !Miami Dolphins†\n(3, 2–1)\n2407 !24–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 02 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(2, 0–2)\nRice Stadium 01 !Rice Stadium\nHouston, Texas 01 !Houston, Texas\n071882 !71,882\n[18]\n\n\n09 !IX\n000000001975-01-12-0000January 12, 1975\nPittsburgh Steelers 01 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(1, 1–0)\n1606 !16–6 \nMinnesota Vikings 03 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(3, 0–3)\nTulane Stadium 03 !Tulane Stadium (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 03 !New Orleans, Louisiana (3)\n080997 !80,997\n[19]\n\n\n10 !X\n000000001976-01-18-0000January 18, 1976\nPittsburgh Steelers 02 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(2, 2–0)\n2117 !21–17\nDallas Cowboys 03 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(3, 1–2)\nMiami Orange Bowl 04 !Miami Orange Bowl (4)\nMiami, Florida 04 !Miami, Florida (4)[note 2]\n080187 !80,187\n[20]\n\n\n11 !XI\n000000001977-01-09-0000January 9, 1977\nOakland Raiders 02 !Oakland Raiders†\n(2, 1–1)\n3214 !32–14\nMinnesota Vikings 04 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(4, 0–4)\nRose Bowl 01 !Rose Bowl\nLos Angeles, California 03 !Pasadena, California (3)[note 1]\n103438 !103,438\n[21]\n\n\n12 !XII\n000000001978-01-15-0000January 15, 1978\nDallas Cowboys 04 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(4, 2–2)\n2710 !27–10\nDenver Broncos 01 !Denver Broncos†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 01 !Louisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 04 !New Orleans, Louisiana (4)\n076400 !76,400\n[22]\n\n\n13 !XIII\n000000001979-01-21-0000January 21, 1979\nPittsburgh Steelers 03 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(3, 3–0)\n3531 !35–31\nDallas Cowboys 05 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(5, 2–3)\nMiami Orange Bowl 05 !Miami Orange Bowl (5)\nMiami, Florida 05 !Miami, Florida (5)[note 2]\n079484 !79,484\n[23]\n\n\n14 !XIV\n000000001980-01-20-0000January 20, 1980\nPittsburgh Steelers 04 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(4, 4–0)\n3119 !31–19\nLos Angeles Rams 01 !Los Angeles Rams*\n(1, 0–1)\nRose Bowl 02 !Rose Bowl (2)\nLos Angeles, California 04 !Pasadena, California (4)[note 1]\n103985 !103,985\n[24]\n\n\n15 !XV\n000000001981-01-25-0000January 25, 1981\nOakland Raiders 03 !Oakland Raiders†\n(3, 2–1)\n2710 !27–10\nPhiladelphia Eagles 01 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 02 !Louisiana Superdome (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 05 !New Orleans, Louisiana (5)\n076135 !76,135\n[25]\n\n\n16 !XVI\n000000001982-01-24-0000January 24, 1982\nSan Francisco 49ers 01 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(1, 1–0)\n2621 !26–21\nCincinnati Bengals 01 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(1, 0–1)\nPontiac Silverdome 01 !Pontiac Silverdome\nDetroit, Michigan 01 !Pontiac, Michigan[note 1]\n081270 !81,270\n[26]\n\n\n17 !XVII\n000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983\nWashington Redskins 02 !Washington Redskins*\n(2, 1–1)\n2717 !27–17\nMiami Dolphins 04 !Miami Dolphins†\n(4, 2–2)\nRose Bowl 03 !Rose Bowl (3)\nLos Angeles, California 05 !Pasadena, California (5)[note 1]\n103667 !103,667\n[27]\n\n\n18 !XVIII\n000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984\nOakland Raiders 04 !Los Angeles Raiders†\n(4, 3–1)\n3809 !38–9 \nWashington Redskins 03 !Washington Redskins*\n(3, 1–2)\nTampa Stadium 01 !Tampa Stadium\nTampa, Florida 01 !Tampa, Florida\n072920 !72,920\n[28]\n\n\n19 !XIX\n000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985\nSan Francisco 49ers 02 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(2, 2–0)\n3816 !38–16\nMiami Dolphins 05 !Miami Dolphins†\n(5, 2–3)\nStanford Stadium 01 !Stanford Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 01 !Stanford, California[note 1]\n084059 !84,059\n[29]\n\n\n20 !XX\n000000001986-01-26-0000January 26, 1986\nChicago Bears 01 !Chicago Bears*\n(1, 1–0)\n4610 !46–10\nNew England Patriots 01 !New England Patriots†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 03 !Louisiana Superdome (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 06 !New Orleans, Louisiana (6)\n073818 !73,818\n[30]\n\n\n21 !XXI\n000000001987-01-25-0000January 25, 1987\nNew York Giants 01 !New York Giants*\n(1, 1–0)\n3920 !39–20\nDenver Broncos 02 !Denver Broncos†\n(2, 0–2)\nRose Bowl 04 !Rose Bowl (4)\nLos Angeles, California 06 !Pasadena, California (6)[note 1]\n101063 !101,063\n[31]\n\n\n22 !XXII\n000000001988-01-31-0000January 31, 1988\nWashington Redskins 04 !Washington Redskins*\n(4, 2–2)\n4210 !42–10\nDenver Broncos 03 !Denver Broncos†\n(3, 0–3)\nQualcomm Stadium 01 !San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 01 !San Diego, California\n073302 !73,302\n[32]\n\n\n23 !XXIII\n000000001989-01-22-0000January 22, 1989\nSan Francisco 49ers 03 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(3, 3–0)\n2016 !20–16\nCincinnati Bengals 02 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(2, 0–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 01 !Joe Robbie Stadium[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 06 !Miami Gardens, Florida (6)[note 2]\n075129 !75,129\n[33]\n\n\n24 !XXIV\n000000001990-01-28-0000January 28, 1990\nSan Francisco 49ers 04 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(4, 4–0)\n5510 !55–10\nDenver Broncos 04 !Denver Broncos†\n(4, 0–4)\nLouisiana Superdome 04 !Louisiana Superdome (4)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 07 !New Orleans, Louisiana (7)\n072919 !72,919\n[34]\n\n\n25 !XXV\n000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991\nNew York Giants 02 !New York Giants*\n(2, 2–0)\n2019 !20–19\nBuffalo Bills 01 !Buffalo Bills†\n(1, 0–1)\nTampa Stadium 02 !Tampa Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 02 !Tampa, Florida (2)\n073813 !73,813\n[35]\n\n\n26 !XXVI\n000000001992-01-26-0000January 26, 1992\nWashington Redskins 05 !Washington Redskins*\n(5, 3–2)\n3724 !37–24\nBuffalo Bills 02 !Buffalo Bills†\n(2, 0–2)\nMetrodome 01 !Metrodome\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 01 !Minneapolis, Minnesota\n063130 !63,130\n[36]\n\n\n27 !XXVII\n000000001993-01-31-0000January 31, 1993\nDallas Cowboys 06 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(6, 3–3)\n5217 !52–17\nBuffalo Bills 03 !Buffalo Bills†\n(3, 0–3)\nRose Bowl 05 !Rose Bowl (5)\nLos Angeles, California 07 !Pasadena, California (7)[note 1]\n098374 !98,374\n[37]\n\n\n28 !XXVIII\n000000001994-01-30-0000January 30, 1994\nDallas Cowboys 07 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(7, 4–3)\n3013 !30–13\nBuffalo Bills 04 !Buffalo Bills†\n(4, 0–4)\nGeorgia Dome 01 !Georgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia 01 !Atlanta, Georgia\n072817 !72,817\n[38]\n\n\n29 !XXIX\n000000001995-01-29-0000January 29, 1995\nSan Francisco 49ers 05 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(5, 5–0)\n4926 !49–26\nSan Diego Chargers 01 !San Diego Chargers†\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 02 !Joe Robbie Stadium (2)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 07 !Miami Gardens, Florida (7)[note 2]\n074107 !74,107\n[39]\n\n\n30 !XXX\n000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996\nDallas Cowboys 08 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(8, 5–3)\n2717 !27–17\nPittsburgh Steelers 05 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(5, 4–1)\nSun Devil Stadium 01 !Sun Devil Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 01 !Tempe, Arizona[note 1]\n076347 !76,347\n[40]\n\n\n31 !XXXI\n000000001997-01-26-0000January 26, 1997\nGreen Bay Packers 03 !Green Bay Packers*\n(3, 3–0)\n3521 !35–21\nNew England Patriots 02 !New England Patriots†\n(2, 0–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 05 !Louisiana Superdome (5)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 08 !New Orleans, Louisiana (8)\n072301 !72,301\n[41]\n\n\n32 !XXXII\n000000001998-01-25-0000January 25, 1998\nDenver Broncos 05 !Denver Broncos†\n(5, 1–4)\n3124 !31–24\nGreen Bay Packers 04 !Green Bay Packers*\n(4, 3–1)\nQualcomm Stadium 02 !Qualcomm Stadium (2)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 02 !San Diego, California (2)\n068912 !68,912\n[42]\n\n\n33 !XXXIII\n000000001999-01-31-0000January 31, 1999\nDenver Broncos 06 !Denver Broncos†\n(6, 2–4)\n3419 !34–19\nAtlanta Falcons 01 !Atlanta Falcons*\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 03 !Pro Player Stadium (3)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 08 !Miami Gardens, Florida (8)[note 2]\n074803 !74,803\n[43]\n\n\n34 !XXXIV\n000000002000-01-30-0000January 30, 2000\nLos Angeles Rams 02 !St. Louis Rams*\n(2, 1–1)\n2316 !23–16\nTennessee Titans 01 !Tennessee Titans†\n(1, 0–1)\nGeorgia Dome 02 !Georgia Dome (2)\nAtlanta, Georgia 02 !Atlanta, Georgia (2)\n072625 !72,625\n[44]\n\n\n35 !XXXV\n000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001\nBaltimore Ravens 01 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(1, 1–0)\n3407 !34–7 \nNew York Giants 03 !New York Giants*\n(3, 2–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 01 !Raymond James Stadium\nTampa, Florida 03 !Tampa, Florida (3)\n071921 !71,921\n[45]\n\n\n36 !XXXVI\n000000002002-02-03-0000February 3, 2002\nNew England Patriots 03 !New England Patriots†\n(3, 1–2)\n2017 !20–17\nLos Angeles Rams 03 !St. Louis Rams*\n(3, 1–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 06 !Louisiana Superdome (6)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 09 !New Orleans, Louisiana (9)\n072922 !72,922\n[46]\n\n\n37 !XXXVII\n000000002003-01-26-0000January 26, 2003\nTampa Bay Buccaneers 01 !Tampa Bay Buccaneers*\n(1, 1–0)\n4821 !48–21\nOakland Raiders 05 !Oakland Raiders†\n(5, 3–2)\nQualcomm Stadium 03 !Qualcomm Stadium (3)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 03 !San Diego, California (3)\n067603 !67,603\n[47]\n\n\n38 !XXXVIII\n000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004\nNew England Patriots 04 !New England Patriots†\n(4, 2–2)\n3229 !32–29\nCarolina Panthers 01 !Carolina Panthers*\n(1, 0–1)\nNRG Stadium 01 !Reliant Stadium[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 02 !Houston, Texas (2)\n071525 !71,525\n[48]\n\n\n39 !XXXIX\n000000002005-02-06-0000February 6, 2005\nNew England Patriots 05 !New England Patriots†\n(5, 3–2)\n2421 !24–21\nPhiladelphia Eagles 02 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(2, 0–2)\nALLTEL Stadium 01 !Alltel Stadium\nJacksonville, Florida 01 !Jacksonville, Florida\n078125 !78,125\n[49]\n\n\n40 !XL\n000000002006-02-05-0000February 5, 2006\nPittsburgh Steelers 06 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(6, 5–1)\n2110 !21–10\nSeattle Seahawks 01 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(1, 0–1)\nFord Field 01 !Ford Field\nDetroit, Michigan 02 !Detroit, Michigan (2)[note 1]\n068206 !68,206\n[50]\n\n\n41 !XLI\n000000002007-02-04-0000February 4, 2007\nIndianapolis Colts 03 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(3, 2–1)\n2917 !29–17\nChicago Bears 02 !Chicago Bears*\n(2, 1–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 04 !Dolphin Stadium (4)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 09 !Miami Gardens, Florida (9)[note 2]\n074512 !74,512\n[51]\n\n\n42 !XLII\n000000002008-02-03-0000February 3, 2008\nNew York Giants 04 !New York Giants*\n(4, 3–1)\n1714 !17–14\nNew England Patriots 06 !New England Patriots†\n(6, 3–3)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 01 !University of Phoenix Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 02 !Glendale, Arizona (2)[note 1]\n071101 !71,101\n[52]\n\n\n43 !XLIII\n000000002009-02-01-0000February 1, 2009\nPittsburgh Steelers 07 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(7, 6–1)\n2723 !27–23\nArizona Cardinals 01 !Arizona Cardinals*\n(1, 0–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 02 !Raymond James Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 04 !Tampa, Florida (4)\n070774 !70,774\n[53]\n\n\n44 !XLIV\n000000002010-02-07-0000February 7, 2010\nNew Orleans Saints 01 !New Orleans Saints*\n(1, 1–0)\n3117 !31–17\nIndianapolis Colts 04 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(4, 2–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 05 !Sun Life Stadium (5)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 10 !Miami Gardens, Florida (10)[note 2]\n074059 !74,059\n[54]\n\n\n45 !XLV\n000000002011-02-06-0000February 6, 2011\nGreen Bay Packers 05 !Green Bay Packers*\n(5, 4–1)\n3125 !31–25\nPittsburgh Steelers 08 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(8, 6–2)\nCowboys Stadium 01 !Cowboys Stadium\nArlington, Texas 01 !Arlington, Texas\n103219 !103,219\n[55]\n\n\n46 !XLVI\n000000002012-02-05-0000February 5, 2012\nNew York Giants 05 !New York Giants*\n(5, 4–1)\n2117 !21–17\nNew England Patriots 07 !New England Patriots†\n(7, 3–4)\nLucas Oil Stadium 01 !Lucas Oil Stadium\nIndianapolis, Indiana 01 !Indianapolis, Indiana\n068658 !68,658\n[56][57]\n\n\n47 !XLVII\n000000002013-02-03-0000February 3, 2013\nBaltimore Ravens 02 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(2, 2–0)\n3431 !34–31\nSan Francisco 49ers 06 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(6, 5–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 07 !Mercedes-Benz Superdome (7)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 10 !New Orleans, Louisiana (10)\n071024 !71,024\n[56][58]\n\n\n48 !XLVIII\n000000002014-02-02-0000February 2, 2014\nSeattle Seahawks 02 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(2, 1–1)\n4308 !43–8\nDenver Broncos 07 !Denver Broncos†\n(7, 2–5)\nMetLife Stadium 01 !MetLife Stadium\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey 01 !East Rutherford, New Jersey\n082529 !82,529\n[59]\n\n\n49 !XLIX\n000000002015-02-01-0000February 1, 2015\nNew England Patriots 08 !New England Patriots†\n(8, 4–4)\n2824 !28–24\nSeattle Seahawks 03 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(3, 1–2)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 02 !University of Phoenix Stadium (2)\nPhoenix, Arizona 03 !Glendale, Arizona (3)[note 1]\n070288 !70,288\n[60][61]\n\n\n50 !50 [note 4]\n000000002016-02-07-0000February 7, 2016\nDenver Broncos 08 !Denver Broncos†\n(8, 3–5)\n2410 !24–10\nCarolina Panthers 02 !Carolina Panthers*\n(2, 0–2)\nLevi's Stadium 01 !Levi's Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 02 !Santa Clara, California (2)[note 1]\n071088 !71,088\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n51 !LI\n000000002017-02-05-0000February 5, 2017\nNew England Patriots 09 !New England Patriots†\n(9, 5–4)\n3428 !34–28 (OT)\nAtlanta Falcons 02 !Atlanta Falcons*\n(2, 0–2)\nNRG Stadium 02 !NRG Stadium (2)[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 03 !Houston, Texas (3)\n070807 !70,807\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n52 !LII\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4, 2018\nPhiladelphia Eagles 03 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(3, 1–2)\n4133 !41–33\nNew England Patriots 10 !New England Patriots†\n(10, 5–5)\nU.S. Bank Stadium 01 !U.S. Bank Stadium\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 02 !Minneapolis, Minnesota (2)\n067612 !67,612\n[64][65]\n\n\n53 !LIII\n000000002019-02-03-0000February 3, 2019 [note 5]\nX 2019 !2018–19 AFC champion† at 2018–19 NFC champion*\n0019 !—\nX 2019 !To be determined (TBD)\nMercedes-Benz Stadium 01 !Mercedes-Benz Stadium\nAtlanta, Georgia 03 !Atlanta, Georgia (3)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n54 !LIV\n000000002020-02-02-0000February 2, 2020 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2019–20 NFC champion* at 2019–20 AFC champion†\n0020 !—\nX 2020 !To be determined\nHard Rock Stadium 06 !Hard Rock Stadium (6)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 11 !Miami Gardens, Florida (11)[note 2]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n55 !LV\n000000002021-02-07-0000February 7, 2021 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2020–21 AFC champion† at 2020–21 NFC champion*\n0021 !—\nX 2021 !To be determined\nRaymond James Stadium 03 !Raymond James Stadium (3)\nTampa, Florida 05 !Tampa, Florida (5)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n56 !LVI\n000000002022-02-06-0000February 6, 2022 [note 5]\nX 2021 !2021–22 NFC champion† at 2021–22 AFC champion*\n0022 !—\nX 2022 !To be determined\nCity of Champions Stadium 01 !Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park\nLos Angeles, California 08 !Inglewood, California (8)[note 1]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n",
"\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n\n\n01 !I\n000000001967-01-15-0000January 15, 1967\nGreen Bay Packers 01 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(1, 1–0)\n3510 !35–10\nKansas City Chiefs 01 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum\nLos Angeles, California 01 !Los Angeles, California[note 1]\n061946 !61,946\n[11]\n\n\n02 !II\n000000001968-01-14-0000January 14, 1968\nGreen Bay Packers 02 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(2, 2–0)\n3314 !33–14\nOakland Raiders 01 !Oakland Raiders^\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 01 !Miami Orange Bowl\nMiami, Florida 01 !Miami, Florida[note 2]\n075546 !75,546\n[12]\n\n\n03 !III\n000000001969-01-12-0000January 12, 1969\nNew York Jets 01 !New York Jets^\n(1, 1–0)\n1607 !16–7 \nIndianapolis Colts 01 !Baltimore Colts‡\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 02 !Miami Orange Bowl (2)\nMiami, Florida 02 !Miami, Florida (2)[note 2]\n075389 !75,389\n[13]\n\n\n04 !IV\n000000001970-01-11-0000January 11, 1970\nKansas City Chiefs 02 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(2, 1–1)\n2307 !23–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 01 !Minnesota Vikings‡\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 01 !Tulane Stadium\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 01 !New Orleans, Louisiana\n080562 !80,562\n[14]\n\n\n05 !V\n000000001971-01-17-0000January 17, 1971\nIndianapolis Colts 02 !Baltimore Colts†\n(2, 1–1)\n1613 !16–13 \nDallas Cowboys 01 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 03 !Miami Orange Bowl (3)\nMiami, Florida 03 !Miami, Florida (3)[note 2]\n079204 !79,204\n[15]\n\n\n06 !VI\n000000001972-01-16-0000January 16, 1972\nDallas Cowboys 02 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(2, 1–1)\n2403 !24–3 \nMiami Dolphins 01 !Miami Dolphins†\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 02 !Tulane Stadium (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 02 !New Orleans, Louisiana (2)\n081023 !81,023\n[16]\n\n\n07 !VII\n000000001973-01-14-0000January 14, 1973\nMiami Dolphins 02 !Miami Dolphins†\n(2, 1–1)\n1407 !14–7 \nWashington Redskins 01 !Washington Redskins*\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (2)\nLos Angeles, California 02 !Los Angeles, California (2)[note 1]\n090182 !90,182\n[17]\n\n\n08 !VIII\n000000001974-01-13-0000January 13, 1974\nMiami Dolphins 03 !Miami Dolphins†\n(3, 2–1)\n2407 !24–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 02 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(2, 0–2)\nRice Stadium 01 !Rice Stadium\nHouston, Texas 01 !Houston, Texas\n071882 !71,882\n[18]\n\n\n09 !IX\n000000001975-01-12-0000January 12, 1975\nPittsburgh Steelers 01 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(1, 1–0)\n1606 !16–6 \nMinnesota Vikings 03 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(3, 0–3)\nTulane Stadium 03 !Tulane Stadium (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 03 !New Orleans, Louisiana (3)\n080997 !80,997\n[19]\n\n\n10 !X\n000000001976-01-18-0000January 18, 1976\nPittsburgh Steelers 02 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(2, 2–0)\n2117 !21–17\nDallas Cowboys 03 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(3, 1–2)\nMiami Orange Bowl 04 !Miami Orange Bowl (4)\nMiami, Florida 04 !Miami, Florida (4)[note 2]\n080187 !80,187\n[20]\n\n\n11 !XI\n000000001977-01-09-0000January 9, 1977\nOakland Raiders 02 !Oakland Raiders†\n(2, 1–1)\n3214 !32–14\nMinnesota Vikings 04 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(4, 0–4)\nRose Bowl 01 !Rose Bowl\nLos Angeles, California 03 !Pasadena, California (3)[note 1]\n103438 !103,438\n[21]\n\n\n12 !XII\n000000001978-01-15-0000January 15, 1978\nDallas Cowboys 04 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(4, 2–2)\n2710 !27–10\nDenver Broncos 01 !Denver Broncos†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 01 !Louisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 04 !New Orleans, Louisiana (4)\n076400 !76,400\n[22]\n\n\n13 !XIII\n000000001979-01-21-0000January 21, 1979\nPittsburgh Steelers 03 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(3, 3–0)\n3531 !35–31\nDallas Cowboys 05 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(5, 2–3)\nMiami Orange Bowl 05 !Miami Orange Bowl (5)\nMiami, Florida 05 !Miami, Florida (5)[note 2]\n079484 !79,484\n[23]\n\n\n14 !XIV\n000000001980-01-20-0000January 20, 1980\nPittsburgh Steelers 04 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(4, 4–0)\n3119 !31–19\nLos Angeles Rams 01 !Los Angeles Rams*\n(1, 0–1)\nRose Bowl 02 !Rose Bowl (2)\nLos Angeles, California 04 !Pasadena, California (4)[note 1]\n103985 !103,985\n[24]\n\n\n15 !XV\n000000001981-01-25-0000January 25, 1981\nOakland Raiders 03 !Oakland Raiders†\n(3, 2–1)\n2710 !27–10\nPhiladelphia Eagles 01 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 02 !Louisiana Superdome (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 05 !New Orleans, Louisiana (5)\n076135 !76,135\n[25]\n\n\n16 !XVI\n000000001982-01-24-0000January 24, 1982\nSan Francisco 49ers 01 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(1, 1–0)\n2621 !26–21\nCincinnati Bengals 01 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(1, 0–1)\nPontiac Silverdome 01 !Pontiac Silverdome\nDetroit, Michigan 01 !Pontiac, Michigan[note 1]\n081270 !81,270\n[26]\n\n\n17 !XVII\n000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983\nWashington Redskins 02 !Washington Redskins*\n(2, 1–1)\n2717 !27–17\nMiami Dolphins 04 !Miami Dolphins†\n(4, 2–2)\nRose Bowl 03 !Rose Bowl (3)\nLos Angeles, California 05 !Pasadena, California (5)[note 1]\n103667 !103,667\n[27]\n\n\n18 !XVIII\n000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984\nOakland Raiders 04 !Los Angeles Raiders†\n(4, 3–1)\n3809 !38–9 \nWashington Redskins 03 !Washington Redskins*\n(3, 1–2)\nTampa Stadium 01 !Tampa Stadium\nTampa, Florida 01 !Tampa, Florida\n072920 !72,920\n[28]\n\n\n19 !XIX\n000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985\nSan Francisco 49ers 02 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(2, 2–0)\n3816 !38–16\nMiami Dolphins 05 !Miami Dolphins†\n(5, 2–3)\nStanford Stadium 01 !Stanford Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 01 !Stanford, California[note 1]\n084059 !84,059\n[29]\n\n\n20 !XX\n000000001986-01-26-0000January 26, 1986\nChicago Bears 01 !Chicago Bears*\n(1, 1–0)\n4610 !46–10\nNew England Patriots 01 !New England Patriots†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 03 !Louisiana Superdome (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 06 !New Orleans, Louisiana (6)\n073818 !73,818\n[30]\n\n\n21 !XXI\n000000001987-01-25-0000January 25, 1987\nNew York Giants 01 !New York Giants*\n(1, 1–0)\n3920 !39–20\nDenver Broncos 02 !Denver Broncos†\n(2, 0–2)\nRose Bowl 04 !Rose Bowl (4)\nLos Angeles, California 06 !Pasadena, California (6)[note 1]\n101063 !101,063\n[31]\n\n\n22 !XXII\n000000001988-01-31-0000January 31, 1988\nWashington Redskins 04 !Washington Redskins*\n(4, 2–2)\n4210 !42–10\nDenver Broncos 03 !Denver Broncos†\n(3, 0–3)\nQualcomm Stadium 01 !San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 01 !San Diego, California\n073302 !73,302\n[32]\n\n\n23 !XXIII\n000000001989-01-22-0000January 22, 1989\nSan Francisco 49ers 03 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(3, 3–0)\n2016 !20–16\nCincinnati Bengals 02 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(2, 0–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 01 !Joe Robbie Stadium[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 06 !Miami Gardens, Florida (6)[note 2]\n075129 !75,129\n[33]\n\n\n24 !XXIV\n000000001990-01-28-0000January 28, 1990\nSan Francisco 49ers 04 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(4, 4–0)\n5510 !55–10\nDenver Broncos 04 !Denver Broncos†\n(4, 0–4)\nLouisiana Superdome 04 !Louisiana Superdome (4)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 07 !New Orleans, Louisiana (7)\n072919 !72,919\n[34]\n\n\n25 !XXV\n000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991\nNew York Giants 02 !New York Giants*\n(2, 2–0)\n2019 !20–19\nBuffalo Bills 01 !Buffalo Bills†\n(1, 0–1)\nTampa Stadium 02 !Tampa Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 02 !Tampa, Florida (2)\n073813 !73,813\n[35]\n\n\n26 !XXVI\n000000001992-01-26-0000January 26, 1992\nWashington Redskins 05 !Washington Redskins*\n(5, 3–2)\n3724 !37–24\nBuffalo Bills 02 !Buffalo Bills†\n(2, 0–2)\nMetrodome 01 !Metrodome\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 01 !Minneapolis, Minnesota\n063130 !63,130\n[36]\n\n\n27 !XXVII\n000000001993-01-31-0000January 31, 1993\nDallas Cowboys 06 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(6, 3–3)\n5217 !52–17\nBuffalo Bills 03 !Buffalo Bills†\n(3, 0–3)\nRose Bowl 05 !Rose Bowl (5)\nLos Angeles, California 07 !Pasadena, California (7)[note 1]\n098374 !98,374\n[37]\n\n\n28 !XXVIII\n000000001994-01-30-0000January 30, 1994\nDallas Cowboys 07 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(7, 4–3)\n3013 !30–13\nBuffalo Bills 04 !Buffalo Bills†\n(4, 0–4)\nGeorgia Dome 01 !Georgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia 01 !Atlanta, Georgia\n072817 !72,817\n[38]\n\n\n29 !XXIX\n000000001995-01-29-0000January 29, 1995\nSan Francisco 49ers 05 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(5, 5–0)\n4926 !49–26\nSan Diego Chargers 01 !San Diego Chargers†\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 02 !Joe Robbie Stadium (2)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 07 !Miami Gardens, Florida (7)[note 2]\n074107 !74,107\n[39]\n\n\n30 !XXX\n000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996\nDallas Cowboys 08 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(8, 5–3)\n2717 !27–17\nPittsburgh Steelers 05 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(5, 4–1)\nSun Devil Stadium 01 !Sun Devil Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 01 !Tempe, Arizona[note 1]\n076347 !76,347\n[40]\n\n\n31 !XXXI\n000000001997-01-26-0000January 26, 1997\nGreen Bay Packers 03 !Green Bay Packers*\n(3, 3–0)\n3521 !35–21\nNew England Patriots 02 !New England Patriots†\n(2, 0–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 05 !Louisiana Superdome (5)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 08 !New Orleans, Louisiana (8)\n072301 !72,301\n[41]\n\n\n32 !XXXII\n000000001998-01-25-0000January 25, 1998\nDenver Broncos 05 !Denver Broncos†\n(5, 1–4)\n3124 !31–24\nGreen Bay Packers 04 !Green Bay Packers*\n(4, 3–1)\nQualcomm Stadium 02 !Qualcomm Stadium (2)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 02 !San Diego, California (2)\n068912 !68,912\n[42]\n\n\n33 !XXXIII\n000000001999-01-31-0000January 31, 1999\nDenver Broncos 06 !Denver Broncos†\n(6, 2–4)\n3419 !34–19\nAtlanta Falcons 01 !Atlanta Falcons*\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 03 !Pro Player Stadium (3)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 08 !Miami Gardens, Florida (8)[note 2]\n074803 !74,803\n[43]\n\n\n34 !XXXIV\n000000002000-01-30-0000January 30, 2000\nLos Angeles Rams 02 !St. Louis Rams*\n(2, 1–1)\n2316 !23–16\nTennessee Titans 01 !Tennessee Titans†\n(1, 0–1)\nGeorgia Dome 02 !Georgia Dome (2)\nAtlanta, Georgia 02 !Atlanta, Georgia (2)\n072625 !72,625\n[44]\n\n\n35 !XXXV\n000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001\nBaltimore Ravens 01 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(1, 1–0)\n3407 !34–7 \nNew York Giants 03 !New York Giants*\n(3, 2–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 01 !Raymond James Stadium\nTampa, Florida 03 !Tampa, Florida (3)\n071921 !71,921\n[45]\n\n\n36 !XXXVI\n000000002002-02-03-0000February 3, 2002\nNew England Patriots 03 !New England Patriots†\n(3, 1–2)\n2017 !20–17\nLos Angeles Rams 03 !St. Louis Rams*\n(3, 1–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 06 !Louisiana Superdome (6)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 09 !New Orleans, Louisiana (9)\n072922 !72,922\n[46]\n\n\n37 !XXXVII\n000000002003-01-26-0000January 26, 2003\nTampa Bay Buccaneers 01 !Tampa Bay Buccaneers*\n(1, 1–0)\n4821 !48–21\nOakland Raiders 05 !Oakland Raiders†\n(5, 3–2)\nQualcomm Stadium 03 !Qualcomm Stadium (3)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 03 !San Diego, California (3)\n067603 !67,603\n[47]\n\n\n38 !XXXVIII\n000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004\nNew England Patriots 04 !New England Patriots†\n(4, 2–2)\n3229 !32–29\nCarolina Panthers 01 !Carolina Panthers*\n(1, 0–1)\nNRG Stadium 01 !Reliant Stadium[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 02 !Houston, Texas (2)\n071525 !71,525\n[48]\n\n\n39 !XXXIX\n000000002005-02-06-0000February 6, 2005\nNew England Patriots 05 !New England Patriots†\n(5, 3–2)\n2421 !24–21\nPhiladelphia Eagles 02 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(2, 0–2)\nALLTEL Stadium 01 !Alltel Stadium\nJacksonville, Florida 01 !Jacksonville, Florida\n078125 !78,125\n[49]\n\n\n40 !XL\n000000002006-02-05-0000February 5, 2006\nPittsburgh Steelers 06 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(6, 5–1)\n2110 !21–10\nSeattle Seahawks 01 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(1, 0–1)\nFord Field 01 !Ford Field\nDetroit, Michigan 02 !Detroit, Michigan (2)[note 1]\n068206 !68,206\n[50]\n\n\n41 !XLI\n000000002007-02-04-0000February 4, 2007\nIndianapolis Colts 03 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(3, 2–1)\n2917 !29–17\nChicago Bears 02 !Chicago Bears*\n(2, 1–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 04 !Dolphin Stadium (4)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 09 !Miami Gardens, Florida (9)[note 2]\n074512 !74,512\n[51]\n\n\n42 !XLII\n000000002008-02-03-0000February 3, 2008\nNew York Giants 04 !New York Giants*\n(4, 3–1)\n1714 !17–14\nNew England Patriots 06 !New England Patriots†\n(6, 3–3)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 01 !University of Phoenix Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 02 !Glendale, Arizona (2)[note 1]\n071101 !71,101\n[52]\n\n\n43 !XLIII\n000000002009-02-01-0000February 1, 2009\nPittsburgh Steelers 07 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(7, 6–1)\n2723 !27–23\nArizona Cardinals 01 !Arizona Cardinals*\n(1, 0–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 02 !Raymond James Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 04 !Tampa, Florida (4)\n070774 !70,774\n[53]\n\n\n44 !XLIV\n000000002010-02-07-0000February 7, 2010\nNew Orleans Saints 01 !New Orleans Saints*\n(1, 1–0)\n3117 !31–17\nIndianapolis Colts 04 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(4, 2–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 05 !Sun Life Stadium (5)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 10 !Miami Gardens, Florida (10)[note 2]\n074059 !74,059\n[54]\n\n\n45 !XLV\n000000002011-02-06-0000February 6, 2011\nGreen Bay Packers 05 !Green Bay Packers*\n(5, 4–1)\n3125 !31–25\nPittsburgh Steelers 08 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(8, 6–2)\nCowboys Stadium 01 !Cowboys Stadium\nArlington, Texas 01 !Arlington, Texas\n103219 !103,219\n[55]\n\n\n46 !XLVI\n000000002012-02-05-0000February 5, 2012\nNew York Giants 05 !New York Giants*\n(5, 4–1)\n2117 !21–17\nNew England Patriots 07 !New England Patriots†\n(7, 3–4)\nLucas Oil Stadium 01 !Lucas Oil Stadium\nIndianapolis, Indiana 01 !Indianapolis, Indiana\n068658 !68,658\n[56][57]\n\n\n47 !XLVII\n000000002013-02-03-0000February 3, 2013\nBaltimore Ravens 02 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(2, 2–0)\n3431 !34–31\nSan Francisco 49ers 06 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(6, 5–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 07 !Mercedes-Benz Superdome (7)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 10 !New Orleans, Louisiana (10)\n071024 !71,024\n[56][58]\n\n\n48 !XLVIII\n000000002014-02-02-0000February 2, 2014\nSeattle Seahawks 02 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(2, 1–1)\n4308 !43–8\nDenver Broncos 07 !Denver Broncos†\n(7, 2–5)\nMetLife Stadium 01 !MetLife Stadium\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey 01 !East Rutherford, New Jersey\n082529 !82,529\n[59]\n\n\n49 !XLIX\n000000002015-02-01-0000February 1, 2015\nNew England Patriots 08 !New England Patriots†\n(8, 4–4)\n2824 !28–24\nSeattle Seahawks 03 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(3, 1–2)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 02 !University of Phoenix Stadium (2)\nPhoenix, Arizona 03 !Glendale, Arizona (3)[note 1]\n070288 !70,288\n[60][61]\n\n\n50 !50 [note 4]\n000000002016-02-07-0000February 7, 2016\nDenver Broncos 08 !Denver Broncos†\n(8, 3–5)\n2410 !24–10\nCarolina Panthers 02 !Carolina Panthers*\n(2, 0–2)\nLevi's Stadium 01 !Levi's Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 02 !Santa Clara, California (2)[note 1]\n071088 !71,088\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n51 !LI\n000000002017-02-05-0000February 5, 2017\nNew England Patriots 09 !New England Patriots†\n(9, 5–4)\n3428 !34–28 (OT)\nAtlanta Falcons 02 !Atlanta Falcons*\n(2, 0–2)\nNRG Stadium 02 !NRG Stadium (2)[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 03 !Houston, Texas (3)\n070807 !70,807\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n52 !LII\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4, 2018\nPhiladelphia Eagles 03 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(3, 1–2)\n4133 !41–33\nNew England Patriots 10 !New England Patriots†\n(10, 5–5)\nU.S. Bank Stadium 01 !U.S. Bank Stadium\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 02 !Minneapolis, Minnesota (2)\n067612 !67,612\n[64][65]\n\n\n53 !LIII\n000000002019-02-03-0000February 3, 2019 [note 5]\nX 2019 !2018–19 AFC champion† at 2018–19 NFC champion*\n0019 !—\nX 2019 !To be determined (TBD)\nMercedes-Benz Stadium 01 !Mercedes-Benz Stadium\nAtlanta, Georgia 03 !Atlanta, Georgia (3)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n54 !LIV\n000000002020-02-02-0000February 2, 2020 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2019–20 NFC champion* at 2019–20 AFC champion†\n0020 !—\nX 2020 !To be determined\nHard Rock Stadium 06 !Hard Rock Stadium (6)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 11 !Miami Gardens, Florida (11)[note 2]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n55 !LV\n000000002021-02-07-0000February 7, 2021 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2020–21 AFC champion† at 2020–21 NFC champion*\n0021 !—\nX 2021 !To be determined\nRaymond James Stadium 03 !Raymond James Stadium (3)\nTampa, Florida 05 !Tampa, Florida (5)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n56 !LVI\n000000002022-02-06-0000February 6, 2022 [note 5]\nX 2021 !2021–22 NFC champion† at 2021–22 AFC champion*\n0022 !—\nX 2022 !To be determined\nCity of Champions Stadium 01 !Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park\nLos Angeles, California 08 !Inglewood, California (8)[note 1]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n",
"\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n\n\n01 !I\n000000001967-01-15-0000January 15, 1967\nGreen Bay Packers 01 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(1, 1–0)\n3510 !35–10\nKansas City Chiefs 01 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum\nLos Angeles, California 01 !Los Angeles, California[note 1]\n061946 !61,946\n[11]\n\n\n02 !II\n000000001968-01-14-0000January 14, 1968\nGreen Bay Packers 02 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(2, 2–0)\n3314 !33–14\nOakland Raiders 01 !Oakland Raiders^\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 01 !Miami Orange Bowl\nMiami, Florida 01 !Miami, Florida[note 2]\n075546 !75,546\n[12]\n\n\n03 !III\n000000001969-01-12-0000January 12, 1969\nNew York Jets 01 !New York Jets^\n(1, 1–0)\n1607 !16–7 \nIndianapolis Colts 01 !Baltimore Colts‡\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 02 !Miami Orange Bowl (2)\nMiami, Florida 02 !Miami, Florida (2)[note 2]\n075389 !75,389\n[13]\n\n\n04 !IV\n000000001970-01-11-0000January 11, 1970\nKansas City Chiefs 02 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(2, 1–1)\n2307 !23–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 01 !Minnesota Vikings‡\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 01 !Tulane Stadium\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 01 !New Orleans, Louisiana\n080562 !80,562\n[14]\n\n\n05 !V\n000000001971-01-17-0000January 17, 1971\nIndianapolis Colts 02 !Baltimore Colts†\n(2, 1–1)\n1613 !16–13 \nDallas Cowboys 01 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 03 !Miami Orange Bowl (3)\nMiami, Florida 03 !Miami, Florida (3)[note 2]\n079204 !79,204\n[15]\n\n\n06 !VI\n000000001972-01-16-0000January 16, 1972\nDallas Cowboys 02 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(2, 1–1)\n2403 !24–3 \nMiami Dolphins 01 !Miami Dolphins†\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 02 !Tulane Stadium (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 02 !New Orleans, Louisiana (2)\n081023 !81,023\n[16]\n\n\n07 !VII\n000000001973-01-14-0000January 14, 1973\nMiami Dolphins 02 !Miami Dolphins†\n(2, 1–1)\n1407 !14–7 \nWashington Redskins 01 !Washington Redskins*\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (2)\nLos Angeles, California 02 !Los Angeles, California (2)[note 1]\n090182 !90,182\n[17]\n\n\n08 !VIII\n000000001974-01-13-0000January 13, 1974\nMiami Dolphins 03 !Miami Dolphins†\n(3, 2–1)\n2407 !24–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 02 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(2, 0–2)\nRice Stadium 01 !Rice Stadium\nHouston, Texas 01 !Houston, Texas\n071882 !71,882\n[18]\n\n\n09 !IX\n000000001975-01-12-0000January 12, 1975\nPittsburgh Steelers 01 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(1, 1–0)\n1606 !16–6 \nMinnesota Vikings 03 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(3, 0–3)\nTulane Stadium 03 !Tulane Stadium (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 03 !New Orleans, Louisiana (3)\n080997 !80,997\n[19]\n\n\n10 !X\n000000001976-01-18-0000January 18, 1976\nPittsburgh Steelers 02 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(2, 2–0)\n2117 !21–17\nDallas Cowboys 03 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(3, 1–2)\nMiami Orange Bowl 04 !Miami Orange Bowl (4)\nMiami, Florida 04 !Miami, Florida (4)[note 2]\n080187 !80,187\n[20]\n\n\n11 !XI\n000000001977-01-09-0000January 9, 1977\nOakland Raiders 02 !Oakland Raiders†\n(2, 1–1)\n3214 !32–14\nMinnesota Vikings 04 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(4, 0–4)\nRose Bowl 01 !Rose Bowl\nLos Angeles, California 03 !Pasadena, California (3)[note 1]\n103438 !103,438\n[21]\n\n\n12 !XII\n000000001978-01-15-0000January 15, 1978\nDallas Cowboys 04 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(4, 2–2)\n2710 !27–10\nDenver Broncos 01 !Denver Broncos†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 01 !Louisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 04 !New Orleans, Louisiana (4)\n076400 !76,400\n[22]\n\n\n13 !XIII\n000000001979-01-21-0000January 21, 1979\nPittsburgh Steelers 03 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(3, 3–0)\n3531 !35–31\nDallas Cowboys 05 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(5, 2–3)\nMiami Orange Bowl 05 !Miami Orange Bowl (5)\nMiami, Florida 05 !Miami, Florida (5)[note 2]\n079484 !79,484\n[23]\n\n\n14 !XIV\n000000001980-01-20-0000January 20, 1980\nPittsburgh Steelers 04 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(4, 4–0)\n3119 !31–19\nLos Angeles Rams 01 !Los Angeles Rams*\n(1, 0–1)\nRose Bowl 02 !Rose Bowl (2)\nLos Angeles, California 04 !Pasadena, California (4)[note 1]\n103985 !103,985\n[24]\n\n\n15 !XV\n000000001981-01-25-0000January 25, 1981\nOakland Raiders 03 !Oakland Raiders†\n(3, 2–1)\n2710 !27–10\nPhiladelphia Eagles 01 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 02 !Louisiana Superdome (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 05 !New Orleans, Louisiana (5)\n076135 !76,135\n[25]\n\n\n16 !XVI\n000000001982-01-24-0000January 24, 1982\nSan Francisco 49ers 01 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(1, 1–0)\n2621 !26–21\nCincinnati Bengals 01 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(1, 0–1)\nPontiac Silverdome 01 !Pontiac Silverdome\nDetroit, Michigan 01 !Pontiac, Michigan[note 1]\n081270 !81,270\n[26]\n\n\n17 !XVII\n000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983\nWashington Redskins 02 !Washington Redskins*\n(2, 1–1)\n2717 !27–17\nMiami Dolphins 04 !Miami Dolphins†\n(4, 2–2)\nRose Bowl 03 !Rose Bowl (3)\nLos Angeles, California 05 !Pasadena, California (5)[note 1]\n103667 !103,667\n[27]\n\n\n18 !XVIII\n000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984\nOakland Raiders 04 !Los Angeles Raiders†\n(4, 3–1)\n3809 !38–9 \nWashington Redskins 03 !Washington Redskins*\n(3, 1–2)\nTampa Stadium 01 !Tampa Stadium\nTampa, Florida 01 !Tampa, Florida\n072920 !72,920\n[28]\n\n\n19 !XIX\n000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985\nSan Francisco 49ers 02 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(2, 2–0)\n3816 !38–16\nMiami Dolphins 05 !Miami Dolphins†\n(5, 2–3)\nStanford Stadium 01 !Stanford Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 01 !Stanford, California[note 1]\n084059 !84,059\n[29]\n\n\n20 !XX\n000000001986-01-26-0000January 26, 1986\nChicago Bears 01 !Chicago Bears*\n(1, 1–0)\n4610 !46–10\nNew England Patriots 01 !New England Patriots†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 03 !Louisiana Superdome (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 06 !New Orleans, Louisiana (6)\n073818 !73,818\n[30]\n\n\n21 !XXI\n000000001987-01-25-0000January 25, 1987\nNew York Giants 01 !New York Giants*\n(1, 1–0)\n3920 !39–20\nDenver Broncos 02 !Denver Broncos†\n(2, 0–2)\nRose Bowl 04 !Rose Bowl (4)\nLos Angeles, California 06 !Pasadena, California (6)[note 1]\n101063 !101,063\n[31]\n\n\n22 !XXII\n000000001988-01-31-0000January 31, 1988\nWashington Redskins 04 !Washington Redskins*\n(4, 2–2)\n4210 !42–10\nDenver Broncos 03 !Denver Broncos†\n(3, 0–3)\nQualcomm Stadium 01 !San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 01 !San Diego, California\n073302 !73,302\n[32]\n\n\n23 !XXIII\n000000001989-01-22-0000January 22, 1989\nSan Francisco 49ers 03 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(3, 3–0)\n2016 !20–16\nCincinnati Bengals 02 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(2, 0–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 01 !Joe Robbie Stadium[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 06 !Miami Gardens, Florida (6)[note 2]\n075129 !75,129\n[33]\n\n\n24 !XXIV\n000000001990-01-28-0000January 28, 1990\nSan Francisco 49ers 04 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(4, 4–0)\n5510 !55–10\nDenver Broncos 04 !Denver Broncos†\n(4, 0–4)\nLouisiana Superdome 04 !Louisiana Superdome (4)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 07 !New Orleans, Louisiana (7)\n072919 !72,919\n[34]\n\n\n25 !XXV\n000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991\nNew York Giants 02 !New York Giants*\n(2, 2–0)\n2019 !20–19\nBuffalo Bills 01 !Buffalo Bills†\n(1, 0–1)\nTampa Stadium 02 !Tampa Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 02 !Tampa, Florida (2)\n073813 !73,813\n[35]\n\n\n26 !XXVI\n000000001992-01-26-0000January 26, 1992\nWashington Redskins 05 !Washington Redskins*\n(5, 3–2)\n3724 !37–24\nBuffalo Bills 02 !Buffalo Bills†\n(2, 0–2)\nMetrodome 01 !Metrodome\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 01 !Minneapolis, Minnesota\n063130 !63,130\n[36]\n\n\n27 !XXVII\n000000001993-01-31-0000January 31, 1993\nDallas Cowboys 06 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(6, 3–3)\n5217 !52–17\nBuffalo Bills 03 !Buffalo Bills†\n(3, 0–3)\nRose Bowl 05 !Rose Bowl (5)\nLos Angeles, California 07 !Pasadena, California (7)[note 1]\n098374 !98,374\n[37]\n\n\n28 !XXVIII\n000000001994-01-30-0000January 30, 1994\nDallas Cowboys 07 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(7, 4–3)\n3013 !30–13\nBuffalo Bills 04 !Buffalo Bills†\n(4, 0–4)\nGeorgia Dome 01 !Georgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia 01 !Atlanta, Georgia\n072817 !72,817\n[38]\n\n\n29 !XXIX\n000000001995-01-29-0000January 29, 1995\nSan Francisco 49ers 05 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(5, 5–0)\n4926 !49–26\nSan Diego Chargers 01 !San Diego Chargers†\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 02 !Joe Robbie Stadium (2)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 07 !Miami Gardens, Florida (7)[note 2]\n074107 !74,107\n[39]\n\n\n30 !XXX\n000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996\nDallas Cowboys 08 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(8, 5–3)\n2717 !27–17\nPittsburgh Steelers 05 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(5, 4–1)\nSun Devil Stadium 01 !Sun Devil Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 01 !Tempe, Arizona[note 1]\n076347 !76,347\n[40]\n\n\n31 !XXXI\n000000001997-01-26-0000January 26, 1997\nGreen Bay Packers 03 !Green Bay Packers*\n(3, 3–0)\n3521 !35–21\nNew England Patriots 02 !New England Patriots†\n(2, 0–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 05 !Louisiana Superdome (5)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 08 !New Orleans, Louisiana (8)\n072301 !72,301\n[41]\n\n\n32 !XXXII\n000000001998-01-25-0000January 25, 1998\nDenver Broncos 05 !Denver Broncos†\n(5, 1–4)\n3124 !31–24\nGreen Bay Packers 04 !Green Bay Packers*\n(4, 3–1)\nQualcomm Stadium 02 !Qualcomm Stadium (2)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 02 !San Diego, California (2)\n068912 !68,912\n[42]\n\n\n33 !XXXIII\n000000001999-01-31-0000January 31, 1999\nDenver Broncos 06 !Denver Broncos†\n(6, 2–4)\n3419 !34–19\nAtlanta Falcons 01 !Atlanta Falcons*\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 03 !Pro Player Stadium (3)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 08 !Miami Gardens, Florida (8)[note 2]\n074803 !74,803\n[43]\n\n\n34 !XXXIV\n000000002000-01-30-0000January 30, 2000\nLos Angeles Rams 02 !St. Louis Rams*\n(2, 1–1)\n2316 !23–16\nTennessee Titans 01 !Tennessee Titans†\n(1, 0–1)\nGeorgia Dome 02 !Georgia Dome (2)\nAtlanta, Georgia 02 !Atlanta, Georgia (2)\n072625 !72,625\n[44]\n\n\n35 !XXXV\n000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001\nBaltimore Ravens 01 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(1, 1–0)\n3407 !34–7 \nNew York Giants 03 !New York Giants*\n(3, 2–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 01 !Raymond James Stadium\nTampa, Florida 03 !Tampa, Florida (3)\n071921 !71,921\n[45]\n\n\n36 !XXXVI\n000000002002-02-03-0000February 3, 2002\nNew England Patriots 03 !New England Patriots†\n(3, 1–2)\n2017 !20–17\nLos Angeles Rams 03 !St. Louis Rams*\n(3, 1–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 06 !Louisiana Superdome (6)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 09 !New Orleans, Louisiana (9)\n072922 !72,922\n[46]\n\n\n37 !XXXVII\n000000002003-01-26-0000January 26, 2003\nTampa Bay Buccaneers 01 !Tampa Bay Buccaneers*\n(1, 1–0)\n4821 !48–21\nOakland Raiders 05 !Oakland Raiders†\n(5, 3–2)\nQualcomm Stadium 03 !Qualcomm Stadium (3)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 03 !San Diego, California (3)\n067603 !67,603\n[47]\n\n\n38 !XXXVIII\n000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004\nNew England Patriots 04 !New England Patriots†\n(4, 2–2)\n3229 !32–29\nCarolina Panthers 01 !Carolina Panthers*\n(1, 0–1)\nNRG Stadium 01 !Reliant Stadium[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 02 !Houston, Texas (2)\n071525 !71,525\n[48]\n\n\n39 !XXXIX\n000000002005-02-06-0000February 6, 2005\nNew England Patriots 05 !New England Patriots†\n(5, 3–2)\n2421 !24–21\nPhiladelphia Eagles 02 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(2, 0–2)\nALLTEL Stadium 01 !Alltel Stadium\nJacksonville, Florida 01 !Jacksonville, Florida\n078125 !78,125\n[49]\n\n\n40 !XL\n000000002006-02-05-0000February 5, 2006\nPittsburgh Steelers 06 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(6, 5–1)\n2110 !21–10\nSeattle Seahawks 01 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(1, 0–1)\nFord Field 01 !Ford Field\nDetroit, Michigan 02 !Detroit, Michigan (2)[note 1]\n068206 !68,206\n[50]\n\n\n41 !XLI\n000000002007-02-04-0000February 4, 2007\nIndianapolis Colts 03 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(3, 2–1)\n2917 !29–17\nChicago Bears 02 !Chicago Bears*\n(2, 1–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 04 !Dolphin Stadium (4)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 09 !Miami Gardens, Florida (9)[note 2]\n074512 !74,512\n[51]\n\n\n42 !XLII\n000000002008-02-03-0000February 3, 2008\nNew York Giants 04 !New York Giants*\n(4, 3–1)\n1714 !17–14\nNew England Patriots 06 !New England Patriots†\n(6, 3–3)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 01 !University of Phoenix Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 02 !Glendale, Arizona (2)[note 1]\n071101 !71,101\n[52]\n\n\n43 !XLIII\n000000002009-02-01-0000February 1, 2009\nPittsburgh Steelers 07 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(7, 6–1)\n2723 !27–23\nArizona Cardinals 01 !Arizona Cardinals*\n(1, 0–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 02 !Raymond James Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 04 !Tampa, Florida (4)\n070774 !70,774\n[53]\n\n\n44 !XLIV\n000000002010-02-07-0000February 7, 2010\nNew Orleans Saints 01 !New Orleans Saints*\n(1, 1–0)\n3117 !31–17\nIndianapolis Colts 04 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(4, 2–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 05 !Sun Life Stadium (5)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 10 !Miami Gardens, Florida (10)[note 2]\n074059 !74,059\n[54]\n\n\n45 !XLV\n000000002011-02-06-0000February 6, 2011\nGreen Bay Packers 05 !Green Bay Packers*\n(5, 4–1)\n3125 !31–25\nPittsburgh Steelers 08 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(8, 6–2)\nCowboys Stadium 01 !Cowboys Stadium\nArlington, Texas 01 !Arlington, Texas\n103219 !103,219\n[55]\n\n\n46 !XLVI\n000000002012-02-05-0000February 5, 2012\nNew York Giants 05 !New York Giants*\n(5, 4–1)\n2117 !21–17\nNew England Patriots 07 !New England Patriots†\n(7, 3–4)\nLucas Oil Stadium 01 !Lucas Oil Stadium\nIndianapolis, Indiana 01 !Indianapolis, Indiana\n068658 !68,658\n[56][57]\n\n\n47 !XLVII\n000000002013-02-03-0000February 3, 2013\nBaltimore Ravens 02 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(2, 2–0)\n3431 !34–31\nSan Francisco 49ers 06 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(6, 5–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 07 !Mercedes-Benz Superdome (7)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 10 !New Orleans, Louisiana (10)\n071024 !71,024\n[56][58]\n\n\n48 !XLVIII\n000000002014-02-02-0000February 2, 2014\nSeattle Seahawks 02 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(2, 1–1)\n4308 !43–8\nDenver Broncos 07 !Denver Broncos†\n(7, 2–5)\nMetLife Stadium 01 !MetLife Stadium\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey 01 !East Rutherford, New Jersey\n082529 !82,529\n[59]\n\n\n49 !XLIX\n000000002015-02-01-0000February 1, 2015\nNew England Patriots 08 !New England Patriots†\n(8, 4–4)\n2824 !28–24\nSeattle Seahawks 03 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(3, 1–2)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 02 !University of Phoenix Stadium (2)\nPhoenix, Arizona 03 !Glendale, Arizona (3)[note 1]\n070288 !70,288\n[60][61]\n\n\n50 !50 [note 4]\n000000002016-02-07-0000February 7, 2016\nDenver Broncos 08 !Denver Broncos†\n(8, 3–5)\n2410 !24–10\nCarolina Panthers 02 !Carolina Panthers*\n(2, 0–2)\nLevi's Stadium 01 !Levi's Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 02 !Santa Clara, California (2)[note 1]\n071088 !71,088\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n51 !LI\n000000002017-02-05-0000February 5, 2017\nNew England Patriots 09 !New England Patriots†\n(9, 5–4)\n3428 !34–28 (OT)\nAtlanta Falcons 02 !Atlanta Falcons*\n(2, 0–2)\nNRG Stadium 02 !NRG Stadium (2)[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 03 !Houston, Texas (3)\n070807 !70,807\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n52 !LII\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4, 2018\nPhiladelphia Eagles 03 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(3, 1–2)\n4133 !41–33\nNew England Patriots 10 !New England Patriots†\n(10, 5–5)\nU.S. Bank Stadium 01 !U.S. Bank Stadium\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 02 !Minneapolis, Minnesota (2)\n067612 !67,612\n[64][65]\n\n\n53 !LIII\n000000002019-02-03-0000February 3, 2019 [note 5]\nX 2019 !2018–19 AFC champion† at 2018–19 NFC champion*\n0019 !—\nX 2019 !To be determined (TBD)\nMercedes-Benz Stadium 01 !Mercedes-Benz Stadium\nAtlanta, Georgia 03 !Atlanta, Georgia (3)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n54 !LIV\n000000002020-02-02-0000February 2, 2020 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2019–20 NFC champion* at 2019–20 AFC champion†\n0020 !—\nX 2020 !To be determined\nHard Rock Stadium 06 !Hard Rock Stadium (6)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 11 !Miami Gardens, Florida (11)[note 2]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n55 !LV\n000000002021-02-07-0000February 7, 2021 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2020–21 AFC champion† at 2020–21 NFC champion*\n0021 !—\nX 2021 !To be determined\nRaymond James Stadium 03 !Raymond James Stadium (3)\nTampa, Florida 05 !Tampa, Florida (5)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n56 !LVI\n000000002022-02-06-0000February 6, 2022 [note 5]\nX 2021 !2021–22 NFC champion† at 2021–22 AFC champion*\n0022 !—\nX 2022 !To be determined\nCity of Champions Stadium 01 !Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park\nLos Angeles, California 08 !Inglewood, California (8)[note 1]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n",
"\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n\n\n01 !I\n000000001967-01-15-0000January 15, 1967\nGreen Bay Packers 01 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(1, 1–0)\n3510 !35–10\nKansas City Chiefs 01 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum\nLos Angeles, California 01 !Los Angeles, California[note 1]\n061946 !61,946\n[11]\n\n\n02 !II\n000000001968-01-14-0000January 14, 1968\nGreen Bay Packers 02 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(2, 2–0)\n3314 !33–14\nOakland Raiders 01 !Oakland Raiders^\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 01 !Miami Orange Bowl\nMiami, Florida 01 !Miami, Florida[note 2]\n075546 !75,546\n[12]\n\n\n03 !III\n000000001969-01-12-0000January 12, 1969\nNew York Jets 01 !New York Jets^\n(1, 1–0)\n1607 !16–7 \nIndianapolis Colts 01 !Baltimore Colts‡\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 02 !Miami Orange Bowl (2)\nMiami, Florida 02 !Miami, Florida (2)[note 2]\n075389 !75,389\n[13]\n\n\n04 !IV\n000000001970-01-11-0000January 11, 1970\nKansas City Chiefs 02 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(2, 1–1)\n2307 !23–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 01 !Minnesota Vikings‡\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 01 !Tulane Stadium\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 01 !New Orleans, Louisiana\n080562 !80,562\n[14]\n\n\n05 !V\n000000001971-01-17-0000January 17, 1971\nIndianapolis Colts 02 !Baltimore Colts†\n(2, 1–1)\n1613 !16–13 \nDallas Cowboys 01 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 03 !Miami Orange Bowl (3)\nMiami, Florida 03 !Miami, Florida (3)[note 2]\n079204 !79,204\n[15]\n\n\n06 !VI\n000000001972-01-16-0000January 16, 1972\nDallas Cowboys 02 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(2, 1–1)\n2403 !24–3 \nMiami Dolphins 01 !Miami Dolphins†\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 02 !Tulane Stadium (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 02 !New Orleans, Louisiana (2)\n081023 !81,023\n[16]\n\n\n07 !VII\n000000001973-01-14-0000January 14, 1973\nMiami Dolphins 02 !Miami Dolphins†\n(2, 1–1)\n1407 !14–7 \nWashington Redskins 01 !Washington Redskins*\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (2)\nLos Angeles, California 02 !Los Angeles, California (2)[note 1]\n090182 !90,182\n[17]\n\n\n08 !VIII\n000000001974-01-13-0000January 13, 1974\nMiami Dolphins 03 !Miami Dolphins†\n(3, 2–1)\n2407 !24–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 02 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(2, 0–2)\nRice Stadium 01 !Rice Stadium\nHouston, Texas 01 !Houston, Texas\n071882 !71,882\n[18]\n\n\n09 !IX\n000000001975-01-12-0000January 12, 1975\nPittsburgh Steelers 01 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(1, 1–0)\n1606 !16–6 \nMinnesota Vikings 03 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(3, 0–3)\nTulane Stadium 03 !Tulane Stadium (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 03 !New Orleans, Louisiana (3)\n080997 !80,997\n[19]\n\n\n10 !X\n000000001976-01-18-0000January 18, 1976\nPittsburgh Steelers 02 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(2, 2–0)\n2117 !21–17\nDallas Cowboys 03 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(3, 1–2)\nMiami Orange Bowl 04 !Miami Orange Bowl (4)\nMiami, Florida 04 !Miami, Florida (4)[note 2]\n080187 !80,187\n[20]\n\n\n11 !XI\n000000001977-01-09-0000January 9, 1977\nOakland Raiders 02 !Oakland Raiders†\n(2, 1–1)\n3214 !32–14\nMinnesota Vikings 04 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(4, 0–4)\nRose Bowl 01 !Rose Bowl\nLos Angeles, California 03 !Pasadena, California (3)[note 1]\n103438 !103,438\n[21]\n\n\n12 !XII\n000000001978-01-15-0000January 15, 1978\nDallas Cowboys 04 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(4, 2–2)\n2710 !27–10\nDenver Broncos 01 !Denver Broncos†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 01 !Louisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 04 !New Orleans, Louisiana (4)\n076400 !76,400\n[22]\n\n\n13 !XIII\n000000001979-01-21-0000January 21, 1979\nPittsburgh Steelers 03 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(3, 3–0)\n3531 !35–31\nDallas Cowboys 05 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(5, 2–3)\nMiami Orange Bowl 05 !Miami Orange Bowl (5)\nMiami, Florida 05 !Miami, Florida (5)[note 2]\n079484 !79,484\n[23]\n\n\n14 !XIV\n000000001980-01-20-0000January 20, 1980\nPittsburgh Steelers 04 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(4, 4–0)\n3119 !31–19\nLos Angeles Rams 01 !Los Angeles Rams*\n(1, 0–1)\nRose Bowl 02 !Rose Bowl (2)\nLos Angeles, California 04 !Pasadena, California (4)[note 1]\n103985 !103,985\n[24]\n\n\n15 !XV\n000000001981-01-25-0000January 25, 1981\nOakland Raiders 03 !Oakland Raiders†\n(3, 2–1)\n2710 !27–10\nPhiladelphia Eagles 01 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 02 !Louisiana Superdome (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 05 !New Orleans, Louisiana (5)\n076135 !76,135\n[25]\n\n\n16 !XVI\n000000001982-01-24-0000January 24, 1982\nSan Francisco 49ers 01 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(1, 1–0)\n2621 !26–21\nCincinnati Bengals 01 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(1, 0–1)\nPontiac Silverdome 01 !Pontiac Silverdome\nDetroit, Michigan 01 !Pontiac, Michigan[note 1]\n081270 !81,270\n[26]\n\n\n17 !XVII\n000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983\nWashington Redskins 02 !Washington Redskins*\n(2, 1–1)\n2717 !27–17\nMiami Dolphins 04 !Miami Dolphins†\n(4, 2–2)\nRose Bowl 03 !Rose Bowl (3)\nLos Angeles, California 05 !Pasadena, California (5)[note 1]\n103667 !103,667\n[27]\n\n\n18 !XVIII\n000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984\nOakland Raiders 04 !Los Angeles Raiders†\n(4, 3–1)\n3809 !38–9 \nWashington Redskins 03 !Washington Redskins*\n(3, 1–2)\nTampa Stadium 01 !Tampa Stadium\nTampa, Florida 01 !Tampa, Florida\n072920 !72,920\n[28]\n\n\n19 !XIX\n000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985\nSan Francisco 49ers 02 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(2, 2–0)\n3816 !38–16\nMiami Dolphins 05 !Miami Dolphins†\n(5, 2–3)\nStanford Stadium 01 !Stanford Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 01 !Stanford, California[note 1]\n084059 !84,059\n[29]\n\n\n20 !XX\n000000001986-01-26-0000January 26, 1986\nChicago Bears 01 !Chicago Bears*\n(1, 1–0)\n4610 !46–10\nNew England Patriots 01 !New England Patriots†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 03 !Louisiana Superdome (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 06 !New Orleans, Louisiana (6)\n073818 !73,818\n[30]\n\n\n21 !XXI\n000000001987-01-25-0000January 25, 1987\nNew York Giants 01 !New York Giants*\n(1, 1–0)\n3920 !39–20\nDenver Broncos 02 !Denver Broncos†\n(2, 0–2)\nRose Bowl 04 !Rose Bowl (4)\nLos Angeles, California 06 !Pasadena, California (6)[note 1]\n101063 !101,063\n[31]\n\n\n22 !XXII\n000000001988-01-31-0000January 31, 1988\nWashington Redskins 04 !Washington Redskins*\n(4, 2–2)\n4210 !42–10\nDenver Broncos 03 !Denver Broncos†\n(3, 0–3)\nQualcomm Stadium 01 !San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 01 !San Diego, California\n073302 !73,302\n[32]\n\n\n23 !XXIII\n000000001989-01-22-0000January 22, 1989\nSan Francisco 49ers 03 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(3, 3–0)\n2016 !20–16\nCincinnati Bengals 02 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(2, 0–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 01 !Joe Robbie Stadium[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 06 !Miami Gardens, Florida (6)[note 2]\n075129 !75,129\n[33]\n\n\n24 !XXIV\n000000001990-01-28-0000January 28, 1990\nSan Francisco 49ers 04 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(4, 4–0)\n5510 !55–10\nDenver Broncos 04 !Denver Broncos†\n(4, 0–4)\nLouisiana Superdome 04 !Louisiana Superdome (4)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 07 !New Orleans, Louisiana (7)\n072919 !72,919\n[34]\n\n\n25 !XXV\n000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991\nNew York Giants 02 !New York Giants*\n(2, 2–0)\n2019 !20–19\nBuffalo Bills 01 !Buffalo Bills†\n(1, 0–1)\nTampa Stadium 02 !Tampa Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 02 !Tampa, Florida (2)\n073813 !73,813\n[35]\n\n\n26 !XXVI\n000000001992-01-26-0000January 26, 1992\nWashington Redskins 05 !Washington Redskins*\n(5, 3–2)\n3724 !37–24\nBuffalo Bills 02 !Buffalo Bills†\n(2, 0–2)\nMetrodome 01 !Metrodome\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 01 !Minneapolis, Minnesota\n063130 !63,130\n[36]\n\n\n27 !XXVII\n000000001993-01-31-0000January 31, 1993\nDallas Cowboys 06 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(6, 3–3)\n5217 !52–17\nBuffalo Bills 03 !Buffalo Bills†\n(3, 0–3)\nRose Bowl 05 !Rose Bowl (5)\nLos Angeles, California 07 !Pasadena, California (7)[note 1]\n098374 !98,374\n[37]\n\n\n28 !XXVIII\n000000001994-01-30-0000January 30, 1994\nDallas Cowboys 07 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(7, 4–3)\n3013 !30–13\nBuffalo Bills 04 !Buffalo Bills†\n(4, 0–4)\nGeorgia Dome 01 !Georgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia 01 !Atlanta, Georgia\n072817 !72,817\n[38]\n\n\n29 !XXIX\n000000001995-01-29-0000January 29, 1995\nSan Francisco 49ers 05 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(5, 5–0)\n4926 !49–26\nSan Diego Chargers 01 !San Diego Chargers†\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 02 !Joe Robbie Stadium (2)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 07 !Miami Gardens, Florida (7)[note 2]\n074107 !74,107\n[39]\n\n\n30 !XXX\n000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996\nDallas Cowboys 08 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(8, 5–3)\n2717 !27–17\nPittsburgh Steelers 05 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(5, 4–1)\nSun Devil Stadium 01 !Sun Devil Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 01 !Tempe, Arizona[note 1]\n076347 !76,347\n[40]\n\n\n31 !XXXI\n000000001997-01-26-0000January 26, 1997\nGreen Bay Packers 03 !Green Bay Packers*\n(3, 3–0)\n3521 !35–21\nNew England Patriots 02 !New England Patriots†\n(2, 0–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 05 !Louisiana Superdome (5)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 08 !New Orleans, Louisiana (8)\n072301 !72,301\n[41]\n\n\n32 !XXXII\n000000001998-01-25-0000January 25, 1998\nDenver Broncos 05 !Denver Broncos†\n(5, 1–4)\n3124 !31–24\nGreen Bay Packers 04 !Green Bay Packers*\n(4, 3–1)\nQualcomm Stadium 02 !Qualcomm Stadium (2)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 02 !San Diego, California (2)\n068912 !68,912\n[42]\n\n\n33 !XXXIII\n000000001999-01-31-0000January 31, 1999\nDenver Broncos 06 !Denver Broncos†\n(6, 2–4)\n3419 !34–19\nAtlanta Falcons 01 !Atlanta Falcons*\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 03 !Pro Player Stadium (3)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 08 !Miami Gardens, Florida (8)[note 2]\n074803 !74,803\n[43]\n\n\n34 !XXXIV\n000000002000-01-30-0000January 30, 2000\nLos Angeles Rams 02 !St. Louis Rams*\n(2, 1–1)\n2316 !23–16\nTennessee Titans 01 !Tennessee Titans†\n(1, 0–1)\nGeorgia Dome 02 !Georgia Dome (2)\nAtlanta, Georgia 02 !Atlanta, Georgia (2)\n072625 !72,625\n[44]\n\n\n35 !XXXV\n000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001\nBaltimore Ravens 01 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(1, 1–0)\n3407 !34–7 \nNew York Giants 03 !New York Giants*\n(3, 2–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 01 !Raymond James Stadium\nTampa, Florida 03 !Tampa, Florida (3)\n071921 !71,921\n[45]\n\n\n36 !XXXVI\n000000002002-02-03-0000February 3, 2002\nNew England Patriots 03 !New England Patriots†\n(3, 1–2)\n2017 !20–17\nLos Angeles Rams 03 !St. Louis Rams*\n(3, 1–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 06 !Louisiana Superdome (6)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 09 !New Orleans, Louisiana (9)\n072922 !72,922\n[46]\n\n\n37 !XXXVII\n000000002003-01-26-0000January 26, 2003\nTampa Bay Buccaneers 01 !Tampa Bay Buccaneers*\n(1, 1–0)\n4821 !48–21\nOakland Raiders 05 !Oakland Raiders†\n(5, 3–2)\nQualcomm Stadium 03 !Qualcomm Stadium (3)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 03 !San Diego, California (3)\n067603 !67,603\n[47]\n\n\n38 !XXXVIII\n000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004\nNew England Patriots 04 !New England Patriots†\n(4, 2–2)\n3229 !32–29\nCarolina Panthers 01 !Carolina Panthers*\n(1, 0–1)\nNRG Stadium 01 !Reliant Stadium[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 02 !Houston, Texas (2)\n071525 !71,525\n[48]\n\n\n39 !XXXIX\n000000002005-02-06-0000February 6, 2005\nNew England Patriots 05 !New England Patriots†\n(5, 3–2)\n2421 !24–21\nPhiladelphia Eagles 02 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(2, 0–2)\nALLTEL Stadium 01 !Alltel Stadium\nJacksonville, Florida 01 !Jacksonville, Florida\n078125 !78,125\n[49]\n\n\n40 !XL\n000000002006-02-05-0000February 5, 2006\nPittsburgh Steelers 06 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(6, 5–1)\n2110 !21–10\nSeattle Seahawks 01 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(1, 0–1)\nFord Field 01 !Ford Field\nDetroit, Michigan 02 !Detroit, Michigan (2)[note 1]\n068206 !68,206\n[50]\n\n\n41 !XLI\n000000002007-02-04-0000February 4, 2007\nIndianapolis Colts 03 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(3, 2–1)\n2917 !29–17\nChicago Bears 02 !Chicago Bears*\n(2, 1–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 04 !Dolphin Stadium (4)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 09 !Miami Gardens, Florida (9)[note 2]\n074512 !74,512\n[51]\n\n\n42 !XLII\n000000002008-02-03-0000February 3, 2008\nNew York Giants 04 !New York Giants*\n(4, 3–1)\n1714 !17–14\nNew England Patriots 06 !New England Patriots†\n(6, 3–3)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 01 !University of Phoenix Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 02 !Glendale, Arizona (2)[note 1]\n071101 !71,101\n[52]\n\n\n43 !XLIII\n000000002009-02-01-0000February 1, 2009\nPittsburgh Steelers 07 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(7, 6–1)\n2723 !27–23\nArizona Cardinals 01 !Arizona Cardinals*\n(1, 0–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 02 !Raymond James Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 04 !Tampa, Florida (4)\n070774 !70,774\n[53]\n\n\n44 !XLIV\n000000002010-02-07-0000February 7, 2010\nNew Orleans Saints 01 !New Orleans Saints*\n(1, 1–0)\n3117 !31–17\nIndianapolis Colts 04 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(4, 2–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 05 !Sun Life Stadium (5)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 10 !Miami Gardens, Florida (10)[note 2]\n074059 !74,059\n[54]\n\n\n45 !XLV\n000000002011-02-06-0000February 6, 2011\nGreen Bay Packers 05 !Green Bay Packers*\n(5, 4–1)\n3125 !31–25\nPittsburgh Steelers 08 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(8, 6–2)\nCowboys Stadium 01 !Cowboys Stadium\nArlington, Texas 01 !Arlington, Texas\n103219 !103,219\n[55]\n\n\n46 !XLVI\n000000002012-02-05-0000February 5, 2012\nNew York Giants 05 !New York Giants*\n(5, 4–1)\n2117 !21–17\nNew England Patriots 07 !New England Patriots†\n(7, 3–4)\nLucas Oil Stadium 01 !Lucas Oil Stadium\nIndianapolis, Indiana 01 !Indianapolis, Indiana\n068658 !68,658\n[56][57]\n\n\n47 !XLVII\n000000002013-02-03-0000February 3, 2013\nBaltimore Ravens 02 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(2, 2–0)\n3431 !34–31\nSan Francisco 49ers 06 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(6, 5–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 07 !Mercedes-Benz Superdome (7)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 10 !New Orleans, Louisiana (10)\n071024 !71,024\n[56][58]\n\n\n48 !XLVIII\n000000002014-02-02-0000February 2, 2014\nSeattle Seahawks 02 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(2, 1–1)\n4308 !43–8\nDenver Broncos 07 !Denver Broncos†\n(7, 2–5)\nMetLife Stadium 01 !MetLife Stadium\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey 01 !East Rutherford, New Jersey\n082529 !82,529\n[59]\n\n\n49 !XLIX\n000000002015-02-01-0000February 1, 2015\nNew England Patriots 08 !New England Patriots†\n(8, 4–4)\n2824 !28–24\nSeattle Seahawks 03 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(3, 1–2)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 02 !University of Phoenix Stadium (2)\nPhoenix, Arizona 03 !Glendale, Arizona (3)[note 1]\n070288 !70,288\n[60][61]\n\n\n50 !50 [note 4]\n000000002016-02-07-0000February 7, 2016\nDenver Broncos 08 !Denver Broncos†\n(8, 3–5)\n2410 !24–10\nCarolina Panthers 02 !Carolina Panthers*\n(2, 0–2)\nLevi's Stadium 01 !Levi's Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 02 !Santa Clara, California (2)[note 1]\n071088 !71,088\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n51 !LI\n000000002017-02-05-0000February 5, 2017\nNew England Patriots 09 !New England Patriots†\n(9, 5–4)\n3428 !34–28 (OT)\nAtlanta Falcons 02 !Atlanta Falcons*\n(2, 0–2)\nNRG Stadium 02 !NRG Stadium (2)[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 03 !Houston, Texas (3)\n070807 !70,807\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n52 !LII\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4, 2018\nPhiladelphia Eagles 03 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(3, 1–2)\n4133 !41–33\nNew England Patriots 10 !New England Patriots†\n(10, 5–5)\nU.S. Bank Stadium 01 !U.S. Bank Stadium\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 02 !Minneapolis, Minnesota (2)\n067612 !67,612\n[64][65]\n\n\n53 !LIII\n000000002019-02-03-0000February 3, 2019 [note 5]\nX 2019 !2018–19 AFC champion† at 2018–19 NFC champion*\n0019 !—\nX 2019 !To be determined (TBD)\nMercedes-Benz Stadium 01 !Mercedes-Benz Stadium\nAtlanta, Georgia 03 !Atlanta, Georgia (3)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n54 !LIV\n000000002020-02-02-0000February 2, 2020 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2019–20 NFC champion* at 2019–20 AFC champion†\n0020 !—\nX 2020 !To be determined\nHard Rock Stadium 06 !Hard Rock Stadium (6)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 11 !Miami Gardens, Florida (11)[note 2]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n55 !LV\n000000002021-02-07-0000February 7, 2021 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2020–21 AFC champion† at 2020–21 NFC champion*\n0021 !—\nX 2021 !To be determined\nRaymond James Stadium 03 !Raymond James Stadium (3)\nTampa, Florida 05 !Tampa, Florida (5)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n56 !LVI\n000000002022-02-06-0000February 6, 2022 [note 5]\nX 2021 !2021–22 NFC champion† at 2021–22 AFC champion*\n0022 !—\nX 2022 !To be determined\nCity of Champions Stadium 01 !Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park\nLos Angeles, California 08 !Inglewood, California (8)[note 1]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n"
] | [
"New England Patriots",
"Denver Broncos",
"Seattle Seahawks",
"Philadelphia Eagles"
] |
5085476146352845955 | Damon Salvatore | Damon Salvatore - wikipedia Damon Salvatore Damon Salvatore Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Created by L.J. Smith ( book series ) Portrayed by Ian Somerhalder Gavin Casalegno ( young / teenager ) Information Species Vampire ( seasons 1 - 8 ) Human ( season 8 ) Gender Male Family Giuseppe Salvatore ( father ) Lillian Salvatore ( mother ) Elena Gilbert ( wife ) Stefan Salvatore ( brother ) Caroline Forbes ( sister - in - law ) Zach Salvatore ( nephew ) Sarah Salvatore ( great - niece ) Significant other ( s ) Elena Gilbert ( wife ) Katherine Pierce ( ex-girlfriend ) Caroline Forbes ( ex-fling ) Status Alive Damon Salvatore is a fictional character in The Vampire Diaries novel series . He is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder in the television series . Initially , Damon is the main antagonist in the beginning of the show and later became a protagonist . After the first few episodes , Damon begins working alongside his younger brother , Stefan Salvatore , to resist greater threats and gradually Elena begins to consider him a friend . His transition was completed after his younger brother Stefan , who is also a vampire , convinces him to drink blood . Damon thus vows to make his brother 's life sorrowful -- thus further causing a century - long rift between the two brothers , centering around Katherine and eventually a love triangle with Elena Gilbert . After on - again / off - again relationship with both brothers , Elena chooses to be with Damon in the series finale . Contents 1 Character development 1.1 Casting 2 Television series 2.1 Background 2.2 Season 1 2.3 Season 2 2.4 Season 3 2.5 Season 4 2.6 Season 5 2.7 Season 6 3 Relationships 3.1 Stefan Salvatore 3.2 Elena Gilbert 3.3 Alaric Saltzman 3.4 Bonnie Bennett 4 References 5 External links Character development ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Ian Somerhalder was cast as Damon Salvatore at the end of March 2009 , six months before the premiere of the series . The initial casting call for the character required an actor in his early - to mid-twenties to play a `` darkly handsome , strong , charming , and smug vampire who can go from casual and playful to pure evil in less than a heartbeat . '' Somerhalder had not read the books until filming began . Television series ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Damon Salvatore is a vampire , turned by Katherine Pierce 145 years prior to the series ' debut . He is the son of late Giuseppe Salvatore , ripper Lily Salvatore and older brother of Stefan Salvatore . He is portrayed as a charming , handsome and snarky person who loves tricking humans , and takes pleasure in feeding on them and killing them during the early episodes of the first season , unlike his brother , Stefan . Damon and Stefan bite humans to feed on them since they are vampires . Season 1 ( edit ) In the first season , Damon appears as the frightening older brother to Stefan Salvatore , and plays as the main antagonist for the first initial episodes with a hidden agenda . Slowly , Damon begins to be kinder to the other characters , showing brief moments of compassion such as erasing Jeremy 's memory of vampires and removing his `` suffering '' so Jeremy gets his life back on track . Damon apologizes for turning Vicki Donovan into a vampire and admits it was wrong . Later at the Gilbert house , Elena returns home . Damon admits that he came to the town wanting to destroy it but actually found himself wanting to protect it after everything that happened at the Founder 's Day celebrations and says he 's not a hero and does n't do good , saying it 's not in him - those traits are reserved for Stefan , Elena and Bonnie . The two begin to kiss passionately before getting interrupted - it is later revealed that it was n't Elena he kissed , but Katherine Pierce . Later in the season , it also implies that he actually feels human emotions , such as pain and love , which helps the viewer sympathize toward his character in some situations . But mostly , he likes to take care of himself and do the dirty work , in his own sadistic ways . Season 2 ( edit ) In season two , Katherine tells Damon that she never loved him and that it was always Stefan . Elena says something similar later , leaving Damon heartbroken . As an expression of his anger , pain , and hopelessness , he snaps Jeremy Gilbert 's neck , not realizing he is wearing a ring which reverses damage done by supernatural creatures or forces . Jeremy survives because of the ring , but Damon 's action incurs Elena 's wrath and pain . When Bonnie also discovers it was his blood that enabled Caroline Forbes to become a vampire , the two declare their hatred for him , leaving angrier than ever . After saving Elena with Stefan in episode 8 of season 2 , Damon shows up in Elena 's room with the vervain necklace that was ripped from her neck earlier in the episode . Before he gives it back , he tells Elena that he is in love with her , and because he is in love with her , he can not be selfish with her . He also states that he does n't deserve her , but that his brother does . He kisses her forehead and says he wishes she could remember this , but she ca n't . As the camera shows a close up of Damon 's eye as he is compelling Elena to forget , a tear slips . Elena blinks and her vervain necklace is back around her neck , Damon is gone and her window is open with the curtains blowing . She had no recollection as to how the necklace was returned to her . In one episode , Damon joins Rose to find out why the originals are after Elena ; after some time and clever banter , the two have sex , stating that they could rid themselves of emotion . However , when Rose , Damon 's old friend who turned Katerina , suffers from a werewolf bite , he gives her the memory of her life prior to becoming a vampire , and helps her remember how good it felt to be able to walk and feel the sunlight , without it burning her . During this meaningful moment , Damon mercifully kills her , leaving him to mourn the death of his one of very few friends . Elena and Damon then begin to mend fences , and Elena gives him an affectionate hug to help comfort him after Rose 's death . Damon begins showing another side of himself in small acts that help build what once was an impossible friendship between Elena and himself , after she clearly stated that he has lost her forever . After he spares Caroline 's mother , Elena says how that was the person she was once friends with . And it 's hard for Damon to accept that he has to change to have her in his life , which he explains to Andy Star , his compelled girlfriend a few more episodes in . Damon is bitten by Tyler the werewolf at the end of the season . Elena takes care of him , and right before he is cured by the blood of Klaus , the original hybrid , she gives him a `` goodbye '' kiss , because she was sure he was going to die . She even forgives him , telling him that she cares for him through grief - stricken tears . Season 3 ( edit ) In the third season , Damon helps Elena in bringing his brother , Stefan , back to Mystic Falls after Stefan becomes Klaus ' henchman . The arrangement transpired after a bargain for his blood that would cure Damon of the werewolf bite he had received from Tyler . At first , he is reluctant to involve Elena in the rescue attempts , employing Alaric Saltzman , Elena 's guardian , instead as Klaus does not know that Elena is alive after the sacrifice which frees Klaus ' hybrid side . However , Elena involves herself , desperate to find Stefan . Damon , though hesitant at first , is unable to refuse her because of his love for her . He also points out to her that she once turned back from finding Stefan since she knew Damon would be in danger , clearly showing that she also has feelings for him . He tells her that `` when ( he ) drag ( s ) ( his ) brother from the edge to deliver him back to ( her ) , ( he ) wants her to remember the things ( she ) felt while he was gone . '' When Stefan finally returns to Mystic Falls , his attitude is different from that of the first and second seasons . This causes a rift between Elena and Stefan whereas the relationship between Damon and Elena becomes closer and more intimate . A still loyal Elena , however , refuses to admit her feelings for Damon . In ' Dangerous Liaisons ' , Elena , frustrated with her feelings for him , tells Damon that his love for her may be a problem , and that this could be causing all their troubles . This incenses Damon , causing him to revert to the uncaring and reckless Damon seen in the previous seasons . The rocky relationship between the two continues until the sexual tension hits the fan and in a moment of heated passion , Elena -- for the first time in the three seasons -- kisses Damon of her own accord . This kiss finally causes Elena to admit that she loves both brothers and realize that she must ultimately make her choice as her own ancestress , Katherine Pierce , who turned the brothers , once did . In assessment of her feelings for Damon , she states this : `` Damon just sort of snuck up on me . He got under my skin and no matter what I do , I ca n't shake him . '' In the season finale , a trip designed to get her to safety forces Elena to make her choice : to go to Damon and possibly see him one last time ; or to go to Stefan and her friends and see them one last time . She chooses the latter when she calls Damon to tell him her decision . Damon , who is trying to stop Alaric , accepts what she says and she tells him that maybe if she had met Damon before she had met Stefan , her choice may have been different . This statement causes Damon to remember the first night he did meet Elena which was , in fact , the night her parents died - before she had met Stefan . Not wanting anyone to know he was in town and after giving her some advice about life and love , Damon compels her to forget . He remembers this as he fights Alaric and seems accepting of his death when Alaric , whose life line is tied to Elena 's , suddenly collapses in his arms . Damon is grief - stricken , knowing that this means that Elena has also died and yells , `` No ! You are not dead ! '' A heartbroken Damon then goes to the hospital demanding to see Elena when the doctor , Meredith Fell , tells him that she gave Elena vampire blood . The last shot of the season finale episode shows Elena in transition . Season 4 ( edit ) Damon starts season 4 at Elena 's bedside after finding out about her dying with vampire blood in her system , causing her to start the transition to Vampire . Damon decides to firstly try to kill Rebekah with a White Oak Stake , yet she overpowers him . Rebekah is shot at through the Window and Damon escapes . Later in part of a plan with the Sheriff and Meredith Fell , Damon uses Matt as bait to draw out the deputies and Pastor Young . After dispatching the deputies , Damon decides to take out some aggression on Matt and is about to snap his neck when stopped by the new vampire Elena . After Elena and Stefan go hunting on animals the next morning and Elena has her first feed on a deer she pukes the blood out . Meanwhile , it seems a new vampire hunter is in town . Elena goes to Damon for help , he pulls her with him to the bathroom and makes her drink his blood because he says `` You need warm blood from the vein , so maybe this 'll do the trick . '' He says it 's personal and Elena wonders why but no answer was given . She drinks his blood but pukes hours later . When Stefan finds out Damon has feed Elena his blood he 's very angry and hits Damon who just got in a fight with the vampire hunter . Damon has decided to leave town , but through the early episodes of Season 4 seems to be looking for reasons to stay . Meredith Fell seems to be one who convinces him in ' The Rager ' to stay to help Elena with her transition to Vampire . Indeed , a renewed conflict over ideology and what sort of Vampire Elena will become drives Damon and Stefan apart . The Five , shows Damon tasking Stefan with learning more about the Vampire Hunter , Connor while Damon decides to accompany both Bonnie and Elena to College . This trip is ostensibly about teaching Elena the ' hunt ' : how to catch , feed and erase . After some initial problems , Elena has a Frat Party gets success and seems to enjoy herself causing friction with Bonnie . She leaves the party and later states that she does n't want to be like Damon . In the next episode , she begins to believe that Stefan is lying to her and takes things into her own hands to kill the vampire hunter who is holding her brother , Matt , and April captive . She does , and begins to suffer from hallucinations at the end of the episode . After asking Stefan why he wants to cure Elena , Damon tells him that he loves Elena as a vampire or human . In the episode ' We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes ' , Damon helps Elena in dealing with her hallucinations and saves her from committing suicide . He also helps uncover the mystery about the hunter 's curse with the help of Bonnie and Professor Shane . At the end of the episode , he reveals the truth about the cure to Elena and explains how Stefan has been lying to her only to find this possible cure for vampirism . However , Elena breaks up with Stefan at the end of the episode after confessing her gradually growing feelings for Damon . In the following episode `` My Brother 's Keeper '' , Elena tells Damon he is the reason she and Stefan broke up and at the end of the episode Damon and Elena finally have sex . After that it turns out Elena is sired with Damon , first they think it is the reason why Elena loves Damon , but in episode `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' they found out that it only affects how you act , not how you feel . The sire - bond can only be broken when Damon leaves Elena and tells her to stop caring about him according to a witch in New Orleans named Nandi . In the following episode Damon goes with Elena to her family 's lake house to help with Jeremy 's Hunter instincts . In the episode Elena tries to act like a couple with Damon , but he refuses to even kiss her out of his guilt about the sire bond and worry that he 's taking advantage of her . In the end of the episode Damon invokes the sire bond telling Elena to return to Mystic Falls while he trains Jeremy `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' . Elena kisses him goodbye . In ' After School Special ' , Damon is at the Lake House training Jeremy , along with Matt Donovan . Klaus shows up and threatens Damon , wanting him to get Jeremy 's mark completed earlier rather than later . Damon is shown to be reluctant , not wanting to hurt innocents for Elena 's sake , but Klaus follows through with his plans regardless . Later in the episode Elena calls Damon and confesses she 's in love with him and it 's the ' most real thing she 's ever felt in her entire life ' , in a moment of weakness Damon tells her to come see him . Afterward Damon is confronted with a bar of newly turned vampires for Jeremy to kill concedes that it 's the quickest way , however balks when Klaus takes control and compels the newly turned vamps to kill Matt Donovan . In Catch Me If You Can Damon tells the boys to run since Jeremy is n't ready to take on all these vampires . Later when Elena arrives her and Damon argue over the killing of innocents and tells her to take Matt home while he and Jeremy take care of Klaus 's newly turned vampires . However Kol shows up and has killed all the vampires , determined to stop them from finding the cure & waking Silas , and threatens Jeremy 's life . Kol compels Damon to stake himself and later to kill Jeremy and to forget what Kol compelled him to do . Upon arriving back in Mystic Falls Damon begins to seek out Jeremy due to the compulsion , however when he sees him in the grill he realizes what Kol compelled him to do and tells Jeremy to run . Damon chases Jeremy throughout Mystic Falls and advises Jeremy that he is compelled and he needs to kill him . Jeremy shoots Damon in the head and when Damon awakens later starts cursing the youngest Gilbert , calling him stupid for not killing him . At the end of the episode Damon catches up with Jeremy Elena follows and urges Damon to fight it because `` You love me and I love you '' , but he tells her that he ca n't , falls to his knees and urges Jeremy to kill him . Stefan shows up just in time to break Damon 's neck and lock him up until they can take care of Kol . Damon spends the next episode locked up and bled dry by a jealous and snarky Stefan and engages in a conversation with Klaus about Caroline , Rebekah and Elena . When the group goes to the mysterious island to find the Cure , Damon continues to be suspicious of Professor Shane . When Jeremy goes missing and Bonnie and Shane stay behind to try a locator spell , Damon stays to keep an eye on Shane . He later begins torturing Shane for information , but Shane starts analyzing Damon and telling him Elena will go back to Stefan once she 's cured . Elena interrupts the torture session and Damon storms out and Elena follows . She tells Damon that she 's sure her feelings for him are real and asks him to become human with her , however Damon tells her he has no desire to be human and that human / vampire relationships are doomed and stalks off . Afterward he is captured by Vaughn , another member of the Five , who tortures Damon and leads him around with a noose around his neck . Damon goes with Vaughn to the cavern close to where Silas is buried and eventually overpowers him , but not before Vaughn injures Rebekah . Elena and Stefan come across the injured Damon and Rebekah , Stefan stays while Elena rushes to find Jeremy . Damon urges Stefan to go get the cure for Elena , uncaring that there is only enough for one , because he wants it for the girl he loves . After Stefan leave Rebekah comments that Damon did something selfless and remarks that he will always love Elena . An exhausted Damon admits that he ca n't control everything and is tired . After Katherine kills Jeremy in ' Down the Rabbit Hole ' Damon stays behind determined to find the missing Bonnie , telling Stefan he ca n't come home without her . Eventually he finds Bonnie , hugging her in relief , but when the two arrive back in Mystic Falls in informs Stefan Bonnie has lost her mind . Elena , who had been in denial about Jeremy 's death , comes into reality and demands Damon bring Jeremy 's body downstairs . When Elena starts breaking down Stefan urges Damon to help her , indicating he should invoke the sire bond to take away her pain , however instead Damon tells Elena to shut off her emotions . In the next episode Damon begins trying to track Katherine in order to find the cure while Rebekah attempts to tag along . He finds an old friend from his past , Will , dying from a werewolf bite and kills him out of mercy . He arrives back home just in time to stop Elena from killing Caroline and takes her with to New York . While in NY Damon begins investigating Katherine 's whereabouts and tries to keep that he 's looking for the cure from Elena . Elena finds out and attempts to play him all the while Damon tells her and Rebekah about his time here in the 1970s . He admits that he had his emotions off and Lexi had come to help him on Stefan 's behalf , however he tricks her into believing he fell in love with her only to leave her trapped on the roof during the day as revenge . He reveals that the reason he killed Lexi in season one was out of the guilt she stirred in him . Elena kisses Damon and attempts to steal Katherine 's address out of his pocket , however Damon was aware she was trying to play him the entire time , and attempts to convince her to turn her emotions back on . Rebekah shows up and snaps his neck . He then calls Stefan and the brothers attempt to track down Elena . The decide to give up on the cure after Elena kills a waitress and threatens to kill people . In ' Pictures of You ' Damon , along with Stefan , decide they 're going to try making Elena turn her emotions back on . The Salvatore brothers decide to take Elena to the prom , where Damon asks Elena why she told him she was in love with him and it 's the most real thing she ever felt . Elena tells Damon that she only said it because of the sire bond and she feels nothing for him . However , later when Bonnie nearly kills Elena , she cries out for Damon to help her and he locks her up in the Salvatore basement . Damon then manipulates Elena 's dreams in an attempt to remind how much she loves her friends in family , however when it does n't work the Salvatore brothers ( per Stefan 's advice ) try torturing Elena to get her to feel emotion . Elena however calls their bluff and attempts to kill herself , knowing Damon would never really hurt her and let her die . Damon realizes that Elena is smart and that torture will not work . After Katherine frees Elena Damon comes up with a plan , killing Matt in front of her ( while he wore the Gilbert ring ) and it works to get Elena 's emotions back on . When Elena focuses her hate on Katherine Damon tells Elena where Katherine is , but tells her she should n't try and kill her . Damon admits he hates Katherine , however he knows once Elena kills her all her other emotions ( grief & guilt ) will all come flooding back in . Elena stakes Damon in the stomach when he attempts to stop her . In the season finale ' Graduation ' , he tries to give the cure to Elena , but Elena refuses , which tells him that there is no more sire bond . He gets shot by Vaughn with a bullet laced with werewolf venom , and almost dies , but Klaus comes back to Mystic Falls and saves him . At the end of the episode , Elena proclaims her love for him stating that of all the decisions she has made choosing him will prove to be the worse one . Season 5 ( edit ) Not aware of Stefan 's absence and Bonnie 's death , Damon and Elena are having the time of their lives before Elena leaves for Whitmore college . College brings a lot of ups and downs to the on screen romance . Katherine begs Damon to protect her as she feels someone is after her , Damon by the help of Jeremy 's vampire hunter instincts that Silas is possessing as Stefan . Silas gives Damon a crash course on why he looks like Stefan and tells where was he the whole summer , shocked to know about this he starts to search Stefan with the help of Stefan . Silas mind - controlled Elena to kill Damon but Elena resists it by thinking about her worries for Stefan . Both Elena and Damon , with the help of Sheriff Forbes , finds the safe where Stefan was drowning the whole summer , but only to find a dead body . Due to both Elena and Katherine having same nightmare of Stefan all three , Damon , Elena and Katherine search for Stefan . Damon finally finds Stefan inside a hut where he is tied up in the chair and Qetsiyah makes a link of Stefan with Silas which fries Stefan 's brain . Qetsiyah reveals to Damon that his relationship with Elena is doomed . Damon and Elena take Stefan where both of them finds out that he has memory loss and ca n't remember anything . Damon , to make Stefan remember about his past life , gives him his journals and spends quality time with him . Jeremy tells Damon that Bonnie is dead and Damon finally tells Elena about Bonnie . At Bonnie 's funeral , Damon consoles Elena . Damon wants to help Silas so that Silas can do a spell to swap his life with Bonnie as Silas wants to die . Silas had seen Qetsiyah going to the party therefore both Damon and Silas goes to the ball party at Whitmore College . Silas needs Damon to kill Stefan , so that he can get back his power . Stefan , after waking up , tricked Damon and snapped his neck . At Salvatore 's mansion they bring a desiccated Silas , to trade Silas 's life with Bonnie he must become mortal ( witch ) . The only way is by the cure so Elena and Damon calls Katherine who has the cure in her blood and after she arrives her blood is drained by Silas , but still Katherine lived . Amara is then awakened and revealed to be the mystic anchor . She then cures herself of her immortality by feeding off Silas . Season 6 ( edit ) At the beginning of season 6 , Damon is still trapped in the 1994 snapshot with Bonnie , forced to relive the same day over and over again . As the season progresses , the duo meet Kai Parker who 's provides them with clues on how to get back home . In a truly selfless act , Bonnie manages to send Damon back while she remains in 1994 with Kai . Back home , things are n't as Damon expected them to be . Elena has compelled her memories of their time together and moved on . After a few initial set backs , Damon sets his mind to wooing her back . As the season progresses , Elena falls for Damon all over again as they search for a way to free Bonnie and she becomes a large part of his support as his good friend Liz Forbes becomes more and more ill with cancer . Kai , who escaped the Prison World without Bonnie and merged with Luke , has absorbed some of Luke 's qualities and is now moved by guilt to help free Bonnie . With his help , he , along with Damon , Elena , and Jeremy , are able to visit the Prison World and remind Bonnie that there is still magic residing in Qetsiyah 's headstone in Nova Scotia . After the death of Liz , Caroline is unable to bear the pain of losing her mother and chooses to turn off her humanity just as Bonnie returns . Bonnie brought back with her a strange video she 'd caught while leaving a second Prison World she 'd been moved to set in October 31 , 1903 . She shows the video to Damon and he recognizes his own mother , Lillian Salvatore , standing in the background . Troubled with the news that his mother is still alive after believing she 'd been dead since 1858 , Damon 's informed by Kai that his mother was placed in a Prison World due to being a Ripper and the heinous number of deaths she 'd caused . Unfortunately , Stefan is forced by Caroline to turn off his humanity and Kai , Bonnie , Damon , and Elena have to travel to Lily 's 1903 Prison World to retrieve her and use her as a means to get Stefan back . Damon is disturbed to learn when he gets to Lily that she has been trapped with other vampires and they allowed her to drink their portions of blood to stay alive . She is reluctant to leave without them , but Damon threatens to leave her behind if she does n't go . Bonnie , Damon , and Elena leave with Lily , leaving Kai behind . When they return , Bonnie gives Damon a gift she 'd gotten for him during her trip to Nova Scotia in the 1994 Prison World : the cure to vampirism . He struggles with whether or not to give it to Elena and provide her with the life she 'd been robbed of . After using Lily to get Stefan 's humanity back and he is used to bring Caroline back , Lily is adamant about returning to her Prison World to retrieve what she considers to be her family . Damon confronts Bonnie , who had taken the Ascendant , and tells her that Lily is threatening to destroy the cure if he does n't return with the means to get her `` family '' back . However , when he decides to let Bonnie destroy the Ascendant , he comes home to find that Lily had actually given the cure to Elena instead . He confesses that he was selfish and afraid of losing her but agrees that she should take it and that he 'll take it with her . Elena takes the cure and , unexpectedly , her memories return and she remembers when she 'd traveled to Nova Scotia with Damon in search of the cure the first time , he 'd told her that he used to miss being human , but , now , he could n't imagine anything more miserable . She tells him he needs to think about it before making that decision and enlists Stefan to try to make sure Damon is certain of his choice to become human . Damon almost decides he 'd rather stay a vampire until he witnesses an interaction between an older couple . Before Jo and Ric 's wedding , he tells Elena he 'd made his choice to live one lifetime with her . During the wedding , Kai shows up and stabs Jo before causing an explosion . The second to last episode ends with Elena lying unconscious on the ground . In the last episode of the 6th season titled `` I 'm Thinking Of You All The While '' Damon rushes Elena to the hospital after vampire blood fails to heal and awaken her . At the hospital the doctors tell him that she is medically healthy and they see no reason why she 's not awake . Kai stumbles into the hospital injured . After consuming Lily 's blood and killing himself , Kai 's ability to siphon magic allowed him to become another Heretic ( vampire with witch - like power ) , but he was soon bitten by a transforming Tyler , who had re-triggered his werewolf curse . Kai tells Damon and he 's linked Elena 's life to Bonnie 's and as long as Bonnie lives , Elena will remain asleep but perfectly healthy . He also tells him that the spell is permanent and any attempt to find a loophole in the spell will result in the death of both Bonnie and Elena . Damon returns to the wedding to find Bonnie badly injured on the floor and Kai 's reminder that letting Bonnie die will allow Elena to regain consciousness . Damon tells Bonnie he 's sorry and leaves the room . Kai is irritated that his plan to torture Damon with an impossible choice had failed and , while he 's distracted , Damon decapitates him from behind . Damon saves Bonnie 's life and they go to the Salvatore boarding house to say their goodbyes to Elena , deciding that they will allow Bonnie to live her life and , when she dies , Elena will wake . Damon allows himself to enter Elena 's subconscious to say his goodbye , dancing with her and telling her that he 'll never be ready to live the next 60 years of his life without her . Stefan and Damon move the coffin holding Elena to a crypt and have Bonnie seal the door magically to keep away those seeking the Cure . The season ends with the impression that quite a bit of time has passed . Mystic Falls is desolate and run down after the return of the other Heretics , Lily 's `` family '' . The last scene shows Damon looking torn standing on the clock tower he once sat on with Elena . Relationships ( edit ) At the start of season 1 , Damon was a self - proclaimed loner , often keeps to himself . Despite his initially antagonistic relationships with humans such as Alaric Saltzman and Sheriff Elizabeth Forbes , Caroline 's mother . Damon gradually involved himself into the lives of many people in Mystic Falls by developing friendships with several humans . After spending time with Elena Gilbert , Damon becomes more empathetic and falls deeply , madly and passionately in love with her . He always puts her safety first before anyone else , even his . Somerhalder with his Vampire Diaries co-stars Paul Wesley ( Stefan ) and Nina Dobrev ( Elena ) at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International Damon 's most prominent love , aside from Elena , was Rose . He met her while searching for Klaus and hooked up with her shortly after . Unfortunately Damon ticked off Jules , a werewolf , and she showed up on a full moon for revenge . Stefan Salvatore ( edit ) Damon has had a challenging relationship with his younger brother Stefan Salvatore for over a century . Before they became vampires , they both loved the vampire Katherine Pierce . Damon shows that he has nurtured a long - standing desire to reunite with Katherine throughout the first season . In the first season , we learn that it was Stefan who convinced Damon to feed and complete his transformation after Katherine turned both brothers into vampires . Despite the feud between the Salvatore brothers , both Damon and Stefan always have each other 's backs . Damon is always there for Stefan when it really matters , e.g. , saving him from being tortured , helping him through withdrawal , and working with him to kill common enemies . And Stefan will still give up his own life for Damon 's survival . They both actually love each other but wo n't admit it , however : Elena Gilbert ( edit ) After learning of Katherine 's deceit , Damon starts to fall for , Elena . In general , Damon is fiercely protective of Elena and always puts her safety ahead of all else . Damon comes to Elena 's rescue at the Miss Mystic Falls pageant when Elena is left stranded without a partner , and the two dance . In the episode `` Rose '' , Damon confesses his love for her only to compel her to forget about it because he does n't believe he is worthy of her . Throughout the third season his relationship with Elena grows ; she learns to fully trust him , and they begin to rely on each other as a team . They share two passionate kisses , but Elena remains in denial about her feelings for him . After a long struggle , Elena still chooses Stefan much to Damon 's dismay . In the following season , however , Elena realizes that her feelings for Damon can not be denied any longer . She and Stefan break up , and in the following episode Damon and Elena finally get together and have sex . Damon and Elena then both individually discover that Elena is sired to Damon , making Elena 's feelings unfortunately known ; however , Elena insists that her love for Damon is the most real thing that she 's ever felt in her entire life . Damon remains doubtful , so in `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' he sets her `` free '' . In an interview before the season finale , Julie Plec stated that `` This year , she 's had a very traumatic roller coaster of life experience and it 's changed her irrevocably -- and at the center of it all was the diehard belief that she loved Damon , that she loved him more than she 'd ever loved anyone . '' In `` Graduation '' , after the sire bond is broken and there remains no doubt about Elena 's feelings , she reveals that she is in love with Damon . Damon and Elena spend the next few months together , having the summer of their lives . When Elena has to leave for college , Damon stays behind in Mystic Falls and they have a functional long distance relationship . However , in the episode `` Original Sin '' , Tessa , who is revealed to be Qetsiyah , tells Damon that the doppelgangers are fated to fall in love and that he is only a bump in the road that makes their story interesting . Damon refuses to believe in this and assures Elena that he will fight for her and their future together as she is his life . It is later revealed that there is nothing fated about Stefan and Elena , but that they were merely drawn together by a spell . After a tumultuous , back and forth relationship , Damon and Elena get back together at the end of the season , and they choose to sacrifice themselves together to save Stefan and Alaric and their other friends on the Other Side . When Elena makes it back but Damon is trapped on the collapsing Other Side , Elena is devastated . Damon says his last goodbye to Elena , telling her that she is by far the best thing that has ever happened to him , and that being loved by her is `` the epitome of a fulfilled life '' , as Elena sobs inconsolably . In season 6 , Elena is unable to move on from Damon 's death months later . She pretends to be happy , but she is secretly taking witch herbs to hallucinate Damon . When the herbs make her dangerous to humans , Elena decides to have Alaric compel away her memories of Damon , because she will never be able to move on otherwise . When Damon returns , he attempts to help her remember their love story , but the compulsion will not break . Not remembering any of the good things about Damon , Elena still decides to give him another chance . She slowly falls in love with him again , ultimately declaring that no matter whether she has memories of him or not , she always finds her way back to him . When Bonnie returns from the prison world , she gifts Damon with the cure for vampirism , knowing that he wanted to give it to Elena . However , Damon is afraid that this will mean losing Elena . They discuss what a human life together would be like . Elena initially rejects the cure , but Damon decides to take it with her so that they can have a human life together , including children . Damon always wanted Elena to have the human life she always dreamed of . Elena takes the cure , which breaks the compulsion , and her memories of Damon return to her . She recalls a memory from season 4 , where Damon declares that there would be nothing more miserable than becoming human again . Elena is afraid that Damon would regret taking the cure , so she challenges him to think it through carefully . Stefan attempts to convince Damon that becoming human would be a bad decision , but Damon ultimately realizes that one lifetime with Elena is infinitely better than an immortal one without her , and confidently believes her to be his soulmate . Damon and Elena excitedly anticipate the beginning of their human future together , until Kai puts Elena under a sleeping spell , tied to Bonnie 's life . Damon spends the next two seasons devoted to Elena , waiting for her to wake up . He repeatedly states that he is miserable without her , and will spend the next 60 or so years unhappily until Bonnie dies . However , Damon is committed to staying true to Elena , and doing right by her . Elena is shown to be Damon 's moral compass , and his guiding force throughout the two seasons . When Damon is in the Phoenix Stone 's version of hell , a vision of Stefan asks Damon `` What would Elena do ? '' and this prompts Damon to forgive his mother , freeing him from hell . The phoenix stone 's influence remains , and Damon accidentally lights Elena 's coffin on fire ( or so he thinks ) . Believing that he has unwittingly killed the love of his life , Damon becomes suicidal . When confronted with the hunter Rayna , Damon commands her to kill him because he is already in hell in a world without Elena . Enzo then reveals to Damon that Elena is still alive , renewing Damon 's hope . When Damon realizes that he is a potential danger to his friends and family because he does not believe he is good without Elena , he decides to desiccate himself next to her . He write to Alaric that before Elena , he did n't know what it was like to be happy , fulfilled or complete , and that he does n't want to continue living without that feeling . After Stefan wakes Damon from his desiccation , Damon continues to be devoted to his future with Elena . At the end of season 7 , he is lured into a trap by a siren , hearing Elena 's voice calling out to him . When the siren takes control of Damon 's mind in season 8 , Damon spends a significant amount of time sleeping , seeking refuge in dreams of his memories of Elena . When Sybil erases Elena from Damon 's consciousness only to insert herself into their memories , Damon fights back , instinctively drawn back to Elena . His love for her prevails , and he breaks the siren 's mind control , regaining his memories of Elena . Julie Plec stated that `` I think the only hope that he 's holding on to is the idea of the two of them living in Tribeca in their brownstone and raising kids and having a life together as humans when this is all said and done . '' After Stefan gives Damon the cure to vampirism , turning him into a human , and Bonnie unbreaks the spell on Elena , Damon and Elena finally reunite . They begin their life together , getting married while Elena goes to medical school and becomes a doctor . Eventually they return to Mystic Falls to grow old together , where they died together of old age . We last see them walking hand in hand in the afterlife before reuniting with their respective families . Alaric Saltzman ( edit ) Alaric is a vampire hunter looking to avenge his wife by killing the vampire that killed her . It is soon revealed that the vampire that Alaric is hunting is actually Damon . Before killing Alaric , he confesses that he did n't kill Isobel but turned her . Alaric is brought back to life by the Gilbert ring . The two remain enemies but work together on occasion . Eventually , the two become best friends and drinking buddies . Even after Alaric is turned into a vampire who kills other vampires , Damon does his best to ensure that they do n't have to kill him . But with Elena 's death , Alaric dies as well while Damon holds him . In the episode , `` Memorial '' , it 's clear that Damon still misses his friend as he talks to Alaric at his grave . Unknown to him , Alaric listens to the whole thing and even responds with `` I miss you too , buddy '' . Damon 's best friend . Bonnie Bennett ( edit ) Bonnie first saw Damon in Friday Night Bites when he dropped Caroline off at cheerleading practice . They first interacted in Haunted , when Damon learned that Bonnie had come into possession of the Bennett Talisman . He needed this to open the tomb which Katherine was locked in ( for 145 years or so he believed ) . At first , Bonnie did n't want to have anything to do with Damon , saving his life only for Elena 's sake and soon blaming him for Caroline 's transition into a vampire . However , as time went on , Bonnie was put into situations where she had to work with Damon to achieve what they both wanted ( albeit reluctantly at first ) . Their teamwork has often proved to be beneficial for the both of them . Their relationship has even come to a point where Damon is visibly worried for Bonnie 's well - being and was devastated when he found out about her death . The improvement of their relationship is seen in Damon 's efforts to help bring Bonnie back from the dead . However , their unique friendship hit a speed bump when Damon reverted to his old ways . Finally , they stood side by side with each other as The Other Side collapsed , holding each other 's hand and at peace with what is to come for the both of them . They later discover that they are trapped in a 1994 Prison World . During that time , they start to bond and form a close alliance to take down Kai . Before sending Damon back home , she mentions that he 's not exactly the last person she would wan na be stuck with . When Damon returns home , he does everything he can to find a way to bring Bonnie back , including a long road trip to Oregon to seek the Gemini Coven , and also compelling Alaric to steal the Ascendant from Jo . They finally reunite at the Salvatore Boarding House with a hug after Sheriff Forbes 's funeral . It 's shown that Damon and Bonnie genuinely care about each other and have made sacrifices for each other . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Somerhalder joins ' Vampire Diaries ' by Michael Schneider of Variety , March 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Meet The Cast -- Vampire Diaries Casting Calls by Matej Jelic of Spoilers Guide , June 17 , 2009 Jump up ^ Ian Somerhalder talks ' Vampire Diaries ' by Mandi Bierly of Entertainment Weekly , September 17 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : The Vampire Diaries episode `` 162 Candles '' aired November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Haunted '' aired October 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The Vampire Diaries episode `` '' aired May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Katerina '' aired November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` The Departed , '' aired May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Do Not Go Gentle , '' aired April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Kill or Be Killed , '' aired October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` 1912 , '' aired March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Masquerade , '' aired October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` As I Lay Dying , '' aired May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/ca/news/418990/the-vampire-diaries-finale-julie-plec-teases-elena-s-choice-bonnie-s-sacrifice-and-dynasty-style-fight Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/the-vampire-diaries-spoilers-damon-elena-human/ External links ( edit ) Official website of the show The Vampire Diaries at TV.com The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damon_Salvatore&oldid=861467536 '' Categories : Characters in American novels of the 20th century Fictional characters introduced in 1991 Fictional American Civil War veterans Fictional mass murderers Fictional people of the Confederate States of America Fictional vampires The Vampire Diaries characters Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Official website not in Wikidata TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Português Română Slovenčina Suomi Türkçe Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2018 , at 17 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when does elena start to have feelings for damon | [
"In the first season, Damon appears as the frightening older brother to Stefan Salvatore, and plays as the main antagonist for the first initial episodes with a hidden agenda.[4] Slowly, Damon begins to be kinder to the other characters, showing brief moments of compassion such as erasing Jeremy's memory of vampires and removing his \"suffering\"[4] so Jeremy gets his life back on track.[5] Damon apologizes for turning Vicki Donovan into a vampire and admits it was wrong.[6] Later at the Gilbert house, Elena returns home. Damon admits that he came to the town wanting to destroy it but actually found himself wanting to protect it after everything that happened at the Founder's Day celebrations and says he's not a hero and doesn't do good, saying it's not in him - those traits are reserved for Stefan, Elena and Bonnie. The two begin to kiss passionately before getting interrupted - it is later revealed that it wasn't Elena he kissed, but Katherine Pierce.[6] Later in the season, it also implies that he actually feels human emotions, such as pain and love, which helps the viewer sympathize toward his character in some situations. But mostly, he likes to take care of himself and do the dirty work, in his own sadistic ways.\n"
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"the first season"
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-6228126046869292042 | Look What You Made Me Do | Look What You Made Me Do - wikipedia Look What You Made Me Do Jump to : navigation , search `` Look What You Made Me Do '' Single by Taylor Swift from the album Reputation Released August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) Format CD single digital download Genre Dance - pop electroclash electropop Length 3 : 31 Label Big Machine Songwriter ( s ) Taylor Swift Jack Antonoff Fred Fairbrass Richard Fairbrass Rob Manzoli Producer ( s ) Jack Antonoff Taylor Swift singles chronology `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' ( 2016 ) `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( 2017 ) `` ... Ready for It ? '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Look What You Made Me Do '' on YouTube `` Look What You Made Me Do '' is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift from her sixth studio album Reputation ( 2017 ) . It was first released on August 24 , 2017 as the lead single from the album . Swift wrote it with producer Jack Antonoff . It samples the melody of the 1991 song `` I 'm Too Sexy '' by the band Right Said Fred ; therefore , Fred Fairbrass , Richard Fairbrass , and Rob Manzoli of the band are credited as songwriters . The song topped the US and UK charts and became Swift 's fifth biggest song of all time . The song received a mixed response from music critics , with division over Swift 's stylistic change . The music video was directed by Joseph Kahn and became the most - watched music video within 24 hours . The song broke a string of records , including the record for the most plays in a single day on Spotify . Commercially , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' has topped the charts in Australia , Canada , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Ireland , Israel , Lebanon , Malaysia , the Netherlands , the Philippines , Slovakia , Spain , the United Kingdom , and the United States . It has received a Double Platinum certification in Canada and Platinum certifications in the United States and Australia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Release and promotion 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 5.1 Production and release 5.2 Synopsis 5.3 Analysis 6 Accolades 7 Usage in media 8 Track listings 9 Charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Release and promotion ( edit ) On August 23 , 2017 , Swift announced that the first single of her upcoming sixth album , titled Reputation , would come out the following night . The song was released to streaming services on August 24 , and earned over eight million streams within twenty - four hours of its Spotify release , breaking the record for the highest first - day streaming for a single track . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' was then released the next day onto iTunes for digital download through Big Machine Records and onto Italian contemporary hit radio before a United Kingdom radio release on August 26 , 2017 . It impacted American contemporary hit radio three days afterwards . A CD single release followed in Germany , Austria and Switzerland on October 27 , 2017 . A lyric video heavily based on the Saul Bass imagery used in the film Vertigo was released through Swift 's official Vevo account on August 25 , 2017 . The video was produced by Swift and Joseph Kahn . It gained more than 19 million views during its first 24 hours on YouTube , surpassing `` Something Just like This '' by The Chainsmokers and Coldplay as the most viewed lyric video within that time period . As of November 2017 , the lyric video on YouTube has amassed over 85 million views . Composition ( edit ) Jack Antonoff ( pictured in 2012 ) produced and co-wrote `` Look What You Made Me Do '' . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' runs for 3 minutes and 31 seconds . Music critics have described the track as a hybrid of electroclash and pop , as well as a dance - pop and an electro - pop song . It emphasizes the blame that is placed on an enemy , in particular the line `` I 've got a list of names and yours is in red , underlined '' . The middle eight of the song features Swift saying , `` I 'm sorry , the old Taylor ca n't come to the phone right now / Why ? / Oh , ' cause she 's dead ! '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' is performed in the key of A minor with a tempo of 128 beats per minute . Swift 's vocals span from G to F . Critic Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone noted a `` nightmarish aesthetic '' present in the song , and believed it to be a continuation of the `` antagonistic persona '' from `` Bad Blood '' . Richard Fairbrass , Fred Fairbrass and Rob Manzoli , the members of the British dance - pop group Right Said Fred , are credited as songwriters because the song interpolates the melody of their song `` I 'm Too Sexy '' . According to Fred Fairbrass , he and his brother were contacted one week before the release of `` Look What You Made Me Do '' and were asked whether a `` big , contemporary female artist who has n't released anything for a while '' -- whose identity they were not told -- would be able to use a portion of their song for her latest single . Although the brothers agreed to a deal , they did not officially find out that the artist in question was Swift until the morning after the song was released , but had deduced that it was her based on the description they were given . Both of the Fairbrass brothers said that they enjoyed `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ; Fred Fairbrass told Rolling Stone , `` I like the cynical aspect of the lyric , because ' I 'm Too Sexy ' is a cynical song , and I think she channeled that quite well . '' A representative for Swift confirmed that the song interpolated the melody from `` I 'm Too Sexy '' , but did not include sampled audio from the earlier song . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Look What You Made Me Do '' received polarized reviews from critics . USA Today said that the polarizing reaction to the song illustrated Swift 's position as a `` ubiquitous cultural force '' . The Telegraph Randy Lewis praised the song , deeming Swift and Antonoff 's work as `` blow ( ing ) past the production clichés of clap tracks and hiccuped syllabic hooks that have proliferated across Top 40 fare in recent years with boldly inventive textures and fresh melodic , rhythmic and sonic accents '' . He also added how the track musically and sonically shifted alongside the lyrics . Sarah Carson of the Los Angeles Times wrote a positive review of the song , saying : `` The reverberating crescendo builds and ever more delicious is the wickedness of Swift 's menacing protagonist '' , praising Swift for her successful embrace of the villain character the media has portrayed her as previous to the song 's release . Variety 's Chris Willman also praised Swift 's embrace of a darker - styled pop music and the stylistic conflict between the song 's pre-chorus and chorus . Mark Harris , in New York magazine 's pop culture blog , thought of Swift 's song as a pop art anthem for the Trump era in how she reappropriates her public feuds as empowering badges of honor without acknowledging her own responsibility or blame . However , Maura Johnston of The Guardian wrote a negative review of the song , faulting the `` sloppy '' lyrics and blaming Swift for not giving a clear context in the lyrics . Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone believed that the song marked a continuation of the feud between Swift and rapper Kanye West ; the latter had previously name - dropped Swift in his song `` Famous '' by using the line , `` I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex / Why ? / I made that bitch famous '' . The single was noted as being a darker , angrier work than what Swift had done before . Hugh McIntye of Forbes was critical of the change in style , saying that it `` did n't sound like ( Swift ) '' and that it `` may have some kinks to work out '' . Meaghan Garvey from Pitchfork referred to it in a review as `` a hardcore self - own '' track . Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' debuted at number seventy - seven on the Billboard Hot 100 , powered by its first three days of airplay . It also sold slightly under 200,000 digital copies within its first day of sales in the country , where it became the fastest selling download since Ed Sheeran 's `` Shape of You '' . One week later , the song ascended from # 77 to # 1 on the Hot 100 after its first full week of tracking , becoming the fifth largest rise to the top position and Swift 's fifth number - one single in the United States . It also topped the nation 's Streaming Songs chart with 84.4 million streams , becoming its most streamed song within a week by a female artist and second overall behind the 103 million that Baauer 's `` Harlem Shake '' gained in 2013 . The track also had more weekly streams in the US than any other song in 2017 . With 353,000 copies sold in its first week , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' opened atop the US Digital Songs chart and had the country 's biggest sales opening since Justin Timberlake 's `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' in 2016 as well as the best weekly sales for a song by a female artist since Adele 's `` Hello '' in 2015 . The track also became the country 's first number - one song with a female artist since Halsey was featured on `` Closer '' by The Chainsmokers and the first song with a female lead artist since Sia 's `` Cheap Thrills '' with Sean Paul ( both in 2016 ) . It additionally was the first solo song by a female to top the US charts since Adele 's `` Hello '' . It remained atop the Hot 100 and Streaming Songs charts for a second week with 114,000 copies sold and 61.2 million streams , though descended to number two on the Digital Songs chart when another Reputation track titled `` ... Ready for It ? '' debuted at number one with 135,000 digital copies sold and opened at number four on the Hot 100 . As a result , Swift became the first artist to have two tracks sell over 100,000 digital copies in the nation within a week since Sheeran with `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' . It also became the first time a female had two songs within the top five of the Hot 100 since 2015 when Swift 's previous tracks `` Blank Space '' and `` Shake It Off '' respectively were at numbers four and five on the chart . The single also topped the Mainstream Top 40 chart , becoming Swift 's eighth single to do so . In the United Kingdom , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' sold 20,000 copies and was streamed 2.4 million times in less than a week . The song debuted at the top the UK Singles Chart on September 1 , 2017 - for the week ending date September 7 , 2017 - with opening sales of 30,000 copies and 5.3 million streams within the week and becoming Swift 's first chart - topping song in Britain . After two weeks at the top spot , it was displaced by Sam Smith 's `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' also debuted at number one in the Republic of Ireland on September 1 , 2017 and became Swift 's first song to top the Irish Singles Chart . In doing so , it surpassed the number three peaks of her singles `` Love Story '' ( in 2009 ) and `` Shake It Off '' ( in 2014 ) . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' opened at number one in Australia on September 2 , 2017 , becoming her fifth track to top the ARIA Charts . It spent another week at the nation 's summit before `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' took the top position there as well . The song has been certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of 70,000 units . After debuting at number one on the Canadian Hot 100 , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' was also certified Platinum by Music Canada for shipments of 80,000 units on September 14 , 2017 . In New Zealand , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' entered at the number one spot on September 1 , 2017 , becoming Swift 's fourth chart - topping single there . In the Philippines , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' debuted at number 7 spot on the BillboardPH Hot 100 on its first week . A week later , it soared to the number 1 spot , ending the 10 - week reign of `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber . It descended to the runner - up position the following week , as the latter song reclaimed the top spot for an 11th week . Music video ( edit ) Production and release ( edit ) The official music video premiered on August 27 , 2017 at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards . The song 's music video broke the record for most - watched video within 24 hours by achieving 43.2 million views on YouTube in its first day . It topped the 27.7 million Vevo views Adele 's `` Hello '' attracted in that timeframe , as well as the 36 million YouTube views of Psy 's `` Gentleman '' video . It was viewed at an average 30,000 times per minute in its first 24 hours , with views reaching over 3 million views per hour . Preparation for the music video began in January , while the shooting took place in May . The dance was choreographed by Tyce Diorio , who had worked with Swift on `` Shake It Off '' before . Swift 's make - up as a zombie was done by Bill Corso . Post-production of the video lasted until the morning of its release . A 20 - second music video teaser was released on Good Morning America on August 25 . It was also revealed that the diamonds used in a scene were authentic . The diamonds , loaned from celebrity jeweler Neil Lane , were said to be worth over $10 million , hence triggering tight security measures . As of November 7 , 2017 , the video has over 679 million views and broke the record for the fastest video to reach 200 , 300 and 400 million views on YouTube . It is the 20th most liked video on YouTube with over 6.44 million likes . Synopsis ( edit ) The bathtub scene in the music video , where the diamonds were authentic and worth over $10 million . Swift has said that part of the premise of the video is rooted in the idea that , `` If everything you write about me was true , this is how ridiculous it would look . '' The video begins with a zombie Swift crawling out of a grave , where the headstone reads `` Here Lies Taylor Swift 's reputation '' , and digging another grave for her Met Gala 2014 self . The next scene shows Swift in a bathtub filled with diamonds . She is then seen seated on a throne while snakes surround her and serve tea . Swift later crashes her golden Bugatti Veyron on a post and sings the song 's chorus holding a Grammy as the paparazzi take photos . She is also seen swinging inside a cage , robbing a streaming company in a cat mask , and leading a motorcycle gang . Afterwards , she gathers a group of women at `` Squad U '' and dances with a group of men in another room . At the end of the video , various iterations of Swift 's public image bicker with one another , describing each other as `` so fake '' and `` playing the victim '' , ending with one saying `` I would very much like to be excluded from this narrative '' after which the other iterations yell at her to `` shut up ! '' in unison , while the version of Swift in the background watches in silence . Analysis ( edit ) The video contains numerous hidden meanings and references . In the opening scene , there is a subtle `` Nils Sjöberg '' tombstone shown when Swift is digging up a grave , referencing the pseudonym she used for a songwriting credit on Calvin Harris ' 2016 single `` This Is What You Came For '' . Similarly , Swift -- masked as a cadaveric version of herself in the `` Out of the Woods '' music video -- was shown digging a grave for herself in a 2014 Met Gala gown , an event that characterized her first public appearance with short hair . A single dollar bill in the bathtub full of diamonds that she bathes in was also speculated to symbolize the dollar she was awarded for winning a sexual assault trial earlier in 2017 . Interpretations for the bathtub scene were contrasting . Some believe that it is a response to media statement teasing that she `` cries in a marble bathtub surrounded by pearls '' , while others viewed it as a mockery to Kim Kardashian 's 2016 gunpoint robbery . In a separate scene , Swift is shown sitting atop a golden throne , where a carving of a phrase `` Et tu , Brute ? '' could be seen on the armrest , a reference to Shakespeare 's drama Julius Caesar . Swift 's infamous title as a `` snake '' during her hiatus was also represented when a snake slithers onto the throne to serve Swift some tea . When Swift 's car crashes , some speculated that it may be a jab at Katy Perry as Swift 's hairdo is similar to Perry 's in the scene . The sports car is also reminiscent of a car in Perry 's `` Waking Up in Vegas '' video . She is also holding a Grammy Award in the scene , a possible reference to the fact that Perry has never won any Grammys despite multiple nominations . Swift 's withdrawal of her entire music catalog from streaming services were hinted when Swift and her crew walked out of a streaming company in the video . Swift gathering at `` Squad U '' was also said to be a reply to the media dubbing her close friends as a `` squad '' . During the second chorus , Swift can be seen with eight men , each of which revealed an `` I Heart TS '' crop top after unbuttoning a jacket . This scene is an apparent tribute to her ex-boyfriend Tom Hiddleston , who was seen wearing an `` I Heart TS '' tank top when they were a couple . The eight backup dancers may also have been a possible reference to the idea that Swift has had eight ex-boyfriends during her career . Swift was also seen standing on a pile of her other iterations , reiterating the idea that she is leaving her past self behind . The shirt that an iteration of Swift wore in the `` You Belong with Me '' video was also different , with her close friends ' names scribbled on it this time . In June 2016 , discussing the relationship between her and Kanye West after West 's song `` Famous '' , Swift wrote on Instagram , `` I would very much like to be excluded from this narrative . '' The same line is spoken by one of Swift 's iterations at the end of the video . She is wearing the same outfit Swift had worn during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards , when West interrupted her award - winning speech for Best Female Video . Accolades ( edit ) The song is nominated for `` Best Music Video '' at the 2017 MTV Europe Music Awards . It was also nominated for `` Best Music Video '' at the NRJ Music Awards . Usage in media ( edit ) ABC used the song in a promotional video for its Shonda Rhimes ' Thursday line - up an hour after its release . Sister network ESPN used it in its college football telecast advertisements for the season opening game between Alabama and Florida State , which was aired on ABC on September 2 . Track listings ( edit ) Digital download `` Look What You Made Me Do '' -- 3 : 31 CD single `` Look What You Made Me Do '' -- 3 : 31 `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( Music Video ) -- 4 : 16 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 39 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) 33 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 10 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 10 Croatia ( HRT ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 39 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 12 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 10 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 7 Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 46 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 19 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 20 Venezuela Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 5 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 707,626 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Worldwide August 24 , 2017 Streaming Big Machine August 25 , 2017 Digital download Italy Contemporary hit radio Universal Music United Kingdom August 26 , 2017 Virgin EMI United States August 29 , 2017 Big Machine Germany October 27 , 2017 CD single Universal Music See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one digital tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one streaming tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Scottish number - one singles of 2017 List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one Billboard Streaming Songs of 2017 List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2017 List of number - one songs of 2017 ( Malaysia ) List of most liked YouTube videos List of most disliked YouTube videos List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed music videos in the first 24 hours References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Battan , Carrie ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's Radical Transformation in Her New Song , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` . 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Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Lucy ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Each and every single dig that Taylor Swift makes in the Look What You Made Me Do music video '' . Metro . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanzer , Myles ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift : `` I Would Very Much Like To Be Excluded From This Narrative '' `` . The Fader . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Taylor Swift vs. Taylor Swift in `` Look What You Made Me Do '' video `` . ABC . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schonfeld , Zach ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' Music Video Is Finally Here `` . Newsweek . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Sally ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` All the Old Taylors in Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` . Elle . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jason ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Is Already Using Taylor Swift 's New Song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' to Promote TGIT '' . Adweek . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Andrew ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN using Taylor Swift 's song for college football ads '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 9 al 15 de Octubre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 9 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in French ) . 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Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo del 28 de Agosto al 2 de October , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 37 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Taylor Swift / Look What You Made Me Do '' . VG - lista . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter ' in the field `` Year '' . Select ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Enter Look What You Made Me Do in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 10 / 05 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( Lyric video ) on YouTube ( hide ) Taylor Swift Awards and nominations Discography Live performances Songs Videography Studio albums Taylor Swift Fearless Speak Now Red 1989 Reputation Extended plays The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection Beautiful Eyes Live albums Speak Now World Tour -- Live Singles `` Tim McGraw '' `` Picture to Burn '' `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' `` Should 've Said No '' `` Our Song '' `` Fearless '' `` Fifteen '' `` Love Story '' `` White Horse '' `` You Belong with Me '' `` Breathe '' `` You 're Not Sorry '' `` Forever & Always '' `` Change '' `` Mine '' `` Sparks Fly '' `` Back to December '' `` Speak Now '' `` Mean '' `` The Story of Us '' `` Innocent '' `` Ours '' `` State of Grace '' `` Red '' `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' `` All Too Well '' `` 22 '' `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' `` The Last Time '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Begin Again '' `` Welcome to New York '' `` Blank Space '' `` Style '' `` Out of the Woods '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Wildest Dreams '' `` Wonderland '' `` New Romantics '' `` ... Ready for It ? '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` Gorgeous '' Collaborations `` Two Is Better Than One '' `` Half of My Heart '' `` Both of Us '' `` Highway Do n't Care '' Other songs `` Crazier '' `` Today Was a Fairytale '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Long Live '' `` Eyes Open '' `` Ronan '' `` Sweeter Than Fiction '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home '' Television Taylor Swift and Def Leppard Journey to Fearless Concert tours Fearless Tour Speak Now World Tour The Red Tour The 1989 World Tour Related articles Wonderstruck 2009 MTV Video Music Awards controversy 1989 ( Ryan Adams album ) Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Look_What_You_Made_Me_Do&oldid=809173564 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Big Machine Records singles Dance - pop songs Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn Song recordings produced by Jack Antonoff Songs written by Jack Antonoff Songs written by Taylor Swift Taylor Swift songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Songs about betrayal Electroclash songs Electropop songs Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 15 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is look what you made me do music video | [
"The official music video premiered on August 27, 2017 at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards.[47] The song's music video broke the record for most-watched video within 24 hours by achieving 43.2 million views on YouTube in its first day. It topped the 27.7 million Vevo views Adele's \"Hello\" attracted in that timeframe, as well as the 36 million YouTube views of Psy's \"Gentleman\" video.[48][49][50] It was viewed at an average 30,000 times per minute in its first 24 hours, with views reaching over 3 million views per hour.[51]"
] | [
"August 27, 2017"
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-7995009242179928914 | Cheers | Cheers - wikipedia Cheers This article is about the American TV series . For other uses , see Cheers ( disambiguation ) . Cheers Genre Sitcom Created by Glen Charles Les Charles James Burrows Starring Ted Danson Shelley Long Nicholas Colasanto Rhea Perlman George Wendt John Ratzenberger Kelsey Grammer Woody Harrelson Bebe Neuwirth Kirstie Alley Theme music composer Gary Portnoy Judy Hart Angelo Opening theme `` Where Everybody Knows Your Name '' by Gary Portnoy Composer ( s ) Craig Safan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 11 No. of episodes 275 ( including three double - length episodes and a triple - length finale ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) James Burrows Glen Charles Les Charles Bill Steinkellner ( season 9 -- 11 ) Cherie Steinkellner ( season 9 -- 11 ) Phoef Sutton ( season 9 -- 11 ) Tom Anderson ( season 11 ) Dan O'Shannon ( season 11 ) Cinematography John Finger Kenneth Peach ( first three episodes ) Camera setup Film multi-camera Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Charles / Burrows / Charles Productions Paramount Network Television Distributor Paramount Domestic Television ( 1987 -- 2006 ) CBS Paramount Domestic Television ( 2006 -- 2007 ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network NBC Audio format Stereo ( 1982 -- 1987 ) Dolby Surround ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Original release September 30 , 1982 ( 1982 - 09 - 30 ) -- May 20 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 20 ) Chronology Followed by Frasier ( 1993 -- 2004 ) Related shows The Tortellis ( 1987 ) External links Website Cheers is an American sitcom that ran on NBC from September 30 , 1982 , to May 20 , 1993 , with a total of 275 half - hour episodes for eleven seasons . The show was produced by Charles / Burrows / Charles Productions in association with Paramount Network Television . The show was created by the team of James Burrows , Glen Charles , and Les Charles . The show is set in a bar named Cheers in Boston , Massachusetts , where a group of locals meet to drink , relax , and socialize . The show 's main theme song , co-written and performed by Gary Portnoy , lent its refrain `` Where Everybody Knows Your Name '' as the show 's catchphrase . After premiering on September 30 , 1982 , it was nearly canceled during its first season when it ranked almost last in ratings for its premiere ( 74th out of 77 shows ) . Cheers , however , eventually became a highly rated television show in the United States , earning a top - ten rating during eight of its eleven seasons , including one season at number one . The show spent most of its run on NBC 's Thursday night `` Must See TV '' lineup . Its widely watched series finale was broadcast on May 20 , 1993 , and the show 's 275 episodes have been successfully syndicated worldwide . Nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series for all eleven of its seasons on the air , it earned 28 Primetime Emmy Awards from a record of 117 nominations . The character Frasier Crane ( Kelsey Grammer ) was featured in his eponymous spin - off show , which aired until 2004 and included guest appearances by virtually all of the major and minor Cheers characters . During its run , Cheers became one of the most popular series of all time and has received critical acclaim from its start to its end . In 1997 , the episodes `` Thanksgiving Orphans '' and `` Home Is the Sailor '' , aired originally in 1987 , were respectively ranked No. 7 and No. 45 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All - Time . In 2002 , Cheers was ranked No. 18 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America ranked it as the eighth best written TV series and TV Guide ranked it # 11 on their list of the 60 Greatest Shows of All Time . Contents 1 Characters 1.1 Original main characters 1.2 Subsequent main characters 1.3 Recurring characters 1.4 Celebrity appearances 1.5 Death of Nicholas Colasanto 2 Episodes 3 Themes 4 Cheers owners 5 Production 5.1 Creation and concept 5.2 Production team 5.3 Casting 5.4 Filming styles and locations 5.5 Theme song 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Awards and honors 7 Distribution 7.1 Syndication 7.1. 1 High definition 7.2 Home media 7.3 Digital media distribution 8 Licensing 9 Spin - offs , crossovers , and cultural references 10 Remake 11 Cheers : Live On Stage 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 16 Further reading 17 External links Characters ( edit ) Before the Cheers pilot `` Give Me a Ring Sometime '' was completed and aired in 1982 , the series originally consisted of four employees in the first script . Neither Norm Peterson nor Cliff Clavin , regular customers of Cheers , were featured ; later revisions added them as among the regular characters of the series . In later years , Woody Boyd replaces Coach , who dies off - screen in season four ( 1985 -- 86 ) due to actor Nicholas Colasanto 's death . Frasier Crane starts as a recurring character and becomes a permanent character . In season six ( 1987 -- 88 ) , they added a new character Rebecca Howe , who was written into the show after the finale of the previous season ( 1986 -- 87 ) . Lilith Sternin starts as a one - time character in an episode of season four , `` Second Time Around '' ( 1985 ) . After she appears in two episodes in season five , she becomes a recurring character , and later featured as a permanent one for season ten ( 1991 -- 92 ) . Original main characters ( edit ) Cast of seasons one through three : left to right : ( top ) Shelley Long , Ted Danson ; ( middle ) Rhea Perlman , Nicholas Colasanto ; ( bottom ) George Wendt , John Ratzenberger Ted Danson portrays Sam Malone , a bartender and an owner of Cheers . Sam is also a lothario . Before the series began , he was a baseball relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox nicknamed `` Mayday Malone '' until he became an alcoholic , harming his career . He has an on - again , off - again relationship with Diane Chambers , his class opposite , in the first five seasons ( 1982 -- 1987 ) . During their off - times , Sam has flings with many not - so - bright `` sexy women '' , yet fails to pursue a meaningful relationship and fails to seduce other women , such as intellectuals . After Diane is written out of the series , he tries to pursue Rebecca Howe , with varying results . At the end of the series , he is still unmarried and recovering from sexual addiction with the help of Dr. Robert Sutton 's ( Gilbert Lewis ) group meetings , advised by Frasier . Shelley Long portrays Diane Chambers , an academic , sophisticated graduate student attending Boston University . In the pilot , Diane is abandoned by her fiancé , leaving her without a job , a man , or money . Therefore , she reluctantly becomes a cocktail waitress . Later , she becomes a close friend of Coach and has an on - and - off relationship with bartender Sam Malone , her class opposite . During their off - relationship times , Diane dates men who fit her upper - class ideals , such as Frasier Crane . In 1987 , she leaves Boston behind for a writing career and to live in Los Angeles , California . Nicholas Colasanto portrays Coach Ernie Pantusso , a `` borderline senile '' co-bartender , widower , and retired baseball coach . Coach is also a friend of Sam and a close friend of Diane . He has a daughter , Lisa . Coach is often tricked into situations , especially ones that put the bar at stake . Coach listens to people 's problems and solves them . In 1985 , Coach died without explicit explanation , as Colasanto died of a heart attack . Rhea Perlman portrays Carla Tortelli , a `` wisecracking , cynical '' cocktail waitress , who treats customers badly . She is also highly fertile and matrimonially inept . When the series premiered , she is the mother of four children by her ex-husband Nick Tortelli ( Dan Hedaya ) . Later she bears four more , the depiction of which incorporated Perlman 's real - life pregnancies . All of her children are notoriously ill - behaved , except Ludlow , whose father is a prominent academician . She flirts with men , including ones who are not flattered by her ways , and believes in superstitions . Later she marries Eddie LeBec , an ice hockey player , who later becomes a penguin mascot for ice shows . After he died in an ice show accident by an ice resurfacer , Carla later discovers that Eddie had committed bigamy with another woman , whom he had gotten pregnant . George Wendt portrays Norm Peterson , a bar regular and occasionally - employed accountant . A recurrent joke on the show , especially in the earlier seasons , was that the character was such a popular and constant fixture at the bar that anytime he entered through the front door everyone present would yell out his name ( `` NORM ! '' ) in greeting ; usually this cry would be followed by one of the present bartenders asking Norm how he was , usually receiving a sardonic response and a request for a beer . He has infrequent accounting jobs and a troubled marriage with ( but is still in love with and married to ) Vera , an unseen character . Later in the series , he becomes a house painter and an interior decorator . The character was not originally intended to be a main cast role ; Wendt auditioned for a minor role of George for the pilot episode . The role was to only be Diane Chambers ' first customer and had only one word : `` Beer ! '' After he was cast in a more permanent role , the character was renamed Norm . John Ratzenberger portrays Cliff Clavin , a know - it - all bar regular and mail carrier . He lives with his mother Esther Clavin ( Frances Sternhagen ) in first the family house and later an apartment . In the bar , Cliff continuously spouts nonsensical and annoying trivia , making him an object of derision to the bar patrons . Ratzenberger auditioned for the role of a minor character George , but it went to Wendt , evolving the role into Norm Peterson . The producers decided they wanted a resident bar know - it - all , so the security guard Cliff Clavin was added for the pilot . The producers changed his occupation into a mail carrier as they thought such a man would have wider knowledge than a guard . Subsequent main characters ( edit ) Cast of Cheers since season six . ( left to right ) : ( top ) Perlman , Woody Harrelson , Kelsey Grammer , Bebe Neuwirth ; ( bottom ) Wendt , Kirstie Alley , Danson , Ratzenberger Kelsey Grammer portrays Frasier Crane , a psychiatrist and bar regular . Frasier started out as Diane Chambers ' love interest in the third season ( 1984 -- 85 ) . In the fourth season ( 1985 -- 86 ) , after Diane jilts him at the altar in Europe , Frasier ends up frequenting Cheers and becomes a regular . He later marries Lilith Sternin and has a son , Frederick . After the series ends the character becomes the focus of the spin - off Frasier , in which he is divorced from Lilith and living in Seattle . Woody Harrelson portrays Woody Boyd , a not - so - bright bartender . He arrives from his Midwest hometown of Hanover , Indiana to Boston , to see Coach , his `` pen pal '' ( as referring to exchanging `` pens '' , not letters ) . When Sam tells Woody that Coach died , Sam hires Woody in Coach 's place . Later , he marries his girlfriend Kelly Gaines ( Jackie Swanson ) , also not - so - bright but raised in a rich family . In the final season , he runs for political office , and surprisingly wins . Bebe Neuwirth portrays Lilith Sternin , a psychiatrist and bar regular . She is often teased by bar patrons about her uptight personality and appearance . In `` Second Time Around '' ( 1986 ) , her first episode , also her only one of the fourth season , her date with Frasier does not go well because they constantly argue . In the fifth season , with help from Diane , Lilith and Frasier begin a relationship . Eventually , they marry and have a son , Frederick . In the eleventh and final season , she leaves Frasier to live with another man in an experimental underground environment called the `` Eco-pod . '' She returns later in the season and reconciles with Frasier . However , in the spinoff Frasier , Lilith divorces Frasier and bears the custody of Frederick . Kirstie Alley portrays Rebecca Howe . She starts out as a strong independent woman , managing the bar for the corporation that bought the bar from Sam after Diane jilted him . Eventually , when Sam regains ownership , she begs him to let her remain as business manager . She repeatedly has romantic failures with mainly rich men and becomes more and `` more neurotic , insecure , and sexually frustrated '' . At the start , Sam frequently attempts to seduce Rebecca without success . As her personality changes , he loses interest in her . In the series finale , Rebecca marries the plumber Don Santry ( played by Tom Berenger ) and quits working for the bar . In the Frasier episode `` The Show Where Sam Shows Up '' , she is revealed to be divorced and back at the bar . When Frasier asks if this is to mean she is working there again Sam says no , she 's just ' back at the bar . ' Name Actress / Actor Role at Cheers Occupation Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Sam Malone Ted Danson Owner , Bartender Former baseball player Main Diane Chambers Shelley Long Waitress Graduate student , writer Main Guest Ernie `` Coach '' Pantusso Nicholas Colasanto Bartender Former baseball player and coach Main Carla Tortelli Rhea Perlman Waitress Mother , divorcee Main Norm Peterson George Wendt Customer Accountant ; house painter ; interior decorator Main Cliff Clavin John Ratzenberger Mailman Recurring Main Woody Boyd Woody Harrelson Assistant Bartender Actor ; politician Main Frasier Crane Kelsey Grammer Customer Psychiatrist Recurring Main Rebecca Howe Kirstie Alley Manager Superintendent Main Lilith Sternin Bebe Neuwirth Customer Psychiatrist Guest Recurring Main Before production of season 3 was finished , Nicholas Colasanto died . Therefore , his character Coach was written out as deceased in season 4 . In season 11 , Bebe Neuwirth is given `` starring '' credit only when she appears . Recurring characters ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of recurring characters in Cheers . Although Cheers operated largely around that main ensemble cast , guest stars and recurring characters did occasionally supplement them . Notable repeat guests included Dan Hedaya as Nick Tortelli and Jean Kasem as Loretta Tortelli , who were the main characters in the first spin - off The Tortellis , Fred Dryer as Dave Richards , Annie Golden as Margaret O'Keefe , Derek McGrath as Andy Schroeder ( also referred to as Andy Andy ) , interchangeably Joel Polis and Robert Desiderio as rival bar owner Gary , Jay Thomas as Eddie LeBec , Roger Rees as Robin Colcord , Tom Skerritt as Evan Drake , Frances Sternhagen as Esther Clavin , Richard Doyle as Walter Gaines , Keene Curtis as John Allen Hill , Anthony Cistaro as Henri , Michael McGuire as Professor Sumner Sloan , and Harry Anderson as Harry ' The Hat ' Gittes . Jackie Swanson , who played the recurring role of Woody 's girlfriend and eventual wife `` Kelly Gaines - Boyd '' , appeared in 24 episodes from 1989 to 1993 . The character is as equally dim and naive -- but ultimately as sweet - natured -- as Woody . Paul Willson played the recurring barfly character of `` Paul Krapence '' . ( In one early appearance in the first season he was called `` Glen '' , and was later credited on - screen as `` Gregg '' and `` Tom '' , but he was playing the same character throughout . ) Thomas Babson played `` Tom '' , a law student often mocked by Cliff Clavin , for continually failing to pass the Massachusetts bar exam . `` Al '' , played by Al Rosen , appeared in 38 episodes , and was known for his surly quips . Rhea Perlman 's father Philip Perlman played the role of `` Phil '' . Celebrity appearances ( edit ) Other celebrities guest - starred in single episodes as themselves throughout the series . Sports figures appeared on the show as themselves with a connection to Boston or Sam 's former team , the Red Sox , such as Luis Tiant , Wade Boggs and Kevin McHale ( of the Boston Celtics ) . Some television stars also made guest appearances as themselves such as Alex Trebek , Arsenio Hall , Dick Cavett , Robert Urich , George `` Spanky '' McFarland and Johnny Carson . Various political figures even made appearances on Cheers such as then - Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral William J. Crowe , former Colorado Senator Gary Hart , then - Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill , then - Senator John Kerry , then - Governor Michael Dukakis , Ethel Kennedy ( widow of Robert F. Kennedy ) , and then - Mayor of Boston Raymond Flynn , the last five of whom all represented Cheers ' home state and city . In maternal roles , Glynis Johns , in a guest appearance in 1983 , played Diane 's mother , Helen Chambers . Nancy Marchand played Frasier 's mother , Hester Crane , in an episode that aired in 1985 . In an episode that aired in 1992 , Celeste Holm played Kelly 's jokester of a paternal grandmother . Melendy Britt appeared in the episode `` Woody or Wo n't He '' ( 1990 ) as Kelly 's mother , Roxanne Gaines , a very attractive high - society lady and a sexy , flirtatious upper - class cougar who tries to seduce Woody . The musician Harry Connick , Jr. appeared in an episode as Woody 's cousin and plays a song from his Grammy - winning album We Are in Love ( c. 1991 ) . John Cleese won a Primetime Emmy Award for his guest appearance as `` Dr. Simon Finch - Royce '' in the fifth - season episode , `` Simon Says '' . Emma Thompson guest starred as Nanny G / Nannette Guzman , a famous singing nanny and Frasier 's ex-wife . Christopher Lloyd guest starred as a tortured artist who wanted to paint Diane . Marcia Cross portrayed Rebecca 's sister Susan in the season 7 episode Sisterly Love . John Mahoney once appeared as an inept jingle writer , which included a brief conversation with Frasier Crane , whose father he later portrayed on the spin - off Frasier . Peri Gilpin , who later played Roz Doyle on Frasier , also appeared in one episode of Cheers , in its 11th season , as Holly Matheson , a reporter who interviews Woody . The Righteous Brothers , Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley , also guest starred in different episodes . In `` The Guy Ca n't Help It '' Rebecca , meets a plumber played by Tom Berenger who came to fix one of the beer keg taps . They marry in the series finale , triggering her resignation from Cheers . Notable guest appearances of actresses portraying Sam 's sexual conquests or potential sexual conquests include : Kate Mulgrew in the three - episode finale of season four , portraying Boston councilwoman Janet Eldridge ; Donna McKechnie as Debra , Sam 's ex-wife ( with whom he is on good terms ) , who pretends to be an intellectual in front of Diane ; Barbara Babcock as Lana Marshall , a talent agent who specializes in representing male athletes , her clients with whom she routinely sleeps on demand ; Julia Duffy as Rebecca Prout , a depressed intellectual friend of Diane 's ; Alison La Placa as magazine reporter Paula Nelson ; Carol Kane as Amanda , who Sam eventually learns was a fellow patient at the sanitarium with Diane ; Barbara Feldon as Lauren Hudson , Sam 's annual Valentine 's Day fling ( in an homage to Same Time , Next Year ) ; Sandahl Bergman as Judy Marlowe , a longtime casual sex partner and whose now grown daughter , Laurie Marlowe ( Chelsea Noble ) , who has always considered Sam a pseudo-father figure , Sam falls for ; Madolyn Smith - Osborne as Dr. Sheila Rydell , a colleague of Frasier and Lilith ; Valerie Mahaffey as Valerie Hill , John Allen Hill 's daughter who Sam pursues if only to gain an upper hand in his business relationship with Hill ; and Alexis Smith as Alice Anne Volkman , Rebecca 's much older ex-professor . In season 9 , episode 17 , I 'm Getting My Act Together and Sticking It in Your Face , Sam , believing Rebecca wants a more serious relationship , pretends to be gay , his lover being a casual friend named Leon ( Jeff McCarthy ) -- the plan ultimately leads to a kiss between Sam and Leon . Death of Nicholas Colasanto ( edit ) Near the end of production of the third season , the writers of Cheers had to deal with the death of one of the main actors . During the third season , Nicholas Colasanto 's heart condition ( which had been diagnosed in the mid-1970s ) had worsened . He had lost weight and was having trouble breathing during filming . Shortly before third season filming wrapped , Colasanto was hospitalized due to fluid in his lungs . Though he recovered , he was not cleared to return to work . While visiting the set in January 1985 to watch the filming of several episodes , co-star Shelley Long commented , `` I think we were all in denial . We were all glad he was there , but he lost a lot of weight . '' Co-star Rhea Perlman added , `` ( He ) wanted to be there so badly . He did n't want to be sick . He could n't breathe well . It was hard . He was laboring all the time . '' Colasanto ultimately died of a heart attack in his home on February 12 , 1985 . The third - season episodes of Cheers were filmed out of order , partly to accommodate the pregnancy of cast member Long . As a result , the season finale , which included several scenes with Colasanto , had already been filmed at the time of his death . In the third - season episodes that had not been filmed at this point , Coach is said to be `` away '' for various reasons . The Cheers writing staff assembled in June 1985 , at the start of the production of the fourth season , to discuss how to deal with the absence of Coach . They quickly discarded the idea that he might have moved away , as they felt he would never abandon his friends . In addition , as most viewers were aware of Colasanto 's death , the writing staff decided to handle the situation more openly . The season four opener , `` Birth , Death , Love and Rice '' , dealt with Coach 's death as well as introduced Woody Harrelson , Colasanto 's replacement . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Cheers episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Tied with 22 September 30 , 1982 ( 1982 - 09 - 30 ) March 31 , 1983 ( 1983 - 03 - 31 ) 74 N / A N / A 22 September 29 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 29 ) May 10 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 10 ) 34 16.6 `` Goodnight , Beantown '' 25 September 27 , 1984 ( 1984 - 09 - 27 ) May 9 , 1985 ( 1985 - 05 - 09 ) 12 19.7 Hotel 26 September 26 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 1986 ( 1986 - 05 - 15 ) 5 23.7 N / A 5 26 September 25 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 25 ) May 7 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 07 ) 27.2 N / A 6 25 September 24 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 24 ) May 5 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 05 ) 23.4 N / A 7 22 October 27 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 27 ) May 4 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 04 ) 22.3 N / A 8 26 September 21 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 21 ) May 3 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 03 ) 22.7 N / A 9 27 October 20 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 20 ) May 2 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 02 ) 21.3 N / A 10 26 September 19 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 19 ) May 14 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 14 ) 17.5 Home Improvement 11 28 September 24 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 20 ) 8 16.1 The CBS Sunday Movie Themes ( edit ) Nearly all of Cheers took place in the front room of the bar , but the characters often went into the rear pool room or the bar 's office . Cheers did not show any action outside the bar until the first episode of the second season , which took place in Diane 's apartment . The show 's main theme in its early seasons was the romance between intellectual waitress Diane Chambers and the bar 's owner Sam Malone , a former major league baseball pitcher for the Boston Red Sox and a recovering alcoholic . After Shelley Long ( Diane ) left the show , the focus shifted to Sam 's new relationship with Rebecca Howe , a neurotic corporate - ladder climber . Many Cheers scripts centered or touched upon a variety of social issues , albeit humorously . As Toasting Cheers puts it , `` The script was further strengthened by the writers ' boldness in successfully tackling controversial issues such as alcoholism , homosexuality , and adultery . '' Social class was a subtext of the show . The `` upper class '' -- represented by characters like Diane Chambers , Frasier Crane and Lilith Sternin -- rubbed shoulders with middle and working - class characters -- Sam Malone , Carla Tortelli , Norm Peterson and Cliff Clavin . An extreme example of this was the relationship between Woody Boyd and a millionaire 's daughter , Kelly Gaines . Many viewers enjoyed Cheers in part because of this focus on character development in addition to plot development . Feminism and the role of women were also recurring themes throughout the show , with some critics seeing each of the major female characters portraying an aspect as a flawed feminist in her own way . Diane was a vocal feminist , and Sam was the epitome of everything she hated : a womanizer and a male chauvinist . ( See `` Sam and Diane '' . ) Homosexuality was dealt with from the first season , which was rare in the early 1980s on American television . In the first - season episode `` The Boys in the Bar '' ( the title being a reference to the play and subsequent movie The Boys in the Band ) , a friend and former teammate of Sam 's comes out in his autobiography . Some of the male regulars pressure Sam to take action to ensure that Cheers does not become a gay bar . The episode won a GLAAD Media Award , and the script 's writers , Ken Levine and David Isaacs , were nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award . Addiction also plays a role in Cheers , almost exclusively through Sam . He is a recovering alcoholic who had bought a bar during his drinking days . Frasier has a notable bout of drinking in the fourth - season episode `` The Triangle '' , while Woody develops a gambling problem in the seventh season 's `` Call Me Irresponsible '' . Cheers owners ( edit ) The Cheers sign in 2005 . Cheers had several owners before Sam , as the bar was opened in 1889 . The `` Est. 1895 '' on the bar 's sign is a made - up date chosen by Carla for numerological purposes , revealed in season 8 , episode 6 , `` The Stork Brings a Crane '' , which also revealed the bar 's address as 112 1 / 2 Beacon Street and that it originated under the name Mom 's . In the series ' second episode , `` Sam 's Women '' , Coach tells a customer looking for Gus , the owner of Cheers , that Gus was dead . In a later episode , Gus O'Mally comes back from Arizona for one night and helps run the bar . The biggest storyline surrounding the ownership of Cheers begins in the fifth - season finale , `` I Do , Adieu '' , when Sam and Diane part ways , due to Shelley Long 's departure from the series . In addition , Sam leaves on a trip to sail around the world . Before he leaves , Sam sells Cheers to the Lillian Corporation . He returns in the sixth - season premiere , `` Home is the Sailor '' , having sunk his boat , to find the bar under the new management of Rebecca Howe . He begs for his job back and is hired by Rebecca as a bartender . In the seventh - season premiere , `` How to Recede in Business '' , Rebecca is fired and Sam is promoted to manager . Rebecca is allowed to keep a job at Lillian vaguely similar to what she had before , but only after Sam had Rebecca ( in absentia ) `` agree '' to a long list of demands that the corporation had for her . From there Sam occasionally attempted to buy the bar back with schemes that usually involved the wealthy executive Robin Colcord . Sam acquired Cheers again in the eighth - season finale , when it was sold back to him for 85 ¢ by the Lillian Corporation , after he alerted the company to Colcord 's insider trading . Fired by the corporation because of her silence on the issue , Rebecca is hired by Sam as a hostess / office manager . For the rest of the episode , to celebrate Sam 's reclaiming the bar , a huge banner hung from the staircase , reading `` Under OLD Management '' ! Production ( edit ) The Cheers Beacon Hill , formerly the Bull & Finch Pub , in Boston in 2005 . Creation and concept ( edit ) Three men developed and created the Cheers television series : The Charles brothers -- Glen and Les -- and James Burrows , who identified themselves as `` two Mormons and a Jew . '' They aimed at `` creating a show around a Spencer Tracy - Katharine Hepburn - type relationship '' between their two main characters , Sam Malone and Diane Chambers . Malone represents the average man , while Chambers represents class and sophistication . The show revolves around characters in a bar under `` humorous adult themes '' and `` situations . '' The original idea was a group of workers who interacted like a family , the goal being a concept similar to The Mary Tyler Moore Show . The creators considered making an American version of the British Fawlty Towers , set in a hotel or an inn . When the creators settled on a bar as their setting , the show began to resemble the radio show Duffy 's Tavern , a program originally written and co-created by James Burrows ' father Abe Burrows . They liked the idea of a tavern , as it provided a continuous stream of new people , for a variety of characters . Early discussions about the location of the show centered on Barstow , California , then Kansas City , Missouri . They eventually turned to the East Coast and finally Boston . The Bull & Finch Pub in Boston , which was the model for Cheers , was chosen from a phone book . When Glen Charles asked the bar 's owner , Tom Kershaw , to shoot exterior and interior photos , he agreed , charging $1 . Kershaw has since gone on to make millions of dollars , licensing the pub 's image and selling a variety of Cheers memorabilia . The Bull & Finch became the 42nd busiest outlet in the American food and beverage industry in 1997 . During initial casting , Shelley Long , who was in Boston at the time filming A Small Circle of Friends , remarked that the bar in the script resembled a bar she had come upon in the city , which turned out to be the Bull & Finch . Production team ( edit ) The crew of Cheers numbered in the hundreds . The three creators -- James Burrows and the Charles brothers , Glen and Les -- kept offices on Paramount 's lot for the duration of the Cheers run . The Charles Brothers remained in overall charge throughout the show 's run , frequently writing major episodes , though starting with the third season they began delegating the day - to - day running of the writing staff to various showrunners . Ken Estin and Sam Simon were appointed as showrunners for the third season , and succeeded by David Angell , Peter Casey and David Lee the following year . Angell , Casey and Lee would remain as showrunners until the end of the seventh season when they left to develop their own sitcom , Wings , and were replaced by Cheri Eichen , Bill Steinkellner and Phoef Sutton for the eighth through tenth seasons . For the final season , Tom Anderson and Dan O'Shannon acted as the showrunners . James Burrows is regarded as being a factor in the show 's longevity , directing 243 of the 270 episodes and supervising the show 's production . Among the show 's other directors were Andy Ackerman , Thomas Lofaro , Tim Berry , Tom Moore , Rick Beren , as well as cast members John Ratzenberger and George Wendt . Craig Safan provided the series ' original music for its entire run except the theme song . His extensive compositions for the show led to him winning numerous ASCAP Top TV Series awards for his music . Casting ( edit ) The character of Sam Malone was originally intended to be a retired football player and was slated to be played by Fred Dryer , but , after casting Ted Danson , it was decided that a former baseball player ( Sam `` Mayday '' Malone ) would be more believable . Dryer , however , would go on to play sportscaster Dave Richards , an old friend of Sam , in three episodes . The character of Cliff Clavin was created for John Ratzenberger after he auditioned for the role of Norm Peterson , which eventually went to George Wendt . While chatting with producers afterward , he asked if they were going to include a `` bar know - it - all '' , the part which he eventually played . Alley joined the cast when Shelley Long left , and Woody Harrelson joined when Nicholas Colasanto died . Danson , Perlman and Wendt were the only actors to appear in every episode of the series ; Ratzenberger appears in all but one . Filming styles and locations ( edit ) Interior of the bar . `` On Cheers , we never did everything twice . On Cheers , we went through the scene and I only reshot jokes that did n't work or I went back and picked up shots I missed . '' James Burrows Most Cheers episodes were , as a voiceover stated at the start of each , `` filmed before a live studio audience '' on Paramount Stage 25 in Hollywood , generally on Tuesday nights . Scripts for a new episode were issued the Wednesday before for a read - through , Friday was rehearsal day , and final scripts were issued on Monday . Burrows , who directed most episodes , insisted on using film stock rather than videotape . He was also noted for using motion in his directorial style , trying to constantly keep characters moving rather than standing still . During the first season when ratings were poor Paramount and NBC asked that the show use videotape to save money , but a poor test taping ended the experiment and Cheers continued to use film . Due to a decision by Glen and Les Charles , the cold open was often not connected to the rest of the episode , with the lowest - ranked writers assigned to create the jokes for them . Some cold opens were taken from episodes that ran too long . The first year of the show took place entirely within the confines of the bar , the first location outside the bar being Diane 's apartment . When the series became a hit , the characters started venturing further afield , first to other sets and eventually to an occasional exterior location . The exterior location shots of the bar were of the Bull & Finch Pub , located directly north of the Boston Public Garden . The pub has become a tourist attraction because of its association with the series , and draws nearly one million visitors annually . It has since been renamed Cheers Beacon Hill ; its interior is different from the TV bar . The Pub itself is at 84 Beacon Street ( on the corner of Brimmer St ) . In August 2001 , there was a replica made of the bar in Faneuil Hall to capitalize on the popularity of the show . Theme song ( edit ) Before `` Where Everybody Knows Your Name '' , written by Gary Portnoy and Judy Hart Angelo , became the show 's theme song , Cheers ' producers rejected two of Portnoy 's and Hart Angelo 's songs . The songwriters had collaborated to provide music for Preppies , an unsuccessful Broadway musical . When told they could not appropriate `` People Like Us '' , Preppies ' opening song , the pair wrote another song `` My Kind of People '' , which resembled `` People Like Us '' and intended to satirize `` the lifestyle of old decadent old - money WASPs , '' but , to meet producers ' demands , they rewrote the lyrics to be about `` likeable losers '' in a Boston bar . The show 's producers rejected this song , as well . After they read the script of the series pilot , they created another song `` Another Day '' . When Portnoy and Hart Angelo heard that NBC had commissioned thirteen episodes , they created an official theme song `` Where Everybody Knows Your Name '' and rewrote the lyrics . On syndicated airings of Cheers , the theme song was shortened to make room for commercials . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Cheers was critically acclaimed in its first season , though it landed a disappointing 74th out of 77 shows in that year 's ratings . This critical support , the early success at the Primetime Emmy Awards , and the support of the president of NBC 's entertainment division Brandon Tartikoff , are thought to be the main reasons for the show 's survival and eventual success . Tartikoff stated in 1983 that Cheers was a sophisticated adult comedy and that NBC executives , `` never for a second doubted '' that the show would not be renewed . Writer Levine believes that the most important reason was that the network recognized that it did not have other hit shows to help promote Cheers ; as he later wrote , `` ( NBC ) had nothing else better to replace it with . '' Ratings improved for the summer reruns after the first season . The cast went on various talk shows to try to further promote the series after its first season . By the second season Cheers was competitive with CBS ' top rated show Simon & Simon . With the growing popularity of Family Ties , which ran in the slot ahead of Cheers from January 1984 until Family Ties was moved to Sundays in 1987 , and the placement of The Cosby Show in front of both at the start of their third season ( 1984 ) , the line - up became a runaway ratings success that NBC eventually dubbed `` Must See Thursday '' . The next season , Cheers ratings increased dramatically after Woody Boyd became a regular character as well . By the end of its final season , the show had a run of eight consecutive seasons in the Top Ten of the Nielsen ratings ; seven of them were in the Top Five . Cheers was perhaps the first sitcom with a serialized storyline , starting with the third season . The show 's success helped make such multi-episode story arcs popular on television , which Les Charles regrets . ( W ) e may have been partly responsible for what 's going on now , where if you miss the first episode or two , you are lost . You have to wait until you can get the whole thing on DVD and catch up with it . If that blood is on our hands , I feel kind of badly about it . It can be very frustrating . '' Cheers began with a limited five - character ensemble consisting of Ted Danson , Shelley Long , Rhea Perlman , Nicholas Colasanto and George Wendt . By the time season 10 began , the show had eight front characters in its roster . Cheers was also able to gradually phase in characters such as Cliff , Frasier , Lilith , Rebecca , and Woody . During season 1 , only one set , the bar , housed all of the episodes . Later seasons introduced other sets , but the show 's ability to center the action in the bar and avoid straying was notable . NBC dedicated a whole night to the final episode of Cheers , following the one - hour season finale of Seinfeld ( which was its lead - in ) . The show began with a `` pregame '' show hosted by Bob Costas , followed by the final 98 - minute episode itself . NBC affiliates then aired tributes to Cheers during their local newscasts , and the night concluded with a special Tonight Show broadcast live from the Bull & Finch Pub . Although the episode fell short of its hyped ratings predictions to become the most watched television episode , it was the most watched show that year , bringing in 93.5 million viewers ( 64 percent of all viewers that night ) , and ranked 11th all time in entertainment programming . The 1993 final broadcast of Cheers also emerged as the highest rated broadcast of NBC to date , as well as the most watched single episode from any television series throughout the decade 1990s on U.S. television . The episode originally aired in the usual Cheers spot of Thursday night , and was then rebroadcast on Sunday . While the original broadcast did not outperform the M * A * S * H finale , the combined non-repeating audiences for the Thursday and Sunday showings did . It should also be noted that television had greatly changed between the two finales , leaving Cheers with a broader array of competition for ratings . In 2013 , GQ magazine held an online competition to find the best TV comedy . Cheers was voted the greatest comedy show of all time . In 2017 , James Charisma of Paste ( magazine ) ranked the show 's opening sequence # 5 on a list of The 75 Best TV Title Sequences of All Time . Awards and Honors ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of awards and nominations received by Cheers . Over its eleven - season run , the Cheers cast and crew earned many awards . The show garnered a record 111 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , with a total of 28 wins . In addition , Cheers earned 31 Golden Globe nominations , with a total of six wins . Danson , Long , Alley , Perlman , Wendt , Ratzenberger , Harrelson , Grammer , Neuwirth , and Colasanto all received Emmy nominations for their roles . Cheers won the Golden Globe Award for `` Best TV - Series -- Comedy / Musical '' in 1991 and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1983 , 1984 , 1989 , and 1991 . The series was presented with the `` Legend Award '' at the 2006 TV Land Awards , with many of the surviving cast members attending the event . The following are awards that have been earned by the Cheers cast and crew over its 11 -- season run : Winner Award Emmy Year Golden Globe Year Kirstie Alley Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series 1991 Best Performance by an Actress in a TV - Series -- Comedy / Musical 1991 Ted Danson Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series 1990 1993 Best Performance by an Actor in a TV - Series -- Comedy / Musical 1990 1991 Woody Harrelson Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series 1989 N / A Shelley Long Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Best Performance by an Actress in a TV - Series -- Comedy / Musical 1985 N / A Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series , Mini-Series , or Motion Picture Made for TV Bebe Neuwirth Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series 1990 1991 N / A Rhea Perlman Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series 1984 1985 1986 1989 John Cleese Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Production Awards Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series 1991 Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series 1983 1984 Outstanding Individual Achievement in Graphic Design and Title Sequences Outstanding Film Editing for a Series 1984 Outstanding Editing for a Series -- Multi-Camera Production 1993 Outstanding Live and Tape Sound Mixing and Sound Effects for a Series 1985 Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or Special 1986 1990 Distribution ( edit ) Syndication ( edit ) Cheers grew in popularity as it aired on American television and entered into off - network syndication in 1987 , initially distributed by Paramount Domestic Television . When the show went off the air in 1993 , Cheers was syndicated in 38 countries with 179 American television markets and 83 million viewers . When the quality of some earlier footage of Cheers began to deteriorate , it underwent a careful restoration in 2001 due to its continued success . The series aired on Nick at Nite from 2001 to 2004 and on TV Land from 2004 to 2008 . with Nick at Nite airing week long Cheers `` Everybody Knows Your Name '' marathons . The show was removed from the lineup in 2004 . The series began airing on Hallmark Channel in the United States in October 2008 , and WGN America in 2009 , where it continues to air on both channels . In January 2011 , Reelz Channel began airing the series in hour - long blocks . Me - TV began airing Cheers weeknights in 2010 . More recently , USA Network is rerunning the series on Sunday early mornings and weekday mornings to allow it to show extended length films of 2 1 / 2 hours and maintain symmetric schedules . As of April 2011 , Netflix began including Cheers as one of the titles on its `` watch instantly '' streaming service . Amazon added it to its Prime service in July . A Cheers rerun notably replaced the September 4 , 1992 airing of Australia 's Naughtiest Home Videos on Australia 's Nine Network . The latter was canceled mid-episode on its only broadcast by Kerry Packer , who pulled the plug after a phone call . It was repeated several years later on the Nine Network shortly after Packer 's death in 2005 . Cheers currently airs on Eleven ( a digital channel of Network Ten ) starting January 11 , 2011 in Australia . When Cheers was aired by NCRV in the Netherlands , they showed all 275 episodes in sequence , once per night , repeating the series a total of three times . As of 2012 , Cheers has been repeated on UK satellite channel CBS Drama . Cheers is also shown on the UK free - to - air channel ITV4 where it is shown two episodes every weekday night . Because of the ITV syndication it is also available to watch on the online ITV Player for seven days after broadcast . On March 16 , 2015 , the series began airing on UK subscription channel Gold on weekdays at 9 : 30am and 10 : 00am . They are also currently airing on ReelzChannel . High definition ( edit ) A high - definition transfer of Cheers began running on HDNet in the United States in August 2010 . Originally shot on film ( but transferred to and edited on videotape ) the program was broadcast in a 4 : 3 aspect ratio , the newly transferred versions are in 16 : 9 . However , in the United Kingdom , the HD repeats on ITV4 HD are shown in the original 4 : 3 aspect ratio . Home Media ( edit ) Paramount Home Entertainment and ( from 2006 onward ) CBS Home Entertainment have released all 11 seasons of Cheers on DVD in Region 1 , Region 2 and Region 4 . In the US , the last three seasons had music substitutions . In `` Grease '' , `` I Fought the Law '' was replaced ; its removal affected the comedic value of the scenes it was originally in . On March 6 , 2012 , they released Fan Favorites : The Best of Cheers . Based on the 2012 Facebook poll , the selected episodes are : `` Give Me a Ring Sometime '' ( season 1 , episode 1 ) `` Diane 's Perfect Date '' ( season 1 , episode 17 ) `` Pick a Con , Any Con '' ( season 1 , episode 19 ) `` Abnormal Psychology '' ( season 5 , episode 4 ) `` Thanksgiving Orphans '' ( season 5 , episode 9 ) `` Dinner at Eight - ish '' ( season 5 , episode 20 ) `` Simon Says '' ( season 5 , episode 21 ) `` An Old Fashioned Wedding '' , parts one and two ( season 10 , episodes 25 ) On May 5 , 2015 , CBS DVD released Cheers - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 . Digital Media distribution ( edit ) The complete eleven seasons of Cheers are available through the United States Netflix streaming service , the ITunes Store , Amazon Prime Video , and Hulu Plus . In Canada all seasons of Cheers are available on streaming service Crave TV . Licensing ( edit ) The series lent itself naturally to the development of Cheers bar - related merchandise , culminating in the development of a chain of Cheers themed pubs . Paramount 's licensing group , led by Tom McGrath , developed the Cheers pub concept initially in partnership with Host Marriott , which placed Cheers themed pubs in over 15 airports around the world . Boston boasts the original Cheers bar , historically known to Boston insiders as the Bull and Finch , as well as a Cheers restaurant in the Faneuil Hall marketplace , and Sam 's Place , a spin - off sports bar concept also located at Faneuil Hall . In 1997 Europe 's first officially licensed Cheers bar opened in London 's Regent 's Street W1 . Like Cheers Faneuil Hall , Cheers London is a replica of the set . The gala opening was attended by James Burrows and cast members George Wendt and John Ratzenberger . The Cheers bar in London closed on 31st Dec 2008 . The actual bar set had been on display at the Hollywood Entertainment Museum until the museum 's closing in early 2006 . The theme song to the show was eventually licensed to a Canadian restaurant , Kelsey 's Neighbourhood Bar & Grill . CBS currently holds the rights to the Cheers franchise as the result of the 2006 Viacom split which saw Paramount transfer its entire television studio to CBS . Spin - offs , crossovers , and cultural references ( edit ) Woody , Cliff , and Norm on The Simpsons Some of the actors and actresses from Cheers brought their characters into other television shows , either in a guest appearance or in a new spin - off series . The most successful Cheers spin - off was Frasier , which featured Frasier Crane following his relocation back to Seattle , Washington . Sam , Diane , and Woody all individually appeared in Frasier episodes , with Lilith appearing as a guest on multiple episodes . In the season nine episode `` Cheerful Goodbyes '' , Frasier returns to Boston and meets up with the Cheers gang , later attending Cliff 's retirement party . Although Frasier was more successful , The Tortellis was the first series to spin - off from Cheers , premiering in 1987 . The show featured Carla 's ex-husband Nick Tortelli and his wife Loretta , but was canceled after 13 episodes and drew protests for its stereotypical depictions of Italian - Americans . In addition to direct spin - offs , several Cheers characters had guest appearance crossovers with other shows , including Wings and St. Elsewhere ( episode `` Cheers '' ) . Cheers has also been spoofed or referenced in other media , including The Simpsons ( spoofing the title sequence and theme song in `` Flaming Moe 's '' ; actually visiting the place with vocal role reprises of the majority of the principal cast in `` Fear of Flying '' ) , Scrubs ( episode `` My Life in Four Cameras '' ) , Adventure Time ( episode `` Simon & Marcy '' ) , the 2012 comedy film Ted , and the 2011 video game Dragon Age II . In the season 4 episode of Seinfeld entitled `` The Pitch '' , Jerry and George are presenting their idea for a sitcom to NBC executives . George is unhappy with their offer and feels that he deserves the same salary as Ted Danson which he claims was $800,000 per episode , being that Cheers is also an NBC show . Danson 's reported salary was actually $250,000 per episode . At this point Cheers was in it 's 10th season and Ted Danson had won an Emmy and a Golden Globe the year before . In the 2015 video game Fallout 4 , set in Boston , there is a bar named ' Prost Bar ' near Boston Common which , when entered , is an almost exact replica of the bar used in the series . It even includes 2 dead bodies sat at the end of the bar , with one of them wearing a Mail Carrier 's uniform , a direct reference to regular barfly Cliff Clavin . The eighth anniversary special of Late Night with David Letterman , airing in 1990 , began with a scene at Cheers , in which the bar 's TV gets stuck on NBC , and all of the bar patrons decide to go home instead of staying to watch Letterman . The scene was re-used to open Letterman 's final episode in 1993 . A similar scene aired in the Super Bowl XVII Pregame Show on NBC , in which the characters briefly discuss the upcoming game . In the second - season episode `` Swarley '' of the sitcom How I Met Your Mother , in the final scene , Barney walks into the bar and everyone shouts `` Swarley , '' same as when the characters traditionally yelled `` Norm ! '' whenever Norm Peterson entered the Cheers bar , and he turns and walks out dejectedly as Carl the bartender plays `` Where Everybody Knows Your Name . '' The camera angle also changes to show the same bar set - up and framing for the main interior bar shots featured in Cheers . Additionally , the end credits are done in the gold `` Cooper Black '' font of the Cheers credits ( which was a highly popular font for sitcoms of the early - to - mid-1980s ) . The Star Trek : Deep Space Nine character Morn is named for Norm Peterson due to Armin Shimerman calling the originally nameless character `` Norm '' between takes . The theatrical play Cheers : Live On Stage reenacts a condensed version of the first two seasons of the show . One episode of Cheers has a crossover reference to Spenser : For Hire ( a Cheers bartender has a cameo appearance as an unspeaking extra ) . In Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , Peter Quill makes numerous references to the show Cheers . In the season 2 finale of the NBC sitcom The Good Place , Ted Danson 's character Michael appears as a bartender while wearing a blue plaid button - down , in a clear homage to Danson 's character in Cheers . In A Night at the Roxbury , Dan Hedya 's character Kamehl Butabi and his friends are listening to Emily ( Molly Shannon ) play the piano . She was playing the song `` Where Everybody Knows Your Name '' which is clearly a reference to Hedya 's past as Nick Tortelli on Cheers . Remake ( edit ) In September 2011 , Plural Entertainment debuted a remake of the series on Spanish television , also titled Cheers . Set at an Irish pub , it starred Alberto San Juan as Nicolás `` Nico '' Arnedo , the equivalent of Sam Malone in the original series . It also used the original theme song , rerecorded in Spanish by Dani Martín , under the title of `` Dónde la gente se divierte . '' In December 2012 , The Irish Film and Television Network announced that casting is underway on an Irish language version of Cheers produced by production company Sideline . The new show , tentatively titled Teach Seán , would air on Ireland 's TG4 and features a main character who , like Sam Malone , is a bar owner , a retired athlete and a recovering alcoholic . Except because of the setting in Ireland , the barman is a `` former hurling star '' rather than an ex-baseball player . Cheers : live on Stage ( edit ) On September 9 , 2016 , a stage adaptation called , Cheers : Live On Stage , opened at the Schubert Theatre in Boston . Comprising pieces of the original TV series , the play was adapted by Erik Forrest Jackson . It is produced by Troika / Stageworks . The director was Matt Lenz . It starred Grayson Powell as `` Sam Malone , '' Jillian Louis as `` Diane Chambers , '' Barry Pearl as `` Ernie ' Coach ' Pantusso , '' Sarah Sirotta as `` Carla Tortelli , '' Paul Vogt as `` Norm Peterson '' , and Buzz Roddy as `` Cliff Clavin . '' The production is scheduled to tour through 2017 . See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal Park Street Under ( 1979 ) Early Doors ( 2003 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The article , `` Cheers Finale Most - Watched Show of Season , '' from May 22 , 1993 , edition of Rocky Mountain News said that the share of viewing audience was 62 . The 2009 article , `` The gang gathers for one last round , '' by Hal Boedeker , claims that the finale drew over 80 million viewers in 1993 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wood , Jennifer M. `` Bar Trivia : 30 Facts About Cheers '' . Mental Floss . http://mentalfloss.com/article/56133/30-things-you-might-not-know-about-cheers Jump up ^ Portnoy , Gary ( 2006 ) . `` Portnoy 's personal site '' . garyportnoy.com . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' . Cbsnews.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Best Written TV Series List '' . wga.org . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt . `` The Greatest Shows on Earth '' . TV Guide Magazine . 61 ( 3194 -- 3195 ) : 16 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Vernon . `` Series Producers Working Now to Get ' Cheers ' . '' Telegraph Herald ( Dubuque , IA ) July 11 , 1982 : 20 . Google News . Web . June 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wendt 2001 , pp. 112 -- 114 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1992 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Ross , Jeremy . `` A toast to ' Cheers ' on its anniversary . '' Observer - Reporter ( Washington , PA ) September 17 , 1992 . Google News . Web . June 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nick Colasanto Dead at 61 ; Played Bartender in ' Cheers ' '' . The New York Times February 14 , 1985 . Web . June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Pregnant Performers : Where Everybody Knows You 're Pregnant ( or Not ) . '' Time . Web . June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wendt 2009 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Wendt 2009 , p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Wendt 2009 , pp. 113 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Buck , Jerry ( June 28 , 1985 ) . `` Cheers mailman describes 10 years in Britain '' . The Leader - Post . Canada . TV Times . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , Ken ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` My favorite Kirstie Alley scene '' ... by Ken Levine on Blogspot . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Craig , Steve ( 1993 ) . `` Selling Masculinities , Selling Femininities : Multiple Genders and the Economics of Television '' ( PDF ) . The Mid-Atlantic Almanack. 2 : 15 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 25 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Shoot ... I 'm Only the Psychiatrist '' . Cheers . Season 10 . Episode 13 . January 2 , 1992 . 14 : 55 minutes in . NBC . It 's your assistant bartender , good old Woody Jump up ^ `` Look Before You Sleep '' . Cheers . episode 20 . season 11 . April 1 , 1993 . 19 : 10 minutes in . ( Sam goes to Rebecca 's apartment and they both get locked outside ) Rebecca : `` Now we 're locked out . '' Sam : `` So What ? ! Call the Super ! '' Rebecca : `` I AM the Super . '' Jump up ^ `` Cheers , Dad ! '' . People Magazine . September 16 , 1991 . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin McHale Bio '' . NBA . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Snauffer , Douglas ( 2008 ) . The Show Must Go On : How the Deaths of Lead Actors Have Affected Television Series . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3295 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Birth , Death , Love and Rice '' . Movpod.in . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1690 -- 1693 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ 1982 - 83 Ratings History http://www.tvratingsguide.com/2017/07/1982-83-top-30-soap-bubbles-rise.html Jump up ^ 1983 - 84 Ratings History http://www.tvratingsguide.com/2017/09/1983-84-ratings-history-networks-are.html Jump up ^ `` Why ' Cheers ' Looks Sharp Each Week '' . Chicago Tribune . March 30 , 1986 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Television Heaven ( 2002 ) ( 2006 ) . Cheers -- A Television Heaven Review Jump up ^ Bjorklund , p. ix ^ Jump up to : The Museum of Broadcast Communications ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Dr. Caren Deming . `` Talk : Gender Discourse in Cheers ! '' , in Television Criticism : Approaches and Applications edited by Leah R. Vande Berg and Lawrence A Wenner . White Plains , NY : Longman , 1991 . 47 -- 57 . The essay is co-authored by Mercilee M. Jenkins , who teaches at San Francisco State University . Jump up ^ Becker , Ron ( 2006 ) . Gay TV And Straight America . New Brunswick ( N.J. ) : Rutgers University Press . p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3689 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr , Peter ( November 29 , 1983 ) . `` NBC Comedy ' Cheers ' Turns Into A Success '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cheers ' co-creator looks back at series finale : ' Ted Danson 's decision to quit caught us by surprise ' '' . ^ Jump up to : Bjorklund , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Bjorklund , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Bjorklund , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Bjorklund , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Meade , Peter . `` We 'll Cry In Our Beers As Sam , Diane Split . '' Spartanburg Herald - Journal TV Update ( Spartanburg , NC ) April 29 , 1984 : 14 . Google News . Web . January 21 , 2012 . Editions of April 27 -- 29 , 1984 , are inside the webpage . Article in Google News is located in page 85 . Jump up ^ Balk , Quentin , and Ben Falk . Television 's Strangest Moments : Extraordinary but True Tales from the History of Television . London : Robson -- Chrysalis , 2005 . 166 . Google Books . Web . February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newport Under the Stars ( 2005 ) ( 2006 ) . John Ratzenberger 's Newport Under the Stars Jump up ^ Jacobson , Mitch ( 2010 ) . Mastering multicamera techniques : from preproduction to editing and deliverables ( 1st ed . ) . Amsterdam : Focal Press / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 240 - 81176 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bjorklund , p. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Levine , Ken ( March 18 , 2012 ) . `` Another thing about CHEERS you did n't know '' ... by Ken Levine . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levine , Ken ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` My favorite CHEERS teaser '' ... by Ken Levine . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : International Real Estate Digest ( August 20 , 2001 ) ( 2006 ) . Boston Gets a Hollywood Cheers Pub Archived January 13 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Story Behind the Cheers Theme '' . GaryPortnoy.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 . Click `` The Cheers Story '' . Jump up ^ Anscher , Matthew . `` Part III : Brandon at the Bat '' . How NBC Got Its Groove Back . tvparty.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Variety ( May 20 , 2003 ) ( 2006 ) . Review -- Cheers Jump up ^ Levine , Ken ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` How to find a writing partner '' ... by Ken Levine . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Raftery , Brian ( October 2012 ) . `` The Best TV Show That 's Ever Been '' . GQ . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bjorklund , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Levine , Ken ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` More stuff you wanted to know '' ... by Ken Levine . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Repeat of ' Cheers ' Finale . '' The New York Times May 22 , 1993 . Web . January 7 , 2012 . < https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/22/arts/a-repeat-of-cheers-finale.html > . `` One rating point equals 931,000 households . '' Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jennifer L. `` Cheers LAST CALL ! Series : ENTERTAINMENT . '' Tampa Bay Times May 20 , 1993 : 8B . Print . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Tops on TV . '' Newsday ( Long Island , NY ) May 26 , 1993 , Nassau and Suffolk ed. : 58 . Print . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Bjorklund , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Brian Raftery . `` Cheers : The Best TV Show That 's Ever Been -- GQ '' . GQ . Jump up ^ Charisma , James ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 75 Best TV Title Sequences of All Time '' . Paste ( magazine ) . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Land Honors Cheers , Dallas , Good Times , and Batman '' for SitcomsOnline on February 22 , 2006 . Retrieved March 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bjorklund , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cheers restored for a new generation of laughs '' . Kodak . October 2001 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David Lieberman . `` CBS Licenses 2,000 TV Episodes To Amazon Streaming Service '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Hartel , Nick ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` Fan Favorites : The Best of Cheers '' . DVD Talk . Jump up ^ `` Cheers DVD news : Announcement for Cheers - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CraveTV '' . www.cravetv.ca . Jump up ^ `` Host Marriot now has eight airport `` micro '' pubs , more on the way `` . Business Journals , Inc . July 31 , 1995 . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ USA Today ( September 23 , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Hollywood Entertainment Museum ( 2006 ) . Hollywood Entertainment Museum Archived March 29 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Kelsey 's Launches Ad Campaign with Cheers TV Theme Song '' ( Press release ) . CNW . February 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://kotaku.com/theres-a-pretty-great-cheers-easter-egg-in-fallout-4-1741952100 ^ Jump up to : Cheers Live On Stage Archived September 18 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ivie , Devon . `` The Good Place Finally Gave Ted Danson His Cheers Moment '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Irish TV channel to remake ' Cheers ' PopWatch EW.com '' . popwatch.ew.com . Jump up ^ `` Cheers : Live On Stage '' . Chicago Tribune . Bibliography ( edit ) Bjorklund , Dennis A. ( 1997 ) . Toasting Cheers : An Episode Guide to the 1982 -- 1993 Comedy Series , with cast biographies and character profiles . McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 962 - 4 . Jones , Gerald ( 1992 ) . Honey , I 'm Home ! Sitcoms : Selling the American Dream . New York : Grove Weidenfeld -- Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 1308 - 5 . Wendt , George ( 2009 ) . Drinking with George . New York : Simon Spotlight Entertainment . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 4958 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , Bart ; Blythe , Cheryl ( 1987 ) . Cheers : the official scrapbook . New York , N.Y. : New American Library . p. 209 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 82160 - 7 . Carter , Bill ( April 29 , 1990 ) . `` The Tonic That Keeps ' Cheers ' Bubbling Along '' . The New York Times . p. 6 . Carter , Bill ( May 9 , 1993 ) . `` Why ' Cheers ' Proved So Intoxicating '' . The New York Times . p. 6 . Fallows , Randall ( September 1 , 2000 ) . `` The Enneagram of Cheers : Where Everybody Knows Your Number '' . The Journal of Popular Culture . 34 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 179 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0022 - 3840.2000. 3402_169. x . Hundley , Heather L. ( June 1 , 1995 ) . `` The naturalization of beer in Cheers '' . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media . 39 ( 3 ) : 350 -- 359 . doi : 10.1080 / 08838159509364311 . `` ' Cheers ' - the TV Series '' . h2g2 . July 4 , 2003 . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Bird , J.B. ( 2005 ) . `` Cheers '' . In Horace Newcomb . Encyclopedia of television ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Fitzroy Dearborn . pp. 497 -- 499 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 394 - 6 . Snauffer , Douglas ( 2008 ) . The Show Must Go On : How the Deaths of Lead Actors Have Affected Television Series . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3295 - 0 . `` Cheers '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Inc . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Tom Pendergast , Sara Pendergast , ed. ( 1999 ) . St. James encyclopedia of popular culture ( 1st ed . ) . Farmington Hills , MI : St. James Press . p. 488 . ISBN 1 - 55862 - 400 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cheers Official website Media related to Cheers at Wikimedia Commons Cheers on IMDb Cheers at TV.com Cheers at Museum of Broadcast Communications Cheers Boston , an official website of a bar that tributes to and is also a production set of Cheers Cheers Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 `` Give Me a Ring Sometime '' `` Coach 's Daughter '' `` The Boys in the Bar '' `` Showdown '' `` Thanksgiving Orphans '' `` I Do , Adieu '' `` Home Is the Sailor '' `` What Is ... Cliff Clavin ? '' `` Woody Interruptus '' `` One for the Road '' Characters Sam Malone Diane Chambers Coach Ernie Pantusso Carla Tortelli Norm Peterson Cliff Clavin Frasier Crane Woody Boyd Lilith Sternin Rebecca Howe Recurring characters Related Series The Tortellis Frasier Cheers ( Spanish TV series ) Articles `` Where Everybody Knows Your Name '' Sam and Diane Cheers Beacon Hill Awards Fear of Flying ( The Simpsons ) Homer Simpson Frasier Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 `` The Good Son '' `` The Matchmaker '' `` The Show Where Sam Shows Up '' `` Merry Christmas , Mrs. Moskowitz '' `` Something Borrowed , Someone Blue '' `` Goodnight , Seattle '' Characters Frasier Crane Daphne Moon Niles Crane Roz Doyle Martin Crane Lilith Sternin Sam Malone Norm Peterson Diane Chambers Cliff Clavin Carla Tortelli Woody Boyd Rebecca Howe Minor characters Related articles Cheers Awards and nominations list `` Brother from Another Series '' `` Funeral for a Fiend '' Awards for Cheers Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series The Red Skelton Show ( 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1959 ) The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( 1967 ) Get Smart ( 1968 ) Get Smart ( 1969 ) My World and Welcome to It ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) All in the Family ( 1972 ) All in the Family ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1977 ) All in the Family ( 1978 ) Taxi ( 1979 ) Taxi ( 1980 ) Taxi ( 1981 ) Barney Miller ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Cheers ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years ( 1988 ) Cheers ( 1989 ) Murphy Brown ( 1990 ) Cheers ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( 1992 ) Seinfeld ( 1993 ) Frasier ( 1994 ) Frasier ( 1995 ) Frasier ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Frasier ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal ( 1999 ) Will & Grace ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) Friends ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2005 ) The Office ( 2006 ) 30 Rock ( 2007 ) 30 Rock ( 2008 ) 30 Rock ( 2009 ) Modern Family ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) Modern Family ( 2013 ) Modern Family ( 2014 ) Veep ( 2015 ) Veep ( 2016 ) Veep ( 2017 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( 2018 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. ( 1969 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 1973 ) Rhoda , season 1 ( 1974 ) Barney Miller , season 1 / season 2 ( 1975 ) Barney Miller , season 2 / season 3 ( 1976 ) All in the Family , season 7 / season 8 ( 1977 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1978 ) Alice / Taxi , season 1 / season 2 ( 1979 ) Taxi , season 2 / season 3 ( 1980 ) M * A * S * H , season 9 / season 10 ( 1981 ) Fame ( 1982 ) Fame ( 1983 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1984 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 / season 2 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 / season 3 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown ( 1989 ) Cheers , season 8 / season 9 ( 1990 ) Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991 ) Roseanne , season 4 / season 5 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 / season 5 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 / season 2 & Mad About You ( 1994 ) Cybill ( 1995 ) 3rd Rock from the Sun , season 1 / season 2 ( 1996 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 ( 1997 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 / season 2 ( 1998 ) Sex and the City , season 2 ( 1999 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) The Office ( UK ) ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty , season 1 ( 2006 ) Extras ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) Glee , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) Girls , season 1 ( 2012 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine , season 1 ( 2013 ) Transparent , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mozart in the Jungle , season 1 ( 2015 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel , season 1 ( 2017 ) People 's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Comedy The Love Boat ( 1978 ) Mork & Mindy ( 1979 ) Too Close for Comfort ( 1981 ) Private Benjamin ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Webster ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) ALF ( 1987 ) A Different World / My Two Dads ( 1988 ) Roseanne ( 1989 ) Doogie Howser , M.D. ( 1990 ) In Living Color / The Simpsons ( 1991 ) Home Improvement ( 1992 ) Mad About You ( 1993 ) Frasier / Grace Under Fire ( 1994 ) Ellen / Friends ( 1995 ) Caroline in the City ( 1996 ) Cosby ( 1997 ) Veronica 's Closet / Dharma & Greg ( 1998 ) Jesse / Will & Grace ( 1999 ) Stark Raving Mad ( 2000 ) Ed ( 2001 ) My Wife and Kids ( 2002 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) Two and a Half Men ( 2004 ) Joey ( 2005 ) My Name Is Earl ( 2006 ) The Class ( 2007 ) Samantha Who ? ( 2008 ) Gary Unmarried ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) $ h * ! My Dad Says ( 2011 ) 2 Broke Girls ( 2012 ) The New Normal ( 2013 ) Super Fun Night ( 2014 ) Jane the Virgin ( 2015 ) Scream Queens ( 2016 ) Man with a Plan ( 2017 ) TCA Heritage Award The Simpsons ( 2002 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2003 ) 60 Minutes ( 2004 ) Nightline ( 2005 ) The West Wing ( 2006 ) The Sopranos ( 2007 ) The Wire ( 2008 ) ER ( 2009 ) M * A * S * H ( 2010 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 2011 ) Cheers ( 2012 ) All in the Family ( 2013 ) Saturday Night Live ( 2014 ) Late Show / Late Night with David Letterman ( 2015 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 2016 ) Seinfeld ( 2017 ) Friends ( 2018 ) Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 -- 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 -- 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 -- 14 , 14 -- 15 , 15 -- 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football 17 -- 18 : The Big Bang Theory ( S11 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheers&oldid=865962940 '' Categories : Cheers 1982 American television series debuts 1993 American television series endings 1980s American sitcoms 1990s American sitcoms 20th century in Boston Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners Boston Red Sox Cultural history of Boston English - language television programs Fictional drinking establishments Alcohol abuse in television NBC network shows Nielsen ratings winners Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners Television series by CBS Television Studios Television shows set in Boston Workplace comedy television series Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from February 2014 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from December 2011 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 09 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the cheers bar from the tv show | [
"Early discussions about the location of the show centered on Barstow, California, then Kansas City, Missouri. They eventually turned to the East Coast and finally Boston. The Bull & Finch Pub in Boston, which was the model for Cheers, was chosen from a phone book.[37] When Glen Charles asked the bar's owner, Tom Kershaw, to shoot exterior and interior photos, he agreed, charging $1. Kershaw has since gone on to make millions of dollars, licensing the pub's image and selling a variety of Cheers memorabilia. The Bull & Finch became the 42nd busiest outlet in the American food and beverage industry in 1997.[36] During initial casting, Shelley Long, who was in Boston at the time filming A Small Circle of Friends, remarked that the bar in the script resembled a bar she had come upon in the city, which turned out to be the Bull & Finch.[38]\n"
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"Boston"
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2919778673652694287 | List of most-liked Instagram pictures | List of most - liked Instagram pictures - wikipedia List of most - liked Instagram pictures Kylie Jenner currently has the most - liked picture on Instagram . This list contains the top 20 pictures with the most likes on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of August 2018 , the first picture of Kylie Jenner 's daughter Stormi Webster is the most - liked picture with 18 million likes . Cristiano Ronaldo has the most pictures in the top 20 , with seven . Contents 1 Top pictures 2 Historical most - liked pictures 3 See also 4 References Top pictures ( edit ) Baby related Sports related Rank Account name Owner Post description Photo Likes ( millions ) Date posted @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 1st photo of her daughter Stormi ( 1 ) 18.0 February 6 , 2018 2nd photo of her daughter Stormi ( 2 ) 13.0 March 1 , 2018 @ justinbieber Justin Bieber Engagement to Hailey Baldwin ( 3 ) 12.9 July 9 , 2018 @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Juventus announcement ( 4 ) 12.1 July 16 , 2018 @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner Photo with her daughter Stormi ( 5 ) 11.9 August 9 , 2018 6 @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Birth announcement ( 6 ) 11.4 November 12 , 2017 7 Photo with girlfriend and son ( 7 ) 11.2 July 10 , 2018 8 @ beyonce Beyoncé Pregnancy announcement ( 8 ) February 1 , 2017 9 @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Photo with girlfriend ( 9 ) July 26 , 2018 10 @ xxxtentacion XXXTentacion Final image posted before his death ( 10 ) 10.6 May 19 , 2018 11 @ selenagomez Selena Gomez Kidney transplant ( 11 ) September 14 , 2017 12 @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner Pregnancy / birth announcement ( 12 ) February 4 , 2018 13 @ therock Dwayne Johnson 1st photo of his daughter Tiana ( 13 ) 10.4 April 23 , 2018 14 @ beyonce Beyoncé 1st photo of her newborn twins ( 14 ) 10.3 July 14 , 2017 15 @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Photo with Paulo Dybala ( 15 ) 10.0 August 10 , 2018 16 Portugal vs Spain match ( 16 ) 9.9 June 15 , 2018 17 @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner Photo with her daughter Stormi ( 17 ) August 9 , 2018 18 @ leomessi Lionel Messi Nigeria vs Argentina match ( 18 ) June 26 , 2018 19 @ selenagomez Selena Gomez Birthday post ( 19 ) 9.7 July 23 , 2018 20 @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 8 - year - old son 's birthday post ( 20 ) June 17 , 2018 As of August 13 , 2018 Historical most - liked pictures ( edit ) The following table lists the last seven pictures that were once the most - liked picture on Instagram . Account name Owner Post description Photo Likes ( millions ) Days held Date posted @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 1st photo of her daughter Stormi ( 21 ) 18.0 187 February 6 , 2018 @ beyonce Beyoncé Pregnancy announcement ( 22 ) 11.2 371 February 1 , 2017 @ selenagomez Selena Gomez Coca - Cola advertisement ( 23 ) 6.9 204 June 25 , 2016 @ justinbieber Justin Bieber Kiss with Selena Gomez ( 24 ) 3.8 69 March 20 , 2016 @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner Heart - shaped hairdo ( 25 ) 3.6 313 May 26 , 2015 @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian Wedding kiss with Kanye West ( 26 ) 2.4 393 May 27 , 2014 @ justinbieber Justin Bieber Hug with Selena Gomez ( 27 ) 1.9 145 January 4 , 2014 As of July 10 , 2018 See also ( edit ) List of most - followed Instagram accounts List of most - liked tweets List of most - retweeted tweets References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davies - Day , Rachel ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Kylie Jenner 's First Photo Of Daughter Stormi Just Became The Most Liked Instagram Photo Ever '' . MTV ( UK ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram post by Kylie Feb 6 , 2018 at 3 : 42pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Kylie on Instagram : `` my angel baby is 1 month old today '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Justin Bieber ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Bieber on Instagram : `` Was gon na wait a while to say anything but word travels fast , listen plain and simple Hailey I am soooo in love with everything about you ! '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kylie Jenner on Instagram : `` my heart '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Instagram post by Cristiano Ronaldo Nov 12 , 2017 at 8 : 19pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo on Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beyoncé ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Instagram post by Beyoncé Feb 1 , 2017 at 6 : 39pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jahseh Onfroy ( May 19 , 2018 ) . `` MAKE OUT HILL on Instagram : `` LOVE IS WAR '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Selena Gomez . `` Instagram post by Selena Gomez September 14 , 2017 '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram post by Kylie Jenner February 4 , 2018 at 5 : 21pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dwayne Johnson ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` @ therock on Instagram : `` Skin to skin . Our mana . Blessed and proud to bring another strong girl into this world . Tiana Gia Johnson came into this world like a ... '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo on Instagram : `` Vamos família ! '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kylie on Instagram : `` bringing in my birthday tonight with my most special gift . What was life before you , Stormi . I love you my little angel . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lionel Messi ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Leo Messi on Instagram : `` Agradezco a Dios por esta alegría y les agradezco a ustedes por esa locura hermosa que tienen en cada partido ! ! ! Nada más lindo que ser ... '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Selena Gomez ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Selena Gomez on Instagram : `` Another year down ... Thank you for all the bday love . I could n't be more appreciative of you and my best friends for celebrating with me . I ... '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner 's Stormi Photo Tops Beyonce 's Pregnancy Reveal as Most - Liked Instagram Post Ever Jump up ^ Beyonce Pregnancy Photo Breaks Selena Gomez Record for Most - Liked Instagram Pic Jump up ^ Selena Gomez Tops Justin Bieber for Most - Liked Instagram Photo Ever Jump up ^ Justin Bieber & Selena Gomez Throwback Pic Is Now Instagram 's Most - Liked Jump up ^ Kendall Jenner Breaks Kanye West & Kim Kardashian 's Instagram Record Jump up ^ Kim Kardashian , wife , is most liked Instagram ever Jump up ^ Kim Kardashian 's Wedding Photo Breaks Instagram Record For Most Likes -- Sorry , Justin Bieber ! Facebook Website Features Beacon Bluetooth Beacon Credits Dating EdgeRank Graph Search Instant Articles Like button Live facebookcorewwwi. onion Platform Safety Check Stories Watch ( List of original programs ) Zero Other products Current Atlas Solutions Express Wi - Fi Free Basics Instagram Hyperlapse IGTV List of most followed accounts List of most liked pictures Messenger MSQRD Oculus Rift Onavo WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Hello Home HTC First M ( virtual assistant ) Moves Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot tbh Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Caryn Marooney ( VP of Communications ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift Buck FQL Hack HHVM HipHop for PHP MyRocks Open Compute Project Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Telecom Infra Project Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Cambridge Analytica data scandal Litigation Financial performance 2018 Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Aquila Internet relay drone Willow Village Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-liked_Instagram_pictures&oldid=854712870 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 08 : 05 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what is the most popular post on instagram | [
"This list contains the top 20 pictures with the most likes on the social photo-sharing platform Instagram. As of August 2018, the first picture of Kylie Jenner's daughter Stormi Webster is the most-liked picture with 18 million likes.[1] Cristiano Ronaldo has the most pictures in the top 20, with seven.\n"
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"the first picture of Kylie Jenner's daughter Stormi Webster"
] |
665798998174988923 | Fagus grandifolia | Fagus grandifolia - wikipedia Fagus grandifolia American beech Conservation status Secure ( NatureServe ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Order : Fagales Family : Fagaceae Genus : Fagus Species : F. grandifolia Binomial name Fagus grandifolia Ehrh . Natural range of Fagus grandifolia Fagus grandifolia , the American beech or North American beech , is the species of beech tree native to the eastern United States and extreme southeast Canada . The genus name Fagus is Latin for `` beech '' , and the specific epithet grandifolia comes from grandis `` large '' and folium `` leaf '' . Contents 1 Distribution and varieties 2 Description 3 Gallery 4 Disease 5 Uses 6 References 7 External links Distribution and varieties ( edit ) The American beech is native to eastern North America , from Nova Scotia west to southern Ontario in southeastern Canada , west to Wisconsin and south to eastern Texas and northern Florida in the United States . Trees in the southern half of the range are sometimes distinguished as a variety , F. grandifolia var . caroliniana , but this is not considered distinct in the Flora of North America . The Mexican beech ( Fagus mexicana ) , native to the mountains of central Mexico , is closely related , and is sometimes treated as a subspecies of American beech , but more often as a distinct species . The only Fagus species found in the Western Hemisphere ( assuming F. mexicana is treated as a subspecies ) , F. grandifolia is believed to have spanned the width of the North American continent all the way to the Pacific coast before the last ice age . Description ( edit ) It is a deciduous tree growing to 20 -- 35 m ( 66 -- 115 ft ) tall , with smooth , silver - gray bark . The leaves are dark green , simple and sparsely - toothed with small teeth that terminate each vein , 6 -- 12 cm ( 2 ⁄ -- 4 ⁄ in ) long ( rarely 15 cm , 6 in ) , with a short petiole . The winter twigs are distinctive among North American trees , being long and slender ( 15 -- 20 mm ( ⁄ -- ⁄ in ) by 2 -- 3 mm ( 0.079 -- 0.118 in ) ) with two rows of overlapping scales on the buds . Beech buds are distinctly thin and long , resembling cigars ; this characteristic makes beech trees relatively easy to identify . The tree is monoecious , with flowers of both sexes on the same tree . The fruit is a small , sharply - angled nut , borne in pairs in a soft - spined , four - lobed husk . It has two means of reproduction : one is through the usual dispersal of seedlings , and the other is through root sprouts ( new trees sprout from the roots in different locations ) . The American beech is a shade - tolerant species , favoring shade more than other trees , commonly found in forests in the final stage of succession . Ecological succession is essentially the process of forests changing their composition through time ; it is a pattern of events often observed on disturbed sites . Although sometimes found in pure stands , it is more often associated with sugar maple ( forming the beech - maple climax community ) , yellow birch , and eastern hemlock , typically on moist well drained slopes and rich bottomlands . Near its southern limit , it often shares canopy dominance with southern magnolia . Although it has a reputation for slow growth ( sometimes only 13 feet in 20 years ) , rich soil and ample moisture will greatly speed the process up . American beech favors a well - watered , but also well - drained spot and is intolerant of urban pollution , salt , and soil compaction . It also casts dense shade and has an extensive network of shallow , fibrous surface roots that make gardening underneath it almost impossible . Because American beech needs plenty of moisture and rich soil to thrive , it naturally occurs in bottomland forests . Early settlers often looked for beeches as a sign of a good potential place to clear the forest for farming . Gallery ( edit ) The long and thin winter bud of a beech Spring leaves Autumn foliage Beech leaf and nut In the winter , some fall leaves stay on beech trees ( marcescence ) Bark The foot of the tree Beechnuts Disease ( edit ) Beech bark disease has become a major killer of beech trees in the Northeastern United States . This disease occurs when the beech scale insect , Cryptococcus fagisuga , attacks the bark , creating a wound that is then infected by one of two different species of fungi in the genus Nectria . This causes a canker to develop and the tree is eventually killed . Beech blight aphids colonize branches of the tree , but without serious harm to otherwise healthy trees . Below these colonies , deposits of sooty mold develop caused by the fungus Scorias spongiosa growing saprophytically on the honeydew the insects exude . This is also harmless to the trees . Uses ( edit ) A carving in the bark of the tree American beech is an important tree in forestry . The wood is heavy , hard , tough and strong , and until the advent of power tools in the 20th century , lumbering beech trees were often left uncut to grow . As a result , many areas today still have extensive groves of old beeches that would not otherwise occur . Today , the wood is harvested for uses such as flooring , containers , furniture , handles and woodenware . Like European beech bark , the American beech bark is smooth and uniform , making it an attraction for people to carve names , dates , decorative symbols such as love hearts or gang identifiers , and other material into its surface . One such beech tree in Louisville , Kentucky , in what is now the southern part of Iroquois Park , bore the legend `` D. Boone kilt a bar '' and the year in the late 18th century . This carving was first reported in the 19th century , but is believed to have not been produced by Boone since he was an educated man who would not have written something so semi-literate . The beech finally fell over in 1916 during a storm ; its age was estimated at around 325 years . Its trunk is now on display at The Filson Historical Society . It is sometimes planted as an ornamental tree , but even within its native area , it is planted much less often than the European beech . Although American beech can handle hotter climates , its European variant is faster - growing and more pollution - tolerant , in addition to being easier to propagate . American beech can take up to 40 years to begin producing seeds . Large crops are produced by 60 years and the tree 's total lifespan may be up to 300 years . The fruit is a triangle - shaped shell containing 2 - 3 nuts inside , but many of them do not fill in , especially on solitary trees . Beech nuts are edible to humans , although too small to be commercially valuable . The mast ( crop of nuts ) from American beech provides food for numerous species of animals . Among vertebrates alone , these include ruffed grouse , wild turkeys , raccoons , red / gray foxes , white - tailed deer , rabbits , squirrels , opossums , pheasants , black bears , porcupines , and humans . For lepidopteran caterpillars feeding on American beech , see list of Lepidoptera that feed on beeches . Beech nuts were one of the primary foods of the now - extinct passenger pigeon ; the clearing of beech and oak forests is pointed to as one of the major factors that may have contributed to the bird 's extinction . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hyam , R. & Pankhurst , R.J. ( 1995 ) . Plants and their names : a concise dictionary . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 169 , 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 866189 - 4 . Jump up ^ Farahat , Emad ; Lechowicz , Martin J. ( 2013 ) . `` Functional Ecology of Growth in Seedlings Versus root Sprouts of Fagus grandifolia Ehrh '' . Trees. 27 ( 1 ) : 337 -- 340 . doi : 10.1007 / s00468 - 012 - 0781 - 9 . Jump up ^ Horn , Henry S. ( 1974 ) . `` The Ecology of Secondary Succession '' . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 5 : 25 -- 37 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. es. 05.110174. 000325 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Volk 's Fungus of the Month '' . Jump up ^ David Martin , Smooth Bark Compulsion Jump up ^ Gardening with Native Plants of the South by Sally and Andy Wasowski , p. 44 Jump up ^ Jon M. Conrad , `` Open access and extinction of the passenger pigeon in North America '' , Natural Resource Modeling , Vol. 18 , no . 4 , pp. 501 -- 519 . 2005 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fagus grandifolia . efloras.org : range map Interactive distribution map for Fagus grandifolia Bioimages.vanderbilt.edu -- Fagus grandifolia photo gallery Nuts True , or botanical nuts Acorn Beech American beech European beech Breadnut Candlenut Chestnut Sweet chestnut Hazelnut American hazel Beaked hazel European hazel Filbert Asian hazel Johnstone River almond Kola nut Kurrajong Malabar chestnut Mongongo Palm nut Karuka Planted karuka Wild karuka Red bopple nut Yellow walnut Drupes Almond Australian cashew nut Betel nut Borneo tallow nut Breadfruit Cashew Chilean hazel Coconut Durian Gabon nut Hickory Mockernut hickory Pecan Shagbark hickory Shellbark hickory Irvingia gabonensis Jack nut Panda oleosa Pekea nut Pili nut Pistachio Walnut Black walnut Butternut English walnut Heartnut Gymnosperms Cycad Burrawang nut Ginkgo nut Araucaria spp . Bunya nut Monkey - puzzle nut Pine nut Chilgoza pine Colorado pinyon Korean pine Mexican pinyon Single - leaf pinyon Stone pine Angiosperms Brazil nut Macadamia Macadamia nut Queensland macadamia nut Paradise nut Peanut Peanut tree Soybean Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q149219 Wikispecies : Fagus grandifolia ARKive : fagus - grandifolia EoL : 1143553 EPPO : FAUGR FNA : 233500645 GBIF : 2882274 GRIN : 100831 iNaturalist : 49202 IPNI : 295597 - 1 IRMNG : 11275297 ITIS : 19462 IUCN : 62004694 NCBI : 60423 NZOR : bd5c2e5d - 6f95 - 4855 - 9272 - 5f3512de9840 PfaF : Fagus grandifolia Plant List : kew - 83824 PLANTS : FAGR POWO : urn : lsid : ipni.org : names : 295597 - 1 Tropicos : 13100023 VASCAN : 5957 WCSP : 83824 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_grandifolia&oldid=862473244 '' Categories : NatureServe secure species Fagus Hardwood forest plants Trees of the Eastern United States Trees of Eastern Canada Trees of the Great Lakes region ( North America ) Flora of the Appalachian Mountains Trees of the Northeastern United States Trees of the Southeastern United States Natural history of the Great Smoky Mountains Garden plants of North America Ornamental trees Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Taxonbars with 20 -- 24 taxon IDs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Español Esperanto فارسی Français Hornjoserbsce Kernowek Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018 , at 16 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where do beech trees grow in the us | [
"Fagus grandifolia, the American beech or North American beech, is the species of beech tree native to the eastern United States and extreme southeast Canada.\n"
] | [
"the eastern United States"
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1101946119282410635 | Mark Lenard | Mark Lenard - wikipedia Mark Lenard Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mark Lenard Lenard ( left ) as Sarek Leonard Rosenson ( 1924 - 10 - 15 ) October 15 , 1924 Chicago , Illinois , U.S. November 22 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 22 ) ( aged 72 ) New York , New York , U.S. Cause of death Multiple myeloma Alma mater University of Michigan Occupation Film , television actor Years active 1951 -- 1993 Spouse ( s ) Ann Amouri ( m . 1960 ; his death 1996 ) Children Mark Lenard ( October 15 , 1924 -- November 22 , 1996 ) was an American actor , primarily in television . His most famous roles were with the science fiction Star Trek franchise , in which he portrayed two separate characters with the most popular being Spock 's father , Sarek in both the original and animated series . He also played a Klingon in Star Trek The Motion Picture and then later played Sarek in three of the six movies featuring the original cast and finally in Star Trek : The Next Generation in two episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Films 3 Television 4 References 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Lenard was born Leonard Rosenson in Chicago , Illinois , the son of a Russian Jewish immigrant , Abraham , and his wife , Bessie , but was raised in the small town of South Haven , Michigan , where his family owned a tourist resort . He joined the United States Army in 1943 and trained to be a paratrooper during World War II but did not see actual combat and was discharged in 1946 as a technical sergeant . He got his start on stage while in the Army . After earning a master 's degree in theater and speech from the University of Michigan , he became known in New York City for serious drama , including Ibsen , Shaw , and Chekov . His first notable role was that of Conrad in the Sir John Gielgud production of Much Ado About Nothing . In the mid-1960s , he moved his family to Los Angeles , where he played one of the Three Wise Men in the biblical epic The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 ) . Lenard is best known for his appearances in the Star Trek franchise , particularly in the role of Sarek , the father of Spock ( Leonard Nimoy ) . However , his first Star Trek appearance was in the first season of Star Trek : The Original Series , playing the first Romulan ever seen in the series , in the episode `` Balance of Terror '' ( 1966 ) . He originated the character of Sarek in the second - season episode `` Journey to Babel '' ( 1967 ) , and provided the voice of Sarek in the Star Trek : The Animated Series episode `` Yesteryear '' ( 1973 ) . He later played an ill - fated Klingon Captain in Star Trek : The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) , which gave him the distinction of being the first actor to play a Romulan , a Vulcan , and a Klingon in Star Trek . He later reprised the role of Sarek in three of the Star Trek feature films : Star Trek III : The Search for Spock ( 1984 ) , Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home ( 1986 ) , and Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1991 ) , and provided the voice of young Sarek in a brief flashback sequence in Star Trek V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) . Additionally , he appeared as elderly Sarek in the third - season Star Trek : The Next Generation episode `` Sarek '' ( 1990 ) and the fifth - season episode `` Unification : Part 1 '' ( 1991 ) . Lenard 's work outside the Star Trek franchise included the prosecutor in Fort Grant in the Clint Eastwood movie , Hang ' Em High ( 1968 ) . He also played the character Aaron Stempel in the television series Here Come the Brides , and the hostile gorilla Urko in the television series Planet of the Apes . He made a guest appearance on Little House on the Prairie in the episode `` Journey in the Spring , Part I '' playing Peter Ingalls , older brother of Charles Ingalls . He had roles in Gunsmoke several times , including the episode `` Nowhere to Run '' ( 1968 ) . Lenard guest starred in several episodes of the original Mission : Impossible , including one with Leonard Nimoy , and a two - part episode of Buck Rogers in the 25th Century . Lenard played a lead role in the movie Noon Sunday filmed on Guam with costars Keye Luke , TV series star John Russell from Lawman , and character actor Stacy Harris . In The Radicals ( 1990 ) , which recounted the beginnings of the Swiss Anabaptist movement in the 1520s , he played a composite historical character , Eberhard Hoffman , a Catholic bishop who serves as prosecutor in the trial of his former abbot Michael Sattler . In 1993 , Lenard and fellow Star Trek actor Walter Koenig toured in a production of The Boys in Autumn . Lenard played a late middle - aged Huck Finn who re-encounters his childhood friend Tom Sawyer after a lifetime apart . Koenig played Sawyer . Lenard died of multiple myeloma in New York City in 1996 at the age of 72 . Films ( edit ) The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 ) - Balthazar Hang ' Em High ( 1968 ) - Prosecuting Attorney at Fort Grant Noon Sunday ( 1970 ) - Jason Cootes Annie Hall ( 1977 ) - Navy Officer Getting Married ( 1978 ) - Mr. Bloom Star Trek : The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) - Klingon Captain Star Trek III : The Search for Spock ( 1984 ) - Ambassador Sarek Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home ( 1986 ) - Ambassador Sarek Star Trek V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) - Ambassador Sarek ( voice ) The Radicals ( 1990 ) - Eberhard Hoffmann Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1991 ) - Ambassador Sarek Television ( edit ) Mission : Impossible : `` Wheels '' ( 1966 ) - Felipe Mora Star Trek : The Original Series : `` Balance of Terror '' ( 1966 ) - Romulan Commander Star Trek : The Original Series : `` Journey to Babel '' ( 1967 ) - Sarek The Wild Wild West : `` The Night of the Iron Fist '' ( 1967 ) - Count Draja Gunsmoke : `` No Where to Run '' ( 1968 ) - Ira Stonecipher Here Come the Brides ( 1968 -- 1970 ) - Aaron Stempel Hawaii Five - O : `` To Hell With Babe Ruth '' ( 1969 ) - Yoshio Nagata The Wild Wild West : `` The Night of The Iron Fist '' ( 1969 ) - Count Draja Hawaii Five - O : `` Will the Real Mr. Winkler Please Die '' ( Season 5 , episode 19 , 1973 ) - Rogloff Star Trek : The Animated Series : `` Yesteryear '' ( 1973 ) - Sarek ( voice ) Planet of the Apes : `` TV Series '' ( 1974 ) - General Urko Hawaii Five - O : `` Secret Witness '' ( 1974 ) - Dan Bock Little House on the Prairie : `` Journey in the Spring '' ( 1976 ) - Peter Ingalls The Bob Newhart Show : `` Carlin ` s New Suit '' ( 1977 ) - Earl Stanley Plummer Hawaii Five - O : `` You Do n't See Many Pirates These Days '' ( 1977 ) - Commander Hawkins The Secret Empire ( TV series ) ( 1979 ) - Emperor Thorval The Incredible Hulk ( TV series ) ( 1979 ) - Mr. Slater Buck Rogers in the 25th Century : `` Journey to Oasis '' ( 1981 ) - Ambassador Duvoe Otherworld `` The Zone Troopers Build Men '' ( 1985 ) - Perel Sightings Star Trek : The Next Generation : `` Sarek '' ( 1990 ) - Sarek Star Trek : The Next Generation : `` Unification : Part 1 '' ( 1991 ) - Sarek In the Heat of the Night : `` Legacy '' ( 1993 ) - Horrace Sloan ( final television appearance ) Amazing Space on TLC ( 1993 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Actor Mark Lenard '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Lenard - Biography '' . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tribute to Mark Lenard '' . The Radicals Movie . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . External links ( edit ) Mark Lenard on IMDb Mark Lenard at AllMovie Mark Lenard at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) VIAF : 45973087 LCCN : n93040867 ISNI : 0000 0000 3361 5942 BNF : cb141984312 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Lenard&oldid=815654115 '' Categories : 1924 births 1996 deaths Male actors from Michigan American people of Russian - Jewish descent American male film actors Male actors from Chicago American male television actors Jewish American male actors Deaths from multiple myeloma Deaths from cancer in New York ( state ) University of Michigan alumni 20th - century American male actors People from South Haven , Michigan Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from October 2011 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français עברית Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 05 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played spock's father in the original star trek | [
"Mark Lenard (October 15, 1924 – November 22, 1996) was an American actor, primarily in television. His most famous roles were with the science fiction Star Trek franchise, in which he portrayed two separate characters with the most popular being Spock's father, Sarek in both the original and animated series. He also played a Klingon in Star Trek The Motion Picture and then later played Sarek in three of the six movies featuring the original cast and finally in Star Trek:The Next Generation in two episodes."
] | [
"Mark Lenard"
] |
694524676851647937 | List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates | List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates - wikipedia List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates Jump to : navigation , search The Norwegian Nobel Institute ( headquarters pictured ) assists the Norwegian Nobel Committee in selecting recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize and in organising the annual award in Oslo . The Norwegian Nobel Committee each year awards the Nobel Peace Prize ( Norwegian and Swedish : Nobels fredspris ) `` to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations , for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses . '' It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel ( who died in 1896 ) , awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry , physics , literature , peace , and physiology or medicine . As dictated by Nobel 's will , the award is administered by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and awarded by a committee of five people elected by the Parliament of Norway . The first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 to Frédéric Passy and Henry Dunant ; the prize was most recently awarded to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons in 2017 . Each recipient receives a medal , a diploma , and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years . In 1901 , Passy and Dunant shared a Prize of 150,782 Swedish kronor , which was equal to 7,731,004 kronor in 2008 . The Peace Prize is presented annually in Oslo , in the presence of the King of Norway , on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death , and is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm . Unlike the other prizes , the Peace Prize is occasionally awarded to an organisation ( such as the International Committee of the Red Cross , a three - time recipient ) rather than an individual . The prize is considered the most controversial of the Nobel Prizes with several of the selections having been criticised . Despite having been nominated five times , Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi never won the Prize . Following his assassination in 1948 , the committee considered awarding it to him posthumously but decided against it and instead withheld the Prize that year with the explanation that `` there was no suitable living candidate . '' In 1961 , Dag Hammarskjöld , who died after his nomination but several months before the announcement , became the only laureate to be recognised posthumously ; following this , the statutes were changed to make a future posthumous prize nearly impossible . In 1973 , Le Duc Tho declined the Prize , because `` he was not in a position to accept the Prize , citing the situation in Vietnam as his reason . '' Linus Pauling , the Nobel Peace Prize laureate in 1962 , is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes ; he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954 . At 17 years of age , Malala Yousafzai , the 2014 recipient , is the youngest to be awarded the Peace Prize . Contents ( hide ) 1 Laureates 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 4.1 Specific 4.2 General 5 External links Laureates As of 2016 , the Peace Prize has been awarded to 104 individuals and 23 organizations . Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize , more than any other Nobel Prize . Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes : the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times ( 1917 , 1944 , and 1963 ) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice ( 1954 and 1981 ) . There have been 19 years since its creation in which the Peace Prize was not awarded , more times than any other Nobel Prize . Lê Đức Thọ is the only person to refuse to accept a Nobel Peace Prize . He was jointly awarded the 1973 award with Henry Kissinger but declined the prize on grounds that such `` bourgeois sentimentalities '' were not for him and that the Paris Peace Accords were not being adhered to in full . Year Laureate Country Rationale 1901 Henry Dunant Switzerland For his role in founding the International Committee of the Red Cross Frédéric Passy France `` ( For ) being one of the main founders of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and also the main organizer of the first Universal Peace Congress '' 1902 Élie Ducommun Switzerland `` ( For his role as ) the first honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau '' Charles Albert Gobat `` ( For his role as the ) first Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union '' 1903 William Randal Cremer United Kingdom `` ( For his role as ) the ' first father ' of the Inter-Parliamentary Union '' 1904 Institute of International Law Belgium `` ( F ) or its efforts as an unofficial body to formulate the general principles of the science of international law '' 1905 Bertha von Suttner Austria - Hungary For writing Lay Down Your Arms and contributing to the creation of the Prize 1906 Theodore Roosevelt United States `` ( F ) or his successful mediation to end the Russo - Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration , having provided the Hague arbitration court with its very first case '' 1907 Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Italy `` ( For his work as a ) key leader of the Italian peace movement '' Louis Renault France `` ( For his work as a ) leading French international jurist and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague '' 1908 Klas Pontus Arnoldson Sweden `` ( For his work as ) founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration League '' Fredrik Bajer Denmark `` ( For being ) the foremost peace advocate in Scandinavia , combining work in the Inter-Parliamentary Union with being the first president of the International Peace Bureau '' 1909 Auguste Beernaert Belgium `` ( For being a ) representative to the two Hague conferences , and a leading figure in the Inter-Parliamentary Union '' Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant France `` ( For ) combined diplomatic work for Franco - German and Franco - British understanding with a distinguished career in international arbitration '' 1910 Permanent International Peace Bureau Switzerland `` ( For acting ) as a link between the peace societies of the various countries '' 1911 Tobias Asser Netherlands `` ( For being a ) member of the Court of Arbitration as well as the initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law '' Alfred Fried Austria - Hungary `` ( For his work as ) founder of the German Peace Society '' 1912 Elihu Root United States `` ( F ) or his strong interest in international arbitration and for his plan for a world court '' 1913 Henri La Fontaine Belgium `` ( For his work as ) head of the International Peace Bureau '' 1914 Not awarded due to World War I . 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross Switzerland `` ( For undertaking ) the tremendous task of trying to protect the rights of the many prisoners of war on all sides ( of World War I ) , including their right to establish contacts with their families '' 1918 Not awarded due to World War I . 1919 Woodrow Wilson United States `` ( F ) or his crucial role in establishing the League of Nations '' 1920 Léon Bourgeois France `` ( For his participation ) in both the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907 '' and for his work towards `` what became the League to such an extent that he was frequently called its ' spiritual father ' '' 1921 Hjalmar Branting Sweden `` ( F ) or his work in the League of Nations '' Christian Lange Norway `` ( For his work as ) the first secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee '' and `` the secretary - general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union '' 1922 Fridtjof Nansen `` ( For ) his work in aiding the millions in Russia struggling against famine '' and `` his work for the refugees in Asia Minor and Thrace '' 1923 Not awarded 1924 1925 Sir Austen Chamberlain United Kingdom For work on the Locarno Treaties Charles G. Dawes United States `` ( F ) or ( work on ) the Dawes Plan for German reparations which was seen as having provided the economic underpinning of the Locarno Pact of 1925 '' 1926 Aristide Briand France For work on the Locarno Treaties Gustav Stresemann Germany 1927 Ferdinand Buisson France `` ( For ) contributions to Franco - German popular reconciliation '' Ludwig Quidde Germany 1928 Not awarded 1929 Frank B. Kellogg United States `` ( F ) or the Kellogg - Briand pact , whose signatories agreed to settle all conflicts by peaceful means and renounced war as an instrument of national policy '' 1930 Nathan Söderblom Sweden `` ( F ) or his efforts to involve the churches not only in work for ecumenical unity , but also for world peace '' 1931 Jane Addams United States `` ( F ) or her social reform work '' and `` leading the Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom '' Nicholas Murray Butler `` ( For his promotion ) of the Briand - Kellogg pact '' and for his work as the `` leader of the more establishment - oriented part of the American peace movement '' 1932 Not awarded 1933 Sir Norman Angell United Kingdom For authoring The Great Illusion and for being a `` supporter of the League of Nations as well as an influential publicist ( and ) educator for peace in general '' 1934 Arthur Henderson `` ( F ) or his work for the League , particularly its efforts in disarmament '' 1935 Carl von Ossietzky Germany `` ( For his ) struggle against Germany 's rearmament '' 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas Argentina `` ( F ) or his mediation of an end to the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia '' 1937 The Viscount Cecil of Chelwood United Kingdom For his work with the League of Nations 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees League of Nations For its work in aiding refugees 1939 Not awarded due to World War II . 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross Switzerland `` ( F ) or the great work it has performed during the war in behalf of humanity '' 1945 Cordell Hull United States `` ( For ) his fight against isolationism at home , his efforts to create a peace bloc of states on the American continents , and his work for the United Nations Organization '' 1946 Emily Greene Balch `` Formerly Professor of History and Sociology ; Honorary International President , Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom '' John Raleigh Mott `` Chairman , International Missionary Council ; President , World Alliance of Young Men 's Christian Associations '' 1947 Friends Service Council United Kingdom `` compassion for others and the desire to help them '' American Friends Service Committee United States 1948 Not awarded because `` there was no suitable living candidate . '' ( A tribute to the recently assassinated Gandhi in India . ) 1949 The Lord Boyd - Orr United Kingdom `` Physician ; Alimentary Politician ; Prominent organizer and Director , General Food and Agricultural Organization ; President , National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations '' 1950 Ralph Bunche United States `` Professor , Harvard University Cambridge , MA ; Director , division of Trusteeship , U.N. ; Acting Mediator in Palestine , 1948 '' 1951 Léon Jouhaux France `` President of the International Committee of the European Council , vice president of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions , vice president of the World Federation of Trade Unions , member of the ILO Council , delegate to the United Nations '' 1952 Albert Schweitzer `` Missionary surgeon ; Founder of Lambaréné ( République de Gabon ) '' 1953 George C. Marshall United States `` General President American Red Cross ; Former Secretary of State and of Defense ; Delegate U.N. ; Originator of ( the ) ' Marshall Plan ' '' 1954 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations `` An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951 '' 1955 Not awarded 1956 1957 Lester Bowles Pearson Canada `` former Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada ; former President of the 7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly '' ; `` for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations . '' 1958 Dominique Pire Belgium `` Father in the Dominican Order ; Leader of the relief organization for refugees `` L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde '' '' 1959 Philip Noel - Baker United Kingdom `` Member of Parliament ; lifelong ardent worker for international peace and co-operation '' 1960 Albert Lutuli South Africa ( Born in Southern Rhodesia ) `` President of the African National Congress , '' `` was in the very forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa . '' 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld Sweden `` Secretary General of the U.N. , '' awarded `` for strengthening the organization . '' 1962 Linus Pauling United States `` for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing '' 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross Switzerland For their work in the protection of human rights in the ICRC 's 100 years of existence . League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King , Jr . United States Campaigner for civil rights , `` first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence . '' King spent his time working in various areas of the civil rights movement ; from equal education to economic disenfranchisement of minorities . King also organized the March on Washington , where he gave his famous `` I Have a Dream Speech '' . 1965 United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) United Nations `` An international aid organization . '' 1966 Not awarded 1967 1968 René Cassin France `` President of the European Court for Human Rights '' 1969 International Labour Organization United Nations 1970 Norman E. Borlaug United States `` International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center ; '' `` for his contributions to the `` green revolution '' that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America . '' 1971 Willy Brandt West Germany `` Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany ; for West Germany 's Ostpolitik '' 1972 Not awarded 1973 Henry Kissinger United States ( Born in Germany ) `` For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease - fire in the Vietnam war and a withdrawal of the American forces '' Lê Đức Thọ Vietnam ( North ) Seán MacBride Ireland ( Born in France ) `` President of the International Peace Bureau ; President of the Commission of Namibia . '' `` For his strong interest in human rights : piloting the European Convention on Human Rights through the Council of Europe , helping found and then lead Amnesty International and serving as secretary - general of the International Commission of Jurists '' Eisaku Satō Japan `` Prime Minister of Japan , '' `` for his renunciation of the nuclear option for Japan and his efforts to further regional reconciliation '' Andrei Sakharov Soviet Union `` ( for his ) struggle for human rights , for disarmament , and for cooperation between all nations '' 1976 Betty Williams United Kingdom `` Founder ( s ) of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement ( later renamed Community of Peace People ) '' Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International `` ( for ) protecting the human rights of prisoners of conscience '' 1978 Mohamed Anwar Al - Sadat Egypt `` for the Camp David Agreement , which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel '' Menachem Begin Israel Poland ( Born in Russia ) 1979 Mother Teresa India ( Born in Skopje , now Republic of Macedonia ) `` Founder of Missionaries of Charity '' 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel Argentina `` Human rights leader ; '' `` founded non-violent human rights organizations to fight the military junta that was ruling his country ( Argentina ) . '' 1981 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations `` An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951 '' 1982 Alva Myrdal Sweden `` ( for ) their magnificent work in the disarmament negotiations of the United Nations , where they have both played crucial roles and won international recognition '' Alfonso García Robles Mexico Lech Wałęsa Poland `` Founder of Solidarność ; campaigner for human rights '' 1984 Desmond Tutu South Africa `` Bishop of Johannesburg ; former Secretary General , South African Council of Churches '' 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War United States For `` authoritative information and by creating an awareness of the catastrophic consequences of atomic warfare . The committee believes that this in turn contributes to an increase in the pressure of public opposition to the proliferation of atomic weapons and to a redefining of priorities , with greater attention being paid to health and other humanitarian issues . '' 1986 Elie Wiesel United States ( Born in Romania ) `` Chairman of `` The President 's Commission on the Holocaust '' '' Óscar Arias Costa Rica `` for his work for peace in Central America , efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year '' 1988 United Nations Peace - Keeping Forces United Nations `` ( for ) their efforts ( that ) have made important contributions towards the realization of one of the fundamental tenets of the United Nations '' 1989 Tenzin Gyatso , 14th Dalai Lama India ( Born in Tibet ) `` In his struggle for the liberation of Tibet ( he ) consistently has opposed the use of violence . He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people . '' 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev Soviet Union General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and President of the Soviet Union , `` for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community '' 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi Burma `` for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights '' 1992 Rigoberta Menchú Guatemala `` for her work for social justice and ethno - cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples '' 1993 Nelson Mandela South Africa `` for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime , and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa '' Frederik Willem de Klerk 1994 Yasser Arafat Palestine ( Born in Egypt ) `` to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides , and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East . '' Yitzhak Rabin Israel Shimon Peres Israel ( Born in Poland ) 1995 Joseph Rotblat United Kingdom ( Born in Poland ) `` for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and , in the longer run , to eliminate such arms '' Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs Canada Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo East Timor `` for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor . '' José Ramos - Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines Switzerland `` for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines '' Jody Williams United States 1998 John Hume Ireland `` for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland '' David Trimble United Kingdom 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières Switzerland `` in recognition of the organization 's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents '' 2000 Kim Dae - jung South Korea `` for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general , and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular '' 2001 United Nations United Nations `` for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world '' Kofi Annan Ghana 2002 Jimmy Carter United States `` for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts , to advance democracy and human rights , and to promote economic and social development '' 2003 Shirin Ebadi Iran `` for her efforts for democracy and human rights . She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children . '' Wangari Muta Maathai Kenya `` for her contribution to sustainable development , democracy and peace '' 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency United Nations `` for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way '' Mohamed ElBaradei Egypt 2006 Muhammad Yunus Bangladesh `` for advancing economic and social opportunities for the poor , especially women , through their pioneering microcredit work '' Grameen Bank 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change United Nations `` for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man - made climate change , and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change '' Al Gore United States 2008 Martti Ahtisaari Finland `` for his efforts on several continents and over more than three decades , to resolve international conflicts '' 2009 Barack Obama United States `` for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples . '' Liu Xiaobo China `` for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China '' 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Liberia `` for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women 's rights to full participation in peace - building work '' Leymah Gbowee Tawakkul Karman Yemen 2012 European Union European Union `` for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation , democracy and human rights in Europe . '' 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons International `` for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons . '' 2014 Kailash Satyarthi India `` for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education '' Malala Yousafzai Pakistan 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet Tunisia `` for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011 '' 2016 Juan Manuel Santos Colombia `` for his resolute efforts to bring the country 's more than 50 - year - long civil war to an end , a war that has cost the lives of at least 220,000 Colombians and displaced close to six million people '' 2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Switzerland `` for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground - breaking efforts to achieve a treaty - based prohibition of such weapons '' . See also List of Nobel laureates List of peace activists Notes Elihu Root , Austen Chamberlain , Charles G. Dawes , Frank B. Kellogg , and Norman Angell were all awarded their respective Prizes one year late because the Committee decided that none of the nominations in the year in which they are listed as being awarded the Prize met the criteria in Nobel 's will ; per its rules the Committee delayed the awarding of the Prizes until the next year , although they were awarded as the previous year 's Prize . Carl von Ossietzky 's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was refused a passport by the government of Germany . Dag Hammarskjöld 's Prize was awarded posthumously . Lê Đức Thọ declined to accept the Prize . Andrei Sakharov 's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was refused a passport by the government of the Soviet Union . Aung San Suu Kyi 's Prize was awarded in absentia because she was being held prisoner by the government of Burma . Following her release from house arrest and election to the Pyithu Hluttaw , Suu Kyi accepted her award in person on 16 June 2012 . Liu Xiaobo 's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was imprisoned in China . References Specific Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Alfred Nobel : The Man Behind the Nobel Prize '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Prize Awarder for the Nobel Peace Prize '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremonies '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Tønnesson , Øyvind ( 2000 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Controversies and Criticisms '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Clare ( 2000 - 10 - 08 ) . `` The Nobel : Dynamite or damp squib ? '' . BBC News . 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Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1931 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1933 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1934 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ BBC News : Nobel Peace Prize medal stolen in Newcastle 3 April 2013 , accessed 3 April 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1935 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1936 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1937 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stang , Fredrik . `` Award Ceremony Speech ( 1938 ) '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jahn , Gunnar . `` Award Ceremony Speech ( 1944 ) '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jahn , Gunnar . `` Award Ceremony Speech ( 1945 ) '' . 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Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1959 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1960 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1961 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1962 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1963 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1964 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1965 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1968 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1969 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1970 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1971 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1973 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1974 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1975 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1976 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1977 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1978 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1980 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1981 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1982 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1982 -- Presentation Speech '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1983 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1984 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1985 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1986 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1987 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1988 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1988 -- Press release '' . Nobel Foundation . 1988 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1989/lama-facts.html Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1989 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1989 -- Press release '' . Nobel Foundation . 1989 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1991 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1992 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release - The Nobel Peace Prize 1994 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1995 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1996 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1997 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1998 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1999 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2000 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2001 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2002 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2003 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2004 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2005 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2006 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2008 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2009 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2012 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2014 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2015 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2016 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2017 - Press Release '' . www.nobelprize.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Biography : Carl von Ossietzky '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . 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Official website of the Norwegian Nobel Committee Nobel Peace Prize General topics Laureates Committee ( members ) Institute Center Concert Oslo Spektrum Oslo City Hall World Summit By year 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize 1901 -- 1925 1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903 Randal Cremer 1904 Institut de Droit International 1905 Bertha von Suttner 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909 A.M.F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Léon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926 -- 1950 1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Söderblom 1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933 Norman Angell 1934 Arthur Henderson 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Robert Cecil 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross 1945 Cordell Hull 1946 Emily Balch / John Mott 1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949 John Boyd Orr 1950 Ralph Bunche 1951 -- 1975 1951 Léon Jouhaux 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1953 George Marshall 1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957 Lester B. Pearson 1958 Georges Pire 1959 Philip Noel - Baker 1960 Albert Lutuli 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld 1962 Linus Pauling 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King Jr . 1965 UNICEF 1966 1967 1968 René Cassin 1969 International Labour Organization 1970 Norman Borlaug 1971 Willy Brandt 1972 1973 Lê Đức Thọ ( declined award ) / Henry Kissinger 1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1976 -- 2000 1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International 1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979 Mother Teresa 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983 Lech Wałęsa 1984 Desmond Tutu 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986 Elie Wiesel 1987 Óscar Arias 1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989 Tenzin Gyatso ( 14th Dalai Lama ) 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1992 Rigoberta Menchú 1993 Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk 1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos - Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998 John Hume / David Trimble 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 2000 Kim Dae - jung 2001 -- present 2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012 European Union 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016 Juan Manuel Santos 2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Nobel Prizes Lists of Nobel laureates Prizes Chemistry Economics Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine Laureates by subject Chemistry Economics Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine by criterion African Arab Asian Black Female Latino and Hispanic Jewish by country Argentine Australian Belgian Chinese Danish Hungarian Indian Israeli Italian Japanese Korean Liberian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Spanish Swedish Turkish Welsh by religion Christian Jewish Muslim Non-religious by year By year by university affiliation University affiliation by occupation Head of Government and State Committees and organisations Nobel Foundation Nobel Committees Chemistry Economics Physics Physiology or Medicine Norwegian Nobel Committee Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet Related topics Controversies Other prizes Alfred Nobel Nobel Memorial Prize ( not one of the original Nobel Prizes ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates&oldid=813092180 '' Categories : Nobel Peace Prize laureates Lists of Nobel laureates Nobel Peace Prize Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles containing Norwegian - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская བོད ་ ཡིག Català Davvisámegiella Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Norsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Русский Sicilianu Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 18 : 35 . 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"\n\nYear\nLaureate\nCountry\nRationale\n\n\n1901\n\nHenry Dunant\n Switzerland\nFor his role in founding the International Committee of the Red Cross[9][13]\n\n\n\nFrédéric Passy\n France\n\"[For] being one of the main founders of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and also the main organizer of the first Universal Peace Congress\"[9][13]\n\n\n1902\n\nÉlie Ducommun\n Switzerland\n\"[For his role as] the first honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau\"[9][14]\n\n\n\nCharles Albert Gobat\n\"[For his role as the] first Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union\"[9][14]\n\n\n1903\n\nWilliam Randal Cremer\n United Kingdom\n\"[For his role as] the 'first father' of the Inter-Parliamentary Union\"[9][15]\n\n\n1904\n\nInstitute of International Law\n Belgium\n\"[F]or its efforts as an unofficial body to formulate the general principles of the science of international law\"[9][16]\n\n\n1905\n\nBertha von Suttner\n Austria-Hungary\nFor writing Lay Down Your Arms and contributing to the creation of the Prize[9][17]\n\n\n1906\n\nTheodore Roosevelt\n United States\n\"[F]or his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration, having provided the Hague arbitration court with its very first case\"[9][18]\n\n\n1907\n\nErnesto Teodoro Moneta\n Italy\n\"[For his work as a] key leader of the Italian peace movement\"[9][19]\n\n\n\nLouis Renault\n France\n\"[For his work as a] leading French international jurist and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague\"[9][19]\n\n\n1908\n\nKlas Pontus Arnoldson\n Sweden\n\"[For his work as] founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration League\"[9][20]\n\n\n\nFredrik Bajer\n Denmark\n\"[For being] the foremost peace advocate in Scandinavia, combining work in the Inter-Parliamentary Union with being the first president of the International Peace Bureau\"[9][20]\n\n\n1909\n\nAuguste Beernaert\n Belgium\n\"[For being a] representative to the two Hague conferences, and a leading figure in the Inter-Parliamentary Union\"[9][21]\n\n\n\nPaul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant\n France\n\"[For] combined diplomatic work for Franco-German and Franco-British understanding with a distinguished career in international arbitration\"[9][21]\n\n\n1910\n\nPermanent International Peace Bureau\n Switzerland\n\"[For acting] as a link between the peace societies of the various countries\"[22][23]\n\n\n1911\n\nTobias Asser\n Netherlands\n\"[For being a] member of the Court of Arbitration as well as the initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law\"[9][24]\n\n\n\nAlfred Fried\n Austria-Hungary\n\"[For his work as] founder of the German Peace Society\"[9][24]\n\n\n1912\n\nElihu Root[A]\n United States\n\"[F]or his strong interest in international arbitration and for his plan for a world court\"[9][25]\n\n\n1913\n\nHenri La Fontaine\n Belgium\n\"[For his work as] head of the International Peace Bureau\"[9][26]\n\n\n1914\nNot awarded due to World War I.\n\n\n1915\n\n\n1916\n\n\n1917\n\nInternational Committee of the Red Cross\n Switzerland\n\"[For undertaking] the tremendous task of trying to protect the rights of the many prisoners of war on all sides [of World War I], including their right to establish contacts with their families\"[9][27]\n\n\n1918\nNot awarded due to World War I.\n\n\n1919\n\nWoodrow Wilson\n United States\n\"[F]or his crucial role in establishing the League of Nations\"[9][28]\n\n\n1920\n\nLéon Bourgeois\n France\n\"[For his participation] in both the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907\" and for his work towards \"what became the League to such an extent that he was frequently called its 'spiritual father'\"[9][29]\n\n\n1921\n\nHjalmar Branting\n Sweden\n\"[F]or his work in the League of Nations\"[9][30]\n\n\n\nChristian Lange\n Norway\n\"[For his work as] the first secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee\" and \"the secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union\"[9][30]\n\n\n1922\n\nFridtjof Nansen\n\"[For] his work in aiding the millions in Russia struggling against famine\" and \"his work for the refugees in Asia Minor and Thrace\"[31][32]\n\n\n1923\nNot awarded\n\n\n1924\n\n\n1925\n\nSir Austen Chamberlain[A]\n United Kingdom\nFor work on the Locarno Treaties[9][33]\n\n\n\nCharles G. Dawes[A]\n United States\n\"[F]or [work on] the Dawes Plan for German reparations which was seen as having provided the economic underpinning of the Locarno Pact of 1925\"[9][33]\n\n\n1926\n\nAristide Briand\n France\nFor work on the Locarno Treaties[9][34]\n\n\n\nGustav Stresemann\n Germany\n\n\n1927\n\nFerdinand Buisson\n France\n\"[For] contributions to Franco-German popular reconciliation\"[9][35]\n\n\n\nLudwig Quidde\n Germany\n\n\n1928\nNot awarded\n\n\n1929\n\nFrank B. Kellogg[A]\n United States\n\"[F]or the Kellogg-Briand pact, whose signatories agreed to settle all conflicts by peaceful means and renounced war as an instrument of national policy\"[9][36]\n\n\n1930\n\nNathan Söderblom\n Sweden\n\"[F]or his efforts to involve the churches not only in work for ecumenical unity, but also for world peace\"[9][37]\n\n\n1931\n\nJane Addams\n United States\n\"[F]or her social reform work\" and \"leading the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom\"[9][38]\n\n\n\nNicholas Murray Butler\n\"[For his promotion] of the Briand-Kellogg pact\" and for his work as the \"leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement\"[9][38]\n\n\n1932\nNot awarded\n\n\n1933\n\nSir Norman Angell[A]\n United Kingdom\nFor authoring The Great Illusion and for being a \"supporter of the League of Nations as well as an influential publicist [and] educator for peace in general\"[39]\n\n\n1934\n\nArthur Henderson\n\"[F]or his work for the League, particularly its efforts in disarmament\"[9][40][41]\n\n\n1935\n\nCarl von Ossietzky[B]\n Germany\n\"[For his] struggle against Germany's rearmament\"[9][42]\n\n\n1936\n\nCarlos Saavedra Lamas\n Argentina\n\"[F]or his mediation of an end to the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia\"[9][43]\n\n\n1937\n\nThe Viscount Cecil of Chelwood\n United Kingdom\nFor his work with the League of Nations[9][44]\n\n\n1938\n\nNansen International Office for Refugees\n League of Nations\nFor its work in aiding refugees[45]\n\n\n1939\nNot awarded due to World War II.\n\n\n1940\n\n\n1941\n\n\n1942\n\n\n1943\n\n\n1944\n\nInternational Committee of the Red Cross\n Switzerland\n\"[F]or the great work it has performed during the war in behalf of humanity\"[46]\n\n\n1945\n\nCordell Hull\n United States\n\"[For] his fight against isolationism at home, his efforts to create a peace bloc of states on the American continents, and his work for the United Nations Organization\"[47]\n\n\n1946\n\nEmily Greene Balch\n\"Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom\"[48]\n\n\n\nJohn Raleigh Mott\n\"Chairman, International Missionary Council; President, World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations\"[48]\n\n\n1947\n\nFriends Service Council\n United Kingdom\n\"compassion for others and the desire to help them\"[49]\n\n\nAmerican Friends Service Committee\n United States\n\n\n1948\nNot awarded because \"there was no suitable living candidate.\" (A tribute to the recently assassinated Gandhi in India.)[8]\n\n\n1949\n\nThe Lord Boyd-Orr\n United Kingdom\n\"Physician; Alimentary Politician; Prominent organizer and Director, General Food and Agricultural Organization; President, National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations\"[50]\n\n\n1950\n\nRalph Bunche\n United States\n\"Professor, Harvard University Cambridge, MA; Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948\"[51]\n\n\n1951\n\nLéon Jouhaux\n France\n\"President of the International Committee of the European Council, vice president of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, vice president of the World Federation of Trade Unions, member of the ILO Council, delegate to the United Nations\"[52]\n\n\n1952\n\nAlbert Schweitzer\n\"Missionary surgeon; Founder of Lambaréné (République de Gabon)\"[53]\n\n\n1953\n\nGeorge C. Marshall\n United States\n\"General President American Red Cross; Former Secretary of State and of Defense; Delegate U.N.; Originator of [the] 'Marshall Plan'\"[54]\n\n\n1954\n\nOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees\n United Nations\n\"An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951\"[55]\n\n\n1955\nNot awarded\n\n\n1956\n\n\n1957\n\nLester Bowles Pearson\n Canada\n\"former Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada; former President of the 7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly\";[56] \"for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations.\"[9]\n\n\n1958\n\nDominique Pire\n Belgium\n\"Father in the Dominican Order; Leader of the relief organization for refugees \"L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde\"\"[57]\n\n\n1959\n\nPhilip Noel-Baker\n United Kingdom\n\"Member of Parliament; lifelong ardent worker for international peace and co-operation\"[58]\n\n\n1960\n\nAlbert Lutuli\n South Africa\n(Born in Southern Rhodesia)\n\"President of the African National Congress,\"[59] \"was in the very forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa.\"[9]\n\n\n1961\n\nDag Hammarskjöld[C]\n Sweden\n\"Secretary General of the U.N.,\"[60] awarded \"for strengthening the organization.\"[9]\n\n\n1962\n\nLinus Pauling\n United States\n\"for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing\"[61]\n\n\n1963\n\nInternational Committee of the Red Cross\n Switzerland\nFor their work in the protection of human rights in the ICRC's 100 years of existence.[62]\n\n\n\nLeague of Red Cross Societies\n\n\n1964\n\nMartin Luther King, Jr.\n United States\nCampaigner for civil rights, \"first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence.\" King spent his time working in various areas of the civil rights movement; from equal education to economic disenfranchisement of minorities. King also organized the March on Washington, where he gave his famous “I Have a Dream Speech”.[63]\n\n\n1965\n\nUnited Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)\n United Nations\n\"An international aid organization.\" [64]\n\n\n1966\nNot awarded\n\n\n1967\n\n\n1968\n\nRené Cassin\n France\n\"President of the European Court for Human Rights\"[65]\n\n\n1969\n\nInternational Labour Organization\n United Nations\n[66]\n\n\n1970\n\nNorman E. Borlaug\n United States\n\"International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center;\"[67] \"for his contributions to the \"green revolution\" that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America.\"[9]\n\n\n1971\n\nWilly Brandt\n West Germany\n\"Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; for West Germany's Ostpolitik\"[68]\n\n\n1972\nNot awarded\n\n\n1973\n\nHenry Kissinger\n United States\n(Born in Germany)\n\"For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam war and a withdrawal of the American forces\"[9][69]\n\n\n\nLê Đức Thọ[D]\n Vietnam (North)\n\n\n1974\n\nSeán MacBride\n Ireland\n(Born in France)\n\"President of the International Peace Bureau; President of the Commission of Namibia.\"[70] \"For his strong interest in human rights: piloting the European Convention on Human Rights through the Council of Europe, helping found and then lead Amnesty International and serving as secretary-general of the International Commission of Jurists\"[9]\n\n\n\nEisaku Satō\n Japan\n\"Prime Minister of Japan,\"[70] \"for his renunciation of the nuclear option for Japan and his efforts to further regional reconciliation\"[9]\n\n\n1975\n\nAndrei Sakharov[E]\n Soviet Union\n\"[for his] struggle for human rights, for disarmament, and for cooperation between all nations\"[71]\n\n\n1976\n\nBetty Williams\n United Kingdom\n\"Founder[s] of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)\"[72]\n\n\n\nMairead Corrigan\n\n\n1977\n\nAmnesty International\n\"[for] protecting the human rights of prisoners of conscience\"[9][73]\n\n\n1978\n\nMohamed Anwar Al-Sadat\n Egypt\n\"for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel\"[74]\n\n\n\nMenachem Begin\n Israel\n Poland\n(Born in Russia)\n\n\n1979\n\nMother Teresa\n India\n(Born in Skopje, now Republic of Macedonia)\n\"Founder of Missionaries of Charity\"[75]\n\n\n1980\n\nAdolfo Pérez Esquivel\n Argentina\n\"Human rights leader;\"[76] \"founded non-violent human rights organizations to fight the military junta that was ruling his country (Argentina).\"[9]\n\n\n1981\n\nOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees\n United Nations\n\"An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951\"[77]\n\n\n1982\n\nAlva Myrdal\n Sweden\n\"[for] their magnificent work in the disarmament negotiations of the United Nations, where they have both played crucial roles and won international recognition\"[78][79]\n\n\n\nAlfonso García Robles\n Mexico\n\n\n1983\n\nLech Wałęsa\n Poland\n\"Founder of Solidarność; campaigner for human rights\"[80]\n\n\n1984\n\nDesmond Tutu\n South Africa\n\"Bishop of Johannesburg; former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches\"[81]\n\n\n1985\n\nInternational Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War\n United States\nFor \"authoritative information and by creating an awareness of the catastrophic consequences of atomic warfare. The committee believes that this in turn contributes to an increase in the pressure of public opposition to the proliferation of atomic weapons and to a redefining of priorities, with greater attention being paid to health and other humanitarian issues.\"[82]\n\n\n1986\n\nElie Wiesel\n United States\n(Born in Romania)\n\"Chairman of \"The President's Commission on the Holocaust\"\"[83]\n\n\n1987\n\nÓscar Arias\n Costa Rica\n\"for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year\"[84]\n\n\n1988\n\nUnited Nations Peace-Keeping Forces\n United Nations\n\"[for] their efforts [that] have made important contributions towards the realization of one of the fundamental tenets of the United Nations\"[85][86]\n\n\n1989\n\nTenzin Gyatso,\n14th Dalai Lama\n India\n(Born in Tibet)[87]\n\"In his struggle for the liberation of Tibet [he] consistently has opposed the use of violence. He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people.\"[88][89]\n\n\n1990\n\nMikhail Gorbachev\n Soviet Union\nGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and President of the Soviet Union, \"for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community\"[90]\n\n\n1991\n\nAung San Suu Kyi[F]\n Burma\n\"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights\"[91]\n\n\n1992\n\nRigoberta Menchú\n Guatemala\n\"for her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples\"[92]\n\n\n1993\n\nNelson Mandela\n South Africa\n\"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa\"[93]\n\n\n\nFrederik Willem de Klerk\n\n\n1994\n\nYasser Arafat\n Palestine\n(Born in Egypt)\n\"to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East.\"[94]\n\n\n\nYitzhak Rabin\n Israel\n\n\n\nShimon Peres\n Israel\n(Born in Poland)\n\n\n1995\n\nJoseph Rotblat\n United Kingdom\n(Born in Poland)\n\"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms\"[95]\n\n\n\nPugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs\n Canada\n\n\n1996\n\nCarlos Filipe Ximenes Belo\n East Timor\n\"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor.\"[96]\n\n\n\nJosé Ramos-Horta\n\n\n1997\n\nInternational Campaign to Ban Landmines\n Switzerland\n\"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines\"[97]\n\n\n\nJody Williams\n United States\n\n\n1998\n\nJohn Hume\n Ireland\n\"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland\"[98]\n\n\n\nDavid Trimble\n United Kingdom\n\n\n1999\n\nMédecins Sans Frontières\n Switzerland\n\"in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents\"[99]\n\n\n2000\n\nKim Dae-jung\n South Korea\n\"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular\"[100]\n\n\n2001\n\nUnited Nations\n United Nations\n\"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world\"[101]\n\n\n\nKofi Annan\n Ghana\n\n\n2002\n\nJimmy Carter\n United States\n\"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development\"[102]\n\n\n2003\n\nShirin Ebadi\n Iran\n\"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children.\"[103]\n\n\n2004\n\nWangari Muta Maathai\n Kenya\n\"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace\"[104]\n\n\n2005\n\nInternational Atomic Energy Agency\n United Nations\n\"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way\"[105]\n\n\n\nMohamed ElBaradei\n Egypt\n\n\n2006\n\nMuhammad Yunus\n Bangladesh\n\"for advancing economic and social opportunities for the poor, especially women, through their pioneering microcredit work\"[106]\n\n\n\nGrameen Bank\n\n\n2007\n\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\n United Nations\n\"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\"[107]\n\n\n\nAl Gore\n United States\n\n\n2008\n\nMartti Ahtisaari\n Finland\n\"for his efforts on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts\"[108]\n\n\n2009\n\nBarack Obama\n United States\n\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples.\"[109]\n\n\n2010\n\nLiu Xiaobo\n China\n\"for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China\"[110]\n\n\n2011\n\nEllen Johnson Sirleaf\n Liberia\n\"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work\"[111]\n\n\n\nLeymah Gbowee\n\n\n\nTawakkul Karman\n Yemen\n\n\n2012\n\nEuropean Union\n European Union\n\"for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe.\"[112]\n\n\n2013\n\nOrganisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons\nInternational\n\"for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons.\"[113]\n\n\n2014\n\nKailash Satyarthi\n India\n\"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education\"[114]\n\n\n\nMalala Yousafzai\n Pakistan\n\n\n2015\n\nTunisian National Dialogue Quartet\n Tunisia\n\"for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011\"[115]\n\n\n2016\n\nJuan Manuel Santos\n Colombia\n\"for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end, a war that has cost the lives of at least 220,000 Colombians and displaced close to six million people\"[116]\n\n\n2017\n\nInternational Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons\n Switzerland\n\"for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons\"[117].\n\n",
"\n\nYear\nLaureate\nCountry\nRationale\n\n\n1901\n\nHenry Dunant\n Switzerland\nFor his role in founding the International Committee of the Red Cross[9][13]\n\n\n\nFrédéric Passy\n France\n\"[For] being one of the main founders of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and also the main organizer of the first Universal Peace Congress\"[9][13]\n\n\n1902\n\nÉlie Ducommun\n Switzerland\n\"[For his role as] the first honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau\"[9][14]\n\n\n\nCharles Albert Gobat\n\"[For his role as the] first Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union\"[9][14]\n\n\n1903\n\nWilliam Randal Cremer\n United Kingdom\n\"[For his role as] the 'first father' of the Inter-Parliamentary Union\"[9][15]\n\n\n1904\n\nInstitute of International Law\n Belgium\n\"[F]or its efforts as an unofficial body to formulate the general principles of the science of international law\"[9][16]\n\n\n1905\n\nBertha von Suttner\n Austria-Hungary\nFor writing Lay Down Your Arms and contributing to the creation of the Prize[9][17]\n\n\n1906\n\nTheodore Roosevelt\n United States\n\"[F]or his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration, having provided the Hague arbitration court with its very first case\"[9][18]\n\n\n1907\n\nErnesto Teodoro Moneta\n Italy\n\"[For his work as a] key leader of the Italian peace movement\"[9][19]\n\n\n\nLouis Renault\n France\n\"[For his work as a] leading French international jurist and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague\"[9][19]\n\n\n1908\n\nKlas Pontus Arnoldson\n Sweden\n\"[For his work as] founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration League\"[9][20]\n\n\n\nFredrik Bajer\n Denmark\n\"[For being] the foremost peace advocate in Scandinavia, combining work in the Inter-Parliamentary Union with being the first president of the International Peace Bureau\"[9][20]\n\n\n1909\n\nAuguste Beernaert\n Belgium\n\"[For being a] representative to the two Hague conferences, and a leading figure in the Inter-Parliamentary Union\"[9][21]\n\n\n\nPaul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant\n France\n\"[For] combined diplomatic work for Franco-German and Franco-British understanding with a distinguished career in international arbitration\"[9][21]\n\n\n1910\n\nPermanent International Peace Bureau\n Switzerland\n\"[For acting] as a link between the peace societies of the various countries\"[22][23]\n\n\n1911\n\nTobias Asser\n Netherlands\n\"[For being a] member of the Court of Arbitration as well as the initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law\"[9][24]\n\n\n\nAlfred Fried\n Austria-Hungary\n\"[For his work as] founder of the German Peace Society\"[9][24]\n\n\n1912\n\nElihu Root[A]\n United States\n\"[F]or his strong interest in international arbitration and for his plan for a world court\"[9][25]\n\n\n1913\n\nHenri La Fontaine\n Belgium\n\"[For his work as] head of the International Peace Bureau\"[9][26]\n\n\n1914\nNot awarded due to World War I.\n\n\n1915\n\n\n1916\n\n\n1917\n\nInternational Committee of the Red Cross\n Switzerland\n\"[For undertaking] the tremendous task of trying to protect the rights of the many prisoners of war on all sides [of World War I], including their right to establish contacts with their families\"[9][27]\n\n\n1918\nNot awarded due to World War I.\n\n\n1919\n\nWoodrow Wilson\n United States\n\"[F]or his crucial role in establishing the League of Nations\"[9][28]\n\n\n1920\n\nLéon Bourgeois\n France\n\"[For his participation] in both the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907\" and for his work towards \"what became the League to such an extent that he was frequently called its 'spiritual father'\"[9][29]\n\n\n1921\n\nHjalmar Branting\n Sweden\n\"[F]or his work in the League of Nations\"[9][30]\n\n\n\nChristian Lange\n Norway\n\"[For his work as] the first secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee\" and \"the secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union\"[9][30]\n\n\n1922\n\nFridtjof Nansen\n\"[For] his work in aiding the millions in Russia struggling against famine\" and \"his work for the refugees in Asia Minor and Thrace\"[31][32]\n\n\n1923\nNot awarded\n\n\n1924\n\n\n1925\n\nSir Austen Chamberlain[A]\n United Kingdom\nFor work on the Locarno Treaties[9][33]\n\n\n\nCharles G. Dawes[A]\n United States\n\"[F]or [work on] the Dawes Plan for German reparations which was seen as having provided the economic underpinning of the Locarno Pact of 1925\"[9][33]\n\n\n1926\n\nAristide Briand\n France\nFor work on the Locarno Treaties[9][34]\n\n\n\nGustav Stresemann\n Germany\n\n\n1927\n\nFerdinand Buisson\n France\n\"[For] contributions to Franco-German popular reconciliation\"[9][35]\n\n\n\nLudwig Quidde\n Germany\n\n\n1928\nNot awarded\n\n\n1929\n\nFrank B. Kellogg[A]\n United States\n\"[F]or the Kellogg-Briand pact, whose signatories agreed to settle all conflicts by peaceful means and renounced war as an instrument of national policy\"[9][36]\n\n\n1930\n\nNathan Söderblom\n Sweden\n\"[F]or his efforts to involve the churches not only in work for ecumenical unity, but also for world peace\"[9][37]\n\n\n1931\n\nJane Addams\n United States\n\"[F]or her social reform work\" and \"leading the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom\"[9][38]\n\n\n\nNicholas Murray Butler\n\"[For his promotion] of the Briand-Kellogg pact\" and for his work as the \"leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement\"[9][38]\n\n\n1932\nNot awarded\n\n\n1933\n\nSir Norman Angell[A]\n United Kingdom\nFor authoring The Great Illusion and for being a \"supporter of the League of Nations as well as an influential publicist [and] educator for peace in general\"[39]\n\n\n1934\n\nArthur Henderson\n\"[F]or his work for the League, particularly its efforts in disarmament\"[9][40][41]\n\n\n1935\n\nCarl von Ossietzky[B]\n Germany\n\"[For his] struggle against Germany's rearmament\"[9][42]\n\n\n1936\n\nCarlos Saavedra Lamas\n Argentina\n\"[F]or his mediation of an end to the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia\"[9][43]\n\n\n1937\n\nThe Viscount Cecil of Chelwood\n United Kingdom\nFor his work with the League of Nations[9][44]\n\n\n1938\n\nNansen International Office for Refugees\n League of Nations\nFor its work in aiding refugees[45]\n\n\n1939\nNot awarded due to World War II.\n\n\n1940\n\n\n1941\n\n\n1942\n\n\n1943\n\n\n1944\n\nInternational Committee of the Red Cross\n Switzerland\n\"[F]or the great work it has performed during the war in behalf of humanity\"[46]\n\n\n1945\n\nCordell Hull\n United States\n\"[For] his fight against isolationism at home, his efforts to create a peace bloc of states on the American continents, and his work for the United Nations Organization\"[47]\n\n\n1946\n\nEmily Greene Balch\n\"Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom\"[48]\n\n\n\nJohn Raleigh Mott\n\"Chairman, International Missionary Council; President, World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations\"[48]\n\n\n1947\n\nFriends Service Council\n United Kingdom\n\"compassion for others and the desire to help them\"[49]\n\n\nAmerican Friends Service Committee\n United States\n\n\n1948\nNot awarded because \"there was no suitable living candidate.\" (A tribute to the recently assassinated Gandhi in India.)[8]\n\n\n1949\n\nThe Lord Boyd-Orr\n United Kingdom\n\"Physician; Alimentary Politician; Prominent organizer and Director, General Food and Agricultural Organization; President, National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations\"[50]\n\n\n1950\n\nRalph Bunche\n United States\n\"Professor, Harvard University Cambridge, MA; Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948\"[51]\n\n\n1951\n\nLéon Jouhaux\n France\n\"President of the International Committee of the European Council, vice president of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, vice president of the World Federation of Trade Unions, member of the ILO Council, delegate to the United Nations\"[52]\n\n\n1952\n\nAlbert Schweitzer\n\"Missionary surgeon; Founder of Lambaréné (République de Gabon)\"[53]\n\n\n1953\n\nGeorge C. Marshall\n United States\n\"General President American Red Cross; Former Secretary of State and of Defense; Delegate U.N.; Originator of [the] 'Marshall Plan'\"[54]\n\n\n1954\n\nOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees\n United Nations\n\"An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951\"[55]\n\n\n1955\nNot awarded\n\n\n1956\n\n\n1957\n\nLester Bowles Pearson\n Canada\n\"former Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada; former President of the 7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly\";[56] \"for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations.\"[9]\n\n\n1958\n\nDominique Pire\n Belgium\n\"Father in the Dominican Order; Leader of the relief organization for refugees \"L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde\"\"[57]\n\n\n1959\n\nPhilip Noel-Baker\n United Kingdom\n\"Member of Parliament; lifelong ardent worker for international peace and co-operation\"[58]\n\n\n1960\n\nAlbert Lutuli\n South Africa\n(Born in Southern Rhodesia)\n\"President of the African National Congress,\"[59] \"was in the very forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa.\"[9]\n\n\n1961\n\nDag Hammarskjöld[C]\n Sweden\n\"Secretary General of the U.N.,\"[60] awarded \"for strengthening the organization.\"[9]\n\n\n1962\n\nLinus Pauling\n United States\n\"for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing\"[61]\n\n\n1963\n\nInternational Committee of the Red Cross\n Switzerland\nFor their work in the protection of human rights in the ICRC's 100 years of existence.[62]\n\n\n\nLeague of Red Cross Societies\n\n\n1964\n\nMartin Luther King, Jr.\n United States\nCampaigner for civil rights, \"first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence.\" King spent his time working in various areas of the civil rights movement; from equal education to economic disenfranchisement of minorities. King also organized the March on Washington, where he gave his famous “I Have a Dream Speech”.[63]\n\n\n1965\n\nUnited Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)\n United Nations\n\"An international aid organization.\" [64]\n\n\n1966\nNot awarded\n\n\n1967\n\n\n1968\n\nRené Cassin\n France\n\"President of the European Court for Human Rights\"[65]\n\n\n1969\n\nInternational Labour Organization\n United Nations\n[66]\n\n\n1970\n\nNorman E. Borlaug\n United States\n\"International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center;\"[67] \"for his contributions to the \"green revolution\" that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America.\"[9]\n\n\n1971\n\nWilly Brandt\n West Germany\n\"Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; for West Germany's Ostpolitik\"[68]\n\n\n1972\nNot awarded\n\n\n1973\n\nHenry Kissinger\n United States\n(Born in Germany)\n\"For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam war and a withdrawal of the American forces\"[9][69]\n\n\n\nLê Đức Thọ[D]\n Vietnam (North)\n\n\n1974\n\nSeán MacBride\n Ireland\n(Born in France)\n\"President of the International Peace Bureau; President of the Commission of Namibia.\"[70] \"For his strong interest in human rights: piloting the European Convention on Human Rights through the Council of Europe, helping found and then lead Amnesty International and serving as secretary-general of the International Commission of Jurists\"[9]\n\n\n\nEisaku Satō\n Japan\n\"Prime Minister of Japan,\"[70] \"for his renunciation of the nuclear option for Japan and his efforts to further regional reconciliation\"[9]\n\n\n1975\n\nAndrei Sakharov[E]\n Soviet Union\n\"[for his] struggle for human rights, for disarmament, and for cooperation between all nations\"[71]\n\n\n1976\n\nBetty Williams\n United Kingdom\n\"Founder[s] of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)\"[72]\n\n\n\nMairead Corrigan\n\n\n1977\n\nAmnesty International\n\"[for] protecting the human rights of prisoners of conscience\"[9][73]\n\n\n1978\n\nMohamed Anwar Al-Sadat\n Egypt\n\"for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel\"[74]\n\n\n\nMenachem Begin\n Israel\n Poland\n(Born in Russia)\n\n\n1979\n\nMother Teresa\n India\n(Born in Skopje, now Republic of Macedonia)\n\"Founder of Missionaries of Charity\"[75]\n\n\n1980\n\nAdolfo Pérez Esquivel\n Argentina\n\"Human rights leader;\"[76] \"founded non-violent human rights organizations to fight the military junta that was ruling his country (Argentina).\"[9]\n\n\n1981\n\nOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees\n United Nations\n\"An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951\"[77]\n\n\n1982\n\nAlva Myrdal\n Sweden\n\"[for] their magnificent work in the disarmament negotiations of the United Nations, where they have both played crucial roles and won international recognition\"[78][79]\n\n\n\nAlfonso García Robles\n Mexico\n\n\n1983\n\nLech Wałęsa\n Poland\n\"Founder of Solidarność; campaigner for human rights\"[80]\n\n\n1984\n\nDesmond Tutu\n South Africa\n\"Bishop of Johannesburg; former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches\"[81]\n\n\n1985\n\nInternational Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War\n United States\nFor \"authoritative information and by creating an awareness of the catastrophic consequences of atomic warfare. The committee believes that this in turn contributes to an increase in the pressure of public opposition to the proliferation of atomic weapons and to a redefining of priorities, with greater attention being paid to health and other humanitarian issues.\"[82]\n\n\n1986\n\nElie Wiesel\n United States\n(Born in Romania)\n\"Chairman of \"The President's Commission on the Holocaust\"\"[83]\n\n\n1987\n\nÓscar Arias\n Costa Rica\n\"for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year\"[84]\n\n\n1988\n\nUnited Nations Peace-Keeping Forces\n United Nations\n\"[for] their efforts [that] have made important contributions towards the realization of one of the fundamental tenets of the United Nations\"[85][86]\n\n\n1989\n\nTenzin Gyatso,\n14th Dalai Lama\n India\n(Born in Tibet)[87]\n\"In his struggle for the liberation of Tibet [he] consistently has opposed the use of violence. He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people.\"[88][89]\n\n\n1990\n\nMikhail Gorbachev\n Soviet Union\nGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and President of the Soviet Union, \"for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community\"[90]\n\n\n1991\n\nAung San Suu Kyi[F]\n Burma\n\"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights\"[91]\n\n\n1992\n\nRigoberta Menchú\n Guatemala\n\"for her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples\"[92]\n\n\n1993\n\nNelson Mandela\n South Africa\n\"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa\"[93]\n\n\n\nFrederik Willem de Klerk\n\n\n1994\n\nYasser Arafat\n Palestine\n(Born in Egypt)\n\"to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East.\"[94]\n\n\n\nYitzhak Rabin\n Israel\n\n\n\nShimon Peres\n Israel\n(Born in Poland)\n\n\n1995\n\nJoseph Rotblat\n United Kingdom\n(Born in Poland)\n\"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms\"[95]\n\n\n\nPugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs\n Canada\n\n\n1996\n\nCarlos Filipe Ximenes Belo\n East Timor\n\"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor.\"[96]\n\n\n\nJosé Ramos-Horta\n\n\n1997\n\nInternational Campaign to Ban Landmines\n Switzerland\n\"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines\"[97]\n\n\n\nJody Williams\n United States\n\n\n1998\n\nJohn Hume\n Ireland\n\"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland\"[98]\n\n\n\nDavid Trimble\n United Kingdom\n\n\n1999\n\nMédecins Sans Frontières\n Switzerland\n\"in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents\"[99]\n\n\n2000\n\nKim Dae-jung\n South Korea\n\"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular\"[100]\n\n\n2001\n\nUnited Nations\n United Nations\n\"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world\"[101]\n\n\n\nKofi Annan\n Ghana\n\n\n2002\n\nJimmy Carter\n United States\n\"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development\"[102]\n\n\n2003\n\nShirin Ebadi\n Iran\n\"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children.\"[103]\n\n\n2004\n\nWangari Muta Maathai\n Kenya\n\"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace\"[104]\n\n\n2005\n\nInternational Atomic Energy Agency\n United Nations\n\"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way\"[105]\n\n\n\nMohamed ElBaradei\n Egypt\n\n\n2006\n\nMuhammad Yunus\n Bangladesh\n\"for advancing economic and social opportunities for the poor, especially women, through their pioneering microcredit work\"[106]\n\n\n\nGrameen Bank\n\n\n2007\n\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\n United Nations\n\"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\"[107]\n\n\n\nAl Gore\n United States\n\n\n2008\n\nMartti Ahtisaari\n Finland\n\"for his efforts on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts\"[108]\n\n\n2009\n\nBarack Obama\n United States\n\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples.\"[109]\n\n\n2010\n\nLiu Xiaobo\n China\n\"for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China\"[110]\n\n\n2011\n\nEllen Johnson Sirleaf\n Liberia\n\"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work\"[111]\n\n\n\nLeymah Gbowee\n\n\n\nTawakkul Karman\n Yemen\n\n\n2012\n\nEuropean Union\n European Union\n\"for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe.\"[112]\n\n\n2013\n\nOrganisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons\nInternational\n\"for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons.\"[113]\n\n\n2014\n\nKailash Satyarthi\n India\n\"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education\"[114]\n\n\n\nMalala Yousafzai\n Pakistan\n\n\n2015\n\nTunisian National Dialogue Quartet\n Tunisia\n\"for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011\"[115]\n\n\n2016\n\nJuan Manuel Santos\n Colombia\n\"for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end, a war that has cost the lives of at least 220,000 Colombians and displaced close to six million people\"[116]\n\n\n2017\n\nInternational Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons\n Switzerland\n\"for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons\"[117].\n\n",
"\n\nYear\nLaureate\nCountry\nRationale\n\n\n1901\n\nHenry Dunant\n Switzerland\nFor his role in founding the International Committee of the Red Cross[9][13]\n\n\n\nFrédéric Passy\n France\n\"[For] being one of the main founders of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and also the main organizer of the first Universal Peace Congress\"[9][13]\n\n\n1902\n\nÉlie Ducommun\n Switzerland\n\"[For his role as] the first honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau\"[9][14]\n\n\n\nCharles Albert Gobat\n\"[For his role as the] first Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union\"[9][14]\n\n\n1903\n\nWilliam Randal Cremer\n United Kingdom\n\"[For his role as] the 'first father' of the Inter-Parliamentary Union\"[9][15]\n\n\n1904\n\nInstitute of International Law\n Belgium\n\"[F]or its efforts as an unofficial body to formulate the general principles of the science of international law\"[9][16]\n\n\n1905\n\nBertha von Suttner\n Austria-Hungary\nFor writing Lay Down Your Arms and contributing to the creation of the Prize[9][17]\n\n\n1906\n\nTheodore Roosevelt\n United States\n\"[F]or his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration, having provided the Hague arbitration court with its very first case\"[9][18]\n\n\n1907\n\nErnesto Teodoro Moneta\n Italy\n\"[For his work as a] key leader of the Italian peace movement\"[9][19]\n\n\n\nLouis Renault\n France\n\"[For his work as a] leading French international jurist and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague\"[9][19]\n\n\n1908\n\nKlas Pontus Arnoldson\n Sweden\n\"[For his work as] founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration League\"[9][20]\n\n\n\nFredrik Bajer\n Denmark\n\"[For being] the foremost peace advocate in Scandinavia, combining work in the Inter-Parliamentary Union with being the first president of the International Peace Bureau\"[9][20]\n\n\n1909\n\nAuguste Beernaert\n Belgium\n\"[For being a] representative to the two Hague conferences, and a leading figure in the Inter-Parliamentary Union\"[9][21]\n\n\n\nPaul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant\n France\n\"[For] combined diplomatic work for Franco-German and Franco-British understanding with a distinguished career in international arbitration\"[9][21]\n\n\n1910\n\nPermanent International Peace Bureau\n Switzerland\n\"[For acting] as a link between the peace societies of the various countries\"[22][23]\n\n\n1911\n\nTobias Asser\n Netherlands\n\"[For being a] member of the Court of Arbitration as well as the initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law\"[9][24]\n\n\n\nAlfred Fried\n Austria-Hungary\n\"[For his work as] founder of the German Peace Society\"[9][24]\n\n\n1912\n\nElihu Root[A]\n United States\n\"[F]or his strong interest in international arbitration and for his plan for a world court\"[9][25]\n\n\n1913\n\nHenri La Fontaine\n Belgium\n\"[For his work as] head of the International Peace Bureau\"[9][26]\n\n\n1914\nNot awarded due to World War I.\n\n\n1915\n\n\n1916\n\n\n1917\n\nInternational Committee of the Red Cross\n Switzerland\n\"[For undertaking] the tremendous task of trying to protect the rights of the many prisoners of war on all sides [of World War I], including their right to establish contacts with their families\"[9][27]\n\n\n1918\nNot awarded due to World War I.\n\n\n1919\n\nWoodrow Wilson\n United States\n\"[F]or his crucial role in establishing the League of Nations\"[9][28]\n\n\n1920\n\nLéon Bourgeois\n France\n\"[For his participation] in both the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907\" and for his work towards \"what became the League to such an extent that he was frequently called its 'spiritual father'\"[9][29]\n\n\n1921\n\nHjalmar Branting\n Sweden\n\"[F]or his work in the League of Nations\"[9][30]\n\n\n\nChristian Lange\n Norway\n\"[For his work as] the first secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee\" and \"the secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union\"[9][30]\n\n\n1922\n\nFridtjof Nansen\n\"[For] his work in aiding the millions in Russia struggling against famine\" and \"his work for the refugees in Asia Minor and Thrace\"[31][32]\n\n\n1923\nNot awarded\n\n\n1924\n\n\n1925\n\nSir Austen Chamberlain[A]\n United Kingdom\nFor work on the Locarno Treaties[9][33]\n\n\n\nCharles G. Dawes[A]\n United States\n\"[F]or [work on] the Dawes Plan for German reparations which was seen as having provided the economic underpinning of the Locarno Pact of 1925\"[9][33]\n\n\n1926\n\nAristide Briand\n France\nFor work on the Locarno Treaties[9][34]\n\n\n\nGustav Stresemann\n Germany\n\n\n1927\n\nFerdinand Buisson\n France\n\"[For] contributions to Franco-German popular reconciliation\"[9][35]\n\n\n\nLudwig Quidde\n Germany\n\n\n1928\nNot awarded\n\n\n1929\n\nFrank B. Kellogg[A]\n United States\n\"[F]or the Kellogg-Briand pact, whose signatories agreed to settle all conflicts by peaceful means and renounced war as an instrument of national policy\"[9][36]\n\n\n1930\n\nNathan Söderblom\n Sweden\n\"[F]or his efforts to involve the churches not only in work for ecumenical unity, but also for world peace\"[9][37]\n\n\n1931\n\nJane Addams\n United States\n\"[F]or her social reform work\" and \"leading the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom\"[9][38]\n\n\n\nNicholas Murray Butler\n\"[For his promotion] of the Briand-Kellogg pact\" and for his work as the \"leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement\"[9][38]\n\n\n1932\nNot awarded\n\n\n1933\n\nSir Norman Angell[A]\n United Kingdom\nFor authoring The Great Illusion and for being a \"supporter of the League of Nations as well as an influential publicist [and] educator for peace in general\"[39]\n\n\n1934\n\nArthur Henderson\n\"[F]or his work for the League, particularly its efforts in disarmament\"[9][40][41]\n\n\n1935\n\nCarl von Ossietzky[B]\n Germany\n\"[For his] struggle against Germany's rearmament\"[9][42]\n\n\n1936\n\nCarlos Saavedra Lamas\n Argentina\n\"[F]or his mediation of an end to the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia\"[9][43]\n\n\n1937\n\nThe Viscount Cecil of Chelwood\n United Kingdom\nFor his work with the League of Nations[9][44]\n\n\n1938\n\nNansen International Office for Refugees\n League of Nations\nFor its work in aiding refugees[45]\n\n\n1939\nNot awarded due to World War II.\n\n\n1940\n\n\n1941\n\n\n1942\n\n\n1943\n\n\n1944\n\nInternational Committee of the Red Cross\n Switzerland\n\"[F]or the great work it has performed during the war in behalf of humanity\"[46]\n\n\n1945\n\nCordell Hull\n United States\n\"[For] his fight against isolationism at home, his efforts to create a peace bloc of states on the American continents, and his work for the United Nations Organization\"[47]\n\n\n1946\n\nEmily Greene Balch\n\"Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom\"[48]\n\n\n\nJohn Raleigh Mott\n\"Chairman, International Missionary Council; President, World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations\"[48]\n\n\n1947\n\nFriends Service Council\n United Kingdom\n\"compassion for others and the desire to help them\"[49]\n\n\nAmerican Friends Service Committee\n United States\n\n\n1948\nNot awarded because \"there was no suitable living candidate.\" (A tribute to the recently assassinated Gandhi in India.)[8]\n\n\n1949\n\nThe Lord Boyd-Orr\n United Kingdom\n\"Physician; Alimentary Politician; Prominent organizer and Director, General Food and Agricultural Organization; President, National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations\"[50]\n\n\n1950\n\nRalph Bunche\n United States\n\"Professor, Harvard University Cambridge, MA; Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948\"[51]\n\n\n1951\n\nLéon Jouhaux\n France\n\"President of the International Committee of the European Council, vice president of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, vice president of the World Federation of Trade Unions, member of the ILO Council, delegate to the United Nations\"[52]\n\n\n1952\n\nAlbert Schweitzer\n\"Missionary surgeon; Founder of Lambaréné (République de Gabon)\"[53]\n\n\n1953\n\nGeorge C. Marshall\n United States\n\"General President American Red Cross; Former Secretary of State and of Defense; Delegate U.N.; Originator of [the] 'Marshall Plan'\"[54]\n\n\n1954\n\nOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees\n United Nations\n\"An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951\"[55]\n\n\n1955\nNot awarded\n\n\n1956\n\n\n1957\n\nLester Bowles Pearson\n Canada\n\"former Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada; former President of the 7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly\";[56] \"for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations.\"[9]\n\n\n1958\n\nDominique Pire\n Belgium\n\"Father in the Dominican Order; Leader of the relief organization for refugees \"L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde\"\"[57]\n\n\n1959\n\nPhilip Noel-Baker\n United Kingdom\n\"Member of Parliament; lifelong ardent worker for international peace and co-operation\"[58]\n\n\n1960\n\nAlbert Lutuli\n South Africa\n(Born in Southern Rhodesia)\n\"President of the African National Congress,\"[59] \"was in the very forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa.\"[9]\n\n\n1961\n\nDag Hammarskjöld[C]\n Sweden\n\"Secretary General of the U.N.,\"[60] awarded \"for strengthening the organization.\"[9]\n\n\n1962\n\nLinus Pauling\n United States\n\"for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing\"[61]\n\n\n1963\n\nInternational Committee of the Red Cross\n Switzerland\nFor their work in the protection of human rights in the ICRC's 100 years of existence.[62]\n\n\n\nLeague of Red Cross Societies\n\n\n1964\n\nMartin Luther King, Jr.\n United States\nCampaigner for civil rights, \"first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence.\" King spent his time working in various areas of the civil rights movement; from equal education to economic disenfranchisement of minorities. King also organized the March on Washington, where he gave his famous “I Have a Dream Speech”.[63]\n\n\n1965\n\nUnited Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)\n United Nations\n\"An international aid organization.\" [64]\n\n\n1966\nNot awarded\n\n\n1967\n\n\n1968\n\nRené Cassin\n France\n\"President of the European Court for Human Rights\"[65]\n\n\n1969\n\nInternational Labour Organization\n United Nations\n[66]\n\n\n1970\n\nNorman E. Borlaug\n United States\n\"International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center;\"[67] \"for his contributions to the \"green revolution\" that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America.\"[9]\n\n\n1971\n\nWilly Brandt\n West Germany\n\"Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; for West Germany's Ostpolitik\"[68]\n\n\n1972\nNot awarded\n\n\n1973\n\nHenry Kissinger\n United States\n(Born in Germany)\n\"For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam war and a withdrawal of the American forces\"[9][69]\n\n\n\nLê Đức Thọ[D]\n Vietnam (North)\n\n\n1974\n\nSeán MacBride\n Ireland\n(Born in France)\n\"President of the International Peace Bureau; President of the Commission of Namibia.\"[70] \"For his strong interest in human rights: piloting the European Convention on Human Rights through the Council of Europe, helping found and then lead Amnesty International and serving as secretary-general of the International Commission of Jurists\"[9]\n\n\n\nEisaku Satō\n Japan\n\"Prime Minister of Japan,\"[70] \"for his renunciation of the nuclear option for Japan and his efforts to further regional reconciliation\"[9]\n\n\n1975\n\nAndrei Sakharov[E]\n Soviet Union\n\"[for his] struggle for human rights, for disarmament, and for cooperation between all nations\"[71]\n\n\n1976\n\nBetty Williams\n United Kingdom\n\"Founder[s] of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)\"[72]\n\n\n\nMairead Corrigan\n\n\n1977\n\nAmnesty International\n\"[for] protecting the human rights of prisoners of conscience\"[9][73]\n\n\n1978\n\nMohamed Anwar Al-Sadat\n Egypt\n\"for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel\"[74]\n\n\n\nMenachem Begin\n Israel\n Poland\n(Born in Russia)\n\n\n1979\n\nMother Teresa\n India\n(Born in Skopje, now Republic of Macedonia)\n\"Founder of Missionaries of Charity\"[75]\n\n\n1980\n\nAdolfo Pérez Esquivel\n Argentina\n\"Human rights leader;\"[76] \"founded non-violent human rights organizations to fight the military junta that was ruling his country (Argentina).\"[9]\n\n\n1981\n\nOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees\n United Nations\n\"An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951\"[77]\n\n\n1982\n\nAlva Myrdal\n Sweden\n\"[for] their magnificent work in the disarmament negotiations of the United Nations, where they have both played crucial roles and won international recognition\"[78][79]\n\n\n\nAlfonso García Robles\n Mexico\n\n\n1983\n\nLech Wałęsa\n Poland\n\"Founder of Solidarność; campaigner for human rights\"[80]\n\n\n1984\n\nDesmond Tutu\n South Africa\n\"Bishop of Johannesburg; former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches\"[81]\n\n\n1985\n\nInternational Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War\n United States\nFor \"authoritative information and by creating an awareness of the catastrophic consequences of atomic warfare. The committee believes that this in turn contributes to an increase in the pressure of public opposition to the proliferation of atomic weapons and to a redefining of priorities, with greater attention being paid to health and other humanitarian issues.\"[82]\n\n\n1986\n\nElie Wiesel\n United States\n(Born in Romania)\n\"Chairman of \"The President's Commission on the Holocaust\"\"[83]\n\n\n1987\n\nÓscar Arias\n Costa Rica\n\"for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year\"[84]\n\n\n1988\n\nUnited Nations Peace-Keeping Forces\n United Nations\n\"[for] their efforts [that] have made important contributions towards the realization of one of the fundamental tenets of the United Nations\"[85][86]\n\n\n1989\n\nTenzin Gyatso,\n14th Dalai Lama\n India\n(Born in Tibet)[87]\n\"In his struggle for the liberation of Tibet [he] consistently has opposed the use of violence. He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people.\"[88][89]\n\n\n1990\n\nMikhail Gorbachev\n Soviet Union\nGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and President of the Soviet Union, \"for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community\"[90]\n\n\n1991\n\nAung San Suu Kyi[F]\n Burma\n\"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights\"[91]\n\n\n1992\n\nRigoberta Menchú\n Guatemala\n\"for her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples\"[92]\n\n\n1993\n\nNelson Mandela\n South Africa\n\"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa\"[93]\n\n\n\nFrederik Willem de Klerk\n\n\n1994\n\nYasser Arafat\n Palestine\n(Born in Egypt)\n\"to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East.\"[94]\n\n\n\nYitzhak Rabin\n Israel\n\n\n\nShimon Peres\n Israel\n(Born in Poland)\n\n\n1995\n\nJoseph Rotblat\n United Kingdom\n(Born in Poland)\n\"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms\"[95]\n\n\n\nPugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs\n Canada\n\n\n1996\n\nCarlos Filipe Ximenes Belo\n East Timor\n\"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor.\"[96]\n\n\n\nJosé Ramos-Horta\n\n\n1997\n\nInternational Campaign to Ban Landmines\n Switzerland\n\"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines\"[97]\n\n\n\nJody Williams\n United States\n\n\n1998\n\nJohn Hume\n Ireland\n\"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland\"[98]\n\n\n\nDavid Trimble\n United Kingdom\n\n\n1999\n\nMédecins Sans Frontières\n Switzerland\n\"in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents\"[99]\n\n\n2000\n\nKim Dae-jung\n South Korea\n\"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular\"[100]\n\n\n2001\n\nUnited Nations\n United Nations\n\"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world\"[101]\n\n\n\nKofi Annan\n Ghana\n\n\n2002\n\nJimmy Carter\n United States\n\"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development\"[102]\n\n\n2003\n\nShirin Ebadi\n Iran\n\"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children.\"[103]\n\n\n2004\n\nWangari Muta Maathai\n Kenya\n\"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace\"[104]\n\n\n2005\n\nInternational Atomic Energy Agency\n United Nations\n\"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way\"[105]\n\n\n\nMohamed ElBaradei\n Egypt\n\n\n2006\n\nMuhammad Yunus\n Bangladesh\n\"for advancing economic and social opportunities for the poor, especially women, through their pioneering microcredit work\"[106]\n\n\n\nGrameen Bank\n\n\n2007\n\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\n United Nations\n\"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\"[107]\n\n\n\nAl Gore\n United States\n\n\n2008\n\nMartti Ahtisaari\n Finland\n\"for his efforts on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts\"[108]\n\n\n2009\n\nBarack Obama\n United States\n\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples.\"[109]\n\n\n2010\n\nLiu Xiaobo\n China\n\"for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China\"[110]\n\n\n2011\n\nEllen Johnson Sirleaf\n Liberia\n\"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work\"[111]\n\n\n\nLeymah Gbowee\n\n\n\nTawakkul Karman\n Yemen\n\n\n2012\n\nEuropean Union\n European Union\n\"for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe.\"[112]\n\n\n2013\n\nOrganisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons\nInternational\n\"for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons.\"[113]\n\n\n2014\n\nKailash Satyarthi\n India\n\"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education\"[114]\n\n\n\nMalala Yousafzai\n Pakistan\n\n\n2015\n\nTunisian National Dialogue Quartet\n Tunisia\n\"for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011\"[115]\n\n\n2016\n\nJuan Manuel Santos\n Colombia\n\"for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end, a war that has cost the lives of at least 220,000 Colombians and displaced close to six million people\"[116]\n\n\n2017\n\nInternational Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons\n Switzerland\n\"for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons\"[117].\n\n"
] | [
"Nelson Mandela",
"Yasser Arafat",
"Frederik Willem de Klerk"
] |
4392269997746449251 | Spinning jenny | Spinning jenny - wikipedia Spinning jenny This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 10 June 2018 . Model of spinning jenny in the Museum of Early Industrialisation , Wuppertal , Germany The spinning jenny is a multi-spindle spinning frame , and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution . It was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill , Oswaldtwistle , Lancashire in England . The device reduced the amount of work needed to produce cloth , with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once . This grew to 120 as technology advanced . The yarn produced by the jenny was not very strong until Richard Arkwright invented the water - powered ' water frame ' , which produced yarn harder and stronger than that of the initial spinning jenny . It started the factory system . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Components 1.2 The politics of cotton 1.3 The economics of Northern England in 1750 2 Success 3 Origin and myth 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links History ( edit ) The spinning jenny was invented by James Hargreaves . He was born in Oswaldtwistle , near Blackburn , around 1720 . Blackburn was a town with a population of about 5,000 , known for the production of `` Blackburn greys , '' cloths of linen warp and cotton weft initially imported from India . They were usually sent to London to be printed . At the time , cotton production could not keep up with demand of the textile industry , and Hargreaves spent some time considering how to improve the process . The flying shuttle ( John Kay 1733 ) had increased yarn demand by the weavers by doubling their productivity , and now the spinning jenny could supply that demand by increasing the spinners ' productivity even more . The machine produced coarse thread . The improved spinning jenny that was used in textile mills Components ( edit ) The idea was developed by Hargreaves as a metal frame with eight wooden spindles at one end . A set of eight rovings was attached to a beam on that frame . The rovings when extended passed through two horizontal bars of wood that could be clasped together . These bars could be drawn along the top of the frame by the spinner 's left hand thus extending the thread . The spinner used his right hand to rapidly turn a wheel which caused all the spindles to revolve , and the thread to be spun . When the bars were returned , the thread wound onto the spindle . A pressing wire ( faller ) was used to guide the threads onto the right place on the spindle . The politics of cotton ( edit ) In the 17th century , England was famous for its woollen and worsted cloth . That industry was centred in the east and south in towns such as Norwich which jealously protected their product . Cotton processing was tiny : in 1701 only 1,985,868 pounds ( 900,775 kg ) of cotton - wool was imported into England , and by 1730 this had fallen to 1,545,472 pounds ( 701,014 kg ) . This was due to commercial legislation ( Calico Acts ) to protect the woollen industry . Cheap calico prints , imported by the East India Company from `` Hindustan '' , became popular . In 1700 an Act of Parliament was passed to prevent the importation of dyed or printed calicoes from India , China or Persia . This caused grey cloth ( calico that had n't been finished - dyed or printed ) to be imported instead , and these were printed in southern England with popular patterns . Lancashire businessmen produced grey cloth with linen warp and cotton weft , which they sent to London to be finished . Cotton - wool imports recovered and by 1720 were almost back to 1701 levels . Again the woollen manufacturers claimed this was taking jobs from workers in Coventry . Another law was passed , to fine anyone caught wearing printed or stained calico ; muslins , neckcloths and fustians were exempted . It was this exemption that the Lancashire manufacturers exploited . The use of coloured cotton weft , with linen warp was permitted in the 1736 Manchester Act . There now was an artificial demand for woven cloth . In 1764 , 3,870,392 pounds ( 1,755,580 kg ) of cotton - wool was imported . The economics of northern England in 1750 ( edit ) In England , before canals , and before the turnpikes , the only way to transport goods such as calicos , broadcloth or cotton - wool was by packhorse . Strings of packhorses travelled along a network of bridle paths . A merchant would be away from home most of the year , carrying his takings in cash in his saddlebag . Later a series of chapmen would work for the merchant , taking wares to wholesalers and clients in other towns , with them would go sample books . Before 1720 , the handloom weaver spent part of each day visiting neighbours buying any weft they had . Carding and spinning could be the only income for that household , or part of it . The family might farm a few acres and card , spin and weave wool and cotton . It took three carders to provide the roving for one spinner , and up to three spinners to provide the yarn for one weaver . The process was continuous , and done by both sexes , from the youngest to the oldest . The weaver would go once a week to the market with his wares and offer them for sale . A change came about 1740 when fustian masters gave out raw cotton and warps to the weavers and returned to collect the finished cloth ( → Putting - out system ) . The weaver organised the carding , spinning and weaving to the master 's specification . The master then dyed or printed the grey cloth , and took it to shopkeepers . Ten years later this had changed and the fustian masters were middle men , who collected the grey cloth and took it to market in Manchester where it was sold to merchants who organised the finishing . To handweave a 12 - pound ( 5.4 kg ) piece of eighteenpenny weft took 14 days and paid 36 shillings in all . Of this nine shillings was paid for spinning , and nine for carding . So by 1750 , a rudimentary manufacturing system feeding into a marketing system emerged . In 1738 John Kay started to improve the loom . He improved the reed , and invented the raceboard , the shuttleboxes and the picker which together allowed one weaver to double his output . This invention is commonly called the fly - shuttle . It met with violent opposition and he fled from Lancashire to Leeds . Though the workers thought this was a threat to their jobs , it was adopted and the pressure was on to speed up carding and spinning . The shortage of spinning capacity to feed the more efficient looms provided the motivation to develop more productive spinning techniques such as the spinning jenny , and triggered the start of the Industrial Revolution . Success ( edit ) Hargreaves kept the machine secret for some time , but produced a number for his own growing industry . The price of yarn fell , angering the large spinning community in Blackburn . Eventually they broke into his house and smashed his machines , forcing him to flee to Nottingham in 1768 . This was a centre for the hosiery industry , and knitted silks , cottons and wool . There he set up shop producing jennies in secret for one Mr Shipley , with the assistance of a joiner named Thomas James . He and James set up a textile business in Mill Street . On 12 July 1770 , he took out a patent ( no . 962 ) on his invention , the Spinning Jenny -- a machine for spinning , drawing and twisting cotton . By this time a number of spinners in Lancashire were using copies of the machine , and Hargreaves sent notice that he was taking legal action against them . The manufacturers met , and offered Hargreaves £ 3,000 . He at first demanded £ 7,000 , and stood out for £ 4,000 , but the case eventually fell apart when it was learned he had sold several in the past . The spinning jenny succeeded because it held more than one ball of yarn , making more yarn in a shorter time and reducing the overall cost . The spinning jenny would not have been such a success if the flying shuttle had not been invented and installed in textile factories . Its success was limited in that it required the rovings to be prepared on a wheel , and this was limited by the need to card by hand . It continued in common use in the cotton and fustian industry until about 1810 . The spinning jenny was superseded by the spinning mule . The jenny was adapted for the process of slubbing , being the basis of the Slubbing Billy . Origin and myth ( edit ) The most common story told about the invention of the device and the origin of the Jenny in the machine 's name is that a daughter ( or his wife ) named Jenny knocked over one of their own spinning wheels . The device kept working as normal , with the spindle now pointed upright . Hargreaves realized there was no particular reason the spindles had to be horizontal , as they always had been , and he could place them vertically in a row . The name is variously said to derive from this tale . The Registers of Church Kirk show that Hargreaves had several daughters , but none named Jenny ( neither was his wife ) . A more likely explanation of the name is that ' Jenny ' was an abbreviation of ' engine ' . Thomas Highs of Leigh has claimed to be the inventor and the story is repeated using his wife 's name . Another myth has Thomas Earnshaw inventing a spinning device of a similar description - but destroying it after fearing he might be taking bread out of the mouths of the poor . See also ( edit ) Cotton mill Luddite Spinning mule Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution Textile manufacturing Timeline of clothing and textiles technology References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Espinasse 1874 , p. 322 Jump up ^ Timmins 1993 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Baines 1835 , p. 157 ^ Jump up to : Espinasse 1874 , p. 296 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 298 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 299 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 300 ^ Jump up to : Espinasse 1874 , p. 306 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 304 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 313 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 325 Jump up ^ Aiken , John . `` John Aitken on the industrialization in and around Manchester , 1795 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Baines 1835 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Guest 1828 and could produce both weft and warp for the woollen industry . Jump up ^ Marsden 1884 , p. 219 Jump up ^ Bellis , Mary : `` Spinning Jenny - James Hargreaves '' , About.com Jump up ^ Harling , Nick . `` James Hargreaves 1720 - 1778 '' . Cotton Town : Blackburn with Darwen . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Baines 1835 , p. 155 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 316 Bibliography ( edit ) Baines , Edward ( 1835 ) . History of the cotton manufacture in Great Britain ; . London : H. Fisher , R. Fisher , and P. Jackson . Nasmith , Joseph ( 1895 ) . Recent Cotton Mill Construction and Engineering ( Elibron Classics ed . ) . London : John Heywood . ISBN 1 - 4021 - 4558 - 6 . Marsden , Richard ( 1884 ) . Cotton Spinning : its development , principles and practice . George Bell and Sons 1903 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 26 . Marsden , ed. ( 1909 ) . Cotton Yearbook 1910 . Manchester : Marsden and Co . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 26 . Espinasse , Francis ( 1874 ) . Lancashire Worthies . London : Simpkin , Marshall , & Co . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Guest , Richard ( 1828 ) . The British Cotton Manufactures : and a Reply to an Article on the Spinning Contained in a Recent Number of the Edinburgh Review . London : E. Thomson & Sons and W. & W. Clarke and Longman , Rees , & Co . Timmins , Geoffrey ( 1993 ) , The Last Shift : The decline of handloom weaving in nineteenth - century Lancashire , Manchester : Manchester University Press , p. 253 , ISBN 0 7190 - 3725 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spinning jennies . Essay from www.cottontown.org on Hargreaves and the spinning jenny . Essay from www.cottonttimes.co.uk on Highs and the spinning jenny . Source for alternate name of spinning ginny hide Spinning Materials Noil Rolag Roving Sliver Staple Top Tow Woolen Worsted Techniques Carding Combing Heckling Long draw Scutching Short draw Twist per inch Hand spinning tools Hand spinning Distaff Niddy noddy Nostepinne Spindle Spinning wheel Spinners weasel Industrial spinning Cotton - spinning machinery Ring spinning Open - end spinning Dref Friction Spinning Magnetic ring spinning Mule spinners ' cancer Piece - rate list Spinning frame Spinning jenny Spinning mule Throstle frame Water frame Wool combing machine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spinning_jenny&oldid=845264584 '' Categories : Spinning Textile machinery English inventions History of the textile industry Industrial Revolution in England History of Blackburn Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Galego हिन्दी Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 16 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the inventor of the spinning jenny | [
"The spinning jenny is a multi-spindle spinning frame, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. It was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire in England. The device reduced the amount of work needed to produce cloth, with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once. This grew to 120 as technology advanced. The yarn produced by the jenny was not very strong until Richard Arkwright invented the water-powered 'water frame', which produced yarn harder and stronger than that of the initial spinning jenny. It started the factory system.[1]"
] | [
"James Hargreaves"
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5901394324965163569 | Fundamental rights in India | Fundamental rights in India - Wikipedia Fundamental rights in India Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the people and the charter of rights contained in Part III of Constitution of India . It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India . These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies , such as equality before law , freedom of speech and expression , religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly , freedom to practice religion , and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus , Mandamus , Prohibition , Certiorariand Quo Warranto . Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws , subject to discretion of the judiciary . The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality . These rights universally apply to all citizens , irrespective of race , place of birth , religion , caste or gender . Aliens ( persons who are not citizens ) are also considered in matters like equality before law . They are enforceable by the courts , subject to certain restrictions . Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid , their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process . However in case of fundamental rights violation , Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32 . The Rights have their origins in many sources , including England 's Bill of Rights , the United States Bill of Rights and France 's Declaration of the Rights of Man . The seven fundamental rights recognised by the Indian constitution are : Right to equality : Which includes equality before law , prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion , race , caste , gender or place of birth , and equality of opportunity in matters of employment , abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles . Right to equality is provided from Article 14 to Article 18 of Indian constitution . Right to freedom : Which includes freedom of speech and expression , assembly , association or union or cooperatives , movement , residence , and right to practice any profession or occupation , right to life and liberty , protection in respect to conviction in offences and protection against arrest and detention in certain cases . Right to freedom is provided from Article 19 to 22 of constitution . Right against exploitation : Which prohibits all forms of forced labour , child labour and traffic of human beings . It is provided under Articles 23 and 24 of Indian constitution . Right to freedom of religion : Which includes freedom of conscience and free profession , practice , and propagation of religion , freedom to manage religious affairs , freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes . Article 25 to 28 enumerates the right to freedom of religion . Cultural and Educational rights : Preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture , language or script , and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice . Article 29 and Article 30 of Indian constitution provides for cultural and educational rights . Right to constitutional remedies : Which is present for enforcement of Fundamental Rights . It is provided under Article 32 to 35 of Indian constitution . Right to Privacy : Which is an intrinsic part of Article 21 that protects life and liberty of the citizens . Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices . Specifically , they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion , race , caste , sex , or place of birth . They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour ( a crime ) . They also protect cultural and educational rights of ethnic and religious minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions . They are covered in Part III ( Articles 12 to 35 ) of Indian constitution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Genesis 2 Significance and characteristics 3 Right to equality 4 Right to freedom 5 Right against exploitation 6 Right to freedom of religion 7 Right to life 8 Cultural and educational rights 9 Right to constitutional remedies 10 Right to Privacy 11 Critical analysis 12 Amendments 13 Fundamental rights not sacrosanct 13.1 Amendment to Article 31C 13.2 Right to property 13.3 Right to education 14 See also 15 References 16 Footnotes Genesis ( edit ) The development of constitutionally guaranteed fundamental human rights in India was inspired by historical examples such as England 's Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , the United States Bill of Rights ( approved on 17 September 1787 , final ratification on 15 December 1791 ) and France 's Declaration of the Rights of Man ( created during the revolution of 1789 , and ratified on 26 August 1789 ) . In 1919 , the Rowlatt Act gave extensive powers to the British government and police , and allowed indefinite arrest and detention of individuals , warrant-less searches and seizures , restrictions on public gatherings , and intensive censorship of media and publications . The public opposition to this act eventually led to mass campaigns of non-violent civil disobedience throughout the country demanding guaranteed civil freedoms , and limitations on government power . Indians , who were seeking independence and their own government , were particularly influenced by the independence of Ireland and the development of the Irish constitution . Also , the directive principles of state policy in Irish constitution were looked upon by the people of India as an inspiration for the independent India 's government to comprehensively tackle complex social and economic challenges across a vast , diverse nation and population . In 1938 , the Nehru Commission composing of representatives of Indian political parties proposed constitutional reforms for India that apart from calling for dominion status for India and elections under universal suffrage , would guarantee rights deemed fundamental , representation for religious and ethnic minorities , and limit the powers of the government . In 1931 , the Indian National Congress ( the largest Indian political party of the time ) adopted resolutions committing itself to the defence of fundamental civil rights , as well as socio - economic rights such as the minimum wage and the abolition of untouchability and serfdom . Committing themselves to socialism in 1936 , the Congress leaders took examples from the Constitution of the Soviet Union , which inspired the fundamental duties of citizens as a means of collective patriotic responsibility for national interests and challenges . Task of developing a constitution for the nation was undertaken by the Constituent Assembly of India , composing of elected representatives . The Constituent Assembly first met on December 9 , 1946 under the presidency of Dr. Sachidanand later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was made its President . While members of Congress composed of a large majority , Congress leaders appointed persons from diverse political backgrounds to responsibilities of developing the constitution and national laws . Notably , Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar became the chairperson of the drafting committee , while Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became chairpersons of committees and sub-committees responsible for different subjects . A notable development during that period having significant effect on the Indian constitution took place on 10 December 1948 when the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and called upon all member states to adopt these rights in their respective constitutions . The fundamental rights were included in the First Draft Constitution ( February 1948 ) , the Second Draft Constitution ( 17 October 1948 ) and final Third Draft Constitution ( 26 November 1949 ) , prepared by the Drafting Committee . Significance and characteristics ( edit ) The fundamental rights were included in the constitution because they were considered essential for the development of the personality of every individual and to preserve human dignity . The writers of the constitution regarded democracy of no avail if civil liberties , like freedom of speech and religion were not recognised and protected by the State . According to them , `` democracy '' is , in essence , a government by opinion and therefore , the means of formulating public opinion should be secured to the people of a democratic nation . For this purpose , the constitution guaranteed to all the citizens of India the freedom of speech and expression and various other freedoms in the form of the fundamental rights . Rights Theoretical distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Human rights Civil and political Economic , social and cultural Three generations Rights by beneficiary Animals Authors Children Consumers Creditors Elders Fathers Fetuses Gun owners Humans Natives Intersex Kings LGBT Men Minorities Mothers Patients Plants Prisoners Students Victims Women Workers Youth Disabled persons Other groups of rights Civil liberties Digital Linguistic Property Reproductive Self - determination of people All people , irrespective of race , religion , caste or sex , have been given the right to petition directly the Supreme Court or the High Courts for the enforcement of their fundamental rights . It is not necessary that the aggrieved party has to be the one to do so . Poverty stricken people may not have the means to do so and therefore , in the public interest , anyone can commence litigation in the court on their behalf . This is known as `` Public interest litigation '' . In some cases , High Court judges have acted suo moto on their own on the basis of newspaper reports . These fundamental rights help not only in protection but also the prevention of gross violations of human rights . They emphasise on the fundamental unity of India by guaranteeing to all citizens the access and use of the same facilities , irrespective of background . Some fundamental rights apply for persons of any nationality whereas others are available only to the citizens of India . The right to life and personal liberty is available to all people and so is the right to freedom of religion . On the other hand , freedoms of speech and expression and freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country are reserved to citizens alone , including non-resident Indian citizens . The right to equality in matters of public employment can not be conferred to overseas citizens of India . Fundamental rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary state actions , but some rights are enforceable against individuals . For instance , the Constitution abolishes untouchability and also prohibits begar . These provisions act as a check both on state action as well as the action of private individuals . However , these rights are not absolute or uncontrolled and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of general welfare . They can also be selectively curtailed . The Supreme Court has ruled that all provisions of the Constitution , including fundamental rights can be amended . However , the Parliament can not alter the basic structure of the constitution . Since the fundamental rights can be altered only by a constitutional amendment , their inclusion is a check not only on the executive branch but also on the Parliament and state legislatures . A state of national emergency has an adverse effect on these rights . Under such a state , the rights conferred by Article 19 ( freedoms of speech , assembly and movement , etc . ) remain suspended . Hence , in such a situation , the legislature may make laws that go against the rights given in Article 19 . Also , the President may by order suspend the right to move court for the enforcement of other rights as well . Right to equality ( edit ) Right to equality is an important right provided for in Articles 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 and 18 of the constitution . It is the principal foundation of all other rights and liberties , and guarantees the following : Equality before law : Article 14 of the constitution guarantees that all people shall be equally protected by the laws of the country . It means that the State will treat people in the same circumstances alike . This article also means that individuals , whether citizens of India or otherwise shall be treated differently if the circumstances are different . Social equality and equal access to public areas : Article 15 of the constitution states that no person shall be discriminated on the basis of religion , race , caste , sex or place of birth . Every person shall have equal access to public places like public parks , museums , wells , bathing ghats and temples etc . However , the State may make any special provision for women and children . Special provisions may be made for the advancements of any socially or educationally backward class or scheduled castes or scheduled tribes . Equality in matters of public employment : Article 16 of the constitution lays down that the State can not discriminate against anyone in the matters of employment . All citizens can apply for government jobs . There are some exceptions . The Parliament may enact a law stating that certain jobs can be filled only by applicants who are domiciled in the area . This may be meant for posts that require knowledge of the locality and language of the area . The State may also reserve posts for members of backward classes , scheduled castes or scheduled tribes which are not adequately represented in the services under the State to bring up the weaker sections of the society . Also , there a law may be passed that requires that the holder of an office of any religious institution shall also be a person professing that particular religion . According to the Citizenship ( Amendment ) Bill , 2003 , this right shall not be conferred to Overseas citizens of India . Abolition of untouchability : Article 17 of the constitution abolishes the practice of untouchability . Practice of untouchability is an offence and anyone doing so is punishable by law . The Untouchability Offences Act of 1955 ( renamed to Protection of Civil Rights Act in 1976 ) provided penalties for preventing a person from entering a place of worship or from taking water from a tank or well . Abolition of Titles : Article 18 of the constitution prohibits the State from conferring any titles . Citizens of India can not accept titles from a foreign State . The British government had created an aristocratic class known as Rai Bahadurs and Khan Bahadurs in India -- these titles were also abolished . However , Military and academic distinctions can be conferred on the citizens of India . The awards of Bharat Ratna and Padma Vibhushan can not be used by the recipient as a title and do not , accordingly , come within the constitutional prohibition `` . The Supreme Court , on 15 December 1995 , upheld the validity of such awards . Right to freedom ( edit ) The Constitution of India contains the right to freedom , given in articles 19 , 20 , 21 , 21A and 22 , with the view of guaranteeing individual rights that were considered vital by the framers of the constitution . It is a cluster of four main laws . The right to freedom in Article 19 guarantees the following six freedoms : Freedom of speech and expression , on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India , the security of the State , friendly relations with foreign States , public order , decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court , defamation or incitement to an offence . Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order and the sovereignty and integrity of India . The Freedom to form associations or unions or co-operative societies on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order , morality and the sovereignty and integrity of India . Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India though reasonable restrictions can be imposed on this right in the interest of the general public , for example , restrictions may be imposed on movement and travelling , so as to control epidemics . Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India , subject to reasonable restrictions by the State in the interest of the general public or for the protection of the scheduled tribes because certain safeguards as are envisaged here seem to be justified to protect indigenous and tribal peoples from exploitation and coercion . Article 370 restricts citizens from other Indian states and Kashmiri women who marry men from other states from purchasing land or property in Jammu & Kashmir . Freedom to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation , trade or business on which the State may impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of the general public . Thus , there is no right to carry on a business which is dangerous or immoral . Also , professional or technical qualifications may be prescribed for practising any profession or carrying on any trade . Article 21A gives education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may , by law , determine . The constitution also imposes restrictions on these rights . The government restricts these freedoms in the interest of the independence , sovereignty and integrity of India . In the interest of morality and public order , the government can also impose restrictions . However , the right to life and personal liberty can not be suspended . The six freedoms are also automatically suspended or have restrictions imposed on them during a state of emergency . Right To Information ( RTI ) Right To Information has been given the status of a fundamental right under Article 19 ( 1 ) of the Constitution in 2005 . Article 19 ( 1 ) under which every citizen has freedom of speech and expression and have the right to know how the government works , what role does it play , what are its functions and so on . Right against exploitation ( edit ) Child labour and Begar is prohibited under Right against exploitation . The right against exploitation , given in Articles 23 and 24 , provides for two provisions , namely the abolition of trafficking in human beings and Begar ( forced labour ) , and abolition of employment of children below the age of 14 years in dangerous jobs like factories , mines , etc . Child labour is considered a gross violation of the spirit and provisions of the constitution . Begar , practised in the past by landlords , has been declared a crime and is punishable by law . Trafficking in humans for the purpose of slave trade or prostitution is also prohibited by law . An exception is made in employment without payment for compulsory services for public purposes . Compulsory military conscription is covered by this provision . Right to freedom of religion ( edit ) Right to freedom of religion , covered in Articles 25 , 26 , 27 and 28 , provides religious freedom to all citizens of India . The objective of this right is to sustain the principle of secularism in India . According to the Constitution , all religions are equal before the State and no religion shall be given preference over the other . Citizens are free to preach , practice and propagate any religion of their choice . Religious communities can set up charitable institutions of their own . However , activities in such institutions that are not religious are performed according to the laws laid down by the government . Establishing a charitable institution can also be restricted in the interest of public order , morality and health . No person shall be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of a particular religion . A State run institution can not be impart education that is pro-religion . Also , nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any further law regulating or restricting any economic , financial , political or other secular activity that may be associated with religious practice , or providing for social welfare and reform . Right to life ( edit ) The constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty , which in turn cites specific provisions in which these rights are applied and enforced : Protection with respect to conviction for offences is guaranteed in the right to life and personal liberty . According to Article 20 , no one can be awarded punishment which is more than what the law of the land prescribes at that time . This legal axiom is based on the principle that no criminal law can be made retrospective , that is , for an act to become an offence , the essential condition is that it should have been an offence legally at the time of committing it . Moreover , no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself . `` Compulsion '' in this article refers to what in law is called `` Duress '' ( injury , beating or unlawful imprisonment to make a person do something that he does not want to do ) . This article is known as a safeguard against self incrimination . The other principle enshrined in this article is known as the principle of double jeopardy , that is , no person can be convicted twice for the same offence , which has been derived from Anglo Saxon law . This principle was first established in the Magna Carta . Protection of life and personal liberty is also stated under right to life and personal liberty . Article 21 declares that no citizen can be denied his life and liberty except by law . This means that a person 's life and personal liberty can be disputed only if that person has committed a crime . However , the right to life does not include the right to die and hence , suicide or an attempt thereof , is an offence . ( Attempted suicide being interpreted as a crime has seen many debates . The Supreme Court of India gave a landmark ruling in 1994 . The court repealed section 309 of the Indian penal code , under which people attempting suicide could face prosecution and prison terms of up to one year . In 1996 however another Supreme Court ruling nullified the earlier one . ) `` Personal liberty '' includes all the freedoms which are not included in Article 19 ( that is , the six freedoms ) . The right to travel abroad is also covered under `` personal liberty '' in Article 21 . In 2002 , through the 86th Amendment Act , Article 21 ( A ) was incorporated . It made the right to primary education part of the right to freedom , stating that the State would provide free and compulsory education to children from six to fourteen years of age . Six years after an amendment was made in the Indian Constitution , the union cabinet cleared the Right to Education Bill in 2008 . Rights of a person arrested under ordinary circumstances is laid down in the right to life and personal liberty . No one can be arrested without being told the grounds for his arrest . If arrested , the person has the right to defend himself by a lawyer of his choice . Also an arrested citizen has to be brought before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours . The rights of a person arrested under ordinary circumstances are not available to an enemy alien . They are also not available to persons detained under the Preventive Detention Act . Under preventive detention , the government can imprison a person for a maximum of three months . It means that if the government feels that a person being at liberty can be a threat to the law and order or to the unity and integrity of the nation , it can detain or arrest that person to prevent him from doing this possible harm . After three months such a case is brought before an advisory board for review . Cultural and educational rights ( edit ) The Flag of India As India is a country of many languages , religions , and cultures , the Constitution provides special measures , in Articles 29 and 30 , to protect the rights of the minorities . Any community that has a language and a script of its own has the right to conserve and develop it . No citizen can be discriminated against for admission in State or State aided institutions . All minorities , or linguistic , can set up their own educational institutions to preserve and develop their own culture . In granting aid to institutions , the State can not discriminate against any institution on the basis of the fact that it is administered by a minority institution . But the right to administer does not mean that the State can not interfere in case of maladministration . In a precedent - setting judgement in 1980 , the Supreme Court held that the State can certainly take regulatory measures to promote the efficiency and excellence of educational standards . It can also issue guidelines for ensuring the security of the services of the teachers or other employees of the institution . In another landmark judgement delivered on 31 October 2002 , the Supreme Court ruled that in case of aided minority institutions offering professional courses , admission could be only through a common entrance test conducted by State or a university . Even an unaided minority institution ought not to ignore the merit of the students for admission . Right to constitutional remedies ( edit ) Right to constitutional remedies ( Article 32 to 35 ) empowers the citizens to move a court of law in case of any denial of the fundamental rights . For instance , in case of imprisonment , any citizen can ask the court to see if it is according to the provisions of the law of the country by lodging a PIL . If the court finds that it is not , the person will have to be freed . This procedure of asking the courts to preserve or safeguard the citizens ' fundamental rights can be done in various ways . The courts can issue various kinds of writs . These writs are habeas corpus , mandamus , prohibition , quo warranto and certiorari . Dr. B.R. Ambedkar rightly declared Right to constitutional remedies as `` the heart and soul '' of Indian constitution . When a national or state emergency is declared , this right is suspended by the central government . Article 32 is also called citizens right to protect and defend the constitution as it can be used by the citizens to enforce the constitution through the judiciary . Right to Privacy ( edit ) The right to privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution . It protects the inner sphere of the individual from interference from both State , and non-State actors and allows the individuals to make autonomous life choices . On 24 August 2017 the Supreme Court ruled that : `` Right to Privacy is an integral part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty guaranteed in Article 21 of the Constitution , '' -- Supreme Court Critical analysis ( edit ) The fundamental rights have been revised for many reasons . Political groups have demanded that the right to work , the right to economic assistance in case of unemployment , old age , and similar rights be enshrined as constitutional guarantees to address issues of poverty and economic insecurity , though these provisions have been enshrined in the Directive Principles of state policy . The right to freedom and personal liberty has a number of limiting clauses , and thus have been criticised for failing to check the sanctioning of powers often deemed `` excessive '' . There is also the provision of preventive detention and suspension of fundamental rights in times of Emergency . The provisions of acts like the Maintenance of Internal Security Act ( MISA ) , Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act and the National Security Act ( NSA ) are a means of countering the fundamental rights , because they sanction excessive powers with the aim of fighting internal and cross-border terrorism and political violence , without safeguards for civil rights . The phrases `` security of State '' , `` public order '' and `` morality '' are of wide implication . People of alternate sexuality are criminalised in India with prison term up to 10 years . The meaning of phrases like `` reasonable restrictions '' and `` the interest of public order '' have not been explicitly stated in the constitution , and this ambiguity leads to unnecessary litigation . The freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms is exercised , but in some cases , these meetings are broken up by the police through the use of non-fatal methods . `` Freedom of press '' has not been included in the right to freedom , which is necessary for formulating public opinion and to make freedom of expression more legitimate . Employment of child labour in hazardous job environments has been reduced , but their employment even in non-hazardous jobs , including their prevalent employment as domestic help violates the spirit and ideals of the constitution . More than 16.5 million children are employed and working in India . India was ranked 88 out of 159 in 2005 , according to the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians worldwide . But in 2014 , India has improved marginally to a rank of 85 . The right to equality in matters regarding public employment shall not be conferred to overseas citizens of India , according to the Citizenship ( Amendment ) Bill , 2003 . As per Article 19 of Part III of the Indian constitution , the fundamental rights of people such as freedom of speech and expression , gathering peaceably without arms and forming associations or unions shall not effect the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India but not unity of India . The words sovereignty and integrity are the qualities to be cultivated / emulated by Indian people as urged by the Indian constitution but not used related to territory of India . Article 1 of Part 1 of the Indian constitution , defines India ( Bharat ) as union of states . In nutshell , India is its people not its land as enshrined in its constitution . Since speedy trial is not the constitutional right of the citizens , the cases involving violations of fundamental rights take inordinate time for resolution by the Supreme Court which is against the legal maxim ' justice delayed is justice denied ' . Amendments ( edit ) Changes to the fundamental rights require a constitutional amendment , which has to be passed by a special majority of both houses of Parliament . This means that an amendment requires the approval of two - thirds of the members present and voting . However , the number of members voting should not be less than the simple majority of the house -- whether the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha . The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights under the Eighty - Sixth Amendment of 2002 . Fundamental rights not sacrosanct ( edit ) Up till the 24th constitutional amendment in 1971 , the fundamental rights of the people were permanent and can not be repealed or diluted by the Parliament . 24th constitutional amendment introduced a new Article 13 ( 4 ) enabling Parliament to legislate on the subjects of Part III of the constitution using its constituent powers per Article 368 ( 1 ) . In the year 1973 , the 13 member constitutional bench of supreme court also upheld with majority the validity of 24th constitutional amendment . However it ruled that Basic structure of the constitution which is built on the basic foundation representing the dignity and freedom of the individual . This is of supreme importance and can not be destroyed by any form of amendment to the constitution . Many constitutional amendments to Part III of the constitution were made deleting or diluting the existing fundamental rights after the validity of 24th constitutional amendment is upheld by the Supreme Court . Amendment to Article 31C ( edit ) Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment , had changed Article 31C of the constitution to accord precedence to the Directive Principles ( earlier applicable only to clauses b & c of Article 39 ) over the fundamental rights of individuals . In Minerva Mills v. Union of India case , supreme court ruled that the amendment to the Article 31C is not valid and ultra vires . Right to property ( edit ) The Constitution originally provided for the right to property under Articles 19 and 31 . Article 19 guaranteed to all citizens the right to acquire , hold and dispose of property . Article 31 provided that `` no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law . '' It also provided that compensation would be paid to a person whose property has been taken for public purposes . The provisions relating to the right to property were changed a number of times . The Forty - Fourth Amendment of 1978 deleted the right to property from the list of fundamental rights A new provision , Article 300 - A , was added to the constitution , which provided that `` no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law '' . Thus if a legislature makes a law depriving a person of his property , there would be no obligation on the part of the State to pay anything as compensation . The aggrieved person shall have no right to move the court under Article 32 . Thus , the right to property is no longer a fundamental right , though it is still a constitutional right . If the government appears to have acted unfairly , the action can be challenged in a court of law by citizens . The liberalisation of the economy and the government 's initiative to set up special economic zones has led to many protests by farmers and have led to calls for the reinstatement of the fundamental right to private property . The Supreme Court has sent a notice to the government questioning why the right should not be brought back but in 2010 the court rejected the PIL Right to education ( edit ) Article 21A -- On 2 April 2010 , India joined a group of few countries in the world , with a historic law making education a fundamental right of every child coming into force . Making elementary education an entitlement for children in the 6 -- 14 age group , the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act will directly benefit children who do not go to school at present . This act provides for appointment of teachers with the requisite entry and academic qualifications . The former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh announced the operationalisation of the Act . Children , who had either dropped out of schools or never been to any educational institution , will get elementary education as it will be binding on the part of the local and State governments to ensure that all children in the 6 -- 14 age group get schooling . As per the Act , private educational institutions should reserve 25 per cent seats for children from the weaker sections of society . The Centre and the States have agreed to share the financial burden in the ratio of 55 : 45 , while the Finance Commission has given Rs. 250 billion to the States for implementing the Act . The Centre has approved an outlay of Rs. 150 billion for 2010 -- 2011 . The school management committee or the local authority will identify the drop - outs or out - of - school children aged above six and admit them in classes appropriate to their age after giving special training . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Constitution of India / Part III See also ( edit ) Lawmaking procedure in India President 's rule President of India Federalism in India Part I of the Constitution of India List of amendments of the Constitution of India List of Acts of the Parliament of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41033954 Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-23 Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . p. 206 . Jump up ^ UNI . `` Sardar Patel was the real architect of the Constitution '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : The term `` State '' includes all authorities within the territory of India . It includes the Government of India , the Parliament of India , the Government and legislature of the states of India . It also includes all local or other authorities such as Municipal Corporations , Municipal Boards , District Boards , Panchayats etc . To avoid confusion with the term states and territories of India , State ( encompassing all the authorities in India ) has been capitalised and the term state ( referring to the state governments ) is in lowercase . Jump up ^ Laski , Harold Joseph ( 1930 ) . Liberty in the Modern State . New York and London : Harpers and Brothers . Jump up ^ `` Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty ; 1995 ICHRL 69 '' . www.worldlii.org , World Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . This was the case where Public interest litigation was introduced ( date of ruling 15 December 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-25 ^ Jump up to : `` Citizenship ( Amendment ) Bill , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . rajyasabha.nic.in/ , Rajya Sabha . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 April 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty ; 1995 ICHRL 69 '' . www.worldlii.org , World Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . This was the case where fundamental rights were enforced against private individuals ( date of ruling 15 December 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Kesavananda Bharati vs. The State of Kerala ; AIR 1973 S.C. 1461 , ( 1973 ) 4 SCC 225 -- In what became famously known as the `` Fundamental Rights case '' , the Supreme Court decided that the basic structure of the Constitution of India was unamendable Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-24 Jump up ^ Basu , Durga Das ( 1988 ) . Shorter Constitution of India . New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India . Basu , Durga Das ( 1993 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India . New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India . Jump up ^ Democratic Politics Class 9 . NCERT . Jump up ^ `` Article 19 in The Constitution Of India 1949 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Pylee , M.V. ( 1999 ) . India 's Constitution . New Delhi : S. Chand and Company . ISBN 81 - 219 - 1907 - X . Jump up ^ Vasudha Dhagamwar ( 4 May 2004 ) . `` The price of a Bill '' . Retrieved 24 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Home : Central Information Commission ( CIC ) Online '' . rti.india.gov.in . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Nandan G ( May 1994 ) . `` Indian grants right to suicide '' . BMJ. 308 ( 6941 ) : 1392 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 308.6941. 1392 . Jump up ^ Paper 3 : Abolition and Restoration of Section 309 IPC -- an overview by BR Sharma , A Sharma , D Harish : Anil Aggrawal 's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine : Vol. 7 , No. 1 ( January -- June 2006 ) Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India ; AIR 1978 S.C. 597 , ( 1978 ) . ^ Jump up to : 86th Amendment Act , 2002 . Jump up ^ right to education bill . ^ Jump up to : Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-33 Jump up ^ Constitution of India - Part IV Article 41 Directive Principles of State Policy . Jump up ^ Senior Inspector justifies lathi - charge during the 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests Jump up ^ Lathi Charge in Mumbai during the 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests Jump up ^ `` Child labour in India '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results Jump up ^ Index of perception of corruption , published by Transparency International . Jump up ^ Sovereign means possessing supreme or ultimate power . `` in modern democracies the people 's will is in theory sovereign '' synonyms : supreme , absolute , unlimited , unrestricted , unrestrained , unbounded , boundless , infinite , ultimate , total , unconditional , full , utter , paramount ; principal , chief , dominant , predominant Jump up ^ `` What causes judicial delay ? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments '' . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paras 316 and 317 of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala , ( AIR 1973 SC 1461 ) '' . 1973 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ 44th Amendment Act , 1978 . Jump up ^ Mahapatra , Dhananjay ( 28 February 2009 ) . `` Should right to property return ? '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Court rejects plea to make property a fundamental right '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Education is now a fundamental right of every child '' . Hindustan Times . 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Footnotes ( edit ) Links to related articles Government of India Constitution Constitution of India Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India Federalism in India Union List State List Concurrent List Executive Union Government Prime Minister ( list ) Cabinet Ministers President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Civil Services Cabinet Secretary of India State governments Chief Minister ( list ) Governors ( list ) Legislative Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice High Courts District Courts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&oldid=801102000 '' Categories : Constitution of India National human rights instruments Human rights in India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use Indian English from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी हिन्दी मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 17 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the meaning of equality in indian constitution | [
"Right to equality: Which includes equality before law, prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth, and equality of opportunity in matters of employment, abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles. Right to equality is provided from Article 14 to Article 18 of Indian constitution."
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"prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth, and equality of opportunity in matters of employment, abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles"
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3620817922629422775 | King Arthur: Legend of the Sword | King Arthur : Legend of the Sword - wikipedia King Arthur : Legend of the Sword Jump to : navigation , search King Arthur : Legend of the Sword Theatrical release poster Directed by Guy Ritchie Produced by Akiva Goldsman Joby Harold Tory Tunnell Steve Clark - Hall Guy Ritchie Lionel Wigram Screenplay by Joby Harold Guy Ritchie Lionel Wigram Story by David Dobkin Joby Harold Starring Charlie Hunnam Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey Djimon Hounsou Aidan Gillen Jude Law Eric Bana Music by Daniel Pemberton Cinematography John Mathieson Edited by James Herbert Production companies Warner Bros. Pictures Safehouse Pictures Ritchie / Wigram Productions Village Roadshow Pictures Weed Road Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 8 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) 12 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) ( United States ) 19 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 126 minutes Country United States Australia United Kingdom Language English Budget $175 million Box office $146.2 million King Arthur : Legend of the Sword is a 2017 epic fantasy film directed by Guy Ritchie and written by Ritchie , Joby Harold and Lionel Wigram , inspired by Arthurian legends . The film stars Charlie Hunnam as the eponymous character , with Jude Law , Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey , Djimon Hounsou , Aidan Gillen and Eric Bana in supporting roles . King Arthur premiered at the TCL Chinese Theater on 8 May 2017 and was theatrically released in 2D and RealD 3D on 12 May 2017 in the United States and 19 May 2017 in the United Kingdom . The film grossed $146 million worldwide against its $175 million production budget , with critics `` warning audiences to stay away '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Promotion 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Mordred , an iron fisted warlock , and his armies lay siege to Camelot , seeking to establish the dominance of magic - wielding mages over humankind . Uther Pendragon , king of the Britons , infiltrates Mordred 's lair and beheads him , saving Camelot . Uther 's treacherous brother Vortigern , who covets the throne , orchestrates a coup and sacrifices his wife Elsa to moat hags to become a demon knight , who kills Uther 's wife and slays him in combat . The only survivor is Uther 's son , who drifts away in a boat and ends up in Londinium , where he is found and raised by prostitutes . Arthur grows into a skilled fighter and man of the streets . Arthur and his friends confront a group of Vikings who had mistreated one of the prostitutes , forcing him to pay her restitution . Afterwards , the brothel is raided by the Blacklegs , Vortigern 's minions , and Arthur learns that the Vikings were under the king 's protection . Arthur tries to escape the city but is caught and put on a ship with hundreds of other men ; the Blacklegs have been forcing all men of Arthur 's age to try to pull a sword that has appeared near the castle from the surrounding stone . Arthur is able to remove the sword but is quickly overwhelmed by its power and passes out . Vortigern meets with him in the dungeon , revealing his true lineage . Meanwhile , a mage identifying herself as an acolyte of Merlin presents herself to Uther 's former general , Sir Bedivere . At Arthur 's planned execution , the mage uses her magic to stage a diversion while Bedivere 's men rescue Arthur . Taken to Bedivere 's hideout , Arthur initially refuses to help them . The mage persuades Bedivere to take Arthur to a realm called the `` Darklands , '' where he 's given a vision of how Uther sacrificed himself to save Arthur and entomb the sword in stone . Arthur learns Vortigern was responsible for persuading Mordred to rebel against humanity , and he returns determined to destroy Vortigen . With his friends and Bedivere 's men , Arthur stages a series of ambushes against Vortigern , culminating in an assassination attempt in Londinium . The rebels sense a trap but attack anyway , fleeing to a fighters ' school run by Arthur 's mentor George , where they are overrun by the Blacklegs . Seeing the mage held at knifepoint , Arthur unleashes Excalibur 's potential , single - handedly killing all of the soldiers . The rebels are able to escape the city except for Arthur 's injured friend Back Lack , who is killed at Vortigern 's hand . Ashamed of his failures , Arthur tries to throw away the sword , but the Lady of the Lake returns it and shows him a vision of England 's future under Vortigern 's rule . Coming to terms with his responsibility , Arthur reunites with Bedivere . When they return to the rebel hideout , however , they discover all of their allies dead , Vortigern having found them and delivered an ultimatum : if Arthur does not surrender himself , the captured mage and Back Lack 's son Blue will die . Arthur surrenders himself , but as Vortigern is about to execute his nephew , a giant snake summoned by the mage attacks and devours Vortigern 's men . While Bedivere and the others lead an attack on the castle , a desperate Vortigern sacrifices his only daughter and is transformed into the demon knight , confronting Arthur in a separate dimension . Despite his fighting skill , Arthur is beaten , and he is about to submit when he witnesses a vision of his father , convincing him to accept the sword and his character as his own . Arthur violently slays Vortigern but blesses him as he dies . In the aftermath , Arthur dissolves Vortigern 's pact with the Vikings and begins building a Round Table where his knighted friends will meet . Blue and the prostitutes arrive with the crown of Uther , which Arthur accepts , holding the sword aloft . Cast ( edit ) Charlie Hunnam as King Arthur , Uther 's son , Vortigern 's nephew and the would - be king of Britain who was raised by prostitutes . Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey as the Mage , a woman working for Merlin who supports Arthur and the resistance . Djimon Hounsou as Sir Bedivere , the leader of the resistance and a former knight of Uther . Aidan Gillen as Goosefat Bill , a skilled archer , Bedivere 's friend , former knight of Uther and member of the resistance . Jude Law as Vortigern , Uther 's brother , Elsa 's husband , Catia 's father , Arthur 's uncle and the tyrannical ruthless king of Britain . Eric Bana as Uther Pendragon , Vortigern 's brother , Arthur 's father and the king of Britain . Kingsley Ben - Adir as Sir Tristan `` Wet Stick '' , Arthur and Back Lack 's childhood friend who is later knighted by Bedivere . Craig McGinlay as Sir Percival , a member of the resistance who is later turned knighted by Bedivere . Tom Wu as Sir George , Arthur 's mentor and a skilled fighter who helps the resistance and is later knighted by Bedivere . Neil Maskell as Back Lack , Arthur and Tristan 's childhood friend and Blue 's father , who helps the resistance . Freddie Fox as Rubio , a member of the resistance who later betrays them under torture and helps Vortigern . Annabelle Wallis as Maggie , Vortigern 's maid who helps the resistance . Bleu Landau as Blue , Back Lack 's son . Mikael Persbrandt as Greybeard , a viking who has deals with Vortigern . Poppy Delevingne as Igraine , Arthur 's mother and Uther 's wife : she is killed by Vortigern in the beginning of the film . Kamil Lemieszewski , Jacqui Ainsley and Rob Knighton portrays Merlin , the Lady of the Lake and Mordred , three important characters from the Arthurian Mythology , respectively . Katie McGrath and Millie Brady portrays Vortigern 's wife , Elsa , and daughter , Catia , respectively . David Beckham appears in a cameo . Lorraine Bruce , Eline Powell and Hermione Corfield appears as the three Syrens . Michael McElhatton portrays Jack 's Eye , Arthur 's scout on the kingdom . Nicola Wren portrays Lucy , the prostitute who raises Arthur . Production ( edit ) After 2004 's King Arthur , Warner Brothers made multiple attempts to make a new film based on Arthurian legend : One was to be a remake of Excalibur , helmed by Bryan Singer , while the other was a movie to have been titled Arthur & Lancelot , which would have starred Kit Harington and Joel Kinnaman , as King Arthur and Lancelot respectively . Warner Brothers suits worried that names were not big enough , and attempted to replace both actors with more profitable ones , before eventually dropping the project all together . Warner 's next attempt to create a new King Arthur film was an attempt to create an Arthurian cinematic universe which would span six films , following different charters before their eventual team up . For this endeavour they hired director Guy Ritchie , who has himself attempted to make a King Arthur movie prior to that . According to The Guardian , the script soon became `` a strange Frankenstein 's Monster - style screenplay '' incorporating elements from several of the unproduced Arthurian scripts . Casting ( edit ) Film 's cast at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International , to promote King Arthur : Legend of the Sword . In August 2014 , Charlie Hunnam , Ritchie 's choice for the role , was cast to play King Arthur . Elizabeth Olsen was in talks for the female lead , but on 18 September , Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey landed the role instead . On 14 November , Jude Law was in talks to play the lead villain role in the film . On 11 February 2015 , Eric Bana was added to the cast to play Uther , the father of King Arthur . Mikael Persbrandt joined the film on 6 March 2015 , to play a villainous role . Although there were reports Idris Elba had been cast , he would confirm , in a Reddit AMA , this was a rumour . Filming ( edit ) Filming in Windsor Great Park was underway in February 2015 , then later in North Wales from 2 March 2015 . Later on 10 March 2015 , Ritchie tweeted a photo and confirmed the first day of shooting . In April 2015 , filming took place in Snowdonia , where locations used were Tryfan , Nant Gwynant near Beddgelert and Capel Curig . Early in July filming continued in the Shieldaig , Loch Torridon and Applecross areas of Wester Ross in the Scottish Highlands . One day of filming also took place at The Quiraing on the Isle of Skye . Filming also took place at Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden . Release ( edit ) In April 2014 , Warner Bros. set the film for a July 22 , 2016 release , alongside Lights Out , but it was then moved by Warner Bros. to February 17 , 2017 , alongside Maze Runner : The Death Cure . However , The Great Wall , A Cure for Wellness and Fist Fight were also scheduled to be released on that date and Warner Bros. moved the release date from February 17 , 2017 to March 24 , 2017 . The title was changed to King Arthur : Legend of the Sword in July 2016 . In December 2016 the release date was again moved , this time to May 12 , 2017 , possibly so as not to compete with CHiPs . Promotion ( edit ) The trailer was released on 23 July 2016 , during the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con and was attached to screenings of Mechanic : Resurrection , Do n't Breathe , Shut In , and Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them . It was originally planned for an IMAX release on 22 July 2016 , as evident in the Comic - Con trailer , but was cancelled due to it being postponed and only received non-IMAX presentations . The first extended TV spot was released on 22 January 2017 , and was shown on the 2017 NFC Championship Game on Fox Broadcasting Company between the Atlanta Falcons and the Green Bay Packers and the 2017 AFC Championship Game on CBS between the Pittsburgh Steelers and the New England Patriots . A second trailer was released on 20 February 2017 and was attached to Logan , Kong : Skull Island , Power Rangers and Ghost in the Shell . The third and final trailer was released on 1 April 2017 and was attached to The Fate of the Furious , The Lost City of Z ( which also starred Hunnam ) and Free Fire . All - in - all , Warner Bros. spent $135 million on marketing the film . The film was shown at select AMC Theatres in a special preview on 27 April 2017 , in a promotional event titled `` King for a Day . '' Demand for tickets led AMC to expand the event to 200 theatres . Home media ( edit ) King Arthur : Legend of the Sword was released on DVD , Blu - ray , 3D Blu - ray and Ultra HD on 8 August 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) King Arthur : Legend of the Sword grossed $39.2 million in the United States and Canada and $107 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $146.2 million , against a production budget of $175 million . In North America , the film was released alongside Snatched and was initially projected to gross around $25 million from 3,702 theatres during its opening weekend . It made $1.15 million from Thursday night previews at about 3,200 theatres , but after making just $5.3 million on Friday , weekend projections were lowered to $15 million . It ended up debuting to $15.4 million , finishing third at the box office . Deadline.com noted that due to the film 's $175 million production budget , as well as at least an additional $100 million spent on marketing , the film was destined to be a box office bomb . Regarding the cost of the film , the site quoted one finance expert as saying : `` Make original IP ( intellectual property ) for a cost effective price . If it works then spend more if necessary on the sequel . King Arthur should have been done for $60 M - $80 M. Warner Bros. had no reason to spend $175 M - plus on this picture . '' Comparing its opening to cost , IndieWire called the film 's failings `` historic '' . The Hollywood Reporter noted that the film would likely lose about $150 million . In its second weekend the film grossed $7.2 million ( a drop of 53.5 % ) , finishing 5th at the box office . The film debuted at No. 1 in an estimated 29 countries , including Russia and Scandinavia , with openings to follow in the United Kingdom , France , South Korea , and Australia . Over its opening weekend , it made only $29.1 million worldwide , in 51 non-American countries . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 28 % based on 201 reviews and an average rating of 4.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword piles mounds of modern action flash on an age - old tale -- and wipes out much of what made it a classic story in the first place . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating , the film has a score 41 out of 100 based 45 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale ; 56 % of the opening weekend filmgoers were under the age of 35 , and 59 % were men . Writing for The Guardian , Peter Bradshaw gave the film a generally positive review : `` Guy Ritchie 's cheerfully ridiculous Arthur is a gonzo monarch , a death - metal warrior - king . Ritchie 's film is at all times over the top , crashing around its digital landscapes in all manner of beserkness , sometimes whooshing along , sometimes stuck in the odd narrative doldrum . But it is often surprisingly entertaining , and whatever clunkers he has delivered in the past , Ritchie again shows that a film - maker of his craft and energy commands attention , and part of his confidence in reviving King Arthur resides here in being so unselfconscious and unconcerned about the student canon that has gone before . '' In a pan of the film for the Chicago Tribune , Michael Phillips questioned the long - term longevity of the projected series of six Arthur films from Ritchie : `` I 'm no businessman , but plans for a six - film franchise may be optimistic . Optimism is nowhere to be found in Ritchie 's movie itself . It is a grim and stupid thing , from one of the world 's most successful mediocre filmmakers , and if Shakespeare 's King Lear were blogging today , he 'd supply the blurb quote : ' Nothing will come of nothing . ' . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film one - and - a-half out of four stars , stating that despite the potential for a revisionist King Arthur story with `` ( t ) he Ritchie sense of style '' , the overall problem is the film 's lack of modulation : `` Ritchie keeps rushing us along for two hours , as if to make absolutely certain that we never have time to absorb any character or moment , much less revel in the glorious , cheeky ridiculousness of the whole thing . '' Alissa Wilkinson of Vox writes that the film is `` surprisingly good , and surprisingly political '' in relation to the British withdrawal from the European Union , and `` occasionally , it 's even pretty great '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ' poised for soft box office opening as ' Guardians ' rules '' . Los Angeles Times . 9 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Mark ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` ' King Arthur : Legend Of The Sword ' : An Edgy Script , Dulled By CGI '' . NPR . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' King Arthur 's Head Cut Off With $14.7 M Opening As ' Snatched ' Swims To $17.5 M in A ' Guardians ' - Ruled Mother 's Day Weekend '' . Deadline.com. 14 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : White , Adam . `` The fall of Camelot : how Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur became a $175 million box office bomb '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sons of Anarchy 's Charlie Hunnam Is Guy Ritchie 's Choice For King Arthur '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam to Play King Arthur for Guy Ritchie '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 18 September 2014 ) . `` ' King Arthur ' Finds Guinevere With ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Actress '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Jude Law Circling Villainous Role in Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur Film '' . Variety . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Eric Bana to Play King Arthur 's Father in ' Knights of the Round Table ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 6 March 2015 ) . `` Guy Ritchie 's ' King Arthur ' Adds Swedish Actor Mikael Persbrandt '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Idris Elba Eyes Guy Ritchie 's ' King Arthur ' at Warner Bros . '' . Variety . 21 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly . `` Idris Elba Talks Luke Cage & Debunks ' King Arthur ' Casting Rumor '' . Screenrant . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillip Williams . `` Vans & signs left after filming ( C ) Phillip Williams : Geograph Britain and Ireland '' . geograph.org.uk . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 3 / 2 / 15 : Matthew McConaughey & Gugu Mbatha - Raw Start ' Free State of Jones ' , ' Kickboxer ' Wraps & More '' . ssninsider.com. 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Crump , Eryl ( 10 April 2015 ) . `` Filming of Hollywood movie King Arthur set to start in Snowdonia '' . dailypost.co.uk . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( 21 December 2015 ) . `` Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur Film Gallops To 2017 , ' Lights Out ' On July 22 , 2016 : WB Release Date Changes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam 's King Arthur Movie Pushed Back to March 2017 '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Pictures Comic - Con Plans Announced ! '' . 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur Has A New Release Date , And It 's Brutal '' . CinemaBlend. 7 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Shifts King Arthur , CHiPS & Annabelle 2 Release Dates '' . screenrant.com. 7 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword in IMAX '' . imax.com . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` ' King Arthur : Legend Of The Sword ' Advance Previews In Huge Demand ; AMC Ups Theater Count '' . Deadline . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword '' . Amazon.com. 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' King Arthur ' Delivers $1.15 M from Thursday Previews , ' Snatched ' Takes in $650 k '' . Box Office Mojo. 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box - Office Bomb : ' King Arthur ' Opens to Disastrous $15 M Behind ' Snatched ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ' is a Failure , and Summer Box Office Could Follow '' . IndieWire. 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box - Office Meltdown : ' King Arthur ' Could Lose $150 M After Falling on Its Sword '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moviegoers Make $40 M Pact With ' Alien : Covenant ' , 2nd Best Debut For Sci - Fi Series '' . Deadline.com. 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' King Arthur ' Stumbles Overseas With $29.1 Million '' , Seth Kelly . Variety . 14 May 2017 . Retrieved May , 14 2017 Jump up ^ Schwartzel , Erich ( 14 May 2017 ) . `` ' King Arthur ' Movie Falls on Its Sword in Opening Weekend '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Review of Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Phillips . Review of Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( 12 May 2017 ) . `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword Movie Review ( 2017 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword is surprisingly good , and surprisingly political '' , Alissa Wilkinson . Vox.com. 11 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 External links ( edit ) Official website King Arthur : Legend of the Sword on IMDb King Arthur : Legend of the Sword at Box Office Mojo King Arthur : Legend of the Sword at Metacritic King Arthur : Legend of the Sword at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Guy Ritchie The Hard Case ( 1995 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1998 ) Snatch ( 2000 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Revolver ( 2005 ) RocknRolla ( 2008 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows ( 2011 ) The Man from U.N.C.L.E. ( 2015 ) King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Films based on Arthurian legends Live - action Army of Darkness Arthur and Merlin Avalon High The Black Knight Camelot Dragonheart Dragons of Camelot Dr. Strange ( 1978 ) Excalibur First Knight The Four Diamonds Gawain and the Green Knight Guinevere King Arthur King Arthur : Legend of the Sword Knights of the Round Table Lancelot and Guinevere Lancelot du Lac The Last Legion Merlin and the War of the Dragons Merlin : The Return Merlin : The Quest Begins Perceval le Gallois Prince Valiant ( 1954 ) Prince Valiant ( 1997 ) Siege of the Saxons The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Sword of the Valiant Young Arthur Films from Twain 's Connecticut Yankee A Connecticut Yankee ( 1931 ) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1921 ) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1949 ) A Kid in King Arthur 's Court A Knight in Camelot New Adventures of a Yankee in King Arthur 's Court Unidentified Flying Oddball Films based on Tristan and Isolde legend Fire and Sword Lovespell Tristan & Isolde Comedies King Arthur Was a Gentleman Knutzy Knights Monty Python and the Holy Grail Squareheads of the Round Table Animation Knight - mare Hare Merlin and the Dragons Pound Puppies and the Legend of Big Paw Quest for Camelot The Sword in the Stone Works by Akiva Goldsman Films directed Winter 's Tale ( 2014 ) Stephanie ( 2017 ) Films written The Client ( 1994 ) Silent Fall ( 1994 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) Lost in Space ( 1998 ) Practical Magic ( 1998 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) I , Robot ( 2004 ) Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) The Da Vinci Code ( 2006 ) I Am Legend ( 2007 ) Angels & Demons ( 2008 ) Winter 's Tale ( 2014 ) The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) Rings ( 2017 ) Transformers : The Last Knight ( 2017 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) Films produced Lost in Space ( 1998 ) Deep Blue Sea ( 1999 ) Starsky & Hutch ( 2004 ) Mindhunters ( 2004 ) Constantine ( 2005 ) Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2005 ) Poseidon ( 2006 ) I Am Legend ( 2007 ) Hancock ( 2008 ) The Losers ( 2010 ) Fair Game ( 2010 ) Jonah Hex ( 2010 ) Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) Winter 's Tale ( 2014 ) King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Arthur:_Legend_of_the_Sword&oldid=801511407 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films American films American 3D films American fantasy adventure films American adventure films American drama films Australian films Australian drama films British films British adventure films British drama films Arthurian films Filicide in fiction Fratricide in fiction Regicide in fiction Uxoricide in fiction Films set in the Middle Ages Films shot in England Village Roadshow Pictures films Warner Bros. films Films produced by Akiva Goldsman Films directed by Guy Ritchie Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 03 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | king arthur legend of the sword arthur's mother | [
"Poppy Delevingne as Igraine, Arthur's mother and Uther's wife: she is killed by Vortigern in the beginning of the film."
] | [
"Poppy Delevingne"
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230009827411208826 | 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup | 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup - wikipedia 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup Jump to : navigation , search 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup २०१७ फीफा अंडर - १७ विश्व कप Tournament details Host country India Dates 6 -- 28 October Teams 24 ( from 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 6 ( in 6 host cities ) Final positions Champions England ( 1st title ) Runners - up Spain Third place Brazil Fourth place Mali Tournament statistics Matches played 52 Goals scored 183 ( 3.52 per match ) Attendance 1,347,133 ( 25,906 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Rhian Brewster ( 8 goals ) Best player Phil Foden Best goalkeeper Gabriel Brazão Fair play award Brazil ← 2015 2019 → The 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup was the 17th FIFA U-17 World Cup , a biennial international football tournament contested by men 's under - 17 national teams . Organized by FIFA , the tournament took place in India between 6 and 28 October 2017 , after the country was awarded the hosting rights on 5 December 2013 . The tournament marked the first time India have hosted a FIFA tournament and the first Asian hosted U-17 World Cup since 2013 . The attendance for this World Cup was a record 1,347,133 surpassing China 's 1985 edition where it was 1,230,976 . The matches were played in six stadiums in six host cities around the country , with the final taking place at the Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata , West Bengal . Twenty - three teams , besides the host India , managed to qualify for the tournament via participating in their various continental under - 17 tournaments . In the first round of the tournament finals , the teams competed in round - robin groups of four for points , where the top two teams in each group along with the top four third placed teams would advance to the next round . These 16 teams will advance to the knockout stage , where three rounds of play will decide which teams would participate in the final . The reigning FIFA U-17 World Cup champions , Nigeria , did not have the opportunity to defend their title after failing to qualify for this edition . In failing to qualify , Nigeria became the first incumbent title holder since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the subsequent edition . England won the U-17 World Cup for the first time after coming back from a two - goal deficit and beating Spain 5 -- 2 in the final . This meant England became the second nation , after Brazil in 2003 , to win both of FIFA 's under - age ( U-20 and U-17 ) World Cup tournaments in the same calendar year . England has also become the third country , after Brazil and North Korea , to win both U-17 and U-20 World Cup in their respective gender tournaments on the same year , as North Korea had also won both U-17 and U-20 Women 's World Cup last year. The Official Match Ball of the Tournament is Adidas Krasava . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Qualified teams 3 Organization 3.1 Preparation 3.2 Emblem 3.3 Tickets 4 Attendance 5 Venues 6 Draw 7 Referees 8 Squads 9 Group stage 9.1 Group A 9.2 Group B 9.3 Group C 9.4 Group D 9.5 Group E 9.6 Group F 9.7 Ranking of third - placed teams 10 Knockout stage 10.1 Bracket 10.2 Round of 16 10.3 Quarter - finals 10.4 Semi-finals 10.5 Third place play - off 10.6 Final 11 Awards 12 Final ranking 13 Goalscorers 14 Broadcasting 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Host selection ( edit ) The bids for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup had to be submitted by 15 November 2013 . On 28 May 2013 it was announced by FIFA that Azerbaijan , India , Republic of Ireland , and Uzbekistan would bid for the hosting rights . Finally , on 5 December 2013 , FIFA announced that India had won the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup hosting rights. goal Qualified teams ( edit ) As host , India made their first ever appearance at the FIFA U-17 World Cup and their first appearance in the World Cup at any age level . As well as India , New Caledonia and Niger also made their first appearance in the FIFA U-17 World Cup . The previous U-17 World Cup title holders , Nigeria , failed to qualify for this edition . In failing to qualify , Nigeria became the first nation since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the next edition of the FIFA U-17 World Cup after winning the previous edition . A total of 24 teams qualified for the final tournament . In addition to India , the other 23 teams qualified from six separate continental competitions . Starting from 2017 , the Oceania Football Confederation ( OFC ) will receive an additional spot ( in total two spots ) , while UEFA will have five instead of six spots . Confederation Qualifying Tournament Qualifier ( s ) AFC ( Asia ) Host Nation India 2016 AFC U-16 Championship Iraq Iran Japan North Korea CAF ( Africa ) 2017 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations Ghana Guinea Mali Niger CONCACAF ( Central , North America and Caribbean ) 2017 CONCACAF U-17 Championship Costa Rica Honduras Mexico United States CONMEBOL ( South America ) 2017 South American Under - 17 Championship Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay OFC ( Oceania ) 2017 OFC U-17 Championship New Caledonia New Zealand UEFA ( Europe ) 2017 UEFA European Under - 17 Championship England France Germany Spain Turkey 1. ^ Teams that will make their debut . Organization ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) The six venues selected for the tournament were given major renovations prior to the FIFA U-17 World Cup . All the stadiums were given new bucket seats , new dressing rooms , new evacuation exits for fans , and new training grounds . Javier Ceppi , the Local Organising Committee director , stated that despite work starting slowly , things eventually became quicker . `` It has been a long process in the last two and half years . In India , it takes time to start things but once things start it kind of picks its own pace and in terms of implementation I always say that India is a very good country when it comes to implementation . '' Emblem ( edit ) The official emblem for the tournament was launched on 27 September 2016 at a hotel in Goa during the 2016 AFC U-16 Championship . According to the press release from FIFA the emblem was designed `` as a celebration of the country 's richness and diversity of cultures , with the main elements of the Indian Ocean , the banyan tree , the kite and the starburst , which is an interpretation of the Ashoka Chakra , an integral part of the national identity . '' Tickets ( edit ) Sales of tickets for the FIFA U-17 World Cup began on 16 May 2017 during a function in Delhi . Carles Puyol was present during the ticket sales launch as special guest . General ticket sales officially began on 17 May 2017 at 19 : 11 . The time was selected as a tribute to when Mohun Bagan defeated East Yorkshire Regiment in the IFA Shield in 1911 , marking the first time an Indian football club defeated a British side in British India . Tickets for the tournament were sold in four phases : Phase one only sold tickets for categories 1 to 3 at each venue with a 60 % discount while phase two allowed people to buy tickets for all categories , but only if you are a Visa card holder , at a 50 % discount . Phase three allowed anyone to buy tickets with a 25 % discount while phase four had tickets at full price . The attendance for matches breached the million mark in the final match of the Round of 16 , which made India only the third nation after China and Mexico to register an attendance of over a million for the event . On 28 October 2017 , in the 3rd place match - up between Brazil and Mali , India finally beat the existing record of 1,230,976 set in the 1985 FIFA U-16 World Championship edition in China on October 28 , 2017 . The final attendance figures were 1,347,133 . Attendance ( edit ) Attendance for each game is listed below . Date Venue Match Attendance 6 October New Delhi Colombia vs Ghana 24,300 6 October Navi Mumbai New Zealand vs Turkey 9,727 6 October New Delhi India vs USA 46,351 6 October Navi Mumbai Paraguay vs Mali 25,342 7 October Goa Germany vs Costa Rica 12,329 7 October Kochi Brazil vs Spain 21,362 7 October Goa Iran vs Guinea 12,329 7 October Kochi Korea DPR vs Niger 2,754 8 October Guwahati New Caledonia vs France 12,640 8 October Kolkata Chile vs England 46,154 8 October Guwahati Honduras vs Japan 13,285 8 October Kolkata Iraq vs Mexico 55,800 9 October Delhi Ghana vs USA 17,500 9 October Navi Mumbai Turkey vs Mali 18,323 9 October Delhi India vs Colombia 48,184 9 October Navi Mumbai Paraguay vs New Zealand 20,887 10 October Goa Costa Rica vs Guinea 6,717 10 October Kochi Spain vs Niger 7,926 10 October Goa Iran vs Germany 8,267 10 October Kochi Korea DPR vs Brazil 15,314 11 October Guwahati France vs Japan 9,575 11 October Kolkata England vs Mexico 48,620 11 October Guwahati Honduras vs New Caledonia 11,002 11 October Kolkata Iraq vs Chile 50,286 12 October New Delhi Mali vs New Zealand 23,112 12 October Navi Mumbai Turkey vs Paraguay 8,895 12 October New Delhi Ghana vs India 52,614 12 October Navi Mumbai USA vs Colombia 22,263 13 October Goa Costa Rica vs Iran 8,549 13 October Kochi Guinea vs Germany 9,250 13 October Goa Niger vs Brazil 15,830 13 October Kochi Spain vs Korea DPR 14,544 14 October Guwahati France vs Honduras 12,831 14 October Kolkata Japan vs New Caledonia 44,665 14 October Guwahati Mexico vs Chile 15,794 14 October Kolkata England vs Iraq 56,372 16 October New Delhi Colombia vs Germany 19,477 16 October New Delhi Paraguay vs USA 34,895 17 October Goa Iran vs Mexico 5,529 17 October Guwahati France vs Spain 13,316 17 October Kolkata England vs Japan 53,302 17 October Goa Mali vs Iraq 9,240 18 October Navi Mumbai Ghana vs Niger 21,286 18 October Kochi Brazil vs Honduras 20,668 21 October Guwahati Mali vs Ghana 3,706 21 October Goa USA vs England 16,148 22 October Kochi Spain vs Iran 28,436 22 October Kolkata Germany vs Brazil 66,613 25 October Kolkata Brazil vs England 63,881 25 October Navi Mumbai Spain vs Mali 37,847 28 October Kolkata Mali vs Brazil 56,422 28 October Kolkata England vs Spain 66,684 Venues ( edit ) After being awarded the hosting rights for the FIFA U-17 World Cup , eight locations were shortlisted : Bangalore , Delhi , Goa , Guwahati , Kochi , Kolkata , Mumbai , and Pune . On 29 May 2015 , Bangalore , Chennai , Delhi , Goa , and Pune were provisionally selected as host locations . On 27 October 2016 , FIFA officially announced Delhi , Goa , Guwahati , Kochi , Kolkata , and New Mumbai as the official host cities for the FIFA U-17 World Cup . Kolkata Kochi New Delhi Salt Lake Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Capacity : 66,600 Capacity : 29,000 Capacity : 58,000 Navi Mumbai New Delhi Kolkata Kochi Margao Guwahati 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup ( India ) Navi Mumbai Guwahati Margao DY Patil Stadium Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium Fatorda Stadium Capacity : 41,000 Capacity : 23,800 Capacity : 16,200 Draw ( edit ) The draw for the FIFA U-17 World Cup was held on 7 July 2017 in Mumbai . The draw was attended by former U-17 World Cup champions Nwankwo Kanu ( Nigeria ) and Esteban Cambiasso ( Argentina ) , as well as India senior international Sunil Chhetri and badminton player P.V. Sindhu . The 24 teams were drawn into six groups of four teams , with hosts India being allocated to position A1 . The rest of the teams were allocated into their respective pots based on a ranking which was built according to past performances during the last five FIFA U-17 World Cups . Importance was given to the most recent U-17 World Cups . Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 India Mexico Brazil Germany Mali France Spain Japan New Zealand England Iran United States Costa Rica North Korea Honduras Iraq Turkey Colombia Chile Paraguay Ghana Guinea Niger New Caledonia Referees ( edit ) FIFA 's Referees ' Committee selected 21 referees , representing all six confederations , to officiate at the U-17 World Cup : Seven from UEFA , four from CONMEBOL , three each from the AFC , CAF , and CONCACAF , and one from the OFC . No referee from host country India were selected to officiate . Confederation Referee Assistant referees Support referee AFC Muhammad Taqi Lee Tzu Liang Koh Min Kiat Ri Hyang - ok Ryuji Sato Toru Sagara Hiroshi Yamauchi Nawaf Shukralla Yaser Tulefat Ebrahim Saleh CAF Mehdi Abid Charef Albdelhak Etchiali Anouar Hmila Gladys Lengwe Hamada Nampiandraza Arsenio Marengula Yahaya Mahamadou Bamlak Tessema Weyesa Olivier Safari Mark Ssonko CONCACAF Jair Marrufo Frank Anderson Corey Rockwell Carol Chenard Ricardo Montero Octavio Jara Juan Carlos Mora John Pitti Gabriel Victoria Christian Ramírez CONMEBOL José Argote Luis Murillo Carlos López Claudia Umpierrez Enrique Cáceres Eduardo Cardozo Juan Zorrilla Sandro Ricci Emerson de Carvalho Marcelo Van Gasse Gery Vargas Juan Pablo Montaño Jose Alberto Antelo OFC Abdelkader Zitouni Folio Moeaki Bernard Mutukera Anna - Marie Keighley UEFA Ovidiu Hațegan Octavian Șovre Sebastian Gheorghe Kateryna Monzul Esther Staubli Bobby Madden David McGeachie Alastair Mather Anastasios Sidiropoulos Polychronis Kostaras Lazaros Dimitriadis Artur Soares Dias Rui Barbosa Tavares Paulo Alexandre Santos Soares Anthony Taylor Gary Beswick Adam Nunn Clément Turpin Nicolas Danos Cyril Gringore Slavko Vinčić Tomaz Klancnik Andraz Kovacic Squads ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup squads . Each team 's squad for the FIFA U-17 World Cup will consist of 21 players . Each participating national association had to confirm their final 21 - player squad by 21 September 2017 . A total of 504 players will be participating in the tournament . The squads were announced by FIFA on 26 September 2017 . Group stage ( edit ) The top two teams of each group and the four best third - placed teams advance to the round of 16 . The rankings of teams in each group are determined as follows ( regulations Article 17.7 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above three criteria , their rankings are determined as follows : points obtained in the group matches between the teams concerned ; goal difference in the group matches between the teams concerned ; number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned ; fair play points : first yellow card : minus 1 point ; indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points ; direct red card : minus 4 points ; yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . All times are local , IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) . Group A ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Ghana 0 5 + 4 6 Knockout stage Colombia 0 5 + 2 6 United States 0 5 + 2 6 India ( H ) 0 0 9 − 8 0 Source : FIFA ( H ) Host . Colombia v Ghana 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 17 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 1 Ghana Report Ibrahim 39 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 24,300 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) India v United States 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 00 India 0 -- 3 United States Report Sargent 30 ' ( pen . ) Durkin 51 ' Carleton 84 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 46,351 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Ghana v United States 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 0 -- 1 United States Report Akinola 75 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 17,500 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) India v Colombia 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 00 India 1 -- 2 Colombia Thounaojam 82 ' Report Peñaloza 49 ' , 83 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 48,184 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Ghana v India 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 20 : 00 Ghana 4 -- 0 India Ayiah 43 ' , 52 ' Danso 86 ' Toku 87 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 52,614 Referee : Abdelkader Zitouni ( Tahiti ) United States v Colombia 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 20 : 00 United States 1 -- 3 Colombia Acosta 24 ' Report Vidal 3 ' Peñaloza 67 ' D. Caicedo 87 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 22,263 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Paraguay 0 0 10 5 + 5 9 Knockout stage Mali 0 8 + 4 6 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 Turkey 0 7 − 5 Source : FIFA New Zealand v Turkey 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 17 : 00 New Zealand 1 -- 1 Turkey Mata 58 ' Report Kutucu 18 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 9,727 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Paraguay v Mali 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 3 -- 2 Mali Galeano 12 ' Sánchez 17 ' Rodríguez 55 ' ( pen . ) Report Dramé 20 ' Ndiaye 34 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 25,342 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Turkey v Mali 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 17 : 00 Turkey 0 -- 3 Mali Report D. Traoré 38 ' Ndiaye 68 ' Konaté 86 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 18,323 Referee : Muhammad Taqi ( Singapore ) Paraguay v New Zealand 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 4 -- 2 New Zealand Rodríguez 2 ' Vega 75 ' , 78 ' Armoa 90 + 1 ' Report Duarte 20 ' ( o.g. ) , 34 ' ( o.g. ) DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 20,877 Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Turkey v Paraguay 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Turkey 1 -- 3 Paraguay Kesgin 90 + 3 ' Report Bogado 41 ' Cardozo 43 ' Galeano 61 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 8,895 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Mali v New Zealand 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Mali 3 -- 1 New Zealand Salam 18 ' D. Traoré 50 ' Ndiaye 82 ' Report Spragg 72 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 23,112 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) Group C ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Iran 0 0 10 + 9 9 Knockout stage Germany 0 5 6 − 1 6 Guinea 0 8 − 4 Costa Rica 0 7 − 4 Source : FIFA Germany v Costa Rica 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 17 : 00 Germany 2 -- 1 Costa Rica Arp 21 ' Awuku 89 ' Report Gómez 64 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 12,329 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Iran v Guinea 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 20 : 00 Iran 3 -- 1 Guinea Sayyad 59 ' Sharifi 70 ' ( pen . ) Karimi 90 ' Report Touré 90 + 1 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 12,329 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Costa Rica v Guinea 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 Costa Rica 2 -- 2 Guinea Jarquin 26 ' Gómez 67 ' Report Touré 30 ' I. Soumah 81 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 6,717 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) Iran v Germany 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 Iran 4 -- 0 Germany Delfi 6 ' , 42 ' Sayyad 49 ' Namdari 75 ' Report Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 8,267 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Costa Rica v Iran 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Costa Rica 0 -- 3 Iran Report Ghobeishavi 25 ' ( pen . ) Shariati 29 ' ( pen . ) Sardari 89 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 8,549 Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) Guinea v Germany 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Guinea 1 -- 3 Germany I. Soumah 26 ' Report Arp 8 ' Kühn 62 ' Cetin 90 + 2 ' ( pen . ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 9,250 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Group D ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 6 + 5 9 Knockout stage Spain 0 7 + 5 6 Niger 0 6 − 5 North Korea 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 Source : FIFA Brazil v Spain 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 1 Spain Lincoln 25 ' Paulinho 45 + 1 ' Report Wesley 5 ' ( o.g. ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 21,362 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) North Korea v Niger 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 20 : 00 North Korea 0 -- 1 Niger Report Abdourahmane 59 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 2,754 Referee : Abdelkader Zitouni ( Tahiti ) Spain v Niger 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 Spain 4 -- 0 Niger A. Ruiz 21 ' , 41 ' César 45 + 1 ' Gómez 82 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 7,926 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) North Korea v Brazil 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 North Korea 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Lincoln 56 ' Paulinho 61 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 15,314 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Spain v North Korea 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 20 : 00 Spain 2 -- 0 North Korea Moha 4 ' César 71 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 14,544 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Niger v Brazil 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 20 : 00 Niger 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Lincoln 4 ' Brenner 34 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 15,830 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) Group E ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 0 14 + 11 9 Knockout stage Japan 8 + 4 Honduras 0 7 11 − 4 New Caledonia 0 13 − 11 Source : FIFA New Caledonia v France 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 17 : 00 New Caledonia 1 -- 7 France Wadenges 90 ' Report Iwa 5 ' ( o.g. ) Gouiri 19 ' , 33 ' Gomes 30 ' Caqueret 40 ' Wanesse 43 ' ( o.g. ) Isidor 90 + 1 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 12,640 Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) Honduras v Japan 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 00 Honduras 1 -- 6 Japan Palacios 36 ' Report Nakamura 22 ' , 30 ' , 43 ' Kubo 45 ' Miyashiro 51 ' Suzuki 90 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 13,285 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) France v Japan 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 17 : 00 France 2 -- 1 Japan Gouiri 13 ' , 71 ' Report Miyashiro 73 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 9,575 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Honduras v New Caledonia 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 00 Honduras 5 -- 0 New Caledonia Mejía 25 ' , 42 ' Canales 27 ' Palacios 51 ' , 88 ' Report Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 11,002 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) France v Honduras 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 17 : 00 France 5 -- 1 Honduras Isidor 14 ' Flips 23 ' , 64 ' Gouiri 86 ' Adli 90 + 6 ' Report Mejía 10 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 12,831 Referee : Muhammad Taqi ( Singapore ) Japan v New Caledonia 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 17 : 00 Japan 1 -- 1 New Caledonia Nakamura 7 ' Report Jeno 83 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 44,665 Referee : Esther Staubli ( Switzerland ) Group F ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 0 0 11 + 9 9 Knockout stage Iraq 5 − 1 Mexico 0 − 1 Chile 0 0 7 − 7 Source : FIFA Chile v England 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 17 : 00 Chile 0 -- 4 England Report Hudson - Odoi 5 ' Sancho 51 ' , 60 ' Gomes 81 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 46,154 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Iraq v Mexico 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 00 Iraq 1 -- 1 Mexico Dawood 16 ' Report De la Rosa 51 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 55,800 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) England v Mexico 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 17 : 00 England 3 -- 2 Mexico Brewster 39 ' Foden 48 ' Sancho 55 ' ( pen . ) Report Lainez 65 ' , 72 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 48,620 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Iraq v Chile 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 00 Iraq 3 -- 0 Chile Dawood 6 ' , 68 ' D. Valencia 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 50,286 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) England v Iraq 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 20 : 00 England 4 -- 0 Iraq Gomes 11 ' Smith - Rowe 57 ' Loader 59 ' , 71 ' Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 56,372 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Mexico v Chile 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 20 : 00 Mexico 0 -- 0 Chile Report Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 15,794 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Ranking of third - placed teams ( edit ) The four best teams among those ranked third are determined as follows ( regulations Article 17.7 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; fair play points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification United States 0 5 + 2 6 Knockout stage Honduras 0 7 11 − 4 Niger 0 6 − 5 Mexico 0 − 1 5 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 6 Guinea 0 8 − 4 Source : FIFA Notes : ^ Jump up to : Ranked by disciplinary points ( New Zealand : -- 6 pts ; Guinea : -- 9 pts ) . Combinations of matches in the Round of 16 The specific match - ups involving the third - placed teams depend on which four third - placed teams qualified for the round of 16 : Combination according to the four qualified teams Third - placed teams qualify from groups 1A vs 1B vs 1C vs 1D vs 3C 3D 3A 3B 3C 3A 3B 3E 3C 3A 3B 3F 3D 3A 3B 3E 3D 3A 3B 3F 3E 3A 3B 3F 3C 3D 3A 3E 3C 3D 3A 3F 3C 3A 3F 3E 3D 3A 3F 3E 3C 3D 3B 3E 3C 3D 3B 3F 3E 3C 3B 3F 3E 3D 3B 3F 3C 3D 3F 3E Knockout stage ( edit ) In the knockout stages , if a match is level at the end of normal playing time , no extra time shall be played and the winner shall be determined by a penalty shoot - out . Bracket ( edit ) Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 16 October -- New Delhi Colombia 0 22 October -- Kolkata Germany Germany 18 October -- Kochi Brazil Brazil 25 October -- Kolkata Honduras 0 Brazil 16 October -- New Delhi England Paraguay 0 21 October -- Margao United States 5 United States 17 October -- Kolkata England England ( pen . ) 0 ( 5 ) 28 October -- Kolkata Japan 0 ( 3 ) England 5 17 October -- Margao Spain Mali 5 21 October -- Guwahati Iraq Mali 18 October -- New Mumbai Ghana Ghana 25 October -- New Mumbai Niger 0 Mali 17 October -- Guwahati Spain Third place play - off France 22 October -- Kochi 28 October -- Kolkata Spain Spain Brazil 17 October -- Margao Iran Mali 0 Iran Mexico Round of 16 ( edit ) Colombia v Germany 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 17 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 4 Germany Report Arp 7 ' , 65 ' Bisseck 39 ' Yeboah 49 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 19,477 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Paraguay v United States 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 0 -- 5 United States Report Weah 19 ' , 53 ' , 77 ' Carleton 63 ' Sargent 74 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 34,895 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Iran v Mexico 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 17 : 00 Iran 2 -- 1 Mexico Sharifi 7 ' ( pen . ) Sayyad 11 ' Report De la Rosa 37 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 5,529 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) France v Spain 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 17 : 00 France 1 -- 2 Spain Pintor 34 ' Report Miranda 44 ' A. Ruiz 90 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 13,316 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) England v Japan 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 00 England 0 -- 0 Japan Report Penalties Brewster Hudson - Odoi Foden Anderson Kirby 5 -- 3 Sugawara Miyashiro Kida Kozuki Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 53,302 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Mali v Iraq 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 00 Mali 5 -- 1 Iraq Dramé 25 ' Ndiaye 33 ' , 90 + 4 ' Konaté 73 ' S. Camara 87 ' Report Kareem 85 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 9,240 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Ghana v Niger 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 2 -- 0 Niger Ayiah 45 + 4 ' ( pen . ) Danso 90 ' Report DY Patil Stadium , New Mumbai Attendance : 21,286 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Brazil v Honduras 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 20 : 00 Brazil 3 -- 0 Honduras Brenner 11 ' , 56 ' Marcos Antônio 44 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Cochin Attendance : 20,668 Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) Mali v Ghana 21 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 17 : 00 Mali 2 -- 1 Ghana Dramé 15 ' D. Traoré 61 ' Report Mohammed K. 70 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 3,706 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) United States v England 21 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 20 : 00 United States 1 -- 4 England Sargent 72 ' Report Brewster 11 ' , 14 ' , 90 + 6 ' ( pen . ) Gibbs - White 64 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 16,148 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Spain v Iran 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 17 : 00 Spain 3 -- 1 Iran A. Ruiz 13 ' Gómez 60 ' Ferrán 67 ' Report Karimi 69 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Cochin Attendance : 28,436 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Germany v Brazil 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 20 : 00 Germany 1 -- 2 Brazil Arp 21 ' ( pen . ) Report Weverson 71 ' Paulinho 77 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 66,613 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Semi-finals ( edit ) Brazil v England 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 3 England Wesley 21 ' Report Brewster 10 ' , 39 ' , 77 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 63,881 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Mali v Spain 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 20 : 00 Mali 1 -- 3 Spain N'Diaye 74 ' Report A. Ruiz 19 ' ( pen . ) , 43 ' Ferrán 71 ' DY Patil Stadium , New Mumbai Attendance : 37,847 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Third place play - off ( edit ) Brazil v Mali 28 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 28 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 0 Mali Alan Souza 55 ' Yuri Alberto 88 ' Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 56,422 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Final ( edit ) England v Spain 28 October 2017 20 : 00 England 5 -- 2 Spain Brewster 44 ' Gibbs - White 58 ' Foden 69 ' , 88 ' Guehi 84 ' Report S. Gómez 10 ' , 31 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 66,684 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Awards ( edit ) The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament . Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Phil Foden Sergio Gomez Rhian Brewster Golden Boot Silver Boot Bronze Boot Rhian Brewster Lassana N'Diaye Abel Ruiz 8 goals 6 goals 6 goals Golden Glove Gabriel Brazão FIFA Fair Play Award Brazil Final ranking ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rank Team Pld GF GA GD Pts England 7 6 0 23 6 + 17 19 Spain 7 5 0 17 10 + 7 15 Brazil 7 6 0 14 5 + 9 18 Mali 7 0 16 11 + 5 12 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Iran 5 0 13 5 + 8 12 6 Ghana 5 0 8 + 5 9 7 United States 5 0 11 7 + 4 9 8 Germany 5 0 10 8 + 2 9 Eliminated in the Round of 16 9 France 0 15 5 + 10 9 10 Paraguay 0 10 10 0 9 11 Colombia 0 5 7 − 2 6 12 Japan 8 + 4 5 13 Iraq 5 10 − 5 14 Honduras 0 7 14 − 7 15 Niger 0 8 − 7 16 Mexico 0 6 − 2 Eliminated at the group stage 17 Guinea 0 8 − 4 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 19 Costa Rica 0 7 − 4 20 Turkey 0 7 − 5 21 Chile 0 0 7 − 7 22 New Caledonia 0 13 − 11 23 North Korea 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 24 India 0 0 9 − 8 0 Goalscorers ( edit ) 8 goals Rhian Brewster 6 goals Lassana N'Diaye Abel Ruiz 5 goals Amine Gouiri Jann - Fiete Arp 4 goals Keito Nakamura Sergio Gómez Martín 3 goals Brenner Lincoln Paulinho Juan Peñaloza Phil Foden Jadon Sancho Eric Ayiah Carlos Adonys Mejía Patrick Palacios Allahyar Sayyad Mohammed Dawood Yaseen Hadji Dramé Djemoussa Traoré Josh Sargent Timothy Weah 2 goals Andrés Gómez Morgan Gibbs - White Angel Gomes Danny Loader Alexis Flips Wilson Isidor Richard Danso Ibrahima Soumah Fandje Touré Younes Delfi Saeid Karimi Mohammad Sharifi Taishei Miyashiro Fode Konaté Diego Lainez Roberto de la Rosa Antonio Galeano Alan Francisco Rodríguez Aníbal Vega César Gelabert Ferrán Torres Andrew Carleton 1 goal Alan Souza Yuri Alberto Marcos Antônio Wesley Weverson Déiber Caicedo Juan Vidal Yecxy Jarquin Callum Hudson - Odoi Emile Smith - Rowe Marc Guehi Yacine Adli Claudio Gomes Maxence Caqueret Lenny Pintor Noah Awuku Yann Aurel Bisseck Sahverdi Cetin Nicolas Kühn John Yeboah Sadiq Ibrahim Mohammed Kudus Emmanuel Toku Joshua Canales Jeakson Singh Thounaojam Mohammad Ghobeishavi Vahid Namdari Mohammad Sardari Taha Shariati Ali Kareem Takefusa Kubo Tochi Suzuki Seme Camara Salam Giddou Cameron Wadenges Jekob Jeno Max Mata Charles Spragg Salim Abdourahmane Blas Armoa Giovanni Bogado Fernando David Cardozo Leonardo Sánchez Cohener Juan Miranda Mohamed Moukhliss Keren Kesgin Ahmed Kutucu George Acosta Ayo Akinola Chris Durkin 1 own goal Wesley ( playing against Spain ) Diego Valencia ( playing against Iraq ) Bernard Iwa ( playing against France ) Kiam Wanesse ( playing against France ) 2 own goals Alexis Duarte ( playing against New Zealand ) Source : FIFA Broadcasting ( edit ) FIFA released the media licensing rights for the U-17 World Cup on 21 September 2017 . In India , the official broadcaster is Sony TEN and Sony ESPN . In the United States , the tournament is being broadcast on Fox Sports 2 while the United Kingdom has the tournament broadcast on Eurosport . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The venue of the first semi-final was moved to Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata , following assessment of the pitch conditions of the original venue , Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati , which had been affected by severe rainfall . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` England Under - 17s overwhelm Spain to land spectacular World Cup win '' . Guardian . 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England double up by winning U17 World Cup '' . UEFA.com. 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England win U17 World Cup : Young Lions fight back to beat Spain in final '' . BBC Sport. 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/football/fifa-u17-world-cup-india-2017-official-match-ball-krasava-by-adidas-is-a-work-of-art.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bidding process opened for five FIFA competitions in 2016 and 2017 '' . FIFA. 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Executive Committee fully backs resolution on the fight against racism and discrimination '' . FIFA. 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official : India to host U-17 World Cup in 2017 '' . Goal.com. 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At the FIFA U-17 World Cup , an Indian style of football will finally kick off on the global stage '' . Economic Times . 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Easwar , Nisanth ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` How did the teams fare in their first FIFA U-17 World Cup appearance '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Niger Republic U17 3 -- 1 Nigeria U17 : Golden Eaglets crash out of U17 Afcon '' . Goal.com. 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA executive vows to improve governance and boost female participation in football '' . FIFA.com. 25 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 : An interactive look at the facelifts the six stadiums have received '' . FirstPost. 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Infrastructure ready for FIFA U-17 World Cup ' '' . The Hindu . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Emblem launched for FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' . FIFA. 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifa U-17 World Cup 2017 : Carles Puyol kicks off ticket sales , honours Mohun Bagan icon '' . FirstPost. 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for India 2017 now available '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India could shatter Under 17 World Cup attendance record - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 WC in India becomes most attended in event 's history '' . Jump up ^ Vikraman , Deepak . `` India to Host 2017 U-17 FIFA World Cup '' . IBTimes . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Under - 17 World Cup schedule clashes with ISL , FIFA not ready to alter '' . Indian Express . 29 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India 2017 continues to take shape '' . FIFA. 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Stats '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` Relive the India 2017 draw with FIFA.com '' . FIFA. 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Draw procedures '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Match Officials '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA U-17 World Cup : When is the last date for teams to submit final squads '' . Goal.com. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Talented youngsters set for Indian odyssey '' . FIFA.com. 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 -- List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Match Schedule FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup semi-final match to take place in Kolkata '' . FIFA.com. 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://refereesfifa.blogspot.fr/2017/10/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-3-rd-place_29.html Jump up ^ http://refereesfifa.blogspot.fr/2017/10/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-final.html Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 Media Rights Licenses '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide : Date , time and where to get your football fix '' . Goal.com. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Under - 17 World Cup : Fixtures , teams , TV & guide to India 2017 '' . Goal.com. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup on FIFA website FIFA U-16 World Championship / U-17 World Cup Tournaments China 1985 Canada 1987 Scotland 1989 Italy 1991 Japan 1993 Ecuador 1995 Egypt 1997 New Zealand 1999 Trinidad and Tobago 2001 Finland 2003 Peru 2005 South Korea 2007 Nigeria 2009 Mexico 2011 UAE 2013 Chile 2015 India 2017 TBA 2019 Qualification AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Squads 1985 1991 1995 1999 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Team appearances Records and statistics 2017 -- 18 in Indian football `` 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 '' National teams Men Senior ( 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification ) U23 ( U-23 Championship qualification ) U20 ( 2017 SAFF U-19 Championship and U-19 Championship qualification ) U17 ( World Cup and U-16 Championship qualification ) Women Senior ( 2018 AFC Women 's Asian Cup qualification ) U19 League competitions First division Indian Super League I - League Second division I - League 2nd Division Final Round State leagues Assam Goa Karnataka ( Bengaluru ) Kerala Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Maharashtra ( Mumbai ) Punjab Uttarakhand West Bengal ( Kolkata ) Women Indian Women 's League ( Preliminary round ) Youth Youth League U18 Club seasons Indian Super League ATK Bengaluru FC Chennaiyin Delhi Dynamos Goa Jamshedpur FC Kerala Blasters Mumbai City NorthEast United Pune City I - League Aizawl East Bengal Indian Arrows Mohun Bagan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup&oldid=818439966 '' Categories : 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 in youth association football 2017 -- 18 in Indian football FIFA U-17 World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by India October 2017 sports events in Asia Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 15 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the under 17 world cup in india | [
"England won the U-17 World Cup for the first time after coming back from a two-goal deficit and beating Spain 5–2 in the final.[1] This meant England became the second nation, after Brazil in 2003, to win both of FIFA's under-age (U-20 and U-17) World Cup tournaments in the same calendar year.[2][3] England has also become the third country, after Brazil and North Korea, to win both U-17 and U-20 World Cup in their respective gender tournaments on the same year, as North Korea had also won both U-17 and U-20 Women's World Cup last year.The Official Match Ball of the Tournament is Adidas Krasava.[4]"
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"England"
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4650240478947189358 | Super Bowl XLVII | Super Bowl XLVII - wikipedia Super Bowl XLVII Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl XLVII Baltimore Ravens ( AFC ) San Francisco 49ers ( NFC ) 34 31 Total BAL 7 14 7 6 34 SF 17 8 31 Date February 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 03 ) Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans , Louisiana MVP Joe Flacco , quarterback Favorite 49ers by 4 Referee Jerome Boger Attendance 71,024 Future Hall of Famers Ravens : Ray Lewis 49ers : Randy Moss Ceremonies National anthem Alicia Keys Coin toss Larry Allen , Cris Carter , Curley Culp , Warren Sapp , Bill Parcells , Jonathan Ogden , Dave Robinson Halftime show Beyoncé featuring Kelly Rowland , Michelle Williams TV in the United States Network CBS Announcers Jim Nantz ( play - by - play ) Phil Simms ( analyst ) Steve Tasker , Solomon Wilcots ( reporters ) Nielsen ratings 46.3 ( national ) 59.6 ( Baltimore ) 57.1 ( New Orleans ) 49.0 ( San Francisco ) US viewership : 108.69 million est . avg. , 164.1 million est . total Market share 69 ( national ) Cost of 30 - second commercial $4 million ← XLVI Super Bowl XLVIII → Super Bowl XLVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2012 season . The Ravens defeated the 49ers by the score of 34 -- 31 , handing the 49ers their first Super Bowl loss in franchise history . The game was played on February 3 , 2013 , at Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . This was the tenth Super Bowl to be played in New Orleans , equaling Miami 's record of ten in an individual city . For the first time in Super Bowl history , the game featured two brothers coaching against each other -- Jim and John Harbaugh , head coaches of the San Francisco 49ers and Baltimore Ravens , respectively -- earning it the nickname Harbaugh Bowl . In addition , Super Bowl XLVII was the first to feature two teams that had undefeated records in previous Super Bowl games ( Baltimore , 1 -- 0 ; San Francisco , 5 -- 0 ) . The 49ers , who posted a regular - season record of 11 -- 4 -- 1 , entered the game seeking their sixth Super Bowl win in team history ( and first since Super Bowl XXIX at the end of the 1994 season ) , which would have tied the Pittsburgh Steelers for the most by a franchise . The Ravens , who posted a 10 -- 6 regular - season record , made their second Super Bowl appearance in 12 years , having previously won Super Bowl XXXV . Ray Lewis , the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) from that game , as well as the last remaining member of the inaugural Ravens roster from 1996 , also played in this game , his last before his retirement from professional football . Baltimore built a 28 -- 6 lead early in the third quarter before a partial power outage in the Superdome suspended play for 34 minutes ( earning the game the added nickname of the Blackout Bowl ) . After play resumed , San Francisco scored 17 unanswered third - quarter points to cut the Ravens ' lead to 28 -- 23 , and continued to chip away in the fourth quarter . With the Ravens leading late in the game , 34 -- 29 , the 49ers advanced to the Baltimore 7 - yard line just before the two - minute warning but turned the ball over on downs . The Ravens then took an intentional safety in the waning moments of the game to preserve the victory . Baltimore quarterback Joe Flacco , who completed 22 of 33 passes for 287 yards and three touchdowns , became the fourth quarterback in a row to be named Super Bowl MVP , after Drew Brees at Super Bowl XLIV , Aaron Rodgers at Super Bowl XLV , and Eli Manning at Super Bowl XLVI . CBS broadcast the game in the U.S. , and charged an average of $4 Million for a 30 - second commercial during the game , the highest rate for any Super Bowl . According to Nielsen , Super Bowl XLVII was viewed by an estimated average of 108.69 million people in the United States , with a record 164.1 million tuning into at least six minutes of the game . Beyoncé performed in the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show , which featured a reunion with her fellow members from Destiny 's Child : Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host - selection process 1.2 Nicknames 1.3 Teams 1.3. 1 Baltimore Ravens 1.3. 2 San Francisco 49ers 1.4 Playoffs 1.5 Pregame notes 2 Broadcasting 2.1 Television 2.1. 1 United States 2.1. 2 International 2.1. 3 Commercials 2.1. 4 International broadcasters 2.2 Radio 3 Entertainment 3.1 Pregame 3.2 Halftime 4 Game summary 4.1 First quarter 4.2 Second quarter 4.3 Third quarter 4.4 Fourth quarter 4.5 Power outage 4.6 Box score 4.7 Statistical overview 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual leaders 6 Starting lineups 7 Officials 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The game marked the first Super Bowl in which both of the teams had appeared in , but had not yet lost a previous Super Bowl ; the 49ers came into the game having won all five of their previous Super Bowl appearances , while the Ravens had won in their lone previous Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XXXV against the New York Giants . Currently , this phenomenon can only be repeated if either the Ravens or the New York Jets play against either the Tampa Bay Buccaneers or the New Orleans Saints in a subsequent Super Bowl . Baltimore 's victory made them the only current NFL franchise to have appeared in at least two Super Bowls without ever losing any of their appearances . Host - selection process ( edit ) The Mercedes - Benz Superdome was selected as the host site for Super Bowl XLVII Three cities presented bids for the game : New Orleans , on behalf of Mercedes - Benz Superdome Glendale , Arizona , on behalf of University of Phoenix Stadium Miami Gardens , Florida , on behalf of Sun Life Stadium The league then selected the New Orleans bid during the NFL 's Spring Ownership Meetings in Fort Lauderdale , Florida on May 19 , 2009 . This was the tenth time that the city has hosted the Super Bowl , by far the most by an individual city and once again tying with the Miami area for the most Super Bowls hosted by a metropolitan area . It was the first Super Bowl to be held in New Orleans since the Superdome sustained damage from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , as well as since the naming rights of the Superdome were sold to Mercedes - Benz while it was undergoing a major renovation in 2011 , including the addition of Champions Square . New Orleans artist Ally Burguieres was selected to design the official medallion for Super Bowl XLVII , which was included on beads to commemorate the Mardi Gras tradition . Because of the February 3 date of Super Bowl XLVII , the 2013 Mardi Gras calendar in Orleans Parish was changed . Parades scheduled for February 3 and before were moved ahead one week . The same situation occurred in 2002 when the 9 / 11 attacks caused a one - week delay in the 2001 NFL season , resulting in the Super Bowl XXXVI falling within the Mardi Gras parade calendar . Mercedes - Benz Superdome following Super Bowl XLVII This was the 49ers ' second Super Bowl played at the Superdome -- the first being Super Bowl XXIV when they beat the Denver Broncos 55 -- 10 . The 49ers , Broncos and New England Patriots are the only teams so far to play two or more Super Bowls at the Superdome . The 49ers also joined the Broncos and the Colts in playing two Super Bowls at two different stadiums . The 49ers won Super Bowls XXIII and XXIX in Miami at what is now known as Hard Rock Stadium . Nicknames ( edit ) Super Bowl XLVII earned many nicknames , including the `` Bro Bowl '' , `` Harbaugh Bowl '' , `` HarBowl '' , `` Super Baugh '' , `` Brother Bowl '' , and `` Superbro '' , as this was the first Super Bowl featuring brothers as opposing head coaches : Baltimore 's John Harbaugh and San Francisco 's Jim Harbaugh , whose clubs previously met in a 2011 Thanksgiving Day game , which John Harbaugh 's Ravens won 16 -- 6 , which was also the first time that two brothers had met as rival head coaches in the NFL . Due to a power outage affecting half the stadium during the third quarter , the game has also become known as the `` Blackout Bowl '' . Teams ( edit ) Baltimore Ravens ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Baltimore Ravens season After going 12 -- 4 and reaching the AFC Championship Game in 2011 , only to lose to the New England Patriots when wide receiver Lee Evans dropped a game - winning catch in the end zone and Billy Cundiff missed a potential game - tying 32 - yard field goal , the Ravens advanced further in 2012 to the Super Bowl after recording a 10 -- 6 regular season record . Under head coach John Harbaugh , who was in his fifth season with the team , Baltimore upgraded their roster with players such as defensive backs Sean Considine and Corey Graham , and wide receiver Jacoby Jones . In December 2012 , the Ravens fired offensive coordinator Cam Cameron and promoted quarterbacks coach Jim Caldwell , who was previously the head coach of the Indianapolis Colts from 2009 to 2011 , as the successor . With personnel on both sides of the ball , they finished the season ranked 10th in points per game ( 24.9 ) , and 12th in fewest points allowed ( 21.5 ) In command of the offense was five - year veteran Joe Flacco , who finished the season with a career - high 3,817 passing yards and 22 touchdowns , with only 10 interceptions . ( Super Bowl XLVII would be one of only two years the AFC team 's quarterback would not be either Tom Brady , Ben Roethlisberger or Peyton Manning between Super Bowls XXXVI and LI ; the other was Super Bowl XXXVII ten years prior , when the 2002 Oakland Raiders were helmed by Rich Gannon . ) His top targets were receivers Anquan Boldin ( 65 receptions , 921 yards , 4 touchdowns ) and Torrey Smith ( 49 receptions , 855 yards , 8 touchdowns ) , along with tight end Dennis Pitta ( 61 receptions , 669 yards , 7 touchdowns ) . Their backfield featured two Pro Bowl selections : halfback Ray Rice and fullback Vonta Leach . Rice rushed for 1,143 yards and 9 touchdowns , while also hauling in 61 receptions for 478 yards and another score . Leach served effectively as his lead blocker and a receiver out of the backfield , catching 21 passes . The Ravens ' offensive line was led by Pro Bowl guard Marshal Yanda . On special teams , Jones returned 38 kickoffs for 1,116 yards and two touchdowns , giving him a whopping 30.7 yards per return average . He also gained 341 yards and another touchdown returning punts , and caught 30 passes for 406 yards and a score . Rookie kicker Justin Tucker ranked 7th in the NFL in field goal percentage ( 90.9 ) , kicking 30 / 33 field goals and making all 42 of his extra point attempts . Baltimore 's defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowl defensive end Haloti Ngata , who compiled 51 tackles and 5 sacks , along with defensive tackle Arthur Jones ( 47 tackles , 4.5 sacks ) . The Ravens also had an excellent set of linebackers , such as Paul Kruger , Dannell Ellerbe , Jameel McClain , Terrell Suggs , and Ray Lewis . Kruger led the team in sacks with 9 , while Ellerbe added 92 tackles and 4.5 sacks . McClain had 79 tackles . Suggs , a ten - year veteran and five - time Pro Bowl selection , who had missed the first half of the regular season with a partially torn Achilles tendon , made a speedy recovery and was key in the Ravens ' win over the Broncos in the divisional round of the playoffs with 2 sacks on Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning . Lewis , a 17 - year veteran and 13 - time Pro Bowl selection , had missed most of the season with an arm injury , but still managed to rack up 57 tackles in just 6 games . Then shortly before returning for the playoffs , he announced his plans to retire after the postseason , and promptly went on to amass 44 tackles in Baltimore 's four playoff games . The Ravens secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Ed Reed , the NFL 's all - time leader in interception return yardage . Reed had another statistically successful season in 2012 , recording 58 tackles and 4 interceptions . Cornerback Cary Williams was also a big contributor with 4 interceptions and 75 tackles . The team dedicated their 2012 season to former owner and founder Art Modell , who died on September 6 , 2012 , four days before the first regular season game . San Francisco 49ers ( edit ) Main article : 2012 San Francisco 49ers season The 49ers had recently emerged as a dominant team after nearly a decade of ineptitude . During the ' 80s and ' 90s , they had been one of the NFL top contenders , playing in ten conference championship games and winning five Super Bowls . But after a strong 2002 season , San Francisco went into a dismal slump in which they failed to make the playoffs for eight consecutive seasons . Following the end of the 2010 season , the 49ers hired Jim Harbaugh as their head coach . Harbaugh , who played 14 years in the NFL , joined the team after an impressive 12 -- 1 season as the coach of Stanford , and in his first season with San Francisco he managed to turn their fortunes around , aided by breakout seasons from quarterback Alex Smith and receiver Michael Crabtree . Smith entered the 2012 season as the starting quarterback , but missed two starts mid-season after suffering a concussion , and second - year backup Colin Kaepernick successfully filled in . A quarterback controversy then began because Smith was ranked third in the NFL in passer rating ( 104.1 ) , led the league in completion percentage ( 70 % ) , and had been 19 -- 5 -- 1 as a starter under Harbaugh , while Kaepernick was considered more dynamic with his scrambling ability and arm strength . After Smith was fully recovered , Harbaugh chose Kaepernick as the starter for the 8 -- 2 -- 1 49ers , but also stated that the assignment was week - to - week and not necessarily permanent . Kaepernick ended up being the starter for the rest of the season and led the team to an 11 -- 4 -- 1 record , throwing for 1,814 yards and 10 touchdowns , with just 3 interceptions and a 98.4 passer rating , while also rushing for 415 yards and 5 touchdowns . San Francisco 's top receiver was Crabtree , who caught 85 passes for a career - high 1,105 yards and 9 touchdowns . Other key contributors to the passing game included tight end Vernon Davis ( 41 receptions for 538 yards and 5 touchdowns ) along with offseason acquired receivers Mario Manningham and Randy Moss . Manningham had been signed away from the defending Super Bowl champion New York Giants , while Moss , the NFL 's second all - time leader in receiving yards , had been signed out of retirement after missing the previous season . The 49ers ' backfield featured Pro Bowl running back Frank Gore , who rushed for 1,214 yards and 8 touchdowns , while also catching 28 passes for 234 yards and another score . The team also had a strong offensive line with two Pro Bowl linemen , left tackle Joe Staley and left guard Mike Iupati . On special teams , punter Andy Lee led the NFL in net yards per punt ( 43.2 ) and ranked 5th in gross yards per punt ( 48.1 ) . He planted 36 punts inside the 20 - yard line with just 5 touchbacks . Kicker David Akers had a relatively bad year overall , converting only 69 percent of his field goal attempts , but in the week 1 contest against the Green Bay Packers tied the NFL record for the longest field goal with a successful 63 - yard attempt . The 49ers ' strongest unit was their defense , which ranked 2nd in fewest points allowed per game ( 17.1 ) and sent 6 of their 11 starters to the Pro Bowl . Pro Bowl defensive end Justin Smith led the line with 66 tackles and 3 sacks . Behind him , all four of the team 's starting linebackers -- Aldon Smith , NaVorro Bowman , Patrick Willis and Ahmad Brooks -- were named to the 2012 All - Pro Team , and all but Brooks made the Pro Bowl . Aldon Smith set a franchise record with 19.5 sacks , more than the rest of the team had combined . Willis ranked second on the team with 120 tackles and picked off two passes , while Bowman 's 149 tackles were second most in the NFL . The 49ers secondary featured Pro Bowl safeties Dashon Goldson and Donte Whitner . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2012 -- 13 NFL playoffs Baltimore finished the season as the AFC North champion and the number 4 seed in the American Football Conference . The Ravens began their playoff run at home against the number 5 seed Indianapolis Colts in the Wild - Card round in what would turn out to be Ray Lewis 's final career home game . They defeated the Colts 24 -- 9 , with Flacco throwing for 288 yards and two touchdowns , while their defense held the Colts to just 9 points , 13 below their regular season average . In the divisional round , the Ravens would face the top - seeded Denver Broncos , who came into the game with an 11 - game winning streak . Baltimore fell behind late in the game , but with less than a minute left on the clock , Flacco 's 70 - yard touchdown pass to Jacoby Jones sent it into overtime , a play that is known as the Mile High Miracle . An interception by Corey Graham from Peyton Manning late in the first overtime period set up Tucker 's 47 - yard field goal to win the game 1 : 42 into double overtime . Finally , Baltimore advanced to the Super Bowl by overcoming a 13 - 7 halftime deficit and then beating the second - seeded New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game 28 -- 13 , vindicating the Ravens ' loss against New England in the 2011 AFC Championship game , forcing three turnovers total , intercepting two of Tom Brady 's passes , and keeping the Patriots scoreless in the second half . By winning the game , the Ravens handed Brady his first AFC Championship Game loss at home . As the NFC West champion and the number 2 seed in the National Football Conference , San Francisco earned a first - round bye . The 49ers started their playoff run against the number 3 seed Green Bay Packers in the divisional round . Jim Harbaugh 's decision to start Kaepernick for the playoffs came into immediate question when he threw an interception that was returned for a touchdown by Sam Shields on their opening drive , but this turned out to be the only miscue he would make for the rest of the game , as well as the only interception he would throw until the Super Bowl . By the end of the game , Kaepernick racked up 444 total yards ( more than the entire Packers team ) , including 181 rushing yards , the NFL single game record for rushing yards by a quarterback , as the 49ers went on to win easily , 45 -- 31 . They then faced the top - seeded Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Championship Game , where they quickly fell behind 17 -- 0 in the first half . No team in NFC Championship Game history had ever overcome a deficit that large , but the 49ers proved up to the challenge , cutting the score to 24 -- 21 going into the final quarter . Late in the game , their comeback hopes suffered a setback when Crabtree lost a fumble on the 1 - yard line as he was going in for the leading score . However , their defense forced a punt , and Ted Ginn Jr. 's 20 - yard return set up a touchdown run by Gore . The defense then held firm , forcing a turnover on downs at their 10 - yard line to secure the victory . Pregame notes ( edit ) This was the first Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXXVII that did not feature the New England Patriots , Indianapolis Colts , or the Pittsburgh Steelers as the AFC representatives . Baltimore defeated the Colts and Patriots during the playoffs while the Steelers failed to make the playoffs . By contrast , the NFC had a different member go to the Super Bowl almost every year during that same span , with the New York Giants ( who won Super Bowls XLII and XLVI ) being the only NFC team to make two appearances during that span . With the 49ers making their first Super Bowl appearance since Super Bowl XXIX , this left the Dallas Cowboys ( last appeared in Super Bowl XXX ) , Detroit Lions ( never appeared in a Super Bowl ) , Minnesota Vikings ( last appeared in Super Bowl XI ) and Washington Redskins ( last appeared in Super Bowl XXVI ) as the only NFC teams not to play in a Super Bowl since 1998 , with only the Vikings ( on three occasions ) even advancing to the NFC Championship Game . The 49ers attempted to follow the 2012 World Series championship victory of Major League Baseball 's San Francisco Giants . The last time a metropolitan area won the World Series and Super Bowl in the same season was when the Boston Red Sox won the 2004 World Series followed by the Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXIX . As the 49ers -- who were attempting to join the New York Giants and Green Bay Packers as the only teams to win a Super Bowl in three different decades -- were the designated home team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams , San Francisco elected to wear their red jerseys , which they wore in Super Bowls XIX , XXIII , and XXIX ( wearing an alternate throwback red jersey with three - dimensional numerals in XXIX ) , and gold pants ( worn in their first four Super Bowl appearances ) for the first time since Super Bowl XXIV ( having worn white pants in XXIX along with the aforementioned throwback jerseys ) . The Ravens wore white jerseys as they did in Super Bowl XXXV , but with black pants this time instead of white . Due to the Ravens having their Art Modell memorial patch on the left side of their jerseys , the team wore their Super Bowl XLVII patch on the right side . Much of the pregame media hype centered around the Harbaugh brothers , and how their father Jack , a former college football head coach , raised them . On January 24 , Jack , along with his wife Jackie and daughter Joani , conducted a media conference call , answering questions about John and Jim . Jackie jokingly asked if the game could end in a tie , before stating that the family was staying neutral but remain excited that both John and Jim brought their respective teams to the Super Bowl . The Harbaugh brothers then conducted a joint press conference on the Friday before the game , which is unusual for opposing Super Bowl coaches , but it was done because of the historic nature of the game . Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) United States ( edit ) The game was carried by CBS in the United States , with Jim Nantz calling play - by - play and Phil Simms as color analyst . For the second consecutive year , a webcast was provided ; this time on CBSSports.com . A special episode of Elementary would be the lead - out program of this Super Bowl . The network 's owned and operated stations in Baltimore and San Francisco , WJZ - TV ( originally an ABC affiliate ) and KPIX - TV respectively , were for many years owned by Westinghouse Broadcasting , which merged with CBS in 1995 . Thus , this became the first CBS - aired Super Bowl to involve two former Westinghouse markets since the merger . Additionally , this Super Bowl gave CBS the distinction of televising both of the Ravens ' appearances ( and victories ) so far ( after Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 ) . The game was later featured as one of the NFL 's Greatest Games under the title `` Change of Momentum '' . International ( edit ) A feed designed for areas less familiar with American football was produced by NFL Network , with Bob Papa ( the regular - season voice of the New York Giants ) calling play - by - play and Joe Theismann as color analyst . The NFL claimed that their feed would go to 180 countries . Commercials ( edit ) According to CBS , the price of a 30 - second advertisement hit a record high US $ 4,000,000 . General Motors announced it would not advertise on the game , citing the advertising costs . Adbowl had a special theme this year for the Super Bowl , called `` Catbowl 2013 '' , which pitted the best commercials by votes with cat videos to see which one is more popular . The advertisers for Super Bowl XLVII included Mercedes - Benz , Gildan , Samsung , BlackBerry , Kraft Foods , Subway , Taco Bell , Procter & Gamble , Best Buy , Coca - Cola , Sodastream , PepsiCo ( including entries in the Doritos Crash the Super Bowl contest ) , Axe , Audi , Kia Motors , Ford Motor Company , Wonderful Pistachios , GoDaddy , and perpetual Super Bowl advertiser Anheuser - Busch . Ram Trucks and the Future Farmers of America ran a two - minute commercial based on the Paul Harvey speech `` So God Made a Farmer . '' Movie studios Paramount Pictures , Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios paying for movie trailers to be aired during the Super Bowl . With Paramount paying for Star Trek Into Darkness and World War Z , Universal paying for the debut trailer for Fast & Furious 6 that followed Monsters vs. Aliens ' footsteps and Disney paying for Iron Man 3 , The Lone Ranger and Oz the Great and Powerful . International broadcasters ( edit ) Australia : Network Ten / One , ESPN on Foxtel . All used CBS commentary and feed Austria : Puls 4 . Brazil : TV Esporte Interativo and ESPN . Canada : CTV simulcast CBS ' coverage in Canada , with simultaneous substitution expected to be invoked . The CTV coverage was simulcast online within Canada by TSN.ca , and in French on RDS . China : Shanghai Media Group controls broadcast rights to the game . Czech Republic : Sport 1 . Denmark : TV3+ . Finland : Nelonen Pro 1 with Finnish commentary and Nelonen Pro 2 with English commentary . France : W9 and BeIN Sport . Germany : ESPN America , Sat. 1 and Sport1 Hungary : Sport 1 . India : STAR Sports and ESPN India . But in reality , at the time of the Super Bowl , STAR Sports televised `` Australian Ironman '' and ESPN India televised `` Football Asia . '' Ireland : BBC and Sky Sports . Israel : Sport 5 Italy : Sportitalia 2 Japan : NHK Mexico : Azteca 7 , Canal 5 and ESPN . Norway : Viasat 4 , Viasat Sport . Philippines : Fox Sports Asia and Solar Sports . Both used the NFL Network feed . Poland : Polsat Sport , ESPN America . Portugal : Sport TV . Romania : Sport 1 . Russia : NTV Plus . South Africa : ESPN America . Sweden : TV10 . United Kingdom : BBC and Sky Sports . Radio ( edit ) In the United States , the game was carried nationwide over the Dial Global radio network , with Kevin Harlan as play - by - play announcer , Boomer Esiason as color analyst , and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters . Univision Radio broadcast the game in Spanish . Each team 's flagship station also carried the game : WIYY and WBAL broadcast the game in Baltimore , with Gerry Sandusky on play - by - play and Stan White and Qadry Ismail on color commentary . In San Francisco , the game was broadcast on KSAN - FM and KNBR , with Ted Robinson on play - by - play , Eric Davis on color commentary , and Rod Brooks reporting from the sidelines . Both WBAL and KNBR are clear - channel stations , which allowed the local commentaries to be heard throughout the Eastern and Western United States , respectively . Per contractual rules , the rest of the stations in the 49ers ' and Ravens ' radio networks carried the Dial Global feed . Internationally , the game was carried on radio as follows : Canada : TSN Radio ( Dial Global simulcast ) United Kingdom : BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra Sirius XM Radio and NFL Audio Pass carried the local , Dial Global , and select international audio feeds . Entertainment ( edit ) Pregame ( edit ) Sandy Hook Elementary School Choir performing before Super Bowl XLVII On January 18 , 2013 , the league announced that Alicia Keys would sing the national anthem . Keys stated that she would not perform the song traditionally and instead would perform it as if it were `` a brand new song . '' Jennifer Hudson and a chorus of several students from Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown , Connecticut , the site of the shooting on December 14 , 2012 , performed `` America the Beautiful '' . The coin toss ceremony featured the recent inductees to the Pro Football Hall of Fame : Larry Allen , Cris Carter , Curley Culp , Warren Sapp , Bill Parcells , Jonathan Ogden , and Dave Robinson . Halftime ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl XLVII halftime show The halftime show featuring Beyoncé On October 16 , 2012 , Beyoncé was chosen as the headline performer for the Super Bowl halftime show , with a reunited Destiny 's Child also appearing as part of the show . Despite initial reports that mentioned that Beyoncé 's husband , Jay Z , was a potential collaborator on the show , he did not make an appearance . Beyoncé was the second most - watched halftime show in history with 104 million viewers . Game Summary ( edit ) First quarter ( edit ) San Francisco was hurt by penalties and turnovers early in the game as the Ravens built a 21 -- 6 first - half lead . On their first play of the opening drive , tight end Vernon Davis 's 20 - yard reception was called back by an illegal formation penalty . The team ended up punting after three more plays , and Jacoby Jones returned the ball 17 yards to the Ravens ' 49 - yard line . Baltimore then drove 51 yards , scoring on Joe Flacco 's 13 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Anquan Boldin . Flacco had previously thrown a third - down incompletion , but an offsides penalty against linebacker Ahmad Brooks gave him a second chance . San Francisco responded on their next possession , moving the ball 62 yards in a 12 - play drive , with quarterback Colin Kaepernick completing a 19 - yard pass to Michael Crabtree and a 24 - yarder to Davis . David Akers finished the drive with a 36 - yard field goal to cut the score to 7 -- 3 . Baltimore responded with a drive to the 49ers ' 37 - yard line , featuring a 30 - yard catch by Boldin , but came up empty after Flacco was sacked on third down for a 5 - yard loss by defensive tackle Ray McDonald , pushing the Ravens out of field goal range . Second quarter ( edit ) Five plays into the 49ers ' next drive , linebacker Courtney Upshaw forced a fumble from running back LaMichael James , and Baltimore 's Arthur Jones recovered it on the Ravens ' 25 - yard line . Baltimore drove 75 yards on 10 plays , 42 of those came from a 23 - yard and a 14 - yard pass to tight end Ed Dickson , the second followed by a 15 - yard facemask penalty on Donte Whitner . Dennis Pitta caught a 1 - yard touchdown catch on the final play of the drive and the extra point made the score 14 -- 3 . Jacoby Jones dives for the end zone during the second quarter . view from the south end zone during 1st half of the game On the first play of the next drive , Ed Reed intercepted a pass by Kaepernick and returned the ball 6 yards to the 49ers ' 38 - yard line . This was the first interception thrown by San Francisco in any of their six Super Bowl appearances . Unnecessary roughness charges were called after the play on players from both teams so the charges offset . Baltimore reached the red zone on their next drive , but was unable to score . Following a one - yard run by Bernard Pierce and two incomplete passes , rookie kicker Justin Tucker was tackled 1 yard short of a first down while running the ball on a fake field goal play . San Francisco was forced to a three - and - out on the drive . Jones muffed the punt , but recovered the ball and returned it 11 yards to the Ravens ' 44 - yard line . Two plays later , Jones made a falling catch deep down the field , then got back up and eluded two 49ers defensive backs en route to a 56 - yard touchdown reception , making the score 21 -- 3 with less than two minutes to go in the first half . On the second play of San Francisco 's next drive , tight end Delanie Walker caught a 14 - yard pass from Kaepernick , which was extended by a 15 - yard roughing the passer penalty against Haloti Ngata . After an incomplete first down attempt , Walker received another 28 - yard pass , putting San Francisco on the Baltimore 17 - yard line . San Francisco reached the 9 - yard line , but were unable to convert on three plays . On the last play of the half , Akers kicked his second field goal to cut their deficit to 21 -- 6 . Third quarter ( edit ) Baltimore Ravens quarterback Joe Flacco attempts a pass to Ray Rice . On the second - half kickoff , Jacoby Jones fielded the kick and promptly returned it 108 yards for the longest play in Super Bowl history . It broke the previous 104 - yard record for the longest kickoff return in the playoffs ( set by Trindon Holliday of the Denver Broncos in the divisional playoff game earlier that year against Baltimore ) , and it tied an NFL record already held by Jones and shared with Ellis Hobbs and Randall Cobb for the longest kickoff return . With the extra point , Baltimore was now leading 28 -- 6 . Shortly into the 49ers ' next drive , a power outage caused the lights to go out in half of the stadium , stopping play for 34 minutes . The outage was caused by equipment failure at the stadium . Further information : § Power outage After play resumed , both teams punted once . Then San Francisco drove 80 yards , with Kaepernick rushing for 15 yards and completing an 18 - yard pass to Davis before finishing the drive with a pass to Crabtree , who broke through two potential Ravens tacklers on the way to a 31 - yard touchdown reception . Then Baltimore was forced to punt from their own 9 - yard line following Brooks ' 8 - yard sack of Flacco on third down , and Ted Ginn Jr. returned the ball 32 yards to the 20 before being shoved out of bounds by punter Sam Koch . Kaepernick completed a 14 - yard pass to Davis on the next play , and Gore followed it up with a 6 - yard touchdown run , cutting the score to 28 -- 20 . On the second play of the fourth quarter , Baltimore committed their first turnover when defensive back Tarell Brown forced and recovered a fumble from Ray Rice on the Ravens ' 25 - yard line . Three plays later , Akers missed ( went wide left ) on a 39 - yard field goal attempt , but Baltimore 's Chykie Brown was penalized for running into the kicker , and Akers ' second attempt was good from 34 yards , trimming the lead to 28 -- 23 . Fourth quarter ( edit ) The Ravens responded on their ensuing possession , moving the ball 77 yards and advancing to the San Francisco 1 - yard line , with Boldin catching two passes for 39 yards . But they were unable to reach the end zone and settled for Tucker 's 19 - yard field goal to put them back up by 8 points , 31 -- 23 . San Francisco stormed back , scoring in just five plays . Following a 32 - yard reception by Randy Moss and a 21 - yard burst by Gore , Kaepernick took the ball across the goal line on a 15 - yard run , the longest touchdown run by a quarterback in Super Bowl history . However , the ensuing two - point conversion failed , so the 49ers were unable to break the deficit , still trailing at 31 -- 29 . On the Ravens ' ensuing drive , Boldin caught two passes for 22 yards and Rice rushed for 11 yards as the team moved the ball 55 yards and scored on Tucker 's 38 - yard field goal , making the score 34 -- 29 with 4 : 19 left in regulation . San Francisco used up two timeouts on their next drive , but managed to move the ball to a first and goal on the Ravens ' 7 - yard line following a 24 - yard catch by Crabtree and a 33 - yard run by Gore . Ed Reed celebrates following victory . With four chances to take the lead , San Francisco started out with a 2 - yard run by James to the 5 - yard line . Then Kaepernick threw two incompletions , bringing up fourth down . On their last chance , Kaepernick tried to throw the ball to Crabtree in the end zone , but it was too far ahead and the pass fell incomplete . Defensive back Jimmy Smith and Crabtree both made contact prior to the ball arriving , but no penalty was called and the 49ers turned the ball over on downs with 1 : 46 left in the game . San Francisco managed to force a three - and - out on the Ravens ' next drive , but as they had only one timeout remaining , the Ravens were able to run the clock down to twelve seconds . On fourth down , and after the Ravens then called a timeout of their own , punter Sam Koch fielded the snap in his own end zone . In an effort to kill as much of the twelve remaining seconds on the clock , Koch was instructed not to punt the ball but rather hang on to it and scramble around in the end zone . Koch was able to scramble for eight seconds before giving up an intentional safety by running out of the side of the end zone , leaving just four seconds remaining . On the ensuing free kick , Ginn returned the ball 31 yards , but was tackled at midfield by linebacker Josh Bynes as time expired . Lombardi trophy presentation . Power outage ( edit ) Emergency lights provided some illumination during the power outage . Play was interrupted for 34 minutes because of a 22 - minute partial power outage . Emergency generators provided backup lighting . The fire department ( NOFD ) rescued people from elevator seven , but other elevators were brought to the ground uneventfully . Attendees used double the usual amount of data for their cell phones . AT&T reported 78 gigabytes ( GB ) downloaded from 8 to 9 PM , about double from the peak the year before . NFL chief security officer Jeffrey Miller attributed fans ' calmness to their preoccupation with their electronics . SMG , the Superdome 's management company , recently upgraded electrical systems at the facility . In an October 15 , 2012 memo , Louisiana officials expressed concern that the equipment bringing electricity into the stadium from utility company Entergy had a `` chance of failure '' . Authorities subsequently spent nearly $1 million on upgrades to the stadium , more than half of that paid to Allstar Electric to upgrade electrical feeder cables . Entergy and SMG both said the problem was in interconnection equipment , and SMG has hired a third party to investigate . Investigations homed in on a newly installed switchgear . Entergy installed a pair of relays made by Rogers Park 's S&C Electric Company of Rogers Park , Chicago to ensure continued power supply in case one supply line failed . One of those relays tripped . Subsequent tests showed one of the relays functioned properly and the other did not . S&C Electric Co. claims the relay 's trip setting was too low , but Entergy claims that the two were set identically . Electricity usage during the game was on par with a regular New Orleans Saints game . The halftime show was powered by a generator that did not impact the stadium 's power . Ray Lewis later stated in an interview that he believed the blackout was part of a conspiracy , saying `` You 're a zillion dollar company and your lights go out ? No . No way . '' 49ers CEO Jed York responded to the claim on Twitter in jest , tweeting `` There is no conspiracy . I pulled the plug . '' Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XLVII : Baltimore Ravens 34 , San Francisco 49ers 31 Total Ravens ( AFC ) 7 14 7 6 34 49ers ( NFC ) 17 8 31 at Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana Date : February 3 , 2013 Game time : 5 : 31 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( dome stadium ) Game attendance : 71,024 Referee : Jerome Boger TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz , Phil Simms , Steve Tasker , Solomon Wilcots Gamebook ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP BAL SF 10 : 36 6 51 2 : 29 BAL Anquan Boldin 13 - yard touchdown reception from Joe Flacco , Justin Tucker kick good 7 0 3 : 58 12 62 6 : 38 SF 36 - yard field goal by David Akers 7 7 : 10 10 75 4 : 43 BAL Dennis Pitta 1 - yard touchdown reception from Flacco , Tucker kick good 14 1 : 45 56 0 : 22 BAL Jacoby Jones 56 - yard touchdown reception from Flacco , Tucker kick good 21 0 : 00 8 71 1 : 45 SF 27 - yard field goal by Akers 21 6 14 : 49 -- -- -- BAL J. Jones 108 - yard kickoff return for a touchdown , Tucker kick good 28 6 7 : 20 7 80 3 : 06 SF Michael Crabtree 31 - yard touchdown reception from Colin Kaepernick , Akers kick good 28 13 4 : 59 20 0 : 48 SF Frank Gore 6 - yard touchdown run , Akers kick good 28 20 3 : 10 8 1 : 00 SF 34 - yard field goal by Akers 28 23 12 : 54 12 71 5 : 16 BAL 19 - yard field goal by Tucker 31 23 9 : 57 5 76 2 : 57 SF Kaepernick 15 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass failed 31 29 4 : 19 10 59 5 : 38 BAL 38 - yard field goal by Tucker 34 29 0 : 04 -- -- -- SF Sam Koch − 8 - yard run , out of own end zone for a safety 34 31 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 34 31 Statistical overview ( edit ) Both teams combined for 312 kickoff return yards , a Super Bowl record . The Ravens scored the same amount of points ( 34 ) in both of their Super Bowl appearances . Meanwhile , the 49ers became just the second team to lose the Super Bowl while scoring more than 30 points after the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XIII ; in both cases , the losing team scored 31 points . As such , these two Super Bowls are the only two times in NFL history ( including the pre-Super Bowl era ) in which both teams scored over 30 points in a Championship game . For the Ravens , Anquan Boldin was the leading receiver with 6 receptions for 106 yards and a touchdown . Paul Kruger had three tackles and two sacks , while Ed Reed had five tackles and an interception . Reed 's interception gave him 9 career postseason picks , tying the NFL record . Dannell Ellerbe had nine tackles , while Ray Lewis had seven tackles in the final game of his 17 - season career . Baltimore 's Jacoby Jones returned 5 kickoffs for 208 yards and a touchdown , two punts for 28 yards , and caught a 56 - yard touchdown pass . He tied an NFL league record and set a Super Bowl record for longest kickoff return in a Super Bowl with a 108 - yard return to open up the second half . Jones also set or tied the following records : the record for most combined yards in a Super Bowl game with 290 , tied the record for most touchdown plays of 50 yards or more , with 2 and became the first player to score a receiving touchdown and return touchdown in a Super Bowl . For San Francisco , Colin Kaepernick completed 16 of 28 passes for 302 yards and a touchdown , while also rushing for 62 yards and another score , but had 1 interception . His 62 rushing yards were the second highest total by a quarterback in the Super Bowl , behind Tennessee Titans quarterback Steve McNair 's record of 64 in Super Bowl XXXIV . Kaepernick also set a Super Bowl record for the longest rushing touchdown from a quarterback for his 15 - yard touchdown run in the fourth quarter . This beat the previous 6 - yard record held by the 49ers ' Joe Montana achieved in Super Bowl XIX . Frank Gore rushed for 110 yards and a touchdown . Michael Crabtree caught 5 passes for 109 yards and a touchdown , while Davis caught 6 passes for 104 yards . His 104 receiving yards tied Dan Ross 's record for the most ever by a tight end in a Super Bowl . Patrick Willis was the top tackler of the game with 10 , while Brooks had five tackles and a sack . Because of the power outage in the third quarter , the game set a Super Bowl record long running time of 4 hours and 14 minutes . During the presentation of the Vince Lombardi Trophy , Hall of Fame defensive end Richard Dent brought the trophy to the stage . Twitter announced that a record 24.1 million tweets were sent the night of the game . Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XLVII , The Football Database Super Bowl XLVII Statistical comparison ( edit ) Baltimore Ravens San Francisco 49ers First downs 21 23 First downs rushing 6 9 First downs passing 13 13 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 9 / 16 2 / 9 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 2 0 / 1 Net yards rushing 93 182 Rushing attempts 35 29 Yards per rush 2.7 6.3 Passing -- Completions - attempts 22 / 33 16 / 28 Times sacked - total yards 2 -- 13 3 -- 16 Interceptions thrown 0 Net yards passing 274 286 Total net yards 367 468 Punt returns - total yards 2 -- 28 1 -- 32 Kickoff returns - total yards 5 -- 206 4 -- 106 Interceptions - total return yards 1 -- 6 0 -- 0 Punts - average yardage 3 -- 47.0 3 -- 53.0 Fumbles - lost 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 Penalties - yards 2 -- 20 5 -- 33 Time of possession 32 : 23 27 : 37 Turnovers Records set Most Combined Yards , Game 290 yards Jacoby Jones , Baltimore Longest Play 108 yard kick return Longest Kick Return 108 yards Longest Kick Return for TD 108 yards Longest TD Run , Quarterback 15 yards Colin Kaepernick , San Francisco Most Kickoff - Return Yards , Both Teams 312 yards Baltimore 206 , San Francisco 106 Longest Time Of Game 4 : 14 Records tied Most TDs , Plays of 50 - or - More Yards , Game Jacoby Jones , Baltimore Most Receiving Yards , Game , Tight End 104 Vernon Davis , San Francisco Most TDs , Kickoff Returns , Game Jacoby Jones , Baltimore Most Safeties , Game Chris Culliver , San Francisco Most TDs , Kickoff Returns , Game , Team Baltimore Most Safeties , Game , Team San Francisco Most Players , 100 - or - More Receiving Yards , Game , Team San Francisco ( Michael Crabtree 109 , Vernon Davis 104 ) Most Points , Third Quarter , Both Teams 24 San Francisco 17 , Baltimore 7 Most Field Goals , Game , Both Teams 5 San Francisco 3 , Baltimore 2 Most Field Goals Without Miss , Game , Both Teams 5 San Francisco 3 , Baltimore 2 Fewest Rushing Touchdowns , Game , Team 0 Baltimore Individual leaders ( edit ) Ravens Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Joe Flacco 22 / 33 287 0 124.2 Ravens Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Ray Rice 20 59 0 12 2.95 Bernard Pierce 12 33 0 8 2.75 Justin Tucker 8 0 8 8.00 Vonta Leach 0 1.00 Sam Koch -- 8 0 -- 8 -- 8.00 Ravens Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Anquan Boldin 6 104 30 10 Dennis Pitta 26 9 5 Ray Rice 19 0 7 Vonta Leach 10 0 8 Ed Dickson 37 0 23 Torrey Smith 35 0 20 6 Jacoby Jones 56 56 49ers Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Colin Kaepernick 16 / 28 302 91.7 49ers Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Frank Gore 19 110 33 5.79 Colin Kaepernick 7 62 15 8.86 LaMichael James 10 0 9 3.33 49ers Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Vernon Davis 6 104 0 29 8 Michael Crabtree 5 109 31 10 Delanie Walker 48 0 28 Randy Moss 41 0 32 5 Ted Ginn Jr . 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Hall of Fame ‡ Baltimore Position Position San Francisco Offense Torrey Smith WR Michael Crabtree Bryant McKinnie LT Joe Staley Kelechi Osemele LG Mike Iupati Matt Birk Jonathan Goodwin Marshal Yanda RG Alex Boone Michael Oher RT Anthony Davis Anquan Boldin WR TE Vernon Davis Jacoby Jones WR Randy Moss ‡ Joe Flacco QB Colin Kaepernick Vonta Leach FB TE Delanie Walker Ray Rice RB Frank Gore Defense Haloti Ngata DT LDT Ray McDonald Ma'ake Kemoeatu NT Isaac Sopoaga Arthur Jones DE RDT Justin Smith Terrell Suggs RUSH ROLB Ahmad Brooks Dannell Ellerbe WILL JACK NaVorro Bowman Ray Lewis ‡ MIKE Patrick Willis Courtney Upshaw SAM LOLB Aldon Smith Corey Graham LCB Carlos Rogers Cary Williams RCB Tarell Brown Ed Reed FS Dashon Goldson Bernard Pollard SS Donte Whitner Officials ( edit ) Referee -- Jerome Boger Umpire -- Darrell Jenkins Head Linesman -- Steve Stelljes Line Judge -- Byron Boston Field Judge -- Craig Wrolstad Side Judge -- Joe Larrew Back Judge -- Dino Paganelli Alternate Referee -- Bill Vinovich Alternate Umpire -- Bruce Stritesky Alternate Flank -- Tom Stephan Alternate Deep -- Scott Edwards Alternate Back Judge -- Steve Freeman References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco 49ers favored over Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XLVII '' . 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Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SMA Addresses the Super Bowl Power Outage '' . Venues Today . February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deckard , Linda ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Behind the Headlines : Super Bowl Blackout '' . Venues Today . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moritz , Scott ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` AT&T sets Super Bowl mobile traffic record '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin McGill ; Michael Kunzelman ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Superdome Power an Issue Before Big Game , AP Finds '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perlstein , Mike ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Faulty piece of new equipment likely to blame for Super Bowl power outage '' . WWL TV . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bomkamp , Samantha ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Power relay from local supplier at fault in Super Bowl outage '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Power company says Super Bowl blackout was caused by device designed to prevent power outages '' . Washington Post . AP . February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl blackout caused by faulty relay device , report finds '' . NFL.com . AP . March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Lewis : Super Bowl XLVII blackout was no accident '' . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Game - Time Temperatures '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records set / tied in Super Bowl XLVII '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matuszewski , Erik ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Ravens ' Super Bowl Win , Safety Combine to Deal Las Vegas a Loss '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colin Kaepernick 's touchdown run sets Super Bowl record -- NFL -- Sporting News '' . SportingNews . AOL . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ortutay , Barbara ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` LIVE ACTION : TWITTER GRABS SUPER BOWL SPOTLIGHT '' . AP . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records set / tied in Super Bowl XLVII '' . Fox Sports . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVII -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jerome Boger leads Super Bowl officiating crew '' . SI.com . Associated Press . January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Super Bowl XLVII : Ravens defeat 49ers , 34 -- 31 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl XLVII . Official website Super Bowl XLVII Official Site at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 3 , 2013 ) Super Bowl XLVII play - by - play : Ravens 34 , 49ers 31 Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Baltimore Ravens Super Bowl XLVII champions 2 Tyrod Taylor 4 Sam Koch 5 Joe Flacco ( MVP ) 9 Justin Tucker 10 Dennis Dixon 11 Tommy Streeter 12 Jacoby Jones 15 LaQuan Williams 16 David Reed 17 Tandon Doss 20 Ed Reed 21 Lardarius Webb 22 Jimmy Smith 23 Chykie Brown 24 Corey Graham 25 Asa Jackson 26 Emanuel Cook 27 Ray Rice 28 Damien Berry 29 Cary Williams 30 Bernard Pierce 31 Bernard Pollard 32 James Ihedigbo 33 Christian Thompson 34 Bobby Rainey 35 Anthony Allen 37 Sean Considine 38 Omar Brown 39 Chris Johnson 41 Anthony Levine 42 Nigel Carr 44 Vonta Leach 45 Lonyae Miller 46 Morgan Cox 47 Ricky Brown 48 Alex Silvestro 49 D.J. Bryant 50 Albert McClellan 51 Brendon Ayanbadejo 52 Ray Lewis 53 Jameel McClain 54 Adrian Hamilton 55 Terrell Suggs 56 Josh Bynes 58 Michael McAdoo 59 Dannell Ellerbe 60 Antoine McClain 62 Reggie Stephens 62 Terrence Cody 63 Bobbie Williams 66 Gino Gradkowski 69 Jack Cornell 70 Ramon Harewood 72 Kelechi Osemele 73 Marshal Yanda 74 Michael Oher 76 Jah Reid 77 Matt Birk 78 Bryant McKinnie 81 Anquan Boldin 82 Torrey Smith 83 Deonte Thompson 84 Ed Dickson 86 Billy Bajema 88 Dennis Pitta 90 Pernell McPhee 91 Courtney Upshaw 92 Haloti Ngata 93 DeAngelo Tyson 95 Bryan Hall 96 Ma'ake Kemoeatu 97 Arthur Jones 98 Ryan McBean 99 Paul Kruger Head coach : John Harbaugh Coaches : Teryl Austin Juney Barnett Clarence Brooks Jason Brooks Randy Brown Jim Caldwell Jay Harbaugh Wade Harman Chris Hewitt Jim Hostler Don Martindale Andy Moeller Ted Monachino Wilbert Montgomery Dean Pees Bob Rogucki Jerry Rosburg Craig Ver Steeg Todd Washington Matt Weiss Baltimore Ravens Founded in 1996 Based in Baltimore , Maryland Headquartered in Owings Mills , Maryland Franchise History Seasons Head coaches Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Draft history Ring of Honor Stadiums Memorial Stadium M&T Bank Stadium Key personnel Owner : Steve Bisciotti President : Dick Cass General manager : Ozzie Newsome Head coach : John Harbaugh Culture and lore Baltimore 's Marching Ravens ( The Band That Would n't Die ) Cheerleaders Cleveland Browns relocation controversy Edgar , Allan , and Poe Mile High Miracle Rivalries Pittsburgh Steelers New England Patriots Division championships ( 4 ) 2003 2006 2011 2012 Conference championships ( 2 ) 2000 2012 League championships ( 2 ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2012 ( XLVII ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 22 ) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold San Francisco 49ers Founded in 1946 Based and headquartered in Santa Clara , California Franchise Franchise Team history Coaches Players Seasons Logo and uniform history Starting quarterbacks Draft history Broadcasters Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Levi 's Stadium Culture Sourdough Sam San Francisco Gold Rush West Coast offense KGO KNBR Lore The Catch Joe Cool Million Dollar Backfield Snowball Game Harbaugh Bowl Rivalries Los Angeles Rams Seattle Seahawks Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Key figures Eddie DeBartolo Denise DeBartolo York Jed York John York Gideon Yu Division championships ( 19 ) 1970 1971 1972 1981 1984 1986 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 2002 2011 2012 Conference championships ( 6 ) 1981 1984 1988 1989 1994 2012 League championships ( 5 ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1994 ( XXIX ) Retired numbers 8 12 16 34 37 39 70 58 70 80 87 BW Mr. D Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1950 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation All - 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"Super Bowl XLVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2012 season. The Ravens defeated the 49ers by the score of 34–31, handing the 49ers their first Super Bowl loss in franchise history. The game was played on February 3, 2013, at Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.[7][8] This was the tenth Super Bowl to be played in New Orleans, equaling Miami's record of ten in an individual city.[9]",
"Super Bowl XLVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2012 season. The Ravens defeated the 49ers by the score of 34–31, handing the 49ers their first Super Bowl loss in franchise history. The game was played on February 3, 2013, at Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.[7][8] This was the tenth Super Bowl to be played in New Orleans, equaling Miami's record of ten in an individual city.[9]"
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"Baltimore Ravens",
"San Francisco 49ers"
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-7882370774317672666 | Jet stream | Jet stream - wikipedia Jet stream Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Jet stream ( disambiguation ) . Play media The polar jet stream can travel at speeds greater than 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) . Here , the fastest winds are coloured red ; slower winds are blue . Clouds along a jet stream over Canada . Part of the nature series Weather Calendar seasons Winter Spring Summer Autumn Tropical seasons Dry season Wet season Storms Cloud Cumulonimbus cloud Arcus cloud Downburst Microburst Heat burst Dust storm Simoom Haboob Monsoon Gale Sirocco Firestorm Lightning Supercell Thunderstorm Severe thunderstorm Thundersnow Storm surge Tornado Cyclone Mesocyclone Anticyclone Tropical cyclone ( Hurricane ) Extratropical cyclone European windstorm Atlantic Hurricane Typhoon Derecho Landspout Dust devil Fire whirl Waterspout Winter storm Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall Precipitation Drizzle ( Freezing drizzle ) Graupel Hail Ice pellets ( Diamond dust ) Rain ( Freezing rain ) Cloudburst Snow Rain and snow mixed Snow grains Snow roller Slush Topics Atmospheric river Atmospheric convection Air pollution Climate Cloud Fog Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology Severe weather Weather forecasting Weather portal Jet streams are fast flowing , narrow , meandering air currents in the atmospheres of some planets , including Earth . On Earth , the main jet streams are located near the altitude of the tropopause and are westerly winds ( flowing west to east ) . Their paths typically have a meandering shape . Jet streams may start , stop , split into two or more parts , combine into one stream , or flow in various directions including opposite to the direction of the remainder of the jet . The strongest jet streams are the polar jets , at 9 -- 12 km ( 30,000 -- 39,000 ft ) above sea level , and the higher altitude and somewhat weaker subtropical jets at 10 -- 16 km ( 33,000 -- 52,000 ft ) . The Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere each have a polar jet and a subtropical jet . The northern hemisphere polar jet flows over the middle to northern latitudes of North America , Europe , and Asia and their intervening oceans , while the southern hemisphere polar jet mostly circles Antarctica all year round . Jet streams are the product of two factors : the atmospheric heating by solar radiation that produces the large scale Polar , Ferrel , and Hadley circulation cells , and the action of the Coriolis force acting on those moving masses . The Coriolis force is caused by the planet 's rotation on its axis . On other planets , internal heat rather than solar heating drives their jet streams . The Polar jet stream forms near the interface of the Polar and Ferrel circulation cells ; while the subtropical jet forms near the boundary of the Ferrel and Hadley circulation cells . Other jet streams also exist . During the Northern Hemisphere summer , easterly jets can form in tropical regions , typically where dry air encounters more humid air at high altitudes . Low - level jets also are typical of various regions such as the central United States . There are also jetstreams in the thermosphere . Meteorologists use the location of some of the jet streams as an aid in weather forecasting . The main commercial relevance of the jet streams is in air travel , as flight time can be dramatically affected by either flying with the flow or against , which results in significant fuel and time cost savings for airlines . Often , the airlines work to fly ' with ' the jet stream for this reason . Dynamic North Atlantic Tracks are one example of how airlines and air traffic control work together to accommodate the jet stream and winds aloft that results in the maximum benefit for airlines and other users . Clear - air turbulence , a potential hazard to aircraft passenger safety , is often found in a jet stream 's vicinity , but it does not create a substantial alteration on flight times . These are a narrow belt . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Description 3 Cause 3.1 Polar jet stream 3.2 Subtropical jet 3.3 Other planets 4 Some effects 4.1 Hurricane protection 5 Uses 5.1 Aviation 5.2 Possible future power generation 5.3 Unpowered aerial attack 6 Changes due to climate cycles 6.1 Effects of ENSO 6.1. 1 El Niño 6.1. 2 La Niña 6.2 Dust Bowl 7 Longer - term climatic changes 8 Other upper - level jets 8.1 Polar night jet 9 Low level jets 9.1 Barrier jet 9.2 Valley exit jet 9.3 Africa 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Discovery ( edit ) After the 1883 eruption of the Krakatoa volcano , weather watchers tracked and mapped the effects on the sky over several years . They labelled the phenomenon the `` equatorial smoke stream '' . In the 1920s , a Japanese meteorologist , Wasaburo Oishi , detected the jet stream from a site near Mount Fuji . He tracked pilot balloons , also known as pibals ( balloons used to determine upper level winds ) , as they rose into the atmosphere . Oishi 's work largely went unnoticed outside Japan because it was published in Esperanto . American pilot Wiley Post , the first man to fly around the world solo in 1933 , is often given some credit for discovery of jet streams . Post invented a pressurized suit that let him fly above 6,200 metres ( 20,300 ft ) . In the year before his death , Post made several attempts at a high - altitude transcontinental flight , and noticed that at times his ground speed greatly exceeded his air speed . German meteorologist Heinrich Seilkopf is credited with coining a special term , Strahlströmung ( literally `` jet current '' ) , for the phenomenon in 1939 . ( Modern German usage is `` Strahlstrom ''. ) Many sources credit real understanding of the nature of jet streams to regular and repeated flight - path traversals during World War II . Flyers consistently noticed westerly tailwinds in excess of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) in flights , for example , from the US to the UK . Similarly in 1944 a team of American meteorologists in Guam , including Reid Bryson , had enough observations to forecast very high west winds that would slow bombers going to Japan . Description ( edit ) General configuration of the polar and subtropical jet streams Cross section of the subtropical and polar jet streams by latitude Polar jet streams are typically located near the 250 hPa ( about 1 / 4 atmosphere ) pressure level , or 7 to 12 kilometres ( 4.3 to 7.5 mi ) above sea level , while the weaker subtropical jet streams are much higher , between 10 and 16 kilometres ( 6.2 and 9.9 mi ) . Jet streams wander laterally dramatically , and have large changes in their altitude . The jet streams form near breaks in the tropopause , at the transitions between the Polar , Ferrel and Hadley circulation cells , and whose circulation , with the Coriolis force acting on those masses , drives the jet streams . The Polar jets , at lower altitude , and often intruding into mid-latitudes , strongly affects weather and aviation . The polar jet stream is most commonly found between latitudes 30 ° and 60 ° ( closer to 60 ° ) , while the subtropical jet streams are located close to latitude 30 ° . The northern Polar jet stream is said to `` follow the sun '' as it slowly migrates northward as that hemisphere warms , and southward again as it cools . The width of a jet stream is typically a few hundred kilometres or miles and its vertical thickness often less than five kilometres ( 3.1 miles ) . Meanders ( Rossby Waves ) of the Northern Hemisphere 's polar jet stream developing ( a ) , ( b ) ; then finally detaching a `` drop '' of cold air ( c ) . Orange : warmer masses of air ; pink : jet stream . Jet streams are typically continuous over long distances , but discontinuities are common . The path of the jet typically has a meandering shape , and these meanders themselves propagate eastward , at lower speeds than that of the actual wind within the flow . Each large meander , or wave , within the jet stream is known as a Rossby wave ( planetary wave ) . Rossby waves are caused by changes in the Coriolis effect with latitude . Shortwave troughs , are smaller scale waves superimposed on the Rossby waves , with a scale of 1,000 to 4,000 kilometres ( 620 -- 2,490 mi ) long , that move along through the flow pattern around large scale , or longwave , `` ridges '' and `` troughs '' within Rossby waves . Jet streams can split into two when it encounters an upper - level low , that diverts a portion of the jet stream under its base , while the remainder of the jet moves by to its north . The wind speeds are greatest where temperature differences ( gradient ) between air masses are greatest , and often exceed 92 km / h ( 50 kn ; 57 mph ) , to over 398 km / h ( 215 kn ; 247 mph ) have been measured . The jet stream moves from West to East bringing changes of weather . Meteorologists now understand that the path of jet streams affects cyclonic storm systems at lower levels in the atmosphere , and so knowledge of their course has become an important part of weather forecasting . For example , in 2007 and 2012 , Britain experienced severe flooding as a result of the polar jet staying south for the summer . The polar and subtropical jets merge at some locations and times , while at other times they are well separated . Cause ( edit ) Highly idealised depiction of the global circulation . The upper - level jets tend to flow latitudinally along the cell boundaries . See also : Extratropical cyclone and Thermal wind In general , winds are strongest immediately under the tropopause ( except locally , during tornadoes , tropical cyclones or other anomalous situations ) . If two air masses of different temperatures or densities meet , the resulting pressure difference caused by the density difference ( which ultimately causes wind ) is highest within the transition zone . The wind does not flow directly from the hot to the cold area , but is deflected by the Coriolis effect and flows along the boundary of the two air masses . All these facts are consequences of the thermal wind relation . The balance of forces acting on an atmospheric air parcel in the vertical direction is primarily between the gravitational force acting on the mass of the parcel and the buoyancy force , or the difference in pressure between the top and bottom surfaces of the parcel . Any imbalance between these forces results in the acceleration of the parcel in the imbalance direction : upward if the buoyant force exceeds the weight , and downward if the weight exceeds the buoyancy force . The balance in the vertical direction is referred to as hydrostatic . Beyond the tropics , the dominant forces act in the horizontal direction , and the primary struggle is between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force . Balance between these two forces is referred to as geostrophic . Given both hydrostatic and geostrophic balance , one can derive the thermal wind relation : the vertical gradient of the horizontal wind is proportional to the horizontal temperature gradient . If two air masses , one cold and dense to the North and the other hot and less dense to the South , are separated by a vertical boundary and that boundary should be removed , the difference in densities will result in the cold air mass slipping under the hotter and less dense air mass . The Coriolis effect will then cause poleward - moving mass to deviate to the East , while equatorward - moving mass will deviate toward the west . The general trend in the atmosphere is for temperatures to decrease in the poleward direction . As a result , winds develop an eastward component and that component grows with altitude . Therefore , the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles . Polar jet stream ( edit ) The thermal wind relation does not explain why the winds are organized into tight jets , rather than distributed more broadly over the hemisphere . One factor that contributes to the creation of a concentrated polar jet is the undercutting of sub-tropical air masses by the more dense polar air masses at the polar front . This causes surface low pressure and higher pressure at altitude . At high altitudes , lack of friction allows air to respond freely to the steep pressure gradient with low pressure at high altitude over the pole . This results in the formation of planetary wind circulations that experience a strong Coriolis deflection and thus can be considered ' quasi-geostrophic ' . The polar front jet stream is closely linked to the frontogenesis process in midlatitudes , as the acceleration / deceleration of the air flow induces areas of low / high pressure respectively , which link to the formation of cyclones and anticyclones along the polar front in a relatively narrow region . Subtropical jet ( edit ) A second factor which contributes to a concentrated jet , that is more applicable to the subtropical jet , which forms at the poleward limit of the tropical Hadley cell and to first order this circulation is symmetric with respect to longitude . Tropical air rises to the tropopause , and moves poleward before sinking ; this is the Hadley cell circulation . As it does so it tends to conserve angular momentum , since friction with the ground is significant . Air masses that begin moving poleward are deflected eastward by the Coriolis force ( true for either hemisphere ) , which for poleward moving air implies an increased eastward component of the winds ( note that leftward deflection in the southern hemisphere ) . Other planets ( edit ) Jupiter 's atmosphere has multiple jet streams , caused by the convection cells that form the familiar banded color structure ; on Jupiter , these convection cells are driven by internal heating . The factors that control the number of jet streams in a planetary atmosphere is an active area of research in dynamical meteorology . In models , as one increases the planetary radius , holding all other parameters fixed , the number of jet streams decreases . Some effects ( edit ) Hurricane protection ( edit ) Note the large band of moisture that developed East of Hawaii Island that came from the hurricane . The subtropical jet stream rounding the base of the mid-oceanic upper trough is thought to be one of the reasons most of the Hawaiian Islands have been resistant to the long list of Hawaii hurricanes that have approached . For example , when Hurricane Flossie ( 2007 ) approached and dissipated just before reaching landfall , the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) cited vertical wind shear as evidenced in the photo . Uses ( edit ) On Earth , the northern polar jet stream is the most important one for aviation and weather forecasting , as it is much stronger and at a much lower altitude than the subtropical jet streams and also covers many countries in the Northern Hemisphere , while the southern polar jet stream mostly circles Antarctica and sometimes the southern tip of South America . The term jet stream in these contexts thus usually implies the northern polar jet stream . Aviation ( edit ) Flights between Tokyo and Los Angeles using the jet stream eastbound and a great circle route westbound . The location of the jet stream is extremely important for aviation . Commercial use of the jet stream began on 18 November 1952 , when Pan Am flew from Tokyo to Honolulu at an altitude of 7,600 metres ( 24,900 ft ) . It cut the trip time by over one - third , from 18 to 11.5 hours . Not only does it cut time off the flight , it also nets fuel savings for the airline industry . Within North America , the time needed to fly east across the continent can be decreased by about 30 minutes if an airplane can fly with the jet stream , or increased by more than that amount if it must fly west against it . Associated with jet streams is a phenomenon known as clear - air turbulence ( CAT ) , caused by vertical and horizontal wind shear caused by jet streams . The CAT is strongest on the cold air side of the jet , next to and just under the axis of the jet . Clear - air turbulence can cause aircraft to plunge and so present a passenger safety hazard that has caused fatal accidents , such as the death of one passenger on United Airlines Flight 826 . Possible future power generation ( edit ) See also : High - altitude wind power Scientists are investigating ways to harness the wind energy within the jet stream . According to one estimate , of the potential wind energy in the jet stream , only 1 percent would be needed to meet the world 's current energy needs . The required technology would reportedly take 10 -- 20 years to develop . There are two major but divergent scientific articles about jet stream power . Archer & Caldeira claim that the Earth 's jet streams could generate a total power of 1700 terawatts ( TW ) and that the climatic impact of harnessing this amount would be negligible . However , Miller , Gans , & Kleidon claim that the jet streams could generate a total power of only 7.5 TW and that the climatic impact would be catastrophic . Unpowered aerial attack ( edit ) Near the end of World War II the Japanese fire balloon was designed as a cheap weapon intended to make use of the jet stream over the Pacific Ocean to reach the west coast of Canada and the United States . They were relatively ineffective as weapons , but they were used in one of the few attacks on North America during World War II , causing six deaths and a small amount of damage . Changes due to Climate cycles ( edit ) Effects of ENSO ( edit ) Impact of El Niño and La Niña on North America Main article : Effects of the El Niño -- Southern Oscillation in the United States El Niño - Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) influences the average location of upper - level jet streams , and leads to cyclical variations in precipitation and temperature across North America , as well as affecting tropical cyclone development across the eastern Pacific and Atlantic basins . Combined with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation , ENSO can also impact cold season rainfall in Europe . Changes in ENSO also change the location of the jet stream over South America , which partially affects precipitation distribution over the continent . El Niño ( edit ) During El Niño events , increased precipitation is expected in California due to a more southerly , zonal , storm track . During the Niño portion of ENSO , increased precipitation falls along the Gulf coast and Southeast due to a stronger than normal , and more southerly , polar jet stream . Snowfall is greater than average across the southern Rockies and Sierra Nevada mountain range , and is well below normal across the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes states . The northern tier of the lower 48 exhibits above normal temperatures during the fall and winter , while the Gulf coast experiences below normal temperatures during the winter season . The subtropical jet stream across the deep tropics of the Northern Hemisphere is enhanced due to increased convection in the equatorial Pacific , which decreases tropical cyclogenesis within the Atlantic tropics below what is normal , and increases tropical cyclone activity across the eastern Pacific . In the Southern Hemisphere , the subtropical jet stream is displaced equatorward , or north , of its normal position , which diverts frontal systems and thunderstorm complexes from reaching central portions of the continent . La Niña ( edit ) Across North America during La Niña , increased precipitation is diverted into the Pacific Northwest due to a more northerly storm track and jet stream . The storm track shifts far enough northward to bring wetter than normal conditions ( in the form of increased snowfall ) to the Midwestern states , as well as hot and dry summers . Snowfall is above normal across the Pacific Northwest and western Great Lakes . Across the North Atlantic , the jet stream is stronger than normal , which directs stronger systems with increased precipitation towards Europe . Dust Bowl ( edit ) Evidence suggests the jet stream was at least partly responsible for the widespread drought conditions during the 1930s Dust Bowl in the Midwest United States . Normally , the jet stream flows east over the Gulf of Mexico and turns northward pulling up moisture and dumping rain onto the Great Plains . During the Dust Bowl , the jet stream weakened and changed course traveling farther south than normal . This starved the Great Plains and other areas of the Midwest of rainfall , causing extraordinary drought conditions . Longer - term climatic changes ( edit ) Climate scientists have hypothesized that the jet stream will gradually weaken as a result of global warming . Trends such as Arctic sea ice decline , reduced snow cover , evapotranspiration patterns , and other weather anomalies are expected to make the Arctic heat up faster than other parts of the globe . This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds , causing the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course . Since 2007 , and particularly in 2012 and early 2013 , the jet stream has been at an abnormally low latitude across the UK , lying closer to the English Channel , around 50 ° N rather than its more usual north of Scotland latitude of around 60 ° N. However , between 1979 and 2001 , it has been found that the average position of the jet stream has been moving northward at a rate of 2.01 kilometres ( 1.25 mi ) per year across the Northern Hemisphere . Across North America , this type of change could lead to drier conditions across the southern tier of the United States and more frequent and more intense tropical cyclones in the tropics . A similar slow poleward drift was found when studying the Southern Hemisphere jet stream over the same time frame . Other upper - level jets ( edit ) Polar night jet ( edit ) This article or section appears to contradict itself . Please see the talk page for more information . ( December 2016 ) The polar - night jet stream forms only during the winter months when the nights are much longer , hence polar nights , in their respective hemispheres at around 60 ° latitude . The polar night jet moves at a greater height of about 80,000 feet ( 24,000 m ) than it does during the summer . During these dark months the air high over the poles becomes much colder than the air over the equator . This difference in temperature gives rise to extreme air pressure differences in the stratosphere , which , when combined with the Coriolis effect , create the polar night jets , that race eastward at an altitude of about 30 miles ( 48 km ) . The polar vortex is circled by the polar night jet . The warmer air can only move along the edge of the polar vortex , but not enter it . Within the vortex , the cold polar air becomes increasingly cold with neither warmer air from lower latitudes nor energy from the Sun during the polar night . Low level jets ( edit ) There are wind maxima at lower levels of the atmosphere that are also referred to as jets . Barrier jet ( edit ) A barrier jet in the low levels forms just upstream of mountain chains , with the mountains forcing the jet to be oriented parallel to the mountains . The mountain barrier increases the strength of the low level wind by 45 percent . In the North American Great Plains a southerly low - level jet helps fuel overnight thunderstorm activity during the warm season , normally in the form of mesoscale convective systems which form during the overnight hours . A similar phenomenon develops across Australia , which pulls moisture poleward from the Coral Sea towards cut - off lows which form mainly across southwestern portions of the continent . Valley exit jet ( edit ) A valley exit jet is a strong , down - valley , elevated air current that emerges above the intersection of the valley and its adjacent plain . These winds frequently reach a maximum of 20 m / s ( 45 mph or 72 km / h ) at a height of 40 -- 200 m above the ground . Surface winds below the jet may sway vegetation , but are significantly weaker . They are likely to be found in valley regions that exhibit diurnal mountain wind systems , such as those of the dry mountain ranges of the US . Deep valleys that terminate abruptly at a plain are more impacted by these factors than are those that gradually become shallower as downvalley distance increases . Africa ( edit ) See also : African easterly jet The mid-level African easterly jet occurs during the Northern Hemisphere summer between 10 ° N and 20 ° N above West Africa , and the nocturnal poleward low - level jet occurs in the Great Plains of east and South Africa . The low - level easterly African jet stream is considered to play a crucial role in the southwest monsoon of Africa , and helps form the tropical waves which move across the tropical Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans during the warm season . The formation of the thermal low over northern Africa leads to a low - level westerly jet stream from June into October . See also ( edit ) Atmospheric river Block ( meteorology ) Polar vortex Surface weather analysis Sting jet Tornado Wind shear Weather References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Geographic ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Jet stream '' . nationalgeographic.com . Jump up ^ University of Illinois . `` Jet Stream '' . Retrieved 4 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Simon ( 15 April 2010 ) . `` A Tale of Two Volcanos '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ See : Bishop , Sereno E. ( 17 January 1884 ) `` Letters to the Editor : The remarkable sunsets , '' Nature , 29 : 259 -- 260 ; on page 260 , Bishop speculates that a rapid current in the upper atmosphere was carrying the dust from the eruption of Krakatau westward around the equator . Bishop , S.E. ( May 1884 ) `` The equatorial smoke - stream from Krakatoa , '' The Hawaiian Monthly , vol. 1 , no . 5 , pages 106 -- 110 . Bishop , S.E. ( 29 January 1885 ) `` Letters to the Editor : Krakatoa , '' Nature , vol. 31 , pages 288 -- 289 . Rev. Sereno E. Bishop ( 1886 ) `` The origin of the red glows , '' American Meteorological Journal , vol. 3 , pages 127 -- 136 , 193 -- 196 ; on pages 133 -- 136 , Bishop discusses the `` equatorial smoke stream '' that was produced by the eruption of Krakatau . Hamilton , Kevin ( 2012 ) `` Sereno Bishop , Rollo Russell , Bishop 's Ring and the discovery of the `` Krakatoa easterlies '' , '' Archived 22 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Atmosphere - Ocean , vol. 50 , no . 2 , pages 169 -- 175 . Krakatoa Committee of the Royal Society ( of London ) , The Eruption of Krakatoa and Subsequent Phenomena ( London , England : Harrison and Sons , 1888 ) . Evidence of an equatorial high - speed , high - altitude current ( actually , the quasi-biennial oscillation ) is presented in the following sections : Part IV. , Section II . General list of dates of first appearance of all the optical phenomena . By the Hon . Rollo Russell. , pages 263 -- 312 . Part IV. , Section III . ( A ) . General geographic distribution of all the optical phenomena in space and time ; including also velocity of translation of smoke stream . By the Hon . Rollo Russell. , pages 312 -- 326 . Part IV. , Section III . ( B ) . The connection between the propagation of the sky haze with its accompanying optical phenomena , and the general circulation of the atmosphere . By Mr. E. Douglas Archibald. , pages 326 -- 334 ; that Rev. S.E. Bishop of Honolulu first noticed a westward circulation of dust from Krakatau is acknowledged on page 333 . Part IV. , Section III . ( C ) . Spread of the phenomena round the world , with maps illustrative thereof . By the Hon . Rollo Russell. , pages 334 -- 339 ; after page 334 there are map inserts , showing the progressive spread , along the equator , of the dust from Krakatau . Jump up ^ Lewis , John M. ( 2003 ) . `` Oishi 's Observation : Viewed in the Context of Jet Stream Discovery '' . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 84 : 357 -- 369 . Bibcode : 2003BAMS ... 84 ... 357L . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - 84 - 3 - 357 . Jump up ^ Ooishi , W. ( 1926 ) Raporto de la Aerologia Observatorio de Tateno ( in Esperanto ) . Aerological Observatory Report 1 , Central Meteorological Observatory , Japan , 213 pages . Jump up ^ Martin Brenner . Pilot Balloon Resources . Retrieved on 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Acepilots.com . Wiley Post . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Seilkopf , H. , Maritime meteorologie , which is volume II of : R. Habermehl , ed. , Handbuch der Fliegenwetterkunde ( Handbook of Aeronautical Meteorology ) ( Berlin , Germany : Gebrüder Radetzke ( Radetzke Brothers ) , 1939 ) ; Seilkopf coins the word `` Strahlströmung '' on page 142 and discusses the jet stream on pages 142 -- 150 . Jump up ^ Arbeiten zur allgemeinen Klimatologie By Hermann Flohn p. 47 Jump up ^ `` Weather Basics -- Jet Streams '' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2006 . Retrieved 8 May 2009 . Jump up ^ When the jet stream was the wind of war Jump up ^ David R. Cook Jet Stream Behavior . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ B. Geerts and E. Linacre . The Height of the Tropopause . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ National Weather Service JetStream . The Jet Stream . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ McDougal Littell . Paths of Polar and Subtropical Jet Streams . Retrieved on 13 May 2008 . 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Walker Institute for Climate System Research . 25 July 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 29 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Why , oh why , does it keep raining ? '' . BBC . 10 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : John P. Stimac . Air pressure and wind . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Lyndon State College Meteorology . Jet Stream Formation -- Subtropical Jet . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ NOAA Overview of Hurricane Flossie Jump up ^ Taylor , Frank J. ( 1958 ) . `` The Jet Stream Is The Villain '' . Popular Mechanics : 97 . Retrieved 13 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Ned Rozell . Amazing flying machines allow time travel . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ BBC . Jet Streams in the UK . Archived 18 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ M.P. de Villiers and J. van Heerden . Clear air turbulence over South Africa . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Clark T.L. , Hall W.D. , Kerr R.M. , Middleton D. , Radke L. , Ralph F.M. , Neiman P.J. , Levinson D. Origins of aircraft - damaging clear - air turbulence during the 9 December 1992 Colorado downslope windstorm : Numerical simulations and comparison with observations . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ National Transportation Safety Board . Aircraft Accident Investigation United Airlines flight 826 , Pacific Ocean 28 December 1997 . Retrieved on 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 29 December 1997 ) . `` NTSB investigates United Airlines plunge '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 12 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Keay Davidson . Scientists look high in the sky for power . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Archer , C.L. and Caldeira , K. Global assessment of high - altitude wind power , IEEE T. Energy Conver. , 2 , 307 -- 319 , 2009 . Archived 15 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ L.M. Miller , F. Gans , & A. Kleidon Jet stream wind power as a renewable energy resource : little power , big impacts . Earth Syst . Dynam . Discuss. 2 . 201 -- 212 . 2011 . Retrieved on 16 January 201208 . Jump up ^ The Fire Balloons Jump up ^ Davide Zanchettin , Stewart W. Franks , Pietro Traverso , and Mario Tomasino . On ENSO impacts on European wintertime rainfalls and their modulation by the NAO and the Pacific multi-decadal variability described through the PDO index . Retrieved on 13 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Caio Augusto dos Santos Coelho and Térico Ambrizzi . 5A. 4 . Climatological Studies of the Influences of El Niño Southern Oscillation Events in the Precipitation Pattern Over South America During Austral Summer . Retrieved on 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ John Monteverdi and Jan Null . WESTERN REGION TECHNICAL ATTACHMENT NO . 97 - 37 November 21 , 1997 : El Niño and California Precipitation . Retrieved on 28 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Climate Prediction Center . El Niño ( ENSO ) Related Rainfall Patterns Over the Tropical Pacific . Retrieved on 28 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Climate Prediction Center . ENSO Impacts on United States Winter Precipitation and Temperature . Retrieved on 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Climate Prediction Center . Average October -- December ( 3 - month ) Temperature Rankings During ENSO Events . Retrieved on 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Climate Prediction Center . Average December -- February ( 3 - month ) Temperature Rankings During ENSO Events . Retrieved on 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How do El Niño and La Nina influence the Atlantic and Pacific hurricane seasons ? '' ( FAQ ) . Climate Prediction Center . Retrieved 21 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Nathan Mantua . La Niña Impacts in the Pacific Northwest . Archived 22 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 29 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Southeast Climate Consortium . SECC Winter Climate Outlook . Archived 4 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 29 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Reuters . La Nina could mean dry summer in Midwest and Plains . Retrieved on 29 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Paul Simons and Simon de Bruxelles . More rain and more floods as La Niña sweeps across the globe . Retrieved on 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Weather at About.com . Causes of the Dust Bowl in the United States . Retrieved on 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Bryan ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Polar Vortex : Climate Change Might Just Be Driving the Historic Cold Snap '' . TIME . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Blaine ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Arctic ice loss amplified Superstorm Sandy violence '' . Cornell Chronicle . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spotts , Pete ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` How frigid ' polar vortex ' could be result of global warming ( + video ) '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wetzel , G ; Oelhaf , H. ; Kirner , O. ; Friedl - Vallon , F. ; Ruhnke , R. ; Ebersoldt , A. ; Kleinert , A. ; Maucher , G. ; Nordmeyer , H. ; Orphal , J. ( 2012 ) . `` Diurnal variations of reactive chlorine and nitrogen oxides observed by MIPAS - B inside the January 2010 Arctic vortex '' . Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 12 ( 14 ) : 6581 -- 6592 . Bibcode : 2012ACP ... 12.6581 W . doi : 10.5194 / acp - 12 - 6581 - 2012 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Weng , H. ( 2012 ) . `` Impacts of multi-scale solar activity on climate . Part I : Atmospheric circulation patterns and climate extremes '' . Advances in Atmospheric Sciences . 29 ( 4 ) : 867 -- 886 . Bibcode : 2012AdAtS ... 29 ... 867W . doi : 10.1007 / s00376 - 012 - 1238 - 1 . Lue , J. - M. ; Kim , S. - J. ; Abe - Ouchi , A. ; Yu , Y. ; Ohgaito , R. ( 2010 ) . `` Arctic Oscillation during the Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum from PMIP2 Coupled Model Simulations '' . Journal of Climate. 23 ( 14 ) : 3792 -- 3813 . Bibcode : 2010JCli ... 23.3792 L . doi : 10.1175 / 2010JCLI3331. 1 . Zielinski , G. ; Mershon , G. ( 1997 ) . `` Paleoenvironmental implications of the insoluble microparticle record in the GISP2 ( Greenland ) ice core during the rapidly changing climate of the Pleistocene - Holocene transition '' . Bulletin of the Geological Society of America . 109 ( 5 ) : 547 -- 559 . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 . Jump up ^ Screen , JA ( 2013 ) . `` Influence of Arctic sea ice on European summer precipitation '' . Environmental Research Letters. 8 ( 4 ) : 044015 . Bibcode : 2013ERL ... 8d4015S . doi : 10.1088 / 1748 - 9326 / 8 / 4 / 044015 . Jump up ^ Francis , Jennifer A. ; Vavrus , Stephen J. ( 2012 ) . `` Evidence linking Arctic amplification to extreme weather in mid-latitudes '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 39 ( 6 ) . Bibcode : 2012GeoRL ... 39.6801 F . doi : 10.1029 / 2012GL051000 . Jump up ^ Petoukhov , Vladimir ; Semenov , Vladimir A. ( 2010 ) . `` A link between reduced Barents - Kara sea ice and cold winter extremes over northern continents '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 115 . Bibcode : 2010JGRD ... 11521111P . doi : 10.1029 / 2009JD013568 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jet stream found to be permanently drifting north . Retrieved on 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jet Streams around the World '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Gedney , Larry ( 1983 ) . `` The Jet Stream '' . University of Alaska Fairbanks . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Ozone - Hole Splitting -- Background '' . Ohio State University . Archived from the original on 21 June 2010 . Jump up ^ J.D. Doyle . The influence of mesoscale orography on a coastal jet and rainband . Retrieved on 25 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Matt Kumijan , Jeffry Evans , and Jared Guyer . The Relationship of the Great Plains Low - Level Jet to Nocturnal MCS Development . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ L. Qi , L.M. Leslie , and S.X. Zhao . Cut - off low pressure systems over southern Australia : climatology and case study . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Whiteman , C. David ( 2000 ) . Mountain Meteorology , p. 193 . Oxford University Press , New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 803044 - 7 , pp. 191 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Dr. Alex DeCaria . Lesson 4 -- Seasonal - mean Wind Fields . Retrieved on 3 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Kerry H. Cook . Generation of the African Easterly Jet and Its Role in Determining West African Precipitation . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris Landsea . AOML Frequently Asked Questions . Subject : A4 ) What is an easterly wave ? Archived 18 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ B. Pu and K.H. Cook ( 2008 ) . Dynamics of the Low - Level Westerly Jet Over West Africa . American Geophysical Union , Fall Meeting 2008 , abstract # A13A - 0229 . Retrieved on 8 March 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jet streams . CRWS Jet stream analyses Current map of winds at the 250 hPa level Earth 's atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Tropopause Stratopause Mesopause Thermopause / Exobase Ozone layer Turbopause Ionosphere LCCN : sh85070172 GND : 4183524 - 4 BNF : cb12494900f ( data ) NDL : 00574991 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jet_stream&oldid=815920908 '' Categories : Atmospheric dynamics Wind Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2016 Self - contradictory articles from December 2016 All self - contradictory articles Good articles Use dmy dates from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 02 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | a ridge in the jet steam is usually associated with | [
"Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow, meandering air currents in the atmospheres of some planets, including Earth.[1] On Earth, the main jet streams are located near the altitude of the tropopause and are westerly winds (flowing west to east). Their paths typically have a meandering shape. Jet streams may start, stop, split into two or more parts, combine into one stream, or flow in various directions including opposite to the direction of the remainder of the jet."
] | [
"meandering shape"
] |
-6388199058626546305 | Climate of the Philippines | Climate of the Philippines - wikipedia Climate of the Philippines Evening Thunderstorms , bringing rain over the Philippines is common from March to October . The Philippines has five types of climates : tropical rainforest , tropical savanna , tropical monsoon , humid subtropical , and oceanic ( both are in higher - altitude areas ) characterized by relatively high temperature , oppressive humidity and plenty of rainfall . There are two seasons in the country , the wet season and the dry season , based upon the amount of rainfall . This is also dependent on location in the country as some areas experience rain all throughout the year ( see Climate types ) . Based on temperature , the warmest months of the year are March through October ; the winter monsoon brings cooler air from November to February . May is the warmest month , and January , the coolest . Weather in the Philippines is monitored and managed by Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) . Contents 1 Rainfall 2 Typhoons 2.1 Public Storm Warning System ( PSWS ) 3 Strongest typhoons 3.1 Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda ) 3.2 Typhoon Angela ( Rosing ) 3.3 Typhoon Bopha ( Pablo ) 3.4 Typhoon Megi ( Juan ) 4 Climate types 5 Temperature 6 Humidity 7 Seasons 8 Notes 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Rainfall ( edit ) Monsoons are large - scale sea breezes which occur when the temperature on land is significantly warmer or cooler than the temperature of the ocean . Most summer monsoons have a dominant westerly component and a strong tendency to ascend and produce copious amounts of rain ( because of the condensation of water vapor in the rising air ) . The intensity and duration , however , are not uniform from year to year . Winter monsoons , by contrast , have a dominant easterly component and a strong tendency to diverge , subside and cause drought . The summer monsoon brings heavy rains to most of the archipelago from May to October . Annual average rainfall ranges from as much as 5,000 millimetres ( 197 in ) in the mountainous east coast section of the country , to less than 1,000 millimetres ( 39 in ) in some of the sheltered valleys . Monsoon rains , although hard and drenching , are not normally associated with high winds and waves . At least 30 percent of the annual rainfall in the northern Philippines can be traced to tropical cyclones , while the southern islands receiving less than 10 percent of their annual rainfall from tropical cyclones . The wettest known tropical cyclone to impact the archipelago was the July 1911 cyclone , when the total precipitation for Baguio was distributed over the four days as : 14th -- 879.8 mm ( 34.6 in ) , 15th -- 733.6 mm ( 28.9 in ) , 16th -- 424.9 mm ( 16.7 in ) , 17th -- 200.4 mm ( 7.9 in ) ; followed by extraordinary drought from October 1911 to May 1912 , so that the annual amount of those two years were hardly noticeable . Typhoons ( edit ) Main article : Typhoons in the Philippines PAGASA 's Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale Category Sustained winds Super Typhoon ≥ 119 knots ≥ 220 km / h Typhoon 64 -- 119 knots 118 -- 220 km / h Severe Tropical Storm 48 -- 63 knots 89 -- 117 km / h Tropical Storm 34 -- 47 knots 62 -- 88 km / h Tropical Depression ≤ 33 knots ≤ 61 km / h The Philippines sit across the typhoon belt , making dangerous storms from July through October . These are especially hazardous for northern and eastern Luzon and the Bicol and Eastern Visayas regions , but Manila gets devastated periodically as well . Bagyo is the Filipino term to any tropical cyclone in the Philippine Islands . From the statistics gathered by PAGASA from 1948 to 2004 , around an average of 28 storms and / or typhoons per year enter the PAR ( Philippine Area of Responsibility ) -- the designated area assigned to PAGASA to monitor during weather disturbances . Those that made landfall or crossed the Philippines , the average was nine per year . In 1993 , a record 19 typhoons made landfall in the country making it the most in one year . The fewest per year were 4 during the years 1955 , 1958 , 1992 and 1997 . PAGASA categorises typhoons into five types according to wind speed . Once a tropical cyclone enters the PAR , regardless of strength , it is given a local name for identification purposes by the media , government , and the general public . Public storm warning system ( psws ) ( edit ) Signal # 1 winds of 30 -- 60 km / h ( 20 - 37 mph ) are expected to occur within 36 hours Signal # 2 winds of 61 -- 120 km / h ( 38 -- 73 mph ) are expected to occur within 24 hours Signal # 3 winds of 121 -- 170 km / h , ( 74 -- 105 mph ) are expected to occur within 18 hours . Signal # 4 winds of 171 -- 220 km / h , ( 106 -- 137 mph ) are expected to occur within 12 hours . Signal # 5 winds of at least 220 km / h , ( 137 mph ) are expected to occur within 12 hours . For the past ten years , the Philippines has experienced a number of extremely damaging tropical cyclones , particularly typhoons with more than 20 km / h ( 12 mph ; 11 kn ; 5.6 m / s ) of sustained winds . Because of this , the Super Typhoon ( STY ) category with more than 220 km / h ( 140 mph ; 120 kn ; 61 m / s ) maximum sustained winds was officially adopted by the PAGASA . However , according to different stakeholders , the extensive and devastating damages caused by strong typhoons such as Typhoon Yolanda in 2013 made the four ‐ level warning system inadequate . Strongest typhoons ( edit ) Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda ) ( edit ) The deadliest typhoon to impact the Philippines was Typhoon Haiyan , locally known as Yolanda , in November 2013 , in which more than 6,300 lives were lost from its storm surges and powerful winds . Over 1,000 went missing and nearly 20,000 were injured . Winds reached 315 km / h ( 196 mph ; 170 kn ; 88 m / s ) in one -- minute sustained and may have been the strongest storm in history in terms of wind speeds as wind speeds before the 1970s were too high to record . Typhoon Angela ( Rosing ) ( edit ) Back in 1995 , where Typhoon Angela , known as Rosing was an extremely catastrophic category 5 typhoon that made landfall in Catanduanes and made across Manila . Winds reached 290 km / h ( 180 mph ) on one - minute sustain winds . Rosing took 936 lives and the most powerful typhoon that ever hit Metro Manila . Typhoon Bopha ( Pablo ) ( edit ) On late December 3 , 2012 , Typhoon Bopha or known as Pablo made landfall on Eastern Mindanao , damage was over 1.04 billion USD by winds of 280 km / h ( 175 mph ) on one - minute sustain winds . Typhoon Bopha was the most powerful typhoon ever hit Mindanao , killing 1,067 people and 834 people were missing . Most of the damage was caused by rushing storm surges and screaming winds . Typhoon Megi ( juan ) ( edit ) In terms of central pressure , Typhoon Megi ( 2010 ) measured 885 mb . This was the strongest storm ever to make landfall in terms of pressure . It was 295 kph ( 185 mph ) in terms of one - minute sustained winds , killing 67 people and costing over 700 million USD in damage . Climate types ( edit ) Four kinds of tropical sunshine ( ° C ) Four kinds of tropical rain ( mm ) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 J J J There are four recognized climate types in the Philippines , and they are based on the distribution of rainfall ( See the Philippine Climate Map at the top ) . They are described as follows : Type I Two pronounced seasons : dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year . Type II No dry season with a pronounced rainfall from November to January . Type III Seasons are not very pronounced , relatively dry from November to April , and wet during the rest of the year . Type IV Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year . show Climate : Type I Manila Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ° F 29.8 85.6 30.6 87.1 32.3 90.1 33.7 92.7 33.8 92.8 32.1 89.8 31.0 87.8 30.5 86.9 30.6 87.1 30.9 87.6 30.5 86.9 29.7 85.5 31.3 88.3 Average mean ° C ° F 25.7 78.3 26.1 79.0 27.5 81.5 28.8 83.8 29.3 84.7 28.3 82.9 27.5 81.5 27.3 81.1 27.2 81.0 27.3 81.1 26.8 80.2 25.9 78.6 27.3 81.1 Average low ° C ° F 21.6 70.9 21.6 70.9 22.7 72.9 24.0 75.2 24.9 76.8 24.6 76.3 24.1 75.4 24.1 75.4 23.9 75.0 23.7 74.7 23.1 73.6 22.2 72.0 23.4 74.1 Average rainfall mm in 17 0.7 8 0.3 13 0.5 26 1.0 125 4.9 273 10.7 407 16.0 441 17.4 346 13.6 193 7.6 135 5.3 63 2.5 2,047 81 climate-data.org February 2016 show Climate : Type II Borongan , Eastern Samar Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ° F 29.1 84.4 29.3 84.7 30.1 86.2 31.1 88.0 31.8 89.2 32.1 89.8 32.0 89.6 32.2 90.0 32.3 90.1 31.5 88.7 30.5 86.9 29.7 85.5 31.0 87.8 Average mean ° C ° F 25.8 78.4 25.8 78.4 26.4 79.5 27.1 80.8 27.7 81.9 27.9 82.2 27.8 82.0 27.9 82.2 28.0 82.4 27.4 81.3 26.7 80.1 26.3 79.3 27.1 80.8 Average low ° C ° F 22.5 72.5 22.4 72.3 22.7 72.9 23.2 73.8 23.7 74.7 23.7 74.7 23.6 74.5 23.7 74.7 23.7 74.7 23.3 73.9 23.0 73.4 22.9 73.2 23.2 73.8 Average rainfall mm in 565 22.2 394 15.5 308 12.1 262 10.3 315 12.4 221 8.7 218 8.6 201 7.9 194 7.6 290 11.4 508 20.0 633 24.9 4,109 162 climate-data.org February 2016 show Climate : Type III Cebu City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ° F 30.2 86.4 30.4 86.7 31.4 88.5 32.5 90.5 33.0 91.4 32.3 90.1 31.9 89.4 31.9 89.4 31.7 89.1 31.5 88.7 31.3 88.3 30.7 87.3 31.6 88.9 Average mean ° C ° F 26.3 79.3 26.5 79.7 27.1 80.8 28.1 82.6 28.6 83.5 28.2 82.8 27.9 82.2 27.9 82.2 27.7 81.9 27.5 81.5 27.4 81.3 26.9 80.4 27.5 81.5 Average low ° C ° F 22.5 72.5 22.6 72.7 22.8 73.0 23.7 74.7 24.3 75.7 24.1 75.4 23.9 75.0 24.0 75.2 23.7 74.7 23.6 74.5 23.5 74.3 23.1 73.6 23.5 74.3 Average rainfall mm in 103 4.1 79 3.1 59 2.3 65 2.6 115 4.5 176 6.9 192 7.6 164 6.5 174 6.9 193 7.6 166 6.5 121 4.8 1,607 63 climate-data.org February 2016 show Climate : Type IV General Santos Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ° F 32.2 90.0 32.5 90.5 33.1 91.6 33.4 92.1 32.3 90.1 31.4 88.5 31.0 87.8 31.1 88.0 31.5 88.7 31.9 89.4 31.2 88.2 32.1 89.8 32.1 89.8 Average mean ° C ° F 26.8 80.2 27.0 80.6 27.4 81.3 27.9 82.2 27.5 81.5 26.9 80.4 26.5 79.7 26.5 79.7 26.8 80.2 27.1 80.8 27.1 80.8 26.9 80.4 27.0 80.6 Average low ° C ° F 21.4 70.5 21.5 70.7 21.7 71.1 22.4 72.3 22.7 72.9 22.4 72.3 22.0 71.6 22.0 71.6 22.2 72.0 22.3 72.1 22.0 71.6 21.8 71.2 22.0 71.6 Average rainfall mm in 68 2.7 69 2.7 47 1.9 57 108 4.3 118 4.6 110 4.3 93 3.7 84 3.3 113 4.4 98 3.9 87 3.4 1,052 41 climate-data.org February 2016 Temperature ( edit ) The average year - round temperature measured from all the weather stations in the Philippines , except Baguio City , is 26.6 ° C ( 79.9 ° F ) . Cooler days are usually felt in the month of January with temperature averaging at 25.5 ° C ( 77.9 ° F ) and the warmest days , in the month of May with a mean of 28.3 ° C ( 82.9 ° F ) . Elevation factors significantly in the variation of temperature in the Philippines . In Baguio City , with an elevation of 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft ) above sea level , the mean average is 18.3 ° C ( 64.9 ° F ) or cooler by about 4.3 ° C ( 8 ° F ) . In 1915 , a one - year study was conducted by William H. Brown of the Philippine Journal of Science on top of Mount Banahaw at 2,100 m ( 6,900 ft ) elevation . The mean temperature measured was 18.6 ° C ( 65.5 ° F ) , a difference of 10 ° C ( 18 ° F ) from the lowland mean temperature . Humidity ( edit ) Relative humidity is high in the Philippines . A high amount of moisture or vapor in the air makes hot temperatures feel hotter . This quantity of moisture is due to different factors -- the extraordinary evaporation from the seas that surrounds the country on all sides , to the different prevailing winds in the different seasons of the year , and finally , to the abundant rains so common in a tropical country . The first may be considered as general causes of the great humidity , which is generally observed in all the islands throughout the year . The last two may influence the different degree of humidity for the different months of the year and for the different regions of the archipelago . Seasons ( edit ) The climate of the country is divided into two main seasons : the rainy season , from June to the early part of October ; the dry season , from the later part of October to May . The dry season may be subdivided further into ( a ) the cool dry season , from the later part of October to February ; and ( b ) the hot dry season , from March to May . The months of April and May , the hot and dry months when schools are on their long break between academic years , is referred to as summer while in most of the northern hemisphere those months are part of spring . Months November -- February March -- May June -- August September -- October Rainfall DRY WET Temperature COOL HOT Season Cool Dry Hot Dry Rainy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This classification was first established by Coronas 1920 , pp. 68 -- 72 and then slightly modified by PAGASA ( Flores & Balagot 1969 ; Kintanar 1984 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Climate of the Philippines '' . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Coronas 1920 . Jump up ^ Coronas 1920 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Glossary of Meteorology . Baguio . Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration . `` Tropical Cyclone Statistics Archived 2013 - 05 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Retrieved on 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory , Hurricane Research Division . `` Frequently Asked Questions : What are the upcoming tropical cyclone names ? '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Climatological Information for Manila '' . AmbiWeb GmbH . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Climatological Information for Borongan , Eastern Samar '' . AmbiWeb GmbH . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Climatological Information for Cebu City '' . AmbiWeb GmbH . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Climatological Information for General Santos '' . AmbiWeb GmbH . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Coronas 1920 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Coronas 1920 , p. 125 . Sources ( edit ) Coronas , José ( 1920 ) . The Climate and Weather of the Philippines , 1903 -- 1918 . Manila Observatory : Bureau of Philippines . Flores , J.F. ; Balagot , V.F. ( 1969 ) . Arakawa , Hidetoshi , ed . Ch. 3 : Climate of the Philippines . World Survey of Climatology . Vol. 8 : Climates of Northern and Eastern Asia . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0444407047 . Kintanar , R.L. ( 1984 ) . Climate of the Philippines . PAGASA . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the 2 seasons in the philippines | [
"The Philippines has five types of climates: tropical rainforest, tropical savanna, tropical monsoon, humid subtropical, and oceanic (both are in higher-altitude areas) characterized by relatively high temperature, oppressive humidity and plenty of rainfall. There are two seasons in the country, the wet season and the dry season, based upon the amount of rainfall.[1] This is also dependent on location in the country as some areas experience rain all throughout the year (see Climate types). Based on temperature, the warmest months of the year are March through October; the winter monsoon brings cooler air from November to February. May is the warmest month, and January, the coolest.[2] \n",
"The Philippines has five types of climates: tropical rainforest, tropical savanna, tropical monsoon, humid subtropical, and oceanic (both are in higher-altitude areas) characterized by relatively high temperature, oppressive humidity and plenty of rainfall. There are two seasons in the country, the wet season and the dry season, based upon the amount of rainfall.[1] This is also dependent on location in the country as some areas experience rain all throughout the year (see Climate types). Based on temperature, the warmest months of the year are March through October; the winter monsoon brings cooler air from November to February. May is the warmest month, and January, the coolest.[2] \n"
] | [
"wet season",
"dry season"
] |
1850155016337966955 | Aldi | Aldi - Wikipedia Aldi Jump to : navigation , search Aldi ALDI Nord ( Left ) , ALDI Süd ( Right ) Type Private Industry Retail Founded 23 June 1913 ; 104 years ago ( 23 June 1913 ) 10 July 1946 ( split in two parts in 1960 , renamed to Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd in 1962 ) Founders Karl Albrecht Theo Albrecht Headquarters Essen , Germany ( Aldi Nord ) Mülheim , Germany ( Aldi Süd ) Number of locations 10,366 Aldi Nord , Aldi Süd , and Trader Joe 's stores Area served Australia , Austria , Belgium , Denmark , France , Germany , Hungary , Ireland , Luxembourg , Netherlands , Poland , Portugal , Slovenia , Spain , Switzerland , Great Britain , United States , China Key people Lecia West Products Food ; Beverage ; Sanitary Articles ; Household Goods Revenue € 53 billion ( 2010 ) Owner Siepmann Foundation , ( Aldi Süd ) Markus Foundation , ( Aldi Nord ) Subsidiaries Trader Joe 's ( Aldi Nord ) Website www.aldi.com Aldi ( stylized as ALDI ) is the common brand of two leading global discount supermarket chains with over 10,000 stores in 18 countries , and an estimated combined turnover of more than € 50 billion . Based in Germany , the chain was founded by brothers Karl and Theo Albrecht in 1946 when they took over their mother 's store in Essen , which had been in operation since 1913 . The business was split into two separate groups in 1960 , that later became Aldi Nord , headquartered in Essen , and Aldi Süd , headquartered in Mülheim . In 1962 , they introduced the name Aldi ( a syllabic abbreviation for Albrecht Diskont ) , which is pronounced ( ˈaldiː ) ( listen ) . In Germany , Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd have been financially and legally separate since 1966 , although both divisions ' names may appear ( as if they were a single enterprise ) with certain store brands or when negotiating with contractor companies . The formal business name is Aldi Einkauf GmbH & Compagnie , oHG . Aldi 's German operations consist of Aldi Nord 's 35 individual regional companies with about 2,500 stores in western , northern , and Eastern Germany , and Aldi Süd 's 32 regional companies with 1,600 stores in western and southern Germany . Internationally , Aldi Nord operates in Denmark , France , the Benelux countries , the Iberian Peninsula , and Poland , while Aldi Süd operates in Ireland , Great Britain , Hungary , Switzerland , Australia , China , Austria and Slovenia ( Aldi Süd operates as Hofer within the latter two countries ) . Both Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd also operate in the United States with 1,600 stores as of 2017 . Aldi Nord is owner of the Trader Joe 's chain , while Aldi Süd operates as `` Aldi '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Business organization 2.1 Germany 2.2 Internationally 2.3 Geographic distribution 3 Business practices 3.1 In - store layout 3.2 Advertising policy 3.3 Logos and branding 4 Reputation 5 Subsidiaries and joint ventures 5.1 Aldi Talk 5.2 Aldi Liquor 5.3 Diskont 6 Criticism 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Albrecht grocery store in Essen - Schonnebeck ( 1958 ) Aldi 's original store in Essen , still in operation The earliest roots of the company trace back to 1913 , when the mother of Karl and Theo Albrecht opened a small store in a suburb of Essen . Their father was employed as a miner and later as a baker 's assistant . Karl Albrecht was born in 1920 , Theo Albrecht in 1922 . Theo Albrecht completed an apprenticeship in his mother 's store , while Karl Albrecht worked in a delicatessen . Karl Albrecht took over a food shop formerly run by F.W. Judt who already advertised that they were the `` cheapest food source '' . Karl Albrecht served in the German Army during World War II . In 1946 , the brothers took over their mother 's business and soon opened another retail outlet nearby . By 1950 , the Albrecht brothers owned 13 stores in the Ruhr Valley . The brothers ' idea , which was new at the time , was to subtract the legal maximum rebate of 3 % before sale . The market leaders at the time , which often were co-operatives , required their customers to collect rebate stamps , and to send them at regular intervals to reclaim their money . The Albrecht brothers also rigorously removed merchandise that did not sell from their shelves , cutting costs by neither advertising nor selling fresh produce , and keeping the size of their retail outlets small . When the brothers split the company in 1960 over a dispute whether they should sell cigarettes , they owned 300 shops with a cash flow of DM 90 million yearly . In 1962 , they introduced the name Aldi -- short for Albrecht - Diskont . Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd have been financially and legally separate since 1966 , although both divisions ' names may appear as if they were a single enterprise with certain store brands or when negotiating with contractor companies . The individual groups were originally owned and managed jointly by the brothers . Karl Albrecht ( d . 2014 ) retained ownership of Aldi Süd , and with a personal wealth of € 17.2 billion , making him the richest man in Germany , while the co-owners of Aldi Nord , Berthold and Theo Albrecht Jr. , close behind at € 16 billion . Dieter Schwarz , owner of Lidl and Kaufland came in third , with a fortune of € 11.5 billion . Aldi started to expand internationally in 1967 , when Aldi Süd acquired the grocery chain Hofer in Austria ; Aldi Nord opened its first stores abroad in the Netherlands in 1973 , and other countries followed . In 1976 , Aldi opened its first store in the United States in Iowa , and , in 1979 , Aldi Nord acquired Trader Joes . After German reunification and the fall of the Iron Curtain , Aldi experienced a rapid expansion . The brothers retired as CEOs in 1993 ; control of the companies was placed in the hands of private family foundations , the Siepmann Foundation ( Aldi Süd ) and the Markus Foundation ( Aldi Nord , Trader Joe 's ) . Business organization ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) Aldi in Germany The Aldi Nord group currently consists of 35 independent regional branches with approximately 2,500 stores . Aldi Süd is made up of 31 companies with 1,600 stores . The border between their territories is commonly known as '' Aldi - Äquator '' ( literally : Aldi equator ) and runs from the Rhine via Mülheim an der Ruhr , Wermelskirchen , Marburg , Siegen , and Gießen east to just north of Fulda . The former East Germany is served by Aldi Nord , except for one Aldi Süd in Sonneberg , Thuringia , whose regional office is in Bavaria . The regional branches are organised as limited partnerships with a regional manager for each branch who reports directly to the head office in Essen ( Aldi Nord ) or Mülheim an der Ruhr ( Aldi Süd ) . In December 2002 , a survey conducted by the German market research institute Forsa found 95 % of blue - collar workers , 88 % of white - collar workers , 84 % of public servants , and 80 % of self - employed Germans shop at Aldi . One of Aldi 's direct competitors internationally is Lidl . Internationally ( edit ) Aldi stores worldwide : Aldi Nord in blue , Aldi Süd in orange The Aldi group operates over 8,000 stores worldwide . Aldi Nord is responsible for its stores in Belgium , the Netherlands , Luxembourg , France , Poland , Spain , Denmark , and Portugal , and also operates the Trader Joe 's markets in the United States . Aldi Süd 's responsibilities are in the United States ( operating under the Aldi name ) , Austria and Slovenia ( as Hofer ) , Great Britain , Ireland , Australia , and Switzerland . Aldi Süd 's first Switzerland store opened in 2005 , while it has operated in Hungary since 2007 . Aldi Süd had invested an estimated € 800m ( $1 bn ; £ 670m ) in Greece from November 2008 until pulling out on 31 December 2010 . While Aldi Nord has renamed its Dutch and Belgian subsidiaries Combi and Lansa to the Aldi Markt / Aldi Marché brand , Aldi Süd tries to maintain a regional appearance , branding its stores Aldi Süd in Germany , Aldi Suisse in Switzerland , and Hofer in Austria and Slovenia . Aldi UK Market Share from Kantar Worldpanel An Aldi in Wetherby , West Yorkshire , England . Aldi launched in Great Britain , on 5 April 1990 , when it opened its first store there in Stechford , Birmingham , using the wholly owned English registered company of ALDI Stores Limited and Aldi sales in Britain grew consistently . In October 2013 , Aldi opened the 300th store in Great Britain . By 2017 Aldi had over 600 stores there , and was opening them at a rate of more than one a week with the aim of having a thousand stores by 2022 . It was still a small player in Great Britain , with a grocery share of less than 3.6 % , but its importance , along with that of continental no - frills competitor Lidl was growing , with half of shoppers in Great Britain visiting Lidl or Aldi over Christmas that year . Aldi opened stores in affluent locations , including Knutsford and Bury St Edmunds . In much of Australia , Aldi filled a void in the discount supermarket business that arose when the discount grocery chain Franklins went out of business . Aldi opened its first store in Sydney , 2001 and has grown rapidly since , maintaining a 12.6 % market share as of early 2016 . Aldi Süd expanded to the United States under the Aldi banner , having expanded throughout the Eastern and Midwestern U.S. , mostly through organic expansion , though it did buy Bottom Dollar Food in late 2014 from Delhaize Group . Aldi Süd revealed expansion plans in 2015 and expanded into the Southern California market , where Aldi Nord 's Trader Joe 's is based . On 25 November 2016 Aldi Süd confirmed that it will expand to China in late 2017 . New style of Aldi Süd in Simi Valley , CA , USA Old style of Aldi Süd in Bethlehem , PA , USA Geographic distribution ( edit ) Country Name Aldi group Since Outlets Germany Aldi Nord 1961 2,339 Aldi Süd 1962 1,850 Australia Aldi Süd 457 Austria Hofer Süd 1968 480 Belgium Aldi Nord 1973 449 Denmark Aldi Nord 1977 220 France Aldi Marché Nord 899 Hungary Aldi Süd 2008 100 Ireland Aldi Süd 1999 111 Luxembourg Aldi Nord 1990 12 Netherlands Aldi Nord 498 Poland Aldi Nord 2008 113 Portugal Aldi Nord 2006 53 Slovenia Hofer Süd 2005 80 Spain Aldi Nord 2002 266 Switzerland Aldi Suisse Süd 2005 180 United Kingdom Aldi UK Süd 1990 726 United States Aldi US Süd 1976 1,600 Trader Joe 's Nord 1979 418 total number of Aldi Nord stores 4,843 total number of Trader Joe 's stores 418 total number of Aldi Süd stores 5,105 combined total of Aldi stores 10,366 Business practices ( edit ) Some Aldi practices are common in German supermarkets but largely unique to Aldi in other countries . These include the system of metal gates and turnstiles forcing customers to exit through the checkout , and charging customers for shopping bags . Until 2004 , Aldi stores accepted only cash ( since then , German stores have accepted domestic Girocard debit cards ) . Debit cards also are accepted in the United States , Great Britain , Austria , Belgium , Denmark , France , Portugal , Spain , the Netherlands , Switzerland , Ireland , Australia , Slovenia , and Hungary . All 4 major credit cards are accepted in the United States as of 1 March 2016 . Electronic Benefit Transfer cards are also accepted in the United States . Outside of Great Britain , United States and France , Aldi generally does not accept credit cards , though Aldi Australia accepts MasterCard and Visa for a 0.5 % surcharge and Aldi Ireland accepts Visa and MasterCard with no surcharge . In the United States , as of February , 2016 , Aldi accepts all four major credit cards ( MasterCard , Visa , American Express and Discover Card ) , and from the beginning all credit cards `` Carte Bleue '' ( Visa , American Express or MasterCard ) in France due to the banking system in France where debit cards do n't exist ; before this , Aldi only accepted debit cards . Aldi has accepted Visa / MasterCard without surcharge throughout Great Britain from October 2014 , which had previously been accepted only in Scotland , and throughout Germany from September 2015 . Aldi Suisse became one of the first companies to accept the Apple Pay contactless payment system in Switzerland on 7 July 2016 . In - store layout ( edit ) Aldi Nord interior The inside of an Aldi store in Hungary Aldi specialises in staple items , such as food , beverages , toilet paper , sanitary articles , and other inexpensive household items . Many of its products are own brands , with the number of other brands usually limited to a maximum of two for a given item . This increases sales for each article , and lets Aldi shops be smaller than stores with more brand choice . This practice let Aldi avoid price tags , even before the introduction of barcode scanners . On many of its own brands , if feasible , Aldi will place multiple barcodes on products to speed the check out process . Branded products carried include HARIBO in Germany , Knoppers in Belgium and France , Marmite and Branston Pickle in Great Britain ; and Vegemite and Milo in Australia . In the United States , major brand - name products , such as Oscar Mayer bacon , sometimes are offered as a ' special purchase ' : name - brand items that Aldi has received at a special price from the vendor and can offer for a reduced price . Unlike most shops , Aldi does not accept manufacturers ' coupons , although some US stores successfully experimented with store coupons ( e.g. $10 off a $25 purchase ) . In addition to its standard assortment , Aldi has weekly special offers , some of them on more expensive products such as electronics , tools , appliances , or computers , usually from in - house electronics brand Medion . Discount items can include clothing , toys , flowers , and gifts . Specials have strict limits on quantities , and are for one week . Aldi 's early computer offers in Germany ( such as a Commodore 64 in 1987 ) resulted in those products selling out in a few hours . Aldi is the largest wine retailer in Germany . Some Australian stores now sell alcoholic beverages . Some US stores also sell alcoholic beverages ( mainly beer and wine ) where permitted by local state laws . Aldi mainly sells exclusively produced , custom - branded products ( often identical to and produced by major brands ) with brand names including Grandessa and Fit & Active . Advertising policy ( edit ) Aldi has a policy in Germany of not advertising , apart from a weekly newsletter of special prices called `` Aldi informs '' that is distributed in stores and by direct mail and often printed in local newspapers . It claims this is a cost saving that can be passed on to consumers . In Germany , Aldi has never used an external advertising agency . In the United States , it advertises in newspapers and on television , as well as print ads distributed in stores , and via the Internet . In Great Britain , print and television ads have appeared since May 2005 . In Australia , television advertising is common and the current ads are listed on the Australian website . Logos and branding ( edit ) The two stores Nord and Süd have distinct logos with Nord displaying the entire ' A ' for ALDI while Süd unveiled a logo in 1982 which displays only half . In 2006 , ALDI Süd modified the logo slightly and then in March 2017 , unveiled a new logo which removed the blue box line around the artistic ' A ' and revealed a more rounded , 3D look for the logo as well as a new font for the word ' ALDI ' , further differentiating it from the ALDI Nord logo which had shared the same font for the brand until then . Reputation ( edit ) Originally , Aldi shops were often ridiculed as being cheap shops selling low - quality goods , whose customers could not afford to shop elsewhere . In the United Kingdom , Aldi has won Supermarket of the Year two years in a row ( 2012 / 13 ) , and in 2013 , Aldi won the Grocer of the Year Award . However , in February 2015 , Aldi narrowly lost to Waitrose for the title of Supermarket of the Year 2015 . In April 2015 , Aldi overtook Waitrose to become the United Kingdom 's sixth - largest supermarket chain . In February 2017 , Aldi overtook Co-op to become the United Kingdom 's fifth largest supermarket chain . In the United States , due to the relatively low staffing of Aldi locations compared to other supermarket chains , Aldi has a reputation of starting employees out at significantly higher than minimum wage , unusual among American supermarkets . In Ireland , Aldi has been accused of a `` lack of corporate responsibility '' to their farmer suppliers by the Irish Farmers ' Association . Subsidiaries and joint ventures ( edit ) Aldi Talk ( edit ) Main article : Aldi Talk Aldi has a mobile virtual network operator in Germany , Belgium and the Netherlands , called Aldi Talk . Aldi also operates a similar network in Australia using Telstra 's 4G network , called Aldimobile . Aldi liquor ( edit ) Aldi sells low cost liquor from its liquor stores . Until March 2016 , Aldi had a liquor website serving the east coast of Australia . This has now been closed down , citing it wishes to focus on expanding the supermarket chain across Australia . Diskont ( edit ) In Austria through its subsidiary Hofer , Aldi has a joint venture with the local petrol retailer Free Energy ( FE ) Trading GmbH , to create some no frills petrol stations called Diskont . The 66 stations are on or nearby the stores , providing self - serve unleaded or diesel fuel by card - operated pumps . These have been in operation since 2009 . Criticism ( edit ) In May 2004 , German Aldi stores sold garden furniture made of Indonesian Meranti wood . Because it was not able to show that it was sourced legally ( 70 % of Indonesian timber is illegally logged ) , environmental organisations pressured Aldi to stop selling the furniture . Within days Aldi announced that all of the timber used in its products would bear the FSC certificate , which promotes sustainable forestry . In January 2013 , Aldi Germany was caught up in the horse meat scandal along with Tesco and others . On 8 February 2013 , the store group admitted that some of its frozen lasagne and spaghetti bolognese products contained 30 % -- 100 % horse meat rather than the advertised beef and that it had terminated its relationship with the supplier responsible for the adulterated product . In January 2014 , following a mislabelling of turkey meat as halal , Aldi apologised and said , `` Aldi does not label any products as halal - certified '' . In May 2015 , Aldi apologised again after it sold pork products labelled as halal . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aldi purchased the Iowa 's Benner Tea chain and opened its first United States store at Burlington in 1976 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thomas Rudolph ( 1 Oct 2011 ) . Diversity in European Marketing : Text and Cases . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 141 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Theo Albrecht . '' Jump up ^ `` Working for Alsi '' . aldi . Archived from the original on 22 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stefan Wagstyl ( 21 July 2014 ) . `` Karl Albrecht , Aldi co-founder , 1920 - 2014 '' . The Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` Impressum '' ALDI Nord . Retrieved on 14 February 2011 . `` ALDI Einkauf GmbH & Co. oHG Eckenbergstraße 16 45307 Essen . '' Jump up ^ `` Impressum Archived 23 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Aldi Süd . Retrieved on 14 February 2011 . `` Burgstraße 37 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr Amtsgericht Duisburg HRA 8577 . '' ^ Jump up to : http://www.aldi-nord.de/aldi_ueber_uns_814.html Retrieved on 22 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weymouth , Lauren . `` Secrets of the German supermarkets conquering America ( 24 slides ) '' . MSN : Money . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham Ruddick ( 7 Dec 2012 ) . `` Billionaire Aldi heir Berthold Albrecht dies at 58 '' . the Telegraph . Jump up ^ Aldi dynasty continue to lead German rich list. Published : 10 October 11 , 15 : 32 CET Jump up ^ `` Aldi Süd - About Aldi Süd ( German ) '' . Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi Nord - About us ( German ) '' . Jump up ^ Johnson , Patt ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Aldi to open Windsor Heights store '' . The Register and Tribune . Des Moines . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hielscher , Henryk ( 28 July 2014 ) . `` Sieben Leitsätze : Der Aldi - Äquator trennt das Land '' ( in German ) . Wirtschaftswoche . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilkes , Christoph ; Wilkes , Johannes ( 2012 ) . Der Aldi - Äquator : 4 Jungs , 20 Filialen , 660 Kilometer ( The Aldi equator : 4 guys , 20 stores , 660 kilometer ) ( in German ) . Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 596 - 19471 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Steinhoff , Jürgen ; Helga Hein ; Ingrid Lorbach ( 16 December 2002 ) . `` Hinter den Kulissen des Discounters '' . Stern ( in German ) . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi quits Greece '' ( in German ) . www.german-retail-blog.com. 23 July 2010 . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Hofer . `` Hofer - Start '' . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Yeomans , Jon . `` Aldi , Lidl , and Waitrose seize share as market polarises '' . Thegrocer.co.uk . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Emma ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) . `` The man driving Aldi 's remarkable growth '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Graduate jobs : The hunters and the hunted '' . bbc.co.uk. 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Aldi arrives in Australia , ABC Online , 25 / 1 / 2001 Jump up ^ Mike King , ALDI is stealing market share from Woolworths Limited , The Motley Fool , April 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Delhaize Group to Sell 66 Bottom Dollar Food Store Locations , MarketWatch , Nov 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ Kelly Taylor , Aldi To Open 45 Stores In Southern California By 2016 , Fox LA . Jump up ^ https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2016/11/aldi-confirms-china-expansion Jump up ^ ( Aldi Nord Sustainability Report 2015 ) https://www.cr-aldinord.com/2015/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/ALDI_North_Group_NHB_Sustainability_Report_2015.pdf ) access : 2016 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aldi Süd Facts and Figures '' . Archived from the original on 22 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ ALDI . `` Find your Local ALDI Store - ALDI Australia '' . storelocator.aldi.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi stores in Hungary '' . Jump up ^ ( Raport Zrównoważonego Rozwoju Aldi Nord za rok 2015 ( Sustainability Report 2015 ) http://www.aldi.pl/print/_pressrelease/ALDI_Nord_NHB_PL_online.pdf ) ( in Polish ) Jump up ^ `` Los Supermercados Aldi más próximos '' . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Food and Drink ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` How Aldi won the class war -- and became the fastest - growing supermarket in Britain '' . London : Telegraph . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi Stores UK '' . Aldi Stores Limited . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ The Sun ( 26 September 2017 ) . `` Aldi to open more than 70 more UK stores after £ 8.7 bn record sales '' . The Sun . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ ALDI Honored with Retailer of the Year and Product of the Year Wins. 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Where in the dickens you can find a Trader Joe 's ? '' ( PDF ) . Trader Joe 's . April 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ALDI US - FAQs '' . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi : Credit and Bank Cards now accepted '' . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ALDI Nord website '' . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ALDI Süd website '' . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Press release : Aldi to take credit cards '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Pay ist ab sofort verfügbar in der Schweiz -- macprime.ch News '' . www.macprime.ch . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Apple cranks up heat on PayPal by finally bringing Apple Pay to websites Digital Trends Jump up ^ `` HCM : The Home Computer Museum '' . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` GERMANY : Aldi is the biggest wine retailer in Germany '' . Progressive Newsletter 79 . Progressive Group International Newsletter. 26 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ A list of no - name brands and the major brand companies behind them for Germany . Aldi relies on re-labeled major brand products . Jump up ^ ALDI . `` TV Advertising & Commercials - ALDI Australia '' . Jump up ^ `` Discount Ribbon '' . Brand New . Jump up ^ `` Aldi ' modernizes ' logo to match store changes '' . Supermarket News . 2017 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Waltraud Schwab ( 19 June 2010 ) . `` Arme Discounterkunden : Kasse dank Masse '' ( in German ) . Die Tageszeitung . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi wins Supermarket of the Year at Which ? awards for second year in a row '' . Jump up ^ `` Aldi scoops Grocer of the Year Award at Grocer Golds '' . Jump up ^ `` Aldi overtakes Waitrose to become UK 's sixth - largest supermarket chain '' . Jump up ^ `` Aldi overtakes Co-op to become UK 's fifth largest grocer '' . 7 February 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Working at Aldi -- Reviews of Jobs at Aldi '' . Jobitorial.com . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi , Inc . Employer Wages , Hourly Wage Rate '' . PayScale. 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFA hold protest outside Aldi 's Letterkenny store over beef prices '' . 19 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Krishan ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` List of Aldi and Kogan 's budget phone plans '' . BIT . Haymarket Media . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diskont homepage '' . FE - Trading GmbH . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Umwelt : Aldi auf dem Holzweg '' ( in German ) . Spiegel Online . 20 May 2004 . Retrieved 4 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Protestaktionen bringen Discounter zum Umdenken '' ( in German ) . 26 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 4 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Horsemeat found in beefburgers on sale in UK and Ireland '' . BBC News . 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi Frozen Ready Meals 100 % Horsemeat '' . Sky News . 8 February 2013 Jump up ^ `` UK : Aldi apologises for mislabelled turkey crown '' . Eat - halal. 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jennifer ( 17 May 2015 ) . `` Muslim fury after Aldi is found selling ' halal ' Indian - style snacks that contained forbidden pork '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi apologises after black pudding is incorrectly labelled as halal - certified '' . The Telegraph . 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Germany portal Companies portal Food portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aldi . Official website Supermarkets in Australia Aldi BI-LO Coles Costco Food For Less Foodland Foodworks Friendly Grocer Harris Farm Markets IGA Lidl SPAR Supabarn Thomas Dux Woolworths Supermarket chains in Denmark Aldi Bilka Brugsen Fakta Føtex Irma Kiwi Kvickly Lidl Løvbjerg Meny Netto REMA 1000 Spar Supermarket chains in France Auchan Group Auchan ( hypermarket ) Atac Simply Market Carrefour Group Carrefour ( hypermarket ) Carrefour City Carrefour Express Carrefour Market Dia Marché Plus Shopi Groupe Casino Casino Supermarchés Franprix Géant Casino Inno Leader Price Monoprix Spar ( France ) Vival Les Mousquetaires Intermarché Bricomarché Le Relais des Mousquetaires Netto Restaumarché Roady Vêti Louis Delhaize Group Cora ( hypermarket ) Match Système U Hyper U Super U Marché U Utile Other ( incl . independent ) E. 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1205221494122552590 | History of radiation therapy | History of radiation therapy - wikipedia History of radiation therapy Jump to : navigation , search The history of radiation therapy or radiotherapy can be traced back to experiments made soon after the discovery of x-rays ( 1895 ) , when it was shown that exposure to radiation produced cutaneous burns . Influenced by electrotherapy and escharotics -- the medical application of caustic substances -- doctors began using radiation to treat growths and lesions produced by diseases such as lupus , basal cell carcinoma , and epithelioma . Radiation was generally believed to have bactericidal properties , so when radium was discovered , in addition to treatments similar to those used with x-rays , it was also used as an additive to medical treatments for diseases such as tuberculosis where there were resistant bacilli . Additionally , because radiation was found to exist in hot spring waters which were reputed for their curative powers , it was marketed as a wonder cure for all sorts of ailments in patent medicine and quack cures . It was believed by medical science that small doses of radiation would cause no harm and the harmful effects of large doses were temporary . The widespread use of radium in medicine ended when it was discovered that physical tolerance was lower than expected and exposure caused long term cell damage that could appear in carcinoma up to 40 years after treatment . The use of radiation continues today as a treatment for cancer in radiation therapy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early development of radiotherapy ( 1895 -- 1905 ) 1.1 Discovery of the therapeutic potential of radiation 1.2 Niels Finsen and phototherapy 1.3 Röntgenotherapy 2 Further development and the use of radium ( 1905 -- 1915 ) 2.1 Radium therapy 2.1. 1 Methods of application 2.1. 2 Radium baths 2.2 Röntgenotherapy vs. radium therapy 2.3 Tuberculosis and iodo - radium therapy 3 Commercialization , quackery , and the end of an era ( 1915 -- 1935 ) 3.1 Commercial products 3.1. 1 Radiation emanation activators 3.1. 2 Patent medicines 3.2 Joachimsthal radium spa hotel 3.3 Public health concerns 3.4 Coutard method 4 Radiation therapy today ( 1935 -- ) 5 Notes 6 References Early development of radiotherapy ( 1895 -- 1905 ) ( edit ) The imaging properties of x-rays were discovered , their practical uses for research and diagnostics were immediately apparent , and soon their use spread in the medical field . X-rays were used to diagnose bone fractures , heart disease , and phthisis . Inventive procedures for different diagnostic purposes were created , such as filling digestive cavities with bismuth , which allowed them to be seen through tissue and bone . Discovery of the therapeutic potential of radiation ( edit ) During early practical work and scientific investigation , experimenters noticed that prolonged exposure to x-rays created inflammation and , more rarely , tissue damage on the skin . The biological effect attracted the interest of Léopold Freund and Eduard Schiff , who , only a month or two after Röntgen 's announcement , suggested they be used in the treatment of disease . At approximately the same time , Emil Grubbe , of Chicago was possibly the first American physician to use x-rays to treat cancer , beginning in 1896 , began experimenting in Chicago with medical uses of x-rays . Escharotics by this time had already been used to treat skin malignancies through caustic burns , and electrotherapy had also been experimented with , in the aim to stimulate the skin tissue . The first attempted x-ray treatment was by Victor Despeignes , a French physician who used them on a patient with stomach cancer . In 1896 , he published a paper with the results : a week - long treatment was followed by a diminution of pain and reduction in the size of the tumor , though the case was ultimately fatal . The results were inconclusive , because the patient was concurrently being given other treatments . Freund 's first experiment was a tragic failure ; he applied x-rays to a naevus in order to induce epilation and a deep ulcer resulted , which resisted further treatment by radiation . The first successful treatment was by Schiff , working with Freund , in a case of lupus vulgaris . A year later , in 1897 , the two published a report of their success and this provoked further experimentation in x-ray therapies . Thereafter they did a successful treatment of lupus erythematosus in 1898 . The lesion took a common form of a ' butterfly - patch ' which appeared on both sides of the face , and Schiff applied the irradiation to one side only , in order to compare the effects . Within a few months , scientific journals were swamped with accounts of the successful treatment of different types of skin tissue malignancies with x-rays . In Sweden , Thor Stenbeck published results of the first successful treatments of rodent ulcer and epithelioma in 1899 , later that year confirmed by Tage Sjögren . Soon afterwards , their findings were confirmed by a number of other physicians . The nature of the active agent in therapeutic treatment was still unknown , and subject to wide dispute . Freund and Schiff believed it to because of electrical discharge , Nikola Tesla argued they were because of the ozone generated by the x-rays , while others argued that it was the x-rays themselves . Tesla 's position was soon refuted , and only the other two theories remained . In 1900 , Robert Kienböck produced a study based on a series of experiments that demonstrated that it was the x-rays themselves . Studies published in 1899 and 1900 suggested that the rays varied in penetration according to the degree of vacuum in the tube . Niels Finsen and phototherapy ( edit ) The Finsen hospital lamp , 1900 . The projecting tubes can be adjusted so as to permit the focusing of the light , which is directed through a hollow lens that 's kept pressed down upon the part under treatment . The nurses and patients are wearing dark glasses to protect the eyes from the light . Niels Finsen , a Faroese - Danish physician , had by that time already pursued interest in the biological effects of light . He published a paper , Om Lysets Indvirkninger paa Huden ( `` On the effects of light on the skin '' ) in 1893 . Inspired by the discovery that x-rays could have therapeutic effects , he extended his research to examine directed light rays . In 1896 , he published a paper on his findings , Om Anvendelse i Medicinen af koncentrerede kemiske Lysstraaler ( `` The use of concentrated chemical light rays in medicine '' ) . Finsen discovered that lupus was amenable to treatment by ultraviolet rays when separated out by a system of quartz crystals , and thereafter created a lamp to sift out the rays . The so - called Finsen lamp became widely used in for phototherapy , and derivatives of it became used when experimenting with other types of radiotherapy . Modifications were made to Finsen 's original design , and it found its most common forms in the Finsen - Reyn lamp and Finsen - Lomholt lamp . By 1905 , it was estimated that fully 50 percent of the cases of lupus were successfully healed by Finsen 's methods . Finsen was soon awarded a Nobel prize for his research . Röntgenotherapy ( edit ) X-ray apparatus used for treatment of epithelioma of the face , 1915 . The tube is in a localizing shield ; and a perforated sheet of metal is securely fashioned to the surface by adhesive plaster . From initial therapeutic experiments , a new field of x-ray therapy was born , referred to as röntgenotherapy after Wilhelm Röntgen , the discoverer of x-rays . It was still unclear how the x-rays acted on the skin ; however , it was generally agreed upon that the area affected was killed and either discharged or absorbed . By 1900 , there were four well established classes of problems that were treated by x-ray , based on a set of five classes initially outlined by Freund : 1 . in hypertrichosis , for the removal of unwanted hair ; 2 . in the treatment of disease of hair and hair follicles in which it was necessary to remove hair ; 3 . in the treatment of inflammatory affections on the skin like eczema and acne ; 4 . and in the treatment of malignant affections on the skin in cases like lupus and epithelioma . Additionally , x-rays were successfully applied to other appearances of carcinoma , trials were done in treating leukemia , and because of the supposed bactericidal properties , there were suggestions it could be used in diseases such as tuberculosis . Experiments were also done using x-rays to treat epilepsy , which had previously also experimentally been treated with electrical currents . Further development and the use of radium ( 1905 -- 1915 ) ( edit ) Because of the excitement over the new treatment , literature about the therapeutic effects of x-rays often exaggerated the propensity to cure different diseases . Reports of the fact that in some cases treatment worsened some of the patients ' conditions were ignored in favor of hopeful optimism . Henry G. Piffard referred to these practitioners as `` radiomaniacs '' and `` radiografters '' . It was found that x-rays were only capable of producing a cure in certain cases of the basal cell type of epithelioma and exceedingly unreliable in malignant cancer , not making it a suitable replacement for surgery . In many cases of treatment , the cancer recurred after a period of time . X-ray experiments in pulmonary tuberculosis proved useless . Aside from the medical profession losing faith in the ability of x-ray therapy , the public increasingly viewed it as a dangerous type of treatment . This resulted in a period of pessimism about the use of x-rays , which lasted from about 1905 to 1910 or 1912 . Radium therapy ( edit ) Small tubes containing radium salts are strapped to a woman 's face to treat what was either lupus or rodent ulcer , 1905 . Soon after the discovery of radium in 1898 by Marie Curie , there was speculation in whether the radiation could be used for therapy in the same way as that from x-rays . The physiological effect of radium was first observed in 1900 by Otto Walkhoff , and later confirmed by what famously known as the `` Becquerel burn '' . In 1901 , Henri Becquerel had placed a tube of radium in a waistcoat pocket where it had remained for several hours ; a week or two after which there was severe inflammation of his skin underneath where the radium had been kept . Ernest Besnier , a dermatologist , examined the skin and expressed the opinion that it was due to the radium , leading to experiments by Curie which confirmed it . Besnier suggested the use of radium for therapy along the same purposes as x-rays and ultraviolet rays . Becquerel for this purpose loaned some radium to Henri - Alexandre Danlos of the hôpital St. Louis in Paris in 1901 . Danlos successfully treated a few cases of lupus with an admixture of radium and barium chloride . Further trials of radium therapy began , though at a much slower pace than did those using x-rays because radium was expensive and difficult to obtain . Methods of application ( edit ) Glass applicators for radium emanation , 1918 . Illustration showing a tube for applying radium salts , 1918 . Radium was soon seen as a way to treat disorders that were not affected enough by x-ray treatment because it could be applied in a multitude of ways in which x-rays could not . Different methods of applying radium had been tested , which fell into two categories : the use of radium emanation ( now referred to as radon ) , and the use of radium salts . One method using emanation was through inhalation , where it was mixed with air . Radium inhalation had been most studied in Germany , where regular inhalation institutes were established , and the goal was to target the lungs . That was done either to treat lung diseases , like tuberculosis , or to be absorbed through the surface of the lung to the blood , where it could circulate through the body . It was claimed that the beneficial effects produced by radium water baths were the result of inhalation of the vapors . Another method of treatment was to condense the emanation at liquid air temperature on substances such as vasoline , glycerine , and lanoline , to apply externally to the part affected ; or on quinine , bismuth , subnitrate , and arsenic , to be consumed or applied internally . Radium emanation was also passed into glass or metal tubes or flat glass - tight applicators and applied in the same way as radium tubes . In other cases was also deposited on metal points or flat surfaces of metal using electrical devices , which had the same level of radioactivity as the parent radium , but lasted a shorter duration . One way of treatment was to then drive the deposits of radioactive material into tissue using galvanic current . It was also a method of applying radium emanation to a specially designed applicator constructed to suit the needs of the patient , who could later take it home . Dilute solutions of radium salts were also made , meant to be used internally . Patients would be prescribed regular dosages . More rarely , the salts were also suspended in liquids to be injected in subcutaneous treatments , which could be applied locally to affected tissues . That was considered the most expensive method , because the radium used was irreparably lost . As with radium emanation , solutions of free radium salts were also placed in tubes ; in this case , the tubes were made from platinum . In metal tubes , the radium could be employed in a number of ways : externally ; to the interior of the body in places like the mouth , nose , esophagus , rectum and vagina ; and into the substance of a tumor through incisions . Radium baths ( edit ) In 1903 , the discoverer of the electron , J.J. Thomson , wrote a letter to the journal Nature in which he detailed his discovery of the presence of radioactivity in well water . Soon after , others found that the waters in many of the world 's most famous health springs were also radioactive . This radioactivity is due to the presence of radium emanation produced by the radium that is present in the ground through which the waters flow . In 1904 , Nature published a study on the natural radioactivity of different mineral waters . Inspired by this , using preparations of radium salt in bath water was suggested as a way for patients to be treated at home , as the radio - activity in the bathwater was permanent . Radium baths became used experimentally to treat arthritis , gout , and neuralgias . Röntgenotherapy vs. radium therapy ( edit ) X-ray treatment of tuberculosis in 1910 . X-rays and radium were noted by physicians to have different advantages in different cases . The most marked effects produced with radium therapy were with lupus , ulcerous growths , and keloid , particularly because they could be applied more specifically to tissues than with x-rays . Radium was generally to be preferred when a localized reaction was desired , while for x-rays when a large area needed to be treated . Radium was also believed to be bactericidal , while x-rays were not . Because they could not be applied locally , x-rays were also found to have worse cosmetic effects than radium when treating malignancies . In certain cases , a combination of x-ray and radium therapy was suggested . In many skin diseases , the ulcers would be treated with radium and the surrounding areas with x-rays so it would positively affect the lymphatic systems . Tuberculosis and iodo - radium therapy ( edit ) After using radium in the surgicial treatment of tuberculosis , researchers including Béla Augustin and A. de Szendeffy soon developed a treatment using radioactive metholated iodine , which was patented under the name dioradin ( formed from `` iodine and radium '' ) in 1911 . Application of this treatment was referred to as iodo - radium therapy , and involved injecting dioradin intramuscularly . It seemed promising to the developers , because in several cases , fever and hemoptysis had disappeared . Inhalation of iodine alone had been an experimental treatment for tuberculosis in France between 1830 and 1870 . Commercialization , quackery , and the end of an era ( 1915 -- 1935 ) ( edit ) Advertisement for a scientifically developed radiation emanation activator . This particular device is suggested for use by Augustus Callé in a textbook on post-graduate medicine . Widespread commercial exploitation of radium only began in 1913 , by which time more efficient methods of extracting radium from pitchblende had been discovered and the mining of radium had taken off . Commercial products ( edit ) The Revigator `` radioactive water crock '' ( 1930s ) `` Tho - radia '' powder , based on radium and thorium , according to the formula of Dr Alfred Curie The radium commonly used in bath salts , waters , and muds was in low - grade preparations , due to the expense , and their usefulness in curative solutions was questioned , since it had been agreed upon by physicians that radium could only be used successfully in high doses . It was believed that even radiation emanation at higher doses that were useful would cause no harm , because the radioactive deposits were found to have been absorbed and released in urine and waste within a period of three hours . Radiation emanation activators ( edit ) Radium emanation activators , apparatuses that would apply radium emanation to water , started being produced and marketed . Scientifically constructed emanators were sold to hospitals , universities , and independent researchers . Certain companies advertised that they would only give them out to others on a medical prescription and would guarantee the strength of radium in each dose . Many products which imitated emanation activators were more broadly marketed to the public . One such product was the Revigator , a `` radioactive water crock . '' A dispensing jar made of radium - containing ore , the idea was that radon produced by the ore would dissolve in the water overnight . It was advertised : `` Fill jar every night . Drink freely ... when thirsty and upon arising and retiring , average six or more glasses daily . '' The American Medical Association ( AMA ) was concerned that the public was being fleeced by charlatans . In response , the AMA established guidelines ( in effect from 1916 to 1929 ) that emanators seeking AMA approval had to generate more than 2 μ Ci ( 74 k Bq ) of radon per liter of water in a 24 - hour period . Most devices on the market , including the Revigator did not meet that standard . Patent medicines ( edit ) Main article : Radioactive quackery Many other quack cures and patent medicines were sold on the market . Radithor , a solution of radium salts , was claimed by its developer William J.A. Bailey to have curative properties . Many brands of toothpaste were laced with radium that was claimed to make teeth shine whiter , such as Doramad Radioactive Toothpaste . Ostensibly , this would be because the radium would kill the bacteria in a person 's mouth . One item , called `` Degnen 's Radio - Active Eye Applicator '' manufactured by the Radium Appliance Company of Los Angeles , California , was sold as a treatment for myopia , hypermetropia , and presbyopia . Face creams and powders were sold , with names like ' Revigorette ' and ' Tho - radia ' . It was also sold as a supplement to smoking cigarettes . Companies also marked radioactive pads and compresses for the treatment of illnesses . Joachimsthal radium spa hotel ( edit ) In light of the supposed curative properties of radioactivity , a spa was opened up in Joachimsthal , the place at which Madame Curie gathered some of her original samples of radium from spring waters . Radon inhalation rooms were set up , where air tubes carried the gas up from a processing tank in the basement ; the visitor would then use it through an inhalation apparatus . Baths were set up which were also irradiated , and irradiated air was also filtered through a trumpet - like pipe for inhalation . Public health concerns ( edit ) Concerns about radium were brought up before the United States Senate by California Senator John D. Works as early as 1915 . In a floor speech he quoted letters from doctors asking about the efficacy of the products that were marketed . He stressed that radiation had the effect of making many cancers worse , many doctors thought the belief that radium could be used to cure cancers at that stage of the development of therapy was a `` delusion '' -- one doctor quoted cited a failure - to - success rate of 100 to 1 -- and the effects of radium water were undemonstrated . Around the start of the 1920s , new public health concerns were sparked by the deaths of factory workers at a radioluminescent watch factory , later referred to as the Radium Girls . In 1932 , a well - known industrialist , Eben Byers died of radiation poisoning from the use of Radithor , a radium water guaranteed by the manufacturer to contain 2 μ Ci of radium . Cases sprung up of the development of carcinoma in patients who had used conventional radium therapy up to 40 years after the original treatments . Robley D. Evans made the first measurements of exhaled radon and radium excretion from a former dial painter in 1933 . At MIT he gathered dependable body content measurements from 27 dial painters . This information was used in 1941 by the National Bureau of Standards to establish the tolerance level for radium of 0.1 μ Ci ( 3.7 k Bq ) . Coutard method ( edit ) At the International Congress of Oncology in Paris in 1922 , Henri Coutard , a French radiologist working with the Institut Curie , presented evidence that laryngeal cancer could be treated without disastrous side - effects . Coutard was inspired by the observations of Claudius Regaud , who found that a single dose of x-rays sufficient enough to produce severe skin damage and tissue destruction in a rabbit , if administered in fractions , over a course of days , would sterilize the rabbit but have no effect on subcutaneous tissues . By 1934 , Coutard had developed a protracted , fractionated process that remains the basis for current radiation therapy . Coutard 's dosage and fractionation were designed to create a severe but recoverable acute mucosal reaction . Unlike previous physicians , who believed that cancerous cells were more affected by radiation , he assumed that the population of cancerous cells had the same sensitivity for regeneration as normal cells . Coutard reported a 23 % cure rate in the treatment of head and neck cancer . In 1935 , hospitals everywhere began following his treatment plan . Radiation therapy today ( 1935 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Radiation therapy Treatments of cancer by x-ray today generally follows Coutard 's fractionated process , while radiated rods are used in brachytherapy . The three main divisions of radiation therapy are external beam radiation therapy or teletherapy , brachytherapy or sealed source radiation therapy , and systemic radioisotope therapy or unsealed source radiotherapy . The differences relate to the position of the radiation source ; external is outside the body , brachytherapy uses sealed radioactive sources placed precisely in the area under treatment , and systemic radioisotopes are given by infusion or oral ingestion . Brachytherapy can use temporary or permanent placement of radioactive sources . The temporary sources are usually placed by a technique called afterloading . In afterloading a hollow tube or applicator is placed surgically in the organ to be treated , and the sources are loaded into the applicator after the applicator is implanted . This minimizes radiation exposure to health care personnel . Particle therapy is a special case of external beam radiation therapy where the particles are protons or heavier ions . Intraoperative radiation therapy or IORT is a special type of radiation therapy that is delivered immediately after surgical removal of the cancer . This method has been employed in breast cancer ( TARGeted Introperative radiation therapy or TARGIT ) , brain tumors and rectal cancers . Radioactive iodine , as developed in 1911 , survives today primarily in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis ( hyperthyroidism ) and some types of thyroid cancer that absorb iodine . Treatment involves the important iodine isotope iodine - 131 ( I ) , often simply called `` radioiodine '' ( though technically all radioisotopes of iodine are radioiodines ; see isotopes of iodine ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pusey 1900 , p. 302 Jump up ^ Kassabian 1907 , p. 501 ^ Jump up to : Coe 1912 , p. 302 ^ Jump up to : Singer 1914 , p. xxv ^ Jump up to : Mould 1993 Jump up ^ Squibb 1900 , p. 722 Jump up ^ MacKee 1921 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Pioneer in X-Ray Therapy Jump up ^ Belot 1905 , p. 364 Jump up ^ Freund 1904 , p. 299 Jump up ^ Belot 1905 , p. 812 Jump up ^ Williams 1902 , p. 438 Jump up ^ Belot 1905 , p. 367 Jump up ^ Belot 1905 , p. 88 ^ Jump up to : Metzenbaum 1905 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Sinclair 1905 , p. 1103 Jump up ^ Grubbe 1902 , p. 692 Jump up ^ Pusey 1900 , p. 303 Jump up ^ Belot 1905 , pp. 261 -- 302 Jump up ^ Kassabian 1907 , p. 488 Jump up ^ MacKee 1921 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Metzenbaum 1905 , pp. 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ Cameron 1912 , p. 171 Jump up ^ MacKee 1921 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Knox 1918 , p. 500 Jump up ^ Knox 1918 , p. 499 Jump up ^ Knox 1918 , p. 498 ^ Jump up to : Cameron 1912 , p. 173 ^ Jump up to : Knox 1918 , p. 501 Jump up ^ Strutt 1904 , p. 473 Jump up ^ Tousey 1915 , p. 1115 Jump up ^ Cameron 1912 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Boggs 1919 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Simpson 1917 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Science Museum London Jump up ^ Callé 1922 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Bright 1910 , p. 558 Jump up ^ Moore & Kithil 1913 , p. 79 Jump up ^ Moore & Kithil 1913 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Moore & Kithil 1913 , p. 110 ^ Jump up to : Frame 1989 Jump up ^ Oak Ridge 1998 Jump up ^ Works 1915 , pp. 107 -- 108 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=H2EzvHupWRkC&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25&dq=%CE%BCCi+national+bureau+of+standards&source=bl&ots=bVZCpMk7tA&sig=JB4D0BvweEf0m6-9mb0x97bds1I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjiwe-f2tPLAhUJNJQKHWQDBhYQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=%CE%BCCi%20national%20bureau%20of%20standards&f=false Jump up ^ Chamberlain & Young 1937 Jump up ^ Halperin , Perez & Brady 2008 , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Bomford , Kunkler & Walter 2003 , p. 316 Jump up ^ Beyzadeoglu , Özyigit & Ebruli 2010 , p. xxiii References ( edit ) Pusey , Wm . Allen ( 1900 ) . `` Roentgen rays in the treatment of skin diseases and for the removal of hair '' . Journal of cutaneous diseases including syphilis . William & Wood . 18 : 302 -- 318 . Squibb , E.H. ( 1900 ) . `` Brief comments on the Materia Medica and therapeutics of the year ending October 1 , 1899 -- Roentgen rays '' . Transactions of the New York State Medical Association for the year 1884 -- 1899 . New York State Medical Association . 16 : 710 -- 731 . Freund , Leopold ( 1904 ) . Elements of general radio - therapy for practitioners . Rebman . Belot , Joseph ( 1905 ) . Radiotherapy in skin disease . Rebman . Grubbe , Emile H. ( 1902 ) . `` X-rays in the treatment of cancer and other malignant diseases '' . Medical record . W. Wood . 62 : 692 -- 695 . Jones , Philip Mills ( 1900 ) . `` Treatment of lupus by x-rays '' . Philadelphia medical journal . Philadelphia Medical Pub. Co. 5 : 63 -- 64 . Williams , Francis Henry ( 1902 ) . Roentgen rays in medicine and surgery . Macmillan . Gould , George Milbry ; Lloyd , James Hendrie ( 1898 ) . `` X-Ray Burns. -- Amputation of the Thigh , X-Ray Burns ; Their Nature and Treatment '' . The Philadelphia medical journal . Philadelphia Medical Pub. Co. 1 : 354 . Knox , Robert ( 1918 ) . Radiography and Radio - therapeutics : Radio - therapeutics . Macmillan . Tousey , Sinclair ( 1915 ) . Medical electricity Röntgen rays and radium : with a practical chapter on phototherapy . Saunders . Kassabian , Mihran Krikor ( 1907 ) . Röntgen rays and electro - therapeutics : with chapters on radium and phototherapy . J.B. Lippincott Company . MacKee , George Miller ( 1921 ) . X-rays and radium in the treatment of diseases of the skin . Lea & Febiger . Cameron , Alexander Thomas ( 1912 ) . Radium and radioactivity . Society for promoting Christian knowledge . Metzenbaum , Myron ( 1905 ) . `` Radium : Its value in the treatment of lupus , rodent ulcer , and epithelioma , with reports of cases '' . International clinics . J.B. Lippincott. 4 : 14 : 21 -- 31 . Coe , Henry Waldo ( 1912 ) . `` New Research on the Idio - Radium Therapy in Tuberculose '' . Medical sentinel. 20 : 302 -- 303 . Bernheim , Samuel ( 1911 ) . Radiumtherapy in Tuberculosis and Dioradin ( Radio - active Mentholated Iodine ) As Used in the Treatment of Tuberculosis . Vail - Ballou Co . Bright , Conrad Frederick I. ( 1910 ) . `` A British radium discovery '' . The Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry . American Chemical Society . 2 : 558 . Moore , Richard Bishop ; Kithil , Karl Ludwig ( 1913 ) . `` A British radium discovery '' . A preliminary report on uranium , radium , and vanadium . Govt . print . off . 70 -- 74 . Strutt , J.R. ( 1904 ) . `` A study of the radio - activity of certain minerals and mineral waters '' . Nature . 69 : 473 -- 475 . doi : 10.1038 / 069473b0 . Singer , Heinrich ( 1914 ) . `` Radiation Emanation '' . Maryland Medical Journal . 57 : 7 : xxiv -- xxv . Viol , Charles Herman ; Cameron , William Heron ( 1915 ) . Radium . Pittsburgh , PA. 4 -- 6 https://books.google.com/books?id=xgYhAQAAIAAJ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Simpson , Frank E. ( 1917 ) . `` Radium Therapy '' . The Radium Quarterly . The Radium Institute . 1 : 1 . New , Gordon B. ( 1917 ) . `` Radium in the Treatment of Lymphangioma of the Tongue '' . The Radium Quarterly . The Radium Institute . 1 : 1 . Simpson , Frank E. ( 1917 ) . `` Radium Therapy with Special Reference to the Use of Radium in Dermatology '' . The Radium Quarterly . The Radium Institute . 1 : 2 . Simpson , Frank Edward ( 1922 ) . Radium Therapy . C.V. Mosby Company . Callé , Augustus ( 1922 ) . Post-graduate medicine : prevention and treatment of disease . Appleton . Mould , Richard Francis ( 1993 ) . A century of x-rays and radioactivity in medicine : with emphasis on photographic records of the early years . CRC Press . Frame , Paul ( November 5 , 1989 ) . `` Radioactive curative devices and spas '' . Oak Ridger . Oak Ridge ( 1998 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Radioactive Quack Cures '' . Works , John D. ( 1915 ) . `` Status of Radium '' . The public health service ... speech ... in the Senate of the United States , January 5 and 6 , 1915 . Govt . print . off. : 105 -- 109 . Boggs , R.H. ( 1910 ) . `` The comparative value of radium and Roentgen radiation '' . Minnesota medicine . Minnesota Medical Association : 77 -- 78 . Halperin , Eduard C. ; Perez , Carlos A. ; Brady , Luther W. ( 2008 ) . Perez and Brady 's principles and practice of radiation oncology . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . Chamberlain , Edward ; Young , Barton ( 1937 ) . `` Should the Method of Coutard be Applied in All Cases of Cancer Treated by Roentgen Rays ? '' . Radiology . doi : 10.1148 / 29.2. 186 . Bomford , C.K. ; Kunkler , I.H. ; Walter , Joseph ( 2003 ) . Walter and Miller 's textbook of radiotherapy : radiation physics , therapy , and oncology . Elsevier Health Sciences . Beyzadeoglu , M. ; Özyigit , Gokhan ; Ebruli , Cuneyt ( 2010 ) . Basic radiation and oncology . Springer . Coutard , Henri ( October 1937 ) . `` The Results and Methods of Treatment of Cancer by Radiation '' . Annals of Surgery . Paris , France : Springer . 106 ( 4 ) : 584 -- 98 . doi : 10.1097 / 00000658 - 193710000 - 00010 . PMC 1390613 . PMID 17857061 . Science Museum London . `` Iodine treatment apparatus for tuberculosis , France , 1830 -- 1870 '' . `` Pioneer in X-Ray Therapy '' . Science ( New Series ) . 125 ( 3236 ) : 18 -- 19 . 4 January 1957 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 125.3236. 18 . ( jstor stable link ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_radiation_therapy&oldid=809344620 '' Categories : Radiation therapy History of medicine Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 15 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was radiotherapy first used to treat cancer | [
"The history of radiation therapy or radiotherapy can be traced back to experiments made soon after the discovery of x-rays (1895), when it was shown that exposure to radiation produced cutaneous burns. Influenced by electrotherapy and escharotics — the medical application of caustic substances — doctors began using radiation to treat growths and lesions produced by diseases such as lupus, basal cell carcinoma, and epithelioma.[1] Radiation was generally believed to have bactericidal properties, so when radium was discovered, in addition to treatments similar to those used with x-rays, it was also used as an additive to medical treatments for diseases such as tuberculosis where there were resistant bacilli.[2][3]"
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"1895"
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-8324025753255151448 | British colonization of the Americas | British colonization of the Americas - wikipedia British colonization of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal The British colonization of the Americas ( including colonization by both the English and the Scots ) began in 1607 in Jamestown , Virginia and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout the Americas . The British were among the most important colonizers of the Americas , and their American empire came to rival the Spanish American colonies in military and economic might . Three types of colonies existed in the British Empire in America during the height of its power in the 18th Century . These were charter colonies , proprietary colonies and royal colonies . A group of 13 British American colonies collectively broke from the British Empire in the 1770s through a successful revolution , establishing the modern United States . After the end of the Napoleonic Wars ( 1803 -- 15 ) , British territories in the Americas were slowly granted more responsible government . In 1838 the Durham Report recommended full responsible government for Canada , but this was not fully implemented for another decade . Eventually , with the Confederation of Canada , the Canadian colonies were granted significant autonomy and became a self - governing Dominion in 1867 . Other colonies in the Americas followed at a much slower pace . In this way , two countries in North America , ten in the Caribbean , and one in South America have received their independence from the United Kingdom . All of these , except the United States , are members of the Commonwealth of Nations and nine are Commonwealth realms . The eight current British overseas territories in the Americas have varying degrees of self - government . Britain in the Americas Contents ( hide ) 1 North America 1.1 Pre-British colonization of North America 1.1. 1 English colonies in North America 1.1. 2 Scottish colonies in North America 1.2 British colonies in North America 1.2. 1 List of English and British colonies in North America ( in rough chronological order ) 1.2. 2 Non-colonial British territories in North America 2 Central and South America , Caribbean 2.1 English and later British Caribbean colonies 2.2 English and later British Central and South American colonies 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 5.1 Historiography 6 External links North America ( edit ) Main articles : Colonial history of the United States and History of Canada Pre-british colonization of North America ( edit ) English colonies in North America ( edit ) Main articles : English overseas possessions and English colonial grants in North America ( 1621 -- 1639 ) Plaque in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador , commemorating Gilbert 's founding of the British overseas Empire A number of English colonies were established under a system of Proprietary Governors , who were appointed under mercantile charters to English joint stock companies to found and run settlements . In 1607 , Jamestown , Virginia was founded by the London Company ( also known as the Virginia Company ) . In Newfoundland , a chartered company known as the Society of Merchant Venturers established a permanent settlement at Cuper 's Cove , from 1610 . St. George 's , Bermuda was founded by the Virginia Company , in 1612 . In 1664 , England took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland ( including its capital of New Amsterdam ) which England renamed the Province of New York . With New Netherland , the English also came to control the former New Sweden ( in what is now Delaware ) , which the Dutch had conquered earlier . This later became part of Pennsylvania after that was established in 1680 . Scottish colonies in North America ( edit ) Main article : Scottish colonization of the Americas The Kingdom of Scotland tried unsuccessfully to establish a colony at Darién , and the Scottish colonization of Nova Scotia ( New Scotland ) lasted from 1629 to 1632 . Thousands of Scotsmen also participated in English colonization before the two countries were united in 1707 . British colonies in North America ( edit ) See also : British America , British North America , and Thirteen Colonies The Kingdom of Great Britain acquired the French colony of Acadia in 1713 and then Canada and the Spanish colony of Florida in 1763 . After being renamed the Province of Quebec , the former French Canada was divided into two Provinces , the Canadas , consisting of the old settled country of Lower Canada ( today Quebec ) and the newly settled Upper Canada ( today Ontario ) . In the north , the Hudson 's Bay Company actively traded for fur with the indigenous peoples , and had competed with French , Aboriginal , and Métis fur traders . The company came to control the entire drainage basin of Hudson Bay , called Rupert 's Land . The small part of the Hudson Bay drainage south of the 49th parallel went to the United States in the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 . Thirteen of Great Britain 's colonies rebelled in the American Revolutionary War , beginning in 1775 , primarily over representation , local laws and tax issues , and established the United States of America , which was recognised internationally with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 3 September 1783 . Great Britain also colonised the west coast of North America , indirectly via the Hudson 's Bay Company licenses west of the Rocky Mountains : the Columbia District and New Caledonia fur district . Most of these were jointly claimed as the Oregon Country by the United States from 1818 until the 49th parallel was established as the international boundary west of the Rockies by the Oregon Treaty of 1846 . The Colony of Vancouver Island , founded in 1849 , and the Colony of British Columbia , founded in 1858 , were combined in 1866 under the name Colony of British Columbia , and joined the Confederation in 1871 . British Columbia was expanded with the inclusion of the Stikine Territory in 1863 ; and upon joining Confederation the Peace River Block , formerly part of Rupert 's Land , was added . In 1867 , the colonies of New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , and the Province of Canada ( the southern portion of modern - day Ontario and Quebec ) combined to form a self - governing dominion , named Canada , within the British Empire ( the term `` kingdom '' was avoided so as to not provoke the United States ) . Quebec ( including what is now the southern portion of Ontario ) and Nova Scotia ( including what is now New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island ) had been ceded to Britain by the French . The colonies of Prince Edward Island and British Columbia joined over the next six years , and Newfoundland joined in 1949 . Rupert 's Land and the North - Western Territory were ceded to Canada in 1870 . This area now consists of the provinces of Manitoba ( admitted after negotiation between Canada and a Métis provisional government in 1870 ) , Saskatchewan , and Alberta ( both created in 1905 ) , as well as the Northwest Territories , the Yukon Territory ( created 1898 , following the start of the Klondike Gold Rush ) , and Nunavut ( created in 1999 ) . List of English and British colonies in North America ( in rough chronological order ) ( edit ) The British Colonies in North America , 1763 -- 1775 Roanoke Colony , founded 1586 , abandoned the next year . Second attempt in 1587 disappeared ( also called the Lost Colony ) . Cuttyhunk Island , established as a small fort and trading post by Bartholomew Gosnold in 1602 , abandoned after one month . Virginia Company , chartered 1606 and became the Virginia Colony in 1624 London Company Jamestown , Virginia , founded 1607 ( briefly abandoned in 1610 ) Bermuda , islands located in the North Atlantic , first settled in 1609 by the London Virginia Company ; administration passed in 1615 to the Somers Isles Company , formed by the same shareholders . Known officially as the Somers Isles , they remain today a British overseas territory . Citie of Henricopolis , founded in 1611 as an alternative to the swampy Jamestown site and destroyed in the Indian massacre of 1622 . Plymouth Company Popham Colony , founded 1607 , abandoned 1608 Society of Merchant Venturers ( Newfoundland ) Cuper 's Cove , founded 1610 , abandoned in the 1620s Bristol 's Hope , founded 1618 , abandoned in the 1630s London and Bristol Company ( Newfoundland ) The massacre of Jamestown settlers in 1622 . Soon the colonists in the South feared all natives as enemies . New Cambriol , founded 1617 , abandoned before 1637 Renews , founded 1615 , abandoned in 1619 St. John 's , Newfoundland , chartered by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583 ; seasonal settlements ca . 1520 ; informal year - round settlers before 1620 . Plymouth Council for New England Plymouth Colony , founded 1620 , merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691 Ferryland , Newfoundland , granted to George Calvert , 1st Baron Baltimore in 1620 , first settlers in August 1621 Province of Maine , granted 1622 , sold to Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1677 South Falkland , Newfoundland , founded 1623 by Henry Cary , 1st Viscount Falkland Province of New Hampshire , later New Hampshire settled in 1623 , see also New Hampshire Grants Dorchester Company Colony , ( Dorchester Company planted an unsuccessful fishing colony on Cape Ann at modern Gloucester , Massachusetts in 1624 ) Salem Colony , later Salem , Massachusetts , settled in 1628 , merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony the next year Massachusetts Bay Colony , later part of Massachusetts , founded 1629 New Scotland , in present Nova Scotia , 1629 -- 1632 Connecticut Colony , later part of Connecticut founded 1633 Province of Maryland , later Maryland , founded in 1634 The Treaty of William Penn with the Indians . Penn 's Treaty was never violated . New Albion , chartered in 1634 , failed by 1649 -- 50 , not to be confused with Nova Albion on the Pacific coast ( see next section ) Saybrook Colony , founded 1635 , merged with Connecticut in 1644 Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , first settled in 1636 New Haven Colony , founded 1638 , merged with Connecticut in 1665 Gardiners Island , founded 1639 , now part of East Hampton , New York Province of New York , captured 1664 Province of New Jersey , captured in 1664 divided into West Jersey and East Jersey after 1674 , each held by its own company of Proprietors . Province of Pennsylvania , later Pennsylvania , founded 1681 as an English colony , although first settled by Dutch and Swedes Delaware Colony , later Delaware , separated from Pennsylvania in 1704 Province of Carolina Province of North Carolina , first permanent English settlements in the late 1600s ( nearly a century after the failed Roanoke Colony ; see Albemarle Settlements ) , became a separate colony in 1710 - 12 . Province of South Carolina , first permanent English settlement in 1670 , became a separate colony in 1710 - 12 . Province of Georgia , later Georgia ; first settled in about 1670 , formal colony in 1732 Nova Scotia , site of abortive Scottish colony in 1629 ; British colony 1713 , but this did not permanently include Cape Breton Island until 1758 . Province of Quebec , which had been called Canada under French rule . Canada was by far the most settled portion of New France . Britain gained complete control of French Canada in 1759 -- 1761 , from the events within the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War ; France ceded title with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 . Became Canada East in the Province of Canada , which also included Ontario ( Upper Canada ) as Canada West , from 1841 to 1867 . East Florida and West Florida , acquired from Spain in 1763 in exchange for returning Cuba , taken from Spain in 1761 ; the Floridas were recovered by Spain in 1783 . Backwoods areas almost unaffected by the Stamp Act Crisis of 1765 , which unified the thirteen colonies that formed the United States , not much for abstract principles , and grateful to the crown , they declined to send representatives to the Continental Congress or to participate in any way in the independence movement . After the Second Spanish period , they were acquired by the United States in 1821 . Island of St. John , separated from Nova Scotia 1769 , renamed Prince Edward Island in 1798 New Brunswick , separated from Nova Scotia in 1784 Fur traders in Canada , trading with Indians , 1777 Ontario , separated from Quebec in 1791 as the Province of Upper Canada until 1841 , when it became Canada West in the Province of Canada . Province of Canada combined the colonies of Quebec ( Lower Canada ) and Ontario ( Upper Canada ) from 1841 to 1867 . Colony of Vancouver Island , founded by the Hudson 's Bay Company at Fort Victoria in 1843 . Received royal charter for the Island as a colony in 1849 , and merged with the colony of British Columbia in 1866 . Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands , founded in 1852 , merged with the Colony of Vancouver Island in 1863 . Colony of British Columbia , also called the Mainland Colony or the Gold Colony , founded in 1858 from the New Caledonia fur district and the remnant of the Columbia fur district north of the 49th parallel ( see below ) . The colony was expanded with the addition of most of the Stikine Territory ( also called Stickeen Territory ) and the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands in 1863 . Colony of British Columbia , formed in 1866 from a merger of the Vancouver Island and Mainland Colonies . The name British Columbia was chosen for the newly merged colony despite the opposition from Vancouver Island colonists . Non-colonial British territories in North America ( edit ) Rupert 's Land , territory of the Hudson 's Bay Company , founded in 1670 and transferred to the new Dominion of Canada in 1867 as the Northwest Territories Columbia District , the trading district of the Columbia Department of the Hudson 's Bay Company from 1821 to the Oregon Treaty of 1846 , by which most of the Columbia District was formally annexed to the United States . HBC lands south of the 49th parallel were guaranteed by the Oregon Treaty but ownership and compensation issues were not fully resolved until 1861 . New Caledonia , fur district . First created in 1805 as part of North West Company for operations , administered by Hudson 's Bay Company following the two companies ' forced merger in 1821 , until incorporated as the part of the Colony of British Columbia in 1858 , by which time the term `` New Caledonia '' had come to refer to the whole of the British Columbia mainland , not just the original fur district in what is now its Central Interior . Stikine Territory , also called Stickeen Territories , founded in 1862 in response to the Stikine Gold Rush to prevent an American takeover . North - Western Territory , a Hudson 's Bay Company trading area covering lands north and northwest of Rupert 's Land and , after 1863 , north of the Stikine Territory 's original boundary at the 62nd parallel . Its remnant was incorporated at the Yukon Territory after the part of it south of the 60th parallel was amalgamated to British Columbia . Nova Albion , never incorporated or settled , exact location unknown , claimed by Sir Francis Drake and one of the precedents for the British claims to the Pacific Northwest during the Oregon boundary dispute . the southeastern Alaska Panhandle was leased from the Russian Empire , from 1839 to 1867 , until the lease was ignored by both the Russians and Americans and , subsequently , by the Canadian and the British imperial governments , despite British Columbia 's protests . Central and South America , Caribbean ( edit ) English and later British Caribbean colonies ( edit ) Main articles : History of the British West Indies and History of the Caribbean Planter and his wife , with a servant , circa 1780 In order of settlement or founding : Saint Kitts -- The island was settled by Sir Thomas Warner in 1623 . The following year the French also settled part of St Kitts . After they massacred the Caribs , the British and French turned on each other and St Kitts changed hands between the two several times before the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) gave the island to Britain . It became independent as part of Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1983 . Barbados -- The island was claimed for the British Empire in 1625 , and later settled in 1627 as a proprietary colony of Anglo - Dutchman William Courten . It became an independent nation in 1966 . Nevis -- The island was permanently settled in 1628 . It became independent as part of Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1983 . Providencia Island -- part of an archipelago off the coast of Nicaragua , this island was settled in 1630 by English Puritans . The colony was conquered by the Spanish and became extinct in 1641 . The island is today administered by Colombia . Providence Island colony was a sister colony to the more well known Massachusetts Bay Colony . Antigua -- The island was settled in 1632 . It became independent as part of Antigua and Barbuda in 1981 . Barbuda -- The island was settled about 1632 . It became independent as part of Antigua and Barbuda in 1981 . Montserrat -- The island was settled in 1632 . It was occupied by the French in 1664 -- 68 and 1782 -- 84 . It remains a British territory . Bahamas -- The islands were settled from 1647 . They became independent in 1973 . Anguilla -- The island was settled in 1650 . Its government was united with St Christopher ( St Kitts ) from 1882 until 1967 , when it declared its separation . It was brought back under British administration in 1969 . It remains a British territory . Jamaica -- The island was conquered from Spain in 1655 . It became independent in 1962 . British Virgin Islands -- The islands were settled from 1666 . They remain a British territory . Cayman Islands -- The islands were acquired from Spain in 1670 . They remain a British territory . Turks and Caicos Islands -- The islands were first permanently settled in the 1750s . They remain a British territory . A linen market in the West Indies , circa 1780 Dominica -- The island was captured from the French in 1761 . The French occupied it again from 1778 to 1783 . Dominica became independent in 1978 . Trinidad and Tobago -- The island of Tobago was captured in 1762 . The island of Trinidad was captured from the Spanish in 1797 . The two governments were joined in 1888 . They became independent in 1962 . Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -- Saint Vincent was colonised in 1762 . France captured it in 1779 but returned it to Britain in 1783 . The islands were part of the British colony of the British Windward Islands from 1871 to 1958 . The nation gained full independence in 1979 . Grenada -- The island was conquered from France in 1762 . The French reoccupied it from 1779 to 1783 . It became independent in 1974 . Saint Lucia -- The island was captured from the French in 1778 , but returned in 1783 . In 1796 and in 1803 it was captured again , but permanently annexed by Britain in 1814 . Saint Lucia became independent in 1979 . English and later British Central and South American colonies ( edit ) Belize -- from 1638 English adventurers used Belize as a source of logwood , a tree used to make a wool dye . The area was claimed by Spain but they had not settled it or been able to control the natives . The Spanish destroyed the British colony in 1717 , 1730 , 1754 and 1779 . The Spanish attacked a final time in 1798 , but were defeated . The colony was known as British Honduras from the 19th century until 1973 , when its name changed to Belize . Guatemalan claims to Belize delayed independence , but full independence was granted in 1981 . Mosquito Coast ( Nicaragua 's Caribbean coast ) -- This area was first settled by the English in 1630 . It was briefly assigned to Honduras in 1859 , along with the Bay Islands north of the country , then ceded to Nicaragua in 1860 ; the area was disputed until a treaty of 1965 divided the Mosquito Coast for each country . British Guiana -- The English began colonies in the Guiana area in the early 17th century . In the Treaty of Breda , the Dutch gained control of these colonies . Britain later controlled various colonies in the area . Britain ceded Suriname in exchange for New Amsterdam . The Congress of Vienna ( 1815 ) awarded the settlements of Berbice , Demerara , and Essequibo in the Guiana region to Great Britain ; they were united as British Guiana in 1831 . It became independent as Guyana in 1966 . Currently , Venezuela claims sovereignty over half of Guyana 's territory . Falkland Islands -- The British first established a presence on the Falkland Islands in 1765 but were compelled to withdraw for economic reasons related to the American War of Independence in 1774 . The islands continued to be used by British sealers and whalers , although the settlement of Port Egmont was destroyed by the Spanish in 1780 . Argentina attempted to establish a colony in the ruins of the former Spanish settlement of Puerto Soledad , which ended with the British return in 1833 . The islands have been under British control ever since , save for a brief Argentine occupation during the Falklands War of 1982 . See also ( edit ) Atlantic World British West Indies Colonial South and the Chesapeake First Nations Historiography of the British Empire Imperialism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` William Vaughan and New Cambriol '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site Project . Memorial University of Newfoundland . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Canny , The Oxford History of the British Empire : Volume I : The Origins of Empire : British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 924676 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Early Settlement Schemes '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site Project . Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1998 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul O'Neill , The Oldest City : The Story of St. John 's , Newfoundland , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 9730271 - 2 - 6 . Jump up ^ Colony of Avalon , ( 1 ) , Colony of Avalon Foundation , Revised March 2002 , accessed 27 August 2006 Jump up ^ `` The Belize Position '' . Government of Belize . Archived from the original on 15 May 2006 . Retrieved 12 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Gibran , Daniel ( 1998 ) . The Falklands War : Britain Versus the Past in the South Atlantic . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0406 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Elliott , John H. Empires of the Atlantic world : Britain and Spain in America , 1492 - 1830 ( Yale UP , 2007 ) . Louis , William . Roger ( general editor ) , The Oxford History of the British Empire vol 1 The Origins of Empire ed. by Nicholas Canny vol 2 The Eighteenth Century ed. by P.J. Marshall excerpt and text search Lloyd ; T.O. The British Empire , 1558 - 1995 Oxford University Press , 1996 online edition Marshall , P.J. ( ed . ) The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire ( 1996 ) . excerpt and text search Robinson , Howard . The Development of the British Empire ( 1922 ) , 465pp edition Rose , J. Holland , A.P. Newton and E.A. Benians ( gen . eds . ) , The Cambridge History of the British Empire , 9 vols. ( 1929 -- 61 ) ; vol 1 : `` The Old Empire from the Beginnings to 1783 '' 934pp online edition Volume I Sobecki , Sebastian . `` New World Discovery '' . Oxford Handbooks Online ( 2015 ) . DOI : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780199935338.013. 141 Taylor , Alan . American Colonies : The Settling of North America ( Penguin , 2002 ) . Historiography ( edit ) Canny , Nicholas . `` Writing Atlantic History ; or , Reconfiguring the History of Colonial British America . '' Journal of American History 86.3 ( 1999 ) : 1093 - 1114 . in JSTOR Hinderaker , Eric ; Horn , Rebecca . `` Territorial Crossings : Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas , '' William and Mary Quarterly , ( 2010 ) 67 # 3 pp 395 -- 432 in JSTOR External links ( edit ) The Modern History Sourcebook has the account of the Gilbert 's trip to North America Former colonies and territories in Canada Norse Named Territories Vinland Markland Helluland Sites L'Anse aux Meadows Point Rosee French Claims New France Acadia Isle St - Jean Île Royale Canada Domaine du roy Louisiana Pays d'en Haut Terre Neuve Important sites Port Royal Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Louisbourg Plaisance List of towns List of Forts Spanish Claims New Spain Important sites Fort San Miguel , Nootka Sound Expeditions Newfoundland Pacific Northwest Scottish Claims Nova Scotia ( 1621 ) Sites Port Royal Colony Russian Claims Russian America American Claims Oregon Country English & British Claims Newfoundland ( 1583 ) New Albion ( ? ) Rupert 's Land Nova Scotia ( 1710 ) Quebec Lower and Upper Canada New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Cape Breton United Canada New Caledonia Columbia District Queen Charlotte Islands Vancouver Island British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) British Columbia ( 1866 -- 71 ) Stickeen North - Western Territory Red River Important sites Cuper 's Cove Avalon ( 1620 ) York Factory Halifax Victoria Fort Langley List of HBC sites Norwegian Claims Sverdrup Islands Related Territorial evolution after 1867 Areas disputed by Canada and the United States Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Population of Canada Portal WikiProject History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline Era : By period By region Three - age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=804568631 '' Categories : British colonization of the Americas Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Latina Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 21 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the first british colony in america | [
"The British colonization of the Americas (including colonization by both the English and the Scots) began in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout the Americas. The British were among the most important colonizers of the Americas, and their American empire came to rival the Spanish American colonies in military and economic might."
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"1607 in Jamestown, Virginia"
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3918826601446589003 | Playground | Playground - wikipedia Playground Jump to : navigation , search This article is about an area for play . For other uses , see Playground ( disambiguation ) . `` Adventure Playground '' redirects here . For the urban park in Berkeley , California , see Adventure Playground ( Berkeley ) . For the album by John Surman , see Adventure Playground ( album ) . A modern - day playground Combination playground structure for small children ; slides , climbers ( stairs in this case ) , playhouse A playground , playpark , or play area is a place specifically designed to enable children to play there . It is typically outdoors . While a playground is usually designed for children , some target other age groups . Berlin 's Preußenpark for example is designed for people aged 70 or higher . A playground might exclude children below a certain age . Modern playgrounds often have recreational equipment such as the seesaw , merry - go - round , swingset , slide , jungle gym , chin - up bars , sandbox , spring rider , trapeze rings , playhouses , and mazes , many of which help children develop physical coordination , strength , and flexibility , as well as providing recreation and enjoyment and supporting social and emotional development . Common in modern playgrounds are play structures that link many different pieces of equipment . Playgrounds often also have facilities for playing informal games of adult sports , such as a baseball diamond , a skating arena , a basketball court , or a tether ball . Public playground equipment refers to equipment intended for use in the play areas of parks , schools , childcare facilities , institutions , multiple family dwellings , restaurants , resorts , and recreational developments , and other areas of public use . In some parts of the United States , the term tot lot may be used . A type of playground called a playscape is designed to provide a safe environment for play in a natural setting . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Playgrounds in the Soviet Union 2 Design 3 Effects on child development 4 Funding 5 Safety 5.1 Regulation 5.2 Prevention strategies 5.3 Playground injury 5.4 Unintended consequences 6 Types 6.1 Inclusive playgrounds 6.2 Natural playgrounds 6.3 Playgrounds for adults 6.4 Metaphorical uses 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History The playground at Van Saun Park in Paramus , New Jersey . Through history , children played in their villages and neighbourhoods , especially in the streets and lanes near their homes . In the 19th century , developmental psychologists such as Friedrich Fröbel proposed playgrounds as a developmental aid , or to imbue children with a sense of fair play and good manners . In Germany , a few playgrounds were erected in connection to schools , and the first purpose - built public - access playground was opened in a park in Manchester , England in 1859 . However , it was only in the early 20th century , as the street lost its role as the default public space and became reserved for use by motor cars , that momentum built to remove children from the new dangers and confine them to segregated areas to play . In the United States , organisations such as the National Highway Protective Society highlighted the numbers killed by automobiles , and urged the creation of playgrounds , aiming to free streets for vehicles rather than children 's play . The Outdoor Recreation League provided funds to erect playgrounds on parkland , especially following the 1901 publication of a report on numbers of children being run down by cars in New York City . In tandem with the new concern about the danger of roads , educational theories of play , including by Herbert Spencer and John Dewey inspired the emergence of the reformist playground movement , which argued that playgrounds had educational value , improved attention in class , enhanced physical health , and reduced truancy . Interventionist programs such as by the child savers sought to move children into controlled areas to limit ' delinquency ' . Meanwhile , at schools and settlement houses for poorer children with limited access to education , health services and daycare , playgrounds were included to support these institutions ' goal of keeping children safe and out of trouble . Plaque to mark the spot where the Playground movement began in Nova Scotia ( 1906 ) , Local Council of Women of Halifax , Nova Scotia One of the first playgrounds in the United States was built in San Francisco 's Golden Gate Park in 1887 . In 1906 the Playground Association of America was founded and a year later Luther Gulick became president . It later became the National Recreation Association and then the National Recreation and Park Association . Urging the need for playgrounds , former President Theodore Roosevelt stated in 1907 : City streets are unsatisfactory playgrounds for children because of the danger , because most good games are against the law , because they are too hot in summer , and because in crowded sections of the city they are apt to be schools of crime . Neither do small back yards nor ornamental grass plots meet the needs of any but the very small children . Older children who would play vigorous games must have places especially set aside for them ; and , since play is a fundamental need , playgrounds should be provided for every child as much as schools . This means that they must be distributed over the cities in such a way as to be within walking distance of every boy and girl , as most children can not afford to pay carfare . In post war London the landscape architect and children 's rights campaigner Lady Allen of Hurtwood introduced and popularised the concept of the ' junk playground ' - where the equipment was constructed from the recycled junk and rubble left over from the Blitz . She campaigned for facilities for children growing up in the new high - rise developments in Britain 's cities and wrote a series of illustrated books on the subject of playgrounds , and at least one book on adventure playgrounds , spaces for free creativity by children , which helped the idea spread worldwide . Playgrounds in the Soviet union This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Cold War playground equipment Playgrounds were an integral part of urban culture in the USSR . In the 1970s and 1980s , there were playgrounds in almost every park in many Soviet cities . Playground apparatus was reasonably standard all over the country ; most of them consisted of metallic bars with relatively few wooden parts , and were manufactured in state - owned factories . Some of the most common constructions were the carousel , sphere , seesaw , rocket , bridge , etc . Design Playground design is influenced by the intended purpose and audience . Separate play areas might be offered to accommodate very young children . Single , large , open parks tend to not to be used by older schoolgirls or less aggressive children , because there is little opportunity for them to escape more aggressive children . By contrast , a park that offers multiple play areas is used equally by boys and girls . Effects on child development Colorful sheltered playground at Fuji - Hakone - Izu National Park , Japan Professionals recognize that the social skills that children develop on the playground often become lifelong skill sets that are carried forward into their adulthood . Independent research concludes that playgrounds are among the most important environments for children outside the home . Most forms of play are essential for healthy development , but free , spontaneous play -- the kind that occurs on playgrounds -- is the most beneficial type of play . Exciting , engaging and challenging playground equipment is important to keep children happy while still developing their learning abilities . These should be developed in order to suit different groups of children for different stages of learning , such as specialist playground equipment for nursery & pre-school children teaching them basic numeracy & vocabulary , to building a child 's creativity and imagination with role play panels or puzzles . There is a general consensus that physical activity reduces the risk of psychological problems in children and fosters their self - esteem . The American Chief Medical Officer 's report ( Department of Health , 2004 ) , stated that a review of available research suggests that the health benefits of physical activity in children are predominantly seen in the amelioration of risk factors for disease , avoidance of weight gain , achieving a peak bone mass and mental well - being . Evidence suggests that children who participate in physical activity improve their self - esteem . Ekeland , Heian and Hagan ( 2005 ) and Gruber found that exercise programmes had a significant positive effect on children 's self - esteem . Commentators argue that the quality of a child 's exercise experience can affect their self - esteem . Ajzen TPB ( 1991 ) promotes the notion that children 's self - esteem is enhanced through the encouragement of physical mastery and self - development . It can be seen that playgrounds provide an ideal opportunity for children to master physical skills , such as learning to swing , balance and climb . Personal development may be gained through the enhancement of skills , such as playing , communicating and cooperating with other children and adults in the playground . It can also be seen that public and private playgrounds act as a preventative health measure amongst young people because they promote physical activity at a stage in children 's lives when they are active and not yet at risk from opting out of physical activity . Seesaw with a crowd of children playing Rope bridge for improving balance Children have devised many playground games and pastimes . But because playgrounds are usually subject to adult supervision and oversight , young children 's street culture often struggles to fully thrive there . Research by Robin Moore concluded shown that playgrounds need to be balanced with marginal areas that ( to adults ) appear to be derelict or wasteground but to children they are area 's that they can claim for themselves , ideally a wooded area or field . Playground slides at Zrinski Park in Čakovec , Croatia For many children , it is their favorite time of day when they get to be on the playground for free time or recess . It acts as a release for them from the pressures of learning during the day . They know that time on the playground is their own time . A type of playground called a playscape can provide children with the necessary feeling of ownership that Moore describes above . Playscapes can also provide parents with the assurance of their child 's safety and wellbeing , which may not be prevalent in an open field or wooded area . Funding In the UK , several organisations exist that help provide funding for schools and local authorities to construct playgrounds . These include the Biffa Award , which provides funding under the Small Grants Scheme ; Funding Central , which offers support for voluntary organisations and social enterprises ; and the Community Construction Fund , a flagship programme by Norfolk County Council . Safety Playground in Yonkers , New York Safety , in the context of playgrounds , is generally understood as the prevention of injuries . Risk aversion and fear of lawsuits on the part of the adults who design playgrounds prioritizes injury prevention above other factors , such as cost or developmental benefit to the users . It is important that children gradually develop the skill of risk assessment , and a completely safe environment does not allow that . Sometimes the safety of playgrounds is disputed in school or among regulators . Over at least the last twenty years , the kinds of equipment to be found in playgrounds has changed , often towards safer equipment built with plastic . For example , an older jungle gym might be constructed entirely from steel bars , while newer ones tend to have a minimal steel framework while providing a web of nylon ropes for children to climb on . Playgrounds with equipment that children may fall off often use rubber mulch on the ground to help cushion the impact . Playgrounds are also made differently for different age groups . Often schools have a playground that is taller and more advanced for older schoolchildren and a lower playground with less risk of falling for younger children . Safety discussions do not normally include an evaluation of the unintended consequences of injury prevention , such as older children who do not exercise at the playground because the playground is too boring . Safety efforts sometimes paradoxically increase the likelihood and severity of injuries because of how people choose to use playground equipment . For example , older children may choose to climb on the outside of a `` safe '' but boring play structure , rather than using it the way the designers intended . Similarly , rather than letting young children play on playground slides by themselves , some injury - averse parents seat the children on the adult 's lap and go down the slide together . This seems safer at first glance , but if the child 's shoe catches on the edge of the slide , this arrangement frequently results in the child 's leg being broken . If the child had been permitted to use the slide independently , then this injury would not happen , because when the shoe caught , the child would have stopped sliding rather than being propelled down the slide by the adult 's weight . Also concerning the safety of playgrounds is the material in which they are built . Wooden playgrounds act as a more natural environment for the children to play but can cause even more minor injuries . Slivers are the main concern when building with wood material . Wet weather is also a threat to children playing on wooden structures . Most woods are treated and do not wear terribly fast , but with enough rain , wooden playgrounds can become slippery and dangerous for children to be on . Regulation In the United States , the Consumer Product Safety Commission and the American National Standards Institute have created a Standardized Document and Training System for certification of Playground Safety Inspectors . These regulations are nationwide and provide a basis for safe playground installation and maintenance practices . ASTM F1487 - 07 deals with specific requirements regarding issues such as play ground layout , use zones , and various test criteria for determining play ground safety . ASTM F2373 covers public use play equipment for children 6 -- 24 months old . This information can be applied effectively only by a trained C.P.S.I. A National Listing of Trained Playground Safety Inspectors is available for many states . A Certified Playground Safety Inspector ( CPSI ) is a career that was developed by the National Playground Safety Institute ( NPSI ) and is recognized nationally by the National Recreation and Park Association or N.R.P.A. ( Some information sources offer interactive examples of playground equipment that violates CPSC guidelines . ) In Australia , Standards Australia is responsible for the publication of the playground safety Standards AS / NS4422 , AS / NZS4486. 1 and AS4685 Parts 1 to 6 . The University of Technology Sydney is responsible for the training and accreditation of playground inspectors . The Register of Playground Inspectors Australia lists all the individuals who have been certified to inspector playgrounds within Australia . The Royal Oak , Monmouth playground European Standards EN 1177 specifies the requirements for surfaces used in playgrounds . For each material type and height of equipment it specifies a minimum depth of material required . EN 1176 covers playground equipment standards . In the UK , playground inspectors can sit the examinations of the Register of Play Inspectors International at the three required levels - routine , operational and annual . Annual inspectors are able to undertake the post-installation inspections recommended by EN 1176 . Prevention strategies Because the majority of playground injuries are due to falls from equipment , injury prevention efforts are primarily directed at reducing the likelihood of a child falling and reducing the likelihood of a severe injury if the child does fall . This is done by : reducing the maximum fall height of equipment , primarily by reducing the overall height of anything a child might climb on or into ; reducing the likelihood of falling from equipment , through using barriers , discouraging climbing , and making upper surfaces inconvenient or uncomfortable for climbing or sitting on ; and installing a more flexible surface under and around play equipment , so that a child who falls is less likely to break a bone . How effective these strategies are at preventing injuries is debated by experts , because when playgrounds are made from padded materials , children often take more risks . Playground injury Each year in the United States , emergency departments treat more than 200,000 children ages 14 and younger for playground - related injuries . Approximately 156,040 ( 75.8 % ) of the 1999 injuries occurred on equipment designed for public use ; 46,930 ( 22.8 % ) occurred on equipment designed for home use ; and 2,880 ( 1.4 % ) occurred on homemade playground equipment ( primarily rope swings ) . Percentage of injuries involving public equipment About 46 % occurred in schools . About 31 % occurred in public parks . About 10 % occurred in commercial childcare centers . About 3 % occurred in home childcare . About 3 % occurred in apartment complexes . About 2 % occurred in fast food restaurants . About 9 % occurred in other locations . From January 1990 to August 2000 , CPSC received reports of 147 deaths to children younger than 15 that involved playground equipment . 70 % of those deaths occurred in home 30 % of those deaths occurred in public use Girls were involved in a slightly higher percentage of injuries ( 55 % ) than were boys ( 45 % ) . Injuries to the head and face accounted for 49 % of injuries to children 0 - 4 , while injuries to the arm and hand accounted for 49 % of injuries to children ages 5 -- 14 . Approximately 15 % of the injuries were classified as severe , with 3 % requiring hospitalization . The most prevalent diagnoses were fractures ( 39 % ) , lacerations ( 22 % ) , contusions / abrasions ( 20 % ) , strains / sprains ( 11 % ) . For children ages 0 -- 4 , climbers ( 40 % ) had the highest incidence rates , followed by slides ( 33 % ) . For children ages 5 -- 14 , climbing equipment ( 56 % ) had the highest incidence rates , followed by swings ( 24 % ) . Most injuries on public playground equipment were associated with climbing equipment ( 53 % ) , swings ( 19 % ) , and slides ( 17 % ) . Falls to the surface was a contributing factor in 79 % of all injuries . On home equipment , 81 % were associated with falls . In 1995 , playground - related injuries among children ages 14 and younger cost an estimated $1.2 billion . On public playgrounds , more injuries occur on climbers than on any other equipment . On home playgrounds , swings are responsible for most injuries . Playgrounds in low - income areas have more maintenance - related hazards than playgrounds in high - income areas . For example , playgrounds in low - income areas had significantly more trash , rusty play equipment , and damaged fall surfaces . Unintended consequences A playground being built for a homeowner 's backyard as part of a handyman project . Modern playgrounds can have many options besides swingsets , including sandboxes , rope - climbs , tic - tac - toe games , a fort with dormer roofs and a chimney , a slide , and other amenities . As a result of what some experts say is overprotectiveness driven by a fear of lawsuits , playgrounds have been designed to be , or at least to appear , excessively safe . This overprotectiveness may protect the playground owner from lawsuits , but it appears to result in a decreased sense of achievement and increased fears in children . The equipment limitations result in the children receiving less value from the play time . The enclosed , padded , constrained , low structures prevent the child from taking risks and developing a sense of mastery over his or her environment . Successfully taking a risk is empowering to children . For example , a child climbing to the top of a tall jungle gym feels happy about successfully managing the challenging climb to the top , and he experiences the thrill of being in a precarious , high position . By contrast , the child on a low piece of equipment , designed to reduce the incidence of injuries from falls , experiences no such thrill , sense of mastery , or accomplishment . Additionally , a lack of experience with heights as a child is associated with increased acrophobia ( fear of heights ) in adults . The appearance of safety encourages unreasonable risk - taking in children , who might take more reasonable risks if they correctly understood that it is possible to break a bone on the soft surfaces under most modern equipment . Finally , the playground that is designed to appear low - risk is boring , especially to older children . As a result , they tend to seek out alternative play areas , which may be very unsafe . Risk management is an important life skill , and risk aversion in playgrounds is unhelpful in the long term . Experts studying child development such as Tim Gill have written about the over-protective bias in provision for children , particularly with playgrounds . Instead of a constructed playground , allowing children to play in a natural environment such as open land or a park is sometimes recommended ; children gain a better sense of balance playing on uneven ground , and learn to interpret the complexity and signals of nature more effectively . Types The `` proton playground '' at Fermilab includes a Bubble Chamber model and encourages children to follow a path resembling protons in a collider . Playgrounds can be Built by collaborative support of corporate and community resources to achieve an immediate and visible `` win '' for their neighborhood . Public , free of charge , like at most rural elementary schools Connected to a business , for customers only , e.g. , at McDonald 's , IKEA , and Chuck E. Cheese 's . For - Profit business with an entrance fee , like those at the ( now defunct ) Discovery Zone , Zoom Zoom 's Indoor Playground in Ancaster , Ontario , Jungle Jam Indoor Playground , and Kidtastic Indoor Playground . Non-Profit organizations for edutainment as children 's museums and science centers , some charge admission , some are free . Inclusive playgrounds A play area , titled Wonder World , at the departure lounge of Suvarnabhumi International Airport , Bangkok . Universally designed playgrounds are created to be accessible to all children . There are three primary components to a higher level of inclusive play : physical accessibility ; age and developmental appropriateness ; and sensory - stimulating activity . Some children with disabilities or developmental differences do not interact with playgrounds in the same way as typical children . A playground designed without considering these children 's needs may not be accessible or interesting to them . Most efforts at inclusive playgrounds have been aimed at accommodating wheelchair users . For example , rubber paths and ramps replace sand pits and steps , and some features are placed at ground level . Efforts to accommodate children on the autism spectrum , who may find playgrounds overstimulating or who may have difficulty interacting with other children , have been less common . Natural playgrounds Main article : Playscape `` Natural playgrounds '' are play environments that blend natural materials , features , and indigenous vegetation with creative landforms to create purposely complex interplays of natural , environmental objects in ways that challenge and fascinate children and teach them about the wonders and intricacies of the natural world while they play within it . Play components may include earth shapes ( sculptures ) , environmental art , indigenous vegetation ( trees , shrubs , grasses , flowers , lichens , mosses ) , boulders or other rock structures , dirt and sand , natural fences ( stone , willow , wooden ) , textured pathways , and natural water features . A natural playground sandbox using creative landforms provides a place for Passive / Creative Play Jacques - Laurent Agasse : The Playground , 1830 A water - based playground in Germany Accessible public playground in the USA , 2007 Playground incorporating aquatic plant life . Sawara , Japan . Hanging artificial fruit at a playground in Sri Lanka . A playground under construction in Ystad 2016 . Playgrounds for adults Further information : Outdoor gym and Fitness trail China and some countries in Europe have playgrounds designed for adults . These are outdoor spaces that feature fitness equipment designed for use primarily by adults , such as chin - up bars . Metaphorical uses Playground is also used as a metaphor to describe a place for some types of play . For example , a laboratory may also be referred to as playground for a scientist . See also Adventure playground Chin - up bar Children Youth and Environments Journal Cold War playground equipment Commercial Playgrounds Empower playgrounds Friendship bench Obstacle course Playground game Playground song Playground Surfacing Playscape Playtime Playwork Recess ( break ) Ropes course Rubber Mulch References Jump up ^ `` Double - Tongued Dictionary definition of `` tot lot '' `` . Doubletongued.org. 2006 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Victorian Britain : Children at play , BBC ^ Jump up to : Evolution of American Playgrounds , Joe Frost ( 2012 ) , Scholarpedia , 7 ( 12 ) : 30423 Jump up ^ How We Came to Play : The History of Playgrounds , by Kaitlin O'Shea , National Trust for Historic Preservation Jump up ^ http://www.espplay.co.uk/news/the-history-of-playgrounds Jump up ^ `` The ' Generationless ' Playground : Fun and Fitness for All '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Central Park : One Hundred Years of Playgrounds , New York City Department of Parks & Recreation Jump up ^ Scope of Project Formulated by Highway Protective Society The McCook Tribune , June 9 , 1910 , Nebraska , page 3 ^ Jump up to : Outdoor Recreation League : Evolution of American playgrounds , Streets without Cars Jump up ^ `` The Playground Movement in America and its Relation to Public Education . '' Educational Pamphlets , No. 27 . London : England , 1913 . p. 6 Jump up ^ `` The Politics of Playgrounds , a History - Arts & Lifestyle '' . The Atlantic Cities . 2011 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Playground Association of America ( 1907 ) . The Playground . Executive Committee of the Playground Association of America . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of the Joseph Lee memorial Library and Archives '' ( PDF ) . National Recreation and Park Association . April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved May 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ To Cuno H. Rudolph , Washington Playground Association , February 16 , 1907 . Presidential Addresses and State Papers VI , 1163 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Allen of Hurtwood archive '' . National Children 's Bureau . Jump up ^ Foran , Clare ( 16 September 2013 ) `` How to Design a City for Women '' The Atlantic Cities . Jump up ^ As cited in Biddle and Mutrie , 2001 , p186 Jump up ^ Childhood 's Domain : Play and Place , 1986 Jump up ^ `` Funding Advice '' . Fenland Leisure . Jump up ^ Gill , Tim ( 2007 ) . No fear : Growing up in a Risk Averse society ( PDF ) . Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903080 - 08 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` EPA Playground Surfaces '' . Epa.gov. 2006 - 06 - 28 . Archived from the original on 13 Apr 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tierney , John ( 18 July 2011 ) . `` Can a Playground Be Too Safe ? '' The New York Times ^ Jump up to : Parker - Pope , Tara ( 23 April 2012 ) . `` Well : At Playground , Child Plus Lap Can Equal Danger - NYTimes.com '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.playgroundinspectionusa.com/partsgallery.html Jump up ^ `` UTS : Engineering - Playground safety training '' . Eng.uts.edu.au. 2012 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` UTS : Register of Playground Inspectors Australia - engineering and information technology at UTS '' . Feit.uts.edu.au. 2012 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Impact Absorbing Playground Surfacing '' . EN 1177 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Interactive Playground Equipment Impacts on Education Jump up ^ `` SMP Specifiers Guide to EN 1176 parts 1 To 7 Playground Equipment ( A light - hearted guide ) '' ( PDF ) . Smp.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Gill , Tim ( 2007 ) . No fear : Growing up in a Risk Averse Society ( PDF ) . Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903080 - 08 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission , Tips for Public Playground Safety , Publication # 324 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Tinsworth D , McDonald J. Special Study : Injuries and Deaths Associated with Children 's Playground Equipment . Washington ( DC ) : U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission ; 2001 . Jump up ^ Office of Technology Assessment , U.S. Congress . Risks to Students in School . Washington ( DC ) : U.S. Government Printing Office ; 1995 . Jump up ^ Suecoff SA , Avner JR , Chou KJ , Crain EF . A Comparison of New York City Playground Hazards in High - and Low -- Income Areas . Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 1999 ; 153 : 363 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Play ! A Portal to New Worlds Pamela Wolfberg , Ph. d , Inclusive Play Advisory Board , 2009 Jump up ^ Hu , Winnie ( 1 July 2012 ) . `` New York Introduces Its First Adult Playground '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Ajzen , I. ( 1991 ) . The theory of planned behaviour . Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes , 50 , 179 - 211 . Biddle , S.J. , & Mutrie , N. ( 2001 ) . Psychology of physical activity : Determinants , well - being and interventions . Abingdon : Routledge . Ekeland , E. , Heian , M. , & Hagen , K.B. ( 2005 ) . Can exercise improve self - esteem in children and young people ? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 39 , 792 - 798 . Department of Health ( 2004 ) . The benefits of regular physical activity . A report from the Chief Medical Officer . At least five days a week : evidence on the impact of physical activity and its relationship to health . Retrieved September 25 , 2006 from http://www.dh.gov/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/ PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance / PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticles / fs / en ? CONTENT_ID = 40809948chk = 1Ft1Of . External links Look up playground in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Playgrounds . National Program for Playground Safety -- U.S. clearinghouse for playground safety information The Overprotected Kid -- article about adventure playgrounds in The Atlantic Infrastructure Bridge Canal Causeway Dam Drainage Footbridge Interchange Levee Overpass Road Skyway Storm drain Tunnel See also : Architecture Arena Civil engineering Construction Playground Stadium Theatre Urban park Gym , outdoor and playground games Tag Ante Over British Bulldog Capture the flag Cooties Duck , duck , goose Four corners Kho kho Marco Polo Pie Steal the Flingsock Catch Chinese jump rope Dodgeball Four square Hide - and - seek Hopscotch Kick the can Leapfrog Marbles Playground songs list Red Rover Skipping rope Double Dutch Rhymes Skully Statues Tag The floor is lava LCCN : sh85103387 GND : 4056237 - 2 NDL : 00574643 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Playground&oldid=812260340 '' Categories : Playgrounds Play ( activity ) Outdoor recreation Parks Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 23 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the first model playground in the united states was | [
"One of the first playgrounds in the United States was built in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park in 1887.[11] In 1906 the Playground Association of America was founded and a year later Luther Gulick became president.[12] It later became the National Recreation Association and then the National Recreation and Park Association.[13] Urging the need for playgrounds, former President Theodore Roosevelt stated in 1907:"
] | [
"San Francisco's Golden Gate Park"
] |
5140636544905053171 | Luka Modrić | Luka Modrić - wikipedia Luka Modrić This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 28 October 2018 . Luka Modrić Modrić with Croatia at the 2018 World Cup Full name Luka Modrić Date of birth ( 1985 - 09 - 09 ) 9 September 1985 ( age 33 ) Place of birth Zadar , SR Croatia , SFR Yugoslavia Height 1.72 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team Real Madrid Number 10 Youth career 1996 -- 2001 Zadar 2002 -- 2003 Dinamo Zagreb Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2003 -- 2008 Dinamo Zagreb 94 ( 26 ) 2003 -- 2004 → Zrinjski ( loan ) 22 ( 8 ) 2004 -- 2005 → Inter Zaprešić ( loan ) 18 ( 4 ) 2008 -- 2012 Tottenham Hotspur 127 ( 13 ) 2012 -- Real Madrid 176 ( 9 ) National team 2001 Croatia U15 ( 0 ) 2001 Croatia U17 ( 0 ) 2003 Croatia U18 7 ( 0 ) 2003 -- 2004 Croatia U19 11 ( 2 ) 2004 -- 2005 Croatia U21 14 ( 2 ) 2006 -- Croatia 116 ( 14 ) Honours ( show ) Men 's football Representing Croatia FIFA World Cup Runner - up 2018 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 17 : 12 , 28 October 2018 ( UTC ) ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 21 : 22 , 12 October 2018 ( UTC ) Luka Modrić ( Croatian pronunciation : ( lûːka mǒːdritɕ ) ; born 9 September 1985 ) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Spanish club Real Madrid and is the captain of the Croatia national team . Modrić plays mainly as a central midfielder but can also play as an attacking midfielder or as a defensive midfielder , usually deployed as a deep - lying playmaker . Modrić is widely regarded as one of the best midfielders of his generation , and among the greatest Croatian footballers of all - time . Able to blend traditional and trequartista playmaking effectively , he is known for his vision , precision in execution , and tactical strategy . Born in Zadar , Modrić 's childhood coincided with the Croatian War of Independence which displaced his family . In 2002 , he was signed by Dinamo Zagreb at age 16 , after showing promise with his hometown club 's youth team . He continued his development in Zagreb before spells on loan to Zrinjski Mostar and Inter Zaprešić . He made his debut for Dinamo in 2005 and won three consecutive league titles and domestic cups , being named the Prva HNL Player of the Year in 2007 . In 2008 , he moved to Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur for a club - record transfer fee of £ 16.5 million , where he led Spurs to their first UEFA Champions League appearance in almost 50 years , reaching the quarter - finals of the 2010 -- 11 tournament . After the 2011 -- 12 season , Modrić joined Real Madrid for a £ 30 million transfer fee , where he became a key contributor under head coach Carlo Ancelotti and helped the team win La Décima during 2013 -- 14 season , being elected to the squad of the season . After Zinedine Zidane took over Madrid , Modrić was critical to three consecutive Champions League titles from 2015 -- 16 to 2017 -- 18 , each time being voted into the squad of the season . He would go on to win the La Liga Award for `` Best Midfielder '' in 2016 for the second time , UEFA Club Football Award for `` Best Midfielder '' in 2017 and 2018 , and UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award and The Best FIFA Men 's Player in 2018 . In 2015 , he became the first Croatian player ever to be included in the FIFA World XI , in which he was included once again between 2016 and 2018 , as well in the UEFA Team of the Year in 2016 and 2017 . Modrić made his international debut for Croatia against Argentina in March 2006 , and scored his first international goal in a friendly match against Italy . Modrić has since anchored Croatia 's `` second Golden Generation '' , participating in every major tournament Croatia has qualified for , including the 2008 , 2012 , and UEFA Euro 2016 , as well the 2006 , 2014 , and 2018 FIFA World Cup . At UEFA Euro 2008 , he was selected for the Team of the Tournament , becoming only the second Croatian to ever achieve this honor . Following group stage eliminations in his first two World Cups , Modrić led Croatia to the 2018 World Cup Final , and he received the Golden Ball award for Best Player of the Tournament . Furthermore , he has been named the Croatian Footballer of the Year six times , tied with Davor Šuker for most wins . Contents 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Early years 2.2 Dinamo Zagreb 2.3 Tottenham Hotspur 2.3. 1 2008 -- 09 season 2.3. 2 2009 -- 10 season 2.3. 3 2010 -- 11 season 2.3. 4 2011 -- 12 season 2.4 Real Madrid 2.4. 1 2012 -- 13 season 2.4. 2 2013 -- 14 season 2.4. 3 2014 -- 15 season 2.4. 4 2015 -- 16 season 2.4. 5 2016 -- 17 season 2.4. 6 2017 -- 18 season 2.4. 7 2018 -- 19 season 3 International career 3.1 2006 World Cup 3.2 Euro 2008 3.3 Euro 2012 3.4 2014 World Cup 3.5 Euro 2016 3.6 2018 World Cup 4 Player profile 4.1 Style of play 4.2 Position 4.3 Reception 5 Personal life 5.1 Legal issues 6 Career statistics 6.1 Club 6.2 International 6.2. 1 International goals 7 Honours 7.1 Club 7.2 International 7.3 Individual 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early life ( edit ) Modrić was born in Zadar , Croatia where he began his youth career at NK Zadar . Luka Modrić was born on 9 September 1985 and was raised in the hamlet of Modrići which is a part of Zaton Obrovački , a village situated on the southern slopes of the mountain Velebit , north of the city of Zadar in SR Croatia , then a republic within SFR Yugoslavia . He is the oldest child of Stipe Modrić from Modrići and Radojka Dopuđ from Kruševo near Obrovac , both of whom initially worked in knitwear factory . Modrić mostly spent his early years in the house of his paternal grandfather after whom he was named , and was shepherding goats as a five - year - old . However , his childhood coincided with the Croatian War of Independence -- in 1991 , when the war escalated , his family were forced to flee the area . Modrić 's grandfather Luka was executed by Serb rebels who were part of the police of SAO Krajina in December 1991 near his house in Modrići , and after the family fled the house was burned to the ground . Modrić became a refugee and lived with his family in the Hotel Kolovare for seven years ; he later moved to the Hotel Iž , both in Zadar . His father joined the Croatian Army as an aeromechanic . In those years , thousands of bombs fell on the city and football was a way to escape the reality of war . He recalls it as a tough time for his family and something which shaped him as a person . He also said he was mostly unaware of the war because he befriended many other children and their parents did not let it affect their childhood . In these difficult circumstances , Modrić began playing football , mostly at the hotel parking lot . In 1992 , he simultaneously entered the primary school and a sporting academy , the latter paid for with the little money the family had , sometimes helped by Modrić 's uncle . As a boy he was inspired to play football by Zvonimir Boban and Francesco Totti . Club career ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Supported by his family , he participated in representative camps and trained in NK Zadar . He was under tutelage of coach Domagoj Bašić and the head of the youth academy , Tomislav Bašić . Tomislav Bašić , considered by Modrić as his `` sporting father '' , said Modrić 's father made him wooden shin guards because they had little money . However , Modrić later denied the story . Due to being considered too young and light , he was not signed by Croatian powerhouse Hajduk Split , the most representative football club in the region of Dalmatia . After displaying some talent , including at youth tournament in Italy , Tomislav Bašić arranged Modrić 's move to Dinamo Zagreb when Modrić was a 16 - year - old in late 2001 . After a season with Dinamo Zagreb 's youth side , Modrić was loaned in 2003 to Zrinjski Mostar in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina . During this period , he established his versatile style of play and became Bosnian and Herzegovinian League Player of the Year at age 18 . Modrić later said , `` Someone who can play in the Bosnian league can play anywhere , '' referring to its physical nature . The following year , he was loaned to Croatian side Inter Zaprešić . He spent one season there , helping the team to achieve second position in the Croatian First Football League and a place in the preliminary round of the UEFA Cup . He also won the Croatian Football Hope of the Year award in 2004 . He returned to Dinamo Zagreb in 2005 . Dinamo Zagreb ( edit ) In the 2005 -- 06 season , Modrić signed a ten - year contract ( his first long - term contract ) with Dinamo Zagreb . With the contract 's earnings , he bought a flat in Zadar for his family . He secured a place in Dinamo 's first team , contributing 7 goals in 31 matches to help win the league . In the 2006 -- 07 season , Dinamo again won the league , with Modrić making a similar contribution . He was the main provider for striker Eduardo , which helped Modrić win the Prva HNL Player of the Year award . The following season , Modrić led Dinamo 's attempt to qualify for the 2007 -- 08 UEFA Cup . In the final play - off stage , Modrić converted a penalty in the second and away fixture against Ajax ; the match finished 1 -- 1 after regular time . Dinamo won the match and play - off with a score of 3 -- 2 after extra time with two goals from teammate Mario Mandžukić . However , Dinamo Zagreb failed to advance beyond the group stage . In his last home match with the club at Maksimir Stadium , Modrić was given a standing ovation and fans held up supportive banners . He finished his four - year tenure at Dinamo with a tally of over 31 goals and 29 assists in four league seasons , contributing most notably in the 2007 -- 08 season when Dinamo won the second Croatian Cup and became champions by a 28 - point margin . Modrić was courted by Barcelona , Arsenal and Chelsea , but opted to wait leaving the club . Tottenham Hotspur ( edit ) 2008 -- 09 season ( edit ) Modrić ( far left , No. 14 ) , preparing for a match kick - off for Tottenham against Arsenal in November 2010 . Modrić agreed to transfer terms with Tottenham Hotspur on 26 April 2008 . He was the first of many summer signings for manager Juande Ramos , and was also the Premier League 's first summer transfer . Club chairman Daniel Levy promptly flew to Zagreb when Manchester City and Newcastle United became interested , and after signing a six - year contract , Tottenham confirmed the transfer fee paid was £ 16.5 million , equalling the club 's record fee set by Darren Bent 's move in 2007 . Modrić made his competitive Premier League debut on 16 August in a 2 -- 1 defeat to Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium in Spurs ' first match of the 2008 -- 09 season . Modrić had a slow start at Tottenham . He suffered from a knee injury early in his tenure and was labelled as a light - weight for the Premier League by sections of the media , as well as Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger . Reflecting on that , Modrić said that such `` critics push you forward to show people they are wrong . Maybe I look lightweight but I am a really strong person mentally and physically , and I never had any problems with my size '' . This coincided with his poor form , leading to concerns both for himself and Croatia national team head coach Slaven Bilić . Modrić spent his early days at a position of number 10 , before being shifted to the left wing to play alongside Wilson Palacios . Spurs teammate Tom Huddlestone later said , `` ( H ) is versatility was probably a blessing and a curse , he was that good that he had to play out of position for a bit . '' After the appointment of manager Harry Redknapp , Modrić was given a more familiar role as a central - or left - sided midfielder , allowing him to have more influence on the team and use his footballing talent more productively , for example in a 4 -- 4 draw with arch - rivals Arsenal on 29 October . Redknapp recognised Modrić 's value to his side and planned to shape his new team around the Croatian playmaker . He scored his first competitive goal at Tottenham in a 2 -- 2 draw against Spartak Moscow during the UEFA Cup group stages on 18 December 2008 . He scored his first Premier League goals against Newcastle United in an away defeat on 21 December , a home win in the third round of the FA Cup against Wigan Athletic on 2 January 2009 , and in an away defeat against Manchester United on 25 April 2009 . Using Modrić in his former position from Dinamo days made him more effective with performances against Stoke City , Hull City , and most notably on 21 March when he scored the only goal in a win against Chelsea . 2009 -- 10 season ( edit ) Before the 2009 -- 10 season , Harry Redknapp said of Modrić , `` ( He 's ) a hell of a player and a manager 's dream , so I am told . He trains like a demon and never complains , will work with and without the ball on the field and can beat a defender with a trick or with a pass . He could get into any team in the top four '' . On 29 August 2009 , during Tottenham 's 2 -- 1 win over Birmingham City , Modrić was taken off injured with a suspected calf injury . The following day , it was confirmed Modrić had sustained a fracture to his right fibula and was expected to be out for six weeks . He returned on 28 December in the London derby against West Ham United , which Spurs won 2 -- 0 with an 11th - minute goal scored by Modrić using the leg he broke . He again scored in a home win against Everton on 28 February 2010 , and in an away defeat against Burnley on 9 May . On 30 May 2010 , Modrić signed a new six - year contract that ran until 2016 . Upon signing , he said , `` Tottenham Hotspur gave me my chance in the Premier League and I want to go on to achieve great success here with them . Yes , there have been enquiries from other big clubs , but I have no interest in going anywhere . Last season 's top - four finish was an indication of where we are as a Club and I feel I can continue to improve and go on to achieve everything I want to at Spurs . '' 2010 -- 11 season ( edit ) Modrić playing against Arsenal in November 2010 . On 11 September 2010 , Modrić scored his first goal of the 2010 -- 11 season in a 1 -- 1 away draw at West Bromwich Albion . On 28 November , in a home match against Liverpool , Modrić scored one goal that was later credited as an own goal by Liverpool 's defender . After a draw against Manchester United at White Hart Lane in January 2011 , Redknapp praised Modrić , saying , `` He was unbelievable . Magnificent . He 's an amazing footballer , the little man takes the ball in the tightest areas with people around him , wriggling out of situations . He could play in any team in the world . '' Modrić also scored in Tottenham 's 3 -- 2 victory over Stoke City on 9 April , and converted a penalty at Anfield on 15 May in a 2 -- 0 victory over Liverpool . Modrić helped Tottenham reach their first involvement in the UEFA Champions League . In the first match , against Inter Milan at the San Siro on 20 October , he exited the match early due to injury ; Spurs lost 4 -- 3 , despite the tremendous efforts of Gareth Bale . On the return match at home , on 2 November , Modrić was given too much space to move and dictate the tempo of the match . He created and assisted for the first goal by Rafael van der Vaart in a 3 -- 1 victory . In the next match , against Werder Bremen , Modrić scored the second goal . After a scoreless draw against Milan , Spurs were eliminated from the competition in the quarter - finals by Real Madrid . Modrić played 32 Premier League matches in the 2010 -- 11 season , scoring three goals , recording two assists and making the highest average number of passes per match for Spurs with 62.5 and an accuracy rate of 87.4 % . At the end of the season , Modrić was voted the Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Player of the Year . Then - Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson said he would have chosen Modrić as his Player of the Year for that season . 2011 -- 12 season ( edit ) `` I spent four great years there with a lot of emotions , with a lot of love from the club and the fans . I enjoyed every moment with Tottenham . But in one moment you feel you need to take a step forward , to go to a higher level . I think it was the right time for me to go , but I will always be thankful to Tottenham for everything they did for me . I became a better player there and they pushed me to this level where I am at the moment . '' -- Luka Modrić reflecting on negotiations with Chelsea and move to Real Madrid in February 2014 . In mid-2011 , Modrić was heavily pursued by Tottenham 's London rivals Chelsea , who made a first bid of £ 22 million , which they increased to £ 27 million , both of which were rejected by Spurs chairman Daniel Levy . After the failed bids , Modrić announced he would welcome a move across London and that he had a `` gentleman 's agreement '' with Levy the club would entertain offers from a `` big club '' . Speculation continued throughout the summer transfer window , culminating in Modrić refusing to play in Tottenham 's opening match against Manchester United , which ended in a 3 -- 0 loss . Modrić said his `` head was not in the right place '' as he continued to force a move to Chelsea . On the final day of the transfer window , Chelsea made an offer of £ 40 million that was again rejected . After failing to secure a transfer , Spurs manager Harry Redknapp told Modrić to focus on his playing and named him as a starter . On 18 September , he scored his first goal of the season for Tottenham with a shot from 25 yd ( 23 m ) in a 4 -- 0 home win against Liverpool . On 14 January 2012 , Modrić scored the only goal in a home draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 31 January in a 3 -- 1 win against Wigan Athletic , he assisted for the first goal with a crossfield pass and scored the second from 20 yd ( 18 m ) . For the third time that season , he was included in `` Team of the Week '' . Modrić scored his last goal for Tottenham on 2 May in a 1 -- 4 away win against Bolton Wanderers with a powerful volley from 25 yd ( 23 m ) . Real Madrid ( edit ) 2012 -- 13 season ( edit ) On 27 August 2012 , Real Madrid announced they had agreed on a deal with Tottenham for an approximate £ 30 million transfer fee . Modrić signed a five - year contract with the Spanish club . Two days later , he made his Real Madrid debut against Barcelona in the second leg final of the 2012 Supercopa de España at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , replacing Mesut Özil in the 83rd minute . Madrid won the match , giving Modrić his first trophy with the club 36 hours after his signing was announced . Despite his positive debut , Modrić at first struggled to settle into the team under manager José Mourinho because of his lack of pre-season training , which he missed as a result of his ongoing transfer negotiations . The presence of veteran midfielder Xabi Alonso and Sami Khedira in defensive midfield , and Özil in offensive midfield , usually kept Modrić out of the starting lineup , limiting him to substitute appearances . He mostly played out - of - position for his first few months at the club . He played his first UEFA Champions League match for Real Madrid in the group stage against Manchester City on 18 September , which Madrid won 3 -- 2 . On 3 November , Modrić scored his first goal for Real Madrid in the last minute of their 4 -- 0 victory over Real Zaragoza in La Liga . On 17 November , Modrić assisted a Karim Benzema goal , which was eventually ruled an own goal by Jon Aurtenetxe Borde , with a 50 m ( 55 yd ) cross-field pass . It was the first goal in a 5 -- 1 victory over Athletic Bilbao . His most notable match that year was on 4 December , when he assisted for the first two goals of Cristiano Ronaldo and José Callejón with cross-field passes in a 4 -- 1 victory over Ajax in the group stage of the Champions League . Modrić playing against Sevilla in February 2013 . Modrić started in Real Madrid 's home match against rivals Barcelona on 2 March 2013 . From a corner kick , he assisted Sergio Ramos to score the winning goal in the 82nd minute , giving Real a victory in El Clásico . On 5 March , Modrić came on as a second - half substitute during the decisive Champions League knockout leg against ten - man Manchester United at Old Trafford . With Madrid behind by a goal , Modrić equalised with a long - range shot from 25 yd ( 23 m ) out and played a key role in the rest of the match , which Real Madrid won 2 -- 1 , advancing them to the quarter - finals 3 -- 2 on aggregate . This match is often seen as the turning point in Modrić 's career in Real Madrid . On 16 March , he replicated this performance against Mallorca , giving Real Madrid the lead with a long - range volley from 30 yd ( 27 m ) ; Real Madrid won the match 5 -- 2 . Modrić played as a starter in both Champions League semi-final matches against Borussia Dortmund . In the first leg on 24 April , he played in the attacking midfield position where he did not influence the match and the team lost 4 -- 1 . On 30 April , in the second leg 2 -- 0 victory , Modrić played as the deep - lying playmaker , making passes to the attackers and creating several chances ; he was among the best - rated players that night . From March 2013 , Modrić 's form and influence in the midfield continued to improve , distinguishing himself as a player with most passes completed in his team . On 8 May , he assisted from the corner for the first goal and scored the fourth goal in a 6 -- 2 victory over Málaga . 2013 -- 14 season ( edit ) `` He 's the head of midfield in a complicated environment . Every day in Madrid pressure is coming at you from all sides . Modrić not only withstands the pressure but has grown among it to be Madrid 's best player , with ( Cristiano ) Ronaldo . '' -- Predrag Mijatović praises Modrić 's rising performance and significance for the team in January 2014 . With the arrival of new manager Carlo Ancelotti , Modrić became one of the most frequent starters in the team , being partnered in midfield with Xabi Alonso to provide a balance of defence and attack . He was consistently the team 's most efficient passer , averaging 90 % accuracy in La Liga , and also having the most ball recoveries among the squad . He scored his first goal of the season in the last Champions League group match against Copenhagen , making it his fifth goal for the club , all five of which were scored from the outside the penalty area . Modrić scored his first goal of the Liga season in a 3 -- 0 away win against Getafe , his sixth goal outside the penalty area . Modrić was on the pitch when Real Madrid won the 2013 -- 14 Copa del Rey after defeating Barcelona 2 -- 1 in the final . In the first leg of the Champions League quarter - finals , Modrić intercepted the ball and assisted Cristiano Ronaldo for the third goal in Real Madrid 's 3 -- 0 home victory against Borussia Dortmund . The goal was ultimately decisive because Real went on to lose 2 -- 0 in the second leg , but progressed with a marginal aggregate score of 3 -- 2 . In his 100th appearance for the club , Modrić assisted for the first goal in the second leg 4 -- 0 victory over Bayern Munich in the Champions League semi-final , helping Real Madrid reach the final for the first time in 12 years . He was included in UEFA 's Team of the Week for both legs of the semi-final . On 24 May in the final , Modrić again assisted from a corner for teammate Sergio Ramos , who scored a 93rd - minute equalizer against local rivals Atlético Madrid . Real won 4 -- 1 in extra time , marking the club 's tenth Champions League title , locally known as la Décima ( `` the tenth '' ) . He was included in the UEFA Champions League Team of the Season and received the LFP award for the `` Best Midfielder '' of the Spanish first league of that season . 2014 -- 15 season ( edit ) In November 2014 , Modrić signed a new contract to stay at Real Madrid until 2018 . With the departure of Alonso he was partnered with newly arrived Toni Kroos . Real Madrid began the season by winning the UEFA Super Cup over Sevilla Modrić assisted twice for Bale , first against Real Sociedad in La Liga , and second against Basel in the Champions League . In the 2 -- 0 away win against Villarreal , Modrić scored his seventh goal from outside of the box . In late November , Modrić sustained a thigh injury during an international match against Italy , because of which he did not play for three months . He returned in early March 2015 , starting in seven matches and proving his form . On 21 April , in the 3 -- 1 home win against Malaga , he strained ligaments in his right knee , because of which he did not play until May . With his injury , Real Madrid 's 22 - match winning run in the season came to an end . His absence and the lack of a quality substitute were seen as the main cause of Real Madrid 's failure to win matches in La Liga and the Champions League . Ancelotti said , `` Modrić has missed most of the year and this has hurt us '' . Modrić 's influence was recognized and he was selected by professional players in the FIFA World XI . 2015 -- 16 season ( edit ) Modrić playing against Shakhtar Donetsk during their group stage match in the UEFA Champions League in November 2015 . For the 2015 -- 16 season , Carlo Ancelotti was replaced by Rafael Benítez under whom Modrić continued to be a key midfield player . Modrić began the season assisting in September , November and December , and scoring in the 3 -- 4 away win against Shakhtar Donetsk in the Champions League group stage . He sustained a muscular groin injury during an international match in October , initially suggesting an absence of two - to - three weeks . However , by 20 October , he had recovered in time for the match against Paris Saint - Germain . With the arrival of new manager Zinedine Zidane in January 2016 , the relationship between them was noted in the media , with Modrić described as `` master of the game '' , and the crucial `` connector '' of the defence and attack . It was seen in the first three matches , wins against Deportivo de La Coruña and Sporting de Gijón and a draw against Real Betis , in which Modrić was praised for creating chances , his positioning and overall performance and influence . On 7 February , Modrić scored a winning goal from outside the box in a 1 -- 2 away win against Granada . Modrić was a regular in the starting lineup when the team won the 2015 -- 16 Champions League in the final against Atlético Madrid . He was included in both Champions League , and La Liga 's team of the season . For the second time , he also received the LFP award for the `` Best Midfielder '' of the Spanish first league . He was for the second time included in the FIFA World XI , and first in the UEFA Team of the Year . 2016 -- 17 season ( edit ) On 18 October 2016 , Modrić signed a new contract with Real Madrid , keeping him at the club until 2020 . Due to injury of a left knee sustained in mid-September , he missed eight matches , returning early November . On 18 December , he won the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup with Real Madrid , receiving the Silver Ball for his performances during the tournament . On 12 March 2017 , in a 2 -- 1 win over Real Betis , Modrić played his 200th match for Real Madrid . Modrić was a regular starter when Real Madrid won the 2016 -- 17 La Liga as well as the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League , where he provided the assist for Cristiano Ronaldo 's second goal in the final against Juventus . Modrić was included in Champions League team of the season and became the first Croatian to win the Champions League three times . He also received the UEFA Club Football award for Best Midfielder of the Champions League season . In the competition for the UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award , he came fourth , while for 2017 Ballon d'Or , fifth . For the third time , he was also included in the FIFA World XI . 2017 -- 18 season ( edit ) With the departure of James Rodríguez to Bayern Munich , Modrić inherited the team 's coveted number 10 jersey for the new season , replacing his previous number 19 jersey . In December , he won the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup with Real Madrid and received the Golden Ball award as the best player of the competition for his performance . His first goal of the season came in a 7 -- 1 win over Deportivo de La Coruña on 21 January 2018 . Modrić was a regular starter when Real Madrid won the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League , starting in the final victory against Liverpool which saw Madrid win their third consecutive title . For his performances throughout the campaign , Modrić was included in Champions League team of the season for the third consecutive time . He later received the UEFA Club Football Award for Best Midfielder of the Champions League season for the second consecutive time . For the fourth time , he was also included in the FIFA World XI . In July 2018 , it was announced Modrić 's Real Madrid jersey was the most requested jersey of the club after the departure of Cristiano Ronaldo to Juventus . Due to his club , and national team performance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup where also received the Golden Ball , in August and September Modrić won the UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award and The Best FIFA Men 's Player , making the first time since 2013 and 2008 the awards were not won by Lionel Messi or Cristiano Ronaldo . Furthermore , besides becoming the first Croatian player to win the awards , Modrić is the first player to win in the same year the World Cup Golden Ball and the UEFA award after Ronaldo in 1998 , and the FIFA award after Romário in 1994 . 2018 -- 19 season ( edit ) The arrival of new manager Julen Lopetegui in August 2018 saw Modrić given a steady return to the first team as a substitute due to his shortened summer rest after the 2018 World Cup . This included a substitute appearance in his team 's 2 -- 4 loss after extra time against Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup . His first start of the season came on 1 September in a 4 -- 1 home win against Leganés , in which he assisted his side 's third goal , scored by Karim Benzema . His 100th appearance in the UEFA club competition came on 19 September in a 3 -- 0 home win against Roma , in which made an assist for the second goal , scored by Gareth Bale . International career ( edit ) Modrić at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . He is said to anchor Croatia 's second Golden Generation . Modrić began his international career at youth level , playing for the Croatian under - 15 , under - 17 , under - 18 , under - 19 and under - 21 teams . He debuted in March 2001 for the under - 15 team coached by Martin Novoselac , but nevertheless his talent and psychological maturity , he did not become a regular starter and leading player until physically strengthened and debuted for under - 18 . Novoselac considers him as a model for all young players because is a result of a gradual and continuous work and effort , as well as talent . Modrić made his full international debut for Croatia on 1 March 2006 in a friendly match against Argentina in Basel , which Croatia won 3 -- 2 . 2006 World Cup ( edit ) Modrić made two appearances at the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals as a substitute in the group fixtures against Japan and Australia . With the appointment of new manager Slaven Bilić , Modrić earned greater recognition at international level ; he scored his first goal in Croatia 's 2 -- 0 friendly win over Italy on 16 August 2006 in Livorno . Euro 2008 ( edit ) Modrić 's performances ensured a regular place in the international side ; he gave a successful showing in Croatia 's UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying campaign , which included home and away victories against England . As a young midfielder , much was expected of Modrić ; he was often dubbed `` the Croatian Cruyff '' . Modrić scored Croatia 's first goal of Euro 2008 , converting a penalty in the fourth minute of their 1 -- 0 victory against Austria on 8 June 2008 . It was the fastest penalty ever awarded and scored in European Championship history . He continued to impress at the tournament and was named UEFA Man of the Match in Croatia 's next match when they defeated one of the pre-tournament favourites and eventual finalists Germany . In the quarter - final against Turkey , Modrić took advantage of a mistake by veteran Turkish goalkeeper Rüştü Reçber , and crossed to teammate Ivan Klasnić for the first goal of the match with one minute of extra time remaining , but Semih Şentürk almost immediately equalised for Turkey . In the ensuing penalty shootout , Modrić 's kick was off - target and he failed to score the first penalty and Turkey won the shootout 3 -- 1 . At the end of the competition , Modrić was included in the UEFA Team of the Tournament , becoming only the second Croatian to achieve this honour after Davor Šuker . Euro 2012 ( edit ) In the 2010 World Cup qualifiers , Modrić scored three goals , against Kazakhstan , Andorra and Ukraine ; matching Ivica Olić , Ivan Rakitić and Eduardo . The team failed to qualify by being one point behind Ukraine . After appearing in all of their UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier matches and scoring a goal against Israel , Modrić started in all three of Croatia group stage matches against the Republic of Ireland , Italy and Spain , but the team failed to progress . His most notable performance was against Spain . The most memorable moment of the match came when Modrić picked the ball on the halfway line skipping Spain 's midfield trio , rushing down on the right to reach the penalty area where he evaded a defender and crossed from 18 yd ( 16 m ) to Ivan Rakitić , but Iker Casillas saved this attempt . Because Croatia did not advance from the group stage , Modrić was not included in the Team of the Tournament , although The Daily Telegraph included him in the best 11 until the semi-finals and his play was well received by critics . 2014 World Cup ( edit ) Modrić playing against Neymar of Brazil at the 2014 FIFA World Cup . After the playoffs , Modrić with the Croatian team qualified for the 2014 World Cup . They entered Group A with Brazil , Mexico and Cameroon . Croatia played the opening match against Brazil , which they lost 3 -- 1 , and Modrić sustained a minor foot injury . In the second match , Croatia won 4 -- 0 against Cameroon , but did not progress to the knockout stage after losing 3 -- 1 to Mexico , despite the great expectations from the Croatian press and public . Euro 2016 ( edit ) In the Euro 2016 qualifying rounds , Modrić scored his first goals for Croatia in three years , the first against Malta on his 29th birthday with a long - range shot , then a penalty against Azerbaijan . On 3 March 2015 , Modrić captained Croatia for the first time , in an away draw against Azerbaijan . In the tournament proper , Modrić scored the match - winning goal in Croatia 's opening group stage match against Turkey , a volley from 25 metres ( 28 yards ) . In so doing , he became the first Croatian to score at the finals of two separate European Championships , having previously scored against Austria in 2008 . He was named Man of the Match . Modrić was forced to miss the crucial fixture against Spain on 21 June because of a minor muscle injury . 2018 World Cup ( edit ) Modrić attempting a shot during the World Cup . In Croatia 's 2018 World Cup qualifying campaign , Modrić scored a penalty against Greece in the second qualifying round , enabling his team to qualify for the World Cup . Croatia were placed in Group D alongside Argentina , Iceland and Nigeria . During the tournament , Modrić -- along with Ivan Rakitić and Mario Mandžukić -- were referred to as Croatia 's second `` Golden Generation '' . In Croatia 's opening win against Nigeria , Modrić once again successfully executed a penalty kick and was named Man of the Match . He also scored in Croatia 's subsequent 3 -- 0 win over Argentina with a long - range shot from 25 yards ( 23 metres ) , also being named Man of the Match . After also featuring in the final group stage match , against Iceland , his performances in the first round of the tournament saw him ranked by FourFourTwo , The Daily Telegraph and ESPN as the best player of the group stage . In the round of 16 against Denmark on 1 July , with the score tied at 1 -- 1 , Modrić created a goalscoring opportunity for Ante Rebić in the second half of extra-time , who was brought down in the penalty area ; Modrić proceeded to take the penalty , but his strike was saved by Kasper Schmeichel . However , Modrić managed to score his spot - kick during the ensuing penalty shoot - out and Croatia advanced to the next round following a 3 -- 2 victory on penalties . In the quarter - finals against hosts Russia on 7 July , Modrić provided an assist in extra-time for Domagoj Vida from a corner kick , and once again scored in the victorious penalty shoot - out following a 2 -- 2 draw ; he was named Man of the Match for the third time in the tournament . In the semi-final against England on 11 July , Croatia advanced to the World Cup final for the first time in their history following a 2 -- 1 victory in extra time . It was reported two days before the final match that Modrić ran the most miles out of any player and was third by created chances , as well had most dribbles per match and completed passes in the opponent 's half in his team . Although Croatia was beaten 4 -- 2 by France in the final on 15 July , Modrić was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament . After the squad 's huge welcome in Zagreb , Modrić and his teammates were welcomed by tens of thousands of people in his hometown of Zadar . Player Profile ( edit ) Style of play ( edit ) `` Not only is he a very hard worker , he has a good brain and he provided some calmness and composure to the midfield . His passing was neat and his contribution was outstanding . He was not only winning the ball , he was passing well . We thought that he was very influential . He did not just work hard , he made the other people play well around him '' . -- Gérard Houllier , UEFA Technical Team A diminutive midfielder , Modrić is described as a quick and creative playmaker , with great vision , who is able to change the course of the game with a deft pass , or with a solo , long - range effort . He is able to play with both feet and combines this with his swift , offensive positioning off the ball . He is noted for his ability to pass the ball accurately across long or short distances , even with the outside of his boot , as well as his ball control , first touch , positional play , and his ability to retain possession and set the tempo of the game . A former attacking midfielder , he is also noted for his passing range and dribbling skills , and is considered as a master of the `` pre-assist '' . He is often referred to as the Midfield Maestro ( `` Midfield Master '' ) for his mastery of footballing fundamentals , tactical strategy , and precision in execution . His tactical vision and strategic planning has had him compared to a conductor of an orchestra , a `` puppet master '' , and a `` midfield magician '' . When arrived at Real Madrid he was nicknamed by the Spanish media as El Pájaro ( `` the bird '' ) , while in the dressing room was simply called `` Lukita '' . Position ( edit ) Modrić 's complex game has brought him consistent success in the clubs for which he has played . Initially a trequartista or attacking midfielder at Dinamo Zagreb and in his early career at Tottenham , in the 2010 -- 11 season he flourished in a central midfield role as a deep - lying playmaker ( regista ) who conducts the attack and creates chances for teammates . Although a central midfielder , Modrić is also a hard - working player who has been seen to adopt a defensive midfield role in addition to playmaking , tracking back to win the ball from the opposition and prepare for a counter-attack , making him one of the most versatile players in the world , capable of playing in several midfield positions . According to Jonathan Wilson , in a 4 -- 2 -- 3 -- 1 system Modrić is a third type of a holding midfielder , being `` neither entirely destructive or creative '' , but a `` carrier '' who is `` capable of making late runs or carrying the ball at his feet '' , but in his case `` with a hint of regista '' . The switch to a more deep - lying position reduced his number of assists and goals , as well as his shot per game count ( 1.2 ) , although his game was no longer based on being a goal threat ; despite this , he had the second - highest count of key passes per game ( 2.06 ) in the team , as well as a very high pass accuracy rate ( 87 % ) , with the highest passes per game count ( 62.5 ) in the team , the most long balls per game ( 5.6 ) , the most successful dribbles ( 2.2 ) , interceptions ( 2.5 ) , and the highest tackle ( 1.9 ) count per game among others , high statistics which placed him amongst the top midfielders of the Premier League . By the 2011 -- 12 season statistically he was among the top - rated central and all - round midfielders across the top five leagues , alongside players like Xabi Alonso , Andrea Pirlo , Bastian Schweinsteiger and Xavi . Upon Modrić 's arrival to Real Madrid , his midfield position was described as numbers six ( defensive ) , eight ( central ) or ten ( attacking ) , depending on the tactics , and his role was described as the second deep - lying pivot alongside Xabi Alonso in the 2012 -- 13 season , a classic deep - lying playmaker whose creativity was needed to dictate his team 's play and unlock the opposing defence . In the first half of the 2013 -- 14 season , during which he formed an effective central midfield partnership with Alonso and Ángel Di María , Modrić made more tackles ( 56 ) than any other Real Madrid player in La Liga with an average number of 2.86 tackles per match , as well as making the most completed passes ( 878 ) in the opposition half of the pitch among Real Madrid players , with the highest passing accuracy in La Liga ( 90 % ) ( also the highest of any midfielder in Europe 's top five leagues who have made five or more assists during the season ) . In the 2014 -- 15 season , with the arrival of Toni Kroos , Real Madrid no longer had an effective and natural ball - winner alongside their playmakers in midfield , while the team possessed many attackers . Therefore , in addition to producing the highest count of passes ( 60.7 -- 64.7 ) and key passes per match ( 0.8 -- 1.2 ) within the team , both Modrić and Kroos had more defensive responsibility to set the rhythm of the team 's gameplay in midfield and orchestrate counterattacks . Modrić 's average passing accuracy during the season was between 91.6 -- 92 % , while his highest completion rate in a single match occurred in October against Barcelona when he completed all 42 attempted passes . For all of 2014 , Modrić 's dribble attempts ( 75 ) at a success rate of 76 % were second in Europe 's top five leagues . Reception ( edit ) Considered the most versatile and critical member of the national team , Modrić 's technical ability has been heralded by both players and coaches . Modrić is widely regarded as one of most well - rounded and effective midfielders in the world . According to Jonathan Wilson , what sets apart Modrić from old - school playmakers ( number ten ) like Juan Román Riquelme is the universality due to increased defensive responsibility , a quality which was insisted by Valeriy Lobanovskyi and Arrigo Sacchi that should make a modern footballer . Modrić 's skill in the game was recognized early by Dragan Stojković ( Piksi ) , who stated , `` I saw a small blond boy who played exactly like I would . Ideas he was showing then on the terrain were fascinating '' . Piksi considered him , along with Xavi and Andrés Iniesta , as the most intelligent player . Johan Cruyff said Modrić 's quality and influence on the game depend on the freedom he gets . Paul Scholes , who played several times against Modrić , said in an interview with the Manchester Evening News in 2011 , `` Of the three ( Samir Nasri and Wesley Sneijder ) , Modrić , has been the one I have been most impressed with , ( and ) whenever we played Tottenham , he was the one who stood out '' . In 2014 , Zinedine Zidane included Modrić in his best XI currently playing the game . Andriy Shevchenko has stated that he considers Modrić to be one of the greatest midfielders to ever play . In 2018 , Robert Prosinečki , with whom Ivan Rakitić agreed , considered Modrić as the best Croatian player in the history . Davor Šuker also considered him as the greatest Croatian footballer of all time . José Mourinho said he wanted Modrić in Real Madrid because of his influence on the game , tactical level and because he has `` that artistic sense '' . In 2012 , Carlo Ancelotti praised Modrić 's technique and versatility as a midfield player , stating , `` Modric is an outstanding player and in my opinion one of the best midfielders in the world right now , because he can play in more than one position '' . Alex Ferguson regarded him highly as a player while he played in the Premier League , saying it is fair to compare him to Paul Scholes because both are intelligent footballers with good passing consistencies , control of the game , fairplay , and wanted to sign him . Slaven Bilić said Modrić `` is a player who makes others better , they all benefit from him being in the team . He 's not selfish , he 's playing for the team ... he 's a complete player ; good in defence , good in offence -- it looks like he was born with the ball at his feet '' . Others managers who have praised Modrić 's game include Pep Guardiola and Sven - Göran Eriksson . Personal life ( edit ) Modrić married Vanja Bosnić in May 2010 in the Croatian capital Zagreb in a private ceremony after four years of dating , and a year later in church . Their son , Ivano , was born on 6 June 2010 . Their daughter , Ema , was born on 25 April 2013 . Their second daughter , Sofia , was born on 2 October 2017 . Modrić generally maintains a low profile outside of football . Legal issues ( edit ) In March 2018 , in an embezzlement and tax evasion trial against the former Dinamo Zagreb executive , Zdravko Mamić , Modrić was called as a witness . Throughout the mid-late 2000s , Modrić signed multiple contracts with Mamić to play at Dinamo Zagreb . Modrić annexed most of his Tottenham transfer fee to Mamić because he was the broker of the move and gave Modrić financial backing early on in his career . Despite stating in 2017 that he signed the annex clause of the contract ten years earlier , in his testimony he stated that he signed it in 2004 , the year of his first contract . Modrić was charged with perjury for stating that he annexed his fee at an earlier date than he allegedly had . Facing the judge , he said , `` I came here to state my defence and tell the truth , like every time so far . My conscience is clear '' . The Croatian Football Federation stood behind Modrić , but a part of the Croatian public , frustrated with the corruption in Croatian football , perceived the alleged perjury as a defence of Mamić and became critical of Modrić . Some international news outlets praised him for dealing with the stress of his legal situation while performing with the Croatian team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . In October 2018 , the perjury charge was rejected by the Croatian court . Career statistics ( edit ) Club ( edit ) As of 28 October 2018 Club Season League Cup Europe Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Zrinjski Mostar ( loan ) 2003 -- 04 Bosnian Premier League 22 8 0 0 0 0 22 8 Inter Zaprešić ( loan ) 2004 -- 05 Prva HNL 18 0 0 0 0 18 Dinamo Zagreb 2004 -- 05 7 0 0 0 0 8 0 2005 -- 06 32 7 0 0 0 33 7 2006 -- 07 30 6 8 6 0 44 8 2007 -- 08 25 13 8 10 43 17 Total 94 26 18 16 128 32 Tottenham Hotspur 2008 -- 09 Premier League 34 6 44 5 2009 -- 10 25 7 0 0 0 32 2010 -- 11 32 0 9 43 2011 -- 12 36 0 40 5 Total 127 13 17 15 159 17 Real Madrid 2012 -- 13 La Liga 33 9 0 11 53 2013 -- 14 34 6 0 11 51 2014 -- 15 16 0 7 0 25 2015 -- 16 32 0 0 12 44 2016 -- 17 25 0 14 0 41 2017 -- 18 26 0 14 43 2018 -- 19 10 0 0 0 0 14 0 Total 176 9 22 0 73 271 13 Career total 437 60 57 104 10 598 74 International ( edit ) As of 12 October 2018 Croatia Year Apps Goals 2006 12 2007 10 2008 11 2009 8 0 2011 9 2012 9 0 2013 10 0 2014 11 2015 0 2016 8 2017 8 2018 13 Total 116 14 International goals ( edit ) As of match played on 15 July 2018 . Croatia score listed first , score column indicates score after each Modrić goal . International goals by date , venue , cap , opponent , score , result and competition No . Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 16 August 2006 Stadio Armando Picchi , Livorno , Italy Italy 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 Friendly 7 October 2006 Stadion Maksimir , Zagreb , Croatia Andorra 7 -- 0 7 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2008 qualification 7 February 2007 Stadion Kantrida , Rijeka , Croatia Norway 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 Friendly 8 June 2008 Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna , Austria Austria 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2008 5 6 September 2008 Stadion Maksimir , Zagreb , Croatia Kazakhstan 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification 6 15 October 2008 Andorra 3 -- 0 4 -- 0 7 6 June 2009 Ukraine 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 8 6 September 2011 Israel 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 UEFA Euro 2012 qualification 9 9 September 2014 Malta 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2016 qualification 10 13 October 2014 Stadion Gradski vrt , Osijek , Croatia Azerbaijan 5 -- 0 6 -- 0 11 12 June 2016 Parc des Princes , Paris , France Turkey 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2016 12 9 November 2017 Stadion Maksimir , Zagreb , Croatia Greece 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 13 16 June 2018 Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad , Russia Nigeria 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2018 FIFA World Cup 14 21 June 2018 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia Argentina 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 Honours ( edit ) Club ( edit ) Modrić congratulated by bishops of Almudena Cathedral after winning the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League . Modrić accepting the Golden Ball award at the hands of Vladimir Putin after the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final . Dinamo Zagreb Croatian First League : 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Croatian Cup : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Croatian Super Cup : 2006 Real Madrid La Liga : 2016 -- 17 Copa del Rey : 2013 -- 14 Supercopa de España : 2012 , 2017 UEFA Champions League : 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA Super Cup : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 FIFA Club World Cup : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 International ( edit ) Croatia FIFA World Cup runner - up : 2018 Individual ( edit ) Bosnian Premier League Player of the Year : 2003 Croatian Football Hope of the Year : 2004 HNL 's Footballer of the Year : 2007 Prva HNL Player of the Year : 2007 SN Yellow Shirt Award : 2007 -- 08 Croatian Footballer of the Year : 2007 , 2008 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Football Oscar for Best Croatian Player : 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 HNS Trophy for Best Croatian Player : 2018 UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament : 2008 Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year : 2010 -- 11 UEFA Champions League Team of the Season : 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 La Liga 's Best Midfielder : 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 FIFA FIFPro World XI 2nd team : 2014 La Liga 's Team of the Season : 2015 -- 16 UEFA La Liga Team of the Season : 2015 -- 16 Facebook FA La Liga Best Midfielder : 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball : 2016 UEFA Team of the Year : 2016 , 2017 ESPN Midfielder of the Year : 2016 , 2017 UEFA Midfielder of the Season : 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 IFFHS World 's Best Playmaker Bronze Award : 2017 IFFHS Men 's World Team : 2017 FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball : 2017 FIFA World Cup Golden Ball : 2018 FIFA World Cup Dream Team : 2018 FIFA World Cup Fantasy McDonald 's Overall XI : 2018 UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award : 2017 -- 18 The Best FIFA Men 's Player : 2018 See also ( edit ) List of footballers with 100 or more caps Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Includes the Croatian Cup , Croatian Supercup , FA Cup , Football League Cup , Copa del Rey and Supercopa de España . Jump up ^ Includes the UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup . Jump up ^ Tweedale , Alistair ( 17 September 2014 ) . `` Modest Modric Madrid 's Superstar in the Shadows '' . WhoScored.Com . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . `` It is fair to say with Xavi 's decline Modric is now ahead of him in the pecking order , and he , Kroos , Cesc Fàbregas and Andrea Pirlo are now arguably the best technical central midfielders on the planet at present , and some might even say that Modric is , or could soon be , leading the pack . '' Marcotti , Gabriele ( 14 November 2016 ) . `` Real Madrid star Luka Modric is ranked as the best central midfielder '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Bidwell , Nick ( 11 March 2017 ) . `` Europe 's best midfielder ? Luka Modric biography '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Ronay , Barney ( 12 May 2017 ) . `` All hail Luka Modric , the maestro who makes Real Madrid 's superstars tick '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Madu , Zito ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Luka Modrić was the most important player in Real Madrid 's run to back - to - back Champions League titles '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Buskulic , Ante ; Tironi , Hrvoje Tironi. ( 18 November 2017 ) . `` How Luka Modric went from rejected youth player to the best midfielder in the world '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Burton , Chris . ( 6 October 2017 ) . `` Luka Modric one of the best midfielder ever '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . `` Croatian playmaker Modric is yet to earn similar acclaim , amid a Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi duopoly of top individual awards , but his undoubted quality is not lost on those in Madrid and around the world . '' Sherman , Justin . ( 19 October 2017 ) `` The making of Luka Modric from war - torn Croatia to the world 's best midfielder '' . The Football Times . Retrieved 16 June 2018 Abayomi , Tosin ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` Modric score stunner against Argentina '' . Pulse Nigeria . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . `` Luka Modrić is one of the greatest midfielders in the history of football , and deserves to be treated as such . '' Brown , Euan ( 22 June 2018 ) . `` Luka Modric : It 's time to give him a seat at the elite table '' . UK Blasting News . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . `` It 's about time ( Luka Modric ) was recognised as one of the game 's all - time greats '' . Nakrani , Sachin. ( 30 June 2018 ) `` Luka Modric : the unassuming genius driving Croatia 's tilt at the World Cup '' . The Observer . Retrieved 1 July 2018 Jump up ^ Grim , David ( 22 November 2011 ) . `` The 10 Most Important Croatian Soccer Players of All Time '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Moallim , Mohamed ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` Luka Modric is the best Croatian player in history '' . Squawka . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . `` There is no way of looking at this in which he ( Modric ) does n't deserve the title as the best ( Croatian ) in history '' . Douglas , Steve ( 29 June 2018 ) . `` Modric the best Croatian player ever '' . The Fresno Bee . `` Croatia midfielder Ivan Rakitic says teammate Luka Modric plays football `` from a different planet '' and is the best to have ever played for their national team `` . Associated Press ( 29 June 2018 ) . `` Modric From ' Different Planet ' , Says Rakitic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . `` The technically gifted Prosinecki has long been seen as Croatia 's all - time best player , but even he has recently said Modric surpasses him ... `` If Robert Prosinecki said that , it has to be true because nobody knows about football more than Prosinecki . And I would agree with him completely , '' Rakitic said . `` Not only that Luka is the best player ever , but he is a great person , a leader and we are following him '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hugman , Barry J. , ed. ( 2010 ) . The PFA Footballers ' Who 's Who 2010 -- 11 . Mainstream Publishing . p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84596 - 601 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Player Profile '' . realmadrid.com . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lȗka '' . Hrvatski jezični portal ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Lȗka Jump up ^ `` mȍdar '' . Hrvatski jezični portal ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Módrić ^ Jump up to : Azpitarte & Puertas 2016 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Čop 2014 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kako je stvaran Luka Modrić '' ( Development of Luka Modrić ) ( in Croatian ) . Nogometni - magazin. 30 December 2007 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Orlić , Alen ( 26 May 2014 ) . `` Filmska Priča Put od Zatona Obrovačkog do europskog trona ... Modrić je dokaz da je sve moguće '' ( Film story path from Zaton Obrovački to the European throne ... Modrić is proof that anything is possible ) ( in Croatian ) . Jutarnji list . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Holiga , Aleksandar ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Real Madrid 's Luka Modric : from Balkan warzone to the Bernabéu '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Azpitarte & Puertas 2016 , p. 17 , 20 , 22 . Jump up ^ `` Otac Luke Modrića serviser zrakoplova HRZ - a '' ( Father of Luka Modrić service aircraft of the Croatian Air Force ) ( in Croatian ) . Jutarnji list . 14 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sinovčić , Dean ( 14 August 2006 ) . `` Nogometna zvijezda iz obitelji prognanika '' ( Football star from family of exiles ) . Nacional ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Radoš , Ivica ( 9 March 2013 ) . `` Luka Modrić , odrastanje i karijera '' ( Luka Modrić , rising up and career ) . Večernji list ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Čop 2014 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Elvir Islamović ( 18 September 2018 ) . `` How brilliant is Madrid and Croatia 's Luka Modrić ? '' . UEFA . Retrieved 24 September 2018 . Ahead of the 2018 World Cup final , video footage emerged of the five - year - old Modrić shepherding goats in Croatia 's Velebit mountains . Jump up ^ Hugo Cerezo ( 24 September 2018 ) . `` Luka Modric : Miracle of the shepherd boy who rose to the top of the world '' . Marca . Retrieved 24 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Mark Taylor ( 14 July 2018 ) . `` Incredible Footage Emerges Of Croatia Star Luka Modric As A Six Year Old Herding Goats With A Stick '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 24 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Ivana Jakelić , Frane Šarić ( 30 June 2014 ) . `` Bivše milicajce u Srbiji će ispitati io likvidaciji djeda Luke Modrića '' ( Former policemen in Serbia will be examined for the liquidation of grandfather of the Luka Modrić ) ( in Croatian ) . Večernji list . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Justin Sherman ( 9 October 2017 ) . `` The making of Luka Modrić from war - torn Croatia to the world 's best midfielder '' . These Football Times . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Azpitarte & Puertas 2016 , p. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Karlo Ledinski ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Četnici su Luki Modriću ubili djeda i zapalili kuću '' ( Chetniks killed grandfather of Luka Modrić and burned his house ) ( in Croatian ) . Večernji list . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Modrić će nositi broj 19 , donosimo biografiju dječaka iz Obrovca '' ( Modrić will wear number 19 , we bring the biography of a boy from Obrovac ) ( in Croatian ) . Portal Boboska. 28 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cerezo , Hugo ( 9 July 2017 ) . `` Luka Modric 's Beverly Hills '' . Marca . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Azpitarte & Puertas 2016 , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Nathanson , Patrick ( 6 November 2008 ) . `` Luka Modric 's return to Dinamo Zagreb with Tottenham revives tough childhood memories '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Alan ( 19 December 2008 ) . `` Luka Modric puts war years behind him at Spurs '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Castro , Juan ( 29 June 2012 ) . `` The boy with the wooden shin pads '' . Marca . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Redondo , Alba ( 27 August 2012 ) . `` Modric : `` I 'm ready to play against Barcelona '' `` . Marca . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Žura , Dražen ( 28 August 2012 ) . `` ' Modrića je u Hajduk doveo Džoni , ali bio im je fizički slabašan ' '' ( ' Modrić was brought to Hajduk by Džoni , but for them physically weak ' ) . Slobodna Dalmacija ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ornstein , David ( 21 February 2014 ) . `` Luka Modric : Real Madrid midfielder outshining the rest '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Modric in demand '' . The World Game . 2 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Brunislav Matasovic . `` Croatia -- 2002 / 03 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 12 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luka Modric '' . National Football Teams . Benjamin Strack - Zimmerman . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Live : Ajax -- Dinamo 2 -- 3 '' . Jutarnji list . 4 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Modric 's Last Dance at Maksimir Stadium '' . Javno. 6 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2009 . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Mario ( 11 May 2008 ) . `` Dinamo Dominate , Modric Bids Farewell '' . World Cup blog . Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric -- statistika '' ( in Croatian ) . Hrvatska Nogometna Liga . Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rekordni Dinamo : S 28 bodova razlike najuvjerljiviji prvak '' ( A record high Dinamo : With 28 points difference most convincing champion ) ( in Croatian ) . ezadar.hr. 19 May 2008 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 27 May 2016 ) . `` Luka Modric : The elegant maestro dictating from deep '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Islamović , Elvir ( 7 February 2008 ) . `` Dutch test for the Croatian Cruyff '' . UEFA . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs sign Croatian star Modric '' . BBC Sport. 26 April 2008 . Retrieved 26 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jeremy Wilson ( 30 June 2018 ) . `` Luka Modric is having a stand - out World Cup -- but it is no surprise to his former coaches '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Martyn Ziegler ( 25 September 2018 ) . `` Luka Modric is named best player in the world ; Mo Salah wins Puskas award for Everton goal '' . The Times . Retrieved 25 September 2018 ... ten years after Newcastle United spurned a chance to sign him on the grounds he was `` not good enough for the Premier League '' . Jump up ^ `` Spurs equal record fee for Modric '' . BBC Sport. 29 April 2008 . Retrieved 29 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Lyon , Sam ( 16 August 2008 ) . `` Middlesbrough 2 -- 1 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Maw , James ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` ' Ice cold ' Luka Modric now Real Madrid 's second most important Galactico '' . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Modric admits to poor start '' . The Sun . 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 29 October 2008 ) . `` Arsenal 4 -- 4 Tottenham '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I 'll build Spurs team around Modrić and Palacios , insists Redknapp '' . Metro. 28 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Ian ( 18 December 2008 ) . `` Tottenham 2 -- 2 Spartak Moscow '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 21 December 2008 ) . `` Newcastle 2 -- 1 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs prove troubles lie in their minds not their boots '' . The Independent . 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lillywhite , Jamie ( 23 February 2009 ) . `` Hull 1 -- 2 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Lyon , Sam ( 21 March 2009 ) . `` Tottenham 1 -- 0 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Hover , Ashley ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` Why Croatia maestro Luka Modric is the most underrated star at Euro 2016 '' . Squawka . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lyon , Sam ( 29 August 2009 ) . `` Tottenham 2 -- 1 Birmingham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs suffer Modric injury blow '' . BBC Sport. 30 August 2009 . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 28 December 2009 ) . `` Tottenham 2 -- 0 West Ham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Dawkes , Phil ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Tottenham 2 -- 1 Everton '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Roach , Stuart ( 9 May 2010 ) . `` Burnley 4 -- 2 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luka signs new six - year contract '' . Tottenham Hotspur . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lillywhite , Jamie ( 11 September 2010 ) . `` West Brom 1 -- 1 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Redknapp praises ' magnificent ' Modrić '' . ESPN . 17 January 2011 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Dawkes , Phil ( 9 April 2011 ) . `` Tottenham 3 -- 2 Stoke '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanghera , Mandeep ( 15 May 2011 ) . `` Liverpool 0 -- 2 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 20 October 2010 ) . `` Inter Milan 4 -- 3 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 2 November 2010 ) . `` Tottenham 3 -- 1 Inter Milan '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 3 -- 1 Inter : Inter fail to deal with Bale '' . Zonal Marking. 2 November 2010 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 24 November 2010 ) . `` Tottenham 3 -- 0 Werder Bremen '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 9 March 2011 ) . `` Tottenham 0 -- 0 AC Milan ( agg 1 -- 0 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 13 April 2011 ) . `` Tottenham 0 -- 1 Real Madrid ( agg 0 -- 5 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Squad Summary Premier League 2010 / 11 '' . WhoScored . Jump up ^ `` Papers : Top man Modric '' . manutd.com. 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 7 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 18 June 2011 ) . `` Luka Modric reveals he wants to leave Tottenham for Chelsea '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea cautious over Luka Modric deal '' . BBC Sport. 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 10 July 2011 ) . `` Luka Modric accuses Tottenham Hotspur of playing dirty in transfer row '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 22 August 2011 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 0 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric 's ' head is not right ' to face Man Utd says Harry Redknapp '' . BBC Sport. 21 August 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham reject £ 40m Luka Modric bid from Chelsea '' . The Independent Online . 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Hirst , Paul ( 1 September 2011 ) . `` Harry Redknapp urges Luka Modric to focus on Tottenham '' . The Independent Online . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Kerry ( 18 September 2011 ) . `` Tottenham 4 -- 0 Liverpool '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Darling , Kevin ( 14 January 2012 ) . `` Tottenham missed the chance to go level on points with the Premier League leaders as they were held by Wolves '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Lillywhite , Jamie ( 31 January 2012 ) . `` Tottenham 3 -- 1 Wigan '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EA Sports PPI Team of the Week '' . Premier League . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Magowan , Alistair ( 2 May 2012 ) . `` Bolton 1 -- 4 Tottenham '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luka Modric : Real Madrid sign midfielder from Tottenham '' . BBC . 27 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Modrić completes move to Madrid '' . UEFA. 27 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Modric delighted with first Madrid title '' . insidespanishfootball.com . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Modric thrilled to score first Real Madrid goal '' . tribalfootball.com. 3 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Modrić briljantno asistirao Benzemi s udaljenosti od 50 m ! '' . Večernji list . 17 November 2012 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid - Ajax : resumen , goles y resultado '' . Marca. 4 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Jiméenez , Rubén ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` Modric ya tiene galones '' ( in Spanish ) . Marca . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid - Ajax Live '' . WhoScored. 5 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mourinho : Modric made the difference '' . FIFA. 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Burt , Jason ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` Manchester United v Real Madrid : five things we learnt from the Champions League tie at Old Trafford '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ J.I. García - Ochoa ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` Luka Modric ya no tiene precio '' . Marca . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid recover against Real Mallorca with Luka Modric screamer '' . The Guardian . 17 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Cox , Michael ( 1 May 2013 ) . `` How Mourinho 's subs helped Real score two and almost scrape through '' . Guardian . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El uno a uno del Real Madrid '' . Marca. 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid - Borussia Dortmund Live '' . WhoScored. 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Jabalquinto , Diego ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid surpassed 5,500 goals in La Liga against Malaga '' . realmadrid.com . Archived from the original on 7 June 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Modric ' as important as Ronaldo ' '' . Football - Espana. 30 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McAleer , Ben ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` Player Focus : How Luka Modrić Won Over The Real Madrid Fans '' . WhoScored . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Cerezo , H. ( 12 December 2013 ) . `` Modric is Carlo 's fifth most used player '' . Marca . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Modric : Shades of Old Trafford '' . Marca. 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real keep firing against Getafe '' . Marca. 16 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Matchett , Karl. `` 10 Games That Proved Why Luka Modric Is the Midfield Maestro '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham ace Modric happy to mark 100 games with `` amazing '' win `` . tribalfootball.com. 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bayern Munich 0 -- 4 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Team of the week -- Matchday 11 '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Team of the week -- Matchday 12 '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Atletico Madrid '' . UEFA . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modrić , ' Best Midfielder in the 2013 -- 14 Liga BBVA ' '' . LFP. 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric signs Real Madrid deal until 2018 '' . BBC . 20 August 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Tweedale , Alistair ( 19 September 2014 ) . `` Modest Modric Madrid 's Superstar in the Shadows '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Rob ( 12 August 2014 ) . `` Super Cup : Cristiano Ronaldo scores twice in Real Madrid win '' . BBC . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad 's David Zurutuza scores twice to defeat Real Madrid '' . The Guardian . 31 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale on the mark as Basel suffer Champions League blitz at Real Madrid '' . The Guardian . 16 September 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Walker , Joseph ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` Rampant Madrid ease Basel aside '' . UEFA . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` First - half goals from Luka Modric and Cristiano Ronaldo helped Real Madrid continue their La Liga resurgence with a hard - fought victory over Villarreal '' . BBC . 27 September 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric : Real Madrid star ruled out for over three months '' . BBC . 18 November 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Modric , the midfielder with most passes since his return '' . Real Madrid . 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric Injury : Updates on Real Madrid Star 's Knee and Return '' . Bleacher Report . 19 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric hopes to play for Real Madrid again this season '' . ESPN . 21 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No row with Real Madrid over Luka Modric , says Croatia coach Kovac '' . ESPN . 29 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Modric -- Real Madrid 's image of maturity '' . Marca. 9 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Tim ( 2 July 2015 ) . `` Why Luka Modric Is Absolutely Vital to Real Madrid 's Midfield Fluency '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 FIFA FIFPro World XI revealed '' . FIFA. 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Modric now master of the game '' . Marca. 18 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Polo , Pablo ( 16 July 2015 ) . `` Super Luka '' . Marca . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shakhtar Donetsk 3 Real Madrid 4 , match report : Real hold on to top Champions League group ahead of PSG '' . The Telegraph . 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Modric out for 2 -- 3 weeks '' . Marca. 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ramos and Modric make the trip to PSG '' . Marca. 20 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric backs new Real Madrid boss Zinedine Zidane '' . Sky Sports . 10 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Cerezo , Hugo ( 13 January 2016 ) . `` Luka y Zidane , conexión total '' ( in Spanish ) . Marca . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Peters , Jerrad ( 18 January 2016 ) . `` Modric flourishing under Zidane at Real Madrid '' . SportsNet . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Medina , David G. ( 26 January 2016 ) . `` Modric de 10 '' ( in Spanish ) . Marca . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Modric earns Real Madrid late win '' . BBC . 7 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spot - on Real Madrid defeat Atlético in final again '' . uefa.com. 28 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . uefa.com. 30 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Liga BBVA 2015 / 16 Team of the Season '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luka Modric named Best Midfielder of LaLiga Santander 2015 / 16 '' . LFP. 24 October 2016 . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Best named at FIFA Football Awards '' . FIFA. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team of the Year 2016 '' . UEFA.com. 5 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Announcement : Modric '' . Real Madrid . 18 October 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 7 November 2016 ) . `` Real Madrid 's Luka Modric ' happy ' to be back after injury layoff '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 FIFA Club World Cup awards '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Florentino Pérez presented Modric with a shirt for his 200 matches '' . realmadrid.com. 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El Real Madrid , campeón de LaLiga Santander 2016 / 17 '' . laliga.es. 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid win La Liga title with victory at Malaga '' . bbc.com. 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Majestic Real Madrid win Champions League in Cardiff '' . uefa.com. 3 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . uefa.com. 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Rik ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` Majestic Modric the key to Madrid 's Champions League final turnaround '' . Reuters . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luka Modrić named # UCL midfielder of the season '' . UEFA. 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modrić , the best midfielder of 2016 / 17 Champions League '' . Croatian Football Federation . 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric est dans le top 5 du Ballon d'Or France Football 2017 '' . France Football . 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Lieke Martens cap dream season at The Best FIFA Football Awards '' . FIFA. 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Modric takes No. 10 shirt at Real Madrid following James Rodriguez departure '' . Goal.com. 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Juan Ignacio García - Ochoa ( 16 December 2017 ) . `` Modric claims 2017 Club World Cup golden ball '' . Marca . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 7 -- 1 Deportivo La Coruna '' . BBC Sport. 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid beat Liverpool to complete hat - trick '' . UEFA. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . UEFA. 27 May 2018 . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luka Modrić : Champions League Midfielder of the Season '' . UEFA. 30 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA FIFPro World11 '' . FIFA. 24 September 2018 . Retrieved 24 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Samuel ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid 's new biggest shirt seller was once voted the worst signing in La Liga '' . Dream Team FC . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . The official figures have n't been released yet , however according to AS , staff at the club shop insist that the 32 - year - old 's No10 shirt has been the most requested since Ronaldo 's departure . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden consolation for magical Modric '' . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luka Modrić wins UEFA Men 's Player of the Year award '' . UEFA. 30 August 2018 . Retrieved 30 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Best FIFA Men 's Player '' . FIFA. 24 September 2018 . Retrieved 24 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Rob Harris . `` Modric wins world player of year , ends Ronaldo - Messi duopoly '' . AP News . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Miguel Delaney ( 24 September 2018 ) . `` Against Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo , Luka Modric offers substance over star power '' . The Independent . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric wins FIFA The Best award , ends Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi duopoly '' . ESPN . 24 September 2018 . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Modrić Poput Pravog Ronalda , Ne Cristiana : Na momčadskoj razini niže trofeje , na osobnoj priznanja , ovo nije viđeno 20 godina '' ( Modrić Like Real Ronaldo , Not Cristiano : At the team level run trophies , on a personal recognition , this has not been seen 20 years ) ( in Croatian ) . Net.hr. 31 August 2018 . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Modrić Napravio Ono Što Nije Viđeno 24 Godine : Samo je jedan velikan prije Luke uspio u ovome '' ( Modrić did what has not been seen for 24 years : Just one giant before Luka succeeded in this ) ( in Croatian ) . Net.hr. 24 September 2018 . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Modric : Three matches and he has started all on the bench '' . Marca. 26 August 2018 . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Arch Bell ( 27 August 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid boss Julen Lopetegui praises team mentality after Girona win '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Emma Sanders ( 15 August 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid 2 -- 4 Atlético Madrid '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Arch Bell ( 1 September 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid rocket past Leganes '' . Marca . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ José Félix Díaz ( 20 September 2018 ) . `` Modric justifies the entrance fee and gives meaning to football '' . Marca . Retrieved 24 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Azpitarte & Puertas 2016 , p. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Miladin , Neven ( 18 June 2006 ) . `` Japan 0 -- 0 Hrvatska : Neiskorišteni penal Srne i manjak sreće u završnici '' ( Japan 0 -- 0 Croatia : Unconverted penalty by Srna and lack of luck in the final ) ( in Croatian ) . Nogometni - magazin . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Miladin , Neven ( 22 June 2006 ) . `` Hrvatska 2 -- 2 Australija : Dvaput vodili i ispali sa SP - a '' ( Croatia 2 -- 2 Australia : Twice led and dropped from the World Cup ) ( in Croatian ) . Nogometni - magazin . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italija -- Hrvatska 0 -- 2 : Slaven Bilić startao pobjedom '' ( Italy -- Croatia 0 -- 2 : Slaven Bilic started with win ) ( in Croatian ) . Jutarnji list . 16 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 October 2006 ) . `` Croatia 2 -- 0 England '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jonathan ( 21 November 2007 ) . `` England 2 -- 3 Croatia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Cerezo , Hugo ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` Modric aiming to emulate Barcelona legend Cruyff '' . MARCA English . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ian , Hughes ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` Austria 0 -- 1 Croatia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Haylett , Trevor ( 8 June 2012 ) . `` Modrić penalty undoes gutsy Austria '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 30 May 2008 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Croatia 2 -- 1 Germany '' . UEFA. 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Harrold , Michael ( 21 June 2008 ) . `` Turkey triumph in Vienna shoot - out '' . UEFA . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric In EURO ` s Best Team , Xavi Best Player '' . dalje.com . Kontineo oglašavanje. 30 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 1 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia cruise to Kazakhstan victory '' . UEFA. 7 September 2008 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 4 -- 0 Andorra '' . FIFA. 15 October 2008 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 2 -- 2 Ukraine '' . FIFA. 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Islamović , Elvir ( 6 September 2011 ) . `` Eduardo double against Israel sends Croatia top '' . UEFA . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Croatia 0 -- 1 Spain '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 day 11 analysis : Ivan Rakitic miss leaves Croatia short '' . BBC Sport. 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kristian ( 26 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : the best eleven so far '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Redknapp : My Euro 2012 Team of the Tournament '' . betting.betfair.com . Bet Fair . 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis : Modric 's Euros prove his suitability for Madrid move '' . fourfourtwo.com . Haymarket Consumer Media & FourFour Two . 20 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 3 Croatia 1 '' . BBC Sport. 12 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Stojanovic , Dusan ( 13 June 2013 ) . `` Modric injury in loss against Brazil not serious '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Luka Modric hoping to be fit to face Cameroon '' . BBC Sport. 14 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cameroon 0 Croatia 4 '' . BBC Sport. 18 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 1 Mexico 3 '' . BBC Sport. 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Islamović , Elvir ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Croatia 's World Cup highs and lows '' . UEFA . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Islamović , Elvir ( 9 September 2014 ) . `` Modrić sets Croatia on course to sink Malta '' . UEFA . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Islamović , Elvir ( 13 October 2014 ) . `` Croatia beat Azerbaijan for third straight win '' . UEFA . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Pavić , Marko ( 2 September 2015 ) . `` Modrić uoči kapetanskog debija : Ponosan sam , vjerujem da ću na pravi način predstavljati Hrvatsku '' ( Modrić ahead of the captain 's debut : I am proud , I believe that I will properly represent Croatia ) . Večernji list . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Haslam , Andrew ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` Modrić magic helps Croatia down Turkey '' . uefa.com . Paris : Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Miles ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` Modrić makes Euros history with two Croatia firsts '' . Goal . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Modrić propušta Španjolsku ! Još pet igrača propustilo trening '' ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia midfielder Luka Modric advised to miss Spain game by doctor '' . Squawka Football News . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Callaghan , Joe ( 30 June 2018 ) . `` Modric magic at heart of Croatian soccer 's golden generation The Star '' . thestar.com . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . The golden generation -- with Modric , Rakitic and striker Mario Mandzukic as its pillars -- have more often watched such efforts go up in flames . Jump up ^ Miller , Nick ( 30 June 2018 ) . `` Are Ivan Rakitic and Luka Modric the World Cup 's biggest unsung heroes ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Mike Whalley ( 17 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 : Luka Modric penalty secures 2 -- 0 win for Croatia against Nigeria '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Modric - inspired Croatia open with a win '' . FIFA. 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Oliver Kay ( 22 June 2018 ) . `` Mesmerising Luka Modric makes it a nightmare for misfiring Lionel Messi '' . The Times . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Patrick Jennings ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` Croatia stun Argentina to reach World Cup last 16 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia advance on a dark night for Argentina '' . FIFA. 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Nick Miller ( 29 June 2018 ) . `` Ranked ! The 10 best players of the 2018 World Cup group stage '' . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Wilson ( 29 June 2018 ) . `` Top 10 best players of the World Cup group stages -- but who has made the biggest impact in Russia so far ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric beats Cristiano Ronaldo , tops World Cup Play Power Rankings '' . ESPN . 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Fletcher ( 1 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia beat Denmark in tense shootout '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gabriele Marcotti ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` Luka Modric vanquishes ghosts of penalties past in what could be his final World Cup '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ David Hytner ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` ' Now we can forget Turkey ' : Modric and Croatia lay ghost of 2008 to rest '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Patrick Jennings ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia knock out Russia on penalties '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia through as hosts pay the penalty '' . FIFA. 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Phil McNulty ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 2 -- 1 England '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Hanlon , Ryan ( 13 July 2018 ) . `` Who Is the Defining Player of the 2018 World Cup ? '' . The Ringer . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . The most impressive thing about Modric 's World Cup might be how much of him there 's been . Despite declining club usage , he 's played 40 more minutes than anyone else in Russia -- goalkeepers , who never get subbed , included . He 's created more chances than all but three players , he 's leading his team in dribbles per game and completed passes in the final third , and he 's tied with Kane for the most Man of the Match awards . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France 4 -- 2 Croatia : France beat Croatia in thrilling World Cup final '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hajdari , Una ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Philosophical fans celebrate Croatia 's historic World Cup , despite final defeat '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Šarić , Frane ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Zadar gori , fešta za Modrića , Subašića , Vrsaljka i Livakovića '' ( Zadar burns , party for Modrić , Subašić , Vrsaljko and Livaković ) . Večernji list ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 31 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modrić Bio , Stats , News '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 19 August 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Modrić the key man for Bilić '' . FIFA. 11 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 9 July 2008 . Jump up ^ McAleer , Ben ( 6 December 2016 ) . `` Modric at the heart of Real Madrid 's quest to top group '' . WhoScored.com . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ronay , Barney ( 12 May 2017 ) . `` All hail Luka Modric , the maestro who makes Real Madrid 's superstars tick '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Matchett , Karl ( 2 July 2016 ) . `` A Complete Tactical Profile of Real Madrid Midfielder Luka Modric '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Stafford - Bloor , Seb ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` FourFourTwo 's Best 100 Football Players In The World 2016 : No. 12 -- Luka Modric '' . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I can play anywhere in midfield `` '' . RealMadrid.com . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Price , Greg ( 7 September 2012 ) . `` Real Madrid News : Jose Mourinho Warns His Players , Praises Luka Modric , Supports Kaka '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 27 May 2016 ) . `` Luka Modric : The elegant maestro dictating from deep '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lovrić , Dejan . `` Dok je Ramos kakao , maestro Modrić Eibaru ' prodao ćevape ' '' ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Matchett , Karl ( 9 September 2017 ) . `` 10 Games That Proved Why Luka Modric Is the Midfield Maestro '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Heneage , Kristan . `` From worst signing in La Liga to the best midfielder in the world - How Real Madrid 's Luka Modric proved them all wrong '' . www.unibet.co.uk . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Modric is the conductor , he controls the play . He knows when to run , and when to pass . He creates , and even though he may not apply the killer touch or the final ball , he often plays a part . Jump up ^ West , Andy ( 21 January 2017 ) . `` La Liga : Puppet - master Luka Modric strings Real Madrid together -- Article -- Sport360 '' . sport360.com . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Footy , Pwan ( 12 May 2014 ) . `` Luka Modric : The midfield magician of Real Madrid '' . Sport Skeeda . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Jose Luis Moreno ( 28 August 2012 ) . `` ' El Pájaro ' emigra a Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . Marca . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hugo Cerezo ( 28 September 2014 ) . `` Modric the sharpshooter '' ( in Spanish ) . Marca . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Davie , Chris ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` How Luka Modric 's Contribution Makes him Tottenham 's Irreplaceable Asset '' . WhoScored.com . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 18 December 2013 ) . `` The Question : what does the changing role of holding midfielders tell us ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ McKinnon , Paul ( 15 July 2011 ) . `` What Makes Luka Modric So Much in Demand ? '' . WhoScored.com . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ McKinnon , Paul ( 13 March 2012 ) . `` Stats Analysis : WhoScored 's Top Rated Centre - Midfielders '' . WhoScored.com . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Laurence , Martin ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Stats Analysis : Europe 's Best All - Round Midfielders '' . WhoScored.com . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mourinho vows to deliver another European Cup '' . Total Football Magazine . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Modrić treba Realu za plan C ' '' ( ' Modric needs to Real for plan C ' ) . Sportske Novosti ( in Croatian ) . 27 September 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Tim ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` Why Luka Modric , not Xabi Alonso , should be Real Madrid 's heartbeat '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tweedale , Alistair ( 17 September 2014 ) . `` Player Focus : Modest Modric Madrid 's Superstar in the Shadows '' . WhoScored.com . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . It is fair to say with Xavi 's decline Modric is now ahead of him in the pecking order , and he , Kroos , Cesc Fàbregas and Andrea Pirlo are now arguably the best technical central midfielders on the planet at present , and some might even say that Modric is , or could soon be , leading the pack . Jump up ^ McAleer , Ben ( 17 February 2016 ) . `` Player Focus : Majestic Modric Essential in Zidane 's Real Madrid Setup '' . WhoScored.com . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Team Focus : Madrid 's Progression Sees Them Beat Barca at Their Own Game '' . WhoScored.com . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Laurence , Martin ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Player Focus : The Stats Leaders You May Not Have Seen in 2014 '' . WhoScored.com . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Balseiro , Jesús ( 29 May 2016 ) . `` Madrid season player review '' . Diario AS . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Marcotti , Gabriele ( 14 November 2016 ) . `` # FC100 : Real Madrid star Luka Modric is ranked as the best central midfielder '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Bidwell , Nick ( 11 March 2017 ) . `` Europe 's best midfielder ? Luka Modric biography '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Madu , Zito ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Luka Modrić was the most important player in Real Madrid 's run to back - to - back Champions League titles '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kalvapalle , Rahul ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` Magisterial Modric leaves Juventus chasing shadows '' . Marca . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 27 April 2008 ) . `` Luka Modric 's finesse can work for Spurs '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 6 May 2008 ) . `` Modric maps a future for the old - school playmaker '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Juranović , Tomislav ( 20 March 2013 ) . `` Piksi Stojković : ' Modrić je uz Xavija i Iniestu najinteligentniji veznjak svijeta ! ' '' ( Piksi Stojković ' Modrić with Xavi and Iniesta is most intelligent midfielder in the world ! ' ) ( in Croatian ) . Sportske Novosti . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Matteoni , Robert ( 20 March 2013 ) . `` Cruyff o nasljedniku : ' Luka Modrić ima ogromnu kvalitetu , treba mu dati slobodu ' '' ( Cruyff 's successor : ' Luka Modrić has a huge quality , he should be given the freedom ' ) ( in Croatian ) . Sportske Novosti . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Okwonga , Musa ( 5 June 2012 ) . `` The Luka Modric mystique '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 10 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Menezes , Jack de ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` Zinedine Zidane best XI : Who joins usual suspects Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi in the former Real Madrid legend 's dream team '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric is ' one of the best midfielders ever ' -- Shevchenko '' . Squawka Football News . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Legendarni ' Žuti ' Zna Kako Protiv Argentine : Jedan Vatreni imat će veliku odgovornost : ' Uspije li u tome imamo izgleda , ako ne , slijedi nam patnja ' '' . Jutarnji List . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Modric From ' Different Planet ' , Says Rakitic '' . The New York Times . 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . The technically gifted Prosinecki has long been seen as Croatia 's all - time best player , but even he has recently said Modric surpasses him ... `` If Robert Prosinecki said that , it has to be true because nobody knows about football more than Prosinecki . And I would agree with him completely , '' Rakitic said . `` Not only that Luka is the best player ever , but he is a great person , a leader and we are following him . '' Jump up ^ Marko Cvijanović ( 24 August 2018 ) . `` Šuker : Luka Modrić je najveći hrvatski nogometaš svih vremena ! '' ( Šuker : Luka Modrić is the greatest Croatian footballer of all time ! ) . Zadarski list ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ancelotti , a great admirer of Modric '' . Marca. 23 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 's Luka Modric receives high praise from PSG coach Carlo Ancelotti as club 's jostle for his signature '' . The Telegraph . 12 July 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson : Modric has Scholes class '' . ESPN . 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hrvat u Sir Alexovoj Knjizi Ferguson : `` Želio sam Modrića , on nikad ne simulira '' '' ( Croat in book by Sir Alex Ferguson : `` I wanted Modrić , he never simulates '' ) ( in Croatian ) . Jutarnji List . 30 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Bauer , Dean ( 11 January 2011 ) . `` Direktor Barce za SN : ' Guardiola obožava Modrića , već godinama priča o njemu ! ' '' ( Director of Barca for SN : ' Guardiola loves Modrić , for years talks about him ! ' ) ( in Croatian ) . Sportske Novosti . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Luka Modrić je igrač za Barcelonu , nikako za Real ! ' '' ( ' Luka Modrić is a player for Barcelona , not for Real ! ' ) . sportski.net.hr ( in Croatian ) . 18 July 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modrić i njegova trudna djevojka vjenčali se u tajnosti '' ( Luka Modrić and his pregnant girlfriend married in secret ) ( in Croatian ) . Večernji list . 12 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vanja i Luka Modrić pripremili vjenčanje godine '' ( Vanja and Luka Modrić prepared a marriage of the year ) ( in Croatian ) . Večernji list . 11 June 2011 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Football star Luka Modric becomes a father '' . Croatian Times . 7 June 2010 . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Obiteljska idila Luke Modrića '' ( Family idyll of Luka Modrić ) ( in Croatian ) . Gloria. 9 June 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vanja i Luka Modrić kćer nazvali Ema '' ( Vanja and Luka Modrić named daughter Ema ) ( in Croatian ) . Večernji list . 2 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modrić nakon dva tjedna napokon pokazao kćerkicu preslatkog imena '' ( After two weeks Luka Modric finally showed the daughter with adorable name ) ( in Croatian ) . Gloria. 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Modric lives the quiet life '' . Marca. 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Guy Delauney ( 14 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 's Luka Modric : Chequered past haunts World Cup star '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Modric was supposed to be the star witness at the trial . He had told anti-corruption investigators that Mamic had altered paperwork in order to divert millions of euros of the transfer fee to his own pocket , swindling both Dinamo and Croatia 's tax authorities . Many football fans had been longing for Mamic to be brought to justice for years . Dinamo supporters accused him of carrying out a `` silent privatisation '' of their club , which is supposed to be a non-profit organisation owned by its members . Jump up ^ Aleksandar Holiga ( 7 June 2018 ) . `` How Luka Modric and Dejan Lovren got caught up in Croatian corruption case '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Bate ( 13 July 2018 ) . `` Luka Modric on the brink of glory but Zdravko Mamic complicates it '' . Sky Sports News . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Wilson ( 13 July 2018 ) . `` Luka Modric 's Croatia Success Story Comes With Complications '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Kevin Palmer ( 4 July 2018 ) . `` ' The stench of death that was never far away ' -- Luka Modric 's brutal childhood makes his rise to the top all the more remarkable '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Modrić konačno progovorio o suđenju Zdravku Mamiću : To je velika nepravda ! '' ( Modric finally spoke about the trial of Zdravko Mamic : It is a great injustice ! ) ( in Croatian ) . Večernji list . 28 May 2018 . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . I svojim igrama u kvalifikacijama iu Real Madridu pokazao sam da me to ništa ne ometa . Znam da mi je savjest čista , to je meni najbitnije . Mislim da je sve ovo što mi se događa velika nepravda , ali što je tu je , vjerojatno tu ima i neke moje krivice , no dobro ... Ponavljam , najbitnije je da mi je savjest čista i da mi te stvari ne smetaju i ne utječu na moju izvedbu na terenu Jump up ^ Richard Fitzpatrick ( 6 April 2018 ) . `` Luka Modric , His Mentor and the Perjury Case That Has Divided Croatia '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Matthew Hall ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Luka Modric , His Mentor and the Perjury Case That Has Divided Croatia '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Nick Miller ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` What 's Croatia 's problem with Luka Modric ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Aidan Williams ( 23 August 2018 ) . `` The controversy that has damaged Luka Modrić 's reputation for many in his homeland '' . These Football Times . Retrieved 30 August 2018 . That he went on to play with such style and success in the World Cup is simply extraordinary . As one Guardian journalist put it , `` To plays as well as he has would be remarkable under normal circumstances , but to do so with the looming prospect of a trial on his mind has been astounding . '' Jump up ^ `` Croatian court rejects perjury charge against Luka Modric '' . BBC . 3 October 2018 . Retrieved 4 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Luka Modrić at Soccerway Jump up ^ `` Prvi Nogometni Oscar '' ( First Football Oscar ) ( in Croatian ) . Sportske Novosti. 8 June 2013 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Igrači i treneri drugu godinu za redom Luku Modrića proglasili najbolji igračem Hrvatske '' ( Players and coaches for the second year in a row declared Luka Modrić the best player of Croatia ) ( in Croatian ) . Sportske Novosti. 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nogometni Oscari : Modrić najbolji hrvatski igrač , najtrener Mamić se ispričao '' ( Football Oscars : Modrić best Croatian player , the best coach Mamić apologized ) ( in Croatian ) . Sportske Novosti. 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nogometni Oscar 2016 '' ( Football Oscar 2016 ) ( in Croatian ) . Hrvatska udruga `` Nogometni sindikat '' . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trofej Nogometaš 2017 '' ( in Croatian ) . Hrvatska udruga `` Nogometni sindikat '' . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Održana šesta dodjela nagrada Trofej Nogometaš '' ( in Croatian ) . Hrvatska udruga `` Nogometni sindikat '' . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Prvi Trofej HNS - a pripao Modriću , Majeru , Soudaniju , Keku ... '' ( in Croatian ) . HNS. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Nicholas ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Atletico Madrid snubbed at La Liga awards despite winning league ahead of Spanish giants Real Madrid and Barcelona '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA FIFPro World XI : the reserve teams -- FIFPro World Players ' Union '' . FIFPro.org. 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atletico dominate UEFA 's La Liga team of the season '' . MARCA.com. 16 May 2016 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five madridistas pick up prizes at the Facebook Football Awards '' . realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 12 May 2016 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Ronaldo ( best striker and best player ) , James ( best goal ) , Modric ( best midfielder ) , Marcelo ( best defender ) and Navas ( best goalkeeper ) were the winners at the ceremony which took place at Facebook 's offices in Madrid . The Real Madrid fans were also chosen as the best supporters in La Liga . Jump up ^ `` UEFA.com Fans ' Team of the Year 2017 announced '' . UEFA.com. 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` # FC100 : Real Madrid star Luka Modric is ranked as the best central midfielder '' . espn.com. 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CENTRAL MIDFIELD '' . espn.com. 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE WORLD 'S BEST PLAYMAKER 2017 : ONE MORE FOR LIONEL MESSI '' . iffhs.de. 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE IFFHS MEN WORLD TEAM 2017 '' . IFFHS.de. 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Fan Dream Team '' . fifa.com. 17 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kane crowned King , Mina the PPG VIP '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Čop , Goran ( 2014 ) . Luka Modrić : životna i sportska biografija ( in Croatian ) . Profil knjiga . ISBN 978 - 84 - 15726 - 61 - 6 . Azpitarte , Vicente ; Puertas , José Manuel ( 2016 ) . Luka Modric : El hijo de la guerra ( in Spanish ) . Al Poste Ediciones . ISBN 978 - 84 - 15726 - 61 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luka Modrić . `` Official website '' . Archived from the original on 25 August 2018 . Profile at Realmadrid.com Luka Modrić La Liga profile Luka Modrić at Soccerway Luka Modrić at BDFutbol Luka Modrić -- UEFA competition record Luka Modrić -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Luka Modrić at Soccerbase Luka Modrić at National-Football-Teams.com Luka Modrić at the Croatian Football Federation Real Madrid C.F. -- current squad 1 Navas 2 Carvajal 3 Vallejo 4 Ramos ( c ) 5 Varane 6 Nacho 7 Mariano 8 Kroos 9 Benzema 10 Modrić 11 Bale 12 Marcelo 13 Casilla 14 Casemiro 15 Valverde 17 Vázquez 18 Llorente 19 Odriozola 20 Asensio 22 Isco 23 Reguilón 24 Ceballos 25 Courtois 28 Vinícius Jr . 30 Luca Head coach : Solari Awards UEFA Euro 2008 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Gianluigi Buffon Iker Casillas Edwin van der Sar Defenders José Bosingwa Philipp Lahm Carlos Marchena Pepe Carles Puyol Yuri Zhirkov Midfielders Hamit Altıntop Michael Ballack Cesc Fàbregas Andrés Iniesta Luka Modrić Lukas Podolski Marcos Senna Wesley Sneijder Xavi Konstantin Zyryanov Forwards Andrey Arshavin Roman Pavlyuchenko Fernando Torres David Villa 2015 -- 16 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Oblak RB : Ramos CB : Piqué CB : Godín LB : Marcelo MF : Iniesta MF : Busquets MF : Modrić FW : Messi FW : Ronaldo FW : Suárez 2016 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Buffon RB : Boateng CB : Piqué CB : Ramos LB : Bonucci MF : Modrić MF : Kroos MF : Iniesta FW : Messi FW : Griezmann FW : C. Ronaldo 2017 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Buffon RB : Alves CB : Ramos CB : Chiellini LB : Marcelo MF : Modrić MF : Kroos MF : De Bruyne MF : Hazard FW : Messi FW : C. Ronaldo 2018 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament Goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois Defenders Raphaël Varane Diego Godín Thiago Silva Marcelo Midfielders Luka Modrić Kevin De Bruyne Philippe Coutinho Forwards Cristiano Ronaldo Harry Kane Kylian Mbappé Croatian Football Hope of the Year 1995 : Šimić 1996 : Vučko 1997 : Marić 1998 : Vranješ 1999 : Šokota 2000 : Lovrek 2001 : Olić 2002 : Kranjčar 2003 : Ljubojević 2004 : Modrić 2005 : Benko 2006 : Rukavina 2007 : Kalinić 2008 : Tomasov 2009 : Badelj 2010 : Vrsaljko 2011 : Kovačić 2012 : Andrijašević 2013 : Rebić 2014 : Jedvaj 2015 : Ćorić 2016 : Benković 2017 : Majer Croatian Footballer of the Year 1991 : Boban 1992 : Šuker 1993 : Bokšić 1994 : Šuker 1995 : Šuker 1996 : Šuker 1997 : Prosinečki / Šuker 1998 : Šuker 1999 : Boban 2000 : Bjelica 2001 : Tudor 2002 : Pletikosa 2003 : Pršo 2004 : Pršo 2005 : Pršo 2006 : Eduardo 2007 : Modrić 2008 : Modrić 2009 : Olić 2010 : Olić 2011 : Modrić 2012 : Mandžukić 2013 : Mandžukić 2014 : Modrić 2015 : Rakitić 2016 : Modrić 2017 : Modrić SN Yellow Shirt Award 1992 : Vučević 1993 : Vlaović 1994 : Mladenović 1995 : Špehar 1996 : Cvitanović 1997 : Cvitanović 1998 : Bazina 1999 : Mumlek 2000 : Bošnjak 2001 : Balaban 2002 : Olić 2003 : Olić 2004 : Kranjčar 2005 : Bartolović 2006 : Eduardo 2007 : Eduardo 2008 : Modrić 2009 : Mandžukić 2010 : Ibričić 2011 : Krstanović 2012 : Sharbini 2013 : Benko 2014 : Čop 2015 : Boban 2016 : Sušić 2017 : Andrijašević 2018 : Héber Prva HNL Player of the Year ( Tportal ) 2003 : Kranjčar 2004 : Erceg 2005 : Eduardo 2006 : Eduardo 2007 : Modrić 2008 : Mandžukić 2009 : Zec 2010 : Sammir 2011 : Santini 2012 : Sammir 2013 : Benko 2014 : Kramarić 2015 : Tomasov 2016 : Andrijašević 2017 : Soudani La Liga Defensive Midfielder of the Year / Best Midfielder -- LFP Awards 2009 : Xavi 2010 : Xavi 2011 : Xavi 2012 : Alonso 2013 : Illarramendi 2014 : Modrić 2015 : Rodríguez 2016 : Modrić Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Player of the Year 1987 : Mabbutt 1988 : Waddle 1989 : Thorstvedt 1990 : Gascoigne 1991 : Allen 1992 : Lineker 1993 : Anderton 1994 : Klinsmann 1995 : Sheringham 1996 : Campbell 1997 : Campbell 1998 : Ginola 1999 : Carr 2000 : Carr 2001 : Sullivan 2002 : Davies 2003 : Keane 2004 : Defoe 2005 : Award not given 2006 : Keane 2007 : Berbatov 2008 : Keane 2009 : Lennon 2010 : Dawson 2011 : Modrić 2012 : Parker 2013 : Bale 2014 : Eriksen 2015 : Kane 2016 : Alderweireld 2017 : Eriksen 2018 : Vertonghen UEFA Club Football Awards Best Goalkeeper 1997 -- 98 : Schmeichel 1998 -- 99 : Kahn 1999 -- 2000 : Kahn 2000 -- 01 : Kahn 2001 -- 02 : Kahn 2002 -- 03 : Buffon 2003 -- 04 : Baía 2004 -- 05 : Čech 2005 -- 06 : Lehmann 2006 -- 07 : Čech 2007 -- 08 : Čech 2008 -- 09 : Van der Sar 2009 -- 10 : Júlio César 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Buffon 2017 -- 18 : Navas Best Defender 1997 -- 98 : Hierro 1998 -- 99 : Stam 1999 -- 2000 : Stam 2000 -- 01 : Ayala 2001 -- 02 : Roberto Carlos 2002 -- 03 : Roberto Carlos 2003 -- 04 : Carvalho 2004 -- 05 : Terry 2005 -- 06 : Puyol 2006 -- 07 : Maldini 2007 -- 08 : Terry 2008 -- 09 : Terry 2009 -- 10 : Maicon 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Ramos 2017 -- 18 : Ramos Best Midfielder 1997 -- 98 : Zidane 1998 -- 99 : Beckham 1999 -- 2000 : Mendieta 2000 -- 01 : Mendieta 2001 -- 02 : Ballack 2002 -- 03 : Nedvěd 2003 -- 04 : Deco 2004 -- 05 : Kaká 2005 -- 06 : Deco 2006 -- 07 : Seedorf 2007 -- 08 : Lampard 2008 -- 09 : Xavi 2009 -- 10 : Sneijder 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Modrić 2017 -- 18 : Modrić Best Forward 1997 -- 98 : Ronaldo 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko 1999 -- 2000 : Raúl 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Raúl 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Ronaldinho 2005 -- 06 : Eto'o 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Milito 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo 2017 -- 18 : C. Ronaldo FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball 2000 : Edílson 2005 : Rogério Ceni 2006 : Deco 2007 : Kaká 2008 : Rooney 2009 : Messi 2010 : Eto'o 2011 : Messi 2012 : Cássio 2013 : Ribéry 2014 : Ramos 2015 : Suárez 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Modrić FIFA World Cup Golden Ball Best Player 1930 : Nasazzi 1934 : Meazza 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Zizinho 1954 : Puskás 1958 : Didi 1962 : Garrincha 1966 : Charlton 1970 : Pelé 1974 : Cruijff 1978 : Kempes Golden Ball 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Maradona 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Romário 1998 : Ronaldo 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Zidane 2010 : Forlán 2014 : Messi 2018 : Modrić Golden Ball was first awarded in 1982 . UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award UEFA Best Player in Europe 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Iniesta 2012 -- 13 : Ribéry 2013 -- 14 : Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Messi 2015 -- 16 : Ronaldo UEFA Men 's Player of the Year 2016 -- 17 : Ronaldo 2017 -- 18 : Modrić FIFA Player of the Year FIFA World Player of the Year 1991 : Matthäus 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Romário 1995 : Weah 1996 : Ronaldo 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Zidane 2001 : Figo 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Zidane 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi The Best FIFA Men 's Player 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo 2018 : Modrić See also : Ballon d'Or Croatia squads Croatia squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Srna 3 Šimunić 4 R. Kovač 5 Tudor 6 Vranješ 7 Šimić 8 Babić 9 Pršo 10 N. Kovač ( c ) 11 Tokić 12 Didulica 13 Tomas 14 Modrić 15 I. Leko 16 J. Leko 17 Klasnić 18 Olić 19 N. Kranjčar 20 Šerić 21 Balaban 22 Bošnjak 23 Butina Coach : Z . Kranjčar Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 2008 1 Pletikosa 2 Šimić 3 Šimunić 4 R. Kovač 5 Ćorluka 6 Vejić 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Kalinić 10 N. Kovač ( c ) 11 Srna 12 Galinović 13 Pokrivač 14 Modrić 15 Knežević 16 Leko 17 Klasnić 18 Olić 19 Kranjčar 20 Budan 21 Petrić 22 Pranjić 23 Runje Coach : Bilić Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 1 Pletikosa 2 Strinić 3 Šimunić 4 Buljat 5 Ćorluka 6 Pranjić 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Jelavić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 Kelava 13 Schildenfeld 14 Badelj 15 Vrsaljko 16 Dujmović 17 Mandžukić 18 Kalinić 19 Kranjčar 20 Perišić 21 Vida 22 Eduardo 23 Subašić Coach : Bilić Croatia squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Vrsaljko 3 Pranjić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Jelavić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 Zelenika 13 Schildenfeld 14 Brozović 15 Badelj 16 Rebić 17 Mandžukić 18 Olić 19 Sammir 20 Kovačić 21 Vida 22 Eduardo 23 Subašić Coach : Kovač Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 1 Vargić 2 Vrsaljko 3 Strinić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Jedvaj 7 Rakitić 8 Kovačić 9 Kramarić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 L. Kalinić 13 Schildenfeld 14 Brozović 15 Ćorić 16 N. Kalinić 17 Mandžukić 18 Rog 19 Badelj 20 Pjaca 21 Vida 22 Čop 23 Subašić Coach : Čačić Croatia squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Livaković 2 Vrsaljko 3 Strinić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Kovačić 9 Kramarić 10 Modrić ( c ) 11 Brozović 12 L. Kalinić 13 Jedvaj 14 Bradarić 15 Ćaleta - Car 16 N. Kalinić 17 Mandžukić 18 Rebić 19 Badelj 20 Pjaca 21 Vida 22 Pivarić 23 Subašić Coach : Dalić WorldCat Identities BNE : XX5604356 VIAF : 28146574872938150987 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Luka_Modrić&oldid = 866156744 '' Categories : 1985 births Living people Croatian footballers Croatia under - 21 international footballers Croatia international footballers GNK Dinamo Zagreb players NK Inter Zaprešić players HŠK Zrinjski Mostar players Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players Real Madrid C.F. players 2006 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 2008 players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2014 FIFA World Cup players Sportspeople from Zadar Croatian First Football League players Premier League players La Liga players Expatriate footballers in England Expatriate footballers in Spain Croatian expatriate footballers Croatian expatriates in England Croatian expatriates in Spain Croatia youth international footballers UEFA Euro 2016 players FIFA Century Club Association football midfielders UEFA Champions League winning players 2018 FIFA World Cup players Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina players Hidden categories : CS1 Serbo - Croatian - language sources ( sh ) CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) NFT template with ID same as Wikidata CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Soccerway template with ID same as Wikidata Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles using Template : Medal with Runner - up Soccerway template using Wikidata BDFutbol template using Wikidata UEFA player template using Wikidata FIFA player template using Wikidata NFT template using Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 72 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 17 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did modric play for in the premier league | [
"Born in Zadar, Modrić's childhood coincided with the Croatian War of Independence which displaced his family. In 2002, he was signed by Dinamo Zagreb at age 16, after showing promise with his hometown club's youth team. He continued his development in Zagreb before spells on loan to Zrinjski Mostar and Inter Zaprešić. He made his debut for Dinamo in 2005 and won three consecutive league titles and domestic cups, being named the Prva HNL Player of the Year in 2007. In 2008, he moved to Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur for a club-record transfer fee of £16.5 million, where he led Spurs to their first UEFA Champions League appearance in almost 50 years, reaching the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 tournament.\n"
] | [
"Tottenham Hotspur"
] |
3311417679367838827 | Time in the United States | Time in the United States - wikipedia Time in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Time in the United States , by law , is divided into nine standard time zones covering the states and its possessions , with most of the United States observing daylight saving time ( DST ) for approximately the spring , summer , and fall months . The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation . Official and highly precise timekeeping services ( clocks ) are provided by two federal agencies : the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) ( an agency of the Department of Commerce ) ; and its military counterpart , the United States Naval Observatory ( USNO ) . The clocks run by these services are kept synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations . It is the combination of the time zone and daylight saving rules , along with the timekeeping services , which determines the legal civil time for any U.S. location at any moment . Map of U.S. time zones between April 2 , 2006 , and March 11 , 2007 . The current situation is different only in that several Indiana counties are now in the eastern time zone instead of the central time zone . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 From GMT to UTC 2 United States time zones 2.1 Standard time and daylight saving time 2.2 Zones used in the contiguous U.S. 2.3 Zones used in states beyond the contiguous U.S. 2.4 Zones outside the states 2.5 Minor Outlying Islands 2.6 Antarctic research stations 3 Boundaries between the zones 3.1 Eastern / Central boundary 3.2 Central / Mountain boundary 3.3 Mountain / Pacific boundary 4 Daylight saving time 5 Time representation 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Prior to the adoption of four standard time zones for the continental United States , many towns and cities set clocks based on sunsets and sunrises at their locations and by observing the Sun 's zenith at noon ( mean solar time ) . Dawn and dusk occur at different times but time differences between distant locations were barely noticeable prior to the 19th century because of long travel times and the lack of long - distance instant communications prior to the development of the telegraph . The use of local solar time became increasingly awkward as railways and telecommunications improved . American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s . Each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers . Time calculation became a serious problem for people travelling by train ( sometimes hundreds of miles in a day ) , according to the Library of Congress . Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from . Time zones were therefore a compromise , relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time . Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones , but this was only a partial solution to the problem . Operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals . Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18 , 1883 , when the telegraph lines transmitted time signals to all major cities . In October 1884 , the International Meridian Conference at Washington DC adopted a proposal which stated that the prime meridian for longitude and timekeeping should be one that passes through the centre of the transit instrument at the Greenwich Observatory in the United Kingdom ( UK ) . The conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) as the world 's time standard . The US time - zone system grew from this , in which all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian . From GMT to UTC ( edit ) GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) in 1960 , when the International Radio Consultative Committee formalized the concept of Coordinated Universal Time , abbreviated as UTC . It is , within about 1 second , mean solar time at 0 ° . It does not observe daylight saving time . It is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) . For most purposes , UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT , but GMT is no longer precisely defined by the scientific community . United States time zones ( edit ) Standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC § 260 . The federal law also establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs , if observed . It is ultimately the authority of the Secretary of Transportation , in coordination with the states , to determine which regions will observe which of the standard time zones and if they will observe daylight saving time . As of August 9 , 2007 , the standard time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC . Prior to this they were based upon the mean solar time at several meridians 15 ° apart west of Greenwich ( GMT ) . Only the full - time zone names listed below are official ; abbreviations are by common use conventions , and duplicated elsewhere in the world for different time zones . The United States uses nine standard time zones . As defined by US law they are : The Atlantic standard time zone The Eastern standard time zone The Central standard time zone The Mountain standard time zone The Pacific standard time zone The Alaska standard time zone The Hawaii -- Aleutian standard time zone The Samoa standard time zone The Chamorro standard time zone View the standard time zone boundaries here . Standard time and daylight saving time ( edit ) Time Zone Standard Time Daylight Time States in Zone Hawaii -- Aleutian Time Zone HST ( UTC − 10 : 00 ) HDT ( UTC − 09 : 00 ) Alaska , Hawaii ( no DST ) Alaska Time Zone AKST ( UTC − 09 : 00 ) AKDT ( UTC − 08 : 00 ) Alaska Pacific Time Zone PST ( UTC − 08 : 00 ) PDT ( UTC − 07 : 00 ) California , Washington , Oregon , Nevada , Idaho Mountain Time Zone MST ( UTC − 07 : 00 ) MDT ( UTC − 06 : 00 ) Arizona ( no DST outside of Navajo Nation ) , Colorado , Idaho , Kansas , Montana , Nebraska , New Mexico , North Dakota , Oregon , South Dakota , Utah , Wyoming Central Time Zone CST ( UTC − 06 : 00 ) CDT ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Wisconsin Eastern Time Zone EST ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) EDT ( UTC − 04 : 00 ) Connecticut , Florida , District of Columbia , Delaware , Georgia , Indiana , Kentucky , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Tennessee , Vermont , Maryland , Virginia , West Virginia Zones used in the contiguous U.S. ( edit ) From east to west , the times zones of the contiguous United States are : The Eastern standard time zone : ( Zone R ) , which comprises roughly the states on the Atlantic coast and the eastern two thirds of the Ohio Valley . The Central standard time zone : ( Zone S ) , which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast , Mississippi Valley , and Great Plains . The Mountain standard time zone : ( Zone T ) , which comprises roughly the states and portions of states that include the Rocky Mountains . The Pacific standard time zone : ( Zone U ) , which comprises roughly the states on the Pacific coast , plus Nevada and the Idaho panhandle . Zones used in States beyond the contiguous U.S. ( edit ) The Alaska standard time zone : ( AKST ; UTC − 09 : 00 ; Zone V ) , which comprises most of the state of Alaska . The Hawaii - Aleutian standard time zone : ( or unofficially Hawaii Standard Time : HST ) ( HAST ; UTC − 10 : 00 ; zone W ) , which includes Hawaii and most of the length of the Aleutian Islands chain ( west of 169 ° 30 ′ W ) . Zones outside the States ( edit ) The Atlantic standard time zone : ( AST ; UTC − 04 : 00 ; Zone Q ) , which comprises Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands . The Samoa standard time zone ( SST ; UTC − 11 : 00 ; Zone X ) , which comprises American Samoa . The Chamorro standard time zone : ( ChST ; UTC + 10 : 00 ; Zone K ) , which comprises Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands . Minor outlying Islands ( edit ) Some United States Minor Outlying Islands are outside the time zones defined by 15 U.S.C. § 260 and exist in waters defined by Nautical time . In practice , military crews may simply use Zulu time ( UTC ± 00 : 00 ) when on these islands . Baker Island and Howland Island are in UTC − 12 , while Wake Island is in UTC + 12 : 00 . Because they exist on opposite sides of the International Date Line , it can , for example , be noon Thursday on Baker and Howland islands while simultaneously being noon Friday on Wake Island . Other outlying islands include Jarvis Island , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll , and Kingman Reef ( UTC − 11 : 00 ) ; Johnston Atoll ( UTC − 10 : 00 ) ; and Navassa Island , Bajo Nuevo Bank , and Serranilla Bank ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) . Antarctic research stations ( edit ) See also : Time in Antarctica In Antarctica , the US research facility Palmer Station is in UTC − 03 : 00 , while McMurdo Station and Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station use UTC + 12 : 00 in order to coordinate with their main supply base in New Zealand . Boundaries between the zones ( edit ) ( Described from north to south along each boundary . ) Eastern / Central boundary ( edit ) Marker showing the border of Wayne County , Kentucky , and the Eastern Time Zone Time in Indiana : red areas belong to the Central Time Zone . roughly follows the border between Wisconsin ( to the south and west ) and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan ( to the north and east ) ; the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin ( namely Gogebic , Iron , Dickinson , and Menominee counties ) observe CT , all other counties in the U.P. observe ET follows Lake Michigan divides a small portion of Northwestern Indiana near Chicago from the rest of the state follows the border between Illinois ( west ) and Indiana ( east ) divides a small portion of Southwestern Indiana from the rest of the state divides Kentucky in half roughly along a line that is west of Louisville , Kentucky running from northwest to southeast . divides the region legally defined as East Tennessee , except for four counties adjoining Middle Tennessee , from the rest of Tennessee . follows the border between Alabama ( west ) and Georgia ( east ) , although Phenix City , Alabama and some nearby towns unofficially observe Eastern Time . divides the Florida Panhandle along the Apalachicola River and Intracoastal Waterway just west of Tallahassee , Florida . Central / Mountain boundary ( edit ) divides the southwest portion of North Dakota from the rest of the state divides South Dakota roughly in half divides the western third of Nebraska from the rest of the state divides a very small portion of extreme western Kansas bordering Colorado ( Greeley , Hamilton , Sherman , and Wallace counties ) from the rest of the state ( three other counties which border Colorado -- Cheyenne , Morton , and Stanton counties -- observe CST ) follows the border between New Mexico ( west ) and Oklahoma ( east ) ( although the zone legally begins at the Oklahoma -- New Mexico state line , Kenton in extreme northwestern Cimarron County , Oklahoma unofficially observes MST ) follows the border between New Mexico ( west ) and Texas ( east ) divides El Paso County , Hudspeth County , and a portion of northwestern Culberson County that includes eastern Guadalupe Mountains National Park from the rest of Texas Mountain / Pacific boundary ( edit ) follows the border between northern Idaho ( to the west ) and northwestern Montana ( to the east ) turns west at 45 ° 33.46 ′ N 114 ° 33.89 ′ W / 45.55767 ° N 114.56483 ° W / 45.55767 ; - 114.56483 ( just south of Nez Perce Pass ) , and follows the Idaho County line to the Salmon River follows the Salmon River west to the town of Riggins , where the Salmon River turns north . This puts almost all of northern Idaho in the Pacific time zone , except for the small loop described next . turns north and follows the Salmon River to the Snake River at the Oregon border ( at 45 ° 51.3 ′ N 116 ° 47.5 ′ W / 45.8550 ° N 116.7917 ° W / 45.8550 ; - 116.7917 ) . Interestingly , this loop to the north creates a curious situation where one can enter a more - westerly time zone by traveling east over one of the bridges across this portion of the Salmon River . turns south and follows the Snake River between Oregon ( west ) and Idaho ( east ) to the northern border of Malheur County , Oregon turns west and follows the northern border of Malheur County , Oregon to its western border , where it turns south follows the western border of Malheur County to latitude 42.45 ° ( 42 ° 27 ′ N ) , where it turns east , and returns to the Oregon / Idaho border turns south and follows the border between Oregon ( west ) and Idaho ( east ) turns east and follows the border between Idaho ( north ) and Nevada ( south ) along the 42nd parallel north to longitude 114.041726 W . turns south and follows the border between Nevada ( west ) and Utah ( east ) , except for following the west city limit line of West Wendover dividing it from the rest of Nevada , and putting it in the mountain time zone . Jackpot , Nevada , just south of the 42nd parallel and some 25 miles ( 40 km ) west of the time zone south turn , also observes Mountain Time , on an unofficial basis . follows the border between Nevada ( west ) and Arizona ( east ) follows the border between California ( west ) and Arizona ( east ) , mostly defined by the Colorado river , to the border between the U.S. and Mexico . Daylight saving time ( edit ) Main article : Daylight saving time in the United States The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time ( DST ) for an additional month beginning in 2007 . The start of DST now occurs on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November . Clocks will be set ahead one hour at 2 a.m. on the following start dates and set back one hour at 2 a.m. on these ending dates : Year Start date Ending date 2006 April 2 October 29 2007 March 11 November 4 2008 March 9 November 2 2009 March 8 November 1 March 14 November 7 2011 March 13 November 6 2012 March 11 November 4 2013 March 10 November 3 2014 March 9 November 2 2015 March 8 November 1 2016 March 13 November 6 2017 March 12 November 5 2018 March 11 November 4 2019 March 10 November 3 2020 March 8 November 1 In response to the Uniform Time Act of 1966 , each state of the US has officially chosen to apply one of two rules over its entire territory : Most use the standard time for their zone ( or zones , where a state is divided between two zones ) , except for using daylight saving time during the summer months . Originally this ran from the last Sunday in April until the last Sunday in October . Two subsequent amendments , in 1986 and 2005 , have shifted these days so that daylight saving time now runs from the second Sunday in March until the first Sunday in November . Arizona time zones Arizona and Hawaii use standard time throughout the year . However : The Navajo Nation observes DST throughout its entire territory , including the portion that lies in Arizona . But the Hopi Nation , which is entirely surrounded by the Navajo Nation and is entirely in Arizona , does not observe DST . ( See map inset right . ) In 2005 , Indiana passed legislation which took effect on April 2 , 2006 , that placed the entire state on daylight saving time ( see Time in Indiana ) . Before then , Indiana officially used standard time year - round , with the following exceptions : The portions of Indiana that were on Central Time observed daylight saving time . Also , some Indiana counties near Cincinnati and Louisville were on Eastern Time , but did ( unofficially ) observe DST . Time representation ( edit ) Further information : Date and time notation in the United States and Speaking clock § United States There exist more than one hundred clock towers in the United States ; see Category : Clock towers in the United States . See also ( edit ) History of time in the United States List of time zones by U.S. state Daylight saving time in the United States Lists of time zones Effects of time on North American broadcasting Date and time notation in the United States East Coast bias References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Why Do We Have Time Zones ? '' . Jump up ^ What is Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/gmt.htm Jump up ^ Bernard Guinot , `` Solar time , legal time , time in use '' Metrologica , August 2011 ( volume 48 , issue 4 ) , pages 181 -- 185 . Jump up ^ 15 USC § 260 . Jump up ^ `` 15 U.S. Code Subchapter IX - STANDARD TIME '' . Jump up ^ Pupblic Law 110 -- 69 -- America COMPETES Act ( August 9 , 2007 ) . Sec. 3013 ) Jump up ^ Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71 External links ( edit ) Official website U.S. Navy time zone page North American Time Zone border data and images CFR 's Title 40 - Protection of Environment ( also at wikisource : Code of Federal Regulations / Title 49 / Subtitle A / Part 71 ) Standard Time Law 15USC260 - 267 ( also at wikisource : United States Code / Title 15 / Chapter 6 / Subchapter IX ) ( hide ) Time in the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands ( hide ) Time in the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_in_the_United_States&oldid=833871181 '' Categories : Time in the United States Geography of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Bahasa Indonesia Русский Українська اردو 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 20 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the time zones of the usa | [
"\nThe Atlantic standard time zone\nThe Eastern standard time zone\nThe Central standard time zone\nThe Mountain standard time zone\nThe Pacific standard time zone\nThe Alaska standard time zone\nThe Hawaii–Aleutian standard time zone\nThe Samoa standard time zone\nThe Chamorro standard time zone\n",
"\nThe Atlantic standard time zone\nThe Eastern standard time zone\nThe Central standard time zone\nThe Mountain standard time zone\nThe Pacific standard time zone\nThe Alaska standard time zone\nThe Hawaii–Aleutian standard time zone\nThe Samoa standard time zone\nThe Chamorro standard time zone\n",
"\nThe Atlantic standard time zone\nThe Eastern standard time zone\nThe Central standard time zone\nThe Mountain standard time zone\nThe Pacific standard time zone\nThe Alaska standard time zone\nThe Hawaii–Aleutian standard time zone\nThe Samoa standard time zone\nThe Chamorro standard time zone\n",
"\nThe Atlantic standard time zone\nThe Eastern standard time zone\nThe Central standard time zone\nThe Mountain standard time zone\nThe Pacific standard time zone\nThe Alaska standard time zone\nThe Hawaii–Aleutian standard time zone\nThe Samoa standard time zone\nThe Chamorro standard time zone\n",
"\nThe Atlantic standard time zone\nThe Eastern standard time zone\nThe Central standard time zone\nThe Mountain standard time zone\nThe Pacific standard time zone\nThe Alaska standard time zone\nThe Hawaii–Aleutian standard time zone\nThe Samoa standard time zone\nThe Chamorro standard time zone\n",
"\nThe Atlantic standard time zone\nThe Eastern standard time zone\nThe Central standard time zone\nThe Mountain standard time zone\nThe Pacific standard time zone\nThe Alaska standard time zone\nThe Hawaii–Aleutian standard time zone\nThe Samoa standard time zone\nThe Chamorro standard time zone\n",
"\nThe Atlantic standard time zone\nThe Eastern standard time zone\nThe Central standard time zone\nThe Mountain standard time zone\nThe Pacific standard time zone\nThe Alaska standard time zone\nThe Hawaii–Aleutian standard time zone\nThe Samoa standard time zone\nThe Chamorro standard time zone\n",
"\nThe Atlantic standard time zone\nThe Eastern standard time zone\nThe Central standard time zone\nThe Mountain standard time zone\nThe Pacific standard time zone\nThe Alaska standard time zone\nThe Hawaii–Aleutian standard time zone\nThe Samoa standard time zone\nThe Chamorro standard time zone\n",
"\nThe Atlantic standard time zone\nThe Eastern standard time zone\nThe Central standard time zone\nThe Mountain standard time zone\nThe Pacific standard time zone\nThe Alaska standard time zone\nThe Hawaii–Aleutian standard time zone\nThe Samoa standard time zone\nThe Chamorro standard time zone\n"
] | [
"The Atlantic standard time zone",
"The Eastern standard time zone",
"The Central standard time zone",
"The Mountain standard time zone",
"The Pacific standard time zone",
"The Alaska standard time zone",
"The Hawaii–Aleutian standard time zone",
"The Samoa standard time zone",
"The Chamorro standard time zone"
] |
-4744696550025019942 | 2028 Summer Olympics | 2028 Summer Olympics - Wikipedia 2028 Summer Olympics Jump to : navigation , search `` Los Angeles 2028 '' redirects here . For the Summer Paralympics , see 2028 Summer Paralympics . Games of the XXXIV Olympiad Host city Los Angeles , California , United States Motto Follow the Sun Opening ceremony 21 July ( 129 months from now ) Closing ceremony August 6 Stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Summer < Paris 2024 TBD 2032 > Winter < TBD 2026 TBD 2030 > Part of a series on 2028 Summer Olympics ( show ) Bid process ( bid details ) Development ( venues , torch relay ) Marketing ( mascots ) Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medallists ) Controversies World and Olympic records Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC USOC LAOCOG The 2028 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXXIV Olympiad , and commonly known as LA 2028 / Los Angeles 2028 , is an international multi-sport event that will be hosted in Los Angeles , California , United States between July 21 and August 6 , 2028 . Bidding for the host city was originally scheduled to begin in 2019 with the winning bid scheduled to be announced in 2021 . However , following difficulties with cities withdrawing in the bidding process for the 2022 Winter and 2024 Summer Olympics , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) decided in July 2017 to jointly award both the 2024 and 2028 Games . On July 31 , 2017 , an agreement was announced that Los Angeles would bid for the 2028 Games with $ 1.8 billion of additional funding from the IOC , which opened Paris up to be confirmed as host of the 2024 Games . Both cities were announced as winners of their respective games at the 131st IOC Session in Lima , Peru , on September 13 , 2017 . This will be the fifth Summer Games to be hosted in the United States , and the third in Los Angeles following St. Louis 1904 , Los Angeles 1932 , Los Angeles 1984 , and Atlanta 1996 . Los Angeles will also become the third city after London ( 1908 , 1948 , and 2012 ) and Paris ( 1900 , 1924 , and 2024 ) to host the Olympic Games three times . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding process 1.1 Host city election 2 Development and preparations 2.1 Venue construction and renovations 2.2 Infrastructure 3 Venues 3.1 Downtown Los Angeles Sports Park 3.2 Valley Sports Park 3.3 South Bay Sports Park 3.4 Long Beach Sports Park 3.5 Westside 3.6 Southern California venues 3.7 Potential football venues 4 Broadcasting 5 Media 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 9 Candidature files Bidding process ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympics On September 16 , 2015 , the International Olympic Committee announced five candidate cities for the 2024 games : Budapest , Hamburg , Los Angeles , Paris , and Rome . The candidature process was announced at the same time . Budapest , Hamburg , and Rome eventually withdrew their bids , leaving only Los Angeles and Paris . A similar situation had already occurred during the bidding for the 2022 Winter Olympics when Krakow , Lviv , Oslo and Stockholm withdrew , resulting in a two - way race between Beijing , China and Almaty , Kazakhstan , where Beijing was ultimately declared the winner . On April 3 , 2017 at the IOC convention in Denmark , Olympic officials met with bid committees from both Los Angeles and Paris to discuss the possibility of naming two winners in the competition to host the 2024 Summer Games . After these withdrawals , the IOC Executive Board met in Lausanne , Switzerland to discuss the 2024 and 2028 bid processes on June 9 , 2017 . The International Olympic Committee formally proposed electing the 2024 and 2028 Olympic host cities at the same time in 2017 , a proposal which was approved by an Extraordinary IOC Session on July 11 , 2017 in Lausanne . The IOC set up a process where the Los Angeles and Paris 2024 bid committees , and the IOC held meetings in July 2017 to decide which city would host in 2024 and who would host in 2028 . Following the decision to award the 2024 and 2028 Games simultaneously , Paris was understood to be the preferred host for the 2024 Games . On July 31 , 2017 , the IOC announced Los Angeles as the sole candidate for the 2028 Games , allowing Paris to be confirmed as the host city for the 2024 Games . On August 11 , 2017 , the Los Angeles City Council voted unanimously to approve the bid . On September 11 , 2017 , Los Angeles received formal approval to host the 2028 Olympics from the International Olympic Committee 's evaluation commission. . On September 13 , 2017 , Los Angeles was formally awarded the games following a unanimous vote by the IOC . On October 16 , 2017 Los Angeles 2028 received official support from the state of California . Host city election ( edit ) Los Angeles was elected as the host city at the 131st IOC Session in Lima , Peru on September 13 . The three American IOC members , Anita DeFrantz , Angela Ruggiero and Larry Probst were not eligible to vote in this host city election under the rules of the Olympic Charter . This will be the third time Los Angeles will have been selected as an Olympics host city without facing a competitive bidding process , following similar outcomes in 1932 and 1984 ( Los Angeles is the only city to hold this distinction ) . Los Angeles previously submitted bids for the 1924 , 1928 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1976 and 1980 Summer Olympics , but lost to Paris , Amsterdam , London , Helsinki , Melbourne , Montreal and Moscow respectively . Los Angeles also bid to be the US candidate for the 2016 Summer Olympics , but the USOC chose Chicago as the US candidate for those games . 2028 Summer Olympics bidding results City Nation Votes Los Angeles United States Unanimous Development and preparations ( edit ) Venue construction and renovations ( edit ) Aerial view of the site of Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park While most Olympic host cities have seven years to prepare for the games , Los Angeles will see an additional four years , giving the city eleven years for preparations . The Los Angeles bid was dependent on a majority of existing venues . Other venues which are already under construction were planned regardless of the games . The Banc of California Stadium , home of the MLS 's Los Angeles FC upon its completion in 2018 , will host soccer and several events in athletics . Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , home of the NFL 's Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Chargers upon its completion in 2020 , will host the main opening ceremony , soccer and archery . The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum will undergo a major renovation , including the installation of an athletics track . Infrastructure ( edit ) A Metro Purple Line train at Union Station A Metro Gold Line train at Highland Park While various infrastructure improvements were planned regardless of the outcome of the Los Angeles Olympic bid , the extension of the Metro Purple Line will be expedited to serve the 2028 Olympics , with a targeted completion date of 2024 . The first phase will extend the Purple Line from the Wilshire / Western station to the new Wilshire / La Cienega Blvd . station . This phase will be completed by 2023 . The second phase will extend the Purple Line to the West Los Angeles VA Medical Center in Westwood with a completion date set for 2024 . The second phase will also include a station adjoining the UCLA campus , connecting the Olympic village and Pauley Pavilion with venues in downtown Los Angeles . In 2019 , the Crenshaw / LAX Line will open and will be fully completed by 2021 . It will link the Crenshaw District , Inglewood and Westchester once completed . The Crenshaw / LAX line will also connect to a people mover being constructed to link Los Angeles International Airport with the Aviation / 96th Street station . The construction of the people mover will be expedited in anticipation of the 2028 Olympics , with a completion date of 2024 being set . The Regional Connector in downtown Los Angeles will be complete in 2021 . The project will connect the Metro Expo Line , which already links venues in Downtown Santa Monica to venues at Exposition Park and in downtown Los Angeles , to the Metro Gold Line . This will allow for direct rail service between Santa Monica and East Los Angeles . The Regional Connector will also link the Metro Blue Line with the Metro Gold Line , connecting the Long Beach area and San Gabriel Valley via downtown . These and other infrastructure improvements are being funded by Measure M which was approved by voters in November 2016 . Venues ( edit ) The opening and closing ceremonies will each , for the first time , be staged across two different stadiums . The opening ceremony is to start at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and finish at the Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , with the order reversed for the closing ceremony . Downtown Los Angeles sports Park ( edit ) LA Memorial Coliseum as viewed from Exposition Park Staples Center Venue Events Capacity Status Figueroa Street Live site : `` Olympic Way '' - Street Art , Vendors and entertainment connecting USC and L.A. Live in Downtown . N / A Existing Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Athletics 70,000 Existing Opening Ceremony / Closing Ceremony Banc of California Stadium Football ( Preliminaries , M / W Quarterfinal , W 3rd place ) 22,000 Under construction Athletics ( Discus , Javelin and Hammer qualifications ) Dedeaux Field ( USC ) Swimming , Diving , Synchronized Swimming 20,000 Temporary structure on existing site Galen Center ( USC ) Badminton 10,300 Existing Karate Los Angeles Convention Center Basketball ( W Preliminaries ) 8,000 Existing Boxing 8,000 Fencing 7,000 Taekwondo Table Tennis 5,000 BMX Freestyle 8,000 Staples Center Basketball ( Preliminaries , Finals ) 18,000 Existing Microsoft Theater Weightlifting 7,000 Existing USC Village Media Village N / A Existing Grand Park Marathon 5,000 Existing Race Walk Road Cycling Valley Sports Park ( edit ) Sepulveda Basin Park Venue Events Capacity Status Sepulveda Basin Park Canoe Slalom 8,000 Planned construction Equestrian 15,000 Temporary structure Shooting 3,000 Temporary structure South Bay Sports Park ( edit ) Venue Events Capacity Status StubHub Center Rugby 30,000 Existing Modern Pentathlon 30,000 Existing Tennis 10,000 ( Center Court ) Existing Field Hockey 15,000 ( Primary Field ; Secondary Field 5,000 ) Existing VELO Sports Center Track Cycling 6,000 Existing Modern Pentathlon Fencing 6,000 Existing Long Beach Sports Park ( edit ) Belmont Veterans Memorial Pier Venue Events Capacity Status Long Beach Waterfront BMX Cycling 6,000 Temporary Water Polo 8,000 Existing Triathlon 2,000 Existing Open Water Swimming 2,000 Existing Long Beach Arena Handball 12,000 Existing Belmont Veterans Memorial Pier Sailing 6,000 Existing Westside ( edit ) Pauley Pavilion at the UCLA campus The Forum Venue Events Capacity Status Santa Monica State Beach and Venice Beach Beach Volleyball 12,000 Temporary Skateboarding 10,000 Existing Surfing 8,000 Existing 3x3 Basketball - Existing Riviera Country Club Golf 30,000 Existing UCLA Olympic Village , Olympic Village Training Center N / A Existing Pauley Pavilion ( UCLA ) Wrestling 12,500 Existing Judo 12,500 Existing LA Stadium at Hollywood Park Opening Ceremonies / Closing Ceremony 70,000 Under construction Football ( M Quarterfinal , W Semifinal , M Final ) 70,000 Archery 8,000 ( Stadium Lake ) The Forum Gymnastics 17,000 Existing Southern California venues ( edit ) The Rose Bowl Stadium Venue Events Capacity Status Rose Bowl Football ( W Quarterfinal , M Semifinal , W Final , M 3rd place ) 92,000 Existing Lake Perris Canoe Sprint 12,000 Existing Rowing 12,000 Existing Frank G. Bonelli Regional Park Mountain Biking 3,000 Temporary Dodger Stadium Baseball / Softball 56,000 Existing Angel Stadium 45,000 Honda Center Indoor Volleyball 18,000 Existing Anaheim Convention Center ( The Arena at the Anaheim ) 6,000 Existing NBC Universal Studio Lot IBC / MPC - Existing Potential Football venues ( edit ) According to the initial bid book for Los Angeles ' 2024 Olympic bid , Football venues are to be situated within Los Angeles and in other parts of California , to be determined . According to the official website of the local organizing committee , eight venues are under consideration , all within the state . Potential venues in Los Angeles County : Rose Bowl , Pasadena ( 92,542 capacity ) -- 3 group matches , quarterfinals , semifinals and women 's final Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , Inglewood ( 80,000 ) -- 3 group matches , quarterfinals , semifinals and men 's final Banc of California Stadium , Exposition Park ( 22,000 ) -- 8 group matches Potential venues in the San Francisco Bay area : Stanford Stadium , Stanford ( 50,000 ) -- 5 group matches , quarterfinals and women 's bronze medal match Levi 's Stadium , Santa Clara ( 68,500 ) -- 5 group matches , quarterfinals , and men 's bronze medal match California Memorial Stadium , Berkeley ( 63,000 ) - 8 group matches Avaya Stadium , San Jose ( 20,000 ) -- 8 group matches Potential venues in San Diego County : New MLS Stadium , San Diego ( 32,000 ) -- 8 group matches Broadcasting ( edit ) U.S. broadcast rights for the 2028 Games were sold as part of long - term agreements with NBCUniversal who will serve as the United States broadcaster through 2032 . Brazil -- Grupo Globo United States -- NBCUniversal Media ( edit ) See also ( edit ) Olympics portal Olympic Games International Olympic Committee List of IOC country codes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Abend , Lisa ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Why Nobody Wants to Host the 2022 Winter Olympics '' . Time . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Butler , Nick . `` Exclusive : IOC vow to `` further adjust '' candidature process after Budapest 2024 withdrawal `` . Inside the Games . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meeting of the IOC Executive Board in Lausanne -- Information for the media '' . Olympic.org. 19 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Declares Candidature for Olympic Games 2028 - IOC to Contribute USD 1.8 Billion to the Local Organising Committee '' . IOC . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David . `` Los Angeles makes deal to host 2028 Summer Olympics '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Candidature Process Olympic Games 2024 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bach Says Paris and LA Mayors Are ' Optimistic ' About Agreement After Initial Discussions - GamesBids.com '' . gamesbids.com . Jump up ^ `` L.A. City Council endorses 2028 Olympics bid , accepting responsibility for any cost overruns '' . Los Angeles Times . August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles gets official go - ahead to host 2028 Olympics '' . Chicago Tribune . September 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. officially awarded 2028 Olympic Games '' . Los Angeles Times . September 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State taxpayers will back L.A. Olympics bid if it goes over budget '' . Los Angeles Times . October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://thesource.metro.net/2017/04/27/notice-to-proceed-issued-for-section-2-of-purple-line-extension/ Jump up ^ Nelson , Laura J. ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Eyeing L.A. 's Olympic bid , Metro seeks to accelerate two rail projects '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Airport Metro Connector '' ( PDF ) . LACMTA . August 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Devanney , Brenna ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Metro Proposes Budget Changes To Regional Connector '' . Annenberg TV News . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regional Connector Transit Corridor ( project website ) '' . Metro ( LACMTA ) . May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` LA County Election Results '' . www.lavote.net . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David ( 16 January 2017 ) . `` L.A. organizers propose linked , simultaneous Olympic ceremonies for Coliseum , Inglewood stadium '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stage 1 Vision , Games Concept and Strategy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Ted ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Universal to Build New Soundstage Complex , Expand Theme Park in 5 - Year Plan ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LA2024 Games Delivery , Experience and Venue Legacy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC awards Olympic Games broadcast rights to NBCUniversal through to 2032 '' . International Olympic Committee . 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC reaches agreement for broadcast rights in Brazil with Grupo Globo through to 2032 '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 10 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) LA 2028 LA 2028 ( IOC ) Candidature files ( edit ) Stage 1 : Vision , Games Concept and Strategy Stage 2 : Governance , Legal and Venue Funding Budget released Dec. 2nd , 2016 Stage 3 : Games Delivery , Experience and Venue Legacy Sustainability Vision Preceded by Paris Summer Olympic Games Los Angeles XXXIV Olympiad ( 2028 ) Bids for the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympic Games 131st Session of the International Olympic Committee ( Lima , Peru ) Elected cities Paris ( 2024 ) Los Angeles ( 2028 ) Cancelled bids Budapest Hamburg Rome Non-selected bids Berlin Boston Washington , D.C. Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal 2020s portal United States portal California portal Los Angeles portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2028_Summer_Olympics&oldid=815639303 '' Categories : 2028 Summer Olympics 2028 in multi-sport events 2028 in American sports Olympic Games in the United States Olympic Games in California Scheduled multi-sport events Sports competitions in Los Angeles Summer Olympics by year Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Use American English from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Олык марий Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 02 : 42 . 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-8446662667300210431 | Four-wheel drive | Four - wheel drive - wikipedia Four - wheel drive Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Four - wheel drive ( disambiguation ) . `` Four by four '' redirects here . For other uses , see Four by four ( disambiguation ) . The Jeep Wrangler is a 4WD vehicle with a transfer case to select low range or high range four - wheel drive Four - wheel drive , also called 4 × 4 ( `` four by four '' ) or 4WD refers to type of a vehicle , specifically one with its drivetrain capable of providing torque to all wheel ends of a two - axled vehicle simultaneously . It may be full - time , or on - demand , and is typically linked via a transfer case which provides an additional output drive - shaft , along with additional gear ranges . When a four - wheeled vehicle has torque supplied to both axles , this is described as `` all - wheel drive '' ( AWD ) . However , `` four - wheel drive '' typically refers to a set of specific components and functions , and / or intended offroad application , which generally complies with modern use of the terminology . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 1.1 4 × 4 1.2 4WD 1.3 AWD 1.4 IWD 1.5 SAE Recommended Practices 2 Design 2.1 Differentials 2.2 Limiting slippage 2.3 Operating Modes 3 History 3.1 Late 1800s 3.2 1900s - 1920s 3.3 1930s -- 1944 3.4 1945 - 1960s 3.5 1970s - 1990s 3.6 2000 - present 4 Uses 4.1 Road racing 4.2 In heavy trucks 4.3 In construction equipment 5 Terminology 6 Unusual systems 7 Introduction to off - roaders 8 Introduction to passenger cars 9 Systems by design type 9.1 Center differential with mechanical lock 9.2 Torsen center differential 9.3 Non-locking center differential 9.4 Multiple - clutch systems 9.5 Multi-plate clutch coupling 9.6 Part - time 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Definitions ( edit ) 4 × 4 / 4WD / AWD systems were developed in many different markets and used in many different vehicle platforms . There is no universally accepted set of terminology to describe the various architectures and functions . The terms used by various manufacturers often reflect marketing rather than engineering considerations or significant technical differences between systems . SAE International 's standard J1952 recommends only the term All - Wheel - Drive with additional sub classifications which cover all types of AWD / 4WD / 4x4 systems found on production vehicles . 4 × 4 ( edit ) Four - by - four ( 4 × 4 ) refers to the general class of vehicles . The first figure represents the total wheels ( more precisely , axle ends ) , and the second , the number that are powered . Syntactically , 4 × 2 means a four - wheel vehicle that transmits engine torque to only two axle - ends : the front two in front - wheel drive or the rear two in rear - wheel drive . Alternatively , a 6 × 4 vehicle has three axles , two of which provide torque to two wheel ends each . 4WD ( edit ) Four wheel drive ( 4WD ) refers to vehicles with two axles providing torque to four wheel ends . In the North American market the term generally refers to a system that is optimized for off - road driving conditions . The term `` 4WD '' is typically designated for vehicles equipped with a transfercase which switches between 2WD and 4WD operating modes , either manually or automatically . AWD ( edit ) Main article : AWD ( vehicle ) All wheel drive ( AWD ) historically was synonymous with `` four - wheel drive '' on four - wheeled vehicles , and six - wheel drive on 6 × 6s , and so on , being used in that fashion at least as early as the 1920s . Today in North America the term is applied to both heavy vehicles as well as light passenger vehicles . When referring to heavy vehicles the term is increasingly applied to mean `` permanent multiple - wheel drive '' on 2 × 2 , 4 × 4 , 6 × 6 or 8 × 8 drive train systems that include a differential between the front and rear drive shafts . This is often coupled with some sort of anti-slip technology , increasingly hydraulic - based , that allows differentials to spin at different speeds but still be capable of transferring torque from a wheel with poor traction to one with better . Typical AWD systems work well on all surfaces , but are not intended for more extreme off - road use . When used to describe AWD systems in light passenger vehicles , it refers to a system that applies torque to all four wheels ( permanently or on demand ) and / or is targeted at improving on - road traction and performance ( particularly in inclement conditions ) , rather than for off - road applications . Some all wheel drive electric vehicles solve this challenge using one motor for each axle , thereby eliminating a mechanical differential between the front and rear axles . An example of this is the dual motor variant of the Tesla Model S , which on a millisecond scale can control the torque distribution electronically between its two motors . IWD ( edit ) Individual - wheel drive ( IWD ) was coined to identify those electric vehicles whereby each wheel is driven by its own individual electric motor . This system essentially has inherent characteristics that would be generally attributed to four - wheel drive systems like the distribution of the available torque to the wheels . However , because of the inherent characteristics of electric motors , torque can be negative , as seen in the Rimac Concept One and SLS AMG Electric . This can have drastic effects , as in better handling in tight corners . The term IWD can refer to a vehicle with any number of wheels . For example , the Mars rovers are 6 - wheel IWD . SAE recommended practices ( edit ) Per the SAE International standard J1952 AWD is the preferred term for all the systems described above . The standard subdivides AWD systems into three categories . Part - Time AWD systems require driver intervention to couple and decouple the secondary axle from the primarily driven axle and these systems do not have a center differential ( or similar device ) . The definition notes that part - time systems may have a low range . Full - Time AWD systems drive both front and rear axles at all times via a center ( inter-axle ) differential . The torque split of that differential may be fix or variable depending on the type of center differential . This system can be used on any surface at any speed . The definition does not address inclusion or exclusion of a low range gear . On - Demand AWD systems drive the secondary axle via an active or passive coupling device or `` by an independently powered drive system '' . The standard notes that in some cases the secondary drive system may also provide the primary vehicle propulsion . On - demand systems function primarily with only one powered axle until torque is required by the second axle . At that point either a passive or active coupling sends torque to the secondary axle . In addition to the above primary classifications the J1952 standard notes secondary classifications resulting in a total of eight system designations : Part - Time Non Synchro System Part - Time Synchro System Full - Time Fixed Torque System Full - Time Variable Torque Passive System Full - Time Variable Torque Active System On - Demand Synchro Variable Torque Passive System On - Demand Synchro Variable Torque Active System On - Demand Independently Powered Variable Torque Active System Design ( edit ) Differentials ( edit ) Main article : Differential The Lamborghini Murciélago is an AWD that powers the front via a viscous coupling unit if the rear slips . The HMMWV is a 4WD / AWD that powers all wheels evenly ( continuously ) via a manually lockable center differential , with Torsen differentials for both front and rear . Two wheels fixed to the same axle turn at the same speed as a vehicle goes around curves . This either forces one to slip , if possible , to balance the apparent distance covered , or creates uncomfortable and mechanically stressful wheel hop . To prevent this the wheels are allowed to turn at different speeds using a mechanical or hydraulic differential . This allows one driveshaft to independently drive two output shafts , axles that go from the differential to the wheel , at different speeds . The differential does this by distributing angular force ( in the form of torque ) evenly , while distributing angular velocity ( turning speed ) such that the average for the two output shafts is equal to that of the differential ring gear . When powered each axle requires a differential to distribute power between the left and right sides . When power is distributed to all four wheels a third or ' center ' differential can be used to distribute power between the front and rear axles . The described system handles extremely well , as it is able to accommodate various forces of movement and distribute power evenly and smoothly , making slippage unlikely . Once it does slip , however , recovery is difficult . If the left front wheel of a 4WD vehicle slips on an icy patch of road , for instance , the slipping wheel will spin faster than the other wheels due to the lower traction at that wheel . Since a differential applies equal torque to each half - shaft , power is reduced at the other wheels , even if they have good traction . This problem can happen in both 2WD and 4WD vehicles , whenever a driven wheel is placed on a surface with little traction or raised off the ground . The simplistic design works acceptably well for 2WD vehicles . It is much less acceptable for 4WD vehicles , because 4WD vehicles have twice as many wheels with which to lose traction , increasing the likelihood that it may happen . 4WD vehicles may also be more likely to drive on surfaces with reduced traction . However , since torque is divided amongst four wheels rather than two , each wheel receives approximately half the torque of a 2WD vehicle , reducing the potential for wheel slip . To prevent slippage from happening some vehicles have controls for independently locking center , front , and rear differentials Limiting slippage ( edit ) Main article : Limited - slip differential ( LSD ) Many differentials have no way of limiting the amount of engine power that gets sent to its attached output shafts . As a result , if a tire loses traction on acceleration , either because of a low - traction situation ( e.g. , - driving on gravel or ice ) or the engine power overcomes available traction , the tire that is not slipping receives little or no power from the engine . In very low traction situations , this can prevent the vehicle from moving at all . To overcome this , there are several designs of differentials that can either limit the amount of slip ( these are called ' limited - slip ' differentials ) or temporarily lock the two output shafts together to ensure that engine power reaches all driven wheels equally . Locking differentials work by temporarily locking together a differential 's output shafts , causing all wheels to turn at the same rate , providing torque in case of slippage . This is generally used for the center differential , which distributes power between the front and the rear axles . While a drivetrain that turns all wheels equally would normally fight the driver and cause handling problems , this is not a concern when wheels are slipping . The two most common factory - installed locking differentials use either a computer - controlled multi-plate clutch or viscous coupling unit to join the shafts , while other differentials more commonly used on off - road vehicles generally use manually operated locking devices . In the multi-plate clutch the vehicle 's computer senses slippage and locks the shafts , causing a small jolt when it activates , which can disturb the driver or cause additional traction loss . In the viscous coupling differentials the shear stress of high shaft speed differences causes a dilatant fluid in the differential to become solid , linking the two shafts . This design suffers from fluid degradation with age and from exponential locking behavior . Some designs use gearing to create a small rotational difference that hastens torque transfer . A third approach to limiting slippage is taken by a Torsen differential . A Torsen differential allows the output shafts to receive different amounts of torque . This design does not provide for traction when one wheel is spinning freely , where there is no torque , but provides excellent handling in less extreme situations . A typical Torsen II differential can deliver up to twice as much torque to the high traction side before traction is exceeded at the lower traction side . A fairly recent innovation in automobiles is electronic traction control . Traction control typically uses a vehicle 's braking system to slow a spinning wheel . This forced slowing emulates the function of a limited - slip differential , and , by using the brakes more aggressively to ensure wheels are being driven at the same speed , can also emulate a locking differential . It should be noted that this technique normally requires wheel sensors to detect when a wheel is slipping , and only activates when wheel slip is detected . Therefore , there is typically no mechanism to actively prevent wheel slip ( i.e. , you ca n't `` lock the differential '' in advance of wheel slip ) , rather the system is designed to expressly permit wheel slip to occur , and then attempt to send torque to the wheels with the best traction . If preventing all - wheel slip is a requirement , this is a limiting design . Operating modes ( edit ) The architecture of an AWD / 4WD system can be described by describing its possible operating modes . A single vehicle may have the ability to operate in multiple modes depending on driver selection . Mohan describes the modes as follows : Two Wheel Drive ( 2WD ) Mode - In this mode only one axle ( typically the rear axle ) is driven . The drive to the other axle is disconnected . The operating torque split ratio is 0 : 100 . Four Wheel Drive ( 4WD ) Mode - Here , depending on the nature of torque transfer to the axles , we can define three sub-modes ( below ) . Part - time Mode - The front and rear axle drives are rigidly coupled in the transfer case . Since the driveline does not permit any speed differentiation between the axles and would cause driveline wind - up , this mode is recommended only for ' part - time ' use in off - road or loose surface conditions where driveline wind - up is unlikely . Up to full torque could go to either axle depending on the road condition and the weight over the axles . Full - time Mode - Both axles are driven at all times but an inter-axle differential permits the axles to turn at different speeds as needed . This allows the vehicle to be driven ' full - time ' in this mode , regardless of the road surface , without fear of driveline wind - up . With standard bevel gear differentials the torque split is 50 : 50 . Planetary differentials can provide asymmetric torque splits as needed . A system that operates permanently in the full - time mode is sometimes called ' All - the - Time 4WD ' , ' All - Wheel - Drive ' or ' AWD ' . If the inter-axle differential is locked out then the mode reverts to a ' part - time mode ' . On - Demand Mode - In this mode the transfer case operates primarily in the 2WD mode . Torque is transferred to the secondary axle as needed by modulating the transfer clutch from ' open ' to a rigidly coupled state while avoiding any driveline wind - up . The torque modulation may be achieved by active electronic / hydraulic control systems , or by passive devices , based on wheel slip or wheel torque , as described in the section on traction control systems . In addition to these basic modes there could be implementations that combine these modes . The system could have a clutch across the center differential , for example , capable of modulating the front axle torque from a Full - time mode with the 30 : 70 torque split of the center differential to the 0 : 100 torque split of the 2WD mode History ( edit ) The Lohner - Porsche Mixte Hybrid was both the world 's first hybrid vehicle , and the first four - wheel drive without a steam - engine The 1903 Spyker 60 - HP was the world 's first 4WD , that was directly powered by an internal combustion engine , and the first 4WD race - car . Center transfer case sending power from the transmission to the rear axle ( right ) and front axle ( left ) Selection lever : 2H for two - wheel drive , 4H for high - range 4WD , 4L for low - range 4WD , and N for Neutral Late 1800s ( edit ) In 1893 , before the establishment of a modern automotive industry in Britain , English engineer Bramah Joseph Diplock patented a four - wheel - drive system for a steam - powered traction engine , including four - wheel steering and three differentials , which was subsequently built . The development also incorporated Bramah 's Pedrail wheel system in what was one of the first four - wheel - drive automobiles to display an intentional ability to travel on challenging road surfaces . It stemmed from Bramagh 's previous idea of developing an engine that would reduce the amount of damage to public roads . Ferdinand Porsche designed and built a four - wheel - driven electric vehicle for the k.u.k. Hofwagenfabrik Ludwig Lohner & Co. in Vienna in 1899 , presented to the public during the 1900 World Exhibition in Paris . The vehicle was a series hybrid car , that used an electric hub motor at each wheel , powered by batteries , which were in turn charged by a gasoline - engine generator . It was clumsily heavy and due to its unusual status the so - called Lohner - Porsche is not frequently given its credit as the first four - wheel - driven automobile . 1900s - 1920s ( edit ) The world 's first four - wheel - drive car directly powered by an internal combustion engine , commissioned for the Paris to Madrid race of 1903 , the Spyker 60 H.P. , was presented that year by Dutch brothers Jacobus and Hendrik - Jan Spijker of Amsterdam . The two - seat sports car featured permanent four - wheel drive and was also the first car ever equipped with a six - cylinder engine , as well as four - wheel braking . Later used as a hill - climb racer , it is now an exhibit in the Louwman Museum ( the former Nationaal Automobiel Museum ) in the Hague , the Netherlands . Designs for four - wheel drive in America came from the Twyford Company of Brookville , Pennsylvania in 1905 , six were made there around 1906 ; one still exists and is displayed annually . The second American four - wheel - drive vehicle was built in 1908 by ( what became ) the Four Wheel Drive Auto Company ( FWD ) of Wisconsin ( not to be confused with the term `` FWD '' as an acronym for front - wheel drive ) . FWD would later produce around 15,000 of its four - wheel - drive Model B trucks for the British and American armies during World War I. Approximately 11,500 of the Jeffery or Nash Quad models ( 1913 -- 1919 ) were similarly used . The Quad not only came with four - wheel drive and four - wheel brakes , but also featured four - wheel steering . The Reynolds - Alberta Museum has a four - wheel - drive vehicle , named `` Michigan '' , from 1905 in an unrestored storage . The American Marmon - Herrington Company was founded in 1931 to serve a growing market for moderately priced four - wheel - drive vehicles . Marmon - Herrington specialized in converting Ford trucks to four - wheel drive and got off to a successful start by procuring contracts for military aircraft refueling trucks , 4 × 4 chassis for towing light weaponry , commercial aircraft refueling trucks , and an order from the Iraqi Pipeline Company for what were the largest trucks ever built at the time . Daimler - Benz also has a history in four - wheel drive . In 1907 the Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft had built a four - wheel - driven vehicle called Dernburg - Wagen , also equipped with four - wheel steering , that was used by German colonial civil servant , Bernhard Dernburg , in Namibia . Mercedes and BMW , in 1926 , introduced a rather sophisticated four - wheel drive , the G1 , the G4 and G4 following . The 1937 Mercedes - Benz G5 and BMW 325 4 × 4 featured full - time four - wheel drive , four - wheel steering , three locking differentials , and fully independent suspension . They were produced because of a government demand for a four - wheel - drive passenger vehicle . The modern G - series / Wolf such as the G500 and G55 AMG still feature some of the attributes , with the exception of fully independent suspension since it can compromise ground clearance . The Unimog is another Mercedes truck . 1930s -- 1944 ( edit ) Starting in 1936 , Japanese company Tokyu Kurogane Kogyo built approximately 4,700 four - wheel - drive roadsters , called the Kurogane Type 95 reconnaissance car , used by the Imperial Japanese Army from 1937 until 1944 , during the Second Sino - Japanese War . Three different bodystyles were manufactured ; a 2 - door roadster , a 2 - door pickup truck and a 4 - door phaeton , all equipped with a transfer case that engaged the front wheels , powered by a 1.3 litre , 2 - cylinder , air - cooled OHV V - twin engine . The first Russian produced four - wheel - drive vehicle , also in part for civilian use , was the GAZ - 61 , developed in the Soviet Union in 1938 . `` Civilian use '' may be a bit of a misnomer , as most if not all were used by the Soviet government and military ( as command cars ) , but the GAZ - 61 - 73 version is the first four - wheel drive vehicle with a normal closed sedan body . Elements of the chassis were used in subsequent military vehicles such as the 1940 GAZ - 64 and the 1943 GAZ - 67 , as well as the post-war GAZ - 69 , and the properly civilian GAZ - M - 72 , based on the rear - wheel drive GAZ - 20 `` Victory '' and built from 1955 - 1958 . Soviet civilian life did not allow the proliferation of civilian products such as the Jeep in North America , but through the 1960s the technology of Soviet 4 × 4 vehicles stayed on par with British , German , and American models , even exceeding it in some aspects , and for military purposes just as actively developed , produced and used . It was not until `` go - anywhere '' vehicles were needed for the military on a large scale , that four - wheel drive found its place . The World War II Jeep , originally developed by American Bantam but mass - produced by Willys and Ford , became the best - known four - wheel - drive vehicle in the world during the war . 1945 - 1960s ( edit ) Willys introduced the model CJ - 2A in 1945 , the first full - production four - wheel - drive vehicle for sale in the general marketplace . Thanks to the ubiquitous World War II jeep 's success , its rugged utilitarianism set the pattern for many four - wheel drive vehicles to come . The similarly boxy , also inline - 4 powered Land Rover appeared at the Amsterdam Motor Show in 1948 . Originally conceived as a stop - gap product for the struggling Rover car company , despite chronic under - investment it succeeded far better than the passenger cars . Inspired by a Willys MB that was frequently run off - road on the farm belonging to chief engineer Maurice Wilks , Land Rover developed the more refined yet still off - road capable luxury 4WD Range Rover in the 1970s . With the acquisition of the `` Jeep '' name in 1950 Willys had cornered the brand . Its successor , Kaiser Jeep , introduced a revolutionary 4WD wagon called the Wagoneer in 1963 . Not only was it technically innovative , with independent front suspension and the first automatic transmission coupled to 4WD , it was equipped and finished as a regular passenger automobile . In effect , it was the ancestor of the modern SUV . The luxury Rambler or Buick V8s powered Super Wagoneer produced from 1966 to 1969 raised the bar even higher . Jensen applied the Formula Ferguson ( FF ) full - time all - wheel - drive system to 318 units of their Jensen FF built from 1966 to 1971 , marking the first time 4WD was used in a production GT sports car . While most 4WD systems split torque evenly , the Jensen split torque roughly 40 % front , 60 % rear by gearing the front and rear at different ratios . 1970s - 1990s ( edit ) American Motors ( AMC ) acquired Kaiser 's Jeep Division in 1970 and quickly upgraded and expanded the entire line of off - road 4WD vehicles . With its added roadworthiness , the top range full - size Grand Wagoneer continued to compete with traditional luxury cars . Partially hand - built , it was relatively unchanged during its production through 1991 , even after Chrysler 's buyout of AMC . Subaru introduced the category - expanding Leone in 1972 , an inexpensive compact station wagon with a light - duty , part - time four - wheel drive system that could not be engaged on dry pavement . In September AMC introduced Quadra Trac full - time AWD for the 1973 model year Jeep Cherokee and Wagoneer . Thanks to full - time AWD , which relieved the driver of getting out to lock hubs and having to manually select between 2WD and 4WD modes , it dominated all other makes in FIA rally competition . Gene Henderson and Ken Pogue won the Press - on - Regardless Rally FIA championship with a Quadra Trac equipped Jeep in 1972 . 1969 Jensen FF , world 's first 4WD in a production GT sports car 1987 AWD AMC Eagle wagon , the most popular model in the line 1981 AMC Eagle AWD convertible American Motors introduced the innovative Eagle for the 1980 model year . These were the first American mass production cars to use the complete front - engine , four - wheel drive system . The AMC Eagle was offered as a sedan , coupe , and station wagon with permanent automatic all - wheel - drive passenger models . The new Eagles combined Jeep technology with an existing and proven AMC passenger automobile platform . They ushered a whole new product category of `` sport - utility '' or crossover SUV . AMC 's Eagles came with the comfort and high - level appointments expected of regular passenger models and used the off - road technology for an extra margin of safety and traction . The Eagle 's thick viscous fluid center differential provided quiet and smooth transfer of power that was directed proportionally to the axle with the greatest traction . This was a true full - time system operating only in four - wheel drive without undue wear on suspension or driveline components . There was no low range in the transfer case . This became the forerunner of the designs that followed from other manufacturers . The automobile press at the time tested the traction of the Eagles and described it as far superior to the Subaru 's and that it could beat many so - called off - road vehicles . Four Wheeler magazine concluded that the AMC Eagle was `` The beginning of a new generation of cars . '' The Eagles were popular ( particularly in the snowbelt ) , had towing capacity , and came in several equipment levels including sport and luxury trims . Two additional models were added in 1981 , the sub-compact SX / 4 and Kammback . A manual transmission and a front axle - disconnect feature were also made available for greater fuel economy . During 1981 and 1982 a unique convertible was added to the line . The Eagle 's monocoque body was reinforced for the conversion and had a steel targa bar with a removable fiberglass roof section . The Eagle station wagon remained in production for one model year after Chrysler acquired AMC in 1987 . Audi also introduced a permanently all - wheel - driven road - going car , the Audi Quattro , in 1980 . Audi 's chassis engineer , Jörg Bensinger , had noticed in winter tests in Scandinavia that a vehicle used by the German Army , the Volkswagen Iltis , could beat any high - performance Audi . He proposed developing a four - wheel - drive car , that would also be used for rallying to improve Audi 's conservative image . The Audi Quattro system became a feature on production cars . In 1987 , Toyota also developed a car built for competition in rally campaigns . A limited number of road - going FIA Homologation Special Vehicle Celica GT - Four ( known as Toyota Celica All - Trac Turbo in North America ) were produced . The All - Trac system was later available on serial production Toyota Camry , Toyota Corolla , and Toyota Previa models . Some of the earliest mid-engined four - wheel - drive cars were the various road - legal rally cars made for Group B homologation , such as the Ford RS200 made from 1984 to 1986 . In 1989 , niche maker Panther Westwinds created a mid-engined four - wheel - drive , the Panther Solo 2 . 2000 - present ( edit ) In the United States , as of late 2013 , AWD vehicles comprised 32 per cent of new light vehicle sales , up five per cent since 2008 . This is in large part due to the popularity of the crossover . Most crossovers offer the popular technology , in spite of it increasing vehicle price and fuel consumption . Car manufacturers have inundated consumers with marketing proclaiming AWD as a safety feature , although the advantage of AWD over FWD is in accelerating , not braking or steering . Tests have shown that though AWD gives improved acceleration in wintery conditions , it does not help with braking . In 2008 , Nissan introduced the GT - R featuring a rear - mounted transaxle . The AWD system requires two drive shafts , one main shaft from the engine to the transaxle and differential and a second drive shaft from the transaxle to the front wheels . Uses ( edit ) Road racing ( edit ) Spyker is credited with building and racing the first ever four - wheel racing car , the Spyker 60 HP in 1903 . Bugatti created a total of three four - wheel - drive racers , the Type 53 , in 1932 , but the cars were notorious for having poor handling . Miller produced the first 4WD car to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 , the 1938 Miller Gulf Special . Ferguson Research Ltd. built the front - engine P99 Formula One car that actually won a non-World Championship race with Stirling Moss in 1961 . In 1968 , Team Lotus raced cars in the Indy 500 and three years later in Formula 1 with the Lotus 56 , that had both turbine engines and 4WD , as well as the 1969 4WD - Lotus 63 that had the standard 3 - litre V8 Ford Cosworth engine . Matra also raced a similar MS84 , and McLaren entered their M9A in the British Grand Prix , while engine manufacturers Ford - Cosworth produced their own version which was tested but never raced . All these F1 cars were considered inferior to their RWD counterparts , as the advent of aerodynamic downforce meant that adequate traction could be obtained in a lighter and more mechanically efficient manner , and the idea was discontinued , even though Lotus tried repeatedly . Nissan and Audi had success with all - wheel drive in road racing with the former 's advent of the Nissan Skyline GT - R in 1989 . So successful was the car that it dominated the Japanese circuit for the first years of production , going on to bigger and more impressive wins in Australia before weight penalties eventually levied a de facto ban on the car . Most controversially was the win pulled off at the 1990 Macau Grand Prix where the car led from start to finish . Audi 's dominance in the Trans - Am Series in 1988 was equally controversial as it led to a weight penalty mid season and to a rule revision banning all - AWD cars , its dominance in Super Touring eventually led to a FIA ban on AWD system in 1998 . New 2011 24 Hours of Le Mans regulations may revive AWD / 4WD in road racing , though such systems are only allowed in new hybrid - powered Le Mans Prototypes . One example is the Audi R18 e-tron quattro ( winner of 2012 race , the first ever hybrid / 4WD to win Le Mans ) , utilizing an electric motor in the front axle while combining the engine motor in the rear . In heavy trucks ( edit ) Medium - duty trucks and Heavy - duty trucks have recently adopted 4 × 4 drive - trains . 4 × 4 medium - duty trucks became common after Ford Motor Company began selling Ford Super Duty trucks . The Super Duty trucks shared many parts between the light duty and medium duty , reducing production costs . The Dana 60 front axle is used on both medium - and light - duty Super Duty trucks . Furthermore , the Big Three share / shared parts between the companies reducing costs . The Dana S 110 is currently being used for the rear drive , under Ford and Ram 's medium - duty trucks . The Dana 110 was also used on the General Motors 4 × 4s as well . Ram Trucks began selling medium - duty trucks , 4 × 4 and 4 × 2 , in 2008 . General Motors sold a 4 × 4 for model years 2005 - 2009 . GM 4 × 4 medium - duty trucks Heavy duty International Workstar Ford medium - duty 4 × 4 drive train In construction equipment ( edit ) A Case backhoe loader with 4WD Volvo introduced the Model 646 four - wheel drive backhoe loader in 1977 . Case Corporation followed suit in the U.S. in 1987 . Terminology ( edit ) In engineering terms , `` four - wheel drive '' designates a vehicle with power delivered to four wheel ends spread over at least two axles . The term 4 × 4 ( pronounced four by four ) was in use to describe North American military four - wheel - drive vehicles as early as the 1940s , with the first number indicating the number of wheel ends on a vehicle and the second indicating the number of driven wheels . Trucks with dual tires on the rear axle and two driven axles are designated as 4 × 4s despite having six wheels because the paired rear wheels behave as a single wheel for traction and classification purposes . True 6 × 6 vehicles which have three powered axles , and are classified as 6 × 6s regardless of how many wheels they have . Examples of these with two rear , one front axle are the 6 - wheeled Pinzgauer , which is popular with defense forces around the globe , and 10 - wheeled GMC CCKW made famous by the U.S. Army in World War II . 4 - wheeler ( or four - wheeler ) is a related term applying to all - terrain vehicles , and not to be confused with four - wheel drive . The `` four '' in the instance referring to the vehicle having four wheels , not necessarily all driven . Unusual systems ( edit ) Prompted by a perceived need for a simple , inexpensive all - terrain vehicle for oil exploration in North Africa , the French motor manufacturer Citroën developed the 2CV Sahara in 1958 . Unlike other 4 × 4 vehicles which use a conventional transfer case to drive the front and rear axle , the Sahara had two engines , each independently driving a separate axle , with the rear engine facing backwards . The two throttles , clutches and gear change mechanisms could be linked , so the two 12 hp ( 9 kW ) 425 cc ( 26 cu in ) engines could run together , or they could be split and the car driven solely by either engine . Combined with twin fuel tanks and twin batteries ( which could be set up to run either or both engines ) , the redundancy of two separate drive trains meant that they could make it back to civilization even after major mechanical failures . Only around 700 of these cars were built , and only 27 are known to exist today . BMC experimented with a twin - engine Mini Moke ( dubbed the `` Twini Moke '' ) in the mid-1960s , but never put it into production . This made advantage of the Mini 's ' power pack ' layout , with a transverse engine and the gearbox in the engine sump . Simply by fitting a second engine / gearbox unit across the rear , a rudimentary 4 × 4 system could be produced . Early prototypes had separate gear levers and clutch systems for each engine . Later versions sent for evaluation by the British Army had more user - friendly linked systems . In 1965 , A.J.M. Chadwick patented a 4WD system , GB 1113068 , that used hemispherical wheels for an all - terrain vehicle . Twenty years later , B.T.E. Warne , patented , GB 2172558 , an improvement on Chadwick 's design that did not use differential gear assemblies . By using near - spherical wheels with provision to tilt and turn each wheel co-ordinatively , the driven wheels maintain constant traction . Furthermore , all driven wheels steer and , as pairing of wheels is not necessary , vehicles with an odd number of wheels are possible without affecting the system 's integrity . Progressive deceleration is made possible by dynamically changing the front - to - rear effective wheel diameter ratios . Suzuki Motors introduced the Suzuki Escudo Pikes Peak Edition in 1996 . Earlier Suzuki versions were twin engined , from 1996 on the engine is a twin - turbocharged 2.0 L V6 , mated to a sequential 6 - speed manual transmission . Nissan Motors has developed a system called E-4WD . It is designed for cars that are normally front - wheel drive , however the rear wheels are powered by electric motors . This system was introduced in some variants of the Nissan Cube and Tiida . ( This is similar to the system used on the Ford Escape Hybrid AWD . ) Chrysler 's Jeep Division debuted the twin engine , 670 hp ( 500 kW ) Jeep Hurricane concept at the 2005 North American International Auto Show in Detroit . This vehicle has a unique `` crab crawl '' capability , which allows it to rotate 360 ° in place . This is accomplished by driving the left wheels as a pair and right wheels as a pair , as opposed to driving the front and rear pairs . A central gearbox allows one side to drive in the opposite direction to the other . It also has dual Hemi V8s . Some hybrid vehicles such as the Lexus RX400h provide power to an AWD system through a pair of electric motors , one to the front wheels and one to the rear . In the case of the AWD model version of the Lexus RX400h ( and its Toyota - branded counterpart , the Harrier hybrid ) , the front wheels can also receive drive power directly from the vehicle 's gasoline engine as well as via the electric motors , whereas the rear wheels derive power only from the second electric motor . Transfer of power is managed automatically by internal electronics based on traction conditions and need , making this an all - wheel - drive system . The 4RM system used in the Ferrari FF in 2011 is unique in that it has a rear transaxle with secondary front transaxle connected directly to the engine . The car operates primarily as a rear wheel drive vehicle . Clutches in the front transaxle engage when the rear wheels slip . Drive to the front wheels is transmitted through two infinitely - variable clutch packs which are allowed to ' slip ' to give the required road wheel speeds . The front transaxle has three gears , two forward , and reverse . The two forward gears of the front transmission match the lower four forward gears of the rear transmission . It is not used in higher gears . The connection between this gearbox and each front wheel is via independent haldex - type clutches , without a differential . Due to the difference in ratios the clutches continually slip and only transmit , at most , 20 % of the engine 's torque . Introduction to off - roaders ( edit ) Year Manufacturer Model / Series Mass Military 1941 GAZ GAZ - 64 x 1941 Willys - Overland Willys MA / MB x 1941 Volkswagen Typ 128 Schwimmwagen x 1945 Willys CJ - 2A x 1946 Dodge Power Wagon x 1947 Jeep Willys truck x 1948 Ford F - series x 1948 Rover Land Rover Series x 1951 Alfa Romeo Alfa Romeo Matta x 1951 Austin Motor Company Austin Champ x 1951 Fiat Fiat Campagnola x 1951 Nissan Nissan Patrol x 1954 Toyota Land Cruiser x 1956 Auto Union DKW Munga x 1963 Kaiser Jeep Wagoneer ( SJ ) x 1968 Suzuki Lj10 x 1970 British Leyland Range Rover x 1972 UAZ UAZ - 469 x 1976 Lada Lada Niva x 1979 Mercedes - Benz G - Class x 1982 Mitsubishi Pajero x Introduction to passenger cars ( edit ) Year Manufacturer Model / Series Mass Small series 1938 GAZ GAZ - 61 x ( 238 ) 1955 GAZ GAZ M - 72 x ( 4677 units ) 1966 Jensen Jensen FF x ( 320 units ) 1972 Subaru Subaru Leone x 1980 American Motors AMC Eagle x 1980 Audi Audi Quattro x 1982 Renault Renault 18 Combi 4 × 4 x Fiat Fiat Panda 4 × 4 x 1984 Alfa Romeo Alfa 33 4 × 4 x 1984 Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Cordia 4WD Turbo x 1984 Volkswagen Volkswagen Passat Syncro x 1984 Peugeot Peugeot 205 T16 x ( 200 units ) 1985 BMW BMW 325iX x 1985 Lancia Lancia Delta HF 4WD x 1985 Mazda Mazda 323 4WD x 1985 Suzuki Suzuki Samurai x 1986 Toyota Toyota Celica GT - Four All - Trac Turbo x 1986 Ford Ford RS200 x ( 220 units ) Mercedes - Benz Mercedes W124 4MATIC x Porsche Porsche 959 x ( 292 units ) 1988 Opel Opel Vectra 4 × 4 x 1988 Pontiac Pontiac 6000 STE AWD x Citroën Citroën BX x Chevrolet Chevrolet Astro Full - time AWD x 1991 Lamborghini Lamborghini Diablo VT x 1991 Bugatti Bugatti EB110 x ( ca . 300 units ) Fiat Tempra 4 × 4 x Volvo 850 AWD x Jaguar Jaguar X-Type x 2008 Saab Saab 9 - 3 Turbo X x Dacia Dacia Duster x 2011 Ferrari Ferrari FF x ( ca . 800 units ) Systems by design type ( edit ) Center differential with mechanical lock ( edit ) Alfa Romeo 164 Q4 ( central viscous coupling , epicyclic unit and Torsen rear differential ) Alfa Romeo 155 Q4 ( central epicyclic unit , Ferguson viscous coupling and Torsen rear differential ) AMC Eagle ( central viscous coupling ) Audi - Quattro Coupé , 80 , 90 , 100 & 200 ( locking center and rear differentials ) - up to 1987 Audi Q7 - double pinion 50 / 50 with lockup clutch pack BMW 3 series and 5 series in the 1980s - planetary center differential with a 37 - 63 ( front - back ) torque split and viscous lock ( also in rear differential but not front differential ) Chevrolet Rounded - Line K Fleetside , K Stepside , K Blazer , and K Suburban - permanent four - wheel drive ( 1973 - 1979 ) two - speed New Process 203 transfer case , center differential with 50 : 50 torque split and lock . An Eaton Automatic Differential Lock was optional for the rear hypoid differential . Ford - Escort ( RS 2000 16v 4 × 4 models and RS Cosworth ) , Sierra Cosworth , Sierra and Granada 4 × 4 models , Dodge Power Wagon - permanent four - wheel drive ( 1974 - 1979 ) two - speed New Process 203 transfer case , center differential with 50 : 50 torque split and lock . Ford Expedition ( 1997 -- present ) and Expedition EL / Max ( 2007 -- present ) - automatic ControlTrac four - wheel drive with two - speed dual range BorgWarner transfer case and intelligent locking center multi-disc differential Ford Explorer ( 1995 -- 2010 ) - automatic ControlTrac four - wheel drive with two - speed dual range BorgWarner transfer case and intelligent locking center multi-disc differential Ford F - Series - permanent four - wheel drive ( 1974 - 1979 ) two - speed New Process 203 transfer case , center differential with 50 : 50 torque split and lock . GMC Rounded - Line K Wideside , K Fenderside , K Jimmy , and K Suburban - permanent four - wheel drive ( 1973 - 1979 ) two - speed New Process 203 transfer case , center planetary differential with 50 : 50 torque split and lock . An Eaton Automatic Differential Lock was optional for the rear hypoid differential . H1 & Humvee NVG 242HD AMG open center differential , locked center differential , Neutral , low range locked . Also Torsen1 differential at the front and rear axle , The H1 moved to Torsen2 when ABS was added . The H1 Alpha had optional locking differentials in place of torsens Hummer H2 , H3 40 / 60 planetary with lock Jeep Grand Cherokee , Commander ( except models equipped with Quadra - Trac I ) Jeep Liberty , Jeep Cherokee ( XJ ) , Dodge Durango ( Select - Trac ) - NV 242 transfer case - rear drive , open center differential , locked center differential , Neutral , low range Full size Jeeps with Borg Warner QuadraTrac : limited slip center differential , 50 / 50 locked center differential . Low range could be used in locked or unlocked mode , allowing for use of low range on pavement . Land Rover Defender ( and Series III V8 models ) Land Rover Discovery / LR3 Land Rover Freelander Lada Niva ( VAZ - 2121 ) - full - time 4WD using open center differential . Transfer case with high / low range and manual central diff lock . Low range selectable in locked or unlocked mode , allowing use on pavement . Lexus RX300 - viscous coupling across the otherwise open center differential . Lincoln Navigator ( 1998 -- 2006 ) - automatic ControlTrac four - wheel drive with two - speed dual range BorgWarner transfer case and intelligent locking center multi-disc differential Navigator and Navigator L ( 2007 -- present ) use one - speed single range transfer case , no reduction gearing Mercedes - Benz Unimog ( locking center and rear with up to 10 low range gears ) . Mercedes - Benz G - Class ( locking center and lockers on both front - and rear axle ) Mercedes - Benz GL - Class - 4Matic all - wheel - drive system Mitsubishi Pajero ( also known as Montero or Shogun ) Porsche Cayenne - 38 / 62 planetary with lockup clutch pack Range Rover Classic 1970 -- 1995 all full - time 4WD either plate LSD , manual lock or Ferguson viscous centre differential . Range Rover 2nd Gen. 1994 -- 2002 full - time 4WD Ferguson viscous centre differential Suzuki Grand Vitara / Escudo ( 2005 and later models , excepting the XL - 7 ) - full - time 4WD using limited - slip center differential , off - road 4WD with selectable center differential lock and low range transfer case 4 mode ( 4h , 4h lock , 4l n ) , traction control and electronic stability control Subaru - manual transmissions come with 50 / 50 viscous - type center differential ; performance models include a planetary differential with computer regulated lockup ; automatic transmission models have an electronically controlled variable transfer clutch . Toyota Land Cruiser Toyota Sequoia ( Multi-mode ) Volkswagen Touareg - double pinion 50 / 50 with lockup clutch pack Torsen center differential ( edit ) Alfa Romeo Q4s - with ( Torsen T - 3 ) : 156 Crosswagon and Sportwagon 159 Brera , Spider Audis with quattro - various iterations of Torsen , the T - 3 starting from the 2007 B7 RS4 80 , 90 & Coupé ( Typ 89 ) 100 & 200 A4 , S4 , RS4 A5 & S5 A6 , S6 , RS6 A8 , S8 Q5 , Q7 Bentley Continental GT , Bentley Continental Flying Spur ( 2005 ) initially Torsen T - 2 , current have T - 3 Chevrolet Trailblazer SS Torsen T - 3 Lexus GX 470 , Toyota Land Cruiser Prado 120 Torsen T - 3 Range Rover 3rd Gen. 2002 -- 2009 Toyota 4Runner ( only Limited V8 model & 2010 Limited V6 model ) Torsen T - 3 with lock Toyota FJ Cruiser ( only manual models ) Torsen T - 3 with lock Toyota Hilux Surf Torsen T - 3 with lock Toyota Land Cruiser 200 / 2008 / V8 Torsen T - 3 with lock Toyota Sequoia ( North America ) ( only 2005 - 07 Models ) Volkswagen Passenger Cars with 4motion : Volkswagen Passat Torsen T - 2 ( B5. 5 model , not latest B6 model with transverse engine ) Volkswagen Phaeton Torsen T - 2 Non-locking center differential ( edit ) BMW 3 - series and X5 between 2001 and xDrive - planetary center differential with permanent 38 - 62 ( front - back ) torque split # Cadillac Escalade , STS AWD , SRX AWD ( The first two generations had a viscous clutch on the center differential ) # Chrysler 300C AWD # Dodge Ramcharger 1974 -- 1981 - NP203 FullTime 4WD Transfer Case Dodge Magnum , Charger AWD # GMC Yukon Denali , XL Denali , Sierra Denali # Mercedes 4MATIC cars , R class , and ML class ( note some MLs had low range ) # Plymouth Trailduster 1974 -- 1981 - NP203 FullTime 4WD Transfer Case Toyota Highlander # Toyota Sienna AWD ( - 2010 only ) # The above systems ending with `` # '' function by selectively using the traction control system ( via ABS ) to brake a slipping wheel . Multiple - clutch systems ( edit ) Acura RL , RDX ( SH - AWD ) Right and left axle shaft Acura MDX SH - AWD & VTM4 Ford Explorer - Ford 's full - time shift - on - the - fly Intelligent 4WD System ( I - 4WD ) on the 2011 Explorer with Terrain Management System and RSC ( Roll Stability Control ) , Curve Control functionality , HDC ( Hill Descent Control ) and HAA ( Hill Ascent Assist ) . Honda Ridgeline Honda Pilot Infiniti FX ( ATTESA E-TS ) Mercedes - Benz 1st generation 4MATIC ( normally rear - drive , automatic clutch in transfer case engages 4WD on demand ) Mitsubishi GTO MR / 3000GT VR - 4 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution Series S - AWC 2010 Mitsubishi Outlander GT S - AWC Mitsubishi Outlander ( 2003 -- 2006 ) independent front and rear axle coupling , and Active Center Differential . Nissan GT - R ( ATTESA E-TS ) Nissan Skyline GT - R ( ATTESA E-TS and ATTESA E-TS - PRO ) front axle coupling , rear differential locking Nissan Skyline GTS4 ( ATTESA E-TS ) Nissan A31 Cefiro SE4 ( ATTESA E-TS ) Porsche 959 PSK front axle coupling , rear differential locking Saab 9 - 3 , Saab 9 - 5 , Saab 9 - 4X ( Saab XWD ) . Multi-plate clutch coupling ( edit ) Audi A3 quattro , Audi S3 , Audi TT quattro , Audi R8 ( with Haldex Traction ) BMW xDrive : latest 3 Series , latest 5 series , X3 , latest X5 series Chevrolet Equinox ( GMPCA ) Chrysler Pacifica ( BorgWarner ITM3e ) ( on 2007 model ) Dodge Nitro ( Quadra - Trac 1 ) Dodge Caliber Ford : Escape , Freestyle , Edge , Fusion , Five Hundred ( Freestyle , FiveHundred Haldex Traction based ) ( Escape Control Trac II , based ) Honda CR - V , HR - V , Element Hyundai Santa Fe , Hyundai Tucson Borg - Warner ITM 3e magnetic multi-plate clutch coupling Hyundai Veracruz IMJ magnetic multi-plate clutch coupling Infiniti : G35x , M35x Jeep Compass ( Freedom Drive ) Jeep Grand Cherokee and SRT8 NVG 249 , 247 Land Rover Freelander 2 / LR2 ( also Haldex Traction ) Lamborghini : AWD variants VT series ( viscous traction ) Lincoln : MKS , MKZ Mazdaspeed6 ( a power takeoff unit linked to clutch pack with torque sensitive rear differential ) Mazda : Tribute , CX - 7 , CX - 9 ( tribute Control Trac II , based ) Mercury : Milan , Montego , Mariner ( Montego Haldex Traction - based ) Mitsubishi Outlander ( current generation ) Nissan Murano automatic with manual lockup switch Porsche 911 AWD variants ( a version of BorgWarner ITM3e ) -- excluding the 964 - series Porsche 911 Carrera 4 31 / 69 planetary center differential Pontiac Torrent ( GMPCA ) Subaru low powered automatic transmission models Subaru Legacy , Outback , Impreza , Forester , Tribeca automatic transmission models : mechanical front drive , clutch coupled rear axle . Suzuki : SX4 , XL7 , Aerio , Swift / Cultus based Subaru Justy . ( viscous clutch ) Toyota RAV4 - from 2005 ( third generation only ) Toyota Sienna AWD ( 2011 and newer only ) Volkswagen Golf 4motion , Volkswagen Jetta 4motion , Volkswagen Tiguan 4motion , Volkswagen Passat ( B6 ) 4motion ( initially viscous coupling , later with Haldex Traction ) Volvo : S40 , S60 , S80 , V50 , V70 , XC70 , XC90 ( Visco system until 2003 ; then all Haldex Traction - based ) Note : the above all function like 2WD when multi-plate clutch coupling is not engaged ( with exception of Subaru models ) , and like 4WD highrange in a part - time 4WD system when the clutch is engaged ( usually by computer although some allow manual control ) . Some in this category have varying degrees of control in the torque distribution between front and rear by allowing some of the clutches in a multi-plate clutch coupling to engage and slip varying amounts . An example of a system like this is the BorgWarner i - Trac ( TM ) system . Note : the Haldex Traction - based car list was created from the list on Haldex Traction corporate web site : Haldex Cars . A version of the BorgWarner ITM3e system is used on 2006 and up Porsche 911TT 's . The Borg - Warner ITM 3e is also used in the 2006 - now Hyundai Santa Fe and the Hyundai Tucson . In the Hyundais , the ITM 3e acts like a full - time AWD with 95 : 5 normal torque split . In extreme conditions , the system can be locked in a 50 : 50 split via the 4WD LOCK button . Part - time ( edit ) These are vehicles that have no center differential . Since there is no center differential to allow for speed differences between the front and rear wheels when turning , a small amount of tire slippage must occur during turns . When used on slick surfaces , this is not a problem , but when turning on dry pavement , the tires grip , then are forced to slip , then grip again , and so on , until the turn is completed . This causes the vehicle to exhibit a ' hopping ' sensation . Using an engaged part - time 4WD system on a hard surface is not recommended , as damage to the drive - line eventually occurs . Chevrolet Rounded - Line K Fleetside , K Stepside , K Blazer , and K Suburban - conventional four - wheel drive ( 1973 - 1987 ) or shift - on - the - move four - wheel drive ( 1981 - 1987 ) two - speed New Process 205 or 208 transfer case . 0 : 100 torque split in Two High . 50 : 50 torque split lock in Four High and Four Low . An Eaton Automatic Differential Lock was optional for the rear hypoid differential . Note Rounded - Line `` K '' Pickups and Utilities were temporarily renamed to `` V '' for 1987 Chevrolet Tahoe , Trailblazer ( LT1 and LT3 models only ) , Tracker , Suburban , Silverado , Avalanche , Colorado , S - 10 series , K5 Blazer Dodge Power Wagon ( a Ram version with front and rear differential locks ) Dodge Ram , Dakota Dodge Nitro ( Quadra - Trac 2 ) Ford F series Ford Explorer ( 1991 - 1994 ) & Sport Trac Ford Ranger Geo Tracker GMC Rounded - Line K Wideside , K Fenderside , K Jimmy , and K Suburban - conventional four - wheel drive ( 1973 - 1987 ) or shift - on - the - move four - wheel drive ( 1981 - 1987 ) two - speed New Process 205 or 208 transfer case . 0 : 100 torque split in Two High . 50 : 50 torque split lock in Four High and Four Low . An Eaton Automatic Differential Lock was optional for the rear hypoid differential . Note Rounded - Line `` K '' Pickups and Utilities were temporarily renamed to `` V '' for 1987 GMC Envoy , Yukon , Sierra , Jimmy , Sonoma Infiniti QX56 ( All - mode 4WD ) Auto - engages 4WD with slip Isuzu i - series , Isuzu Wizard Jeep Cherokee ( Quadra - Trac 2 ) Jeep Cherokee ( XJ ) , Jeep Comanche , Jeep Grand Cherokee ( ZJ ) , Jeep Liberty ( Command - Trac ) Jeep Wrangler ( Rubicon model has locking front and rear differentials ) Kia Sorento ( some 2002 - 2009 models with 2WD / 4HI / 4LO - mostly LX ) Land Rover Series I , II & III ( except V8 models ) Lincoln Mark LT Mazda B - series Mercedes - Benz G - Class Mitsubishi Raider Nissan Patrol Nissan Terrano II Nissan Armada , Pathfinder ( All - mode 4WD ) Auto - engages 4WD with slip Nissan Titan , Xterra , Frontier ( rear locker an option ) Subaru Loyale , GL / DL , BRAT Front / 4wd / 4wd lo , Justy 4WD Suzuki Sidekick ( pre-2005 models , and XL - 7 ) , Jimny , Vitara Toyota Hilux Toyota Tacoma ( rear locking differential optional ) Toyota Tundra TRD Toyota FJ Cruiser ( automatic transmission models ) ( also locking rear differential ) Toyota 4Runner ( only SR5 and pre 2010 Limited V6 models , 2010 Trail edition V6 models ) ( also locking rear differential on 2010 V6 ) See also ( edit ) Category : All - wheel - drive vehicles Four - wheel drive in Formula One Limited slip differential Off - road vehicle Sport utility vehicle Dune bashing Rock crawling 4WS Transfer case References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mohan , Sankar ( 12 June 2000 ) . `` All - Wheel Drive / Four - Wheel Drive Systems and Strategies '' ( PDF ) . Seoul 2000 FISITA World Automotive Congres . Jump up ^ Andreev , Alexandr F. ; Kabanau , Viachaslau ; Vantsevich , Vladimir ( 2010 ) . Driveline Systems of Ground Vehicles : Theory and Design . CRC Press . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Dykes , Alex . `` Alphabet Soup : 4 × 4 vs 4WD vs AWD Where 's the Differential ? '' . thetruthaboutcars.com . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice - J1952 - All - Wheel Drive System Classification '' . SAE International . October 2013 . Jump up ^ Walczak , Jim . `` 4WD vs 2WD : The Differences Between 4 × 4 And 4 × 2 '' . about com . Retrieved 7 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Collard , Chris . `` 2WD vs AWD vs 4WD '' . ConsumerReports.com . Consumer Reports Magazine . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Mark . `` 4WD vs AWD : What 's the Diff '' . MotorTrend.com . Motor Trend Magazine . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Allisons.org Automotive History ( 1 ) `` 1929 : AEC started to build AWD trucks in conjunction with FWD ( UK ) '' Jump up ^ MEYER , DONALD E. THE FIRST CENTURY OF GMC TRUCK HISTORY ( 2 ) `` By December ( 1939 ) , GMC had orders for more than 4,400 all - wheel - drive military trucks . '' ^ Jump up to : Sheppard , Tom ( 1 September 2005 ) . `` Jeep Grand Cherokee 4WD System Breakthrough - 4x ... For ? '' . Four Wheeler Network . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Davies , Alex ( 10 October 2014 ) . `` The Model D Is Tesla 's Most Powerful Car Ever , Plus Autopilot '' . Wired.com . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Musk said the added efficiency is thanks to the electronic system that will shift power between the front and rear motors from one millisecond to the next , so each is always operating at its most efficient point Jump up ^ http://www.carscoops.com/2013/04/harris-helps-us-understand-negative.html Jump up ^ The History of 4 Wheel Drive -- Haley Dodge Jump up ^ `` History of Hybrid Vehicles '' . HybridCars.com. 2006 - 03 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 25 . See year 1898 . Jump up ^ `` Lohner - Porsche Mixte Voiturette '' . Ultimate Car Page . 2007 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ History of 4WD Sport -- OF4WD ^ Jump up to : `` 1903 Spyker 60 HP '' . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Spyker 60 - hp Four - wheel Drive Racing Car -- Louwman Museum Jump up ^ `` The Novak Guide to the Dana Spicer Model 18 Transfer Case '' . Novak Conversions . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Eckermann , Erik ( 2001 ) . World history of the automobile . Society of Automotive Engineers . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7680 - 0800 - 5 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Nylund , Jimmy ( February 2009 ) . `` 27 Trailer Towing Tips '' . Four Wheeler . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ The world 's first mass - produced compact 4WD car , restored -- Japanese Nostalgic Car Jump up ^ Editors of Air Force Journal of Logistics ( 2000 ) . The Logistics of War - a historical perspective . The Air Force Logistics Management Agency . p. 282 . ISBN 9781428993785 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . It became a famous vehicle around the world and is mentioned in a majority of the histories . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Nunney , MJJ ( 2012 ) . Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology ( Fourth ed . ) . Routledge . p. 431 . ISBN 9780750680370 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( January 2008 ) . `` 1963 Jeep Wagoneer - Landmark Vehicle '' . 4 Wheel Drive & Sport Utility Magazine . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( 25 July 2007 ) . `` 1966 -- 1971 Jensen FF '' . howstuffworks com . Retrieved 7 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( 29 August 2007 ) . `` 1978 - 1979 Jeep Wagoneer Limited '' . HowStuffWorks.com . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( 29 August 2007 ) . `` 1967 -- 1977 Jeep Wagoneer '' . howstuffworks com . Retrieved 7 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Jean ( 1974 ) . Rallying to win : a complete guide to North American rallying . W.W. Norton . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87880 - 017 - 9 . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Don ( February 2001 ) . `` All - Wheel - Drive Revisited : AMC 's 1980 Eagle pioneered the cross-over SUV '' . Automotive Industries . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Rettie , John ( August 1987 ) . `` Four - Wheeling Into Your Future '' . Popular Mechanics. 164 ( 8 ) : 58 . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Sass , Rob ( 9 March 2008 ) . `` A Breed of 4 - by - 4 Hatched on the Fly '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Padgett , Martin ( 2004 ) . Hummer . Zenith . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1863 - 8 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick R. `` 1980 - 88 AMC Eagle 4wd '' . Autoweek ( archived at amxfiles ) . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Consumer 's Guide , ed. ( 2005 ) . History of the American Auto . Publications International . p. 532 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7853 - 9874 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Celica All Trac and Gt - Four FAQ '' . Alltrac.net . Retrieved 7 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kranz , Rick . `` All - Wheel - Drive Vehicles Grow in Popularity With Car Shoppers '' . Edmunds . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Shunk , Chris . `` Thirty - percent of new car sales will be AWD by 2015 '' . autoblog . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Do You Really Need AWD in the Snow ? '' . Consumer Reports . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter , Cheney . `` The myth of all - wheel - drive and why it can be a deadly trap '' . The Gobe and Mail . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Loh , Edward ( December 2007 ) . `` First Look : 2008 Nissan GT - R '' . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Henry , Allan ( 1975 ) . The 4 - Wheel Drives : Racing 's Formula for Failure ? . Macmillan . Jump up ^ `` The 2011 Le Mans 24 Hours Regulations '' . lemans.org. 6 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2010 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hybrid Tech Dominates The 24 Hours Of Le Mans Endurance Race ( VIDEO ) '' . Autoblog.com . Jump up ^ `` Volvo BM 646 Backhoe / Loader '' ( PDF ) . Volvo AB . Jump up ^ `` Instruction Book : Driving , Maintenance , Repair . Department of National Defence , Canada '' . bcoy1cpb.pacdat.net. 1940 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Melissen , Wouter ( 1 December 2004 ) . `` Citroën 2CV Sahara '' . Ultimatecarpage.com . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Ford Escape Hybrid Review and Specs '' . Edmunds.com . Archived from the original on 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Horrell , Paul ( 25 January 2011 ) . `` Ferrari FF The inside scoop on Ferrari 's new FF '' . Topgear.com . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Abuelsamid , Sam ( 26 July 2010 ) . `` 2011 Ford Explorer puts four - cylinder EcoBoost engine above V6 in pecking order '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ford - Cars , SUVs , Trucks & Crossovers '' ( in Spanish ) . FordVehicles.com . Archived from the original on 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . Jump up ^ according to Car and Driver Vol52No8 Feb 07 page 110 External links ( edit ) Car design Car classification By size Microcar City car Kei Subcompact Supermini Family car Compact Mid-size Full - size Custom Hot rod Lead sled Lowrider Street rod T - bucket Luxury Compact executive Executive Personal luxury car Minivan / Multi-purpose vehicle ( MPV ) Compact MPV Mini MPV Sport utility vehicle ( SUV ) Compact SUV Crossover SUV Mini SUV Sports car Grand tourer Hot hatch Muscle Pony Sport compact Supercar Antique Classic Economy Leisure activity vehicle Ute Van Voiturette Body styles 2 + 2 Baquet Barchetta Berlinetta Brougham Cabrio coach Cabriolet / Convertible Coupé Coupé de Ville Coupé utility Drophead coupe ( Convertible ) Fastback Hardtop Hatchback Landaulet Liftback Limousine Multi-stop truck Notchback Panel van Phaeton Pickup truck Quad coupé Retractable hardtop Roadster Runabout Saloon / Sedan Sedan delivery Sedanca de Ville ( Coupé de Ville ) Shooting - brake Spider / Spyder ( Roadster ) Station wagon Targa top Torpedo Touring car Town car ( Coupé de Ville ) T - top Vis - à - vis Specialized vehicles Amphibious Driverless ( autonomous ) Hearse Gyrocar Roadable aircraft Taxicab Tow truck Propulsion Alternative fuel Autogas Biodiesel Diesel Electric ( battery NEV ) Ethanol ( E85 ) Fuel cell Gasoline / petrol ( direct injection ) Homogeneous charge compression ignition Hybrid ( plug - in ) Hydrogen Internal combustion Liquid nitrogen Steam Drive wheels Front - wheel Rear - wheel Two - wheel Four - wheel Six - wheel Eight - wheel Twelve - wheel Engine position Front Mid Rear Layout ( engine / drive ) Front / front Front mid / front Rear / front Front / rear Rear mid / rear Rear / rear Front / four - wheel Mid / four - wheel Rear / four - wheel Engine configuration ( internal combustion ) Boxer Flat Four - stroke H - block Reciprocating Single - cylinder Straight Two - stroke V ( Vee ) W engine Wankel Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Four-wheel_drive&oldid=815848225 '' Categories : Off - road vehicles Automobile layouts Automotive technologies Four - wheel drive layout Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from August 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 15 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the first mass produced car to come from the factory with all-wheel steering | [
"American Motors introduced the innovative Eagle for the 1980 model year.[30] These were the first American mass production cars to use the complete front-engine, four-wheel drive system.[31] The AMC Eagle was offered as a sedan, coupe, and station wagon with permanent automatic all-wheel-drive passenger models. The new Eagles combined Jeep technology with an existing and proven AMC passenger automobile platform. They ushered a whole new product category of \"sport-utility\" or crossover SUV. AMC's Eagles came with the comfort and high-level appointments expected of regular passenger models and used the off-road technology for an extra margin of safety and traction.[32]"
] | [
"Eagle"
] |
6628732281278033385 | United States Virgin Islands | United States Virgin Islands - Wikipedia United States Virgin Islands Jump to : navigation , search Virgin Islands of the United States Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` United in Pride and Hope '' Anthem : `` Virgin Islands March '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Location of United States Virgin Islands ( circled in red ) Status Unincorporated and organized territory Capital and largest city Charlotte Amalie 18 ° 21 ′ N 64 ° 56 ′ W / 18.350 ° N 64.933 ° W / 18.350 ; - 64.933 Official languages English Common languages 71.6 % English , English Creole 17.2 % Spanish 8.6 % French , French creole 2.5 % Other Ethnic groups 76.0 % Black 15.7 % White 4.9 % Other 2.1 % Multiracial 1.4 % Asian Demonym Virgin Islander Sovereign state United States Government Territorial presidential constitutional republic President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Governor Kenneth Mapp ( I ) Lt. Governor Osbert Potter ( I ) Delegate Stacey Plaskett ( D ) Legislature Legislature of the Virgin Islands Unincorporated and organized territory of the United States Treaty of the Danish West Indies March 31 , 1917 Revised Organic Act July 22 , 1954 Area Total 346.36 km ( 133.73 sq mi ) ( unranked ) Water ( % ) negligible Population 2010 census 106,405 Density 768 / sq mi ( 296.5 / km ) ( n / a ) GDP ( PPP ) 2015 estimate Total $4.580 billion ( n / a ) Per capita $36,350 ( n / a ) HDI ( 2008 ) 0.894 very high 59th Currency United States dollar ( USD ) Time zone AST ( UTC − 4 ) Summer ( DST ) none ( UTC − 4 ) Date format MM / DD / YYYY Drives on the Left Calling code + 1 - 340 ISO 3166 code VI Internet TLD . vi Website www.vi.gov The United States Virgin Islands ( USVI ; also called the American Virgin Islands ) , officially the Virgin Islands of the United States , is a group of islands in the Caribbean that is an insular area of the United States located 40 miles ( 64 km ) east of Puerto Rico . The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles . The U.S. Virgin Islands consist of the main islands of Saint Croix , Saint John , and Saint Thomas , and many other surrounding minor islands . The total land area of the territory is 133.73 square miles ( 346.36 km ) . The territory 's capital is Charlotte Amalie on the island of Saint Thomas . Previously known as the Danish West Indies of the Kingdom of Denmark -- Norway , they were sold to the United States by Denmark in the Treaty of the Danish West Indies of 1916 . They are classified by the United Nations as a Non-Self - Governing Territory , and are currently an organized , unincorporated United States territory . The U.S. Virgin Islands are organized under the 1954 Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands and have since held five constitutional conventions . The last and only proposed Constitution , adopted by the Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U.S. Virgin Islands in 2009 , was rejected by the U.S. Congress in 2010 , which urged the convention to reconvene to address the concerns Congress and the Obama Administration had with the proposed document . The Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U.S. Virgin Islands met in October 2012 to address these concerns , but was not able to produce a revised Constitution before its October 31 deadline . In 2010 the population was 106,405 , and mostly Afro - Caribbean . Tourism and related categories are the primary economic activity , employing a high percentage of the civilian non-farm labor force that totaled 42,752 persons in 2016 . ( The total non-farm labor force was 48,278 persons . ) Private sector jobs made up 71 percent of the total workforce . The average private sector salary was $34,088 and the average public sector salary was $52,572 . In a May 2016 report , some 11,000 people were categorized as being involved in some aspect of agriculture in the first half of 2016 but this category makes up a small part of the total economy . ( The islands have a significant rum manufacturing sector . ) At that time , there were approximately 607 manufacturing jobs and 1,487 natural resource and construction jobs . The single largest employer was the government . In mid February 2017 , the USVI was facing a financial crisis due to a very high debt level of $2 billion and a structural budget deficit of $110 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Politics and government 3.1 Administrative divisions 3.2 Self - determination 4 Economy 4.1 Personal income 4.2 Financial challenges 4.3 Tourism 4.4 Manufacturing 4.5 Government 4.5. 1 Military 4.6 Transportation and communications 5 Demographics 5.1 Ethnic groups 5.2 Languages 5.3 Religion 5.4 Health 5.5 Education 6 Culture 6.1 Music 6.2 Media 6.3 Public holidays 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of the United States Virgin Islands The U.S. Virgin Islands were originally inhabited by the Ciboney , Carib , and Arawaks . The islands were named by Christopher Columbus on his second voyage in 1493 for Saint Ursula and her virgin followers . Over the next two hundred years , the islands were held by many European powers , including Spain , Great Britain , the Netherlands , France , and Denmark -- Norway . The Danish West India Company settled on Saint Thomas in 1672 , settled on Saint John in 1694 , and purchased Saint Croix from France in 1733 . The islands became royal Danish colonies in 1754 , named the Danish West Indian Islands ( Danish : De dansk - vestindiske øer ) . Sugarcane , produced by slave labor , drove the islands ' economy during the 18th and early 19th centuries , until the abolition of slavery by Governor Peter von Scholten on July 3 , 1848 . The Danish West India and Guinea Company are also credited with naming the island St. John ( Danish : Sankt Jan ) . The Danish crown took full control of Saint John in 1754 along with St. Thomas and St. Croix . Sugarcane plantations such as the famous Annaberg Sugar Plantation were established in great numbers on St. John because of the intense heat and fertile terrain that provided ideal growing conditions . The establishment of sugarcane plantations also led to the buying of more slaves from Africa . In 1733 , St. John was the site of one of the first significant slave rebellions in the New World when Akwamu slaves from the Gold Coast took over the island for six months . The Danish were able to defeat the enslaved Africans with help from the French in Martinique . Instead of allowing themselves to be recaptured , more than a dozen of the ringleaders shot themselves before the French forces could capture them and call them to account for their activities during the period of rebel control . It is estimated that by 1775 , slaves outnumbered the Danish settlers by a ratio of 5 : 1 . The indigenous Caribs and Arawaks were also used as slave labor to the point of the entire native population being absorbed into the larger groups . Slavery was abolished in the Virgin Islands on July 3 , 1848 . Although some plantation owners refused to accept the abolition , some 5,000 Black people were freed while another 17,000 remained enslaved . In that era , slaves labored mainly on sugar plantations . Other crops included cotton and indigo . Over the following years , strict labor laws were implemented several times , leading planters to abandon their estates , causing a significant drop in population and the overall economy . In the late 1800s , numerous natural disasters added to worsen the situation . For the remainder of the period of Danish rule the islands were not economically viable and significant transfers were made from the Danish state budgets to the authorities in the islands . In 1867 a treaty to sell Saint Thomas and Saint John to the United States was agreed , but the sale was never effected . A number of reforms aimed at reviving the islands ' economy were attempted , but none had great success . A second draft treaty to sell the islands to the United States was negotiated in 1902 but was defeated in the upper house of the Danish parliament in a balanced ballot ( because the opposition carried a 97 - year - old life member into the chamber ) . The aftermath of Hurricane Marilyn on the island of St. Thomas , 1995 . The onset of World War I brought the reforms to a close and again left the islands isolated and exposed . During the submarine warfare phases of the war , the United States , fearing that the islands might be seized by Germany as a submarine base , again approached Denmark about buying them . After a few months of negotiations , a selling price of $25 million in United States gold coin was agreed , equivalent to $562.23 million in 2017 dollars . At the same time the economics of continued possession weighed heavily on the minds of Danish decision makers , and a consensus in favor of selling emerged in the Danish parliament . The Treaty of the Danish West Indies was signed in August 1916 , with a Danish referendum held in December 1916 to confirm the decision . The deal was finalized on January 17 , 1917 , when the United States and Denmark exchanged their respective treaty ratifications . The United States took possession of the islands on March 31 , 1917 and the territory was renamed the Virgin Islands of the United States . Every year Transfer Day is recognized as a holiday , to commemorate the acquisition of the islands by the United States . U.S. citizenship was granted to the inhabitants of the islands in 1927 . The U.S. dollar was adopted in the territory in 1934 and from 1935 to 1939 the islands were a part of the United States customs area . Water Island , a small island to the south of St. Thomas , was initially administered by the U.S. federal government and did not become a part of the United States Virgin Islands territory until 1996 , when 50 acres ( 20 ha ) of land was transferred to the territorial government . The remaining 200 acres ( 81 ha ) of the island were purchased from the United States Department of the Interior in May 2005 for $10 , a transaction that marked the official change in jurisdiction . Hurricane Hugo struck the U.S. Virgin Islands in 1989 , causing catastrophic physical and economic damage , particularly on the island of St. Croix . The territory was again struck by Hurricane Marilyn in 1995 , killing eight people and causing more than $2 billion in damage . The islands were again struck by Hurricanes Bertha , Georges , Lenny , and Omar in 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , and 2008 , respectively , but damage was not as severe in those storms . In 2017 , Hurricane Irma caused catastrophic damage to St. John and St. Thomas ; just days later , Hurricane Maria 's eyewall crossed over St. Croix . Until February 2012 , the Hovensa plant located on St. Croix was one of the world 's largest petroleum refineries and contributed about 20 % of the territory 's GDP . The facility stopped exporting petroleum products in 2014 . In the final year of full refinery operations , the value of exported petroleum products was $12.7 billion ( 2011 fiscal year ) . After being shut down , it has operated as no more than an oil storage facility ; the closure had provoked a local economic crisis . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of the United States Virgin Islands A map of the United States Virgin Islands . The U.S. Virgin Islands are in the Atlantic Ocean , about 40 miles ( 60 km ) east of Puerto Rico and immediately west of the British Virgin Islands . They share the Virgin Islands Archipelago with the Puerto Rican Virgin Islands of Vieques and Culebra ( administered by Puerto Rico ) , and the British Virgin Islands . The territory consists of three main islands : Saint Thomas , Saint John , and Saint Croix , as well as several dozen smaller islands . The main islands have nicknames often used by locals : `` Twin City '' ( St. Croix ) , `` Rock City '' ( St. Thomas ) and `` Love City '' ( St. John ) . The combined land area of the islands is roughly twice the size of Washington , D.C. The U.S. Virgin Islands are known for their white sand beaches , including Magens Bay and Trunk Bay , and strategic harbors , including Charlotte Amalie and Christiansted . Like most Caribbean islands , the islands of the Virgin Islands , including Saint Thomas , are volcanic in origin and hilly . The highest point is Crown Mountain , Saint Thomas ( 1,555 ft or 474 m ) . Saint Croix , the largest of the U.S. Virgin Islands , lies to the south and has a flatter terrain due to being coral in origin . The National Park Service manages more than half of Saint John , nearly all of Hassel Island , and many acres of coral reef . ( See also Virgin Islands National Park , Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument , Buck Island Reef National Monument , Christiansted National Historic Site , and Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve . ) The U.S. Virgin Islands lie on the boundary of the North American plate and the Caribbean Plate . Natural hazards include earthquakes and hurricanes . Climate ( edit ) The United States Virgin Islands enjoy a tropical climate , with little seasonal change throughout the year . Rainfall is concentrated in the high sun period ( May through October ) , while in the winter the northeast trade winds prevail . Summer and winter high temperatures differ by 5 ° F ( 3 ° C ) or less on average . Main article : Climate of the United States Virgin Islands ( hide ) Climate data for Saint Thomas , Virgin Islands Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 93 ( 34 ) 93 ( 34 ) 94 ( 34 ) 96 ( 36 ) 97 ( 36 ) 99 ( 37 ) 98 ( 37 ) 99 ( 37 ) 98 ( 37 ) 97 ( 36 ) 95 ( 35 ) 92 ( 33 ) 99 ( 37 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 85 ( 29 ) 85 ( 29 ) 86 ( 30 ) 87 ( 31 ) 88 ( 31 ) 89 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 89 ( 32 ) 87 ( 31 ) 86 ( 30 ) 87.7 ( 30.9 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 72 ( 22 ) 73 ( 23 ) 73 ( 23 ) 74 ( 23 ) 76 ( 24 ) 78 ( 26 ) 78 ( 26 ) 78 ( 26 ) 78 ( 26 ) 77 ( 25 ) 75 ( 24 ) 74 ( 23 ) 75.5 ( 24.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 63 ( 17 ) 62 ( 17 ) 56 ( 13 ) 62 ( 17 ) 66 ( 19 ) 67 ( 19 ) 57 ( 14 ) 59 ( 15 ) 64 ( 18 ) 66 ( 19 ) 52 ( 11 ) 62 ( 17 ) 52 ( 11 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.38 ( 60.5 ) 1.48 ( 37.6 ) 1.42 ( 36.1 ) 2.74 ( 69.6 ) 3.06 ( 77.7 ) 2.53 ( 64.3 ) 2.85 ( 72.4 ) 3.74 ( 95 ) 5.58 ( 141.7 ) 5.42 ( 137.7 ) 5.23 ( 132.8 ) 2.96 ( 75.2 ) 39.39 ( 1,000.5 ) Source : weather.com Politics and government ( edit ) Main article : Politics of the United States Virgin Islands See also : Political party strength in the United States Virgin Islands This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Charlotte Amalie , St. Thomas , the Islands ' capital . Christiansted , the largest town on St. Croix . The U.S. Virgin Islands are an organized , unincorporated United States territory . Although they are U.S. citizens , U.S. Virgin Islanders residing in the territory are ineligible to vote for the President of the United States . They are , however , eligible to vote if they become residents of mainland U.S. states . The U.S. Democratic and Republican parties allow U.S. Virgin Islands citizens to vote in their presidential primary elections for delegates to the respective national conventions . People born in the U.S. Virgin Islands derive their U.S. citizenship from Congressional statute . The main political parties in the U.S. Virgin Islands are the Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands , the Independent Citizens Movement , and the Republican Party of the Virgin Islands . Additional candidates run as independents . At the national level , the U.S. Virgin Islands elect a delegate to Congress from their at - large congressional district . The elected delegate , while able to vote in committee , can not participate in floor votes . The current House of Representatives delegate is Stacey Plaskett . At the territorial level , fifteen senators -- seven from the district of Saint Croix , seven from the district of Saint Thomas and Saint John , and one senator at - large who must be a resident of Saint John -- are elected for two - year terms to the unicameral Virgin Islands Legislature . There is no limit as to the number of terms they can serve . The U.S. Virgin Islands have elected a territorial governor every four years since 1970 . Previous governors were appointed by the President of the United States . The U.S. Virgin Islands have a District Court , Superior Court and the Supreme Court . The District Court is responsible for federal law , while the Superior Court is responsible for U.S. Virgin Islands law at the trial level and the Supreme Court is responsible for appeals from the Superior Court for all appeals filed on or after January 29 , 2007 . Appeals filed prior to that date are heard by the Appellate Division of the District Court . Appeals from the federal District Court are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . District Court judges are appointed by the U.S. president , while Superior Court and Supreme Court judges are appointed by the governor . On October 21 , 1976 , President Gerald Ford signed Pub. L. 94 -- 584 authorizing the people of the United States Virgin Islands to organize a government pursuant to a constitution , which would be automatically approved if Congress did not act within 60 days . On May 26 , 2009 the U.S. Virgin Islands Fifth Constitutional Convention adopted a proposed Constitution of the Virgin Islands , which was submitted by President Barack Obama to Congress on March 1 , 2010 . On June 30 , 2010 , President Obama signed Pub. L. 111 -- 194 in which Congress rejected the proposed constitution and urged the constitutional convention to reconvene . As of early 2017 , the territory still did not have its own constitution . Little has been achieved on this front since 2009 when a proposed constitution was contested by the U.S. Justice Department on the grounds that the powers sought exceeded what would be considered allowable under territorial status . In September 2012 , the Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U.S. Virgin Islands was unable to come to a decision on the contents of a proposed constitution by the October 31 deadline . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Districts and sub-districts of the United States Virgin Islands Administratively , the U.S. Virgin Islands are divided into three ( 3 ) districts and twenty ( 20 ) sub-districts . Districts and sub-districts of the U.S. Virgin Islands Districts St. Thomas St. John St. Croix Sub-districts Charlotte Amalie East End Northside Southside Tutu Water Island West End Central Coral Bay Cruz Bay East End Anna 's Hope Village Christiansted East End Frederiksted Northcentral Northwest Sion Farm Southcentral Southwest While a Danish possession , the Islands were divided into `` quarters '' ( five on St. John and nine on St. Croix ) which were further divided into many dozens of `` estates '' . Estate names are still used to write addresses ; estates and quarters are used in describing real estate , especially on St. John and St. Croix . More densely populated towns such as Frederiksted and Christiansted on St. Croix were historically referred to as `` districts '' , in contrast to the surrounding plantation land . Self - determination ( edit ) A 1993 referendum on status attracted only 31.4 % turnout , and so its results ( in favor of the status quo ) were considered void . No further referenda have been scheduled since . In 2004 , the 25th Legislature of the Virgin Islands established the Fifth Constitutional Convention , a constitutional convention gathered in order to draft a new constitution . In June 2009 , Governor John de Jongh , Jr. rejected the resulting constitutional draft , saying the terms of the document would `` violate federal law , fail to defer to federal sovereignty and disregard basic civil rights . '' A lawsuit filed by members of the Convention to force Governor de Jongh to forward the document to President Barack Obama was ultimately successful . The President of the United States forwarded the proposal to Congress -- which then had 60 days to approve or reject the document -- in May 2010 , along with a report noting concerns raised by the U.S. Department of Justice and restating the issues noted by Governor de Jongh . A U.S. Congressional resolution disapproving of the proposed constitution and requesting that the Fifth Constitutional Convention reconvene to consider changes to address these issues was signed into law by President Obama on June 30 , 2010 . Months later , a federal lawsuit was filed in the Federal District Court of the Virgin Islands in 2011 . The lawsuit claimed that the United States had to provide U.S. Virgin Islanders with the ability to be represented in Congress and vote for U.S. President . The case is Civil No. 3 : 11 - cv - 110 , Charles v. U.S. Federal Elections Commission et al. ( 3 : 11 - cv - 00110 - AET - RM ) . It alleged that racial discrimination present in an all - white and segregated U.S. Congress of 1917 was the impetus to deny the right to vote to a majority non-white constituency . The case was ultimately dismissed and closed on August 16 , 2012 by District Judge Anne E. Thompson from the Federal District Court of the Virgin Islands , Division of St. Croix . The Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U.S. Virgin Islands met in October 2012 but was not able to produce a revised Constitution before its October 31 deadline . In 2016 , the United Nations 's Special Committee on Decolonisation recommended to the UN 's General Assembly that this larger body should assist in `` decolonization '' and help the people of the territory to `` determine freely their future political status '' . Specifically , the Special Committee recommended that the `` views of the people of the United States Virgin Islands in respect of their right to self - determination should be ascertained '' and that the UN should `` actively pursue a public awareness campaign aimed at assisting the people of the United States Virgin Islands with their inalienable right to self - determination and in gaining a better understanding of the options for self - determination '' . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of the United States Virgin Islands Magens Bay , St. Thomas . A 2012 Economic report from the US Census Bureau indicated a total of 2,414 business establishments generating $6.8 billion in sales , employing 32,465 people and paying $1.1 billion in payroll per year . Between 2007 and 2012 , sales declined by $12.6 billion , or 64.9 percent . ( In 2007 , total sales were $19.5 billion and the number employed was 35,300 . ) According to a report on the first half of 2016 by the VI Bureau of Economic Research , the unemployment rate was 11.5 percent . In May 2016 the islands ' Bureau of Economic Research indicated that there were 37,613 non-agricultural wage and salary jobs in the islands . This report states that the `` leisure and hospitality sector '' employed an average of 7,333 people . The retail trade sector , which also serves many tourists , averaged another 5,913 jobs . Other categories which also include some tourism jobs include Arts and Entertainment ( 792 jobs ) , Accommodation and Food ( 6,541 jobs ) , Accommodation ( 3755 jobs ) , Food Services and Drink ( 2,766 jobs ) . A large percentage of the 37,613 non-farm workers are employed in dealing with tourists . Serving the local population is also part of the role of these sectors . Personal income ( edit ) The median income for a household in the territory was $24,704 , and the median income for a family was $28,553 according to the 2010 Census . Males had a median income of $28,309 versus $22,601 for females . The per capita income for the territory was $13,139 . About 28.7 % of families and 32.5 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 41.7 % of those less than 18 years old and 29.8 % of those 65 or more years old . Nearly 70 % of adults had at least a high school diploma and 19.2 % had a bachelor 's degree or higher . Financial challenges ( edit ) Analysts reviewing the economy often point to the closure of the HOVENSA oil refinery , the islands ' largest private sector employer , in early 2012 as having a major negative impact on the territory 's economy . In late 2013 , the Reserve Bank of New York 's Research and Statistics Group pointed out that manufacturing employment dropped by 50 percent in May 2012 , and by another 4 percent by November 2012 , and that the GDP fell by 13 percent , `` mainly due to an 80 percent drop - off in exports ( mostly refined petroleum ) '' . On the other hand , tourism and some other service industries were growing . As well , the 2010 census indicated that a relatively high share of the adult population is in the labor force : 66 percent , versus 65 percent on the mainland and well below 50 percent in Puerto Rico . The bottom line in this report however is that `` it may also be worthwhile to look at the physical infrastructure and human capital built up over the years , with an eye toward using it for other types of productive economic activity '' . A May 2016 report by Bloomberg expressed concern about the islands ' tax - supported debt load . By January 23 , 2017 this had increased to $2 billion . That translated to a per capita debt of $19,000 , which was higher than the per capita debt in Puerto Rico which was undergoing a severe financial crisis at the time . A Debtwire analyst writing in Forbes indicated that nothing short of a miracle would prevent a financial collapse . Another area of concern was the structural budget deficit which was at $110 million in mid February 2017 . The government instituted a new law in March 2017 with new or increased taxes on rum , beer , tobacco products and sugary drinks , as well as internet purchases and timeshare unit owners . Tourism ( edit ) Tourism , trade , and other service - oriented industries are the primary economic activities , accounting for nearly 60 % of the GDP . Approximately 2.5 million tourists per year visit , most arriving on cruise ships . Such visitors do not spend large amounts of money ( $146.70 each on average ) but as a group , they contributed $339.8 million to the economy in 2012 . However , the travel industry warned in late 2014 that work needs to be done for USVI tourism practices to meet 21st century demands . `` The needs of the community and the tourists may be diametrically opposed ; however , for tourism to flourish cooperation is a necessity . From reduced energy costs to increased educational opportunities , from improved healthcare to a continued reduction in crime , these and many other challenges must be tackled . There is only now . '' Additionally , the islands frequently are a starting point for private yacht charters to the neighboring British Virgin Islands . Euromonitor indicates that over 50 percent of the workforce is employed in some tourism - related work . Manufacturing ( edit ) The manufacturing sector consists of mainly rum distilling . The agricultural sector is small , with most food being imported . International business and financial services are a small but growing component of the economy . Most energy is also generated from imported oil , leading to electricity costs four to five times higher than the U.S. mainland . The Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority also uses imported energy to operate its desalination facilities to provide fresh water . Government ( edit ) The CIA 's World Factbook lists the value of federal programs and grants -- $241.4 million in 2013 , 19.7 % of the territory 's total revenues -- and that `` the economy remains relatively diversified . Along with the tourist industry , it appears that rum exports , trade , and services will be major income sources in future years '' . Military ( edit ) There are some military facilities and personnel on the islands , supported by the United States government : United States Army Reserve Virgin Islands Army National Guard Virgin Islands Air National Guard -- -- stationed at St Croix ANGS Virgin Islands Army National Guard -- stationed at St Croix ANGS Lionel A. Jackson Readiness Center -- shared facility for Army and Air units Although a public airport , Henry E. Rohlsen Airport has serviced aircraft from the United States Air Force , as well as the United States Army . The U.S. Virgin Islands are located in the Atlantic Standard Time zone and do not participate in daylight saving time . When the mainland United States is on Standard Time , the U.S. Virgin Islands are one hour ahead of Eastern Standard Time . When the mainland United States is on daylight saving time , Eastern Daylight Time is the same as Atlantic Standard Time . The U.S. Virgin Islands are an independent customs territory from the mainland United States and operate largely as a free port . U.S. citizens thus do not have to clear customs when arriving in the U.S. Virgin Islands , but do when traveling to the mainland . Local residents are not subject to U.S. federal income taxes on U.S. Virgin Islands source income ; they pay taxes to the territory equal to what their federal taxes would be if they lived in a state . Transportation and communications ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in the United States Virgin Islands The Henry E. Rohlsen International Airport serves St. Croix and the Cyril E. King International Airport serves St. Thomas and St. John . The U.S. Virgin Islands is the only U.S. jurisdiction that drives on the left . This was inherited from what was then - current practice on the islands at the time of the 1917 transfer of the territory to the United States from Denmark . However , because most cars in the territory are imported from the mainland United States , the cars in the territory are left - hand drive . As in other U.S. territories , U.S. Virgin Islands mail service is handled by the United States Postal Service , using the two - character state code `` VI '' for domestic mail delivery . ZIP codes are in the 008xx range . As of January 2010 , specifically assigned codes include 00801 -- 00805 ( St Thomas ) , 00820 -- 00824 ( Christiansted ) , 00830 -- 00831 ( St John ) , 00840 -- 00841 ( Frederiksted ) , and 00850 -- 00851 ( Kingshill ) . The islands are part of the North American Numbering Plan , using area code 340 , and island residents and visitors are able to call most toll - free U.S. numbers . Demographics ( edit ) See also : Demographics of the United States Virgin Islands Trunk Bay , St. John . Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1970 62,468 -- 1980 96,569 + 54.6 % 101,809 + 5.4 % 2000 108,612 + 6.7 % 106,405 − 2.0 % In 2010 the U.S. Virgin Islands had a population of 106,405 . There are 40,648 households , and 26,636 families . In 2010 there were 40,648 households out of which 34.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 33.2 % were married couples living together , 24.9 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 34.5 % were non-families. 30.2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 6.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.34 . In the territory , the population in 2010 was distributed with 31.6 % under the age of 18 , 8.0 % from 18 to 24 , 27.1 % from 25 to 44 , 24.9 % from 45 to 64 , and 8.4 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 33 years . For every 100 females , there were 91.4 males . For every 100 females ages 18 and up , there were 87.7 males . The annual population growth is − 0.12 % . The literacy rate for the adult population was 94.9 % in 2010 . Ethnic groups ( edit ) The racial makeup of the U.S. Virgin Islands was : Black or Afro - Caribbean : 76.0 % ( 66.1 % Non-Hispanic Black ) White : 15.7 % ( 13.5 % Non-Hispanic Whites ) Asian : 1.4 % Mixed : 2.1 % Other : 4.5 % Hispanic or Latino of any race : 17.4 % ( 10.3 % Puerto Rican , 5.4 % Dominican ) Many residents can trace their ancestry to other Caribbean islands , especially Puerto Rico and the Lesser Antilles . The territory is largely Afro - Caribbean in origin . Languages ( edit ) English is currently the dominant language and Spanish is spoken by about 17 % of the population . Other languages are spoken by 11 % of the population . English has been the predominant language since 1917 when the islands were transferred from Denmark to the United States . Under Danish rule , the official language was Danish , but it was solely the language of administration and spoken by Danes , a tiny minority of the overall population that primarily occupied administrative roles in colonial Danish West Indian society . However , place names and surnames of Denmark - Norway origins still remain among natives . Although the U.S. Virgin Islands was a Danish possession during most of its colonial history , Danish never was a spoken language among the populace , black or white , as the majority of plantation and slave owners were of Dutch , English , Scottish or Irish descent . Even during Danish ownership , Dutch was more common , at least during some of those 245 years , specifically on St. Thomas and St. John . In St. Croix , English was the dominant language . St. Croix was owned by the French until 1733 when the island was sold to the Danish West Indian and Guinea Company . By 1741 there were five times as many English on the island as Danes . English Creole emerged on St. Croix more so than Dutch Creole , which was more popular on St. Thomas and St. John . Other languages spoken in the Danish West Indies included Irish , Scots , Spanish , and French , as well as Virgin Islands English Creole . Virgin Islands Creole English , an English - based creole locally known as `` dialect '' , is spoken in informal situations . The form of Virgin Islands Creole spoken on St. Croix , known as Crucian , is slightly different from that spoken on St. Thomas and St. John . Because the U.S. Virgin Islands are home to thousands of immigrants from across the Caribbean , Spanish and various French creole languages are also widely spoken . As of the 2000 census , 25.3 % of persons over the age of five speak a language other than English at home . Spanish is spoken by 16.8 % of the population and French is spoken by 6.6 % . Religion ( edit ) Religions : in the United States Virgin Islands ( 2010 ) Protestant ( 65.5 % ) Roman Catholic ( 27.1 % ) Other Christian ( 1.8 % ) Unaffiliated ( 3.7 % ) Other religion ( 1.9 % ) Christianity is the dominant religion in the U.S. Virgin Islands . According to Pew Research Center , 94.8 % of the population was Christian in 2010 . Baptist , Roman Catholic and Episcopalian were the largest denominations in the 2010 Census . Protestantism is the most widespread of the religious categories , reflecting the territory 's Danish and Norwegian colonial heritage and more recently , it being a part of the United States . There is also a strong Roman Catholic presence . Rastafari is also prevalent . Saint Thomas is home to one of the oldest Jewish communities in the Western Hemisphere as Sephardic Jews began to settle the island in the 18th century as traders and merchants . The St. Thomas Synagogue in Charlotte Amalie is the second oldest synagogue on American soil and oldest in terms of continuous usage . Health ( edit ) In 2010 , the national average life expectancy was 79.61 years . It was 76.57 years for men and 82.83 for women . Education ( edit ) The United States Virgin Islands Department of Education serves as the territory 's education agency , and has two school districts : St. Thomas - St. John School District and St. Croix School District . The University of the Virgin Islands provides higher education leading to associate 's , bachelor 's , and master 's degrees , with campuses on St. Thomas and St. Croix . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of the Virgin Islands The culture of the Virgin Islands reflects the various people that have inhabited the present - day U.S. Virgin Islands and British Virgin Islands , both despite their political separation having kept close cultural ties . The culture derives chiefly from West African , European and American cultures , in addition to the influences from the immigrants from the Arab world , India and other Caribbean islands . The island was strongly influenced by the Dutch , French and Danish during the periods of control the island were under these powers . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of the Virgin Islands Main article : Virgin Islands Creole English Media ( edit ) The islands have a number of AM and FM radio stations ( mostly on St. Thomas and St. Croix ) broadcasting music , religious , and news programming . ( See List of radio stations in U.S. Territories . ) Full and low - power television stations are split between St. Thomas and St. Croix . ( See List of television stations in the U.S. Virgin Islands . ) Newspapers include : The Avis , printed daily on St. Croix . The Virgin Islands Daily News , printed daily on St. Thomas . St. John Tradewinds , distributed weekly on St. John . St. Thomas -- St. John This Week , online only . St. Thomas Source , online only . St. Croix Source , online only . St. John On Island Times , news and information on St John , USVI . Public holidays ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in the United States Virgin Islands January 1 : New Years Day January 6 : Three Kings Day January ( third Monday ) : Martin Luther King , Jr . Day February ( third Monday ) : President 's Day March 31 : Transfer Day ( celebrates the transfer of the islands from Denmark to the U.S. ) April : Holy Thursday , Good Friday , Easter Monday May : Memorial Day July 3 : Emancipation Day July 4 : U.S. Independence Day September ( first Monday ) : Labor Day October ( second Monday ) : Virgin Islands Puerto Rico Friendship Day / Columbus Day November 1 : D. Hamilton Jackson Day ( also known as `` Liberty Day '' , or `` Bull and Bread Day '' ) November 11 : Veteran 's Day November ( fourth Thursday ) : Thanksgiving Day December 25 : Christmas December 26 : Christmas Second Day ( also known as `` Boxing Day '' ) Virgin Islands government employees are also given administrative leave for St. Croix carnival events in January and St. Thomas carnival events in April / May . See also ( edit ) Caribbean portal United States portal Outline of the United States Virgin Islands Index of United States Virgin Islands - related articles Bibliography of the United States Virgin Islands References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands - 2010 Census Results '' ( PDF ) . census.gov . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product Per Capita for U.S. Virgin Islands '' . 5 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CIA -- The World Factbook - US Virgin Islands '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 2010 Population Counts for the U.S. Virgin Islands Archived November 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Baribeau , Simone ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` United States Virgin Islands Risks Capsizing Under Weight Of Debt '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . How far behind is the United States Virgin Islands ( USVI ) from facing the same sort of financial crisis as Puerto Rico ? Not very . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ernice ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` GOVERNMENT HAS TWO DAYS CASH ON HAND LEFT , FINANCE COMMISSIONER REVEALS '' . VI Consortium . VI Consortium . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Danish West Indies , 1666 -- 1917 '' . Danish National Archives . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands History '' . VI Now . VInow.com. 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . In the Danish West Indies slaves labored mainly on sugar plantations . Cotton , indigo and other crops were also grown . Sugar mills and plantations dotted the islands hilly landscapes . Each islands economy prospered through sugar plantations and slave trading . While St. John and St. Croix maintained a plantation economy , St. Thomas developed into a prosperous center of trade . Slave rebellion on St. John and St. Croix are well documented . Legitimate trade and business on St. Thomas influenced a different society where many more slaves were given freedom and an opportunity outside of plantation life . ^ Jump up to : A Brief History of the Danish West Indies , 1666 -- 1917 , Danish National Archives Jump up ^ Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies Archived July 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , 39 Stat. 1706 Jump up ^ Transfer Day , Royal Danish Consulate , United States Virgin Islands Jump up ^ United States Department of the Interior ( 1934 ) . Annual Report of the Department of the Interior 1934 . U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ various United States governmental bureaus ( 1950 ) . Statistical Abstract of the United States . U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Poinski , Megan . `` Water Island appears frozen in time , but big plans run under the surface -- V.I. says land acquired from the feds is about to undergo large - scale improvements '' . The Virgin Islands Daily News , November 18 , 2005 , online edition . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel Shea ( Daily News Staff ) ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` HOVENSA closing -- News '' . Virgin Islands Daily News . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Slawych , Diane . `` Love is in the air '' . CANOE.ca . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Average Conditions Saint Thomas , VI '' . weather.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential election in the U.S. Virgin Islands , 2016 '' . Ballotpedia . Ballotpedia . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Legislature of the Virgin Islands '' . Ballotpedia . Ballotpedia . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corbin , Dr. Carlyle G. ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Choose or Lose : U.S. Virgin Islands in 2017 '' . Pacific Island Times . Pacific Island Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mattei , Lou , Virgin Islands Daily News ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Constitutional Convention Meeting Marred by Arguments , Technical Snarls '' . High Beam Research . Cengage Learning . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lou Mattei ( Daily News Staff ) ( September 29 , 2012 ) . `` Constitutional Convention meeting marred by arguments , technical snarls -- News '' . Virgin Islands Daily News . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St John Map of Estates on St John US Virgin Islands Real Estate '' . American Paradise . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Virgin Islands Maps -- Map of St. Croix Condos '' . American-virgin-islands.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poinski , Megan , `` Governor Rejects Constitution Draft '' , article in The Virgin Islands Daily News , June 13 , 2009 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Office of the White House Press Secretary ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Statement by the Press Secretary on S.J. Res. 33 '' . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USVI Constitutional Convention mandated to reconsider autonomous proposals '' . Virgin Islands News Online . June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion '' ( PDF ) , Charles v. U.S. Federal Election Commission et . al. ( Court Filing ) , D.V.I. , No. 3 : 11 - cv - 00110 ( Docket 18 ) , Aug 20 , 2012 , retrieved Jul 25 , 2017 -- via Recap `` Order '' ( PDF ) , Charles v. U.S. Federal Election Commission et . al. ( Court Filing ) , D.V.I. , No. 3 : 11 - cv - 00110 ( Docket 19 ) , Aug 20 , 2012 , retrieved Jul 25 , 2017 -- via Recap Jump up ^ Lou Mattei ( Daily News Staff ) ( September 29 , 2012 ) . `` Constitutional Convention meeting marred by arguments , technical snarls -- News '' . Virgin Islands Daily News . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mattei , Lou ; Virgin Islands Daily News ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Constitutional Convention Meeting Marred by Arguments , Technical Snarls '' . High Beam Research . Cengage Learning . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Special Committee on Decolonisation ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Question of the U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Overseas Review . Overseas Review . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Recognizing that the specific characteristics and the aspirations of the people of the United States Virgin Islands require flexible , practical and innovative approaches to the options for self - determination , without any prejudice to territorial size , geographical location , size of population or natural resources Jump up ^ `` Economic Census Shows the U.S. Virgin Islands Generated $6.8 Billion in Sales in 2012 '' . US Census . Department of Commerce . July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Finder '' . US Census . Department of Commerce . 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bram , Jason ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` A Long Road to Economic Recovery for the U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Liberty Street Economics . Retrieved Liberty Street Economics . Looking ahead , we note that the tropical weather and picturesque beaches will continue to draw tourists , and natural resources bode well for rum production . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chappatta , Brian ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` More in Debt Than Puerto Rico , the Virgin Islands Rejects Rescue '' . Bloomberg . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ernice ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` FINANCIAL CRISIS : MAPP EXECUTIVE ORDER SUSPENDS HIRING , TRAVEL , WAGE NEGOTIATIONS AND LIMITS USE OF GOV 'T VEHICLES '' . VI Consortium . VI Consortium . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sin Tax is Now Law '' . NewsofStJohn.com . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Garely , Dr. Elinor ( November 9 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : The Honorable Beverly Nicholson - Doty , Commissioner of Tourism , United States Virgin Islands '' . E Turbo News . eTurboNews , Inc . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Dr. Elinor Garely , Editor - in - Chief , TourismExecutives.com Jump up ^ `` Travel and Tourism in US Virgin Islands '' . Euromonitor . Euromonitor. 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew ( February 19 , 2012 ) . `` USVI , NREL Partner to Reduce Fossil FuelS 60 % by 2025 '' . CleanTechnica . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority ( WAPA ) '' . Viwapa.vi . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Central America and Caribbean -- VIRGIN ISLANDS -- Economy '' . CIA . CIA . 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. INSULAR AREAS , Application of the U.S. Constitution '' ( PDF ) . U.S. General Accounting Office . November 1997 : 37 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . US federal individual and corporate income taxes as such are not currently imposed in US insular areas . ^ Jump up to : `` Virgin Islands Tourist Tips '' . Here.VI Search . WebMastersVI.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official USPS Abbreviations '' . United States Postal Service . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virgin Islands General Information '' . United States Postal Service . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2009 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` St Thomas , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Christiansted , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` St John , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frederiksted , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kingshill , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2010 News U.S. Census Bureau Releases 2010 Census Population Counts for the U.S. Virgin Islands '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Pew Research . Pew Research . 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2010 News U.S. Census Bureau Releases 2010 Census Ethnic Counts for the U.S. Virgin Islands '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Demographics '' . VI Moving Center . VI Moving Center . 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Resource : 2010 United States Census of Population and Housing Jump up ^ An introduction to pidgins and creoles -- John A. Holm Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Language '' . Vinow . VI Now . 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . St. Croix was owned by the French until 1733 when the Danes bought it . By 1741 there were five times as many English on the island as Danes . English Creole emerged on St. Croix more so than Dutch Creole , which was more popular on St. Thomas and St. John . Jump up ^ Detailed Tables -- American FactFinder Archived November 10 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . United States Census Bureau Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Îles Vierges américaines . Tlfq.ulaval.ca . Retrieved on July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Virgin Islands Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Pew Research . Pew Research . 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Demographics '' . VI Moving Center . VI Moving Center . 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Resource : 2010 United States Census of Population and Housing Jump up ^ `` Chabad Lubavitch Jewish Center of the Virgin Islands -- Your Soul Resort In America 's paradise '' . Jewishvirginislands.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Pew Research . Pew Research . 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home . '' U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Education . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Go to the `` Schools '' tab and two school districts are listed . Jump up ^ `` Life in Denmark and 2017 centennial in St. Thomas of U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Daily News virginislandsdailynews.com A Pulitzer Prize Winning Newspaper , Virgin Islands Guide , Virgin Islands InfoVirgin Islands Daily News '' . Dailynews.vi . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Frontpage '' . Stjohntradewindsnews.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Island Vacation Guide -- What to Do , Restaurants , Hotels in St Thomas & St John '' . virginislandsthisweek.com . Jump up ^ `` St. Thomas Source '' . Jump up ^ `` St. Croix Source '' . Jump up ^ `` St John On Island Times '' . St John On Island Times . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutUnited States Virgin Islandsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity VI.gov or Gov.vi -- Official government website Governor 's Website Office of the Lieutenant Governor `` Virgin Islands '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . U.S. Census Bureau : Island Areas Census 2000 United States Virgin Islands at UCB Libraries GovPubs United States Virgin Islands at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Wikimedia Atlas of the United States Virgin Islands Real - time , geographic and other scientific resources of Virgin Islands at the United States Geological Survey . 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-4833652291335574600 | List of National Basketball Association single-game scoring leaders | List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have scored 60 or more points in a game . This feat has been accomplished 67 times in NBA history . Twenty - three different players have scored 60 or more points in a game . Only four players have scored 60 or more points on more than one occasion : Wilt Chamberlain ( 32 times ) , Kobe Bryant ( 6 times ) , Michael Jordan ( 5 times ) , and Elgin Baylor ( 4 times ) . Jordan ( 63 ) and Baylor ( 61 ) are the only players to score at least 60 points in a game during the playoffs , each accomplishing this once . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Key ( edit ) Denotes player who is currently active in the NBA * Denotes player who has been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Occurred in playoff competition Player 's team lost the game MP Minutes played FGM Field goals made FGA Field goal attempts 3PM 3 - point field goals made 3PA 3 - point field goal attempts DNP Did not play FTM Free throws made FTA Free throw attempts List ( edit ) Rank Points Player Date 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Team Opponent Score MP FGM FGA 3PM 3PA FTM FTA Notes Ref . Scoring by quarter 100 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1962 23 18 28 31 Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 169 -- 147 48 36 63 -- -- 28 32 81 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002006 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2006 14 12 27 28 Los Angeles Lakers Toronto Raptors 122 -- 104 41 : 56 28 46 7 13 18 20 78 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 147 -- 151 63 31 62 -- -- 16 31 73 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135 -- 117 48 29 48 -- -- 15 25 73 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 127 -- 111 48 29 43 -- -- 15 19 73 Thompson , David David Thompson * 000000001978 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1978 32 21 9 11 Denver Nuggets Detroit Pistons 137 -- 139 43 28 38 -- -- 17 20 7 72 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 115 -- 127 -- 29 48 -- -- 14 18 8 71 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001960 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1960 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 123 -- 108 45 28 48 -- -- 15 18 71 Robinson , David David Robinson * 000000001994 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1994 18 6 19 28 San Antonio Spurs Los Angeles Clippers 112 -- 97 44 26 41 18 25 10 70 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 148 -- 163 48 27 38 -- -- 16 22 70 Booker , Devin Devin Booker ^ March 24 , 2017 10 9 23 28 Phoenix Suns Boston Celtics 120 -- 130 45 21 40 11 24 26 12 69 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001990 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1990 16 15 20 18 Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers 117 -- 113 50 23 37 6 21 23 13 68 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001967 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1967 14 15 15 24 Philadelphia 76ers Chicago Bulls 143 -- 123 -- 30 40 -- -- 8 22 68 Maravich , Pete Pete Maravich * 000000001977 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1977 17 14 17 20 New Orleans Jazz New York Knicks 124 -- 107 43 26 43 -- -- 16 19 15 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135 -- 126 -- 27 37 -- -- 13 17 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 121 -- 128 48 26 44 -- -- 15 20 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135 -- 149 48 25 38 -- -- 17 22 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 129 -- 134 -- 28 47 -- -- 11 17 19 66 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001969 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1969 17 17 22 10 Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns 134 -- 116 48 29 35 -- -- 8 18 20 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Cincinnati Royals 132 -- 152 48 24 40 -- -- 17 30 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 147 -- 137 48 25 43 -- -- 15 20 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001966 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 1966 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia 76ers Los Angeles Lakers 132 -- 125 -- 28 43 -- -- 9 20 65 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002007 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2007 19 9 24 Los Angeles Lakers Portland Trail Blazers 116 -- 111 49 : 58 23 39 8 12 11 12 24 64 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001959 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1959 13 12 17 22 Minneapolis Lakers Boston Celtics 136 -- 115 -- 25 47 -- -- 14 19 64 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * 000000001974 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1974 -- -- 23 22 Golden State Warriors Portland Trail Blazers 143 -- 120 43 30 45 -- -- 5 64 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001993 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1993 22 8 11 16 Chicago Bulls Orlando Magic 124 -- 128 47 27 49 5 9 11 27 63 Fulks , Joe Joe Fulks * 000000001949 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1949 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Indianapolis Jets 108 -- 87 -- 27 56 -- -- 9 14 63 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001961 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers Philadelphia Warriors 151 -- 147 -- 23 55 -- -- 17 24 63 West , Jerry Jerry West * 000000001962 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 129 -- 121 39 22 36 -- -- 19 22 63 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 118 -- 120 -- 24 41 -- -- 15 20 63 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001964 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 1964 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 117 -- 128 -- 27 58 -- -- 9 20 63 Gervin , George George Gervin * 000000001978 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1978 20 33 10 DNP San Antonio Spurs New Orleans Jazz 132 -- 153 33 23 49 -- -- 17 20 63 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001986 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1986 17 6 13 18 Chicago Bulls Boston Celtics 131 -- 135 53 22 41 0 0 19 21 34 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Boston Celtics 136 -- 145 48 27 45 -- -- 8 10 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 136 -- 130 53 24 48 -- -- 14 20 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Syracuse Nationals 139 -- 132 53 25 42 -- -- 12 17 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 123 -- 103 -- 27 44 -- -- 8 17 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001964 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1964 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 122 -- 106 -- 26 44 -- -- 10 21 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001966 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1966 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia 76ers San Francisco Warriors 135 -- 125 -- 26 39 -- -- 10 19 62 McGrady , Tracy Tracy McGrady * 000000002004 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 2004 7 21 24 10 Orlando Magic Washington Wizards 108 -- 99 45 : 50 20 37 5 14 17 26 62 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002005 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2005 15 17 30 DNP Los Angeles Lakers Dallas Mavericks 112 -- 90 32 : 53 18 31 10 22 25 62 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ 000000002014 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2014 20 17 19 6 New York Knicks Charlotte Bobcats 125 -- 96 38 : 39 23 35 6 11 10 10 43 61 Mikan , George George Mikan * 000000001952 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1952 18 18 -- -- Minneapolis Lakers Rochester Royals 91 -- 81 -- 22 45 -- -- 17 21 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135 -- 113 48 28 48 -- -- 5 10 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 139 -- 121 48 21 36 -- -- 19 34 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 128 -- 119 48 24 46 -- -- 13 17 61 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001962 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1962 18 15 13 15 Los Angeles Lakers Boston Celtics 126 -- 121 -- 22 46 -- -- 17 19 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 139 -- 143 -- 27 52 -- -- 7 15 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 136 -- 124 -- 27 57 -- -- 7 11 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors St. Louis Hawks 130 -- 110 -- 26 53 -- -- 9 14 61 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001987 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1987 14 10 7 26 Chicago Bulls Detroit Pistons 125 -- 120 43 22 39 0 0 17 18 61 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001987 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1987 15 17 16 13 Chicago Bulls Atlanta Hawks 114 -- 117 41 22 38 0 17 21 61 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * 000000001990 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1990 17 13 20 11 Utah Jazz Milwaukee Bucks 144 -- 96 33 21 26 0 0 19 23 61 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 000000002000 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2000 10 16 16 19 Los Angeles Lakers Los Angeles Clippers 123 -- 103 44 : 52 24 35 0 0 13 22 61 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002009 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2009 18 16 12 15 Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 126 -- 117 36 : 48 19 31 6 20 20 61 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 000000002014 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 2014 11 13 25 12 Miami Heat Charlotte Bobcats 124 -- 107 41 : 12 22 33 8 10 9 12 57 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 138 -- 117 48 22 47 -- -- 16 26 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 123 -- 118 48 24 43 -- -- 12 19 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001969 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1969 18 9 10 23 Los Angeles Lakers Cincinnati Royals 126 -- 113 -- 22 36 -- -- 16 24 60 King , Bernard Bernard King * 000000001984 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 1984 21 19 11 9 New York Knicks New Jersey Nets 114 -- 120 41 19 30 0 0 22 26 60 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 000000001985 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1985 12 11 19 18 Boston Celtics Atlanta Hawks 126 -- 115 43 22 36 15 16 60 Chambers , Tom Tom Chambers 000000001990 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1990 14 21 14 11 Phoenix Suns Seattle SuperSonics 121 -- 95 42 22 32 0 0 16 18 60 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * 000000002005 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2005 17 12 11 20 Philadelphia 76ers Orlando Magic 112 -- 99 42 : 01 17 36 5 24 27 60 Arenas , Gilbert Gilbert Arenas 000000002006 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2006 12 5 12 15 Washington Wizards Los Angeles Lakers 147 -- 141 49 : 00 17 32 5 12 21 27 60 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002007 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2007 13 11 19 17 Los Angeles Lakers Memphis Grizzlies 121 -- 119 45 : 11 20 37 7 17 18 60 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002016 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 2016 15 7 15 23 Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz 101 -- 96 42 22 50 6 21 10 12 60 Klay Thompson ^ December 5 , 2016 17 23 20 DNP Golden State Warriors Indiana Pacers 142 -- 106 29 21 33 8 14 10 11 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal NBA regular season records List of National Basketball Association single - game playoff scoring leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 60 or more points in a game List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game Notes ( edit ) Chamberlain set the following , still - standing ( as of the 2016 - 17 season ) single - game NBA records : points scored ( 100 ) , points scored in a half ( 59 ) , shots made ( 36 ) , shots attempted ( 63 ) , and free throws made ( 28 ) . Also set a then - record for points scored in a quarter ( 31 ) . Last game in a streak in which Chamberlain scored 60 points or more in four straight games . Game played at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Outscored the Raptors 55 - 41 in the second half . Led Lakers from an 18 - point deficit . Bryant was in the middle of a free throw scoring streak which came to an end at 62 . Scored 28 of the Lakers ' 31 points in the fourth quarter . Scored 19 consecutive Laker points between the end of the first half and the middle of the third quarter . 3 OT ; set a then - record for points in a game . Most points scored in a losing effort . Also recorded 43 rebounds . Set a then - record for points in a regulation game . Most points scored in an opposing arena . Last game of the season ; George Gervin scored 63 on the same night to win the scoring title by a . 07 margin . Set a then - record for points in a game . Last game of regular season to win a scoring title over Shaquille O'Neal . Youngest player to score at least 60 points in a game . 8 points in overtime . OT victory ; also recorded his regular season career - high for rebounds in this game with 18 . Last time Chamberlain scored 60 . Scored basket that sent game in OT . Scored nine in extra period . Set a then - record for points in a game . Scored 7 points in OT . Pre-shot clock era ; set a then - record for points in a game . 3 OT . Scored a then - record 33 points in the second quarter . Lost game but won the scoring title on last game of the season over David Thompson . NBA Playoffs record . 5 points in first OT , 4 points in second OT . OT ; Game played at Detroit , Michigan . OT ; Game played at Utica , New York . Sat out the fourth quarter ; outscored Dallas alone through three quarters , 62 -- 61 . Anthony made a half - court buzzer - beater at the end of the first half . 2 OT ; Mikan scored 67 % of his team 's points . NBA Finals record ( game 5 victory ) ; most points in a regulation playoff game . Scored four points in OT . Part of a streak in which Jordan scored 50 or more points in three consecutive games to become the only player besides Wilt Chamberlain with a 3,000 point season . On his 28th birthday . Made his first 8 three - pointers . Chamberlain 's seventh straight 50 + point game ( an NBA record ) and 13th straight 40 + point game ( he would push this streak to 14 the next evening ) . Game played at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Game played at Cleveland , Ohio . Scored last basket at the buzzer . Game played at Lakefront Arena in New Orleans , Louisiana . Scored 16 of his team 's 21 points in OT , setting an NBA record . 3rd game of a four - game 50 + streak ; Bryant 's 50 + streak exceeded only by Chamberlain 's streaks of seven ( twice ) , six , and five ( four times ) . Final game of Bryant 's career . Oldest player to score 60 . Sat out the fourth quarter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawrence , Mitch . `` Chamberlain 's feats the stuff of legend '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` This Date in History - March '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ hoophall.com ( 2007 - 02 - 10 ) . `` The Story Behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt 's 100 - Point Game Box Score '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain 1961 - 62 game log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 - point game second only to Wilt '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors @ Los Angeles Lakers Box Score '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 point game highlights '' . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain 1962 - 63 game log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ROBINSON GETS 71 , SCORING TITLE '' . Chicago Tribune . April 25 , 1994 . p . C10 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Wins Title with 71 Big Ones '' . The Washington Post . April 25 , 1994 . p . B8 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball ; 69 Points F > or Jordan '' . The New York Times . March 29 , 1990 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( March 29 , 1990 ) . `` Jordan pours in 69 His ` best game ever ' beats Cavs in OT '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan top rebounding regular season games '' . Basketball - Reference . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Trail Blazers @ Los Angeles Lakers - Friday , March 16th , 2007 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Povtak , Tim ( January 17 , 1993 ) . `` Jordan 's 64 ca n't stop Magic Anderson steals show in overtime '' . Orlando Sentinel . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mac has first 60 - point game since 2000 '' . ESPN.com . March 10 , 2004 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards @ Orlando Magic - Wednesday , March 10th , 2004 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Kobe 's night as Mavs have no answers '' . ESPN.com . December 20 , 2005 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Mavericks @ Los Angeles Lakers - Tuesday , December 20th , 2005 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats at Knicks - Game Preview , Play - by - Play , Scores and Recap on NBA.com '' . ESPN.com . January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Lights Up Silverdome With 61 Points '' . Jump up ^ `` MICHAEL JORDAN : 61 pts vs Detroit Pistons ( 1987.03. 04 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61 Points vs Pistons & Isiah Thomas 31Pts 18Assists ( 1987 ) MUST Watch ! '' . Jump up ^ `` 61 for Jordan , 23 in a Row '' . The New York Times . April 17 , 1987 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sakamoto , Bob ( April 17 , 1987 ) . `` Jordan triumphant in Bulls ' defeat '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 3 '' . Jump up ^ Enlund , Tom ( January 28 , 1990 ) . `` Malone answers all - star snub with 61 points against Bucks '' , The Milwaukee Journal , p. 1C . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ Los Angeles Clippers - Monday , March 6th , 2000 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ New York Knicks - Monday , February 2nd , 2009 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats at Heat - March 3 , 2014 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats vs Heat game recap '' . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldpaper , Sam ( December 26 , 1984 ) . `` King Scores Knick - Record 60 Points in Loss to Nets '' . The New York Times . p . D9 . Jump up ^ `` ' It Was Like Living in a Video Game ' : An Oral History of Larry Bird 's 60 - Point Game '' . archive.boston.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nosedive Persists For Nets '' . The New York Times . March 25 , 1990 . p . S4 . Jump up ^ `` Suns ' Chambers lights up Sonics for 60 points '' . Chicago Tribune . March 25 , 1990 . p . C15 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day In History ( 3.24. 90 ) Tom Chambers scored a franchise high 60 points vs the Sonics '' . Ballislife.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chambers Lights It Up '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Three - time scoring champ hits career high '' . ESPN.com . February 12 , 2005 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic @ Philadelphia 76ers - Saturday , February 12th , 2005 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards @ Los Angeles Lakers - Sunday , December 17th , 2006 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ Memphis Grizzlies - Thursday , March 22nd , 2007 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz vs. Lakers - Box Score - April 13 , 2016 '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe scores 60 in unbelievable farewell victory '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers vs. Warriors - Box Score - December 5 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Top single - game scorers ( 60 - plus ) from NBA.com NBA Almanac : Most Points Historical NBA Box Scores Wilt Chamberlain Career Retrospective Harvey Pollack 's Statistical Yearbook ( hide ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_single-game_scoring_leaders&oldid=804554452 '' Categories : National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 19 : 24 . About Wikipedia | who holds the most points in a nba game | [
"\n1\n100\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*\n000000001962-03-02-0000March 2, 1962\n23\n18\n28\n31\nPhiladelphia Warriors\nNew York Knicks\n169–147\n48\n36\n63\n—\n—\n28\n32\n[A]\n[1][2] [3][4][5]\n"
] | [
"Wilt Chamberlain"
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-6479692856441162247 | Social group | Social group - wikipedia Social group `` Group structure '' redirects here . For group structures in business , see Corporate group . Sociology History Outline Portal Main theories Conflict theory Structural functionalism Symbolic interactionism Methods Comparative Computational Critical theory Ethnography Ethnomethodology Historical Mathematical Network analysis Positivism Qualitative Quantitative Subfields and other major theories Conflict Criminology Culture Demography Development Deviance Economic Education Environmental Family Feminist sociology Gender Health Immigration Industrial Inequality Knowledge Law Literature Medical Military Organizational Political Race and ethnicity Religion Rural Science Social change Social constructionism Social movements Social psychology in sociology Stratification Technology Terrorism Urban Browse Bibliography By country Index Journals Organizations People Timeline Individuals in groups are connected to each other by social relationships In the social sciences , a social group can be defined as two or more people who interact with one another , share similar characteristics , and collectively have a sense of unity . Other theorists disagree however , and are wary of definitions which stress the importance of interdependence or objective similarity . Instead , researchers within the social identity tradition generally define it as `` a group is defined in terms of those who identify themselves as members of the group '' . Regardless , social groups come in a myriad of sizes and varieties . For example , a society can be viewed as a large social group . Contents 1 Definition 1.1 Social cohesion approach 1.1. 1 Significance of that definition 1.2 Social identification approach 1.3 Defining characteristics 1.3. 1 1 ) Interaction 1.3. 2 2 ) Goals 1.3. 3 3 ) Interdependence in relation 1.3. 4 4 ) Structure 1.3. 5 5 ) Unity 2 Types 3 Health 4 Recruitment 5 Development 6 Dispersal and transformation 7 See also 8 References Definition ( edit ) Social cohesion approach ( edit ) A social group exhibits some degree of social cohesion and is more than a simple collection or aggregate of individuals , such as people waiting at a bus stop , or people waiting in a line . Characteristics shared by members of a group may include interests , values , representations , ethnic or social background , and kinship ties . Kinship ties being a social bond based on common ancestry , marriage , or adoption . In a similar vein , some researchers consider the defining characteristic of a group as social interaction . According to Dunbar 's number , on average , people can not maintain stable social relationships with more than 150 individuals . Social psychologist Muzafer Sherif proposed to define a social unit as a number of individuals interacting with each other with respect to : Common motives and goals An accepted division of labor , i.e. roles Established status ( social rank , dominance ) relationships Accepted norms and values with reference to matters relevant to the group Development of accepted sanctions ( praise and punishment ) if and when norms were respected or violated This definition is long and complex , but it is also precise . It succeeds at providing the researcher with the tools required to answer three important questions : `` How is a group formed ? '' `` How does a group function ? '' `` How does one describe those social interactions that occur on the way to forming a group ? '' Significance of that definition ( edit ) The attention of those who use , participate in , or study groups has focused on functioning groups , on larger organizations , or on the decisions made in these organizations . Much less attention has been paid to the more ubiquitous and universal social behaviors that do not clearly demonstrate one or more of the five necessary elements described by Sherif . Some of the earliest efforts to understand these social units have been the extensive descriptions of urban street gangs in the 1920s and 1930s , continuing through the 1950s , which understood them to be largely reactions to the established authority . The primary goal of gang members was to defend gang territory , and to define and maintain the dominance structure within the gang . There remains in the popular media and urban law enforcement agencies an avid interest in gangs , reflected in daily headlines which emphasize the criminal aspects of gang behavior . However , these studies and the continued interest have not improved the capacity to influence gang behavior or to reduce gang related violence . The relevant literature on animal social behaviors , such as work on territory and dominance , has been available since the 1950s . Also , they have been largely neglected by policy makers , sociologists and anthropologists . Indeed , vast literature on organization , property , law enforcement , ownership , religion , warfare , values , conflict resolution , authority , rights , and families have grown and evolved without any reference to any analogous social behaviors in animals . This disconnect may be the result of the belief that social behavior in humankind is radically different from the social behavior in animals because of the human capacity for language use and rationality . Of course , while this is true , it is equally likely that the study of the social ( group ) behaviors of other animals might shed light on the evolutionary roots of social behavior in people . Territorial and dominance behaviors in humans are so universal and commonplace that they are simply taken for granted ( though sometimes admired , as in home ownership , or deplored , as in violence ) . But these social behaviors and interactions between human individuals play a special role in the study of groups : they are necessarily prior to the formation of groups . The psychological internalization of territorial and dominance experiences in conscious and unconscious memory are established through the formation of social identity , personal identity , body concept , or self concept . An adequately functioning individual identity is necessary before an individual can function in a division of labor ( role ) , and hence , within a cohesive group . Coming to understand territorial and dominance behaviors may thus help to clarify the development , functioning , and productivity of groups . Social identification approach ( edit ) Explicitly contrasted against a social cohesion based definition for social groups is the social identity perspective , which draws on insights made in social identity theory . Here , rather than defining a social group based on expressions of cohesive social relationships between individuals , the social identity model assumes that `` psychological group membership has primarily a perceptual or cognitive basis '' . It posits that the necessary and sufficient condition for individuals to act as group members is `` awareness of a common category membership '' and that a social group can be `` usefully conceptualized as a number of individuals who have internalized the same social category membership as a component of their self concept '' . Stated otherwise , while the social cohesion approach expects group members to ask `` who am I attracted to ? '' , the social identity perspective expects group members to simply ask `` who am I ? '' Empirical support for the social identity perspective on groups was initially drawn from work using the minimal group paradigm . For example , it has been shown that the mere act of allocating individuals to explicitly random categories is sufficient to lead individuals to act in an ingroup favouring fashion ( even where no individual self - interest is possible ) . Also problematic for the social cohesion account is recent research showing that seemingly meaningless categorization can be an antecedent of perceptions of interdependence with fellow category members . While the roots of this approach to social groups had its foundations in social identity theory , more concerted exploration of these ideas occurred later in the form of self - categorization theory . Whereas social identity theory was directed initially at the explanation of intergroup conflict in the absence of any conflict of interests , self - categorization theory was developed to explain how individuals come to perceive themselves as members of a group in the first place , and how this self - grouping process underlies and determines all problems subsequent aspects of group behaviour . Defining characteristics ( edit ) In his text , Group Dynamics , Forsyth ( 2010 ) discuses several common characteristics of groups that can help to define them . 1 ) interaction ( edit ) This group component varies greatly , including verbal or non-verbal communication , social loafing , networking , forming bonds , etc . Research by Bales ( cite , 1950 , 1999 ) determine that there are two main types of interactions ; relationship interactions and task interactions . Relationship interactions : `` actions performed by group members that relate to or influence the emotional and interpersonal bonds within the group , including both positive actions ( social support , consideration ) and negative actions ( criticism , conflict ) . '' Task interactions : `` actions performed by group members that pertain to the group 's projects , tasks , and goals . '' This involve members organizing themselves and utilizing their skills and resources to achieve something . 2 ) Goals ( edit ) Most groups have a reason for their existence , be it increasing the education and knowledge , receiving emotional support , or experiencing spirituality or religion . Groups can facilitate the achievement of these goals . The circumplex model of group tasks , by Joseph McGrath organizes group related tasks and goals . Groups may focus on several of these goals , or one area at a time . The model divides group goals into four main types , which are further sub-categorized Generating : coming up with ideas and plans to reach goals Planning Tasks Creativity Tasks Choosing : Selecting a solution . Intellective Tasks Decision - making Tasks Negotiating : Arranging a solution to a problem . Cognitive Conflict Tasks Mixed Motive Task Executing : Act of carrying out a task . Contests / Battles / Competitive Tasks Performance / Psychomotor Tasks 3 ) interdependence in relation ( edit ) `` The state of being dependent , to some degree , on other people , as when one 's outcomes , actions , thoughts , feelings , and experiences are determined in whole or part by others . '' Some groups are more interdependent than others . For example , a sports team would have a relatively high level of interdependence as compared to a group of people watching a movie at the movie theater . Also , interdependence may be mutual ( flowing back and forth between members ) or more linear / unilateral . For example , some group members may be more dependent on their boss than the boss is on each of the individuals . 4 ) structure ( edit ) Group structure involves the emergence or regularities , norms , roles and relations that form within a group over time . Roles involve the expected performance and conduct of people within the group depending on their status or position within the group . Norms are the ideas adopted by the group pertaining to acceptable and unacceptable conduct by members . Group structure is a very important part of a group . If people fail to meet their expectations within to groups , and fulfil their roles , they may not accept the group , or be accepted by other group members . 5 ) unity ( edit ) When viewed holistically , a group is greater than the sum of its individual parts . When people speak of groups , they speak of the group as a whole , or an entity , rather than speaking of it in terms of individuals . For example , it would be said that `` The band played beautifully . '' Several factors play a part in this image of unity , including group cohesiveness , and entitativity ( appearance of cohesion by outsiders ) . Types ( edit ) According to Charles Horton Cooley ( 1864 -- 1929 ) , a primary group is a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships . People joined in primary relationships spend a great deal of time together , engage in a wide range of activities , and feel that they know one another well . In short , they show real concern for one another . In every society , the family is the most important primary group . Groups based on lasting friendships are also primary groups . Secondary groups , in contrast to primary groups , are large groups involving formal and institutional relationships . Secondary relationships involve weak emotional ties and little personal knowledge of one another . Most secondary groups are short term , beginning and ending without particular significance . They may last for years or may disband after a short time . The formation of primary groups happens within secondary groups . Primary groups can be present in secondary settings . For example , attending a university exemplifies membership of a secondary group , while the friendships that are made there would be considered a primary group that you belong to . Likewise , some businesses care deeply about the well being of one another , while some immediate families have hostile relations within it . Individuals almost universally have a bond toward what sociologists call reference groups . A reference group is a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions . Some examples of types of groups include the following : Couple , Dyad , Triad Smallest group with defined number of people often associated with family building ; social interaction in a dyad is typically more intense than in larger groups because neither member shares the other 's attention with anyone else ; a triad is more stable than a dyad because one member can act as a mediator should the relationship between the other two become strained Family , Household Small group of people who live in the same home . Family may or may not form clan , fellowship , bigger kinship groups , a basic unit of community . Anglophone culture may include various models of household , including the family , blended families , share housing , and group homes . Crew or Band Small group of skilled people with common interest ; a rowing crew ; a music band ; construction crew ; subunit of a tribe as band society Peer group A peer group is a group with members of approximately the same age , social status , and interests . Generally , people are relatively equal in terms of power when they interact with peers . Clique A group of people that have many of the same interests & commonly found in a High School / College setting ; most of the time they have a name & rules for themselves . Club A club is a group , which usually requires one to apply to become a member . Such clubs may be dedicated to particular activities : sporting clubs , for example . Cabal A cabal is a group of people united in some close design together , usually to promote their private views or interests in a church , state , or other community , often by intrigue . Community A community is a group of people with a commonality or sometimes a complex net of overlapping commonalities , often -- but not always -- in proximity with one another with some degree of continuity over time . Gang A gang is usually an urban group that gathers in a particular area . It is a group of people that often hang around each other . They can be like some clubs , but much less formal . They are usually known in many countries to cause social unrest and also have negative influence on the members and may be a target for the law enforcers in case of any social vices Mob A mob is usually a group of people that has taken the law into their own hands . Mobs are usually groups which gather temporarily for a particular reason . Posse A posse was originally found in English common law . It is generally obsolete , and survives only in America , where it is the law enforcement equivalent of summoning the militia for military purposes . However , it can also refer to a street group . Squad This is usually a small group , of around 3 to 15 people , who work as a team to accomplish their goals . Team Similar to a squad , though a team may contain many more members . A team works in a similar way to a squad . In - group It is a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty . It is a group that an individual identifies in positive direction . If a person is part of the in - group then they are collectively part of an inner circle of friends . An inner circle may contain sub-groups within the inner circle including the apex ( best friends ) , core ( very close friends ) , outer rim , etc . This group provides a support structure and being exclusive offers protection from anyone in an Out - group ( see below . ) Out - group It is a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition . It is a group that an individual identifies in negative direction . Groups can also be categorized according to the number of people present within the group . This makes sense if the size of the group has consequences for the way group members relate with each other . In a small group , for example , `` each member receives some impression ... of each other member distinct enough so that he or she ... can give some reaction to each of the others as an individual person . '' This personal interaction is not possible in larger groups . Health ( edit ) The social groups people are involved with in the workplace directly affect their health . No matter where you work or what the occupation is , feeling a sense of belonging in a peer group is a key to overall success . Part of this is the responsibility of the leader ( manager , supervisor , etc . ) . If the leader helps everyone feel a sense of belonging within the group , it can help boost morale and productivity . According to Dr. Niklas Steffens `` Social identification contributes to both psychological and physiological health , but the health benefits are stronger for psychological health '' . The social relationships people have can be linked to different health conditions . Lower quantity or quality social relationships have been connected to issues such as : development of cardiovascular disease , recurrent myocardial infarction , atherosclerosis , autonomic dysregulation , high blood pressure , cancer and delayed cancer recovery , and slower wound healing as well as inflammatory biomarkers and impaired immune function , factors associated with adverse health outcomes and mortality . The social relationship of marriage is the most studied of all , the marital history over the course of one 's life can form differing health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease , chronic conditions , mobility limitations , self - rated health , and depressive symptoms . Social connectedness also plays a large part in overcoming mental afflictions such as drug , alcohol , or substance abuse . With these types of issues , a person 's peer group play a big role in helping them stay sober . Conditions do not need to be life - threatening , one 's social group can help deal with work anxiety as well . When people are more socially connected have access to more support . Some of the health issues people have may also stem from their uncertainty about just where they stand among their colleagues . It has been shown that being well socially connected has a significant impact on a person as they age , according to a 10 - year study by the MacArthur Foundation , which was published in the book ' Successful Aging ' the support , love , and care we feel through our social connections can help to counteract some of the health - related negatives of aging . Older people who were more active in social circles tended to be better off health-wise . Recruitment ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2010 ) Social groups acquire and renew their members via recruitment . Compare proselytism . In the initial stages of expansion , the groups usually do not accept every applicant . One of the ways to build a reasonably closed group is to accept new members after one or more existing members propose and recommend them . Such group expands along the lines of other existing social networks . Other approach is to use existing members to evaluate the applicant , like in Microsoft interview . Member evaluation can also be delegated to some team that is not part of the group itself ( like in high IQ societies ) . Some groups may choose to easily accept a lot of people but only leave the most efficient new members after probation ( discarding others ) . Development ( edit ) If one brings a small collection of strangers together in a restricted space and environment , provides a common goal and maybe a few ground rules , then a highly probable course of events will follow . Interaction between individuals is the basic requirement . At first , individuals will differentially interact in sets of twos or threes while seeking to interact with those with whom they share something in common : i.e. , interests , skills , and cultural background . Relationships will develop some stability in these small sets , in that individuals may temporarily change from one set to another , but will return to the same pairs or trios rather consistently and resist change . Particular twosomes and threesomes will stake out their special spots within the overall space . Again depending on the common goal , eventually twosomes and threesomes will integrate into larger sets of six or eight , with corresponding revisions of territory , dominance - ranking , and further differentiation of roles . All of this seldom takes place without some conflict or disagreement : for example , fighting over the distribution of resources , the choices of means and different subgoals , the development of what are appropriate norms , rewards and punishments . Some of these conflicts will be territorial in nature : i.e. , jealousy over roles , or locations , or favored relationships . But most will be involved with struggles for status , ranging from mild protests to serious verbal conflicts and even dangerous violence . By analogy to animal behavior , sociologists may term these behaviors territorial behaviors and dominance behaviors . Depending on the pressure of the common goal and on the various skills of individuals , differentiations of leadership , dominance , or authority will develop . Once these relationships solidify , with their defined roles , norms , and sanctions , a productive group will have been established . Aggression is the mark of unsettled dominance order . Productive group cooperation requires that both dominance order and territorial arrangements ( identity , self - concept ) be settled with respect to the common goal and within the particular group . Some individuals may withdraw from interaction or be excluded from the developing group . Depending on the number of individuals in the original collection of strangers , and the number of `` hangers - on '' that are tolerated , one or more competing groups of ten or less may form , and the competition for territory and dominance will then also be manifested in the inter group transactions . Dispersal and transformation ( edit ) Two or more people in interacting situations will over time develop stable territorial relationships . As described above , these may or may not develop into groups . But stable groups can also break up in to several sets of territorial relationships . There are numerous reasons for stable groups to `` malfunction '' or to disperse , but essentially this is because of loss of compliance with one or more elements of the definition of group provided by Sherif . The two most common causes of a malfunctioning group are the addition of too many individuals , and the failure of the leader to enforce a common purpose , though malfunctions may occur due to a failure of any of the other elements ( i.e. , confusions status or of norms ) . In a society , there is a need for more people to participate in cooperative endeavors than can be accommodated by a few separate groups . The military has been the best example as to how this is done in its hierarchical array of squads , platoons , companies , battalions , regiments , and divisions . Private companies , corporations , government agencies , clubs , and so on have all developed comparable ( if less formal and standardized ) systems when the number of members or employees exceeds the number that can be accommodated in an effective group . Not all larger social structures require the cohesion that may be found in the small group . Consider the neighborhood , the country club , or the megachurch , which are basically territorial organizations who support large social purposes . Any such large organizations may need only islands of cohesive leadership . For a functioning group to attempt to add new members in a casual way is a certain prescription for failure , loss of efficiency , or disorganization . The number of functioning members in a group can be reasonably flexible between five and ten , and a long - standing cohesive group may be able to tolerate a few hangers on . The key concept is that the value and success of a group is obtained by each member maintaining a distinct , functioning identity in the minds of each of the members . The cognitive limit to this span of attention in individuals is often set at seven . Rapid shifting of attention can push the limit to about ten . After ten , subgroups will inevitably start to form with the attendant loss of purpose , dominance - order , and individuality , with confusion of roles and rules . The standard classroom with twenty to forty pupils and one teacher offers a rueful example of one supposed leader juggling a number of subgroups . Weakening of the common purpose once a group is well established can be attributed to : adding new members ; unsettled conflicts of identities ( i.e. , territorial problems in individuals ) ; weakening of a settled dominance - order ; and weakening or failure of the leader to tend to the group . The actual loss of a leader is frequently fatal to a group , unless there was lengthy preparation for the transition . The loss of the leader tends to dissolve all dominance relationships , as well as weakening dedication to common purpose , differentiation of roles , and maintenance of norms . The most common symptoms of a troubled group are loss of efficiency , diminished participation , or weakening of purpose , as well as an increase in verbal aggression . Often , if a strong common purpose is still present , a simple reorganization with a new leader and a few new members will be sufficient to re-establish the group , which is somewhat easier than forming an entirely new group . This is the most common factor . See also ( edit ) Sociology portal Bureaucracy Corporate group Crowd Crowd psychology Group conflict Group dynamics Group emotion Group narcissism Group selection Group size measures Institution Judge -- advisor system Loneliness Mob rule Secret society Social class Social isolation Social organization Social representation Status class References ( edit ) Gladwell , Malcolm ( 2002 ) , The tipping point : How little things can make a big difference , Boston : Little , Brown & Co. , ISBN 0 - 316 - 31696 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Turner , J.C. ( 1982 ) . Tajfel , H. , ed . `` Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group '' . Social identity and intergroup relations . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press : 15 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Platow , M.J. ; Grace , D.M. ; Smithson , M.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Examining the Preconditions for Psychological Group Membership : Perceived Social Interdependence as the Outcome of Self - Categorization '' . Social Psychological and Personality Science . 3 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Reicher , S.D. ( 1982 ) . The determination of collective behaviour ( pp. 41 - 83 ) . In H. Tajfel ( ed . ) , Social identity and intergroup relations . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ^ Jump up to : Macionis , Gerber ; John , Linda ( 2010 ) . Sociology 7th Canadian Ed . Toronto , Ontario : Pearson Canada Inc . Jump up ^ Hare , A.P. ( 1962 ) . Handbook of small group research . New York : Macmillan Publishers . Jump up ^ Gladwell 2002 , pp. 177 − 181 . Jump up ^ Sherif , Muzafer and Sherif , Carolyn W. , An Outline of Social Psychology rev. ed. Harper & Brothers : New York pp. 143 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Simon , Herbert A. Administrative Behavior 3rd ed . Free Press 1976 p. 123 - 153 Jump up ^ Sherif , op . cit . p. 149 . Jump up ^ Tajfel , H. , & Turner , J.C. ( 1979 ) . An integrative theory of intergroup conflict . In W.G. Austin & S. Worchel ( Eds . ) , The social psychology of intergroup relations ( pp. 33 -- 47 ) . Monterey , CA : Brooks / Cole Jump up ^ Tajfel , H. , Billig , M. , Bundy , R.P. & Flament , C. ( 1971 ) . Social categorization and intergroup behaviour . European Journal of Social Psychology , 2 , 149 - 178 , Jump up ^ Turner , J.C. ; Reynolds , K.H. ( 2001 ) . Brown , R. ; Gaertner , S.L. , eds . `` The Social Identity Perspective in Intergroup Relations : Theories , Themes , and Controversies '' . Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology . 3 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Turner , J.C. ( 1987 ) Rediscovering the Social Group : A Self - Categorization Theory . Oxford : Blackwell . pp. 42 - 67 . ^ Jump up to : Forsyth , Donelson , R. ( 2010 ) . Group Dynamics , Fifth Edition . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . pp. 6 , 8 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Joseph , E. ( 1984 ) . Groups : Interaction and Performance . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall . pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ `` Webster 's Online Dictionary - with Multilingual Thesaurus Translation '' . Webster 's Online Dictionary . Archived from the original on 23 February 2012 . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Bales , R.F. ( 1950 ) . Interaction Process Analysis : A Method for the Study of Small Groups . MA : Addison - Wesley . p. 33 Jump up ^ `` Health determined by social relationships at work '' . phys.org . Society for Personality and Social Psychology . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Workplace leaders improve employee wellbeing '' . phys.org . University Of Queensland . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Umberson , Debra ; Karas Montez , Jennifer . `` Social Relationships and Health : A Flashpoint for Health Policy '' . National Center for Biotechnology Information . PMC 3150158 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rowe , J.W. ; Kahn , R.L. ( 1997 ) . `` Successful Aging '' . The Gerontologist. 37 ( 4 ) : 433 -- 40 . doi : 10.1093 / geront / 37.4. 433 . PMID 9279031 . Jump up ^ Staackmann , Mary . `` Social Connections are a Key to Aging Well '' . Chicago Tribune . The Evanston Review . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Reading , Hugo F. ( 1996 ) . Dictionary Of The Social Sciences . Atlantic Publishers & Distributors . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7156 - 605 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 06 . recruitment ( : ) obtaining membership on the part of a group . Jump up ^ Holy , Ladislav ( 1996 ) . `` Group '' . In Kuper , Adam ; Kuper , Jessica . The social science encyclopedia ( 2 ed . ) . London : Routledge . p. 351 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 10829 - 2 . Group ( ... ) commonly refers to a plurality of individuals bonded by some principle of recruitment and by the set of membership rights and obligations . Everyone fulfilling the recruitment criteria is a member of the group and occupies a specific status in the group ( ... ) . Jump up ^ Sherif , op . cit . pp. 181 -- 279 Jump up ^ Scott , John Paul . Animal Behavior , The University of Chicago Press , 1959 , 281pp . Jump up ^ Halloway , Ralph L. , Primate Aggression , Territoriality , and Xenophobia , Academic Press : New York , and London 1974 . 496 pp . 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Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2018 , at 20 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the definition of social identity apex | [
"It is a group that an individual identifies in positive direction. If a person is part of the in-group then they are collectively part of an inner circle of friends. An inner circle may contain sub-groups within the inner circle including the apex (best friends), core (very close friends), outer rim, etc. This group provides a support structure and being exclusive offers protection from anyone in an Out-group (see below.)"
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"best friends"
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1362162989734747769 | Brawl Stars | Brawl Stars - Wikipedia Brawl Stars Jump to : navigation , search This article is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this article from a descriptive , neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guidelines for products and services . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Brawl Stars '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brawl Stars Developer ( s ) Supercell Publisher ( s ) Supercell Platform ( s ) iOS Release CAN : June 15 , 2017 ( beta ) Genre ( s ) Strategy Mode ( s ) Multiplayer Brawl Stars is a freemium mobile real - time strategy video game developed and published by Supercell . On June 14 , 2017 , Supercell announced the game via livestream video on Youtube . It received an iOS soft launch in the Canadian App Store the following day , June 15 , 2017 . It is yet to be released on Android devices or in other countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Currency 1.2 Game modes 1.2. 1 Bounty 1.2. 2 Smash and Grab 1.2. 3 Heist 1.2. 4 Showdown 2 References 3 External links Gameplay Gameplay of Smash and Grab mode in Brawl Stars . The three brawlers in this screenshot are Nita ( bottom ) , El Primo ( top left ) , and Poco ( top right ) . In Brawl Stars , players are ranked by their level and total trophies . Players collect brawlers and select one to use each game . Brawlers , unlike like Clash Royale cards , come in six rarity types : Common , Rare , Super Rare , Epic , Mythical and Legendary . There are currently eighteen brawlers in the game , and only two of which are legendaries . Players get brawlers from Brawl Boxes which can be purchased for 100 coins or 10 gems . You can also buy special boxes for gems . Players can join bands to play alongside other players . Brawl Stars can be played in five game modes : Bounty , Brawl Ball , Smash and Grab , Heist and Showdown . Currency There are currently four currencies in Brawl Stars : Coins , Gems , Elixir and Chips . Coins are used to buy Brawl Boxes which contain brawlers or Elixir . If a player gets the same brawler twice from a Brawl Box , the player instead receives a Chip which can be used to buy new brawlers . Coins are received by entering new events , winning battles , leveling up brawlers and ranking up . Gems are used to buy Brawl Boxes , coin boosters , and skins for decorating brawlers . Gems can only be obtained by purchasing them from the in - game shop with real money . Elixir is collected from Brawl Boxes and is used to upgrade brawlers . It takes 45 elixir to completely max out a brawler . Game modes Bounty Bounty is a 3 vs 3 team deathmatch game mode where players try to kill players on the other team . The more kills a player has , the higher their bounty is , but if a player with a large bounty is killed , that player 's bounty is given to the player that killed them . Each team of three players is either red or blue , and each team spawns on their own side of the map . Smash and Grab Smash and Grab is a 3 vs 3 game mode in which players try to collect crystals . The crystals spawn from a mine in the middle of the map once every 5 - 6 seconds . Each player 's crystal count is displayed on top of their name . If a player with crystals is killed , they drop their crystals onto the ground , and the crystals can be collected by other players on either team . The objective is for a team to collect 10 crystals , and if a team does so , a 15 - second timer is activated . If the team keeps their 10 crystals for 15 seconds , they win the game . Heist Heist is also played with two teams of three . One team has a safe containing crystals to defend , and one team has to break open said safe in 2 minutes and 30 seconds using various attacks and strategies . Showdown Showdown is the only game mode not played 3 vs 3 . It is a deathmatch played with 10 players . During the game , the map fills with poison gas , reducing the size of the battlefield . The last player standing wins the game . References Jump up ^ Thier , Dave ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` ' Clash Royale ' Developer 's Next Game Is Called ' Brawl Stars ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Torres , Ida ( 17 June 2017 ) . `` Brawl Stars is an upcoming game from the makers of Clash Royale '' . androidcommunity.com . Android Community . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ferrera , Jessica ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` ' Brawl Stars ' Release Date : Supercell Announces ' Epic Multiplayer ' Game on iOS , Android '' . christianpost.com . The Christian Post . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game Modes '' . supercell.helpshift.com . Supercell . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . External links Supercell website ( hide ) Supercell Games Hay Day Clash of Clans Boom Beach Clash Royale Brawl Stars Related articles Tencent Video games portal This article about a video game released for mobile devices is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brawl_Stars&oldid=801746420 '' Categories : Mobile game stubs IOS games IOS - only games Video games developed in Finland Free - to - play video games 2017 video games Mobile games Strategy video games Multiplayer online games ESports games Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles needing style editing from June 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles with topics of unclear notability from June 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images All stub articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Română Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 15 : 54 . About Wikipedia | when does brawl stars come out for ios | [
"Brawl Stars is a freemium mobile real-time strategy video game developed and published by Supercell.[1] On June 14, 2017, Supercell announced the game via livestream video on Youtube. It received an iOS soft launch in the Canadian App Store the following day, June 15, 2017. It is yet to be released on Android devices or in other countries."
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"June 15, 2017"
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-288635217092132096 | List of Medal of Honor recipients | List of Medal of Honor recipients - wikipedia List of Medal of Honor recipients hide Medal of Honor All recipients American Civil War By surname A -- F G -- L M -- P Q -- S T -- Z By battle Second Battle of Fort Fisher Third Battle of Winchester Battle of Cedar Creek Battle of Gettysburg Other wars and conflicts Indian Wars Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Veracruz World War I World War II Battle of Iwo Jima Pearl Harbor Korean War Vietnam War Post-Vietnam Peacetime By ethnic group African American Asian American Hispanic American Irish American Italian American Jewish American Native American Polish - American Puerto Rican By other criteria Eagle Scouts Foreign - born Living Military Academy alumni Naval Academy alumni Tiffany Cross An army variant of the Medal of Honor on display The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces . The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States . Due to the nature of this medal , it is commonly presented posthumously . The President of the United States , in the name of the United States Congress , has awarded more than 3500 Medals of Honor including 19 second awards to the nation 's soldiers , sailors , airmen , marines , and coast guardsmen since the decoration 's creation in 1861 . The citations highlighting acts of gallantry that received the Medal of Honor have been and continue to be regularly released by book publishers . After the Second World War both the Army and Navy produced hardbound Medal of Honor compilations . Between 1964 and 1979 , the United States Senate Subcommittee on Veterans ' Affairs of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare and later the Committee on Veterans ' Affairs produced a number of consolidated compilations of all Medal of Honor citations to date . Additions and changes to the list of recipients of the medal since the 1979 have been regularly published by the Congressional research Service . The first Army Medal of Honor was awarded to Private Jacob Parrott during the American Civil War for his role in the Great Locomotive Chase . The first African American recipient for this award was William Harvey Carney who , despite being shot in the face , shoulders , arms , and legs , refused to let the American flag touch the ground . The only female Medal of Honor recipient is Mary Edwards Walker , a Civil War surgeon . Her medal was rescinded in 1917 along with many other non-combat awards , but it was restored by President Jimmy Carter in 1977 . While current law , ( 10 U.S.C. § 6241 ) , beginning in 1918 , explicitly states that recipients must be serving in the U.S. Armed Forces at the time of performing a valorous act that warrants the award , exceptions have been made . For example , Charles Lindbergh , while a reserve member of the U.S. Army Air Corps , received his Medal of Honor as a civilian pilot . Although Medals of Honor can only be awarded to members of the U.S. armed forces , being a U.S. citizen is not a prerequisite for eligibility to receive the medal . Sixty - one Canadians who were serving in the United States Armed Forces have received the Medal of Honor ; most received it for actions in the American Civil War . Since 1900 , only four have been awarded to Canadians . In the Vietnam War , Peter C. Lemon was the only Canadian born recipient of the Medal of Honor . However , he was a US citizen . Contents 1 19th century 1.1 American Civil War 1.2 Indian Wars 1.3 Korean Expedition 1.4 Spanish -- American War 1.5 Samoan Civil War 1.6 Philippine -- American War 1.7 Boxer Rebellion 2 20th century 2.1 United States occupation of Veracruz , 1914 2.2 Invasion and occupation of Haiti 2.3 Occupation of the Dominican Republic 2.4 World War I 2.5 Occupation of Nicaragua 2.6 World War II 2.7 Korean War 2.8 Vietnam War 2.9 USS Liberty incident 2.10 Post-Vietnam 2.11 Somalia 3 21st century 3.1 War in Afghanistan 3.2 Iraq War 4 Peacetime 5 Foreign 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links 19th century ( edit ) American Civil War ( edit ) Main articles : Lists of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients : A -- F , G -- L , M -- P , Q -- S and T -- Z The American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) was a war between the United States ( the Union ) and the Southern states of the newly formed Confederate States of America under Jefferson Davis . The Medal of Honor was established during this conflict ; 1523 were awarded ( 33 posthumously ) for acts of bravery and gallantry in combat . Most awards were granted after the end of the Civil War with two late awards to Andrew Jackson Smith and Alonzo Cushing in 2001 and 2014 . Indian Wars ( edit ) Main article : List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars The term Indian Wars is the name generally used in the United States to describe a series of conflicts between colonial or federal governments and the American Indian population resident in North America before the arrival of white settlers . During this conflict the Medal of Honor was presented to 426 soldiers , 13 posthumously for acts of bravery and gallantry in combat . Some 20 Medal of Honor recipients were involved in the Wounded Knee Massacre . Korean expedition ( edit ) The United States expedition to Korea in 1871 , also known as Sinmiyangyo ( Western Disturbance of the Year Sinmi year ) , was the first American military action in Korea . It took place predominantly on and around the Korean island of Ganghwa . The reason for the presence of the American military expeditionary force in Korea was to support an American diplomatic delegation sent to establish trade and diplomatic relations with Korea and to ascertain the fate of the General Sherman merchant ship . The isolationist nature of the Joseon Dynasty government and the assertiveness of the Americans led to an armed conflict between the two parties . Eventually , the United States failed to secure its objectives . Image Name Service Rank Place of action Date of action Unit Notes -- John Andrews Navy Ordinary Seaman aboard USS Benicia Jun 9 , 1871 -- Jun 10 , 1871 USS Benicia Stood on the gunwale on the Benicia 's launch , lashed to the ridgerope and remained unflinchingly in this dangerous position and gave his soundings with coolness and accuracy under a heavy fire . ( Brown at right ) Charles Brown Marine Corps Corporal aboard USS Colorado June 11 , 1871 USS Colorado Assisted in capturing the Korean flag from the citadel of the fort -- John Coleman Marine Corps Private aboard USS Colorado June 11 , 1871 USS Colorado For hand - to - hand combat and saving the life of Alexander McKenzie -- James Dougherty Marine Corps Private aboard USS Carondelet June 11 , 1871 USS Carondelet Returned to duty after being wounded several times -- Frederick Franklin Navy Quartermaster aboard USS Colorado June 11 , 1871 USS Colorado For assuming command of Company D , after Lt. McKee was wounded , and handling the company until relieved -- Patrick H. Grace Navy Chief Quartermaster aboard USS Benicia Jun 10 , 1871 -- Jun 11 , 1871 USS Benicia Carrying out his duties with coolness , Grace set forth gallant and meritorious conduct throughout this action ( Hayden at left ) Cyrus Hayden Navy Carpenter aboard USS Colorado June 11 , 1871 USS Colorado Serving as color bearer of the battalion , Hayden planted his flag and protected it under heavy fire William F. Lukes Navy Landsman Ganghwa Island Jun 9 , 1871 -- Jun 10 , 1871 USS Colorado Fighting the enemy inside the fort , Lukes received a severe cut over the head -- Alexander McKenzie Navy Boatswain 's Mate aboard USS Colorado June 11 , 1871 USS Colorado Fighting at the side of Lt. McKee during this action , McKenzie was struck by a sword and received a severe cut in the head from the blow . -- Michael McNamara Marine Corps Private aboard USS Benicia June 11 , 1871 USS Benicia For taking a match - lock from the hands of the enemy while advancing to the parapet -- James F. Merton Navy Landsman Ganghwa Island Jun 9 , 1871 -- Jun 10 , 1871 USS Colorado Merton was severely wounded in the arm while trying to force his way into the fort -- Michael Owens Marine Corps Private aboard USS Colorado June 11 , 1871 USS Colorado Fighting courageously in hand - to - hand combat , Owens was badly wounded by the enemy during this action ( Purvis in center ) Hugh Purvis Marine Corps Private aboard USS Alaska June 11 , 1871 USS Alaska Braving the enemy fire , Purvis was the first to scale the walls of the fort and capture their flag -- Samuel F. Rogers Navy Quartermaster aboard USS Colorado June 11 , 1871 USS Colorado Fighting courageously at the side of Lt. McKee during this action , Rogers was wounded by the enemy -- William Troy Navy Ordinary Seaman aboard USS Colorado June 11 , 1871 USS Colorado Fighting at the side of Lt. McKee , by whom he was especially commended , Troy was badly wounded by the enemy Spanish -- American War ( edit ) Main article : List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Spanish -- American War The Spanish -- American War ( Spanish : Guerra Hispano - Estadounidense , desastre del 98 , Guerra Hispano - Cubana - Norteamericana or Guerra de Cuba ) was a military conflict between Spain and the United States that began in April 1898 . Hostilities halted in August of that year , and the Treaty of Paris was signed in December . The war began after the American demand for Spain 's peacefully resolving the Cuban fight for independence was rejected , though strong expansionist sentiment in the United States may have motivated the government to target Spain 's remaining overseas territories : Cuba , Puerto Rico , the Philippines , Guam and the Caroline Islands . Riots in Havana by pro-Spanish `` Voluntarios '' gave the United States reason to send in the warship USS Maine . This action by the U.S. indicated high national interest . Tension among the American people was raised because of the explosion of USS Maine , and `` yellow journalism '' that accused Spain of extensive atrocities , agitating American public opinion . The war ended after decisive naval victories for the United States in the Philippines and Cuba . The Treaty of Paris ended the conflict 109 days after the outbreak of war giving the United States ownership of the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico , the Philippines and Guam. 111 people received the Medal of Honor from the Spanish -- American War . Samoan Civil War ( edit ) The Samoan Civil War is a Western definition of political activity in the Samoa Islands of the South Pacific in the late 19th century . By this non-Samoan definition , the Samoan Civil Wars were a series of wars between Germany , the United Kingdom , and the United States , ending in the partitioning of the island chain in 1899 . The concluding event was the Second Samoan Civil War . The first Samoan Civil War lasted for eight years . The warring Samoan parties were supplied arms , training and sometimes even combat troops by Germany , Britain and the United States . These three powers valued Samoa as a refueling station for coal fired shipping . In addition , these countries sought to gain more power in Europe and wanted Samoa due to the scarcity of unclaimed territory from 1870 onwards . Image Name Service Rank Place of action Date of action Unit Notes -- Frederick T. Fisher Navy Gunner 's Mate First Class aboard USS Philadelphia , Samoa April 1 , 1899 USS Philadelphia For distinguishing himself by his conduct in the presence of the enemy -- Bruno A. Forsterer Marine Corps Sergeant Samoa April 1 , 1899 Unknown For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy . Henry L. Hulbert Marine Corps Private Samoa April 1 , 1899 Unknown For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy . Subsequently , awarded the Navy Cross and the Distinguished Service Cross for actions during World War I . -- Michael J. McNally Marine Corps Sergeant Samoa April 1 , 1899 Unknown For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy Philippine -- American War ( edit ) Main article : List of Philippine -- American War Medal of Honor recipients The Philippine -- American War was an armed military conflict between the United States and the First Philippine Republic , fought between 1899 and at least 1902 , which arose from a Filipino political struggle against U.S. occupation of the Philippines . While the conflict was officially declared over on July 4 , 1902 , American troops continued hostilities against remnants of the Philippine Army and other resistance groups until 1913 , and some historians consider these unofficial extensions part of the war . Eighty - six men were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions in the Philippine -- American War : 70 from the Army , 10 from the Navy , and 6 from the Marine Corps . Four of the awards were posthumous . Among the recipients were Webb Hayes , the son of former U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes , and two prominent Marine Corps officers , Hiram I. Bearss and David Dixon Porter . Bearss became known for leading long - range reconnaissance patrols behind enemy lines and was later wounded as a colonel in World War I. Porter was from a distinguished military family and rose to become a major general . José B. Nísperos , a member of the Philippine Scouts who was honored for continuing to fight after being wounded , was the first Asian recipient of the Medal of Honor . Boxer Rebellion ( edit ) Main article : List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Boxer Rebellion The Boxer Movement or Boxer Rebellion , which occurred in China from November 1899 to September 7 , 1901 , was an uprising by members of the Chinese Society of Right and Harmonious Fists against foreign influence in areas such as trade , politics , religion and technology that occurred in China during the final years of the Manchu rule ( Qing Dynasty ) . The members of the Society of Right and Harmonious Fists were simply called boxers by the Westerners due to the martial arts and calisthenics they practiced . The uprising began as an anti-foreign , anti-imperialist peasant - based movement in northern China . They attacked foreigners who were building railroads and violating Feng shui , as well as Christians , who were held responsible for the foreign domination of China . In June 1900 , the Boxers invaded Beijing and killed 230 non-Chinese . Tens of thousands of Chinese Christians , Catholic and Protestant alike , were killed mostly in Shandong and Shanxi Provinces as part of the uprising . The government of Empress Dowager Cixi was not helpful , and diplomats , foreign civilians , soldiers and some Chinese Christians retreated to the legation quarter where they held out for fifty - five days until a multinational coalition rushed 20,000 troops to their rescue . The Chinese government was forced to indemnify the victims and make many additional concessions . Subsequent reforms implemented after the crisis of 1900 laid the foundation for the end of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the modern Chinese Republic . During the Boxer rebellion , 59 American servicemen received the Medal of Honor for their actions . Four of these were for Army personnel , twenty - two went to navy sailors and the remaining thirty - three went to Marines . Harry Fisher was the first Marine to receive the medal posthumously and the only posthumous recipient for this conflict . 20th century ( edit ) United States occupation of Veracruz , 1914 ( edit ) Main article : List of Medal of Honor recipients ( Veracruz ) The United States occupation of the Mexican port of Veracruz lasted for six months in response to the Tampico Affair of April 9 , 1914 . The incident came in the midst of poor diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States , related to the ongoing Mexican Revolution . Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels ordered that 56 Medals of Honor be awarded to participants in the occupation of Veracruz , the most for any single action before or since . In total 63 Medals of Honor were received for actions during the occupation ; 1 Army , 9 to members of the United States Marine Corps and 53 to Navy personnel . Invasion and occupation of Haiti ( edit ) The first United States occupation of Haiti began on July 28 , 1915 and ended in mid-August 1934 . Image Name Service Rank Place of action Date of action Unit Notes Smedley Butler Marine Corps Major Fort Riviere , Haiti November 17 , 1915 2nd Marines Second award -- previously awarded a Medal of Honor for action in the Mexican Campaign . William R. Button Marine Corps Corporal near Grande Riviere , Haiti Oct 31 , 1919 -- Nov 1 , 1919 7th Marines For the assassination of rebel leader Charlemagne Péralte and the routing of his followers Daniel Daly Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant near Fort - Liberté , Haiti October 24 , 1915 15th Company , 2nd Marines Second award -- previously awarded a Medal of Honor for action in the Boxer Rebellion Herman H. Hanneken Marine Corps Sergeant near Grande Riviere , Haiti Oct 31 , 1919 -- Nov 1 , 1919 7th Marines For the assassination of rebel leader Charlemagne Péralte and the routing of his followers Ross L. Iams Marine Corps Sergeant Fort Riviere , Haiti November 17 , 1915 5th Company , 2nd Marines Approaching a breach in the wall which was the only entrance to the fort , Sergeant Iams unhesitatingly jumped through the breach despite constant fire from the Cacos and engaged the enemy in a desperate hand - to - hand combat until the bastion was captured and Caco resistance neutralized . -- Samuel Marguiles Marine Corps Private Fort Riviere , Haiti November 17 , 1915 23rd Company , 2nd Marines Served under the name Samuel Gross . Edward A. Ostermann Marine Corps First Lieutenant near Fort - Liberté , Haiti October 24 , 1915 15th Company , 2nd Marines In command of one of the three squads which advanced in three different directions , led his men forward , surprising and scattering the Cacos , and aiding in the capture of Fort Dipitie . William P. Upshur Marine Corps Captain near Fort - Liberté , Haiti October 24 , 1915 15th Company , 2nd Marines In command of the three squads which advanced in three different directions , led his men forward , surprising and scattering the Cacos , and aiding the capture of Fort Dipitie . Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( edit ) The United States occupied the Dominican Republic from 1916 to 1924 . In May 1917 , Rear Admiral William Caperton forced Arias to leave Santo Domingo by threatening the city with naval bombardment . U.S. Marines invaded and took control of the country within two months ; in November that same year , the U.S. imposed a military government . The Marines restored order throughout most of the republic ( with the exception of the eastern region ) ; the country 's budget was balanced , its debt was diminished , and economic growth resumed ; infrastructure projects produced new roads that linked all the country 's regions for the first time in its history ; a professional military organization , the Dominican Constabulary Guard , replaced the partisan forces that had waged a seemingly endless struggle for power . Image Name Service Rank Place of action Date of action Unit Notes Joseph A. Glowin Marine Corps Corporal Guayacanes , Dominican Republic July 3 , 1916 13th Company , Artillery Battalion , 1st Brigade For action against a considerable force of rebels -- Ernest C. Williams Marine Corps First Lieutenant San Francisco de Macorís , Dominican Republic November 29 , 1916 1st Brigade For leading the capture of a fort Roswell Winans Marine Corps First Sergeant Guayacanes , Dominican Republic July 3 , 1916 1st Brigade For action against a considerable force of rebels World War I. ( edit ) Main article : List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I World War I , also known as the First World War and the Great War , was a global military conflict which took place primarily in Europe from 1914 -- 1918 . Over 40 million casualties resulted , including approximately 20 million military and civilian deaths . Over 60 million European soldiers were mobilized from 1914 -- 1918 . The immediate cause of the war was the June 28 , 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand , heir to the Austro - Hungarian throne , by Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb citizen of Austria - Hungary and member of the Black Hand . The retaliation by Austria - Hungary against Serbia activated a series of alliances that set off a chain reaction of war declarations . Within a month , much of Europe was in a state of open warfare . During this War , 126 men received the Medal of Honor for their actions with five marines receiving both the Army and Navy versions of the medal for the same action . Occupation of Nicaragua ( edit ) The United States occupied Nicaragua from 1909 to 1933 and intervened in the country several times before that . The American interventions in Nicaragua were designed to prevent the construction of a trans - isthmian canal by any nation but the USA . Nicaragua assumed a quasi-protectorate status under the 1916 Chamorro - Bryan Treaty . The occupation ended as Augusto César Sandino , a Nicaraguan revolutionary , led guerrilla armies against US troops . Furthermore , the onset of the Great Depression made it costly for the USA to maintain occupation . Image Name Service Rank Place of action Date of action Unit Notes Christian F. Schilt Marine Corps First Lieutenant Quilali , Nicaragua Jan 6 , 1928 -- Jan 8 , 1928 Observation Squadron 7 - M For evacuating wounded Marines by plane while under fire Donald L. Truesdale Marine Corps Corporal near Constancia , near Coco River , northern Nicaragua April 24 , 1932 a Guardia Nacional Patrol Served under the name `` Truesdale '' before officially changing name to `` Truesdell '' on 25 July 1942 . Lost his hand while attempting to save his patrol from an accidentally activated grenade . World War II ( edit ) Main article : List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II See also : List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima World War II , or the Second World War , was a global military conflict . The conflicts joined from two separate conflicts . The first began in Asia in 1937 as the Second Sino - Japanese War ; the other began in Europe in 1939 with the German and Russian invasion of Poland . This global conflict split the majority of the world 's nations into two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis powers . It involved the mobilization of over 100 million military personnel , making it the most widespread war in history , and placed the participants in a state of `` total war '' , erasing the distinction between civil and military resources . This resulted in the complete activation of a nation 's economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities for the purposes of the war effort . Over 60 million people , the majority of them civilians , were killed , making it the deadliest conflict in human history . The worldwide financial cost of the war is estimated at a trillion 1944 U.S. dollars , making it the most costly war both in capital expenditures as well as loss of lives . During this conflict 471 United States military personnel received the Medal of Honor , 273 of them posthumously . A total of 42 Medals of Honor , representing 9 % of all awarded during World War II , were presented for action in just two battles -- 15 for actions during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , and 27 for actions during the Battle of Iwo Jima . Also a total of 21 ( 4.5 % of all World War II Medals of Honor ) were awarded to members of the all - Japanese American 100th Infantry Battalion of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team , for actions in numerous battles across six different campaigns . Additionally , the only Medal of Honor ever presented to a member of the United States Coast Guard was received for actions during this war . Korean War ( edit ) Main article : List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients The Korean War was ignited by the 1950 invasion of South Korea when the North Korean Army moved south on June 25 , 1950 to attempt to reunite the Korean peninsula , which had been formally divided since 1948 . The conflict was then expanded by the United States , China 's and the Soviet Union 's involvement . The main hostilities were during the period from June 25 , 1950 , until the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed on July 27 , 1953 . In South Korea , the war is often called `` 6 25 '' , or the 6 25 War ( Korean : 6 25 전쟁 ) , from the date of the start of the conflict or , more formally , Hanguk Jeonjaeng literally `` Korean War '' . In North Korea , while commonly known as the Korean War , it is formally called the Fatherland Liberation War . In the early days of the war , United States President Harry Truman called the United Nations response a `` police action '' . The war is sometimes called `` The Forgotten War '' because it is a major conflict of the 20th century that gets less attention than World War II , which preceded it , and the controversial Vietnam War , which succeeded it . In China , the conflict was known as the War to Resist America and Aid Korea , but is today commonly called the `` Korean War '' . During this war , 145 Medals of Honor were presented for bravery in action , 107 of them posthumously . Vietnam War ( edit ) Main article : List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War The Vietnam War , also known as the Second Indochina War , and in Vietnam as the American War , occurred from 1959 to April 30 , 1975 . The term `` Vietnam Conflict '' is often used to refer to events which took place between 1959 and April 30 , 1975 . The war was fought between the Communist - supported Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) and the United States supported Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam ) . During the Vietnam War and in the following twelve months , 234 Medals of Honor were received and since 1978 a further 26 awards have been presented . Of the total of 260 awards , 174 were to the US Army , 15 to the US Navy , 57 to the USMC and 14 to the USAF . The first medal of the war was presented to Roger Donlon for rescuing and administering first aid to several wounded soldiers and leading a group against an enemy force . The first African American recipient of the war was Milton L. Olive , III who sacrificed himself to save others by smothering a grenade with his body . Riley L. Pitts was killed after attacking an enemy force with rifle fire and grenades and was the first African American commissioned officer of the war to receive the medal . Thomas Bennett was a conscientious objector who received the medal for his actions as a medic ; three chaplains received the medal , including Vincent R. Capodanno , who served with the Marine Corps and was known as the Grunt Padre . USS Liberty incident ( edit ) The USS Liberty incident was an attack on a neutral United States Navy technical research ship , USS Liberty , by Israeli jet fighter planes and motor torpedo boats on June 8 , 1967 , during the Six - Day War . The combined air and sea attack killed 34 and wounded more than 170 crew members , and damaged the ship severely . Image Name Service Rank Place of action Date of action Unit Notes William L. McGonagle Navy Commander Eastern Mediterranean Sea June 8 -- 9 , 1967 USS Liberty ( AGTR - 5 ) Continued to lead his ship despite being severely wounded Post-vietnam ( edit ) Since the end of the Vietnam War , also known as the Vietnam Conflict and Second Indochina War , the United States was involved in a number of smaller conflicts during the end of the Cold War , including in Grenada , Panama , and elsewhere . In the Post-Cold War , the United States was involved in conflicts in the Middle East , Africa , the Caribbean , and in the Balkans . No Medals of Honor have been awarded for any of the aforementioned conflicts so far either proactively or retroactively . Somalia ( edit ) On October 3 , 1993 , during the Battle of Mogadishu , members of the U.S. Army Rangers and SOCOM 's Delta Force executed a mission to capture members of Gen. Mohamed Farrah Aidid 's forces . In the ensuing battle , two UH - 60 Blackhawk helicopters were shot down . As the second Blackhawk , containing Chief Warrant Officer Michael Durant , was hit and crashed , Master Sergeant Gary I. Gordon and Sergeant First Class Randall D. Shughart were in a nearby Blackhawk monitoring radio traffic . Gordon and Shughart were part of a sniper team for Delta Force that was assigned to watch over the operation , engaging targets from their position in the Blackhawk . As they monitored the downing of the second Blackhawk , it became evident that ground forces would not be available to secure the crash site and protect the critically injured crew of four , all of whom survived the crash . Gordon , the sniper team leader , requested that they be inserted at the 2nd crash site . His request was denied twice before finally being approved on the third request . The snipers were armed only with their sniper rifles and pistols . Upon reaching the downed Blackhawk , which was under intense enemy fire , Gordon and Shughart pulled the crew from the wreckage and proceeded to set up a defensive perimeter . The snipers , assisted by the severely injured Durant , began to engage the attacking Somalis from the opposite side of the wreckage using assault rifles stored on the Blackhawk . Shughart and Gordon were eventually mortally wounded after nearly exhausting all available ammunition ; Durant , the only survivor , was taken hostage . According to Durant 's account , 25 Somalis were killed and many more were wounded . On Monday , May 23 , 1994 , President Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to the widows of Gordon and Shughart . They are the only snipers to have received the Medal of Honor . The film Black Hawk Down , based on the book of the same name , includes a narrative of the events . 21st century ( edit ) Main article : List of post-Vietnam War Medal of Honor recipients War in Afghanistan ( edit ) The War in Afghanistan , which began on October 7 , 2001 , was launched by the United States , the United Kingdom , and NATO allies in response to the September 11 , 2001 attacks . It was the beginning of the War on Terrorism . The stated purpose of the invasion was to capture Osama bin Laden , destroy al - Qaeda , and remove the Taliban regime which had provided support and safe harbor to al - Qaeda . Since 2001 , 14 American service - members have received the Medal of Honor for actions in Afghanistan , three of them posthumously . Army Sergeant First Class Jared C. Monti received his medal for attempting to rescue a wounded soldier at the cost of his own life . Navy Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy received his for actions against insurgent forces and for sacrificing his life to call for help when his team had been overwhelmed by a much larger enemy force . Army Staff Sergeant Robert James Miller 's surviving family was presented with his medal on October 6 , 2010 . The fourth recipient , Salvatore Giunta received his for his actions in 2007 when he risked his life to save a wounded comrade . He is the first living recipient since the Vietnam War . A second living recipient , Sergeant First Class Leroy Petry , received the medal from President Obama during a July 12 , 2011 , ceremony . Marine Corps Corporal Dakota Meyer became the third living recipient awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of Ganjgal . An additional eight living individuals have been awarded the Medal since Meyer . Iraq War ( edit ) The Iraq War , Operation Iraqi Freedom ( US ) , Operation TELIC ( UK ) or the occupation of Iraq , was a conflict which began on March 20 , 2003 with the United States - led invasion of Iraq by a multinational coalition composed of U.S. and U.K. troops supported by smaller contingents from Australia , Poland , and other nations . Four service members have received the Medal of Honor for actions in Iraq ; two from the Army , one from the Marine Corps and one from the Navy . Paul R. Smith was the first to receive it for his actions on April 4 , 2003 when he held enemy forces back , allowing other wounded soldiers to be evacuated to safety . The other three , Corporal Jason Dunham of the Marine Corps , Specialist Ross A. McGinnis of the Army and Master - at - Arms Second Class Michael A. Monsoor of the Navy received it after being killed while using their own bodies to smother grenades to protect their comrades . Peacetime ( edit ) Main article : List of Medal of Honor recipients during peacetime Before World War II , the Medal of Honor could be received for actions not involving direct combat with the enemy and 193 men earned the medal in this way . Most of these medals were presented to members of the United States Navy for rescuing or attempting to rescue someone from drowning . One of those awarded the Medal of Honor for rescuing others was Fireman Second Class Telesforo Trinidad , who as of 2010 has been the only Asian American Sailor to be awarded the Medal of Honor . In addition to the medals that were presented for lifesaving acts , one Medal of Honor was presented to William Halford who sailed in a small boat for 31 days to get help for the other members of USS Saginaw who had been stranded on an island . Three explorers were also presented with the medal by special acts of Congress . Charles Lindbergh received the medal for flying the first solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean as well as Floyd Bennett and Richard Evelyn Byrd who received it for their participation in what was thought to be the first successful heavier - than - air flight to the North Pole and back . One recipient , Adolphus W. Greely received his for a lifetime of military service . Foreign ( edit ) No individual serving as a member of a foreign force has been awarded the Medal of Honor . Current law , 10 U.S.C. § 6241 explicitly states that recipients must be serving in the U.S. Armed Forces at the time of performing a valorous act that warrants the award . However , the Medal of Honor has been presented to five First World War unknown soldiers of allied countries : the British Unknown Warrior in the United Kingdom by General Pershing on October 17 , 1921 ; the Romanian Unknown Soldier , the French Unknown Soldier ( entombed under the Arc de Triomphe ) , the Belgian Unknown Soldier , and the Italian Unknown Soldier ( entombed in the Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II ) . Each of the countries reciprocally awarded medals to the U.S. Unknown Soldier . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This conflict is also known as the Philippine Insurrection . This name was historically the most commonly used in the U.S. , but Filipinos and some American historians refer to these hostilities as the Philippine - American War , and , in 1999 , the U.S. Library of Congress reclassified its references to use this term . Jump up ^ Official military histories in Commonwealth nations refer to the conflict as the Second World War , while the United States ' official histories refer to the conflict as World War II . English translations of the official histories of other nations tend to resolve into English as Second World War also , for example zweite weltkrieg in German . See C.P. Stacey Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War , for example . `` Official '' usage of these terms is giving way to popular usage and the two terms are becoming interchangeable even in formal military history . References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History -- The Medal of Honor '' . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . Department of Defense . August 8 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ see `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 15 . which is updated when new awards are presented . The exact number is included in the main Medal of Honor article . Jump up ^ The Medal of Honor of the United States Army , United States . Department of the Army . Public Information Division , ( Washington , ( U.S. Govt . Print . Off. , 1948 ) and Medal of Honor , 1861 -- 1949 , the Navy . United States Bureau of Naval Personnel . ( Washington , 1950 ? ) Jump up ^ Medal of Honor recipients , 1863 -- 1963 . Prepared for the Subcommittee on Veterans ' Affairs of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare , United States Senate . 1964 was the first of these publications . ^ Jump up to : Medal of Honor Recipients : 1979 -- 2014 , Anne Leland , Information Research Specialist , Congressional research Service , December 2 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Mary Edwards Walker '' . Women in History . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved July 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Canada honours winners of top U.S. medal '' . CBC News . July 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands of Canadians , including a Medal of Honor recipient , served with the U.S. military in Vietnam '' . Veterans With a Mission . July 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 20 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Medal of Honor '' Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States `` . www.mohhsus.com . Archived from the original on 1 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winning the west the Army in the Indian Wars , 1865 -- 1890 '' . United States Army Center of Military History . April 27 , 2001 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tyson , Carolyn A. ( March 5 , 2007 ) . `` Marine Amphibious Landing in Korea , 1871 '' . Naval Historical Foundation . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the 1871 Korean Campaign . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Price of Freedom : Americans at War -- Spanish American War '' . National Museum of American History . 2005 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Edward F. ( April 27 , 2001 ) . The Spanish -- American War . The Millbrook Press , Inc . ISBN 0 - 7613 - 1453 - 9 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Robert Louis . A Footnote to History : Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the Philippine Insurrection . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2008 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Delmendo , Sharon ( 2004 ) . The Star - Entangled Banner : One Hundred Years of America in the Philippines . Rutgers University Press . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3411 - 9 . Retrieved December 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Agoncillo , Teodoro ( 1960 ) . History of the Filipino People ( 1990 eighth ed . ) . Quezon City : Garcia . ISBN 971 - 10 - 2415 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Constantino , Renato ( 1975 ) . The Philippines : A Past Revisited . ISBN 971 - 8958 - 00 - 2 . Jump up ^ Owens , Ron ( 2004 ) . Medal of Honor : Historical Facts & Figures . Paducah , Kentucky : Turner Publishing Company . pp. 71 -- 73 , 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56311 - 995 - 8 . Jump up ^ Esherick , Joseph W. ( 1987 ) . The Origins of the Boxer Uprising . University of California Press . p. 154 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06459 - 3 . Retrieved February 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . Statistics of Soldiers , Sailors , Airmen , Marines , and Coast Guardsmen who received the Medal of Honor . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Yockelson , Mitchell ( 1997 ) . `` The United States Armed Forces and the Mexican Punitive Expedition : Part 1 '' . Prologue Magazine . 29 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the 1915 Haiti Campaign . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the 1919 -- 1920 Haiti Campaign . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Haggerty , Richard A. ( 1989 ) . `` Dominican Republic : A Country Study '' . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2011 . Retrieved February 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the Dominican Campaign . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Military Casualties of World War One '' . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Treaty of Versailles and its Consequences '' . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John ( 1998 ) . The First World War . Hutchinson . ISBN 0 - 09 - 180178 - 8 . Jump up ^ Merrill , Tim ( 1993 ) . `` Nicaragua : A Country Study '' . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2011 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the Second Nicaraguan Campaign . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CWO Donald L Truesdell '' . US Marine Corps History Division . Archived from the original on 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Dunnigan , James ; Albert Nofi . Dirty Little Secrets of World War II : Military Information No One Told You About the Greatest , Most Terrible War in History , William Morrow & Company , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 12235 - 3 Jump up ^ Mayer , E. ( 2000 ) `` World War II '' Archived 2009 - 03 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . course lecture notes on Emayzine.com ( Victorville , California : Victor Valley College ) Jump up ^ Coleman , P. ( 1999 ) `` Cost of the War , '' Archived 2008 - 03 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . World War II Resource Guide ( Gardena , California : The American War Library ) Jump up ^ `` Invalid Entry '' . www.cmohs.org . Archived from the original on 8 May 2018 . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The President 's News Conference of June 29 , 1950 - Teaching American History '' . teachingamericanhistory.org . Archived from the original on 26 December 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering the Forgotten War : Korea , 1950 -- 1953 '' . Naval History & Heritage Command . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2007 . Retrieved August 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` War to Resist US Aggression And Aid Korea Marked in DPRK '' . ( China 's ) Peoples Daily ( English version ) . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved August 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Murphy , 1987 , pp. 13 -- 23 Jump up ^ Murphy , 1987 , pp. 36 -- 38 Jump up ^ Murphy , 1987 , p. 97 Jump up ^ Murphy , 1987 , pp. 156 -- 158 Jump up ^ Murphy , 1987 , pp. 150 -- 151 Jump up ^ `` USS Liberty ( AGTR - 5 ) , 1964 -- 1970 '' . Navy Historical Center . January 14 , 2001 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2006 . Retrieved February 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War ( M -- Z ) . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2008 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lacouture , Jean ( July 1970 ) . `` From the Vietnam War to an Indochina War '' . Foreign Affairs . Council on Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Military : Vietnam Conflict '' . Archival Research Catalog ( ARC ) . National Archive . Archived from the original on 23 December 2012 . 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United States Army . March 17 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the Afghanistan War . United States Army Center of Military History . January 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama to Award Medal of Honor '' . White House Office of the Press Secretary . September 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2011 . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Army Ranger to be awarded Medal of Honor '' . Stars and Stripes . Washington , D.C. May 31 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Soldiers ' selfless acts should inspire at holidays '' . CNN . December 6 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lamothe , Dan ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` Obama OKs Medal of Honor for living Marine '' . Marine Corps Times . Springfield , Virginia . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rescue Operations in the Second Gulf War '' . Air & Space Power Journal . Spring 2005 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Iraqi Freedom '' . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2009 . Retrieved August 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Defence . `` Operations in Iraq : History of the military campaign in Iraq '' . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fattah , Hassan M. ( March 2007 ) . `` Saudi King Condemns U.S. Occupation of Iraq '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schifferes , Steve ( March 18 , 2003 ) . `` US Names Coalition of the Willing '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2008 . Retrieved November 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the Iraq War . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rodney Jaleco ( 19 October 2010 ) . `` Pinoy WWII vets still top Fil - Am concern '' . ABS - CBN . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant William Halford , USN , ( 1841 -- 1919 ) '' . Naval Historical Center . March 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . Interim ( 1920 -- 1940 ) . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients by Special Legislation . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Murphy , Edward F. ( July 1987 ) . Vietnam Medal of Honor Heroes . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 33890 - 1 . External links ( edit ) `` Who 's Who list of Marines '' . Who 's Who in Marine Corps History . History Division , United States Marine Corps . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . Listing of Soldiers , Sailors , Airmen , Marines , and Coast Guardsmen who received the Medal of Honor during World War II . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the American Civil War ( A-L ) . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the American Civil War ( M-Z ) . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for Interim period ( 1866 -- 1870 ) . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the Interim period ( 1871 -- 1898 ) . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the Spanish -- American War . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the Boxer Rebellion . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the Interim period ( 1901 -- 1911 ) . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for Outlaws -- Philippines 1911 . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the Mexican - American War ( Vera Cruz ) . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the Interim period ( 1915 -- 1916 ) . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for World War I. United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for World War II ( A -- F ) . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for World War II ( G -- L ) . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for World War II ( M -- S ) . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for World War II ( T -- Z ) . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the Korean War . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . American Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War ( A -- L ) . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients '' . World War II African American Medal of Honor recipients . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . `` Medal of Honor recipients of Charley Company First Battalion Seventh Marines '' . Honor Recipients of Charley Company . SuicideCharley.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients&oldid=853389990 '' Categories : Lists of Medal of Honor recipients Recipients of the Medal of Honor Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Army Center of Military History Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 12 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many service members received the medal of honor during the war in iraq | [
"The Iraq War,[61] Operation Iraqi Freedom (US),[62] Operation TELIC (UK)[63] or the occupation of Iraq,[64] was a conflict which began on March 20, 2003 with the United States-led invasion of Iraq by a multinational coalition composed of U.S. and U.K. troops supported by smaller contingents from Australia, Poland, and other nations.[65] Four service members have received the Medal of Honor for actions in Iraq; two from the Army, one from the Marine Corps and one from the Navy. Paul R. Smith was the first to receive it for his actions on April 4, 2003 when he held enemy forces back, allowing other wounded soldiers to be evacuated to safety. The other three, Corporal Jason Dunham of the Marine Corps, Specialist Ross A. McGinnis of the Army and Master-at-Arms Second Class Michael A. Monsoor of the Navy received it after being killed while using their own bodies to smother grenades to protect their comrades.[66]\n"
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2937838968700842463 | Nick Bottom | Nick Bottom - wikipedia Nick Bottom Jump to : navigation , search Edwin Landseer , Scene from A Midsummer Night 's Dream Titania adoring the Ass - headed Bottom . Oil on canvas by Henry Fuseli , c. 1790 Nick Bottom is a character in Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream who provides comic relief throughout the play . A weaver by trade , he is famously known for getting his head transformed into that of a donkey by the elusive Puck . Bottom and Puck are the only two characters who converse with and progress the three central stories in the whole play . Puck is first introduced in the fairies ' story and creates the drama of the lovers ' story by messing up who loves whom , and places the donkey head on Bottom 's in his story . Similarly , Bottom is performing in a play in his story intending it to be presented in the lovers ' story , as well as interacting with Titania in the fairies ' story . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Analysis 3 Scholarly debates 4 Notable interpretations 5 Cultural depictions 6 References Overview ( edit ) Hans Wassmann as Bottom , by Emil Orlik , 1909 While they are in the woods rehearsing , the fairy Puck , a mischievous sprite and minion of Oberon , king of the fairies , happens upon their rehearsal . He decides to have some fun with them , carrying out part of Oberon 's orders in the process , and when Bottom exits the stage , he transforms his head into a donkey 's . When Bottom returns , unaware of his own transformation , his fellow actors run away from him with Quince screaming , `` We are haunted ! '' Bottom believes they are playing a prank on him , proclaiming , `` This is to make an ass of me , to fright me if they could . '' So he stays in the forest by himself and sings loudly to show them he is n't afraid . The Fairy Queen Titania is awakened by Bottom 's song . She has been enchanted by a love potion , which will cause her to fall in love with the first living thing that she sees when she wakes ( no matter who , or what it is ) , made from the juice of a rare flower , once hit by Cupid 's arrow , that her husband , Oberon , King of the Fairies , spread on her eyes in an act of jealous rage . During his enchantment over her , he utters `` Wake when some vile thing is near . '' The first thing she sees when she wakes is the transformed Bottom , and she immediately falls in love with him . She even commands her fairy minions to serve and wait upon him . Later , Oberon finally releases Titania from her enchantment . After being confronted with the reality that her romantic interlude with the transformed Bottom was not just a dream , she is disgusted with the very image of him and also seems very suspicious of how `` these things came to pass . '' After Oberon instructs Puck to return Bottom 's head to his human state , which Puck reluctantly does , the fairies leave him sleeping in the woods , nearby the four Athenian lovers , Demetrius , Helena , Hermia , and Lysander . Bottom ( left ) playing Pyramus in a Riverside Shakespeare Company production He wakes up after the lovers leave . His first thought is that he has fallen asleep in the woods during rehearsal and has missed his cue . He quickly realises he has had `` a most rare vision '' . He is amazed by the events of this dream , and soon begins to wonder if it was in fact a dream at all . He quickly decides that he will `` get Peter Quince to write a ballad of this dream '' , and that `` it shall be called ' Bottom 's Dream , ' because it hath no Bottom '' . Upon being reunited with his friends , he is not even able to utter what has happened and says `` For if I tell you , I am no true Athenian '' . Theseus ends up choosing Pyramus and Thisbe as the performance for his amusement , now also the wedding day of the young Athenian lovers . The play is poorly written and poorly acted , though obviously performed with a great deal of passion . Bottom performs the famous Pyramus death scene in the play within the play , ironically one of the most comedic moments in the play . In performance , Bottom , like Horatio in Hamlet is the only major part that ca n't be doubled , i.e. that ca n't be played by an actor who also plays another character , since he is present in scenes involving nearly every character . Analysis ( edit ) Bottom 's discussion of his dream is considered by Ann Thompson to have emulated two passages from Chaucer 's The Book of the Duchess . Critics have commented on the profound religious implications of Bottom 's speech on his awakening without the ass 's head in act 4 of A Midsummer Night 's Dream : `` ( ... ) The eye of man hath not heard , the ear of man hath not seen , man 's hand is not able to taste , his tongue to conceive , nor his heart to report , what my dream was . I will get Peter Quince to write a ballad of this dream : it shall be called ' Bottom 's Dream ' , because it hath no bottom ; and I will sing it in the latter end of a play , before the Duke . Peradventure , to make it the more gracious , I shall sing it at her death . '' ( 4.1. 209 -- 216 ) This speech seems to be a comically jumbled evocation of a passage from the New Testament 's 1 Corinthians 2.9 -- 10 : `` The things which eye hathe not sene , nether eare hath heard , nether came into man 's heart , are , which God hathe prepared for them that love him . But God hathe reveiled them unto us by his Spirit : for the Spirit searcheth all things , yea , the deepe things of God . '' Steven Doloff also suggests that Bottom 's humorous and foolish performance at the end of `` A Midsummer Night 's Dream '' mimics a passage from the previous chapter of Corinthians : `` For seing the worlde by wisdome knewe not God in the wisdome of God , it pleased God by the foolishnes of preaching to save them that believe : Seing also that the Jewes require a signe , and the Grecians seke after wisdome . But we preache Christ crucified : unto the Jewes , even a stombling blocke , & unto the Grecians , foolishnes : But unto them which are called , bothe of the Jewes & Grecias we preache Christ , the power of GOD , and the wisdome of God . For the foolishnes of God is wiser the men ( ... ) . '' ( 1 Corinthians 1.21 -- 25 ) This passage 's description of the sceptical reception Christ was given by his Greek audience appears to be alluded to in Bottom 's performance . Just as Christ 's preaching is regarded as `` foolishnes , '' Bottom 's audience perceives his acting ( as well as the entirety of the play he is a part of ) as completely without value , except for the humor they can find in the actors ' hopelessly flawed rendering of their subject matter . Doloff writes that this allusion is especially likely because , in both texts , the sceptical audience of the `` foolish '' material is composed of Greeks , as the spectators of Bottom et al. are Theseus , the duke of Athens , and his court . Scholarly debates ( edit ) The origin of Bottom 's farewell to Peter Quince in Act I , scene ii has become the topic of some disagreement among Shakespeare scholars . Parting with Quince , Bottom instructs his fellow actor to be at the next rehearsal , saying : `` Hold or cut bowstrings . '' The debate is centred on whether this phrase arose from military or civilian life . George Capell is the first to have offered an explanation of the origin of this phrase . He states that it is a proverbial saying and `` was born in the days of archery '' . When an archery contest was planned , ' assurance of meeting was given in the words of that phrase ' . If an archer did not keep the promised meeting , then the other archers might cut his bowstring , that is , ' demolish him for an archer ' . From this ' particular usage , the phrase had an easy transition among the vulgar to that general application which Bottom makes of it . ' However , W.L. Godshalk refutes this theory , stating that no subsequent scholars have been able to confirm Capell 's ideas . Godshalk also states that it is unlikely that this was a common civilian phrase , as there are no other examples of this exact form of the phrase in the work of any author besides Shakespeare . Godshalk further cites the work of George Steevens , who was able to find two vaguely parallel examples in seventeenth - century drama . In George Chapman 's The Ball , Scutilla asks Lady Lucina , ' have you devices / To jeer the rest ? ' Lucina answers , ' All the regiment of ' em , or I 'll break my bow - strings ' ( II. ii. 127 - 9 ) . Godshalk argues that the context implied by ' regiment ' is important , as it implies that the breaking ( or cutting ) of bowstrings should be seen in terms of military rather than civilian archery . Steeven 's other example is from Anthony Brewer 's The Covntrie Girle : A Comedie : ' Fidler , strike . / I strike you else ; -- and cut your begging bowstrings ' . Godshalk writes that `` the first ' strike ' means ' to play upon ' the fiddle ; the second ' strike ' may again suggest a military context for the cutting of bowstrings , though any reference to military archery is comic since the ' bow ' in this case is the fiddler 's bow . '' Godshalk argues that , just as these examples indicate a military context , this must also be done with Bottom 's `` hold or cut bow - strings . '' He further cites Jean Froissart 's account of the Battle of Crecy , which supports the military origin of Bottom 's line : `` When the Genoese felt the arrows piercing through their heads , arms , and breasts , many of them cast down their crossbows , and cut their strings , and resumed discomfited . '' Archers would cut their bowstrings , thus destroying their weapons , in the midst of a retreat so that the enemy could not use their own instruments against them . It is the equivalent of striking artillery , rendering the equipment useless . With this understanding , Bottom 's phrase can be interpreted as a military expression for `` hold your position , or give up and retreat . '' In the context of the play , Bottom is being comically pretentious , saying : `` Be present at the rehearsal , or quit the troupe . '' Notable interpretations ( edit ) Some of the more successful interpretations of Nick Bottom are those of Samuel Phelps , Herbert Beerbohm Tree , Ralph Richardson , Stewart Wright , Andrew Blake , as well as Paul Rogers . Actors who have played the role on film include Paul Rogers , James Cagney and Kevin Kline . In the BBC Television Shakespeare version he is played by Brian Glover . Cultural depictions ( edit ) Bottom has been the subject of several paintings . German composer Hans Werner Henze has used Bottom twice as an inspiration : in the second sonata which comprises his Royal Winter Music and in his Eighth Symphony . Nick Bottom is also the main character from Tony nominated musical Something Rotten ! about Bottom competing as a playwright against William Shakespeare , his name being a reference to Shakespeare 's play . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hale , David G. , Bottom 's Dream and Chaucer , Shakespeare Quarterly , Vol. 36 , No. 2 ( Summer , 1985 ) , pp. 219 -- 220 , doi : 10.2307 / 2871197 Jump up ^ Doloff , Steven , ( 1 ) Bottom 's Greek Audience : 1 Corinthians 1.21 -- 25 and Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream , doi : 11.3007 / 2871197 Jump up ^ George Capell , Notes and Various Readings to Shakespeare ( 1780 ; New York , 1973 ) , ii. 102 Jump up ^ Isaac Reed ( ed . ) , The Plays of William Shakespeare ... Notes , by Samuel Johnson and George Steevens ( London , 1803 ) , iv. 342 Jump up ^ Thomas Marc Parrott ( ed . ) , The Plays of George Chapman ( New York , 1961 ) , ii. 557 Jump up ^ Cf . Marlowe 's Jew of Malta , ed . N.W. Bawcutt ( Manchester , 1978 ) Jump up ^ Jean Froissart , The Ancient Chronicles of Sir John Froissart , trans . John Bourchier , Lord Berners ( London , 1814 ) i. 288 . Jump up ^ Godshalk , W.L. `` Bottom 's ' Hold or cut bow - strings ' ( A Midsummer Night 's Dream I. ii. 106 ) . '' Notes and Queries 42. n3 ( Sept 1995 ) : 315 ( 2 ) . Academic One File . Gale . Yale University . 30 November 2007 ( hide ) William Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream Characters Lovers Theseus and Hippolyta Oberon and Titania Hermia and Lysander Helena and Demetrius Mechanicals Nick Bottom Peter Quince Francis Flute Robin Starveling Tom Snout Snug Other characters Puck Egeus Philostrate Film 1909 1935 1959 1968 1969 1999 Television 1980 2016 Stage A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1970 , play ) The Park ( 1983 , play ) The Donkey Show ( 1999 , musical ) The Dreaming ( 2001 , musical ) Ballet A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1962 ) The Dream ( 1964 ) Opera The Fairy - Queen ( 1692 ) Pyramus and Thisbe ( 1745 ) Puck ( 1949 ) A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1960 , opera ) The Enchanted Island ( 2011 ) Film adaptations Wood Love ( 1925 ) Dream of a Summer Night ( 1983 ) Get Over It ( 2001 ) A Midsummer Night 's Rave ( 2002 ) Midsummer Dream ( 2005 ) Were the World Mine ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Other adaptations The Triumph of Beauty ( 1646 ) St. John 's Eve ( 1852 ) `` Fascination '' ( 1994 ) Literature A Midsummer Tempest ( 1974 ) A Midsummer Night 's Gene ( 1997 ) A Midsummer 's Nightmare ( 1997 ) Lords and Ladies ( 1992 ) The Great Night ( 2011 ) Comics Auberon Faerie Titania Music A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1842 , Mendelssohn ) Wedding March ( 1842 , Mendelssohn ) Three Shakespeare Songs ( 1951 ) Symphony No. 8 ( 1992 , Henze ) Il Sogno ( 2004 ) Art Hermia and Lysander The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania Scene from A Midsummer Night 's Dream Related The Sandman : Dream Country ( 1991 ) Pyramus and Thisbe Mechanical Love - in - idleness The Apartment ( 1996 ) Wicker Park ( 2004 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nick_Bottom&oldid=800891738 '' Categories : Characters in A Midsummer Night 's Dream Fictional artisans Fictional actors Male Shakespearean characters Fictional Greek people Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 09 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did nick bottom play in pyramus and thisbe | [
"Theseus ends up choosing Pyramus and Thisbe as the performance for his amusement, now also the wedding day of the young Athenian lovers. The play is poorly written and poorly acted, though obviously performed with a great deal of passion. Bottom performs the famous Pyramus death scene in the play within the play, ironically one of the most comedic moments in the play."
] | [
"Pyramus"
] |
-8759019925009508532 | Jon Batiste | Jon Batiste - Wikipedia Jon Batiste This article is about the American musician . For the American military officer and consultant , see John Batiste . Jonathan Batiste Jonathan Batiste in 2018 Background information Also known as Jon Batiste ( 1986 - 11 - 11 ) November 11 , 1986 ( age 31 ) Origin Kenner , Louisiana , United States Genres Jazz , blues , pop music , rock , soul , R&B , funk , hip hop , classical Occupation ( s ) Musician , educator , comedian Instruments Piano , voice , melodica , electric bass , Hammond organ Years active 1998 -- present Associated acts Stay Human , The Late Show with Stephen Colbert Website jonbatiste.com Jonathan Batiste ( born November 11 , 1986 ) is an American singer , multi-instrumentalist , composer , educator , comedian , and bandleader . Born in Kenner , Louisiana , into a family of musicians , Batiste has collaborated with many acclaimed musicians in various genres of music , released recordings of his own , performed in over 40 countries , and has appeared as an actor in film and television . Most recently , he was appointed as the artistic director at large of the National Jazz Museum in Harlem . Batiste regularly tours with his band Stay Human , which since September 8 , 2015 has been the house band of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert . In 2012 , he was listed on ARTINFO as among the `` 30 under 30 '' most influential people in the art world . In 2016 he was listed on the Forbes 30 Under 30 music list . He received a master 's degree from the Juilliard School and currently resides in Washington Heights , Manhattan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Stay Human 3 Film and television 4 Discography 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Early years ( edit ) Batiste is a member of a long lineage of musicians from the Batiste family of Louisiana , including Lionel Batiste and Harold Battiste . He was introduced to music by his family 's band , the Batiste Brothers Band , in which he played percussion / drums at age 8 . At his mother 's suggestion , Batiste switched to piano at the age of 11 . He developed his piano skills by taking classical lessons and transcribing songs from video games such as Street Fighter Alpha , Final Fantasy VII and Sonic the Hedgehog . By the age of 17 , he released the first of his two CDs as a band leader entitled Times In New Orleans , featuring New Orleans musicians including Jason Marsalis , Donald Harrison Jr. and Christian Scott . By then he was already attracting considerable attention as a young musician of great talent and potential . A student at New Orleans Center for Creative Arts along with Trombone Shorty , Batiste graduated in 2004 before going on to study at the Juilliard School . While studying at Juilliard he released his second CD , Live in New York : At the Rubin Museum of Art . In 2006 , Batiste received the Movado Future Legend Award , the only musician to receive the honor for jazz . By the end of 2006 , Batiste had been a featured performer in South Africa , London , Lisbon , Spain , Paris , and the United States . In 2007 , he made his debut at the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam , producing and performing his own show . In addition to the show , he conducted music clinics / master classes and workshops throughout Holland in inner city schools and underprivileged neighborhoods . As a result , he was invited back to Carnegie Hall to produce and perform in his own show . The performance included six young musicians from the Netherlands in which Batiste composed music to feature within the program . The performance concluded with a finale he composed for choir , jazz combo , and orchestral instruments . It was viewed as a hugely successful cultural exchange and garnered national attention . Batiste in 2008 during a soundcheck for Cassandra Wilson at Bluesfest in Ottawa Batiste was a featured member of the 2008 NBA All - Star Game halftime show . Batiste was the youngest artist , performing alongside Allen Toussaint , Harry Connick Jr. , Dr. John , Ellis Marsalis , Art Neville , Ivan Neville , and Davell Crawford . By 2009 , Batiste had released 2 CDs and 2 EPs of his own , and performed in over 40 countries . In addition to the piano , he chose the melodica as a passion and adopted it as one of his signatures . In 2012 , Batiste was appointed associate artistic director at the National Jazz Museum in Harlem as part of the leadership entrusted with the development and growth of the institution . Batiste is currently signed with Columbia Artists Management . In 2013 , Batiste joined Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer Chad Smith and bassist / producer Bill Laswell to score a film that was not yet written and was ultimately never made . The soundtrack titled The Process was released on November 4 , 2014 . He has recorded or performed with various artists including The Soul Rebels , Prince , Lenny Kravitz , Jimmy Buffett , and Questlove . In May 2017 , Batiste received an honorary degree from Salve Regina University for his musical achievements and contributions to Newport 's 2014 International Jazz Day . Stay Human ( edit ) Main article : Stay Human ( band ) In 2005 Batiste began performing regularly around the New York music scene with his trio , including bassist Phil Kuehn and drummer Joe Saylor . They first met in 2004 . A few years later he recruited Eddie Barbash on alto saxophone and sometime after that Ibanda Ruhumbika on tuba . They had all attended Juilliard . Batiste named the band Stay Human and has toured extensively with this quintet in recent years . Batiste and his band are particularly known for actively engaging with audiences . The band draws its moniker from the belief that the human interaction of a live musical performance can uplift humanity in the midst of the `` plug in / tune out '' nature of modern - day society . Either on tour or during time off the band sometimes leads impromptu street performances , which Batiste calls `` Love Riots . '' In 2011 , Batiste and the Stay Human band released another self - produced CD entitled MY N.Y. According to Batiste , the album was recorded in its entirety on actively running New York City Subway trains , a concept that grew from the question of how to connect with people . On April 22 , 2017 , Batiste and Stay Human played for the March for Science rally at the Washington Monument in Washington D.C. In the mission statement for the March for Science it states `` The March for Science champions robustly funded and publicly communicated science as a pillar of human freedom and prosperity . '' Film and television ( edit ) Batiste 's first television experience was playing the lead in a Japanese tourism commercial when he was 9 years old . More recently , he was cast in the HBO television series Treme , appearing in seasons 2 , 3 and 4 . He was also cast as T.K. Hazelton in director Spike Lee 's film Red Hook Summer . Batiste composed and performed all of the Hammond B - 3 organ music that was a part of the film score . Other film scores composed by Batiste include the television documentary Duke 91 & 92 : Back To Back and the short film Melody Of Choice . He also appears in the film Thrive by Paul Szynol . In 2014 , Batiste and Stay Human appeared on The Colbert Report to perform the group 's single , `` Express Yourself '' , co-written and produced with Austin Bis . On June 4 , 2015 , it was announced that the group would serve as house band of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert . Discography ( edit ) Times in New Orleans ( 2005 ) Live in New York : At the Rubin Museum of Art ( 2006 ) In the Night EP ( 2008 ) The Amazing Jon Batiste ! EP ( 2009 ) MY N.Y. EP ( 2011 ) -- as Jonathan Batiste and the Stay Human Band Social Music ( 2013 ) -- as Jon Batiste and Stay Human The Process ( 2014 ) -- with Chad Smith and Bill Laswell The Late Show EP ( 2016 ) -- as Jon Batiste and Stay Human ( band ) Christmas with Jon Batiste ( 2016 ) - as the Jon Batiste Trio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ; O'Connell , Michael ; Sandberg , Bryn Elise ; Stanhope , Kate ; Goldberg , Lesley ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Next Gen Fall TV : 10 Stars Poised for Breakouts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pogrebin , Robin ( 2012 - 06 - 17 ) . `` National Jazz Museum in Harlem Plans Expansion '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Serico , Chris . `` And Stephen Colbert 's new ' Late Show ' bandleader is ... '' . Jump up ^ `` ARTINFO 'S 30 Under 30 / Jonathan Batiste Having mastered the music world at a young age -- he released two albums by age 17 and then went on to Juilliard -- the 25 - year - old jazz pianist is now focusing on making his name in the museum community . Batiste has become one of the biggest draws at the National Jazz Museum in Harlem , where he serves as artistic director . He and his team have been charged with preparing the institution for its impending move to a new home across the street from the Apollo Theater '' . Pinterest.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( ( https://www.forbes.com/pictures/56704e09e4b0ffa7afe82b7c/jon-batiste-29/#73ef7138728f ^ Jump up to : `` Jonathan Batiste '' , The Juilliard Journal Jump up ^ `` Q&A With Jonathan Batiste '' by K. Leander Williams , The Juilliard Journal , September 2012 Jump up ^ `` Jazzman Jonathan Batiste 's credo : Everyone should enjoy the wonders of jazz '' by Greg Thomas , Daily News ( New York ) , December 9 , 2012 Jump up ^ Ehrlich , Dimitri ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Jon Batiste '' . Interview Magazine . Jump up ^ The Aspen Institute ( 2 July 2014 ) . `` A Conversation with Jon Batiste : The History & Future of American Music '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Weingarten , Christopher ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Meet Jon Batiste , Colbert 's Crowd - Thrilling Bandleader '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Movado Future Legends Honors Five Emerging Artists of Exceptional Talent '' . PR Newswire. 23 October 2006 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Award - Winning Jazz Artist Batiste Performs at SU Monday , September 24 '' . Salisbury University . 12 September 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Martel , Brett ( 2008 - 02 - 18 ) . `` New Orleans tourism gets boost from NBA All - Star game '' . Usatoday.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert 's New Bandleader Could Change Late Night TV '' by Amanda Wicks , New York Observer , July 24 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Jon Batiste CAMI Music Official Site '' . Camimusic.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` THE PROCESS , with Bill Laswell , Jon Batiste , and Chad Smith coming this fall ! '' . Jump up ^ `` George Wein , Jon Batiste to Receive Honorary Degrees from Salve Regina ; Batiste to Give Commencement Address '' . What'sUpNewp. 2017 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ salvereginaU ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) , Jon Batiste Commencement Address - May 21 , 2017 , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 Jump up ^ Hodges , Bruce ( November 2014 ) . `` 3 Releases From Jazz Grads '' . The Juilliard Journal . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # LoveRiot : A Classic `` Had To Be There '' NYC Moment `` . Joonbug.com. 2012 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Blumenfeld , Larry ( 4 January 2012 ) . `` Jonathan Batiste and the Stay Human Band Fill the Subway with Their Take on Jazz '' . Jump up ^ Red Hook Summer on IMDb Jump up ^ Jonathan Batiste on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert 's new Late Show band leader gave one of The Colbert Report 's best performances '' . The Verge . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Jon Batiste , Bandleader for The Late Show with Stephen Colbert '' . Time . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) `` A Conversation with Jon Batiste '' . Aspen Ideas Festival . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 07 . Martel , Brett ( 2008 - 02 - 18 ) . `` New Orleans tourism gets boost from NBA All - Star game '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . `` Movado -- About Movado '' . movado.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . Kozinn , Allan ( January 23 , 2008 ) . `` Mystical to Muscular : Many Styles in Play at a Keyboard Marathon '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . Pogrebin , Robin ( March 26 , 2008 ) . `` Louisiana Extols Culture in Recovery '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jon Batiste . Official website Jon Batiste on IMDb `` Jon Batiste : Staying Human '' , interview by Bob Kenselaar , All About Jazz , January 2013 , re-published June 7 , 2015 The Batiste Family hide Late Show Shows Late Show with David Letterman ( 1993 -- 2015 ) notable episodes The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( 2015 -- present ) ( episodes : 2015 2016 2017 2018 ) Music Paul Shaffer and the CBS Orchestra ( 1993 -- 2015 ) Jon Batiste & Stay Human ( 2015 -- present ) Sketches Letterman - era sketches Top Ten List Colbert - era sketches See also The Late Late Show Madonna on Late Show Our Cartoon President Ed Sullivan Theater MusicBrainz : a2a72dba - 3a08 - 43c4 - 859c - 4c7f5fcc9599 VIAF : 316746399 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jon_Batiste&oldid=845851385 '' Categories : 1986 births American jazz pianists Living people Jazz musicians from New Orleans 21st - century American musicians Juilliard School alumni People from Kenner , Louisiana Melodica players African - American jazz pianists African - American jazz composers African - American male singers 20th - century jazz composers 21st - century jazz composers The Late Show with Stephen Colbert 20th - century African - American people Stay Human ( band ) members Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Pages using Template : Infobox musical artist with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 15 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what instrument does stephen colbert's band leader play | [
"\n\nJonathan Batiste\n\n\n\nJonathan Batiste in 2018\n\n\n\nBackground information\n\n\nAlso known as\nJon Batiste\n\n\nBorn\n(1986-11-11) November 11, 1986 (age 31)\n\n\nOrigin\nKenner, Louisiana, United States\n\n\nGenres\nJazz, blues, pop music, rock, soul, R&B, funk, hip hop, classical\n\n\nOccupation(s)\nMusician, educator, comedian\n\n\nInstruments\nPiano, voice, melodica, electric bass, Hammond organ\n\n\nYears active\n1998–present\n\n\nAssociated acts\nStay Human, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert\n\n\nWebsite\njonbatiste.com\n\n",
"\n\nJonathan Batiste\n\n\n\nJonathan Batiste in 2018\n\n\n\nBackground information\n\n\nAlso known as\nJon Batiste\n\n\nBorn\n(1986-11-11) November 11, 1986 (age 31)\n\n\nOrigin\nKenner, Louisiana, United States\n\n\nGenres\nJazz, blues, pop music, rock, soul, R&B, funk, hip hop, classical\n\n\nOccupation(s)\nMusician, educator, comedian\n\n\nInstruments\nPiano, voice, melodica, electric bass, Hammond organ\n\n\nYears active\n1998–present\n\n\nAssociated acts\nStay Human, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert\n\n\nWebsite\njonbatiste.com\n\n",
"\n\nJonathan Batiste\n\n\n\nJonathan Batiste in 2018\n\n\n\nBackground information\n\n\nAlso known as\nJon Batiste\n\n\nBorn\n(1986-11-11) November 11, 1986 (age 31)\n\n\nOrigin\nKenner, Louisiana, United States\n\n\nGenres\nJazz, blues, pop music, rock, soul, R&B, funk, hip hop, classical\n\n\nOccupation(s)\nMusician, educator, comedian\n\n\nInstruments\nPiano, voice, melodica, electric bass, Hammond organ\n\n\nYears active\n1998–present\n\n\nAssociated acts\nStay Human, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert\n\n\nWebsite\njonbatiste.com\n\n",
"\n\nJonathan Batiste\n\n\n\nJonathan Batiste in 2018\n\n\n\nBackground information\n\n\nAlso known as\nJon Batiste\n\n\nBorn\n(1986-11-11) November 11, 1986 (age 31)\n\n\nOrigin\nKenner, Louisiana, United States\n\n\nGenres\nJazz, blues, pop music, rock, soul, R&B, funk, hip hop, classical\n\n\nOccupation(s)\nMusician, educator, comedian\n\n\nInstruments\nPiano, voice, melodica, electric bass, Hammond organ\n\n\nYears active\n1998–present\n\n\nAssociated acts\nStay Human, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert\n\n\nWebsite\njonbatiste.com\n\n",
"\n\nJonathan Batiste\n\n\n\nJonathan Batiste in 2018\n\n\n\nBackground information\n\n\nAlso known as\nJon Batiste\n\n\nBorn\n(1986-11-11) November 11, 1986 (age 31)\n\n\nOrigin\nKenner, Louisiana, United States\n\n\nGenres\nJazz, blues, pop music, rock, soul, R&B, funk, hip hop, classical\n\n\nOccupation(s)\nMusician, educator, comedian\n\n\nInstruments\nPiano, voice, melodica, electric bass, Hammond organ\n\n\nYears active\n1998–present\n\n\nAssociated acts\nStay Human, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert\n\n\nWebsite\njonbatiste.com\n\n"
] | [
"Piano",
"voice",
"melodica",
"electric bass",
"Hammond organ"
] |
-7456899161137665420 | List of Touched by an Angel episodes | List of Touched by an Angel episodes - wikipedia List of Touched by an Angel episodes Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The American dramatic television series Touched by an Angel premiered on CBS on September 21 , 1994 and ran for nine seasons until its conclusion on April 27 , 2003 . Its 212 episodes chronicled the cases of two angels , Monica ( Roma Downey ) and her supervisor Tess ( Della Reese ) , who bring messages from God to various people to help them as they reach a crossroads in their lives . In the second season , the character Andrew ( John Dye ) , was introduced as the angel of death , and in the last two seasons , a new trainee , Gloria ( Valerie Bertinelli ) is added to the regular cast . Created by John Masius and produced by Martha Williamson , the series eventually became one of CBS highest - rated series during its third through six seasons , peaking at the sixth highest rated show during its fourth season . Ratings dropped significantly in the eighth season after it was moved from Sunday to Saturday . The episodes use one opening theme , `` Walk With You '' , a song performed by Reese . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 1994 -- 95 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 1995 -- 96 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 1996 -- 97 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 1997 -- 98 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 1998 -- 99 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2000 -- 01 ) 2.8 Season 8 ( 2001 -- 02 ) 2.9 Season 9 ( 2002 -- 03 ) 3 References 4 See also 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Tied with 11 September 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 21 ) March 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 04 ) N / A N / A N / A 24 September 23 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 23 ) May 18 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 18 ) N / A N / A N / A 28 September 15 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 15 ) May 18 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 18 ) 10 13.6 N / A 26 September 21 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 17 ) 6 14.2 N / A 5 26 September 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 20 ) May 23 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 23 ) 8 13.1 N / A 6 26 September 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 26 ) May 21 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 21 ) 10 11.6 N / A 7 25 October 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 15 ) May 20 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 20 ) 22 9.7 Cursed / The Weber Show NYPD Blue 8 22 September 29 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 29 ) May 11 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 11 ) N / A N / A N / A 9 22 September 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 28 ) April 27 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 27 ) N / A N / A N / A Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1994 -- 95 ) ( edit ) Main article : Touched by an Angel ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code `` The Southbound Bus '' Jerry J. Jameson Martha Williamson September 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 21 ) 101 `` Show Me The Way to Go Home '' Tim Bond Chris Ruppenthal September 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 28 ) 102 `` Tough Love '' Tim Van Patten Del Shores October 12 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 12 ) 103 `` Fallen Angela '' Bruce Kessler Martha Williamson and Marilyn Osborn October 19 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 19 ) 104 5 5 `` Cassie 's Choice '' Burt Brinkerhoff Dawn Prestwich and Nicole Yorkin October 26 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 26 ) 105 6 6 `` The Heart of the Matter '' Max Tash Chris Ruppenthal November 2 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 02 ) 106 7 7 `` An Unexpected Snow '' Timothy Bond Martha Williamson December 7 , 1994 ( 1994 - 12 - 07 ) 107 8 8 `` Manny '' Tim Van Patten Dawn Prestwich and Nicole Yorkin December 14 , 1994 ( 1994 - 12 - 14 ) 108 9 9 `` Fear Not ! '' Tim Van Patten Ken LaZebnik December 25 , 1994 ( 1994 - 12 - 25 ) 109 10 10 `` There , But For the Grace of God '' Bruce Bilson Story by : Martha Williamson Teleplay by : Martha Williamson and R.J. Colleary February 25 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 25 ) 110 11 11 `` The Hero '' Max Tash Marilyn Osborn March 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 04 ) 111 Season 2 ( 1995 -- 96 ) ( edit ) Main article : Touched by an Angel ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 12 `` Interview with an Angel '' Helaine Heed Story by : Marilyn Osborn and Martha Williamson Teleplay by : Martha Williamson September 23 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 23 ) 13 `` Trust '' Victor Lobl Julie Sebo September 30 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 30 ) 14 `` Sympathy for the Devil '' Tim Van Patten R.J. Colleary October 7 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 07 ) 15 `` The Driver '' Tim Van Patten Glenn Berenbeim October 14 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 14 ) 16 5 `` Angels on the Air '' Bruce Bilson R.J. Colleary October 21 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 21 ) 17 6 `` In the Name of God '' Tim Van Patten Martha Williamson October 28 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 28 ) 18 7 `` Reunion '' Victor Lobl Valerie Woods November 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 04 ) 19 8 `` Operation Smile '' Nancy Malone Glenn Berenbeim , R.J. Colleary and Martha Williamson November 11 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 11 ) 20 9 `` The Big Bang '' Chuck Bowman Ken LaZebnik November 25 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 25 ) 21 10 `` Unidentified Female '' Michael Schultz Martha Williamson December 2 , 1995 ( 1995 - 12 - 02 ) 22 11 `` The Feather '' Gene Reynolds Story by : Valerie Woods , Ken LaZebnik and Robin Sheets Teleplay by : Ken LaZebnik and Valerie Woods December 16 , 1995 ( 1995 - 12 - 16 ) 23 12 `` The One That Got Away '' Victoria Hochberg Debbie Smith and Danna Doyle January 6 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 06 ) 24 13 `` ' Til We Meet Again '' Tim Van Patten Martha Williamson January 13 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 13 ) 25 14 `` Rock n ' Roll Dad '' Tim Van Patten Andrew Smith January 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 20 ) 26 15 `` Indigo Angel '' Jon Andersen Glenn Berenbeim and R.J. Colleary February 3 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 03 ) 27 16 `` Jacob 's Ladder '' Michael Schultz Story by : Ken LaZebnik Teleplay by : Martha Williamson February 10 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 10 ) 28 17 `` Out of the Darkness '' Victoria Hochberg R.J. Colleary February 17 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 17 ) 29 18 `` Lost and Found '' Bethany Rooney Debbie Smith and Danna Doyle February 24 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 24 ) 30 19 `` Dear God '' Tim Van Patten Glenn Berenbeim March 9 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 09 ) 31 20 `` Portrait of Mrs. Campbell '' Victor Lobl Susan Cridland Wick March 23 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 23 ) 32 21 `` The Quality of Mercy '' Chuck Bowman Andrew Smith April 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 27 ) 33 22 `` Flesh and Blood '' Jon Andersen R.J. Colleary May 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 04 ) 34 23 `` Birthmarks '' Peter Hunt Ken LaZebnik May 11 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 11 ) 35 24 `` Statute of Limitations '' Victor Lobl Danna Doyle and Debbie Smith May 18 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 18 ) Season 3 ( 1996 -- 97 ) ( edit ) Main article : Touched by an Angel ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 36 `` Promised Land '' Michael Schultz Martha Williamson September 15 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 15 ) 37 `` A Joyful Noise '' Peter H. Hunt Katherine Ann Jones September 21 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 21 ) 38 `` Random Acts '' Tim Van Patten R.J. Colleary and Martha Williamson September 22 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 22 ) 39 `` Sins of the Father '' Tim Van Patten Debbie Smith and Danna Doyle September 29 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 29 ) 40 5 `` Written in Dust '' Peter Hunt Story by : Ken LaZebnik and Jack LaZebnik Teleplay by : Ken LaZebnik October 6 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 06 ) 41 6 `` Secret Service '' Bethany Rooney Kathleen McGhee - Anderson October 13 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 13 ) 42 7 `` Groundrush '' Peter Hunt Story by : Glenn Berenbeim Teleplay by : Burt Pearl October 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 27 ) 43 8 `` The Sky is Falling '' Victor Lobl Glenn Berenbeim November 3 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 03 ) 44 9 `` Something Blue '' Terrence O'Hara Susan Cridland Wick and Jennifer Wharton November 10 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 10 ) 45 10 `` Into the Light '' Victor Lobl R.J. Colleary November 17 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 17 ) 46 11 `` The Homecoming : Part 1 '' Peter Hunt Martha Williamson and William Schwartz November 24 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 24 ) 47 12 `` The Journalist '' Tim Van Patten Ken LaZebnik December 1 , 1996 ( 1996 - 12 - 01 ) 48 13 `` The Violin Lesson '' Peter Hunt Glenn Berenbeim December 22 , 1996 ( 1996 - 12 - 22 ) 49 14 `` Forget Me Not '' Michael Schultz Burt Pearl January 12 , 1997 ( 1997 - 01 - 12 ) 50 15 `` Smokescreen '' Victor Lobl Christine Pettit and Rosanne Welch January 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 01 - 19 ) 51 16 `` Crisis of Faith '' Peter Hunt William Schwartz February 2 , 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 02 ) 52 17 `` Angel of Death '' Tim Van Patten Story by : George Taweel and Rob Loos Teleplay by : Glenn Berenbeim February 9 , 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 09 ) 53 18 `` Clipped Wings '' Robert J. Visciglia Jr . R.J. Colleary February 16 , 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 16 ) 54 19 `` Amazing Grace : Part 1 '' Victor Lobl Martha Williamson February 23 , 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 23 ) 56 20 `` Labor of Love '' Jim Johnston Susan Cridland Wick March 9 , 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 09 ) 57 21 `` Have You Seen Me ? '' Stuart Margolin Story by : R.J. Colleary Teleplay by : Pamela Redford Russell March 16 , 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 16 ) 58 22 `` Last Call '' Gene Reynolds Ken LaZebnik March 30 , 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 30 ) 59 23 `` Missing in Action '' Tim Van Patten Rosanne Welch and Christine Pettit April 13 , 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 13 ) 60 24 `` At Risk '' Victor Lobl Kathleen McGhee - Anderson April 27 , 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 27 ) 61 25 `` Full Moon '' Tim Van Patten Glenn Berenbeim May 4 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 04 ) 62 26 `` An Angel by Any Other Name '' Gabrielle Beaumont Burt Pearl May 10 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 10 ) 63 27 `` Inherit the Wind '' Michael Schultz R.J. Colleary May 11 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 11 ) 64 28 `` A Delicate Balance '' Tim Van Patten Story by : Jennifer Wharton Teleplay by : Debbie Smith and Danna Doyle May 18 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 18 ) Season 4 ( 1997 -- 98 ) ( edit ) Main article : Touched by an Angel ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 65 `` The Road Home : Part 1 '' `` Joe 's Return : Part 1 '' Tim Van Patten E.F. Wallengren and Mimi Schmir September 21 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 21 ) 66 `` Great Expectations '' Tim Van Patten Story by : Christine Pettit & Rosanne Welch and Mary Siversten & Lynn Wing Teleplay by : Christine Pettit & Rosanne Welch September 28 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 28 ) 67 `` Nothing But Net '' Victor Lobl Daniel H. Forer and R.J. Colleary October 5 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 05 ) 68 `` Children of the Night '' Victor Lobl Suzonne Stirling October 12 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 12 ) 69 5 `` Jones vs. God '' Sandor Stern Ken LaZebnik October 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 19 ) 70 6 `` The Pact '' Bethany Rooney Story by : Jennifer Wharton and Melissa Milne Teleplay by : Jennifer Wharton October 26 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 26 ) 71 7 `` Sandcastles '' Victor Lobl Burt Pearl November 2 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 02 ) 72 8 `` My Dinner with Andrew '' Gabrielle Beaumont Martha Williamson November 9 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 09 ) 73 9 `` Charades '' Victor Lobl Glenn Berenbeim November 16 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 16 ) 74 10 `` The Comeback '' Sandor Stern Kenny Solms November 23 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 23 ) 75 11 `` Venice '' Gabrielle Beaumont R.J. Colleary December 7 , 1997 ( 1997 - 12 - 07 ) 76 12 `` It Came Upon a Midnight Clear '' Michael Schultz Ken LaZebnik December 21 , 1997 ( 1997 - 12 - 21 ) 77 13 `` Deconstructing Harry '' Burt Brinckerhoff Burt Pearl January 4 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 04 ) 78 14 `` The Trigger '' Peter Hunt Rosanne Welch and Christine Pettit January 11 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 11 ) 79 15 `` Doodlebugs '' Terrance O'Hara Ken LaZebnik January 18 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 18 ) 80 16 `` Redeeming Love '' Burt Brinckerhoff Marilyn Osborn and Kathleen McGhee - Anderson February 1 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 01 ) 81 17 `` Flights of Angels '' Peter Hunt Story by : Sally Storch Bunkall and Sally Howell Teleplay by : Ken LaZebnik March 1 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 01 ) 82 18 `` Breaking Bread '' Peter Hunt Burt Pearl March 8 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 08 ) 83 19 `` God and Country '' Bethany Rooney R.J. Colleary and Glenn Berenbeim March 15 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 15 ) 84 20 `` How Do You Spell Faith ? '' Bethany Rooney Michael Glassberg March 29 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 29 ) 85 21 `` Seek and Ye Shall Find '' Victor Lobl Glenn Berenbeim April 5 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 05 ) 86 22 `` Cry , and You Cry Alone '' Gene Reynolds R.J. Colleary April 12 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 12 ) 87 23 `` Perfect Little Angel '' Terrence O'Hara Story by : Susan Cridland Wick , Ann Elder and Jeannine Tree Teleplay by : Susan Cridland Wick April 26 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 26 ) 88 24 `` Elijah '' Peter H. Hunt Glenn Berenbeim May 3 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 03 ) 89 25 `` Last Dance '' Terrence O'Hara Jennifer Wharton and R.J. Colleary May 10 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 10 ) 90 91 26 27 `` The Spirit of Liberty Moon '' Tim Van Patten Martha Williamson May 17 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 17 ) Season 5 ( 1998 -- 99 ) ( edit ) Main article : Touched by an Angel ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 92 `` Miles to Go Before I Sleep '' Peter H. Hunt Story by : Jon Andersen Teleplay by : Burt Pearl September 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 20 ) 93 `` Saving Grace : Part 1 '' `` Vengeance is Mine : Part 1 '' Victor Lobl Steven Phillip Smith September 27 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 27 ) 94 `` What Are Friends For ? '' Peter H. Hunt Martha Williamson October 4 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 04 ) 95 `` Only Connect '' Tim Van Patten Ken LaZebnik October 11 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 11 ) 96 5 `` The Lady of the Lake '' Michael Scott Burt Pearl October 18 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 18 ) 97 6 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' Peter H. Hunt Martha Williamson and Glenn Berenbeim October 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 25 ) 98 7 `` I Do '' Victor Lobl R.J. Colleary November 1 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 01 ) 99 8 `` The Wind Beneath Our Wings '' Stuart Margolin Rosanne Welch November 8 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 08 ) 100 9 `` Psalm 151 '' Sandor Stern Martha Williamson November 15 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 15 ) 101 10 `` The Peacemaker '' Peter H. Hunt Christine Pettit November 22 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 22 ) 102 11 `` An Angel on the Roof '' Stuart Margolin Ken LaZebnik December 13 , 1998 ( 1998 - 12 - 13 ) 103 12 `` Fool for Love '' Peter H. Hunt Susan Cridland Wick and Burt Pearl January 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 03 ) 104 13 `` The Medium and the Message '' Noel Nosseck R.J. Colleary January 10 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 10 ) 105 14 `` My Brother 's Keeper '' Peter H. Hunt Story by : Hoot Maynard and Jennifer Wharton Teleplay by : Jennifer Wharton February 7 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 07 ) 106 15 `` On Edge '' Tim Van Patten R.J. Colleary February 14 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 14 ) 107 16 `` The Man Upstairs '' Peter H. Hunt Glenn Berenbeim February 21 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 21 ) 108 17 `` Family Business '' Tim Van Patten Martha Williamson and R.J. Colleary February 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 28 ) 109 18 `` Anatomy Lesson '' Sandor Stern Ken LaZebnik March 7 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 07 ) 110 19 `` Jagged Edges '' Gregory Harrison Jennifer Wharton and Burt Pearl March 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 28 ) 111 20 `` Into the Fire '' Tim Van Patten Brian Bird April 4 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 04 ) 112 21 `` Made in the USA '' Bethany Rooney Christine Pettit and Rosanne Welch April 11 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 11 ) 113 22 `` Full Circle '' Victor Lobl Daniel H. Forer April 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 25 ) 114 23 `` Black Like Monica '' Tim Van Patten Martha Williamson May 2 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 02 ) 115 24 `` Fighting the Good Fight '' Tim Van Patten Michael Glassberg May 9 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 09 ) 116 25 `` Hearts '' Victor Lobl Susan Cridland Wick and R.J. Colleary May 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 16 ) 117 26 `` Godspeed '' Tim Van Patten Glenn Berenbeim May 23 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 23 ) Season 6 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) Main article : Touched by an Angel ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 118 `` Such a Time as This '' Martha Mitchell Martha Williamson September 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 26 ) 119 `` The Compass '' Peter H. Hunt Glenn Berenbeim and Martha Williamson October 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 03 ) 120 `` The Last Day of the Rest of Your Life '' R.J. Visciglia , Jr . Burt Pearl October 10 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 10 ) 121 `` The Letter '' Peter H. Hunt Danna Doyle October 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 17 ) 122 5 `` Til Death Do Us Part '' Tim Van Patten Rosanne Welch and Christine Pettit October 24 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 24 ) 123 6 `` The Occupant '' Larry Peerce Jon Andersen October 31 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 31 ) 124 7 `` Voice of an Angel '' Peter H. Hunt Glenn Berenbeim November 14 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 14 ) 125 8 `` The Whole Truth and Nothing But ... '' Sandor Stern Story by : Kenny Solms and Brian Bird Teleplay by : Brian Bird November 21 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 21 ) 126 9 `` Then Sings My Soul '' Peter H. Hunt Burt Pearl and Glenn Berenbeim November 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 28 ) 127 10 `` The Christmas Gift '' Stuart Margolin Story by : Ken LaZebnik and Patrice Chanel Teleplay by : Ken LaZebnik December 12 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 12 ) 128 11 `` Millennium '' Robert J. Visciglia , Jr . Martha Williamson January 2 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 02 ) 129 12 `` With God as my Witness '' Stuart Margolin R.J. Colleary January 9 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 09 ) 130 13 `` A House Divided '' Bethany Rooney Rosanne Welch January 23 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 23 ) 131 14 `` Buy Me a Rose '' Peter H. Hunt R.J. Colleary February 6 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 06 ) 132 15 `` Life Before Death '' Martha Mitchell Glenn Berenbeim February 6 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 06 ) 133 16 `` A Perfect Game '' Martha Mitchell Burt Pearl February 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 20 ) 134 17 `` Here I Am '' Joel J. Feigenbaum Ken LaZebnik February 27 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 27 ) 135 18 `` Bar Mitzvah '' Jeff Kanew Allen Estrin and Joseph Telushkin March 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 12 ) 136 19 `` True Confessions '' Larry Peerce Brian Bird March 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 19 ) 137 20 `` Quality Time '' Peter H. Hunt Rosanne Welch April 2 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 02 ) 138 21 `` Living the Rest of My Life '' Tim Van Patten Story by : Della Reese Lett Teleplay by : Della Reese Lett and Burt Pearl April 9 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 09 ) 139 22 `` Stealing Hope '' Peter H. Hunt Jason Jersey April 23 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 23 ) 140 23 `` Monica 's Bad Day '' Tim Van Patten R.J. Colleary April 30 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 30 ) 141 24 `` A Clown 's Prayer '' Larry Peerce Glenn Berenbeim May 7 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 07 ) 142 25 `` Mother 's Day '' Victor Lobl Martha Williamson May 14 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 14 ) 143 26 `` Pandora 's Box '' Tim Van Patten Story by : Donna Rice Hughes and Daniel H. Forer Teleplay by : Daniel H. Forer May 21 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 21 ) Season 7 ( 2000 -- 01 ) ( edit ) Main article : Touched by an Angel ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 144 `` The Face on the Barroom Floor '' Peter H. Hunt Story by : Daniel H. Forer Teleplay by : Martha Williamson and Burt Pearl October 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 15 ) 145 `` Legacy '' Bethany Rooney Jennifer Wharton October 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 22 ) 146 `` The Invitation '' Michael Schultz Story by : Jon Andersen Teleplay by : Jon Andersen and R.J. Colleary October 29 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 29 ) 147 `` Restoration '' R.J. Visciglia , Jr . R.J. Colleary November 5 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 05 ) 148 5 `` Finger of God '' Robert J. Visciglia , Jr . Burt Pearl and Susan Cridland Wick November 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 12 ) 149 6 `` The Empty Chair '' Jeff Kanew Martha Williamson November 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 19 ) 150 7 `` God Bless the Child '' Victor Lobl Glenn Berenbeim November 26 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 26 ) 151 8 `` Reasonable Doubt '' Peter H. Hunt Burt Pearl December 3 , 2000 ( 2000 - 12 - 03 ) 152 9 `` The Grudge '' Peter H. Hunt Arnold Margolin December 10 , 2000 ( 2000 - 12 - 10 ) 153 10 `` An Angel on My Tree '' Larry Peerce Brian Bird December 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 12 - 17 ) 154 11 `` Mi Familia '' Victor Lobl Rosanne Welch January 7 , 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 07 ) 155 12 `` The Lord Moves in Mysterious Ways '' Joel Fiegenbaum R.J. Colleary January 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 21 ) 156 13 `` A Death in the Family '' Stuart Margolin Story by : Allen Estrin & Joseph Telushkin Teleplay by : E.F. Wallengren February 4 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 04 ) 157 14 `` Bringer of Light '' Robert J. Visciglia , Jr . Luke Schelhaas February 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 11 ) 158 15 `` Thief of Hearts '' Stuart Margolin Jason Jersey February 18 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 18 ) 159 16 `` Winners , Losers and Leftovers '' Peter H. Hunt Rosanne Welch February 25 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 25 ) 160 17 `` I Am an Angel '' Larry Peerce R.J. Colleary March 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 11 ) 161 18 `` Visions of thy Father '' Peter H. Hunt Mark Goffman March 18 , 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 18 ) 162 19 `` The Penalty Box '' Bethany Rooney Brian Bird April 8 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 08 ) 163 20 `` Band of Angels '' Stuart Margolin Jennifer Wharton April 15 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 15 ) 164 21 `` The Sign of the Dove '' Jeff Kanew Martha Williamson and Burt Pearl April 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 22 ) 165 22 `` The Face of God '' Victor Lobl Glenn Berenbeim April 29 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 29 ) 166 23 `` Netherlands '' Kevin Dowling Story by : Martha Williamson Teleplay by : Martha Williamson and Luke Schelhaas May 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 06 ) 167 24 `` Shallow Water : Part 1 '' Peter H. Hunt Story by : Martha Williamson and Burt Pearl Teleplay by : Burt Pearl May 13 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 13 ) 168 25 `` Shallow Water : Part 2 '' Peter H. Hunt Martha Williamson and Burt Pearl May 20 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 20 ) Season 8 ( 2001 -- 02 ) ( edit ) Main article : Touched by an Angel ( season 8 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 169 `` Holy of Holies '' Bethany Rooney Martha Williamson , Burt Pearl and Luke Schelhaas September 29 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 29 ) 170 `` The Perfect Game '' Frank E. Johnson Glenn Berenbeim October 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 06 ) 171 `` The Birthday Present '' Peter H. Hunt R.J. Colleary October 13 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 13 ) 172 `` Manhunt '' Victor Lobl Danna Doyle October 20 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 20 ) 173 5 `` Chutzpah '' Frank E. Johnson Story by : Daniel H. Forer , Allen Estrin and Joseph Telushkin Teleplay by : Allen Estrin and Joseph Telushkin October 27 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 27 ) 174 6 `` Famous Last Words '' Peter H. Hunt Brian Bird November 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 03 ) 175 7 `` Most Likely to Succeed '' Stuart Margolin Burt Pearl November 10 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 10 ) 176 8 `` Heaven 's Portal '' Bethany Rooney Glenn Berenbeim November 24 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 24 ) 177 9 `` When Sunny Gets Blue '' Frank E. Johnson Jason Jersey December 1 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 01 ) 178 10 `` Angels Anonymous '' Larry Peerce R.J. Colleary December 15 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 15 ) 179 11 `` A Winter Carol '' Victor Lobl Martha Williamson and Burt Pearl December 16 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 16 ) 180 12 `` The Last Chapter '' Ricardo Mendez Matta Martha Williamson January 12 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 12 ) 181 13 `` Ship - in - a-Bottle '' Armand Mastroianni Rita Russell January 26 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 26 ) 182 14 `` The Blue Angel '' Larry Peerce Glenn Berenbeim February 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 02 ) 183 15 `` Secrets and Lies '' Armand Mastroianni Brian Bird March 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 02 ) 184 16 `` The Princeless Bride '' Kevin Dowling Luke Schelhaas March 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 09 ) 185 17 `` Hello , I Love You '' Frank E. Johnson R.J. Colleary April 6 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 06 ) 186 18 `` Minute by Minute '' Robert J. Visciglia , Jr . Rosanne Welch April 13 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 13 ) 187 19 `` The Bells of St. Peters '' Robert J. Visciglia , Jr . Glenn Berenbeim May 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 04 ) 188 20 `` For All the Tea in China '' Stuart Margolin Martha Williamson and Luke Schelhaas May 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 04 ) 189 21 `` The Impossible Dream '' Peter H. Hunt Brian Bird May 5 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 05 ) 190 22 `` Forever Young '' Victor Lobl R.J. Colleary May 11 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 11 ) Season 9 ( 2002 -- 03 ) ( edit ) Main article : Touched by an Angel ( season 9 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 191 `` A Rock and a Hard Place '' Kevin Dowling Martha Williamson and Burt Pearl September 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 28 ) 192 `` The Sixteenth Minute '' Jim Charleston John Wierick October 5 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 05 ) 193 `` Two Sides to Every Angel '' Larry Peerce Story by : Roma Downey , Brian Bird and R.J. Colleary Teleplay by : Brian Bird and R.J. Colleary October 12 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 12 ) 194 `` The Word '' Stuart Margolin Ken LaZebnik October 19 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 19 ) 195 5 `` A Feather on the Breath of God '' Victor Lobl Glenn Berenbeim October 26 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 26 ) 196 6 `` Jump ! '' John Dye Brian Bird November 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 02 ) 197 7 `` Bring on the Rain ! '' Armand Mastroianni R.J. Colleary and Burt Pearl November 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 09 ) 198 8 `` Remembering Me : Part 1 '' Bethany Rooney Burt Pearl November 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 16 ) 199 9 `` Remembering Me : Part 2 '' Armand Mastroianni Luke Schelhaas November 23 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 23 ) 200 10 `` The Christmas Watch '' Peter H. Hunt Ken LaZebnik December 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 21 ) 201 11 `` Private Eyes '' Julia Rask R.J. Colleary and Ken LaZebnik January 11 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 11 ) 202 12 `` The Root of All Evil '' Michael Schultz R.J. Colleary January 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 25 ) 203 13 `` A Time for Every Purpose '' John Behring Story by : E.F. Wallengren and John Wierick Teleplay by : John Wierick February 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 01 ) 204 14 `` And a Nightingale Sang '' Peter H. Hunt Story by : Jennifer Wharton Teleplay by : Burt Pearl and Ken LaZebnik February 8 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 08 ) 205 15 `` As It is in Heaven '' Victor Lobl Martha Williamson and Luke Schelhaas February 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 15 ) 206 16 `` Song for My Father '' Ricardo Mendez Matta Brian Bird February 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 22 ) 207 17 `` The Good Earth '' Ben Lewin Luke Schelhaas March 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 01 ) 208 18 `` Virtual Reality '' Larry Peerce Story by : Daniel H. Forer Teleplay by : Burt Pearl and Daniel H. Forer March 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 15 ) 209 19 `` The Show Must Not Go On '' Frank E. Johnson Story by : R.J. Colleary Teleplay by : Brian Bird and Ken LaZebnik April 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 12 ) 210 20 `` At the End of the Aisle '' Jim Charleston Story by : Martha Williamson Teleplay by : Burt Pearl and Luke Schelhaas April 19 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 19 ) 211 21 `` I Will Walk With You : Part 1 '' Larry Peerce Story by : Martha Williamson Teleplay by : Martha Williamson , Burt Pearl & Luke Schelhaas April 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 26 ) 212 22 `` I Will Walk With You : Part 2 '' Larry Peerce Story by : Martha Williamson Teleplay by : Martha Williamson , Burt Pearl & Luke Schelhaas April 27 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 27 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top TV Shows For 1999 - 2000 Season '' . Variety . August 6 , 2000 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1694 - 1696 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . See also ( edit ) List of Promised Land episodes External links ( edit ) Official website List of Touched by an Angel episodes on IMDb List of Touched by an Angel episodes at TV.com List of Touched by an Angel episodes at epguides.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Touched_by_an_Angel_episodes&oldid=833093615 '' Categories : Touched by an Angel Lists of American drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Magyar Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 16 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes of touched by an angel were there | [
"The American dramatic television series Touched by an Angel premiered on CBS on September 21, 1994 and ran for nine seasons until its conclusion on April 27, 2003. Its 212 episodes chronicled the cases of two angels, Monica (Roma Downey) and her supervisor Tess (Della Reese), who bring messages from God to various people to help them as they reach a crossroads in their lives. In the second season, the character Andrew (John Dye), was introduced as the angel of death, and in the last two seasons, a new trainee, Gloria (Valerie Bertinelli) is added to the regular cast."
] | [
"212"
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92705740903321981 | List of saints canonized by Pope Francis | List of saints canonized by Pope Francis - wikipedia List of saints canonized by Pope Francis Jump to : navigation , search This article contains a list of the 885 saints canonized by Pope Francis ( 2013 -- ) during his pontificate . No . Saint Date of canonization Place of canonization 1 . Antonio Primaldo & 812 Companions 12 May 2013 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 2 . Laura Montoya Upegui 12 May 2013 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 3 . Maria Guadalupe Garcia Zavala 12 May 2013 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 4 . Angela of Foligno 9 October 2013 Vatican City 5 . Peter Faber 17 December 2013 Vatican City 6 . José de Anchieta 3 April 2014 Vatican City 7 . Marie of the Incarnation 3 April 2014 Vatican City 8 . Francis - Xavier de Montmorency - Laval 3 April 2014 Vatican City 9 . Pope John XXIII 27 April 2014 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 10 . Pope John Paul II 27 April 2014 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 11 . Kuriakose Elias Chavara 23 November 2014 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 12 . Nicola Saggio 23 November 2014 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 13 . Euphrasia Eluvathingal 23 November 2014 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 14 . Giovanni Antonio Farina 23 November 2014 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 15 . Ludovico of Casoria 23 November 2014 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 16 . Amato Ronconi 23 November 2014 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 17 . Joseph Vaz 14 January 2015 Galle Face Green , Colombo , Sri Lanka 18 . Émilie de Villeneuve 17 May 2015 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 19 . Maria Cristina of the Immaculate Conception 17 May 2015 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 20 . Mariam Baouardy 17 May 2015 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 21 . Marie - Alphonsine Danil Ghattas 17 May 2015 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 22 . Junípero Serra 23 September 2015 Washington D.C. , United States 23 . Louis Martin 18 October 2015 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 24 . Marie - Azélie Guérin Martin 18 October 2015 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 25 . Vincenzo Grossi 18 October 2015 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 26 . María de la Purísima Salvat Romero 18 October 2015 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 27 . Stanisław Papczyński 5 June 2016 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 28 . Maria Elizabeth Hesselblad 5 June 2016 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 29 . Teresa of Calcutta 4 September 2016 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 30 . José Gabriel del Rosario Brochero 16 October 2016 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 31 . José Sánchez del Río 16 October 2016 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 32 . Manuel González García 16 October 2016 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 33 . Elizabeth of the Trinity 16 October 2016 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 34 . Alfonso Maria Fusco 16 October 2016 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 35 . Lodovico Pavoni 16 October 2016 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 36 . Salomone Leclercq 16 October 2016 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 37 . Francisco Marto 13 May 2017 Fátima , Portugal 38 . Jacinta Marto 13 May 2017 Fátima , Portugal 39 . Manuel Míguez González 15 October 2017 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 40 . Luca Antonio Falcone 15 October 2017 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 41 . André de Soveral & 29 Companions 15 October 2017 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City 42 . Cristobal & 2 Companions 15 October 2017 Saint Peter 's Square , Vatican City See also ( edit ) List of canonizations List of saints canonized by Pope Leo XIII List of saints canonized by Pope Pius XI List of saints canonized by Pope Pius XII List of saints canonized by Pope John XXIII List of saints canonized by Pope Paul VI List of saints canonized by Pope John Paul II List of saints canonized by Pope Benedict XVI References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pope Bestows Sainthood on Italians Massacred by Ottomans '' . Voice of America . 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` El Papa declara santa a la ' madre Lupita ' , la monja de los enfermos '' . CNN Mexico . 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pope declares new saint , advances seven causes '' . Vatican Radio . 11 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Allen Jr. , John L. ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` It 's official : Jesuit Fr . Peter Faber is a saint '' . National Catholic Reporter . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wooden , Cindy ( 3 April 2014 ) . `` Pope declares by decree three new saints for the Americas '' . Catholic News Service . Archived from the original on 9 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Smith - Spark , Laura ; Gallagher , Delia ; Wedeman , Ben ( 27 April 2014 ) . `` Sainthood for John Paul II and John XXIII , as crowds pack St. Peter 's Square '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pope Francis : homily for Christ the King canonization Mass '' . Vatican Radio . 23 November 2014 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Goan - born Joseph Vaz granted sainthood by Pope Francis in Sri Lanka '' . First Post . 14 January 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pope Francis canonizes two Palestinian women '' . Yahoo News . 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pope Francis declares Junípero Serra a saint on surprisingly political visit to DC -- live '' . The Guardian . 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pope proclaims new saints , calls for humble Church leadership '' . Channel News Asia . 18 October 2015 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pope canonizes two new saints in St. Peter 's Square '' . Rome Reports . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mother Teresa honored as saint and model of mercy '' . Daily Mail . 4 September 2016 . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` LIVE : Pope Francis canonizes seven new saints '' . Rome Reports . 16 October 2016 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` LIVE : Pope Francis presides over canonization ceremony of Jacinta and Francisco '' . 13 May 2017 . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pope at canonization Mass : God never stops inviting us to the heavenly banquet '' . Catholic News Agency . 15 October 2017 . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Pope Francis Born Jorge Mario Bergoglio , 17 December 1936 Archbishop of Buenos Aires ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Pope ( 2013 -- present ) Events Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI 2013 conclave Inauguration People declared venerable People beatified Canonizations Meeting with Patriarch Kirill Cardinals created 2014 Synod of Bishops U.S. -- Cuban Thaw Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy Women 's Diaconate Order of Malta leadership Constitutions ( selected ) Vultum Dei quaerere ( Seeking the Face of God ) Veritatis gaudium ( The Joy of Truth ) Exhortations Evangelii gaudium ( The Joy of the Gospel ) Amoris laetitia ( The Joy of Love ) Gaudete et exsultate ( Rejoice and Be Glad ) Encyclicals Lumen fidei ( The Light of Faith ) Laudato si ' ( Praise Be to You ) Letters ( selected ) Magnum principium ( The Great Principle ) Misericordia et misera ( Mercy and Misery ) Related books Pope Francis : Conversations with Jorge Bergoglio : His Life in His Own Words On Heaven and Earth Pope Francis : Life and Revolution The Dictator Pope Visits Philippines North America Kenya People Benedict ( Pope emeritus ) Alfred Xuereb ( former first personal secretary ) Fabián Pedacchio ( first personal secretary ) Yoannis Lahzi Gaid ( second personal secretary ) Guido Marini ( Master of Pontifical Liturgical Celebrations ) Georg Gänswein ( Prefect of the Papal Household ) Sergio Rubin ( biographer ) Antonio Quarracino ( preceding Archbishop of Buenos Aires ) Related Coat of arms Eponyms Theology Domus Sanctae Marthae ( residence ) Wake Up ! ( 2015 album ) Francis : Pray for Me ( 2015 film ) Chiamatemi Francesco ( 2015 film ) Pope Francis : A Man of His Word ( 2018 film ) Pope portal Catholicism portal Catholicism portal Pope portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_saints_canonized_by_Pope_Francis&oldid=834015456 '' Categories : 2010s - related lists 21st - century Christian saints Canonizations by Pope Francis Lists of saints Lists of saints by pope Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2014 Talk About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Norsk Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 13 : 58 . About Wikipedia | who was the last person to be canonized | [
"\n\nNo.\nSaint\nDate of canonization\nPlace of canonization\n\n\n1.\nAntonio Primaldo & 812 Companions[1]\n12 May 2013\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n2.\nLaura Montoya Upegui[1]\n12 May 2013\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n3.\nMaria Guadalupe Garcia Zavala[2]\n12 May 2013\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n4.\nAngela of Foligno[3]\n9 October 2013\nVatican City\n\n\n5.\nPeter Faber[4]\n17 December 2013\nVatican City\n\n\n6.\nJosé de Anchieta[5]\n3 April 2014\nVatican City\n\n\n7.\nMarie of the Incarnation[5]\n3 April 2014\nVatican City\n\n\n8.\nFrancis-Xavier de Montmorency-Laval[5]\n3 April 2014\nVatican City\n\n\n9.\nPope John XXIII[6]\n27 April 2014\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n10.\nPope John Paul II[6]\n27 April 2014\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n11.\nKuriakose Elias Chavara[7]\n23 November 2014\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n12.\nNicola Saggio[7]\n23 November 2014\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n13.\nEuphrasia Eluvathingal[7]\n23 November 2014\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n14.\nGiovanni Antonio Farina[7]\n23 November 2014\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n15.\nLudovico of Casoria[7]\n23 November 2014\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n16.\nAmato Ronconi[7]\n23 November 2014\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n17.\nJoseph Vaz[8]\n14 January 2015\nGalle Face Green, Colombo, Sri Lanka\n\n\n18.\nÉmilie de Villeneuve[9]\n17 May 2015\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n19.\nMaria Cristina of the Immaculate Conception[9]\n17 May 2015\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n20.\nMariam Baouardy[9]\n17 May 2015\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n21.\nMarie-Alphonsine Danil Ghattas[9]\n17 May 2015\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n22.\nJunípero Serra[10]\n23 September 2015\nWashington D.C., United States\n\n\n23.\nLouis Martin[11]\n18 October 2015\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n24.\nMarie-Azélie Guérin Martin[11]\n18 October 2015\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n25.\nVincenzo Grossi[11]\n18 October 2015\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n26.\nMaría de la Purísima Salvat Romero[11]\n18 October 2015\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n27.\nStanisław Papczyński[12]\n5 June 2016\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n28.\nMaria Elizabeth Hesselblad[12]\n5 June 2016\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n29.\nTeresa of Calcutta[13]\n4 September 2016\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n30.\nJosé Gabriel del Rosario Brochero[14]\n16 October 2016\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n31.\nJosé Sánchez del Río[14]\n16 October 2016\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n32.\nManuel González García[14]\n16 October 2016\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n33.\nElizabeth of the Trinity[14]\n16 October 2016\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n34.\nAlfonso Maria Fusco[14]\n16 October 2016\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n35.\nLodovico Pavoni[14]\n16 October 2016\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n36.\nSalomone Leclercq[14]\n16 October 2016\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n37.\nFrancisco Marto[15]\n13 May 2017\nFátima, Portugal\n\n\n38.\nJacinta Marto[15]\n13 May 2017\nFátima, Portugal\n\n\n39.\nManuel Míguez González[16]\n15 October 2017\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n40.\nLuca Antonio Falcone[16]\n15 October 2017\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n41.\nAndré de Soveral & 29 Companions[16]\n15 October 2017\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n\n42.\nCristobal & 2 Companions[16]\n15 October 2017\nSaint Peter's Square, Vatican City\n\n"
] | [
"Cristobal & 2 Companions"
] |
-7537067469449099129 | Oklahoma City Thunder | Oklahoma City Thunder - wikipedia Oklahoma City Thunder Jump to : navigation , search For the minor league American football team , see Oklahoma Thunder . Oklahoma City Thunder 2017 -- 18 Oklahoma City Thunder season Conference Western Division Northwest Founded 1967 History Seattle SuperSonics 1967 -- 2008 Oklahoma City Thunder 2008 -- present Arena Chesapeake Energy Arena Location Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Team colors Thunder Blue , Sunset , Yellow , Navy Blue General manager Sam Presti Head coach Billy Donovan Ownership Professional Basketball Club LLC ( Clay Bennett , Chairman ) Affiliation ( s ) Oklahoma City Blue Championships 1 ( 1979 ) Conference titles 4 ( 1978 , 1979 , 1996 , 2012 ) Division titles 11 ( 1979 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 ) Retired numbers 7 ( 1 , 10 , 19 , 24 , 32 , 43 , Microphone ) Website www.nba.com/thunder Uniforms Home Away The Oklahoma City Thunder are an American professional basketball team based in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . The Thunder competes in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Northwest Division . The team plays its home games at Chesapeake Energy Arena . The Thunder 's NBA G League affiliate is the Oklahoma City Blue , which it owns . The Thunder are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues based in the state of Oklahoma . The team was originally established as the Seattle SuperSonics , an expansion team that joined the NBA for the 1967 -- 68 season . The SuperSonics moved in 2008 after a settlement was reached between the ownership group led by Clay Bennett and lawmakers in Seattle , Washington following a lawsuit . In Seattle , the SuperSonics qualified for the NBA playoffs 22 times , won their division six times , and won the 1979 NBA Championship . In Oklahoma City , the Thunder qualified for their first playoff berth during the 2009 -- 10 season . They won their first division title as the Thunder in the 2010 -- 11 season and their first Western Conference championship as the Thunder in the 2011 -- 12 season , appearing in the NBA Finals for the fourth time in franchise history and first since 1996 , when the club was based in Seattle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1967 -- 2008 : Seattle SuperSonics 1.2 2008 -- 2009 : Move to Oklahoma and inaugural season 1.3 2009 -- 2011 : Rise to contention 1.4 2011 -- 2013 : First Finals appearance and trading Harden 1.5 2013 -- 2015 : Durant 's MVP campaign and missing the playoffs 1.6 2015 -- 2017 : Durant 's departure and Westbrook 's MVP season 1.7 2017 -- present : The new Big Three : Westbrook , George , and Anthony 2 Franchise accomplishments 2.1 Single game records 3 Playoffs 4 Home arenas 4.1 Chesapeake Energy Arena ( 2008 -- present ) 5 Mascots 5.1 Rumble the Bison 6 Fanbase 7 Players 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retained draft rights 7.3 Individual awards 7.4 Former players 7.5 Retired numbers 8 Staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Executives 9 Logos and uniforms 10 Television and radio 10.1 Radio 10.2 Television 11 References 12 External links Franchise history ( edit ) 1967 -- 2008 : Seattle SuperSonics ( edit ) Main article : Seattle SuperSonics The Thunder 's previous incarnation , the Seattle SuperSonics , were formed in 1967 . In their 41 seasons in Seattle , the SuperSonics compiled a 1745 -- 1585 (. 524 ) win -- loss record in the regular season and went 107 -- 110 (. 493 ) in the playoffs . The franchise 's titles include three Western Conference championships and one NBA title in 1979 . 2008 -- 2009 : move to Oklahoma and inaugural season ( edit ) Main articles : Seattle SuperSonics relocation to Oklahoma City and 2008 -- 09 Oklahoma City Thunder season In 2006 , former Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz sold the SuperSonics and its Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) sister franchise , the Seattle Storm , for $350 million to the Professional Basketball Club LLC , a group of Oklahoma City investors led by Clay Bennett . The sale of the SuperSonics and Storm was approved by NBA owners the following October . In 2007 , Bennett announced that the franchise would move to Oklahoma City as soon as the lease with KeyArena expired . Chesapeake Energy Arena began hosting the Oklahoma City Thunder in 2008 . In June 2008 , a lawsuit brought by the city of Seattle against Bennett due to his attempts to break the final two years of the Sonics ' lease at KeyArena went to federal court . Nearly a month later , the two sides reached a settlement agreement . The terms awarded the city $45 million to get out of the remaining lease at KeyArena , and would have provided an additional $30 million payment to Seattle in 2013 if certain conditions had been met . The owners agreed to leave the SuperSonics name , logo and colors in Seattle for a possible future NBA franchise ; however , the items would remain the property of the Oklahoma City team along with other `` assets '' , including championship banners and trophies . On September 3 , 2008 , the team name , logo , and colors for the Oklahoma City franchise were revealed to the public . The name `` Thunder '' was chosen in reference to Oklahoma 's location in Tornado Alley and Oklahoma City as the home of the U.S. Army 's 45th Infantry Division , the Thunderbirds . The Thunder participated in the Orlando Pro Summer League featuring their second - year players , potential free agents and rookies . The players wore generic black and white jerseys reading `` OKC - NBA '' against an outline of a basketball . The Thunder 's temporary practice facility was the Sawyer Center at Southern Nazarene University , which had been used by the New Orleans Hornets when they relocated to Oklahoma City after Hurricane Katrina . The Thunder played several preseason games before the 2008 -- 2009 regular season , but only one of those games was in Oklahoma City . The Thunder made their first appearance in Billings , Montana on October 8 , 2008 in an 88 -- 82 preseason loss against the Minnesota Timberwolves . The Thunder played their first Ford Center game on October 14 against the Los Angeles Clippers . Oklahoma City defeated Minnesota on November 2 , 2008 for their first win . In their regular - season home opener , the Thunder faced ( and lost to ) the Milwaukee Bucks . Earl Watson scored the first points of the season with a layup . Three nights later on November 2 , the Thunder won their first game by defeating the Timberwolves , improving their record to 1 -- 3 . The team then went on a 10 - game losing streak before deciding on November 22 to fire head coach P.J. Carlesimo and assistant Paul Westhead . Assistant coach Scott Brooks then took over on an interim basis . Oklahoma City lost its next four games to tie the franchise losing streak of 14 set in Seattle the previous season . But the team managed to prevent history by winning their next game on the road against the Memphis Grizzlies . As the season continued , the Thunder began to improve . After starting 3 -- 29 , the Thunder finished the regular season 20 -- 30 for the remaining fifty games . Not only were they winning more often , they played much more competitively than in the first part of the season . The team brought their record to 23 -- 59 and improved upon their record of 20 -- 62 from the team 's final season in Seattle . The late - season successes of the Thunder contributed to the signing of Scott Brooks as the team 's official head coach . After moving to Oklahoma City from Seattle , the team 's operating situation improved markedly . In December 2008 , Forbes magazine estimated the team 's franchise value at $300 million -- a 12 percent increase from the previous year 's $268 million , when the club was located in Seattle . Forbes also noted an increase in percentage of available tickets sold , from 78 percent in the team 's last season in Seattle to 100 percent in 2008 -- 09 . 2009 -- 2011 : rise to contention ( edit ) Main articles : 2009 -- 10 Oklahoma City Thunder season and 2010 -- 11 Oklahoma City Thunder season After an inaugural season filled with many adjustments , the Thunder hoped to improve during their second season in Oklahoma City . Oklahoma City did not make any major moves in the offseason , other than drafting James Harden from Arizona State University with the third overall pick in the NBA Draft . The Thunder selected Rodrigue Beaubois with the 25th pick in the 2009 draft before immediately trading him to the Dallas Mavericks for the 24th pick , center Byron Mullens from Ohio State University . The team then added veteran center Etan Thomas and guard Kevin Ollie . The last major change to their roster occurred on December 22 , 2009 , when the team traded for Eric Maynor from the Utah Jazz . Maynor immediately supplanted Ollie as the backup point guard . From the outset the young team looked determined and cohesive . The increasing leadership of Kevin Durant , along with the growing experience of the Thunder 's younger players , including future MVP Russell Westbrook and James Harden , were signs of the Thunder 's improvement . The 2009 -- 10 season included several victories over the NBA 's elite teams , including a 28 - point blowout over the Eastern Conference champion Orlando Magic and a 16 - point blowout of the reigning NBA champion Los Angeles Lakers . Road victories over the San Antonio Spurs , Utah Jazz , Miami Heat , Boston Celtics and Dallas Mavericks further enhanced their reputation . Though they hovered around . 500 for the first half of the season , they went on a 9 - game winning streak that sent them into serious playoff contention . Kevin Durant became the youngest player in league history to win the scoring title , averaging 30.1 points per game while playing in all 82 games . Kevin Durant Russell Westbrook James Harden The Thunder finished 50 -- 32 , more than doubling their win total from the previous season . The 50 -- 32 record tied the 2008 Denver Nuggets for the most wins by an 8th seed in the modern Playoffs era . The Oklahoma City Thunder also had the same record as the Boston Celtics in this season . They finished fourth in the Northwest Division and eighth in the Western Conference playoff standings , and earned a spot in the 2010 NBA Playoffs . On April 22 , the team secured their first playoff win in Oklahoma City when they defeated the defending - champion Los Angeles Lakers 101 -- 96 . This was also the Thunder 's first playoff win at the Ford Center . However , the Thunder tied the series at 2 games each , but the Lakers won the last 2 games in the series to win it 4 - 2 . Oklahoma City ranked twelfth in overall attendance in the NBA , and seventh in percentage of available seats occupied ( 98 percent , including 28 sellouts in 41 home games ) . The team 's operating situation also continued to improve in 2009 -- 10 . Forbes magazine estimated the team 's franchise value at $310 million ( an increase of $10 million over the prior year ) with an estimated operating profit of $12.7 million ( the first operating profit in years for the franchise ) . Financially , the Thunder organization continued to build on the positive returns experienced from relocating from Seattle to Oklahoma City . In January 2011 , Forbes magazine estimated the franchise 's worth at $329 million , up six percent from 2009 -- 10 and ranking No. 18 in the NBA . The magazine also estimated the franchise 's revenue at $118 million and operating profit at $22.6 million -- up 6.3 percent and 78 percent , respectively , from the previous year . The Thunder finished the 2010 -- 2011 season with a 55 -- 27 record , a five - win increase from their breakout season the previous year . The team also captured their first division title since moving to Oklahoma City , and seventh in franchise history . In the wake of a fourth - seed versus fifth - seed match - up against the Denver Nuggets , Kevin Durant scored 41 points in Game 1 to set a new career playoff high . In the final game of the series , he again scored 41 and forward Serge Ibaka nearly tied the record for most blocks in a playoff game ( 10 , set by Mark Eaton , Hakeem Olajuwon and Andrew Bynum ) with 9 blocks . The Thunder won the series 4 games to 1 and were set to face off against the Memphis Grizzlies who achieved an eight - seed upset over the San Antonio Spurs just days before . The Thunder advanced to the Western Conference Finals with a seven - game series triumph over the Grizzlies . Durant was again the star , scoring 39 points in the clinching Game 7 , while Russell Westbrook also had a triple - double . Despite hard - fought battles with the eventual NBA champs , the Thunder fell to the Dallas Mavericks 4 -- 1 in the Western Conference Finals . The Thunder had a chance to tie the series in Game 4 , but they were unable to hold a 15 - point lead with five minutes remaining in the fourth quarter . They ended up losing in overtime by the score of 112 -- 105 . 2011 -- 2013 : first Finals appearance and trading Harden ( edit ) Main articles : 2011 -- 12 Oklahoma City Thunder season and 2012 -- 13 Oklahoma City Thunder season During the extended lockout , Thunder players played in exhibition games and even local pickup games to stay in shape . When the abbreviated training camp began , Oklahoma City started with an intact roster and all players , except for Russell Westbrook . In addition , Kendrick Perkins lost more than 30 pounds during the lockout . The Thunder made their two pre-season appearances , after the lockout , against the Dallas Mavericks , winning both games . They won their first regular - season game against Orlando at home and went on a five - game winning streak . Kevin Durant became the sixth player to score 30 or more points in four consecutive games at the start of a season . In addition , the Thunder was the first to sweep their back - to - back - to - back games , winning a home - and - home series with the Houston Rockets , then routing the San Antonio Spurs . Thunder players Durant , Westbrook , Harden , Perkins , and Ibaka made it onto the 2012 All - Star ballots . After the Thunder 's win over the Utah Jazz on February 11 , 2012 , Scott Brooks was named as the head coach for the Western Conference All - Star squad for the 2012 NBA All - Star Game in Orlando , Florida . In the 2012 NBA Playoffs , the Thunder swept the defending champion Dallas Mavericks in the first round to advance and face off against their first - round foes from 2010 , the Los Angeles Lakers . They defeated the Lakers in five games and advanced to play the San Antonio Spurs in the Western Conference Finals . The Thunder lost the first two games against the Spurs but won the next three including a Game 5 road win , to take a commanding 3 -- 2 game lead in the series . In Game 6 , the Thunder defeated the Spurs 107 -- 99 and advanced to the 2012 NBA Finals . Durant led the way with 34 points , playing all of regulation time in the game . In the 2012 NBA Finals against the Miami Heat , the Thunder won the first game at home but then lost four in a row and lost the series in five games . In the 2012 NBA draft , the Thunder selected Baylor University forward Perry Jones III with the 28th overall pick . The Thunder also signed free agents Hasheem Thabeet and Daniel Orton , and signed guards Andy Rautins and DeAndre Liggins . They re-signed forward Serge Ibaka to a four - year , $48 million extension . After failing to sign James Harden to an extension that was reportedly worth four years and $52 million , the team decided to trade Harden rather than having to pay the luxury tax penalty . On October 27 , 2012 , the Thunder traded Harden along with center Cole Aldrich and forwards Daequan Cook and Lazar Hayward to the Houston Rockets for Kevin Martin , Jeremy Lamb , first - round draft picks from Toronto and Dallas , and one second - round draft pick . Martin took over Harden 's sixth - man role for the season . The Thunder finished with a 60 -- 22 regular season , taking both the Northwest division title and top seed of the Western Conference . In the first round of the playoffs , they faced the 8th - seeded Houston Rockets , featuring former team member James Harden . In game 2 of the series , Russell Westbrook was struck by Rockets point guard Patrick Beverley , and fell down with an injury and missed the rest of the playoffs after having knee surgery . Without the team 's second - leading scorer , the Thunder , who had a 3 -- 0 lead , lost the next two games to bring the series to 3 -- 2 . In game 6 , the Thunder defeated the Rockets to advance to the second round , facing a rematch of the 2011 second round , with the Memphis Grizzlies . The Thunder lost the series 4 -- 1 , losing four straight games after winning Game 1 at home . 2013 -- 2015 : Durant 's MVP campaign and missing the playoffs ( edit ) Main articles : 2013 -- 14 Oklahoma City Thunder season and 2014 -- 15 Oklahoma City Thunder season In the 2013 NBA draft , the Thunder selected 12th pick Steven Adams , traded for the 26th pick Andre Roberson , and selected 47th pick Grant Jerrett . Kevin Martin 's contract expired , and he soon signed with the Timberwolves . In addition to Oklahoma City 's off - season movements , they signed free agent Ryan Gomes and re-signed Derek Fisher . The team finished second in the conference to San Antonio with a 59 -- 23 record . They met the Memphis Grizzlies for the third time in the playoffs . It also sparked a news article which reportedly called Durant `` Mr. Unreliable '' . The series set a record for most consecutive overtimes in a series with four . OKC prevailed in seven games to play for the first time the Los Angeles Clippers , whom they defeated in six games . Their final playoff opponent , in the Western Conference Finals , was the San Antonio Spurs , with the Spurs winning , 4 -- 2 . With the 21st and 29th picks in the NBA draft , the Thunder selected Mitch McGary from Michigan and Josh Huestis from Stanford . `` He brings energy , passion , and great basketball IQ and toughness what we value '' said Presti on drafting McGary . Oklahoma City also signed Semaj Christon in the draft . On July 3 , the Thunder signed Sebastian Telfair . But they lost shooting guard Thabo Sefolosha as his contract expired and he agreed to a three - year , $12 million contract with the Atlanta Hawks . Several weeks before the season started , the Thunder suffered a setback as Durant was diagnosed with a Jones fracture in his right foot and missed the first 17 games of the season . During the opening game against the Portland Trail Blazers , Westbrook scored 38 points , but found himself sidelined due to a small fracture in his right hand . He missed 16 games , during which Oklahoma City went 4 -- 12 . During the middle of the season Westbrook and Durant both came back , and similarly suffered more injuries . Durant was ruled out of the rest of the season in March , deciding to have foot surgery . Westbrook also had to undergo surgery in early March , to repair a fracture in the zygomatic arch bone of his right cheek . Several days later he returned and recorded several triple - doubles on his way to Western Conference Player of the Month honors from February to April . He also won the 2014 -- 2015 NBA scoring title . However , despite the effort , the Thunder missed the playoffs due to a tiebreaker with the New Orleans Pelicans , and Westbrook fell short of the MVP award , finishing fourth in voting . They finished with a 45 -- 37 record . On April 22 , 2015 , Scott Brooks was fired as the Thunder head coach . Billy Donovan was hired on April 30 , 2015 . This was Donovan 's first major NBA coaching job , after he initially accepted and then left the Orlando Magic job in 2007 . 2015 -- 2017 : Durant 's departure and Westbrook 's MVP season ( edit ) Main articles : 2015 -- 16 Oklahoma City Thunder season and 2016 -- 17 Oklahoma City Thunder season With the 14th and the 48th picks in the 2015 NBA draft , the Thunder selected Cameron Payne from Murray State and Dakari Johnson from Kentucky . With Billy Donovan as the team 's head coach the Thunder won the Northwest Division and clinched the third seed in the Western Conference . The team reached the Western Conference Finals for the fourth time in a span of six seasons , but was eliminated by the Golden State Warriors in seven games , after being up 3 -- 1 . After the season Kevin Durant left the team in free agency for the Warriors . The move was not well received by the public or NBA analysts , with many comparing the move to LeBron James ' 2010 off - season departure from Cleveland to join the Miami Heat . On July 7 , he was officially introduced by the Warriors organization and signed a two - year , $54.3 million contract , with a player option after the first year . On August 4 , 2016 , Westbrook agreed to a 3 - year extension to remain with the Thunder . With an average of 31.6 points , 10.4 assists , and 10.7 rebounds , Westbrook is the first player since Oscar Robertson to average a triple double for an entire NBA regular season , and only the second in NBA history ( the other being Robertson ) . On April 2 , 2017 , Westbrook tied Oscar Robertson 's record for most triple doubles in an NBA season ( 41 ) ; he broke the record on April 9 against the Denver Nuggets , marking his 42nd triple double of the season . Westbrook , in that game , also hit the game winning buzzer beater from 36 feet , ending the Nuggets playoffs hopes and securing the Thunder 's 3rd seed matchup with the Houston Rockets in the NBA playoffs . Unfortunately , Oklahoma City lost the playoff series in the first round to the Houston Rockets 4 -- 1 . Even though OKC lost the series , Westbrook averaged a + 14 while on the court and a triple double during the series . Westbrook was named league MVP after the season . 2017 -- present : the new big three : Westbrook , George , and Anthony ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 Oklahoma City Thunder season To further bolster the roster and improve Westbrook 's supporting cast , the Thunder 's front office made a series of aggressive moves to reshape the team . On July 6 , 2017 , the Thunder acquired four - time All - Star forward Paul George in a trade with the Indiana Pacers in exchange for guard Victor Oladipo and forward Domantas Sabonis . The team then signed veteran point guard Raymond Felton and sharp - shooting power forward Patrick Patterson in free agency on July 10 . Finally , on September 25 , the Thunder acquired ten - time All - Star forward Carmelo Anthony from the New York Knicks in exchange for center Enes Kanter , forward Doug McDermott , and a 2018 second - round draft pick they had previously acquired from the Chicago Bulls in the Cameron Payne trade . Franchise accomplishments ( edit ) Main articles : List of Oklahoma City Thunder accomplishments and records and Seattle SuperSonics § High points Single game records ( edit ) Points : 58 ( 2 times ) , by Fred Brown vs. Golden State Warriors , March 23 , 1974 and Russell Westbrook vs. Portland Trailblazers , March 8 , 2017 Rebounds : 30 , Jim Fox vs. Los Angeles Lakers , December 26 , 1973 Assists : 25 , by Nate McMillan vs. Los Angeles Clippers , February 23 , 1987 Steals : 10 ( 2 times ) , by Gus Williams vs. New Jersey Nets , February 22 , 1978 and Fred Brown vs. Philadelphia 76ers , December 3 , 1976 Blocks : 11 , by Serge Ibaka vs. Denver Nuggets , February 19 , 2012 Playoffs ( edit ) Season Record Seed First Round Conference Semifinals Conference Finals NBA Finals Notes 2009 -- 10 50 -- 32 8th Los Angeles Lakers ( Lost 2 -- 4 ) -- -- -- 2010 -- 11 † 55 -- 27 4th Denver Nuggets ( Won 4 -- 1 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( Won 4 -- 3 ) Dallas Mavericks ( Lost 1 -- 4 ) -- 2011 -- 12 † 47 -- 19 2nd Dallas Mavericks ( Won 4 -- 0 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( Won 4 -- 1 ) San Antonio Spurs ( Won 4 -- 2 ) Miami Heat ( Lost 1 -- 4 ) 2012 -- 13 † 60 -- 22 1st Houston Rockets ( Won 4 -- 2 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( Lost 1 -- 4 ) -- -- 2013 -- 14 † 59 -- 23 2nd Memphis Grizzlies ( Won 4 -- 3 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( Won 4 -- 2 ) San Antonio Spurs ( Lost 2 -- 4 ) -- 2015 -- 16 † 55 -- 27 3rd Dallas Mavericks ( Won 4 -- 1 ) San Antonio Spurs ( Won 4 -- 2 ) Golden State Warriors ( Lost 3 -- 4 ) -- 2016 -- 17 47 -- 35 6th Houston Rockets ( Lost 1 -- 4 ) -- -- -- 2017 -- 18 48 -- 34 4th Utah Jazz ( Lost 2 - 4 ) -- -- -- † Denotes Division championship Home arenas ( edit ) Note : All arenas used before 2008 were used by the defunct Seattle SuperSonics franchise . Seattle arenas had hosted two NBA All - Star Games ; the 1974 game in Seattle Center Coliseum and the 1987 game in the Kingdome , where SuperSonics forward Tom Chambers grabbed MVP honors . Seattle Center Coliseum 1967 -- 1978 ( occasionally used during the Kingdome years when the latter was unavailable due to either Mariners or Seahawks games ) Kingdome 1978 -- 1985 Seattle Center Coliseum 1985 -- 1994 Tacoma Dome 1994 -- 1995 ( During Seattle Center Coliseum renovation ) KeyArena ( the remodeled and renamed Seattle Center Coliseum ) 1995 -- 2008 Chesapeake Energy Arena ( 2008 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : Chesapeake Energy Arena Opened in 2002 as the Ford Center , Chesapeake Energy Arena was built without luxury accommodations , but designed to accommodate luxury `` buildouts '' should a professional sports franchise make the Chesapeake Energy Arena their home arena . A plan for such build - out improvements began in 2007 . It came in the wake of the acquisition of the Seattle SuperSonics by an Oklahoma City - based ownership group the previous October . A city ballot initiative approved by a 62 percent margin on March 4 , 2008 , extended a prior one - cent city sales tax for a period of 15 months in order to fund $101 million in budgeted improvements to the arena and a separate $20 million practice facility for a relocated franchise . Renovation work on the arena was delayed by a sales tax - receipts shortfall during the 2008 -- 10 economic crisis . Revised plans limited the size of a new glass entryway and eliminated a practice court to accommodate the shortfall . Major construction work on the arena expansion was also delayed from the summer of 2010 to the summer of 2011 . Seating capacity of the stadium is 18,203 for professional NBA basketball games . Similar revisions were made to the plans for the Thunder 's separate practice facility , for a total cost savings of approximately $14 million . The Thunder 's practice facility completion date was pushed back to approximately March 2011 . Mascots ( edit ) Note : All mascots used before 2008 were used by the defunct Seattle SuperSonics franchise . Wheedle , 1978 -- 1985 Squatch , 1993 -- 2008 Rumble the Bison ( edit ) Main article : Rumble the Bison On February 17 , 2009 , Rumble the Bison was introduced as the new Oklahoma City Thunder mascot during halftime of a game against the New Orleans Hornets . Rumble was the winner of the 2008 -- 2009 NBA Mascot of the Year . Fanbase ( edit ) During the 2012 NBA Finals , sportswriter Bill Simmons published a piece on the team 's fan base in his ESPN - sponsored Web outlet , Grantland.com , in which he noted the unusual enthusiasm of the city for its team : `` With the possible exception of Portland , no NBA team means more to its city . This goes beyond having the loudest fans . There 's genuine devotion here . These people arrived a good 45 minutes early for last night 's Game 1 -- and by `` these people '' I mean `` everyone with a ticket '' -- then clapped their way through pregame warm - ups with such infectious enthusiasm that I remember saying to a friend , `` No way these yahoos keep this up for three hours , they 're going to burn out . '' Wrong . You know what burned out ? My eardrums . My head is still ringing . '' Simmons speculated that the Oklahoma City bombing played a major part in the team 's culture , noting that Thunder general manager Sam Presti has every new Thunder player visit the Oklahoma City National Memorial , and encourages players to look into the stands and consider that many of the team 's fans were personally affected by the event . He also noted , however , that the fact that the Thunder is the only team from Oklahoma City ( or indeed the state of Oklahoma ) in one of the nation 's four major leagues contributes mightily to the city 's devotion . Thunder fans are also reportedly much more likely to attend major home games than most other NBA fanbases . According to a source in the ticket industry , only five percent of tickets to the 2012 NBA conference finals listed for sale on secondary market sites such as StubHub were for Thunder home games , and for every ticket listed for a Thunder home game in the 2012 NBA Finals , 10 tickets for Heat home games were listed . The team and its fanbase regularly use the slogan `` Thunder Up ! '' which was prominently displayed on T - shirts during the 2012 playoffs . Players ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) Oklahoma City Thunder roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Abrines , Álex 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1993 -- 08 -- 01 Spain 6.0 ! C 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Adams , Steven 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1993 -- 07 -- 20 Pittsburgh 4.0 ! F 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Anthony , Carmelo 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1984 -- 05 -- 29 Syracuse 4.0 ! F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Brewer , Corey 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 186 lb ( 84 kg ) 1986 -- 03 -- 05 Florida 1.5 ! G 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Dozier , P.J. ( TW ) 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1996 -- 10 -- 25 South Carolina 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Felton , Raymond 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1984 -- 06 -- 26 North Carolina 1.5 ! G 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Ferguson , Terrance 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 184 lb ( 83 kg ) 1998 -- 05 -- 17 Advanced Prep International ( TX ) 4.0 ! F 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 George , Paul 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1990 -- 05 -- 02 Fresno State 4.0 ! F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Grant , Jerami 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1994 -- 03 -- 12 Syracuse 1.5 ! G 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Hamilton , Daniel ( TW ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1995 -- 08 -- 08 Connecticut 4.0 ! F 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Huestis , Josh 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1991 -- 12 -- 19 Stanford 6.0 ! C 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Johnson , Dakari 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1995 -- 09 -- 22 Kentucky 4.0 ! F 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 Patterson , Patrick 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1989 -- 03 -- 14 Kentucky 1.5 ! G 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Roberson , André 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1991 -- 12 -- 04 Colorado 4.0 ! F 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Singler , Kyle 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 228 lb ( 103 kg ) 1988 -- 05 -- 04 Duke 1.5 ! G 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Westbrook , Russell ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1988 -- 11 -- 12 UCLA Head coach Billy Donovan Assistant coach ( es ) Vin Bhavnani Mark Bryant Maurice Cheeks Adrian Griffin Royal Ivey Darko Rajaković Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2018 -- 05 -- 10 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Thunder hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref 2008 50 Hardin , DeVon DeVon Hardin F / C United States Free agent 2006 53 Halperin , Yotam Yotam Halperin Israel Hapoel Bank Yahav Jerusalem ( Israel ) 2003 34 Schortsanitis , Sofoklis Sofoklis Schortsanitis Greece Trikala Aries ( Greece ) Acquired from the Los Angeles Clippers ( via Atlanta ) 2003 35 Szewczyk , Szymon Szymon Szewczyk F / C Poland Anwil Włocławek ( Poland ) Acquired from the Milwaukee Bucks 2003 50 Morlende , Paccelis Paccelis Morlende France Free agent Acquired from the Philadelphia 76ers Individual awards ( edit ) For details on Seattle SuperSonics history , see Seattle SuperSonics records . NBA Most Valuable Player Kevin Durant -- 2014 Russell Westbrook -- 2017 NBA All - Star head coach Lenny Wilkens -- 1979 , 1980 George Karl -- 1994 , 1996 , 1998 Scott Brooks -- 2012 , 2014 NBA Coach of the Year Scott Brooks -- 2010 NBA Sixth Man of the Year James Harden -- 2012 NBA Community Assist Award Russell Westbrook -- 2015 NBA scoring champion Kevin Durant -- 2010 -- 2012 , 2014 Russell Westbrook -- 2015 , 2017 All - NBA First Team Kevin Durant -- 2010 -- 2014 Russell Westbrook -- 2016 , 2017 All - NBA Second Team Russell Westbrook -- 2011 -- 2013 , 2015 , 2018 Kevin Durant -- 2016 All - NBA Third Team Paul George -- 2018 NBA All - Defensive First Team Serge Ibaka -- 2012 -- 2014 NBA All - Defensive Second Team Thabo Sefolosha -- 2010 Andre Roberson -- 2017 NBA Rookie of the Year Kevin Durant -- 2008 NBA All - Rookie First Team Kevin Durant -- 2008 Russell Westbrook -- 2009 NBA All - Rookie Second Team James Harden -- 2010 Steven Adams - 2014 NBA All - Star Team Kevin Durant -- 2010 -- 2016 Russell Westbrook -- 2011 -- 2013 , 2015 -- 2018 Paul George - 2018 NBA All Star Game Most Valuable Player Kevin Durant -- 2012 Russell Westbrook -- 2015 , 2016 Former players ( edit ) For the complete list of Seattle SuperSonics players see : Seattle SuperSonics all - time roster . Retired numbers ( edit ) As the Oklahoma City Thunder 's original iteration , the Seattle SuperSonics retired six numbers . In addition , the SuperSonics awarded an honorary microphone to longtime broadcaster Bob Blackburn , who had called the majority of the team 's games from 1967 through 1992 . Oklahoma City Thunder retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure Date Gus Williams 1977 -- 1984 March 26 , 2004 10 Nate McMillan 1986 -- 1998 March 24 , 1999 19 Lenny Wilkens 1968 -- 1972 October 19 , 1979 24 Spencer Haywood 1970 -- 1975 February 26 , 2007 32 Fred Brown 1971 -- 1984 November 6 , 1986 43 Jack Sikma 1977 -- 1986 November 21 , 1992 Bob Blackburn Broadcaster 1967 -- 1992 Notes : Head coach from 2000 to 2005 . Head coach during 1969 -- 1972 and 1977 -- 1985 . Staff ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Oklahoma City Thunder head coaches Executives ( edit ) 1967 -- 1968 : Don Richman 1968 -- 1969 : Dick Vertlieb 1969 -- 1973 : Bob Houbregs 1973 -- 1977 : Bill Russell 1977 -- 1983 : Zollie Volchok 1985 -- 1986 : Lenny Wilkens 1986 -- 1994 : Bob Whitsitt 1994 -- 2001 : Wally Walker 2001 -- 2007 : Rick Sund 2007 -- present : Sam Presti Logos and uniforms ( edit ) The Oklahoma City Thunder unveiled their first logo on September 3 , 2008 . According to majority owner Clay Bennett , the team 's logo takes several of its elements from other Oklahoma sports teams , such as the University of Oklahoma Sooners and Oklahoma State University Cowboys . The uniform design was unveiled on September 29 , 2008 . An alternate uniform was unveiled on November 8 , 2012 , featuring only navy blue and white colors . Unlike their regular uniforms , the wordmarks on the alternate are written vertically . A second alternate uniform was unveiled on March 1 , 2015 . A white uniform with sleeves , it features the Thunder partial logo in the center of the chest , and the shorts showcase bolts in light blue and sunset colors . A third alternate uniform was unveiled on September 25 , 2015 . A sunset - colored uniform , it features the Oklahoma City abbreviation `` OKC '' in navy block letters trimmed in white . On the back of the jersey , player names sit below the numbers . The shorts display a sunset base with navy panels down the side showcasing the Thunder partial logo on each leg . The Thunder wore the sunset alternates for 18 games in the 2015 - 2016 season , including all 13 of its Sunday games . Television and radio ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) All Thunder games are broadcast on the Thunder Radio Network , fronted by flagship stations WWLS - FM 98.1 and KWPN AM 640 in Oklahoma City . Matt Pinto is the radio voice of the Thunder . Television ( edit ) For their first two seasons , the Thunder 's TV broadcasts were split between Fox Sports Oklahoma ( a regional fork of Fox Sports Southwest ) , which broadcast most of the games , and independent station KSBI ( channel 52 ) , with around 65 Thunder games airing during the season and more than half of the games available in HD on Fox Sports Oklahoma , along with other team - related programming such as pre-game shows . Around 15 to 20 regular - season games were broadcast over the air on KSBI , which had a network of re-broadcasters spanning the entire state . All televised games are called by Brian Davis on play - by - play and Michael Cage as color commentator . During the 2009 -- 10 season , KSBI telecast all Thunder games it aired in high definition ( KSBI had previously aired in HD the first regular - season game played at the Ford Center -- against the Milwaukee Bucks on October 29 , 2008 -- while all other games during the 2008 -- 09 season were telecast on KSBI in standard definition ) . On August 3 , 2010 , the Thunder signed a new exclusive multi-year agreement with Fox Sports Oklahoma , beginning with the 2010 -- 11 season , ending the team 's broadcasts on KSBI . On October 22 , 2012 , the Thunder announced that Lesley McCaslin would be the new Thunder sideline reporter . On July 21 , 2014 , the Thunder announced that Long would not return to be its TV color commentator on Fox Sports Oklahoma . On September 17 , 2014 , the Oklahoma City Thunder announced that 15 - year NBA veteran Michael Cage would be the new color analyst , joining Brian Davis on television and Matt Pinto on the radio when the game is not on Fox Sports Oklahoma . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2017 -- 18 . National Basketball Association . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Oklahoma City Thunder seasons '' . National Basketball Association . October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` General Information '' ( PDF ) . 2017 -- 18 Oklahoma City Thunder Media Guide . NBA Properties , Inc . October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma City Thunder Reproduction and Usage Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Professional Basketball Club , LLC '' . NBA.com/Thunder . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What do the NBA finals have to do with a grammatical nightmare ? '' . Dictionary.com . June 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mayberry , Darnell ( April 21 , 2008 ) . `` Sonics will stay in division '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Art ( November 19 , 2008 ) . `` Western Conference Insider : Realigning the West '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City Preparing Ford Center For NBA Team '' . KOCO - TV . July 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma City Franchise To Purchase Tulsa 66ers Of NBA D - League '' ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 31 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2008 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mayberry , Darnell ( August 1 , 2008 ) . `` OKC 's NBA franchise buys Tulsa 's D - League team '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved August 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Thunder Hits Oklahoma City Wednesday '' . NBA.com/Thunder . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . October 27 , 2008 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball Club of Seattle Announces Sale of Sonics & Storm '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 18 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2006 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Allen , Percy ( October 24 , 2006 ) . `` NBA board approves sale of Sonics , Storm '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved October 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` NBA approves sale of Sonics , Storm '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 24 , 2006 . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johns , Greg ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Bennett says Sonics going to Oklahoma '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` THE PROFESSIONAL BASKETBALL CLUB , LLC AND CITY OF SEATTLE SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT '' ( PDF ) . Seattle.gov ( Press release ) . City of Seattle , Washington . July 2 , 2008 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SuperSonics , Seattle reach last - minute settlement '' . ESPN . July 2 , 2008 . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Allen , Percy ( July 6 , 2008 ) . `` Seattle and Oklahoma City will share the Sonics ' franchise history '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oklahoma City will be named Thunder , wear blue , orange , yellow '' . ESPN . September 4 , 2008 . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Rolls Into Oklahoma City '' ( PDF ) . NBA.com/Thunder ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . September 3 , 2008 . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sawyer Center '' . Southern Nazarene Crimson Storm . December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mayberry , Darnell ( August 13 , 2008 ) . `` Oklahoma City NBA team to face hectic pace in preseason '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( 2008 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Carlesimo fired ; Brooks to take over Thunder in interim '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder snap 14 - game losing streak behind Durant 's 30 '' . USA Today . Associated Press . November 22 , 2008 . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Team Valuations '' . Forbes . December 3 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma City Thunder '' . Forbes . December 3 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Pimentel , Roger . `` NBA Playoffs in Numbers : Eight Statistics You Were n't Expecting '' . How To Watch Sports . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 NBA Attendance '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Team Valuations '' . Forbes . Forbes.com Mobile . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` # 18 Oklahoma City Thunder '' . Forbes . Forbes.com Mobile . January 27 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mayberry , Darnell ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Thunder beats Clippers to wrap up Northwest Division title '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( 2011 - 04 - 28 ) . `` Durant 's epic performance in Game 5 is what legends are made of '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Torres , Adry ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Kevin Durant scores 66 at Rucker Park '' . ESPNNewYork.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Lockout added water to grass roots '' . ESPNLosAngeles.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant , Washington win city battle '' . ESPN . August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weidie , Kyle ( August 21 , 2011 ) . `` Drew - Goodman game lives up to hype '' . ESPNLosAngeles.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Names Billy Donovan Head Coach '' . NBA.com/Thunder ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC. April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Thunder hire Billy Donovan as coach '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Pat ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin Durant 's move to leave Thunder for Warriors is worse than LeBron James ' ' Decision ' : That 's Debatable '' . nydailynews.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Sign Free Agent Forward Kevin Durant '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant to sign with Warriors '' . ESPN . July 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Splash ! Kevin Durant finalizes two - year deal with Warriors '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.todaysfastbreak.com/fastbreak-news/russell-westbrook-reportedly-working-toward-contract-extension/ Jump up ^ `` Thunder Acquires All - Star Forward Paul George '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Signs Raymond Felton '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Signs Patrick Patterson '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Acquires All - Star Forward Carmelo Anthony '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls acquire Payne , Morrow , and Lauvergne from Thunder '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Individual Records '' ( PDF ) . 2015 -- 16 Oklahoma City Thunder Media Guide . NBA Properties , Inc . October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knapp , Adam . `` Ford Center Arena Improvement Plan '' . About.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` MAPS 3 Citizens Advisory Board Presentation '' ( PDF ) . City of Oklahoma City . August 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rohde , John ( August 8 , 2010 ) . `` Ford Center practice gym eliminated from renovations '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma City might save as much as $14 million on Ford Center renovations , practice facility '' . The Oklahoman . July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Rohde , John ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Thunder practice facility set for March completion '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Rumble the Bison Debuts as Thunder Mascot '' . NBA.com/Thunder . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rumble the Bison Named NBA Mascot of the Year '' . NBA.com/Thunder ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . August 13 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Simmons , Bill ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thunder Family Values '' . Grantland.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ Allen , Percy ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Sonics take UCLA 's Russell Westbrook with the No. 4 draft pick '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record - tying 84 international players on opening - night rosters '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Acquires Schortsanitis and Trade Exception '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Acquires Trade Exception '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hanging From the Rafters '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . August 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Raley , Dan ( February 14 , 2006 ) . `` Where Are They Now ? Blackburn gave Sonics a voice '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Mike ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` Sky blue will be the color '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Jerseys Available for Presale '' . NBA.com/Thunder ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . September 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Mike ( September 30 , 2008 ) . `` The uniform : Thunder players turn models '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder ' flashes ' new uniforms '' . KWTV - DT . September 22 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Kelly ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Oklahoma City Thunder unveil alternate uniforms , to mild local acclaim '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Alternate Uniform , November 9 , 2012 '' . NBA.com/Thunder . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Thunder Uniform Reflects Hometown Spirit '' . NBA.com/Thunder ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Unveils New Alternate Uniform for 2015 - 16 '' . NBA.com/Thunder ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Radio Network '' . NBA.com/Thunder . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bracht , Mel ( September 29 , 2008 ) . `` FS Oklahoma to air Thunder games '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved September 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bracht , Mel . `` KSBI to air Thunder games '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder Signs Exclusive Television Agreement with FOX Sports Southwest '' . NBA.com/Thunder . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bracht , Mel ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` OKC Thunder : Lesley McCaslin named team 's courtside reporter '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mayberry , Darnell ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` Oklahoma City Thunder TV analyst Grant Long resigns from position '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Cage to Join Thunder Broadcast Team '' . NBA.com/Thunder . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . September 17 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oklahoma City Thunder . National Basketball Association portal Official website Oklahoma City Thunder at Basketball-Reference.com Oklahoma City Thunder Founded in 1967 Formerly the Seattle SuperSonics ( 1967 -- 2008 ) Based in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Franchise History 1967 Expansion Draft All - time rosters SuperSonics Thunder Draft history Franchise achievements Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas KeyArena at Seattle Center Kingdome Tacoma Dome Chesapeake Energy Arena General Managers Richman Vertlieb Houbregs Russell Volchok Habegger Wilkens Whitsitt Walker Sund Presti G League affiliate Oklahoma City Blue Administration Owner Professional Basketball Club ( Clay Bennett , Chairman ) Executive Vice President & General Manager Sam Presti Head coach Billy Donovan Retired numbers 10 19 24 32 43 MIC NBA Championships ( 1 ) 1979 Western Conference Championships ( 4 ) 1978 1979 2012 Culture and lore Seattle SuperSonics relocation to Oklahoma City Howard Schultz Wheedle Squatch Rumble the Bison `` Supersonics '' Sonicsgate Thunderstruck `` Thunder Up '' `` Ca n't Hold Us '' Media TV Fox Sports Oklahoma Radio The Sports Animal ( 98.1 FM ) 640 ESPN Radio Announcers Brian Davis Michael Cage Matt Pinto Links to related articles Seattle SuperSonics -- Oklahoma City Thunder seasons Franchise History Seasons 1960s 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory Relocated National Basketball Association teams Tri-Cities Blackhawks -- Milwaukee Hawks ( 1951 ) Milwaukee Hawks -- St. Louis Hawks ( 1955 ) Fort Wayne Pistons -- Detroit Pistons ( 1957 ) Rochester Royals -- Cincinnati Royals ( 1957 ) Minneapolis Lakers -- Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 ) Philadelphia Warriors -- San Francisco Warriors ( 1962 ) Chicago Zephyrs -- Baltimore Bullets ( 1963 ) Syracuse Nationals -- Philadelphia 76ers ( 1963 ) St. Louis Hawks -- Atlanta Hawks ( 1968 ) San Diego Rockets -- Houston Rockets ( 1971 ) Cincinnati Royals -- Kansas City -- Omaha Kings ( 1972 ) Baltimore Bullets -- Capital Bullets ( 1973 ) Kansas City -- Omaha Kings -- Kansas City Kings ( 1975 ) Buffalo Braves -- San Diego Clippers ( 1978 ) New Orleans Jazz -- Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) San Diego Clippers -- Los Angeles Clippers ( 1984 ) Kansas City Kings -- Sacramento Kings ( 1985 ) Vancouver Grizzlies -- Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 ) New Orleans Hornets -- New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2005 ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets -- New Orleans Hornets ( 2007 ) Seattle SuperSonics -- Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2008 ) National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Sports teams based in Oklahoma Baseball PCL Oklahoma City Dodgers TL Tulsa Drillers Basketball NBA Oklahoma City Thunder G League Oklahoma City Blue Hockey ECHL Tulsa Oilers WSHL Oklahoma City Jr . Blazers Roller derby WFTDA Enid Roller Girls Oklahoma City Roller Derby Oklahoma Victory Dolls Soccer USL OKC Energy FC Tulsa Roughnecks FC NPSL Tulsa Athletic WPSL Fortuna Tulsa Oklahoma City FC Tulsa Spirit City of Oklahoma City Bombing Climate Education People History Timeline Mayors Media Transportation Streetcar Districts Adventure District Asia District Capitol Hill Downtown Eastside Midtown Paseo 39th Street Uptown Western Avenue Professional sports teams Oklahoma City Thunder Oklahoma City Blue Oklahoma City Dodgers Oklahoma City Energy FC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_Thunder&oldid=843014717 '' Categories : Oklahoma City Thunder National Basketball Association teams Seattle SuperSonics Sports in Oklahoma City Basketball teams established in 1967 Basketball teams established in 2008 2008 establishments in Oklahoma Relocated National Basketball Association teams Basketball teams in Oklahoma Hidden categories : All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced quotes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Vèneto Volapük Yorùbá 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 08 : 15 . 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"\n\nOklahoma City Thunder\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017–18 Oklahoma City Thunder season\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nConference\nWestern\n\n\nDivision\nNorthwest\n\n\nFounded\n1967\n\n\nHistory\nSeattle SuperSonics\n1967–2008\nOklahoma City Thunder\n2008–present[1][2]\n\n\nArena\nChesapeake Energy Arena\n\n\nLocation\nOklahoma City, Oklahoma\n\n\nTeam colors\nThunder Blue, Sunset, Yellow, Navy Blue[3][4]\n \n\n\nGeneral manager\nSam Presti\n\n\nHead coach\nBilly Donovan\n\n\nOwnership\nProfessional Basketball Club LLC (Clay Bennett, Chairman)[5]\n\n\nAffiliation(s)\nOklahoma City Blue\n\n\nChampionships\n1 (1979)\n\n\nConference titles\n4 (1978, 1979, 1996, 2012)\n\n\nDivision titles\n11 (1979, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2005, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016)\n\n\nRetired numbers\n7 (1, 10, 19, 24, 32, 43, Microphone)\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.nba.com/thunder\n\n\nUniforms\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHome\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAway\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
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] |
3511230166766884079 | Live and Let Die (song) | Live and Let Die ( song ) - wikipedia Live and Let Die ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Live and Let Die '' A-side label of the UK 7 - inch single Single by Paul McCartney and Wings from the album Live and Let Die B - side `` I Lie Around '' Released 1 June 1973 ( UK ) 18 June 1973 ( US ) Format 7 '' single Recorded October 1972 Genre Symphonic rock Length 3 : 12 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Paul McCartney Linda McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin Wings singles chronology `` My Love '' ( 1973 ) `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1973 ) `` Helen Wheels '' ( 1973 ) `` My Love '' ( 1973 ) `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1973 ) `` Helen Wheels '' ( 1973 ) James Bond theme singles chronology `` Diamonds Are Forever '' ( 1971 ) Diamonds Are Forever 1971 `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1973 ) Live and Let Die1973 `` The Man With the Golden Gun '' ( 1975 ) The Man With the Golden Gun 1975 `` Live and Let Die '' is the main theme song of the 1973 James Bond film Live and Let Die , written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by Paul McCartney 's band Wings . It was one of the group 's most successful singles , and the most successful Bond theme to that point , charting at No. 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and No. 9 on the UK Singles Chart . Commissioned specifically for the movie and credited to Paul and Linda McCartney , it reunited the former Beatle with the band 's producer , George Martin , who both produced the song and arranged the orchestral break . It has been covered by several bands , with the Guns N ' Roses version being the most popular cover . Both the McCartney and the Guns N ' Roses versions were nominated for Grammys . In 2012 , McCartney was awarded the Million - Air Award from Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) , for more than 4 million performances of the song in the US . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Release and aftermath 3 Personnel 4 Chart positions 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Parody 6 Guns N ' Roses version 6.1 Charts 6.2 Personnel 7 See also 8 References Background and Recording ( edit ) Even before Tom Mankiewicz had finished writing the screenplay to Live and Let Die , producers Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli invited Paul McCartney to write the theme song . McCartney asked to be sent a copy of Ian Fleming 's novel . `` I read it and thought it was pretty good . That afternoon I wrote the song and went in the next week and did it ... It was a job of work for me in a way because writing a song around a title like that 's not the easiest thing going . '' Originally , producer Harry Saltzman was interested in having Shirley Bassey or Thelma Houston perform it instead of Wings . Martin said McCartney would allow the song to be used in the movie only if Wings was able to perform the song in the opening credits . Saltzman , who had previously rejected the chance to produce A Hard Day 's Night , decided not to make the same mistake twice and agreed . A second version of the song , performed by B.J. Arnau , also appears in the film . Arnau 's performance originally was meant for the group Fifth Dimension . The Arnau version of the song appears on the soundtrack album as a component in a medley that also contains two George Martin - composed instrumental pieces , `` Fillet of Soul -- New Orleans '' and `` Fillet of Soul -- Harlem '' . Wings recorded `` Live and Let Die '' during the sessions for the Red Rose Speedway album , in October 1972 . The song was taped at A.I.R. Studios , with Ray Cooper providing percussion instruments . Release and aftermath ( edit ) The single reached No. 2 in the United States and No. 9 in the United Kingdom . The single was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over one million copies . Although McCartney 's previous single , `` My Love '' , had been credited to ' Paul McCartney & Wings ' , the label of the `` Live and Let Die '' single credited the performing artist simply as ' Wings ' . On the soundtrack album , however , the song was credited to ' Paul McCartney & Wings ' and was credited as such in the opening titles to the film . `` Live and Let Die '' was the last McCartney single on Apple Records that was credited only to ' Wings ' . `` Live and Let Die '' was not featured on a McCartney album until the Wings Greatest compilation in 1978 , and was included again on 1987 's All the Best ! and 2001 's Wingspan : Hits and History . The entire soundtrack also was released in quadrophonic . `` Live and Let Die '' was the first James Bond theme song to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song ( garnering McCartney his second Academy Award nomination and Linda her first ) , but lost to the theme song from The Way We Were . In Wings ' live performances of the song , the instrumental break featured flashpots and a laser light show . McCartney has continued to play the song on his solo tours , often using pyrotechnics when playing outdoor and indoor venues . `` Live and Let Die '' is the only song to appear on all of McCartney 's live albums ( except for the acoustic - based Unplugged . ) Following the attacks on 11 September 2001 , the song was placed on Clear Channel 's list of inappropriate song titles . Personnel ( edit ) Paul McCartney -- lead vocals , piano Linda McCartney -- backing vocals , keyboards Henry McCullough -- lead guitar Denny Laine -- backing vocals , bass guitar Denny Seiwell -- drums Ray Cooper -- percussion George Martin -- orchestral arrangement Chart positions ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position Australia Kent Music Report 5 Canada ( RPM 100 Top Singles ) Germany ( Media Control ) 31 Japan ( Oricon ) 25 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 29 New Zealand ( Listener ) 20 Norway ( VG - lista ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 US Record World Singles Chart Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Canada 39 US Billboard Hot 100 56 Parody ( edit ) In 1984 , McCartney asked `` Weird Al '' Yankovic when he was going to parody one of his songs . A couple of years later , Yankovic asked for permission to put his parody `` Chicken Pot Pie '' on an album ( as a courtesy ; legally , he did not need permission ) . McCartney denied the use because he is a vegetarian and did not want to promote the consumption of meat . Yankovic , a vegetarian himself , said he respected the decision ; however , he has performed the song live . Guns N ' Roses version ( edit ) `` Live and Let Die '' U.S. commercial cassette single Single by Guns N ' Roses from the album Use Your Illusion I A-side `` Live and Let Die '' ( LP Version ) B - side `` Live and Let Die '' ( Live at Wembley Stadium , London on 31 August 1991 ) `` Shadow of Your Love '' ( Live ) Released 3 December 1991 Format CD 7 '' 12 '' Genre Hard rock , heavy metal Length 3 : 04 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Paul McCartney Linda McCartney Producer ( s ) Mike Clink Guns N ' Roses Guns N ' Roses singles chronology `` Do n't Cry '' ( 1991 ) `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1991 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1992 ) `` Do n't Cry '' ( 1991 ) `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1991 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1992 ) `` Live and Let Die '' was released as the second single from Use Your Illusion I album and the fourth out of all the Use Your Illusion singles . A music video was made in November 1991 featuring the band playing live on stage and showing old pictures . The video also was made shortly before Izzy Stradlin 's departure , and it is the last video where he appears . It charted at No. 20 on the Mainstream Rock chart . The song was nominated for `` Best Hard Rock Performance '' during the 1993 Grammy Awards . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 20 Finland ( The Official Finnish Charts ) France ( SNEP ) 39 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 33 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 33 Personnel ( edit ) Guns N ' Roses W. Axl Rose -- lead vocals , keyboards , programming , backing vocals Slash -- lead guitar , 6 - string bass Izzy Stradlin -- rhythm guitar Duff McKagan -- bass Matt Sorum -- drums Dizzy Reed -- piano Additional musicians Shannon Hoon -- backing vocals Johann Langlie -- programming Jon Thautwein -- horn Matthew McKagan -- horn Rachel West -- horn Robert Clark -- horn Track listing `` Live and Let Die '' -- 2 : 59 `` Live and Let Die '' ( Live ) -- 3 : 37 `` Shadow of Your Love '' ( Live ) -- 2 : 50 See also ( edit ) Outline of James Bond References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Benitez , Vincent P. ( 2010 ) . The Words and Music of Paul McCartney : The Solo Years . Santa Barbara , Calif. : Praeger . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34969 - 0 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums . London : Guinness World Records Limited Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2006 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits . Billboard Books Jump up ^ `` Live and Let Die Recognized for over 4 Million Performances in the USA '' . Broadcast Music , Inc. 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Alan ; Hearn , Marcu ( 1997 ) . Kiss Kiss Bang ! Bang ! : the Unofficial James Bond Film Companion . Batsford Books . pp. 110 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 8182 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lindner , Christoph ( 2003 ) . The James Bond Phenomenon : a Critical Reader . Manchester University Press . pp. 130 , 134 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6541 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The McCartney Recording Sessions - 1972 '' . Webpages.charter.net . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Luca Perasi , Paul McCartney : Recording Sessions ( 1969 - 2013 ) , L.I.L.Y. Publishing , 2013 , ISBN 978 - 88 - 909122 - 1 - 4 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney singles '' . allmusic . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts : Paul McCartney '' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( 3 January 2013 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Top Songs of 2012 '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo Music . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - June 06 , 2014 '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` It 's the End of the World as Clear Channel Knows It '' . Slate Magazine . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Chart '' . www.collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` charts.de '' . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Chart '' . nifty.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl Paul McCartney discography '' . Hung Medien . MegaCharts . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian Chart '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2015 ) . The Comparison Book . Menonomee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 333 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 213 - 7 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Top Pop Singles '' Billboard December 29 , 1973 : TA - 28 Jump up ^ Weird Al Yankovic Interviews on Yahoo ! Music Archived 7 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dan Epstein . `` '' Weird Al '' Yankovic : The Icon Profile `` . Al-oholicsanonymous.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` Guns N ' Roses Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 35th Grammy Awards - 1993 '' . rockonthenet.com . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo . Sisältää hitin : levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Otava Publishing Company Ltd , 2003 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Guns N ' Roses '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses : Artist Chart History '' Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Guns N ' Roses . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Preceded by Shirley Bassey Diamonds Are Forever , 1971 James Bond title artist Live and Let Die ( song ) , 1973 Succeeded by Lulu The Man with the Golden Gun , 1974 James Bond music Themes `` James Bond Theme '' ( Monty Norman ) `` James Bond Is Back '' ( John Barry ) `` 007 Theme '' ( John Barry ) `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' ( John Barry ) `` Bond 77 '' ( Marvin Hamlisch ) `` James Bond Theme '' ( Moby ) Soundtracks Dr. No From Russia with Love Goldfinger Thunderball You Only Live Twice On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Diamonds Are Forever Live and Let Die The Man with the Golden Gun The Spy Who Loved Me Moonraker For Your Eyes Only Octopussy A View to a Kill The Living Daylights Licence to Kill GoldenEye Tomorrow Never Dies The World Is Not Enough Die Another Day Casino Royale Quantum of Solace Skyfall Spectre Composers Monty Norman John Barry George Martin Marvin Hamlisch Bill Conti Michael Kamen Éric Serra David Arnold Thomas Newman Eon themes `` Kingston Calypso '' `` From Russia with Love '' `` Goldfinger '' `` Thunderball '' `` You Only Live Twice '' `` We Have All the Time in the World '' `` Diamonds Are Forever '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` Moonraker '' `` For Your Eyes Only '' `` All Time High '' `` A View to a Kill '' `` The Living Daylights '' `` Where Has Everybody Gone ? '' `` Licence to Kill '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` GoldenEye '' `` Tomorrow Never Dies '' `` The World Is Not Enough '' `` Die Another Day '' `` You Know My Name '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Skyfall '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Non-Eon themes `` Casino Royale '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Never Say Never Again '' Compilations Shaken and Stirred The Incredible World of James Bond The Best of Bond ... James Bond Related articles Eon films secondary songs Non-Eon films secondary songs Wings Paul McCartney Linda McCartney Denny Laine Denny Seiwell Henry McCullough Jimmy McCulloch Geoff Britton Joe English Laurence Juber Steve Holley Studio albums Wild Life ( 1971 ) Red Rose Speedway ( 1973 ) Band on the Run ( 1973 ) Venus and Mars ( 1975 ) Wings at the Speed of Sound ( 1976 ) London Town ( 1978 ) Back to the Egg ( 1979 ) Live albums Wings over America ( 1976 ) Compilation albums Wings Greatest ( 1978 ) Cold Cuts ( unreleased ) Wingspan : Hits and History ( 2001 ) Singles 1972 `` Give Ireland Back to the Irish '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' / `` Little Woman Love '' `` Hi , Hi , Hi '' / `` C Moon '' 1973 `` My Love '' / `` The Mess '' `` Live and Let Die '' / `` I Lie Around '' `` Helen Wheels '' / `` Country Dreamer '' `` Mrs. Vandebilt '' / `` Bluebird '' `` Jet '' / `` Mamunia '' ( early US pressings ) `` Jet '' / `` Let Me Roll It '' `` Band on the Run '' / `` Zoo Gang '' ( UK ) `` Band on the Run '' / `` Nineteen Hundred and Eighty - Five '' ( US ) `` Walking in the Park with Eloise '' / `` Bridge Over the River Suite '' ( as The Country Hams ) `` Junior 's Farm '' / `` Sally G '' `` Listen to What the Man Said '' / `` Love in Song '' `` Letting Go '' / `` You Gave Me the Answer '' `` Venus and Mars / Rock Show '' / `` Magneto and Titanium Man '' 1976 `` Silly Love Songs '' / `` Cook of the House '' `` Let ' Em In '' / `` Beware My Love '' 1977 `` Maybe I 'm Amazed '' ( live ) / `` Soily '' ( live ) `` Seaside Woman '' / `` B Side to Seaside '' ( as Suzy and the Red Stripes ) `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' 1978 `` With a Little Luck '' / `` Backwards Traveller '' / `` Cuff Link '' `` I 've Had Enough '' / `` Deliver Your Children '' `` London Town '' / `` I 'm Carrying '' 1979 `` Goodnight Tonight '' / `` Daytime Nighttime Suffering '' `` Old Siam , Sir '' / `` Spin It On '' `` Getting Closer '' / `` Spin It On '' ( US ) `` Getting Closer '' / `` Baby 's Request '' ( UK ) `` Arrow Through Me '' / `` Old Siam , Sir '' ( US ) `` Rockestra Theme '' / `` Old Siam , Sir '' ( Europe ) 1980 `` Coming Up ( Live at Glasgow ) '' / `` Lunch Box '' / `` Odd Sox '' Tours Wings University Tour ( 1972 ) Wings Over Europe Tour ( 1972 ) Wings 1973 UK Tour ( May 1973 ) Wings Over the World tour ( 1975 - 1976 ) Wings UK Tour 1979 ( 1979 ) Concerts for the People of Kampuchea ( 1979 ) Filmography Wings Over the World ( 1979 ) Concert for Kampuchea ( 1980 ) Rockshow ( 1980 ) Back to the Egg ( 1981 ) Wingspan -- An Intimate Portrait ( 2001 ) Related articles Discography The Beatles Ginger Baker 's Air Force Japanese Tears The Moody Blues Standard Time Suzy and the Red Stripes Small Faces The Oriental Nightfish Book Category Paul McCartney Paul McCartney Paul `` Wix '' Wickens Rusty Anderson Brian Ray Abe Laboriel , Jr . Linda McCartney Hamish Stuart Robbie McIntosh Chris Whitten Blair Cunningham Studio albums McCartney Ram ( with Linda McCartney ) McCartney II Tug of War Pipes of Peace Give My Regards to Broad Street Press to Play Снова в СССР Flowers in the Dirt Off the Ground Flaming Pie Run Devil Run Driving Rain Chaos and Creation in the Backyard Memory Almost Full Kisses on the Bottom New with Wings Wild Life Red Rose Speedway Band on the Run Venus and Mars Wings at the Speed of Sound London Town Back to the Egg Classical The Family Way Thrillington Paul McCartney 's Liverpool Oratorio Standing Stone Working Classical Ecce Cor Meum Ocean 's Kingdom Electronica Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest ( The Fireman ) Rushes ( The Fireman ) Liverpool Sound Collage Twin Freaks Electric Arguments ( The Fireman ) Live albums Wings over America Tripping the Live Fantastic Unplugged ( The Official Bootleg ) Paul Is Live Back in the U.S. Back in the World Live iTunes Festival : London Amoeba 's Secret Good Evening New York City Live in Los Angeles iTunes Live from Capitol Studios Compilations Wings Greatest Cold Cuts ( unreleased ) All the Best ! The Paul McCartney Collection Costello Album ( bootleg ) Wingspan : Hits and History Pure McCartney Tours Wings University Tour Wings Over Europe Tour Wings 1973 UK Tour Wings Over the World tour Wings UK Tour 1979 The Paul McCartney World Tour Unplugged Tour 1991 The New World Tour The Concert for New York City Driving World Tour Back in the World tour 2004 Summer Tour The ' US ' Tour Summer Live ' 09 Good Evening Europe Tour Up and Coming Tour On the Run Out There One on One Filmography A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) Help ! ( 1965 ) Magical Mystery Tour ( 1967 ) Yellow Submarine ( 1968 ) Let It Be ( 1970 ) James Paul McCartney ( 1973 ) Wings Over the World ( 1979 ) Rockestra ( unreleased ) ( 1979 ) Concert for Kampuchea ( 1980 ) Rockshow ( 1980 ) Back to the Egg ( 1981 ) Give My Regards to Broad Street ( 1984 ) Put It There ( 1990 ) Get Back ( 1991 ) Paul Is Live ( 1993 ) In the World Tonight ( 1997 ) Live at the Cavern Club ( 1999 ) Wingspan ( 2001 ) Back in the U.S. ( 2002 ) Paul McCartney in Red Square ( 2005 ) Between Chaos and Creation ( 2005 ) Chaos and Creation at Abbey Road ( 2005 ) The Space Within US ( 2006 ) The McCartney Years ( 2007 ) Good Evening New York City ( 2009 ) The Love We Make ( 2011 ) Related Articles Discography Song list Awards Music contributions and appearances Paul McCartney concerts Maxi - singles Paul McCartney : Many Years from Now MPL Communications Oobu Joobu Paul is dead `` Lisa the Vegetarian '' People / Artists The Quarrymen The Beatles Wings Heather Mills Personal relationships Albums Wide Prairie A Garland for Linda Paul McCartney 's Glastonbury Groove Let Us in Americana : The Music of Paul McCartney A Toot and a Snore in ' 74 The Art of McCartney Book Category Paul McCartney singles discography 1970s 1971 `` Another Day '' / `` Oh Woman , Oh Why '' ( with Linda McCartney ) `` Uncle Albert / Admiral Halsey '' / `` Too Many People '' ( with Linda McCartney ) `` The Back Seat of My Car '' / `` Heart of the Country '' ( with Linda McCartney ) `` Eat at Home '' / `` Smile Away '' ( with Linda McCartney ) 1979 `` Wonderful Christmastime '' 1980s 1980 `` Coming Up '' `` Waterfalls '' `` Temporary Secretary '' 1982 `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( with Stevie Wonder ) `` Take It Away '' `` Tug of War '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' ( with Michael Jackson ) `` Say Say Say '' ( with Michael Jackson ) `` Pipes of Peace '' 1984 `` No More Lonely Nights '' `` We All Stand Together '' 1985 `` Spies Like Us '' 1986 `` Press '' `` Pretty Little Head '' `` Stranglehold '' `` Only Love Remains '' `` Once Upon a Long Ago '' `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' `` My Brave Face '' / `` Flying to My Home '' `` This One '' `` Où est le Soleil ? '' `` Figure of Eight '' `` Distractions '' ( promo ) 1990s `` Put It There '' / `` Mama 's Little Girl '' `` Birthday '' ( live ) / `` Good Day Sunshine '' ( live ) `` All My Trials '' ( live ) / `` C Moon '' ( live ) `` We Got Married '' ( promo ) 1991 `` The World You 're Coming Into '' / `` Tres Conejos '' `` Save the Child '' / `` The Drinking Song '' `` Hope of Deliverance '' `` C'Mon People '' `` Off the Ground '' `` Biker Like an Icon '' / `` Things We Said Today '' `` Transpiritual Stomp '' ( The Fireman ) 1995 `` A Leaf '' ( with Anya Alexeyev ) `` Come Together '' ( The Smokin ' Mojo Filters ) `` Young Boy '' `` The World Tonight '' `` Beautiful Night '' 1998 Rushes ( The Fireman ) 1999 Fluid ( Nitin Sawhney Remixes ) ( The Fireman ) `` No Other Baby '' / `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' `` Vo ! ce '' ( with Heather Mills ) `` Run Devil Run '' ( promo ) 2000s 2000 `` Free Now '' ( promo ) `` From a Lover to a Friend '' `` Freedom '' / `` From a Lover to a Friend '' `` I 'm Partial to Your Abracadabra '' ( promo ) 2002 `` Your Loving Flame '' ( promo ) `` Lonely Road '' ( promo ) `` Hello Goodbye '' ( promo ) `` Tropic Island Hum '' / `` We All Stand Together '' 2005 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' ( with U2 ) `` Fine Line '' `` Jenny Wren '' `` Really Love You '' ( Twin Freaks ) 2006 `` This Never Happened Before '' ( promo ) 2007 `` Dance Tonight '' / `` Nod Your Head '' `` Ever Present Past '' 2008 `` Heal the Pain '' ( with George Michael ) `` Sing the Changes '' ( The Fireman ) 2009 `` Dance Til We 're High '' ( The Fireman ) `` My Soul '' ( with Nitin Sawhney ) `` Meat Free Monday '' `` Walk with You '' ( with Ringo Starr ) 2010s `` ( I Want to ) Come Home '' 2011 `` My Valentine '' 2012 `` Only Our Hearts '' Christmas Kisses : `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) '' / `` Wonderful Christmastime '' `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' ( The Justice Collective ) `` Get Yourself Another Fool '' ( promo ) 2013 `` Out of Sight '' ( The Bloody Beetroots feat . McCartney & Youth ) `` New '' `` Queenie Eye '' 2014 `` Save Us '' `` Appreciate '' `` Early Days '' `` Hope for the Future '' `` Only One '' ( with Kanye West ) 2015 `` FourFiveSeconds '' ( with Rihanna & Kanye West ) `` All Day '' ( with Kanye West ) Book Category Paul McCartney family Parents Jim McCartney ( 1902 -- 76 ) Mary McCartney ( 1909 -- 56 ) Siblings Mike McCartney ( born 1944 ) Ruth McCartney ( born 1960 ) Children Heather McCartney ( born 1962 ) Mary McCartney ( born 1969 ) Stella McCartney ( born 1971 ) James McCartney ( born 1977 ) Beatrice McCartney ( born 2003 ) Wives Linda McCartney ( 1941 -- 98 ; married 1969 -- 98 ) Heather Mills ( born 1968 ; married 2002 -- 08 ) Nancy Shevell ( born 1961 ; married 2011 -- present ) Relationships Jane Asher ( born 1946 ; 1963 -- 68 ) Francie Schwartz ( born 1944 ; in 1968 ) Guns N ' Roses Axl Rose Slash Duff McKagan Dizzy Reed Richard Fortus Frank Ferrer Melissa Reese Izzy Stradlin Tracii Guns Ole Beich Rob Gardner Steven Adler Matt Sorum Gilby Clarke Paul Tobias Robin Finck Josh Freese Tommy Stinson Chris Pitman Buckethead Bryan `` Brain '' Mantia Ron `` Bumblefoot '' Thal DJ Ashba Studio albums Appetite for Destruction G N ' R Lies Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' Chinese Democracy Live albums Live Era ' 87 -- ' 93 Extended plays Live ? ! * @ Like a Suicide Guns N ' Roses The `` Civil War '' EP Compilation albums Use Your Illusion Greatest Hits Singles `` It 's So Easy '' `` Welcome to the Jungle '' `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' `` Paradise City '' `` Patience '' `` Nightrain '' `` You Could Be Mine '' `` Do n't Cry '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` November Rain '' `` Yesterdays '' `` Civil War '' `` Ai n't It Fun '' `` Estranged '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Chinese Democracy '' Promo singles `` Mr. Brownstone '' `` My Michelle '' `` 14 Years '' `` Pretty Tied Up '' `` Dead Horse '' `` Hair of the Dog '' `` Oh My God '' `` Better '' `` Street of Dreams '' Other songs `` Think About You '' `` Rocket Queen '' `` Used to Love Her '' `` One in a Million '' `` Coma '' `` Get in the Ring '' `` The Garden '' `` Madagascar '' `` Prostitute '' Videos and DVDs Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II Garden of Eden : Strictly Limited Edition Welcome to the Videos Appetite for Democracy 3D Tours The Early Days of Guns N ' Roses Appetite for Destruction Tour Use Your Illusion Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Chinese Democracy Tour Up Close and Personal Tour Appetite for Democracy Not in This Lifetime ... Tour Related Articles Discography Members Songs Awards and nominations Del James West Arkeen Guns N ' Roses Pinball Riverport Riot Watch You Bleed : The Saga of Guns N ' Roses The Roots of Guns N ' Roses Uzi Suicide Bands BulletBoys The Dead Daisies Hollywood Rose Johnny Crash Kings of Chaos L.A. 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"\nPaul McCartney – lead vocals, piano\nLinda McCartney – backing vocals, keyboards\nHenry McCullough – lead guitar\nDenny Laine – backing vocals, bass guitar\nDenny Seiwell – drums\nRay Cooper – percussion\nGeorge Martin – orchestral arrangement\n"
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"Paul McCartney"
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-8740927348400761609 | John Bradford | John Bradford - wikipedia John Bradford Jump to : navigation , search For other people named John Bradford , see John Bradford ( disambiguation ) . The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) John Bradford 1510 Blackley , Manchester July 1 , 1555 ( age 44 - 45 ) Smithfield , London Education Catharine Hall , University of Cambridge and Pembroke College , Cambridge Church Church of England Ordained 1550 Offices held prebendary John Bradford ( 1510 -- 1555 ) was an English Reformer , prebendary of St. Paul 's , and martyr . He was imprisoned in the Tower of London for alleged crimes against Mary Tudor . He was burned at the stake on 1 July 1555 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 Death 3 Phrase attribution 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Life ( edit ) Bradford in prison with bishops from Foxe 's Book of Martyrs Bradford was born in Blackley , Manchester in 1510 . Owing to his financially stable family , he was educated at a good grammar school . Talented with numbers and money , he later served under John Harrington of Exton in Rutland as a servant . Through his good influence and abilities in auditing and writing , he gained favour and trust with his employer and at the Siege of Montreuil in 1544 , occupied the office of paymaster of the English army during the wars of Henry VIII . Later , he became a law student at the Inner Temple in London . Through the contact and preachings of a fellow student , he became acquainted with and converted to the Protestant faith . This caused him to abandon his legal studies and in 1548 , he took up theology at Catharine Hall ( now St Catharine 's College ) , University of Cambridge . In 1549 he was awarded his MA and in that same year was appointed to a fellowship at Pembroke College , Cambridge . Bradford Appeasing the Riot at St. Paul 's Cross At this institution he was often referred to with the nickname `` Holy Bradford '' not from malice but out of respect for his dedication to God and his unselfish attitude . In August 1550 he was ordained deacon by Bishop Nicholas Ridley and appointed as his personal chaplain . He began preaching in churches in London under the mentorship of Ridley and Hugh Latimer . His gifts in preaching the Biblical faith led to his appointment in 1551 as Chaplain to King Edward VI and Prebendary of St Paul 's Cathedral . He continued as a Fellow of Pembroke and as a roving preacher , mainly in London , Lancashire and Cheshire . Following the death of Edward in 1553 , Mary Tudor ascended to the throne bringing the threat of reprisals against opponents of Catholicism . In the first month of the new monarch 's reign , Bradford was arrested and imprisoned on the seemingly trivial charge of `` trying to stir up a mob '' and committed to the Tower of London . Although seemingly trivial , at the time ' stirring up a mob ' was a serious and dangerous act , leading to riot & possible death , certainly major disturbance to society . During his time in prison , he continued to write religious works and preach to all who would listen . For a time whilst in the Tower , Bradford was put in a cell with three other reformers , Archbishop Thomas Cranmer , Ridley , and Latimer . Their time was spent in careful study of the New Testament . Death ( edit ) On 31 January 1555 , Bradford was tried and condemned to death . Bradford was taken to Newgate Prison to be burned at the stake on 1 July . Bradford was give a special `` Shirt of Flame '' by a Mrs. Marlet , for whom he had written a devotional work . This was a clean shirt that was sewn specifically for the burning , made in the style of a wedding shirt . `` This clothing with a new shirt to wear at the stake became a common feature at the burnings , a way of signaling support for and honouring the victim , as though he were being dressed as a bridegroom for a wedding . '' Also , the ceremonial donning of the shirt of flame could be seen as similar to the priest donning his vestments , thus subverting Catholic ritual . `` ... and so the martyr might pray over and kiss the shirt before putting it on ... underlining their oneness with Christ and the fact they were willing to die ... '' A large crowd delayed the execution , which had been scheduled for 4 o'clock in the morning , as many who admired Bradford came to witness his death . He was chained to the stake at Smithfield with a young man , John Leaf . Before the fire was lit , he begged forgiveness of any he had wronged , and offered forgiveness to those who had wronged him . He then turned to Leaf and said , `` Be of good comfort brother ; for we shall have a merry supper with the Lord this night ! '' A century later , in his Worthies of England , Thomas Fuller wrote that he endured the flame `` as a fresh gale of wind in a hot summer 's day , confirming by his death the truth of that doctrine he had so diligently and powerfully preached during his life . '' Bradford is commemorated at the Marian Martyrs ' Monument in Smithfield , London . He is also commemorated with one of the six statues on the exterior of Manchester Town Hall marking people important in the early history of the city . Phrase attribution ( edit ) There is a 19th - century tradition tracing to Bradford the idiomatic `` There but for the grace of God go I '' as an expression of humility and reliance on God 's grace rather than his own morality . The editor of The Writings of John Bradford , Aubrey Townsend , notes this in his preface : The familiar story , that , on seeing evil - doers taken to the place of execution , he was wont to exclaim , `` But for the grace of God there goes John Bradford '' , is a universal tradition which has overcome the lapse of time . -- vol. 2 ( 1843 ) p. xliii The tradition of attribution of the phrase to Bradford dates to at least the early 19th century , as it is found in A treatise on prayer by Edward Bickersteth ( 1822 ) : The pious Martyr Bradford , when he saw a poor criminal led to execution , exclaimed , `` there , but for the grace of God , goes John Bradford '' . He knew that the same evil principles were in his own heart which had brought the criminal to that shameful end . -- p. 60 While the phrase , or its attribution to Bradford , can not be traced to before 1800 , Townsend notes that there is a 17th - century attribution of a similar sentiment to Bradford , demonstrating how `` by the sight of others ' sins , men may learn to bewail their own sinfulness '' . According to this tradition , Bradford , `` when he saw any drunk or heard any swear , &c. , would railingly complain , ' Lord I have a drunken head ; Lord , I have a swearing heart . ' '' But there are other attributions for the phrase `` there but for the grace of God '' ; Sir Arthur Conan Doyle ( in the voice of Sherlock Holmes ) attributes the phrase to Richard Baxter ( 1615 -- 1691 ) in The Boscombe Valley Mystery ( 1891 ) : Why does fate play such tricks with poor , helpless worms ? I never hear of such a case as this that I do not think of Baxter 's words , and say , `` There , but for the grace of God , goes Sherlock Holmes . '' The phrase has also been attributed to John Newton ( 1725 -- 1807 ) and in Catholic tradition to Philip Neri ( 1515 -- 1595 ) . See also ( edit ) List of people burned as heretics Protestant Reformers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bradford , John ( BRDT548J ) '' . A Cambridge Alumni Database . University of Cambridge . Jump up ^ Alumni Cantabrigienses : A Biographical List of All Known Students , Graduates ... By John Venn Jump up ^ From an 1887 edition of Foxe 's Book of Martyrs illustrated by Kronheim . According to Foxe , a Catholic speaker , Mr. Bourne , had nearly driven his Protestant listeners to riot , but Bradford came to his rescue and calmed the mob . Jump up ^ John Foxe ( 1887 republication ) , Book of Martyrs , Frederick Warne and Co , London and New York , pp. 160 -- 61 ^ Jump up to : `` John Bradford '' . Britannia.com . Britannia Biographies . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ see C.H. Stuart , Latimer : Apostle to the English . Zondervan , 1986 . Jump up ^ Rounding , Virginia . The Burning Time : Henry VIII , Bloody Mary , and the Protestant Martyrs of London . 2017 . Page 287 . Jump up ^ Stoeffler , F. Ernest . 1971 . The rise of evangelical pietism . ) p. 43 . Jump up ^ John Bradford 's memorial page on Find A Grave . Retrieved on 29 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Manchester Town Hall - A visitor guide Jump up ^ also mentioned by The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( vol. 6 ( 1885 ) , p. 159 ) , `` There is a tradition that on seeing some criminals going to execution he exlaimed : ' But for the grace of God there goes John Bradford . ' '' Jump up ^ Ralph Venning , The heathen improved , an appendix to Canaan 's Flowings , sect. 110 , p. 222 , London . 1653 . Jump up ^ the suggestion was put forward , apparently from memory , by George Borrow in his influential Lavengro : The Scholar -- the Gypsy -- the Priest , Part 2 , 1851 , p. 37 : `` it was old John Newton , I think , who , when he saw a man going to be hanged , said : ' There goes John Newton , but for the grace of God ! '' Jump up ^ `` There thou goest , Philip , but for the grace of God ! '' Patrick Augustine Sheehan , Under the Cedars and Stars ( 1903 ) , Part H , chapter 20 . John Bradford ( 1853 ) . The writings of John Bradford Volume 1 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . John Bradford ( 1853 ) . The writings of John Bradford Volume 2 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Look up there but for the grace of God go I in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : John Bradford Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Bradford . Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about John Bradford . Extensive Biography , Writings , and a picture of John Bradford A brief article on the life and martyrdom of JohnBradford Biography of Bradford Sketch of the execution of John Bradford Bradford in Foxe 's Book of Martyrs Image Collection of Bradford from the National Portrait Gallery The Old Man and the New by Bradford John Bradford at Find a Grave VIAF : 62756065 LCCN : n81020212 ISNI : 0000 0000 6324 1398 GND : 134119444 SUDOC : 079549993 SNAC : w66w9gd7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Bradford&oldid=831249998 '' Categories : Protestant Reformers 16th - century English Anglican priests English theologians Executed British people People executed for heresy People executed under Mary I of England Alumni of St Catharine 's College , Cambridge People educated at Manchester Grammar School 1510 births 1555 deaths Executed people from Greater Manchester 16th - century Protestant martyrs People executed by the Kingdom of England by burning People from Blackley Protestant martyrs of England Hidden categories : NPOV disputes from January 2018 All NPOV disputes Articles with hCards All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Use dmy dates from December 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Hrvatski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who said except for the grace of god there go i | [
" There is a 19th-century tradition tracing to Bradford the idiomatic \"There but for the grace of God go I\" as an expression of humility and reliance on God's grace rather than his own morality. The editor of The Writings of John Bradford, Aubrey Townsend, notes this in his preface:[11]"
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-7873680466796248065 | FIFA | FIFA - wikipedia FIFA This article is about the governing body of association football . For the video games , see FIFA ( video game series ) . Not to be confused with FIBA . FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association Logo of FIFA Map of the members of FIFA according to their confederation Abbreviation FIFA Motto For the Game . For the World . Founded 21 May 1904 ; 114 years ago ( 1904 - 05 - 21 ) Type Federation of national associations Legal status Governing body of association football Purpose Sport governance Headquarters Zürich , Switzerland Coordinates 47 ° 22 ′ 53 '' N 8 ° 34 ′ 28 '' E / 47.38139 ° N 8.57444 ° E / 47.38139 ; 8.57444 Coordinates : 47 ° 22 ′ 53 '' N 8 ° 34 ′ 28 '' E / 47.38139 ° N 8.57444 ° E / 47.38139 ; 8.57444 Region served Worldwide Membership 211 national associations Official languages English French German Spanish President Gianni Infantino Senior Vice-President Salman Bin Ibrahim Al - Khalifa Vice-Presidents Aleksander Čeferin David Gill Alejandro Domínguez Ahmad Ahmad Victor Montagliani Sándor Csányi Lambert Maltock Secretary General Fatma Samoura Main organ Congress Affiliations International Olympic Committee International Football Association Board Staff 103 Website www.fifa.com The Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA / ˈfiːfə / FEEF - ə ; French for `` International Federation of Association Football '' ) is an organization which describes itself as an international governing body of association football , futsal , and beach soccer . FIFA is responsible for the organization of football 's major international tournaments , notably the World Cup which commenced in 1930 and the Women 's World Cup which commenced in 1991 . FIFA was founded in 1904 to oversee international competition among the national associations of Belgium , Denmark , France , Germany , the Netherlands , Spain , Sweden , and Switzerland . Headquartered in Zürich , its membership now comprises 211 national associations . Member countries must each also be members of one of the six regional confederations into which the world is divided : Africa , Asia , Europe , North & Central America and the Caribbean , Oceania , and South America . Although FIFA does not control the rules of football , that being the responsibility of the International Football Association Board , it is responsible for both the organization of a number of tournaments and their promotion , which generate revenue from sponsorship . In 2017 , FIFA had revenues of over US $ 734 million , for a net loss of $189 million , and had cash reserves of over US $930 million . Reports by investigative journalists have linked FIFA leadership with corruption , bribery , and vote - rigging related to the election of FIFA president Sepp Blatter and the organization 's decision to award the 2018 and 2022 World Cups to Russia and Qatar , respectively . These allegations led to the indictments of nine high - ranking FIFA officials and five corporate executives by the U.S. Department of Justice on charges including racketeering , wire fraud , and money laundering . On 27 May 2015 , several of these officials were arrested by Swiss authorities , who were launching a simultaneous but separate criminal investigation into how the organization awarded the 2018 and 2022 World Cups . Those among these officials who were also indicted in the U.S. are expected to be extradited to face charges there as well . Many officials were suspended by FIFA 's ethics committee including Sepp Blatter and Michel Platini . In early 2017 reports became public about FIFA president Gianni Infantino attempting to prevent the re-elections of both chairmen of the ethics committee , Cornel Borbély and Hans - Joachim Eckert , during the FIFA congress in May 2017 . On May 9 , 2017 , following Infantino 's proposal , FIFA Council decided not to renew the mandates of Borbély and Eckert . Together with the chairmen , 11 of 13 committee members were removed . Contents 1 History 2 Structure 2.1 Laws and governance 2.2 Administrative cost 2.3 Six confederations and 211 national associations 3 Recognitions and awards 4 Governance and game development 4.1 Discipline of national associations 4.2 Video replay and Goal - line technology 5 Anthem 6 Sponsors 7 Corruption 7.1 Guilty pleas 7.2 Indictments and arrests 7.3 2018 and 2022 World Cup bids 7.4 2011 FIFA presidential election 7.5 Response to allegations 7.6 2018 revision of code of ethics 8 Presidency 9 FIFA structured tournaments 9.1 Major tournaments 9.2 Minor tournaments 9.3 Other tournaments 9.4 Current title holders 10 See also 11 References and notes 11.1 Notes 11.2 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of FIFA The need for a single body to oversee association football became apparent at the beginning of the 20th century with the increasing popularity of international fixtures . The Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) was founded in the rear of the headquarters of the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques ( USFSA ) at the Rue Saint Honoré 229 in Paris on 21 May 1904 . The French name and acronym are used even outside French - speaking countries . The founding members were the national associations of Belgium , Denmark , France , the Netherlands , Spain ( represented by the then - Madrid Football Club ; the Royal Spanish Football Federation was not created until 1913 ) , Sweden and Switzerland . Also , that same day , the German Football Association ( DFB ) declared its intention of affiliating through a telegram . The first president of FIFA was Robert Guérin . Guérin was replaced in 1906 by Daniel Burley Woolfall from England , by then a member of the association . The first tournament FIFA staged , the association football competition for the 1908 Olympics in London was more successful than its Olympic predecessors , despite the presence of professional footballers , contrary to the founding principles of FIFA . Membership of FIFA expanded beyond Europe with the application of South Africa in 1909 , Argentina in 1912 , Canada and Chile in 1913 , and the United States in 1914 . During World War I , with many players sent off to war and the possibility of travel for international fixtures severely limited , the organization 's survival was in doubt . Post-war , following the death of Woolfall , the organisation was run by Dutchman Carl Hirschmann . It was saved from extinction but at the cost of the withdrawal of the Home Nations ( of the United Kingdom ) , who cited an unwillingness to participate in international competitions with their recent World War enemies . The Home Nations later resumed their membership . The FIFA collection is held by the National Football Museum at Urbis in Manchester , England . The first World Cup was held in 1930 in Montevideo , Uruguay . Structure ( edit ) Main article : List of FIFA Member Associations Map of the World with the six confederations : membership details below . Laws and governance ( edit ) FIFA is headquartered in Zürich , and is an association established under the law of Switzerland . FIFA 's supreme body is the FIFA Congress , an assembly made up of representatives from each affiliated member association . Each national football association has one vote , regardless of its size or footballing strength . The Congress assembles in ordinary session once every year , and extraordinary sessions have been held once a year since 1998 . The congress makes decisions relating to FIFA 's governing statutes and their method of implementation and application . Only the Congress can pass changes to FIFA 's statutes . The congress approves the annual report , and decides on the acceptance of new national associations and holds elections . Congress elects the President of FIFA , its general secretary , and the other members of the FIFA Council in the year following the FIFA World Cup . FIFA Council -- formerly called the FIFA Executive Committee and chaired by the president -- is the main decision - making body of the organisation in the intervals of congress . The council is composed of 37 people : the president ; 8 vice presidents ; and 28 members from the confederations , with at least of them being a woman . The Executive Committee is the body that decides which country will host the World Cup . The president and the general secretary are the main office holders of FIFA , and are in charge of its daily administration , carried out by the general secretariat , with its staff of approximately 280 members . Gianni Infantino is the current president , elected on 26 February 2016 at an extraordinary FIFA Congress session after former president Sepp Blatter was suspended pending a corruption investigation . FIFA 's worldwide organisational structure also consists of several other bodies , under the authority of the FIFA Council or created by Congress as standing committees . Among those bodies are the FIFA Emergency Committee , the FIFA Ethics Committee , the Finance Committee , the Disciplinary Committee , and the Referees Committee . The FIFA Emergency Committee deals with all matters requiring immediate settlement in the time frame between the regular meetings of the FIFA Council . The Emergency Committee consists of the FIFA president as well as one member from each confederation . Emergency Committee decisions made are immediately put into legal effect , although they need to be ratified at the next Executive Committee meeting . Administrative cost ( edit ) FIFA publishes its results according to IFRS . The total compensation for the management committee in 2011 was 30 million for 35 people . Blatter , the only full - time person on the committee , earned approximately two million Swiss francs , 1.2 million in salary and the rest in bonuses . A report in London 's The Sunday Times in June 2014 said the members of the committee had their salaries doubled from $100,000 to $200,000 during the year . The report also said leaked documents had indicated $4.4 million in secret bonuses had been paid to the committee members following the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . Six confederations and 211 national associations ( edit ) FIFA confederations AFC , CAF , CONCACAF CONMEBOL , OFC , UEFA Besides its worldwide institutions there are six confederations recognised by FIFA which oversee the game in the different continents and regions of the world . National associations , and not the continental confederations , are members of FIFA . The continental confederations are provided for in FIFA 's statutes , and membership of a confederation is a prerequisite to FIFA membership . Asian Football Confederation ( AFC ; 47 members ) Confederation of African Football ( CAF ; 56 members ) Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ; 41 members ) Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol ( CONMEBOL ; 10 members ) Oceania Football Confederation ( OFC ; 14 members ) Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ; 55 members ) In total , FIFA recognises 211 national associations and their associated men 's national teams as well as 129 women 's national teams ; see the list of national football teams and their respective country codes . FIFA has more member states than the UN as FIFA recognises 23 non-sovereign entities as distinct nations , such as the four Home Nations within the United Kingdom and politically disputed territories such as Palestine . The FIFA Working Committee of Small Nations has categorized potential FIFA members into three categories : Independent states not in FIFA ( Kiribati , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Monaco , Niue , Palau , Tuvalu , Vatican City ) Non-independent territories ( Åland Islands , Guadeloupe , Greenland , Guernsey , Isle of Man , Jersey , Martinique , Northern Mariana Islands , Réunion , Sint Maarten , Zanzibar ) Politically sensitive areas ( Abkhazia , Crimea , Northern Cyprus , South Ossetia ) . The FIFA World Rankings are updated monthly and rank each team based on their performance in international competitions , qualifiers , and friendly matches . There is also a world ranking for women 's football , updated four times a year . Recognitions and awards ( edit ) FIFA holds an annual awards ceremony which recognises both individual and team achievements in international association football . Individually , the top men 's player is awarded the FIFA Ballon d'Or and the top women 's player is named FIFA World Player of the Year ; the latter title was also awarded to the men 's player prior to its 2010 merger with France Football 's Ballon d'Or . At the Ballon d'Or banquet , the FIFA Puskás Award , FIFA / FIFPro Best XI , FIFA Fair Play Award , and FIFA Presidential Award are also awarded . In 1994 FIFA published the FIFA World Cup All - Time Team . In 2000 FIFA published the results of an Internet poll , declaring Real Madrid to be the FIFA Club of the Century . In 2002 FIFA announced the FIFA Dream Team , an all - time all - star team chosen by fans in a poll . As part of its centennial celebrations in 2004 , FIFA organised a `` Match of the Century '' between France and Brazil . Governance and game development ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Laws of the Game ( association football ) FIFA headquarters in Zürich The laws that govern football , known officially as the Laws of the Game , are not solely the responsibility of FIFA ; they are maintained by a body called the International Football Association Board ( IFAB ) . FIFA has members on its board ( four representatives ) ; the other four are provided by the football associations of the United Kingdom : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland , who jointly established IFAB in 1882 and are recognised for the creation and history of the game . Changes to the Laws of the Game must be agreed by at least six of the eight delegates . The FIFA Statutes form the overarching document guiding FIFA 's governing system . The governing system is divided into separate bodies that have the appropriate powers to create a system of checks and balances . It consists of four general bodies : the congress , the executive committee , the general secretariat , and standing and ad - hoc committees . Discipline of national associations ( edit ) FIFA frequently takes active roles in the running of the sport and developing the game around the world . One of its sanctions is to suspend teams and associated members from international competition when a government interferes in the running of FIFA 's associate member organisations or if the associate is not functioning properly . A 2007 FIFA ruling that a player can be registered with a maximum of three clubs , and appear in official matches for a maximum of two , in a year measured from 1 July to 30 June has led to controversy , especially in those countries whose seasons cross that date barrier , as in the case of two former Ireland internationals . As a direct result of this controversy , FIFA modified this ruling the following year to accommodate transfers between leagues with out - of - phase seasons . Video replay and goal - line technology ( edit ) See also : Goal - line technology and Video assistant referee Flag of FIFA with the organisation 's slogan FIFA now permits the use video evidence during matches , as well as for subsequent sanctions . However , for most of FIFA 's history it stood opposed to its use . The 1970 meeting of the International Football Association Board `` agreed to request the television authorities to refrain from any slow - motion play - back which reflected , or might reflect , adversely on any decision of the referee '' . As recently as 2008 FIFA president Sepp Blatter said : `` Let it be as it is and let 's leave ( football ) with errors . The television companies will have the right to say ( the referee ) was right or wrong , but still the referee makes the decision -- a man , not a machine . '' This stance was finally overturned on 3 March 2018 , when the IFAB wrote video assistant referee s ( also known as VARs ) into the Laws of the Game on a permanent basis . Their use remains optional for competitions . In early July 2012 FIFA sanctioned the use of goal - line technology , subject to rules specified by the International Football Association Board ( IFAB ) , who had officially approved its use by amending the Laws of the Game to permit ( but not require ) its use . This followed a high - profile incident during a second - round game in the 2010 FIFA World Cup between England and Germany , where a shot by Englishman Frank Lampard , which would have levelled the scores at 2 -- 2 in a match that ultimately ended in a 4 -- 1 German victory , crossed the line but was not seen to do so by the match officials , which led FIFA officials to declare that they would re-examine the use of goal - line technology . Anthem ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Anthem Akin to the UEFA Champions League , FIFA has adopted an anthem composed by the German composer Franz Lambert since the 1994 FIFA World Cup . It has been re-arranged and produced by Rob May and Simon Hill . The FIFA Anthem is played at the beginning of official FIFA sanctioned matches and tournaments such as international friendlies , the FIFA World Cup , FIFA Women 's World Cup , FIFA U-20 World Cup , FIFA U-17 World Cup , Football at the Summer Olympics , FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup , FIFA Women 's U-17 World Cup , FIFA Futsal World Cup , FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup and FIFA Club World Cup . Since 2007 , FIFA has also required most of its broadcast partners to use short sequences including the anthem at the beginning and end of FIFA event coverage , as well as for break bumpers , to help promote FIFA 's sponsors . This emulates practices long used by some other international football events such as the UEFA Champions League . Exceptions may be made for specific events ; for example , an original piece of African music was used for bumpers during the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Sponsors ( edit ) Adidas Coca - Cola Gazprom Hyundai / Kia Motors Visa Wanda Group Qatar Airways Corruption ( edit ) Main article : 2015 FIFA corruption case In May 2006 British investigative reporter Andrew Jennings ' book Foul ! The Secret World of FIFA : Bribes , Vote - Rigging and Ticket Scandals ( Harper Collins ) caused controversy within the football world by detailing an alleged international cash - for - contracts scandal following the collapse of FIFA 's marketing partner International Sport and Leisure ( ISL ) , and revealed how some football officials have been urged to secretly repay the sweeteners they received . The book also alleged that vote - rigging had occurred in the fight for Sepp Blatter 's continued control of FIFA . Shortly after the release of Foul ! a BBC television exposé by Jennings and BBC producer Roger Corke for the BBC news programme Panorama was broadcast . In this hour - long programme , screened on 11 June 2006 , Jennings and the Panorama team agree that Sepp Blatter was being investigated by Swiss police over his role in a secret deal to repay more than £ 1m worth of bribes pocketed by football officials . Lord Triesman , the former chairman of the English Football Association , described FIFA as an organization that `` behaves like a mafia family '' , highlighting the association 's `` decades - long traditions of bribes , bungs and corruption '' . All testimonies offered in the Panorama exposé were provided through a disguised voice , appearance , or both , save one ; Mel Brennan , formerly a lecturer at Towson University in the United States ( and from 2001 to 2003 Head of Special Projects for CONCACAF , a liaison to the e-FIFA project and a 2002 FIFA World Cup delegate ) , became the first high - level football insider to go public with substantial allegations of greed , corruption , nonfeasance and malfeasance by CONCACAF and FIFA leadership . During the Panorama exposé , Brennan -- the highest - level African - American in the history of world football governance -- joined Jennings , Trinidadian journalist Lisana Liburd and many others in exposing allegedly inappropriate allocations of money at CONCACAF , and drew connections between ostensible CONCACAF criminality and similar behaviors at FIFA . Since then , and in the light of fresh allegations of bribery and corruption and opaque action by FIFA in late 2010 , both Jennings and Brennan remain highly critical of FIFA , with Brennan calling directly for an alternative to FIFA to be considered by the stakeholders of the sport throughout the world . In a further Panorama documentary broadcast on BBC One on 29 November 2010 , Jennings alleged that three senior FIFA officials , Nicolas Leoz , Issa Hayatou and Ricardo Teixeira , had been paid huge bribes by FIFA 's marketing partner ISL between 1989 and 1999 , which FIFA had failed to investigate . He claimed they appeared on a list of 175 bribes paid by ISL , totaling about $100 million . A former ISL executive said that there were suspicions within ISL that the company was only awarded the marketing contract for successive World Cups by paying bribes to FIFA officials . The programme also alleged that another current official , Jack Warner , has been repeatedly involved in reselling World Cup tickets to touts ; Sepp Blatter said that FIFA had not investigated the allegation because it had not been told about it via ' official channels ' . The programme also criticized FIFA for allegedly requiring World Cup host bidding nations to agree to implement special laws for the World Cup , including a blanket tax exemption for FIFA and sponsors , and limitation of workers ' rights . It alleged that governments of bidding nations are required to keep the details of the required laws confidential during the bidding process ; but that they were revealed by the Dutch government , which refused to agree to them , as a result of which it was told by FIFA that its bid could be adversely affected . According to the programme , following Jennings ' earlier investigations he was banned from all FIFA press conferences , for reasons he says have not been made clear ; and the accused officials failed to answer questions about his latest allegations , either verbally or by letter . British prime minister David Cameron and Andy Anson , head of England 's World Cup bid , criticized the timing of the broadcast , three days before FIFA 's decision on the host for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , on the grounds that it might damage England 's bid ; the voters included officials accused by the programme . In June 2011 , it came to light that the IOC had started inquiry proceedings against FIFA honorary president João Havelange into claims of bribery . The BBC Panorama programme alleged that the Brazilian accepted a $1 million ' bung ' in 1997 from ISL . The Olympic governing body said `` the IOC takes all allegations of corruption very seriously and we would always ask for any evidence of wrongdoing involving any IOC members to be passed to our ethics commission '' . In a 2014 interview , American sports writer Dave Zirin said greed , corruption , nonfeasance , and malfeasance are endemic to FIFA leadership , and that FIFA should be abolished for the good of the game . He said that currently , FIFA is in charge of both monitoring corruption in football matches , and marketing and selling the sport , but that two `` separate '' organizational bodies are needed : an organizational body that monitors corruption and match - fixing and the like , and an organization that 's responsible for marketing and sponsorships and selling the sport . Zirin said the idea of having a single organization that 's responsible for both seems highly ineffective and detrimental to the sport . In May 2015 , 14 people were arrested , including nine FIFA officials , after being accused of corruption . Guilty pleas ( edit ) Between 2013 and 2015 four individuals , and two sports television rights corporations pleaded guilty to United States financial misconduct charges . The pleas of Chuck Blazer , José Hawilla , Daryan Warner , Darrell Warner , Traffic Group and Traffic Sports USA were unsealed in May 2015 . In another 2015 case , Singapore also imposed a 6 - year `` harshest sentence ever received for match - fixing '' on match - fixer Eric Ding who had bribed three Lebanese FIFA football officials with prostitutes as an inducement to fix future matches that they would officiate , as well as perverting the course of justice . Indictments and arrests ( edit ) Fourteen FIFA officials and marketing executives were indicted by the United States Department of Justice in May 2015 . The officials were arrested in Switzerland and are in the process of extradition to the US . Specific charges ( brought under the RICO act ) include wire fraud , racketeering , and money laundering . `` Swiss authorities say they have also opened a separate criminal investigation into FIFA 's operations pertaining to the 2018 and 2022 World Cup bids '' . FIFA 's top officials were arrested at a hotel in Switzerland on suspicion of receiving bribes totaling $100 m ( £ 65m ) . The US Department of Justice stated that nine FIFA officials and four executives of sports management companies were arrested and accused of over $150 m in bribes . The UK Shadow Home Secretary and Labour Member of Parliament , Andy Burnham , stated in May 2015 that England should boycott the 2018 World Cup against corruption in FIFA and military aggression by Russia . 2018 and 2022 World Cup bids ( edit ) Further information : 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids and Garcia Report FIFA 's choice to award the 2018 World Cup to Russia and the 2022 World Cup to Qatar has been widely criticised by media . It has been alleged that some FIFA inside sources insist that the Russian kickbacks of cash and gifts given to FIFA executive members were enough to secure the Russian 2018 bid weeks before the result was announced . Sepp Blatter was widely criticised in the media for giving a warning about the `` evils of the media '' in a speech to FIFA executive committee members shortly before they voted on the hosting of the 2018 World Cup , a reference to The Sunday Times exposés , and the Panorama investigation . Two members of FIFA 's executive committee were banned from all football - related activity in November 2010 for allegedly offering to sell their votes to undercover newspaper reporters . In early May 2011 , a British parliamentary inquiry into why England failed to secure the 2018 finals was told by member of parliament , Damian Collins , that there was evidence from the Sunday Times newspaper that Issa Hayatou of Cameroon and Jacques Anouma of Ivory Coast were paid by Qatar . Qatar has categorically denied the allegations , as have Hayatou and Anouma . FIFA president Blatter said , as of 23 May 2011 , that the British newspaper The Sunday Times has agreed to bring its whistle - blowing source to meet senior FIFA officials , who will decide whether to order a new investigation into alleged World Cup bidding corruption . `` ( The Sunday Times ) are happy , they agreed that they will bring this whistleblower here to Zürich and then we will have a discussion , an investigation of this '' , Blatter said . Specifically , the whistleblower claims that FIFA executive committee members Issa Hayatou and Jacques Anouma were paid $1.5 million to vote for Qatar . The emirate 's bid beat the United States in a final round of voting last December . Blatter did not rule out reopening the 2022 vote if corruption could be proved , but urged taking the matter `` step by step '' . The FIFA president said his organization is `` anxiously awaiting '' more evidence before asking its ethics committee to examine allegations made in Britain 's Parliament in early May 2011 . Hayatou , who is from Cameroon , leads the Confederation of African Football and is a FIFA vice president . Anouma is president of Ivorian Football Federation . The whistleblower said Qatar agreed to pay a third African voter , Amos Adamu , for his support . The Nigerian was later suspended from voting after a FIFA ethics court ruled he solicited bribes from undercover Sunday Times reporters posing as lobbyists . Blatter said the newspaper and its whistleblower would meet with FIFA secretary general , Jérôme Valcke , and legal director , Marco Villiger . Allegations against FIFA officials have also been made to the UK Parliament by David Triesman , the former head of England 's bid and the English Football Association . Triesman told the lawmakers that four long - standing FIFA executive committee members -- Jack Warner , Nicolás Leoz , Ricardo Teixeira and Worawi Makudi -- engaged in `` improper and unethical '' conduct in the 2018 bidding , which was won by Russia . All six FIFA voters have denied wrongdoing . On 28 September 2015 , Sepp Blatter suggested that the 2018 World Cup being awarded to Russia was planned before the voting , and that the 2022 World Cup would have then been awarded to the United States . However , this plan changed after the election ballot , and the 2022 World Cup was awarded to Qatar instead of the U.S. 2011 FIFA presidential election ( edit ) FIFA announced on 25 May 2011 that it had opened the investigation to examine the conduct of four officials -- Mohamed Bin Hammam and Jack Warner , along with Caribbean Football Union ( CFU ) officials Debbie Minguell and Jason Sylvester -- in relation to claims made by executive committee member , Chuck Blazer . Blazer , who was at the time , the general secretary of the CONCACAF confederation , has alleged that violations were committed under the FIFA code of ethics during a meeting organized by Bin Hammam and Warner on 10 and 11 May -- the same time Lord Triesman had accused Warner of demanding money for a World Cup 2018 vote -- in relation to the 2011 FIFA presidential election , in which Bin Hammam , who also played a key role in the Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup bid , allegedly offered financial incentives for votes cast in his favour during the presidential election . As a result of the investigation both Bin Hammam and Warner were suspended . Warner reacted to his suspension by questioning Blatter 's conduct and adding that FIFA secretary general , Jérôme Valcke , had told him via e-mail that Qatar had bought the 2022 World Cup . Valcke subsequently issued a statement denying he had suggested it was bribery , saying instead that the country had `` used its financial muscle to lobby for support '' . Qatar officials denied any impropriety . Bin Hammam also responded by writing to FIFA , protesting unfair treatment in suspension by the FIFA Ethics Committee and FIFA administration . Further evidence emerged of alleged corruption . On 30 May 2011 , Fred Lunn , vice-president of the Bahamas Football Association , said that he was given $40,000 in cash as an incitement to vote for FIFA presidential candidate , Mohamed bin Hammam . In addition , on 11 June 2011 Louis Giskus , president of the Surinamese Football Association , alleged that he was given $40,000 in cash for `` development projects '' as an incentive to vote for Bin Hammam . Response to allegations ( edit ) After being re-elected as president of FIFA , Sepp Blatter responded to the allegations by promising to reform FIFA in wake of the bribery scandal , with Danny Jordaan , CEO of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa , saying there is great expectation for reform . Former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger is being tipped for a role on the newly proposed ' Solutions Committee ' , and former Netherlands national football team player Johan Cruyff is also being linked with a role . UEFA secretary general Gianni Infantino said he hopes for `` concrete '' measures to be taken by the world game 's authority . Saying that `` the UEFA executive committee has taken note of the will of FIFA to take concrete and effective measures for good governance ... ( and is ) following the situation closely . '' IOC president Jacques Rogge commented on the situation by saying that he believes FIFA `` can emerge stronger '' from its worst ever crisis , stating that `` I will not point a finger and lecture ... I am sure FIFA can emerge stronger and from within '' . Several of FIFA 's partners and sponsors have raised concerns about the allegations of corruption , including Coca - Cola , Adidas , Emirates and Visa . Coca - Cola raised concerns by saying `` the current allegations being raised are distressing and bad for the sport '' ; with Adidas saying `` the negative tenor of the public debate around Fifa at the moment is neither good for football nor for Fifa and its partners '' ; moreover Emirates raised its concerns by saying `` we hope that these issues will be resolved as soon as possible '' ; and Visa adding `` the current situation is clearly not good for the game and we ask that Fifa take all necessary steps to resolve the concerns that have been raised . '' Australian Sports Minister Mark Arbib said it was clear FIFA needed to change , saying `` there is no doubt there needs to be reform of FIFA . This is something that we 're hearing worldwide '' , with Australian Senator Nick Xenophon accusing FIFA of `` scamming '' the country out of the A $46 million ( US $35 million ) it spent on the Australia 2022 FIFA World Cup bid , saying that `` until the investigation into FIFA has been completed , Australia must hold off spending any more taxpayers ' money on any future World Cup bids . '' Theo Zwanziger , president of the German Football Association , also called on FIFA to re-examine the awarding of the 2022 World Cup to Qatar . Transparency International , which had called on FIFA to postpone the election pending a full independent investigation , renewed its call on FIFA to change its governance structure . Moreover , former Argentine football player Diego Maradona was critical of FIFA in light of the corruption scandal , comparing members of the board to dinosaurs . He said `` Fifa is a big museum . They are dinosaurs who do not want to relinquish power . It 's always going to be the same . '' In October 2011 , Dick Pound criticized the organization , saying , `` FIFA has fallen far short of a credible demonstration that it recognizes the many problems it faces , that it has the will to solve them , that it is willing to be transparent about what it is doing and what it finds , and that its conduct in the future will be such that the public can be confident in the governance of the sport . '' 2018 revision of code of ethics ( edit ) In 2018 , FIFA revised its code of ethics to remove corruption as one of the enumerated bases of ethical violations . It retained bribery , misappropriation of funds and manipulation of competitions as offenses , but added a statute of limitation clause that those offenses could not be pursued after a ten - year period . The revision also made it an offence to make public statements of a defamatory nature against FIFA . Alexandra Wrage , a former member of the FIFA governance committee and an expert in anti-bribery compliance , said that of the revision that `` the real value to FIFA is the chilling effect this will have on critics '' . Presidency ( edit ) Main article : List of presidents of FIFA Presidents of FIFA No . Name Country of origin Took office Left office Note Robert Guérin France 23 May 1904 4 June 1906 Daniel Burley Woolfall United Kingdom 4 June 1906 24 October 1918 Died in office -- Cornelis August Wilhelm Hirschman Netherlands 24 October 1918 1920 Acting Jules Rimet France 1 March 1921 21 June 1954 Rodolphe Seeldrayers Belgium 21 June 1954 7 October 1955 Died in office 5 Arthur Drewry United Kingdom 9 June 1956 25 March 1961 Died in office -- Ernst Thommen Switzerland 25 March 1961 28 September 1961 Acting 6 Stanley Rous United Kingdom 28 September 1961 8 May 1974 7 João Havelange Brazil 8 May 1974 8 June 1998 8 Sepp Blatter Switzerland 8 June 1998 8 October 2015 Impeached -- Issa Hayatou Cameroon 8 October 2015 26 February 2016 Acting 9 Gianni Infantino Switzerland Italy 26 February 2016 -- FIFA structured tournaments ( edit ) Major tournaments ( edit ) FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Men 's Olympic Football Tournament FIFA Women 's World Cup Women 's Olympic Football Tournament Minor tournaments ( edit ) FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup Boys ' Youth Olympic Football Tournament ( U-15 ) FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup Girls ' Youth Olympic Football Tournament ( U-15 ) FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Women 's Club World Cup ( proposed ) FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Other tournaments ( edit ) FIFA eWorld Cup Current title holders ( edit ) Hosts of all Senior Association Football FIFA World Cups , including both men 's and women 's Competition Men 's Women 's World Cup France ( 2018 ) United States ( 2015 ) Confederations Cup Germany ( 2017 ) -- Olympic Tournament Brazil ( 2016 ) Germany ( 2016 ) U-20 World Cup England ( 2017 ) Japan ( 2018 ) U-17 World Cup England ( 2017 ) North Korea ( 2016 ) Youth Olympic Tournament Brazil ( 2018 ) Portugal ( 2018 ) Club World Cup Real Madrid ( 2017 ) -- Futsal World Cup Argentina ( 2016 ) -- Beach Soccer World Cup Brazil ( 2017 ) -- Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Dinamo Zagreb ( 2018 ) Young Boys ( 2018 ) eWorld Cup Mosaad Aldossary ( 2018 ) See also ( edit ) Association football culture Association football tactics and skills List of association football clubs List of association football stadiums by country List of men 's national association football teams List of women 's national association football teams List of top association football goal scorers List of women 's association football clubs Lists of association football players References and notes ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ French pronunciation : ( fedeʁasjɔ̃ ε̃tεʁnasjɔnal də futbol asɔsjasjɔ̃ ) ^ Jump up to : Australia has been a member of the AFC since 2006 . Jump up ^ French Guiana , Guyana and Suriname are CONCACAF members although they are in South America . The French Guiana team is a member of CONCACAF but not of FIFA . Jump up ^ Teams representing the nations of Armenia , Azerbaijan , Cyprus , Georgia , Israel , Kazakhstan , Russia and Turkey are UEFA members , although the majority or entirety of their territory is outside of continental Europe . Monaco is not member of UEFA or FIFA . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fédération Internationale de Football Association '' . Filmcircle.com. 11 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2014 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com . `` FIFA Committees - FIFA Council - FIFA.com '' . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com . `` History of FIFA - Foundation - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Financial Report 2013 '' . FIFA . 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Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ EMORY INTERNATIONAL LAW REVIEW . `` FIFA TRANSFER REGULATIONS AND UEFA PLAYER ELIGIBILITY RULES : MAJOR CHANGES IN EUROPEAN FOOTBALL AND THE NEGATIVE EFFECT ON MINORS '' ( PDF ) . EMORY INTERNATIONAL LAW REVIEW . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa rules out video evidence '' . The Guardian . London . 5 January 2005 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ IFAB ( 27 June 1970 ) . `` Minutes of the AGM '' ( PDF ) . Inverness : Soccer South Bay Referee Association . § 5 ( i ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA halts instant replay experiment '' . CBC News . 8 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Historic step for greater fairness in football '' . The IFAB . IFAB. 3 Mar 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Graeme ( 6 July 2012 ) . `` Goal - line technology approved '' . SKY Sports . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . 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FIFA.com . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wanda Group becomes Fifa partner '' . SportsProMedia . Jump up ^ `` Qatar Airways announced as Official Partner and Official Airline of FIFA until 2022 '' . FIFA Website . Jump up ^ `` BBC News Fifa ' like a mafia family ' says former FA boss Triesman '' . BBC News . 11 June 2014 . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , Martyn ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` Fifa suspend six officials '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC iPlayer -- World Football : 20 / 11 / 2010 '' . BBC . 20 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Panorama , BBC One , 29 November 2010 Jump up ^ `` Panorama : Three Fifa World Cup officials took bribe '' , BBC News , 29 November 2010 Jump up ^ International ( 17 June 2011 ) . `` Fifa honourary ( sic ) president Joao Havelange faces IOC inquiry '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Dave Zirin : Abolish FIFA ( 17 June 2014 ) , Dave Zirin , The Real News Network Jump up ^ The Guardian . `` Fifa officials arrested on corruption charges as World Cup inquiry launched '' . Jump up ^ Chelvan , Vanessa Paige . `` Convicted match - fixer Eric Ding 's jail term extended to 6 years '' . CNA . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Officials Arrested on Corruption Charges ; Blatter Is n't Among Them '' . The New York Times . 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ WPLG . `` FBI searching South Florida offices linked to FIFA in soccer scandal '' . Local10 . Jump up ^ Fifa corruption arrests : key questions answered The Guardian 27 May 2015 Jump up ^ England should boycott 2018 World Cup , says Andy Burnham Guardian 31 May 2015 Jump up ^ Simon Barnes ( 6 December 2010 ) . `` FIFA is a gathering of nasty , mad old men '' . The Australian . Retrieved 22 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Martin . `` Qatar selection adds to FIFA 's ongoing folly -- World Soccer -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on 7 December 2010 . Retrieved 22 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Seltzer , Greg ( 3 December 2010 ) . `` Media Reaction to World Cup Voting '' . Philadelphia Union . Retrieved 22 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA , SAFA voting baffling : Sport : Columnists : Mark Gleeson '' . Sport24.co.za . Retrieved 22 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Parker , Nick ( 6 December 2010 ) . `` War on FIFA '' . The Sun . London . Jump up ^ Yallop , David ( 4 December 2010 ) . `` England World Cup bid : how did we get it so wrong ? '' . London : Telegraph . Retrieved 22 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Fifa launches investigation into vote - selling claims '' . BBC . 17 October 2010 . Retrieved 22 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Press Association ( 3 December 2010 ) . `` England World Cup chief : Fifa 's Sepp Blatter spoke of ' evils of media '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 22 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar denies paying World Cup bribes to Hayatou , Anouma '' . Afrikansoccer.com. 11 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 September 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FFA coy on World Cup bid re-run '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 20 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA investigates Bin Hammam bribery claims -- ESPN Soccernet '' . ESPN . 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Blatter : FIFA to meet Qatar 2022 bid whistleblower -- ESPN '' . ESPN . 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Jump up ^ Riach , James . `` Sepp Blatter : Russia was chosen as 2018 World Cup host before vote '' . The Guardian Newspaper . Jump up ^ Postrel , Virginia ( 3 June 2011 ) . `` How FIFA 's Fouls May Revive the Beautiful Game : David Goldblatt '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer overflowing with scoundrels and scandals '' . Philly.com. 3 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Owen Gibson ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` Fifa in crisis after claims against Jack Warner and Mohamed bin Hammam '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA investigates Bin Hammam bribery claims '' . ESPN . 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa suspends Bin Hammam and Jack Warner '' . BBC News . 29 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa Soap Opera Latest : Jack Warner Says 2022 World Cup Was ' Bought ' -- FanHouse UK '' . Fanhouse.co.uk. 30 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blatter tips Henry Kissinger for role on FIFA ' Solutions Committee ' '' . CNN . 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Regan E. ( 30 May 2011 ) . `` Qataris brush off allegations of buying World Cup rights '' . Reuters . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Kelso , Paul ( 1 June 2011 ) . `` Mohamed Bin Hammam writes to Fifa protesting ' unfair ' treatment in suspension ahead of presidential election '' . Telegraph . London . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Press Association ( 30 May 2011 ) . `` Official ' was offered $40,000 ' after Mohamed bin Hammam presentation '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Owen Gibson ( 9 June 2011 ) . `` Fifa rocked by fresh claims after Surinam FA reports $40,000 ' gift ' '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Congress Roundup -- Kissinger , Cruyff for Watchdog ; Jordaan 's Expectations for Reforms '' . Worldfootballinsider.com. 3 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Matt Scott in Zurich ( 2 June 2011 ) . `` Henry Kissinger recommended for Fifa anti-corruption squad Football '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Eurosport / PA Sport . `` World Cup -- UEFA wants ' concrete ' changes to FIFA soon -- Yahoo ! Eurosport '' . Uk.eurosport.yahoo.com . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blatter Vows to Tackle Corruption ; IOC Chief Says FIFA `` Can Emerge Stronger '' From Crisis `` . Worldfootballinsider.com. 31 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifa corruption claims : What the sponsors are saying '' . London : Telegraph . 1 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Reece , Damian ( 2 June 2011 ) . `` McDonald 's joins Coca - Cola and Visa in calling for Fifa change '' . London : Telegraph . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Press Association ( 30 May 2011 ) . `` Coca - Cola joins Adidas in expressing concern about Fifa shenanigans '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ ( AFP ) -- 30 May 2011 ( 30 May 2011 ) . `` AFP : Australia demands FIFA reform '' . Google . Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport -- German Federation asks Fifa for inquiry into Qatar 2022 '' . BBC News . 1 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What should FIFA do about corruption : version 2.0 : space for transparency '' . Blog.transparency.org . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a big museum of dinosaurs -- Diego Maradona blasts Fifa '' . Goal.com. 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` Pound lambastes FIFA for lack of transparency '' , Japan Times , 5 October 2011 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Rob ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` Keep bribes quiet for 10 years , FIFA wo n't punish you '' . AP News . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Paul Darby , Africa , Football and Fifa : Politics , Colonialism and Resistance ( Sport in the Global Society ) , Frank Cass Publishers 2002 , ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8029 - X . John Sugden , FIFA and the Contest For World Football , Polity Press 1998 , ISBN 0 - 7456 - 1661 - 5 . Jim Trecker , Charles Miers , J. Brett Whitesell , ed. , Women 's Soccer : The Game and the Fifa World Cup , Universe 2000 , Revised Edition , ISBN 0 - 7893 - 0527 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA . Official website ( in English ) ( in French ) ( in German ) ( in Spanish ) ( in Portuguese ) ( in Arabic ) ( in Russian ) ( in Japanese ) BBC 's Panorama , Fifa 's Dirty secrets , transcript Document on alleged FIFA corruption FIFA Laws of the Game Links to related articles FIFA History of FIFA FIFA Anthem FIFA Congress FIFA Council FIFA Ethics Committee FIFA headquarters Football at the Summer Olympics List of football federations International Football Association Board Timeline of association football Football codes Association football Beach soccer Futsal Confederations AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Men 's tournaments FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Women 's tournaments FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's Club World Cup Other tournaments FIFA eWorld Cup Presidents Robert Guérin ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 ) Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 ) João Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present ) General Secretaries Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 ) Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 ) Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Helmut Käser ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 ) Michel Zen - 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5467601991472293933 | Motte-and-bailey castle | Motte - and - bailey castle - wikipedia Motte - and - bailey castle Jump to : navigation , search `` Motte '' redirects here . For other uses , see Motte ( disambiguation ) . A motte - and - bailey castle is a fortification with a wooden or stone keep situated on a raised earthwork called a motte , accompanied by an enclosed courtyard , or bailey , surrounded by a protective ditch and palisade . Relatively easy to build with unskilled , often forced , labour , but still militarily formidable , these castles were built across northern Europe from the 10th century onwards , spreading from Normandy and Anjou in France , into the Holy Roman Empire in the 11th century . The Normans introduced the design into England and Wales following their invasion in 1066 . Motte - and - bailey castles were adopted in Scotland , Ireland , the Low Countries and Denmark in the 12th and 13th centuries . By the end of the 13th century , the design was largely superseded by alternative forms of fortification , but the earthworks remain a prominent feature in many countries . A reconstruction of the English city of York in the 15th century , showing the motte and bailey fortifications of Old Baile ( left ) and York Castle ( right ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Architecture 1.1 Structures 1.1. 1 Motte 1.1. 2 Bailey 1.2 Construction and maintenance 2 History 2.1 Emergence of the design 2.2 Initial development , 10th and 11th centuries 2.3 Further expansion , 12th and 13th centuries 2.4 Conversion and decline , 13th -- 14th centuries 2.5 Today 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Bibliography Architecture Structures Plan of Topcliffe Castle in England , an archetypal motte - and - bailey design . Castle Pulverbatch in England was built in the 11th or 12th century and abandoned by 1202 . This DEM shows the motte just left of centre , with the bailey to the right ( north - east ) of it . A motte - and - bailey castle was made up of two structures , a motte , a type of mound -- often artificial -- topped with a wooden or stone structure known as a keep ; and at least one bailey , a fortified enclosure built next to the motte . The term `` motte and bailey '' is a relatively modern one , and is not medieval in origin . The word `` motte '' is the French version of the Latin mota , and in France the word motte was initially an early word for a turf ; it then became used to refer to a turf bank , and by the 12th century was used to refer to the castle design itself . The word `` bailey '' comes from the Norman - French baille , or basse - cour , referring to a low yard . In medieval sources , the Latin term castellum was used to describe the bailey complex within these castles . One contemporary account of these structures comes from Jean de Colmieu around 1130 , describing the Calais region in northern France . De Colmieu described how the nobles would build `` a mound of earth as high as they can and dig a ditch about it as wide and deep as possible . The space on top of the mound is enclosed by a palisade of very strong hewn logs , strengthened at intervals by as many towers as their means can provide . Inside the enclosure is a citadel , or keep , which commands the whole circuit of the defences . The entrance to the fortress is by means of a bridge , which , rising from the outer side of the moat and supported on posts as it ascends , reaches to the top of the mound . '' At Durham Castle , contemporaries described how the motte - and - bailey superstructure arose from the `` tumulus of rising earth '' with a keep rising `` into thin air , strong within and without '' with a `` stalwart house ... glittering with beauty in every part '' . Motte The motte and bailey defences of Launceston Castle in England . Mottes were made out of earth and flattened on top , and it can be very hard to determine whether a mound is artificial or natural without excavation . Some were also built over older artificial structures , such as Bronze Age barrows . The size of mottes varied considerably , with these mounds being 3 metres to 30 metres in height ( 10 feet to 100 feet ) , and from 30 to 90 metres ( 98 to 295 ft ) in diameter . This minimum height of 3 metres ( 9.8 feet ) for mottes is usually intended to exclude smaller mounds which often had non-military purposes . In England and Wales , only 7 % of mottes were taller than 10 metres ( 33 feet ) high ; 24 % were between 10 and 5 metres ( 33 and 16 ft ) , and 69 % were less than 5 metres ( 16 feet ) tall . A motte was protected by a ditch around it , which would typically have also been a source of the earth and soil for constructing the mound itself . A keep and a protective wall would usually be built on top of the motte . Some walls would be large enough to have a wall - walk around them , and the outer walls of the motte and the wall - walk could be strengthened by filling in the gap between the wooden walls with earth and stones , allowing it to carry more weight ; this was called a garillum . Smaller mottes could only support simple towers with room for a few soldiers , whilst larger mottes could be equipped with a much grander building . Many wooden keeps were designed with a bretasche , a square building that overhung from the upper floors of the building , enabling better defences and a more sturdy structural design . The early 12th - century chronicler Lambert of Ardres described the wooden keep on top of the motte at the castle of Ardres , where the `` first storey was on the surface of the ground , where were cellars and granaries , and great boxes , tuns , casks , and other domestic utensils . In the storey above were the dwelling and common living - rooms of the residents in which were the larders , the rooms of the bakers and butlers , and the great chamber in which the lord and his wife slept ... In the upper storey of the house were garret rooms ... In this storey also the watchmen and the servants appointed to keep the house took their sleep '' . Wooden structures on mottes could be protected by skins and hides to prevent them being easily set alight during a siege . Bailey The bailey was an enclosed courtyard overlooked by the motte and surrounded by a wooden fence called a palisade and another ditch . The bailey was often kidney - shaped to fit against a circular motte , but could be made in other shapes according to the terrain . The bailey would contain a wide number of buildings , including a hall , kitchens , a chapel , barracks , stores , stables , forges or workshops , and was the centre of the castle 's economic activity . The bailey was linked to the motte either by a flying bridge stretching between the two , or , more popularly in England , by steps cut into the motte . Typically the ditch of the motte and the bailey joined , forming a figure of eight around the castle . Wherever possible , nearby streams and rivers would be dammed or diverted , creating water - filled moats , artificial lakes and other forms of water defences . In practice , there was a wide number of variations to this common design . A castle could have more than one bailey : at Warkworth Castle an inner and an outer bailey was constructed , or alternatively , several baileys could flank the motte , as at Windsor Castle . Some baileys had two mottes , such as those at Lincoln . Some mottes could be square instead of round , such as at Cabal Trump . Instead of single ditches , occasionally double - ditch defences were built , as seen at Berkhamsted . Local geography and the intent of the builder produced many unique designs . Construction and maintenance Building a motte , from the Bayeux Tapestry Various methods were used to build mottes . Where a natural hill could be used , scarping could produce a motte without the need to create an artificial mound , but more commonly much of the motte would have to be constructed by hand . Four methods existed for building a mound and a tower : the mound could either be built first , and a tower placed on top of it ; the tower could alternatively be built on the original ground surface and then buried within the mound ; the tower could potentially be built on the original ground surface and then partially buried within the mound , the buried part forming a cellar beneath ; or the tower could be built first , and the mound added later . Regardless of the sequencing , artificial mottes had to be built by piling up earth ; this work was undertaken by hand , using wooden shovels and hand - barrows , possibly with picks as well in the later periods . Larger mottes took disproportionately more effort to build than their smaller equivalents , because of the volumes of earth involved . The largest mottes in England , such as Thetford , are estimated to have required up to 24,000 man - days of work ; smaller ones required perhaps as little as 1,000 . Contemporary accounts talk of some mottes being built in a matter of days , although these low figures have led to suggestions by historians that either these figures were an underestimate , or that they refer to the construction of a smaller design than that later seen on the sites concerned . Taking into account estimates of the likely available manpower during the period , historians estimate that the larger mottes might have taken between four and nine months to build . This contrasted favourably with stone keeps of the period , which typically took up to ten years to build . Very little skilled labour was required to build motte and bailey castles , which made them very attractive propositions if forced peasant labour was available , as was the case after the Norman invasion of England . Where the local workforce had to be paid -- such as at Clones in Ireland , built in 1211 using imported labourers -- the costs would rise quickly , in this case reaching £ 20 . A cross-section showing the layers within the motte at York Castle ; `` A '' marks the 20th - century concrete underpinnings of the motte ; the low walls enclosing the base of the motte are a 19th - century addition . The type of soil would make a difference to the design of the motte , as clay soils could support a steeper motte , whilst sandier soils meant that a motte would need a more gentle incline . Where available , layers of different sorts of earth , such as clay , gravel and chalk , would be used alternatively to build in strength to the design . Layers of turf could also be added to stabilise the motte as it was built up , or a core of stones placed as the heart of the structure to provide strength . Similar issues applied to the defensive ditches , where designers found that the wider the ditch was dug , the deeper and steeper the sides of the scarp could be , making it more defensive . Although militarily a motte was , as Norman Pounds describes it , `` almost indestructible '' , they required frequent maintenance . Soil wash was a problem , particularly with steeper mounds , and mottes could be clad with wood or stone slabs to protect them . Over time , some mottes suffered from subsidence or damage from flooding , requiring repairs and stabilisation work . Although motte - and - bailey castles are the best known castle design , they were not always the most numerous in any given area . A popular alternative was the ringwork castle , involving a palisade being built on top of a raised earth rampart , protected by a ditch . The choice of motte and bailey or ringwork was partially driven by terrain , as mottes were typically built on low ground , and on deeper clay and alluvial soils . Another factor may have been speed , as ringworks were faster to build than mottes . Some ringwork castles were later converted into motte - and - bailey designs , by filling in the centre of the ringwork to produce a flat - topped motte . The reasons for why this decision was taken are unclear ; motte - and - bailey castles may have been felt to be more prestigious , or easier to defend ; another theory is that like the terpen in Netherlands , or Vorburg and Hauptburg in Lower Rhineland , raising the height of the castle was done to create a drier site . History Emergence of the design Bayeux Tapestry scene depicting an attack on Château de Dinan The motte - and - bailey castle is a particularly northern European phenomenon , most numerous in Normandy and Britain , but also seen in Denmark , Germany , Southern Italy and occasionally beyond . European castles first emerged in the 9th and 10th centuries , after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes and local territories became threatened by the Magyars and the Norse . Against this background , various explanations have been put forward to explain the origins and spread of the motte - and - bailey design across northern Europe ; there is often a tension among the academic community between explanations that stress military and social reasons for the rise of this design . One suggestion is that these castles were built particularly in order to protect against external attack -- the Angevins , it is argued , began to build them to protect against the Viking raids , and the design spread to deal with the attacks along the Slav and Hungarian frontiers . Another argument is that , given the links between this style of castle and the Normans , who were of Viking descent , it was in fact originally a Viking design , transported to Normandy and Angers . The motte - and - bailey castle was certainly effective against assault , although as historian André Debord suggests , the historical and archaeological record of the military operation of motte - and - bailey castles remains relatively limited . An alternative approach focuses on the links between this form of castle and what can be termed a feudal mode of society . The spread of motte - and - bailey castles was usually closely tied to the creation of local fiefdoms and feudal landowners , and areas without this method of governance rarely built these castles . Yet another theory suggests that the design emerged as a result of the pressures of space on ringworks , and that the earliest motte - and - baileys were converted ringworks . Finally , there may be a link between the local geography and the building of motte - and - bailey castles , which are usually built on low - lying areas , in many cases subject to regular flooding . Regardless of the reasons behind the initial popularity of the motte - and - bailey design , however , there is widespread agreement that the castles were first widely adopted in Normandy and Angevin territory in the 10th and 11th centuries . Initial development , 10th and 11th centuries Reconstructed keep at Saint - Sylvain - d'Anjou , France The earliest purely documentary evidence for motte - and - bailey castles in Normandy and Angers comes from between 1020 and 1040 , but a combination of documentary and archaeological evidence pushes the date for the first motte and bailey castle , at Vincy , back to 979 . The castles were built by the more powerful lords of Anjou in the late 10th and 11th centuries , in particular Fulk III and his son , Geoffrey II , who built a great number of them between 987 and 1060 . Many of these earliest castles would have appeared quite crude and rustic by later standards , belying the power and prestige of their builders . William the Conqueror , as the Duke of Normandy , is believed to have adopted the motte - and - bailey design from neighbouring Anjou . Duke William went on to prohibit the building of castles without his consent through the Consuetudines et Justicie , with his legal definition of castles centring on the classic motte - and - bailey features of ditching , banking and palisading . By the 11th century , castles were built throughout the Holy Roman Empire , which then spanned central Europe . They now typically took the form of an enclosure on a hilltop , or , on lower ground , a tall , free - standing tower ( German Bergfried . ) The largest castles , known in German as Hohenburgen , had well - defined inner and outer courts , but no mottes . The motte - and - bailey design began to spread into Alsace and the northern Alps from France during the first half of the 11th century , spreading further into Bohemia and Austria in the subsequent years . This form of castle was closely associated with the colonisation of newly cultivated areas within the Empire , as new lords were granted lands by the emperor and built castles close to the local gród , or town . Motte - and - bailey castle building substantially enhanced the prestige of local nobles , and it has been suggested that their early adoption was because they were a cheaper way of imitating the still more prestigious hohenburgen , but this is usually regarded as unlikely . In many cases , bergfrieds were converted into motte and bailey designs by burying existing castle towers within the mounds . Reconstructed keep at Lütjenburg , Germany In England , William invaded from Normandy in 1066 , resulting in three phases of castle building in England , around 80 % of which were in the motte - and - bailey pattern . The first of these was the establishment by the new king of royal castles in key strategic locations , including many towns . These urban castles could make use of the existing town 's walls and fortification , but typically required the demolition of local houses to make space for them . This could cause extensive damage : records suggest that in Lincoln 166 houses were destroyed , with 113 in Norwich and 27 in Cambridge . The second and third waves of castle building in the late - 11th century were led by the major magnates and then the more junior knights on their new estates . Some regional patterns in castle building can be seen -- relatively few castles were built in East Anglia compared to the west of England or the Marches , for example ; this was probably due to the relatively settled and prosperous nature of the east of England and reflected a shortage of unfree labour for constructing mottes . In Wales , the first wave of the Norman castles were again predominantly made of wood in a mixture of motte - and - bailey and ringwork designs . The Norman invaders spread up the valleys , using this form of castle to occupy their new territories . After the Norman conquest of England and Wales , the building of motte - and - bailey castles in Normandy accelerated as well , resulting in a broad swath of these castles across the Norman territories , around 741 motte - and - bailey castles in England and Wales alone . Further expansion , 12th and 13th centuries A vliedburg motte in the Netherlands Having become well established in Normandy , Germany and Britain , motte - and - bailey castles began to be adopted elsewhere , mainly in northern Europe , during the 12th and 13th centuries . Conflict through the Low Countries encouraged castle building in a number of regions from the late 12th century to the 14th century . In Flanders , the first motte and bailey castles began relatively early at the end of the 11th century . The rural motte - and - bailey castles followed the traditional design , but the urban castles often lacked the traditional baileys , using parts of the town to fulfil this role instead . Motte - and - bailey castles in Flanders were particularly numerous in the south along the Lower Rhine , a fiercely contested border . Further along the coast in Friesland , the relatively decentralised , egalitarian society initially discouraged the building of motte and bailey castles , although terpen , raised `` dwelling mounds '' which lacked towers and were usually lower in height than a typical motte , were created instead . By the end of the medieval period , however , the terpen gave way to hege wieren , non-residential defensive towers , often on motte - like mounds , owned by the increasingly powerful nobles and landowners . On Zeeland the local lords had a high degree of independence during the 12th and 13th centuries , owing to the wider conflict for power between neighbouring Flanders and Friesland . The Zeeland lords had also built terpen mounds , but these gave way to larger werven constructions -- effectively mottes -- which were later termed bergen . Sometimes both terpen and werven are called vliedburg , or `` refuge castles '' . During the 12th and 13th centuries a number of terpen mounds were turned into werven mottes , and some new werven mottes were built from scratch . Around 323 known or probable motte and bailey castles of this design are believed to have built within the borders of the modern Netherlands . The Bass of Inverurie in Scotland , a large mid-12th century motte - and - bailey castle In neighbouring Denmark , motte - and - bailey castles appeared somewhat later in the 12th and 13th centuries and in more limited numbers than elsewhere , due to the less feudal society . Except for a handful of mote and bailey castles in Norway , built in the first half of the 11th century and including the royal residence in Oslo , the design did not play a role further north in Scandinavia . The Norman expansion into Wales slowed in the 12th century but remained an ongoing threat to the remaining native rulers . In response , the Welsh princes and lords began to build their own castles , frequently motte - and - bailey designs , usually in wood . There are indications that this may have begun from 1111 onwards under Prince Cadwgan ap Bleddyn , with the first documentary evidence of a native Welsh castle being at Cymmer in 1116 . These timber castles , including Tomen y Rhodywdd , Tomen y Faerdre , Gaer Penrhôs , were of equivalent quality to the equivalent Norman fortifications in the area , and it can prove difficult to distinguish the builders of some sites from the archaeological evidence alone . Motte - and - bailey castles in Scotland emerged as a consequence of the centralising of royal authority in the 12th century . David I encouraged Norman and French nobles to settle in Scotland , introducing a feudal mode of landholding and the use of castles as a way of controlling the contested lowlands . The quasi-independent polity of Galloway , which had resisted the rule of David and his predecessors , was a particular focus for this colonisation . The size of these Scottish castles , primarily wooden motte and bailey constructions , varied considerably , from larger designs such as the Bass of Inverurie to smaller castles like Balmaclellan . The motte ( left ) and bailey ( right ) of Clough Castle in Ireland Motte - and - bailey castles were introduced to Ireland following the Norman invasion of Ireland that began between 1166 and 1171 under first Richard de Clare and then Henry II of England , with the occupation of southern and eastern Ireland by a number of Anglo - Norman barons . The rapid Norman success depended on key economic and military advantages ; their cavalry enabled Norman successes in battles , and castles enabled them to control the newly conquered territories . The new lords rapidly built castles to protect their possessions ; most of these were motte - and - bailey constructions , many of them strongly defended . Unlike Wales , the indigenous Irish lords do not appear to have constructed their own castles in any significant number during the period . Between 350 and 450 motte - and - bailey castles are believed to remain today , although the identification of these earthwork remains can be contentious . A small number of motte - and - bailey castles were built outside of northern Europe . In the late - 12th century , the Normans invaded southern Italy and Sicily ; although they had the technology to build more modern designs , in many cases wooden motte - and - bailey castles were built instead for reasons of speed . The Italians came to refer to a range of different castle types as motta , however , and there may not have been as many genuine motte - and - bailey castles in southern Italy as was once thought on the basis of the documentary evidence alone . In addition , there is evidence of the Norman crusaders building a motte and bailey using sand and wood in Egypt in 1221 during the Fifth Crusade . Conversion and decline , 13th -- 14th centuries The stone shell keep and chemise on top of the motte at Gisors in France Motte - and - bailey castles became a less popular design in the mid-medieval period . In France , they were not built after the start of the 12th century , and mottes ceased to be built in most of England after around 1170 , although they continued to be erected in Wales and along the Marches . Many motte - and - bailey castles were occupied relatively briefly ; in England many had been abandoned or allowed to lapse into disrepair by the 12th century . In the Low Countries and Germany , a similar transition occurred in the 13th and 14th centuries . One factor was the introduction of stone into castle building . The earliest stone castles had emerged in the 10th century , with stone keeps being built on mottes along the Catalonia frontier and several , including Château de Langeais , in Angers . Although wood was a more powerful defensive material than was once thought , stone became increasingly popular for military and symbolic reasons . Some existing motte - and - bailey castles were converted to stone , with the keep and the gatehouse usually the first parts to be upgraded . Shell keeps were built on many mottes , circular stone shells running around the top of the motte , sometime protected by a further chemise , or low protective wall , around the base . By the 14th century , a number of motte and bailey castles had been converted into powerful stone fortresses . A reconstruction of England 's Carisbrooke Castle as it was in the 14th century , showing the keep built atop the motte ( top left ) , and the walled - in bailey below Newer castle designs placed less emphasis on mottes . Square Norman keeps built in stone became popular following the first such construction in Langeais in 994 . Several were built in England and Wales after the conquest ; by 1216 there were around 100 in the country . These massive keeps could be either erected on top of settled , well established mottes , or could have mottes built around them -- so - called `` buried '' keeps . The ability of mottes , especially newly built mottes , to support the heavier stone structures , was limited , and many needed to be built on fresh ground . Concentric castles , relying on several lines of baileys and defensive walls , made increasingly little use of keeps or mottes at all . Across Europe , motte - and - bailey construction came to an end . At the end of the 12th century the Welsh rulers began to build castles in stone , primarily in the principality of North Wales and usually along the higher peaks where mottes were unnecessary . In Flanders , decline came in the 13th century as feudal society changed . In the Netherlands , cheap brick started to be used in castles from the 13th century onwards in place of earthworks , and many mottes were levelled , to help develop the surrounding , low - lying fields ; these `` levelled mottes '' are a particularly Dutch phenomenon . In Denmark , motte and baileys gave way in the 14th century to a castrum - curia model , where the castle was built with a fortified bailey and a fortified mound , somewhat smaller than the typical motte . By the 12th century , the castles in Western Germany began to thin in number , due to changes in land ownership , and various mottes were abandoned . In Germany and Denmark , motte - and - bailey castles also provided the model for the later wasserburg , or `` water castle '' , a stronghold and bailey construction surrounded by water , and widely built in the late medieval period . Today In England , motte - and - bailey earthworks were put to various uses over later years ; in some cases , mottes were turned into garden features in the 18th century , or reused as military defences during the Second World War . Today , almost no mottes of motte - and - bailey castles remain in regular use in Europe , with one of the few exceptions being that at Windsor Castle , converted for the storage of royal documents . The landscape of northern Europe remains scattered with their earthworks , and many form popular tourist attractions as part of the European heritage industry . See also List of motte - and - bailey castles Castles in Great Britain and Ireland List of castles in France List of castles in Germany List of castles in Belgium List of castles in the Netherlands List of castles in Denmark Mueang for similar fortifications of the same era in Southeast Asia Notes Jump up ^ Ringworks require an inner scarp , or sloping face ; this means that the interior space is always less than a flat - topped motte of equivalent height and width . In - filling ringworks certainly occurred later , and may have been the initial step as well . Jump up ^ There has been some debate over the absence of indigenous Irish castle building . Irish castle specialist Tom McNeill has noted that it would appear very strange if the indigenous Irish lords had not adopted castle technology during their long struggle with the Anglo - Norman nobility , but there is no significant archaeological or historical evidence to show such construction . References Jump up ^ `` Castle Pulverbatch motte and bailey castle with outer bailey , 100m NNW of Brook Cottage '' , National Heritage List for England , Historic England , retrieved 28 July 2017 Jump up ^ Besteman , p. 212 . ^ Jump up to : King ( 1991 ) , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Lepage , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Pounds , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Toy , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Kenyon , p. 13 citing Armitage 1912 : pp. 147 - 8 . Jump up ^ Toy , p. 52 ; Brown ( 1962 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Kenyon , pp. 9 - 10 . Jump up ^ Toy , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Besteman , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Kenyon , p. 4 , citing King ( 1972 ) , pp. 101 - 2 . Jump up ^ Brown ( 1962 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ King ( 1991 ) , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : DeVries , p. 209 . Jump up ^ King ( 1991 ) , pp. 53 - 4 . Jump up ^ Brown ( 1962 ) , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : DeVries , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Meulemeester , p. 105 ; Cooper , p. 18 ; Butler , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Pounds , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Brown ( 1962 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Brown ( 1989 ) , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Brown ( 1962 ) , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : DeVries , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Liddiard ( 2005 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ King ( 1991 ) , pp. 50 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Pounds , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Pounds , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Brown ( 2004 ) , p. 110 ; Cooper , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Kenyon , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Pounds , p. 20 . Jump up ^ McNeill , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Kenyon , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Kenyon , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Pounds , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Cooper , p. 76 ; Butler , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Van Houts , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Pounds , p. 17 ; Creighton , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Creighton , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Pounds , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Pringle , p. 187 ; Toy , p. 52 . Jump up ^ King ( 1991 ) , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Debord , pp. 93 - 4 . Jump up ^ Nicolle , p. 33 ; Kaufmann and Kaufmann , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , p. 77 ; Kaufmann and Kaufmann , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Brown ( 1962 ) , pp. 28 - 9 ; Debord , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Lepage , p. 35 ; Collardelle and Mazard , pp. 72 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : King ( 1991 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ DeVries , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann and Kaufmann , p. 109 ; Nicolle , p. 33 . Jump up ^ DeVries , pp. 203 - 4 . Jump up ^ Héricher , p. 97 . Jump up ^ DeVries , p. 204 . Jump up ^ King ( 1991 ) , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann and Kaufmann , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Purton , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Purton , pp. 195 - 6 ; Collardelle and Mazard , pp. 71 , 78 ; Jansen , p. 195 ; Kaufmann and Kaufmann , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Collardelle and Mazard , pp. 71 , 78 ; Jansen , p. 195 ; Kaufmann and Kaufmann , p. 110 ... ^ Jump up to : Purton , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Liddiard ( 2005 ) , p. 17 ; Creighton ( 2005 ) , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Liddiard ( 2005 ) , p. 18 ; Brown ( 1962 ) , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Liddiard ( 2005 ) , p. 19 ; Brown ( 1962 ) , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Brown ( 1962 ) , p. 22 ; Pounds ( 1994 ) , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Liddiard ( 2005 ) , pp. 18 , 23 . Jump up ^ Liddiard ( 2005 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Pettifer , p. xiii . Jump up ^ King ( 1991 ) , pp. 139 - 141 . Jump up ^ Liddiard ( 2005 ) , p. 23 ; King ( 1991 ) , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Besteman , p. 217 ; Kenyon , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Meulemeester , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Meulemeester , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Besteman , p. 219 . ^ Jump up to : Besteman , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Besteman , p. 217 . Jump up ^ King ( 1991 ) , p. 39 ; Besteman , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Besteman , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Stiesdal , pp. 210 , 213 ; Kenyon , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Ekroll , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Pettifer , p. xiv . ^ Jump up to : King ( 1991 ) , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Pettifer , p. xiv . Jump up ^ Simpson and Webster , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Simpson and Webster , p. 225 ; Tabraham , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Simpson and Webster , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Tabraham , p. 16 . Jump up ^ McNeill , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , pp. 220 - 1 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , p. 221 ; O'Conor , pp. 173 , 179 . Jump up ^ McNeill , pp. 74 , 84 . Jump up ^ McNeill , p. 84 . Jump up ^ O'Conor , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Purton , 180 . Jump up ^ Pringle , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Pringle , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Pounds , p. 21 ; Châtelain , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Pounds , pp. 20 - 1 ; Kenyon , p. 17 ; Meulemeester , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , p. 78 ; Kaufmann and Kaufmann , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Liddiard ( 2005 ) , p. 53 ; King ( 1991 ) , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Brown ( 1962 ) , p. 38 . Jump up ^ King ( 1991 ) , pp. 62 - 65 Jump up ^ Hulme , p. 213 ; King ( 1991 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Bradbury , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann and Kaufmann , p. 111 . Jump up ^ King ( 1991 ) , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Besteman , p. 214 ; Kenyon , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Stiesdal , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Collardelle and Mazard , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Jansen , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Creighton , pp. 85 - 6 ; Lowry , p. 23 ; Creighton and Higham , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 142 . Bibliography Armitage , Ella S. ( 1912 ) The Early Norman Castles of the British isles . London : J. Murray . OCLC 458514584 . Besteman , Jan. C. ( 1984 ) `` Mottes in the Netherland , '' in Château Gaillard : études de castellologie médiévale . XII . pp. 211 -- 224 . Bradbury , Jim . ( 2009 ) Stephen and Matilda : the Civil War of 1139 - 53 . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 3793 - 1 . Brown , R. Allen . ( 1962 ) English Castles . London : Batsford . OCLC 1392314 . Brown , R. Allen . ( 1989 ) Castles From the Air . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 32932 - 3 . Brown , R. Allen . ( 2004 ) Allen Brown 's English Castles . Woodbridge , UK : Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 069 - 6 . Butler , Lawrence . ( 1997 ) Clifford 's Tower and the Castles of York . London : English Heritage . ISBN 1 - 85074 - 673 - 7 . Carpenter , David . ( 2004 ) Struggle for Mastery : The Penguin History of Britain 1066 -- 1284 . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014824 - 4 . Châtelain , André. ( 1983 ) Châteaux Forts et Féodalité en Ile de France , du XIème au XIIIème siècle . Nonette : Créer . ISBN 978 - 2 - 902894 - 16 - 1 . ( in French ) Colardelle , Michel and Chantal Mazard. ( 1982 ) `` Les mottes castrales et l'évolution des pouvoirs dans le Alpes du Nord . Aux origines de la seigneurie , '' in Château Gaillard : études de castellologie médiévale . XI , pp69 -- 89 . ( in French ) Cooper , Thomas Parsons. ( 1911 ) The History of the Castle of York , from its Foundation to the Current Day with an Account of the Building of Clifford 's Tower . London : Elliot Stock . OCLC 4246355 . Creighton , Oliver Hamilton . ( 2005 ) Castles and Landscapes : Power , Community and Fortification in Medieval England . London : Equinox . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904768 - 67 - 8 . Creighton , Oliver Hamilton and Robert Higham. ( 2003 ) Medieval Castles . Princes Risborough , UK : Shire Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7478 - 0546 - 5 . Debord , André. ( 1982 ) `` A propos de l'utilisation des mottes castrales , '' in Château Gaillard : études de castellologie médiévale . XI , pp91 -- 99 . ( in French ) DeVries , Kelly . ( 2003 ) Medieval Military Technology . Toronto , Canada : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 921149 - 74 - 3 . Ekroll , Oystein. ( 1996 ) `` Norwegian medieval castles : building on the edge of Europe , '' in Château Gaillard : études de castellologie médiévale . XVIII , pp65 -- 73 . Héricher , Anne - Marie Flambard. ( 2002 ) `` Fortifications de terre et résidences en Normandie , '' in Château Gaillard : études de castellologie médiévale . XX pp87 -- 100 . ( in French ) Hulme , Richard . ( 2008 ) `` Twelfth Century Great Towers - The Case for the Defence , '' The Castle Studies Group Journal , No. 21 , 2007 - 8 . Jansen , Walter . ( 1981 ) `` The international background of castle building in Central Europe , '' in Skyum - Nielsen and Lund ( eds ) ( 1981 ) . Kaufmann , J.E. and H.W. Kaufmann. ( 2004 ) The Medieval Fortress : castles , forts and walled cities of the Middle Ages . Cambridge , US : Da Capo . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81358 - 0 . Kenyon , John R. ( 2005 ) Medieval Fortifications . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 7886 - 3 . King , D.J. Cathcart . ( 1972 ) `` The field archaeology of mottes in England and Wales : eine kurze übersichte , '' in Château Gaillard : études de castellologie médiévale . V , pp. 107 -- 111 King , D.J. Cathcart . ( 1991 ) The Castle in England and Wales : An Interpretative History . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 00350 - 4 . Lepage , Jean - Denis. ( 2002 ) Castles and Fortified Cities of Medieval Europe : an illustrated history . Jefferson , US : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1092 - 7 . Liddiard , Robert . ( ed ) ( 2003a ) Anglo - Norman Castles . Woodbridge , UK : Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85115 - 904 - 1 . Liddiard , Robert . ( 2005 ) Castles in Context : Power , Symbolism and Landscape , 1066 to 1500 . Macclesfield , UK : Windgather Press . ISBN 0 - 9545575 - 2 - 2 . Lowry , Bernard . Discovering Fortifications : From the Tudors to the Cold War . Risborough , UK : Shire Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7478 - 0651 - 6 . McNeill , Tom . ( 2000 ) Castles in Ireland : Feudal Power in a Gaelic World . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22853 - 4 . De Meulemeester , Johnny . ( 1982 ) `` Mottes Castrales du Comté de Flandres : État de la question d'apr les fouilles récent , '' Château Gaillard : études de castellologie médiévale . XI , pp101 -- 115 . ( in French ) Nicolle , David . ( 1984 ) The Age of Charlemagne . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 042 - 2 . Nicholson , Helen J. ( 2004 ) Medieval Warfare : theory and practice of war in Europe , 300 - 1500 . Basingstoke , UK : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 76330 - 8 . O'Conor , Kieran. ( 2002 ) `` Motte Castles in Ireland , Permanent fortresses , Residences and Manorial Centres , '' in Château Gaillard : études de castellologie médiévale . XX , pp173 -- 182 . ( in French ) Pettifer , Adrian. ( 2000 ) Welsh Castles : a Guide by Counties . Woodbridge , UK : Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85115 - 778 - 8 . Pounds , Norman John Greville. ( 1994 ) The Medieval Castle in England and Wales : a social and political history . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45828 - 3 . Pringle , Denys . `` A castle in the sand : mottes in the Crusader east , '' in Château Gaillard : études de castellologie médiévale . XVIII , pp187 -- 190 . Purton , Peter . ( 2009 ) A History of the Early Medieval Siege , c. 450 - 1200 . Woodbridge , UK : Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 448 - 9 . Robinson , John Martin . ( 2010 ) Windsor Castle : the Official Illustrated History . London : Royal Collection Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 902163 - 21 - 5 . Skyum - Nielsen , Niels and Niels Lund ( eds ) ( 1981 ) Danish Medieval History : New Currents . Københavns , Denmark : Museum Tusculanum Press . ISBN 978 - 87 - 88073 - 30 - 0 . Simpson , Grant G. and Bruce Webster . ( 2003 ) `` Charter Evidence and the Distribution of Mottes in Scotland , '' in Liddiard ( ed ) ( 2003a ) . Stiesdal , Hans . ( 1981 ) `` Types of public and private fortifications in Denmark , '' in Skyum - Nielsen and Lund ( eds ) ( 1981 ) . Tabraham , Chris J. ( 2005 ) Scotland 's Castles . London : Batsford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 8943 - 9 . Toy , Sidney. ( 1985 ) Castles : Their Construction and History . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 24898 - 1 . Van Houts , Elisabeth M.C. ( 2000 ) The Normans in Europe . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 4751 - 0 . ( hide ) Fortifications Ancient history Abatis Agger Broch Burgus Castellum Castra Castros Circular rampart City gate Crannog Ditch Defensive wall Dun Faussebraye Gatehouse Gord Hillfort Limes Oppidum Palisade Pincer gate Promontory fort Rampart Ringfort ( Rath ) Refuge castle Schwedenschanze Stockade Sudis Trou de loup Vallum Wagon fort ( Laager ) Vitrified fort Post-classical history Albarrana tower Alcazaba Alcázar Arrowslit Barbican Bartizan Bastion Battery tower Battlement Bent entrance Bergfried Bretèche Bridge castle Bridge tower Butter - churn tower Caltrop Castle Chamber gate Chartaque Chashi Chemin de ronde Chemise Cheval de frise Citadel Coercion castle Concentric castle Corner tower Counter-castle Curtain Drawbridge Enceinte Embrasure Flanking tower Fortified buildings ( church , house ) Ganerbenburg Gate tower Gabion Glacis Guard tower Gulyay - gorod Gusuku Half tower Hoarding Inner bailey Keep Kremlin ( Detinets ) Landesburg L - plan castle Machicolation Merlon Moat Motte - and - bailey Murder - hole Neck ditch Outer bailey Peel tower Portcullis Postern Reduit Ringwork Quadrangular castle Shell keep Shield wall Toll castle Tower castle Tower house Turret Wall tower Bailey ( or ward ) Watchtower Witch tower Yett Modern history 18th century and earlier Abwurfdach Bastion Blockhouse Breastwork Canal Caponier Casemate Cavalier Counterguard Counterscarp Couvreface Coupure Covertway Crownwork Device fort Entrenchment Flèche Gorge Hornwork Lunette Orillon Ostrog Outwork Place - of - arms Polygonal fort Presidio ( Spanish America ) Punji sticks Ravelin Redan Redoubt Retrenchment Sandbag Scarp Sconce Schanze Sea fort Station Star fort Tenaille 19th century Barbed wire Barbette Border outpost Bunker Coastal artillery Gun turret Land mine Martello tower Outpost Trench warfare Sangar Wire obstacles 20th century Admiralty scaffolding Air raid shelter Anti-tank trench Barbed tape Blast shelter Blast wall Border barrier Buoy Bremer wall Concertina wire Defensive fighting position British `` hedgehog '' road block Czech hedgehog Dragon 's teeth Electric fence Fallout shelter Fire support base Flak tower Hardened aircraft shelter Hesco bastion Main Line of Resistance Revetment Sentry gun Spider hole Submarine pen Tunnel warfare Underground hangar By topography Cave castle Hill castle Hill fort Hillside castle Hilltop castle Island castle Lowland castle Marsh castle Moated castle Promontory fort Ridge castle Rocca Rock castle Spur castle Water castle By role Coercion castle Counter-castle Ganerbenburg Hunting lodge Imperial castle Kaiserpfalz Landesburg Lustschloss Ordensburg Refuge castle Toll castle Urban castle By design Bridge castle Circular rampart Concentric castle L - plan castle Motte - and - bailey castle Quadrangular castle Ringfort Ringwork Tower castle See also : Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motte-and-bailey_castle&oldid=808192324 '' Categories : Feudalism Castles by type Motte - and - bailey castles Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Articles with French - language external links Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Gaeilge Italiano Latina Limburgs Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 12 : 44 . 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"The motte-and-bailey castle is a particularly northern European phenomenon, most numerous in Normandy and Britain, but also seen in Denmark, Germany, Southern Italy and occasionally beyond.[41] European castles first emerged in the 9th and 10th centuries, after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes and local territories became threatened by the Magyars and the Norse.[42] Against this background, various explanations have been put forward to explain the origins and spread of the motte-and-bailey design across northern Europe; there is often a tension among the academic community between explanations that stress military and social reasons for the rise of this design.[43] One suggestion is that these castles were built particularly in order to protect against external attack – the Angevins, it is argued, began to build them to protect against the Viking raids, and the design spread to deal with the attacks along the Slav and Hungarian frontiers.[44] Another argument is that, given the links between this style of castle and the Normans, who were of Viking descent, it was in fact originally a Viking design, transported to Normandy and Angers.[45] The motte-and-bailey castle was certainly effective against assault, although as historian André Debord suggests, the historical and archaeological record of the military operation of motte-and-bailey castles remains relatively limited.[46]"
] | [
"northern Europe"
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8675504310146263022 | 1996 FIFA World Player of the Year | 1996 FIFA World Player of the Year - wikipedia 1996 FIFA World Player of the Year Jump to : navigation , search 1996 FIFA World Player of the year ← 1995 1997 → The 1996 FIFA World Player of the Year award was won by Ronaldo , the youngest player to ever win the award , aged 20 . Results ( edit ) Name Club Country Total Ronaldo PSV Barcelona Brazil 329 George Weah Milan Liberia 140 Alan Shearer Blackburn Rovers Newcastle United England 123 Matthias Sammer Borussia Dortmund Germany 109 Jürgen Klinsmann Bayern Munich Germany 54 6 Nwankwo Kanu Ajax Inter Milan Nigeria 32 7 Paolo Maldini Milan Italy 25 8 Davor Šuker Sevilla Real Madrid Croatia 24 9 Gabriel Batistuta Fiorentina Argentina 19 10 Romário Flamengo Valencia Brazil 13 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FIFA Awards -- World Player of the Year - Top 10 '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . See also ( edit ) FIFA Player of the Year FIFA World Player of the Year 1991 : Matthäus 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Romário 1995 : Weah 1996 : Ronaldo 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Zidane 2001 : Figo 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Zidane 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi The Best FIFA Men 's Player 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo See also : Ballon d'Or Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1996_FIFA_World_Player_of_the_Year&oldid=787399133 '' Categories : 1996 in association football FIFA World Player of the Year Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands Português Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2017 , at 04 : 48 . About Wikipedia | who was named the best footballer in the world in 1996 | [
"The 1996 FIFA World Player of the Year award was won by Ronaldo, the youngest player to ever win the award, aged 20."
] | [
"Ronaldo"
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5544342033075519604 | Choo Choo Soul | Choo Choo Soul - wikipedia Choo Choo Soul Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Soul Train . Choo Choo Soul is a children 's entertainment act composed of Genevieve Goings and her partner Constatine `` DC '' Abramson , a dancer and beat boxer dressed as a railroad engineer . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and recordings 2 Disney Channel and Treehouse TV series 3 Live concerts 4 References 5 External links History and recordings ( edit ) Choo Choo Soul began as a collaboration between video game developer Greg Johnson , recording engineer and sound designer Burke Trieschmann , and vocalist Genevieve Goings during dialogue recordings for ToeJam & Earl III : Mission to Earth , the first Xbox installment of the ToeJam & Earl video game franchise . Johnson created the concept and recorded melodies and accompaniment tracks onto his cellphone and e-mailed them to Treischmann to develop . Once in the studio , Goings provided vocals . The act debuted in 2004 as a 16 - track CD Baby studio album that described itself as `` kids ' music that wo n't drive parents crazy . '' It is now out of print . On October 31 , 2006 , Walt Disney Records released Choo Choo Soul , a 12 - track album available through the iTunes Store and other online music outlets . It features most of the same songs as the 2004 release . In 2007 , `` Choo - Choo Soul with Beautiful Genevieve ! '' was honored with a Parents ' Choice Award for children 's television . In May 2008 , Disney released featured a two - disc set which consisted of the Choo Choo Soul album on CD , and a DVD featuring ten music videos . Disney channel and Treehouse tv series ( edit ) Beginning in May 2006 , a series of Choo Choo Soul interstitial programs began airing in the United States during the Playhouse Disney programming block on the Disney Channel . The music video -- style shorts feature Goings and D.C. performing Choo Choo Soul songs with a group of young children in a blend of live action and computer animation . In July 2011 , Choo Choo Soul filmed 8 new video shorts , re-making Disney `` classic '' songs in their urban style for the new network `` Disney Junior . '' Genevieve also sings the network 's theme song `` I Wanna Go '' along with 16 other short songs for the network . On March 22 , 2012 , Treehouse , a Canadian channel and a series of Choo Choo Soul interstitial programs began airing in Canada during the weekday morning programs on Treehouse from 6am - 6pm . Live concerts ( edit ) Choo Choo Soul tours regularly across the U.S. and Canada . Choo - Choo Soul has performed live on several occasions in 2007 , including September and October shows at the Disney - MGM Studios theme park at Walt Disney World Resort in Florida , a performance at the Boston Globe Children 's Book Festival in Boston , Massachusetts on September 15 and several shows in June 2009 at Sesame Place located near Philadelphia , PA . They have performed at Sea World Orlando in 2012 and 2013 at the `` Just for Kids '' Event in January . Choo - Choo Soul has been touring the U.S. and Canada from 2007 , and was the opening act for the Imagination Movers during their Big Warehouse Tour in 2011 . They toured 56 cities . Choo - Choo Soul also performed at the 2011 California State Fair in Sacramento . Choo Choo Soul read two stories at the 2016 White House Easter Egg Roll . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Interview Constatine `` DC '' Abramson `` . celebrityparentsmag.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Choo Choo Soul Official Facebook Page '' . facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Sega ToeJam & Earl III User Manual Page 40 '' . manualslib.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Juniors Genevieve Goings Talks About Choo Choo Soul '' . mediamikes.com . February 2013 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Choo Choo Soul '' . Parents-choice.org . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Choo Choo Soul ( CD + DVD ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Choo Choo Soul to Join the Movers ! '' . Imagination Movers . January 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Carla ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Things to do in Sacramento and Beyond : Reserve tickets available for state fair concerts '' . Blogs.sacbee.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Playhouse Disney site Playhouse Disney 1990s Bear in the Big Blue House PB&J Otter Rolie Polie Olie Out of the Box 2000s The Book of Pooh Stanley JoJo 's Circus Shanna 's Show Higglytown Heroes Breakfast with Bear Little Einsteins My Friends Tigger & Pooh Bunnytown Johnny and the Sprites Charlie and Lola Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Handy Manny Happy Monster Band Imagination Movers Tasty Time with ZeFronk This is Daniel Cook This is Emily Yeung Jungle Junction Where Is Warehouse Mouse ? Special Agent Oso See also Disney Channel Disney Junior Walt Disney Television Animation Disney Junior original programming Original series Doc McStuffins The Lion Guard Miles from Tomorrowland Sofia the First Goldie & Bear Mickey and the Roadster Racers Puppy Dog Pals Vampirina Acquired series Kate & Mim - Mim The Octonauts P. King Duckling PJ Masks Re-running series Special Agent Oso Handy Manny Henry Hugglemonster Imagination Movers Little Einsteins Jake and the Never Land Pirates My Friends Tigger & Pooh Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Sheriff Callie 's Wild West Original short series Minnie 's Bow - Toons Nina Needs to Go ! Small Potatoes Whisker Haven Tales with the Palace Pets Returning short series Can You Teach My Alligator Manners ? Cars Toons Choo Choo Soul Chuggington : Badge Quest Go , Baby ! Handy Manny 's School for Tools Happy Monster Band Tasty Time with ZeFronk Where Is Warehouse Mouse ? Shanna 's Show Original future programming Fancy Nancy See also Disney Junior -- Live on Stage ! Disney movies Disney Channel Playhouse Disney Soapnet Disney Television Animation List of programs broadcast by Toon Disney and List of programs broadcast by Disney Junior Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choo_Choo_Soul&oldid=802876735 '' Categories : Preschool education television series American children 's television series American children 's musical groups Television series with live action and animation Trains in fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 00 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the girl in choo choo soul train | [
"Choo Choo Soul is a children's entertainment act composed of Genevieve Goings and her partner Constatine \"DC\" Abramson [1], a dancer and beat boxer dressed as a railroad engineer.[2]"
] | [
"Genevieve Goings"
] |
-6844718002288756327 | Got You (Where I Want You) | Got You ( Where I Want You ) - Wikipedia Got You ( Where I Want You ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Got You ( Where I Want You ) '' Single by The Flys from the album Holiday Man / Disturbing Behavior soundtrack B - side `` Damn '' `` Gods of Basketball ( Colossal Mix ) '' Released 1998 Length 4 : 01 Label Trauma Songwriter ( s ) Adam Paskowitz Producer ( s ) Chris Gross The Flys singles chronology `` Got You ( Where I Want You ) '' ( 1998 ) `` She 's So Huge '' ( 1999 ) `` Got You ( Where I Want You ) '' ( 1998 ) `` She 's So Huge '' ( 1999 ) `` Got You ( Where I Want You ) '' is the first single released from The Flys ' second studio album , Holiday Man , as well as from the soundtrack to the 1998 film Disturbing Behavior . It reached a peak of No. 5 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart on December 19 , 1998 . It is featured in the 2008 film Sex Drive , the song can be heard when Ian , played by Josh Zuckerman , is at work at the mall and staring at girls around him . Chart History ( edit ) Chart Peak position Canadian Singles Chart 13 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 36 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The Flys Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Flys Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) `` Got You ( Where I Want You ) '' at Discogs ( list of releases ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics This 1990s pop song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Got_You_(Where_I_Want_You)&oldid=808075993 '' Categories : 1998 songs The Flys ( US band ) songs 1990s pop song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 18 : 53 . About Wikipedia | who sings got you where i want you | [
"\"Got You (Where I Want You)\" is the first single released from The Flys' second studio album, Holiday Man, as well as from the soundtrack to the 1998 film Disturbing Behavior. It reached a peak of No. 5 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart on December 19, 1998. It is featured in the 2008 film Sex Drive, the song can be heard when Ian, played by Josh Zuckerman, is at work at the mall and staring at girls around him."
] | [
"The Flys"
] |
-2208052264273123535 | Jax Teller | Jax Teller - wikipedia Jax Teller Jump to : navigation , search Jax Teller First appearance `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance `` Papa 's Goods '' ( episode 7.13 ) Created by Kurt Sutter Portrayed by Charlie Hunnam Information Nickname ( s ) Jackie Boy , the Prince ( various ) , Handsome Jack ( Charlie Barosky ) , the King , Jax Gender Male Occupation Outlaw motorcyclist , gun runner , mechanic Title Vice President ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) President ( seasons 5 - 7 ) Family John Teller ( father , deceased ) Gemma Teller Morrow ( mother , deceased ) Clay Morrow ( stepfather , deceased ) Thomas Teller ( brother , deceased ) Trinity Ashby ( paternal half - sister ) Nate Madock ( maternal grandfather ) Rose Madock ( maternal grandmother , deceased ) Nathaniel Madock ( maternal uncle , deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Wendy Case ( ex-wife ) Tara Knowles ( wife , deceased ) Children Abel Teller Thomas Teller Jackson Nathaniel `` Jax '' Teller is a fictional character and the protagonist on the FX television series Sons of Anarchy , played by British actor Charlie Hunnam . He was the President of the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club 's Redwood Original ( SAMCRO ) mother chapter based in Charming , California . Until the end of season four , he was the Vice President of the club after the season finale he becomes the President . He has a number of tattoos , most notably his club 's logo on his back , a tribute to his father John Teller on his right arm , his son Abel 's name on his chest , and his second son , also the name of his deceased brother , Thomas on his left arm . On his cut , he wears patches reading `` V. President '' ( later replaced with `` President '' ) , `` Men of Mayhem '' , and a memorial patch for Opie . The motorcycle that he rides is a Harley - Davidson Dyna - Glide , specifically a 2003 Super Glide Sport Fxdx from seasons 1 - 5 , from seasons 5 - 7 he can be seen riding a Dyna Super Glide Custom as well as a Street Glide . He is also seen driving a light grey Dodge Ram 1500 pickup truck . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Season One 1.2 Season Two 1.3 Season Three 1.4 Season Four 1.5 Season Five 1.6 Season Six 1.7 Season Seven 2 Origins and critical response 3 References Biography ( edit ) Jackson `` Jax '' Teller was the son of Gemma and John Teller and was born in 1978 , and raised in Charming , California . His father died in 1993 and his mother remarried Clay Morrow , who then became President of the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club Redwood Original ( SAMCRO ) . He lives with the genetic heart disorder ( `` family flaw '' as Gemma calls it ) that his brother Thomas `` Tommy '' Teller ( January 8 , 1984 -- April 4 , 1990 ) died from at the age of six . He carries a USMC KA - BAR fighting knife although his dad served in the United States Army ( 25th infantry division ) . At the beginning of the series , Jax serves as the club 's Vice President , and works as a mechanic at Teller - Morrow Automotive Repair . He has served time in prison for smuggling and gun - running . His last arrest was in 2013 / 4 . He married Wendy Case , but filed for divorce because of her drug habit . After Wendy got clean , they reconciled and conceived a son , Abel . Overwhelmed by the idea of being a father and tired of fighting with Wendy , Jax leaves his pregnant wife , allowing her to continue to live in his home while he moved into the clubhouse . Left on her own , Wendy begins using again and winds up overdosing . Abel was born 10 weeks premature and addicted to crank in the pilot episode . In season 5 , Jax married his high - school sweetheart and the love of his life Tara Knowles and who is mother of his second son , Thomas . Having discovered several of his father 's old journals and an old manuscript titled The Life and Death of Sam Crow : How the Sons of Anarchy Lost Their Way , which collectively lay out the original manifesto for SAMCRO , he finds himself doubting the club 's direction , causing friction between himself and his stepfather Clay , and spreading doubt among the other members . Another member of SAMCRO , Opie Winston , has been his best friend since childhood . Season one ( edit ) Season One begins with the Sons of Anarchy ( SOA ) finding their weapon storage warehouse being burned down . The SOA rush to the scene , where local police officers are already investigating . Jax and Clay talk to Sheriff Vic Trammel about the blaze , who claims that propane tanks inside the building blew up , and that he suspects arson , due to the bootprints inside . Trammel then shows them the burned corpses of the people hidden beneath the building , who were illegal immigrants . It is later revealed they were Mexican prostitutes `` owned '' by the club 's Sergeant - at - Arms , Tig Trager . When Jax returns home and begins looking through storage , he finds old photographs of his late father and a journal titled The Life and Death of Sam Crow : How the Sons of Anarchy Lost Their Way written by him , and for his sons Jackson and Thomas ( who had already died at the time of writing ) . Jax is then called away to a group meeting ( `` Church '' ) where all chapter members meet . These are : Clay Morrow ( President ) , Bobby Munson ( Treasurer ) , Tig Trager ( Sergeant - at - Arms ) , Chibs Telford ( Medic ) , Piney Winston ( Co-founder ) , Juice Ortiz ( intelligence officer ) and Happy . Clay announces that Juice has located the guns and that they were stolen by the Mayans , a rival motorcycle gang . They decide to get some payback the next day , despite Jax 's suggesting that the club look into other ways of earning money instead of dealing weapons , especially with so many rival groups on their back . Meanwhile , Gemma finds Jax 's pregnant ex-wife Wendy Case collapsed in her home , and she rushes to the hospital . Dr. Tara Knowles tells him that track marks were found on Wendy 's hands and feet , and that they had to perform an emergency C - section on her , leaving the baby ten weeks premature . Because of this , the baby has a heart defect and a tear in his abdomen . The latter is from Wendy 's drug abuse , but the former problem is likely a genetic defect . Together , both defects are near - fatal . The baby has just a 20 % chance of survival . Jax and Tara were high school sweethearts , and she personally requested to help on his case . Jax decides not to visit his baby boy , named Abel , and instead flees the hospital . He then goes to a local bar with Bobby and Chibs and beats Wendy 's dealer , who is a member of the Nordics gang , repeatedly with a pool cue . Later on , he visits Opie Winston , a former SOA member who was recently released from prison and promised his wife and children that he would never return . Jax convinces Opie to ride along with him the next day , however . Jax later returns to visit Wendy in the hospital , who promises she 'll get clean . She also says the doctors told her Abel is getting stronger , but she is facing a charge of fetal abuse as she has a stash drawer at home . She asks him to get rid of the stash before she faces time in jail . Jax turns up at his house , which he finds his mother feverishly cleaning . Jax tells her that Abel is going to die , which angers Gemma , who slaps him and tells him that he is the only one his son has . Jax asks her about his father 's original vision of the club and she responds that it was to create a brotherhood and a family . Jax tells her about the writings he found , how his father wanted a social rebellion , not an outlaw club . When she leaves , Jax flushes Wendy 's stash down the toilet and takes her gun . Clay and Gemma begin to worry that Jax is abandoning the club and what it stands for . The next day , Clay , Jax and Bobby meet Ernest Darby , the Nordics ' leader , and tell him never to bring methamphetamine or any other drug into Charming again . That night , as they prepare to go and get their guns back from San Leandro , Jax tells Opie not to come because of the situation with his family and Bobby is occupied performing his Elvis act at a club in Lake Tahoe . When they arrive at the industrial storage warehouse and find the guns , three Mayans turn up in a car outside . Clay and Chibs then shoot and kill the Mayans and another man , who has a number of Nazi and White supremacist tattoos . He was a member of the Nordics , a local skinhead gang allied with the Mayans , and it later emerges that his name was Whistler . Jax was also armed but hit a mental barrier before he could fire a shot . They then escape with the weapons and destroy the building using explosives . Wayne Unser , the Chief of the Charming Police Department , has always gotten on well with the Sons of Anarchy during his time in charge , and even employed them as muscle at times . However , he is dying from cancer and will retire at the end of the month , handing power over to his Deputy , David Hale , who is overtly suspicious of the SOA and will almost definitely begin an investigation into the club . Hale talks to Jax , telling him that when he becomes Chief , he wo n't look the other way with the Sons of Anarchy like his predecessor did . To distract the police from their activities , the burnt - down warehouse in particular , Jax , Chibs and Half - Sack Epps ( a Prospect in the club ) acquire two dead bodies from the local morgue and set them up in a fake shoot - out . The set - up shooting is made to look like a racist murder involving the Nordics . On his way back to town , Jax is cut off on the road by a man driving a red muscle car . He later catches up with this man at a petrol station and beats him up . The driver then pulls out a pistol and attempts to shoot Jax , but is wrestled to the ground and then killed by the Pakistani shopkeeper , who hits him with a fire axe . The trio then steal the CCTV tapes and flee the scene . Later , Jax visits baby Abel , and Tara tells him that he will make a full recovery . She also says that Wendy is being put through sedated detox , and she will be out for a couple of days . Local businessman Elliot Oswald goes to Clay after his 13 - year - old daughter was raped at a carnival , and asks the Sons of Anarchy to hunt down the rapist and kill him , in exchange for money . Clay refuses the money , but insists if they catch the rapist , Oswald must carry out the punishment himself . Juice and Gemma find out that the rapist is one of the carnies and the gang capture him and bring him to Oswald , who tries to castrate him , but ca n't bring himself to do it . Clay then carries the punishment out , but wears gloves while doing it . He then blackmails Oswald for the crime , as only Oswald 's fingerprints are on the knife , because Oswald was about to sell off much of the land around Charming to big business and housing , which would challenge the SOA 's reign over the town . Jax is unhappy that Clay did not tell him of the plan , however , and tells Clay to always inform him on his future motives . When a Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) agent Josh Kohn arrives in Charming and begins investigating the club , the SOA decide that they should move their weapons to Indian Hills , Nevada , where their brother club , the Devil 's Tribe , are based . Clay sends Bobby and Jax to inform the Devil 's Tribe that the Sons of Anarchy will be patching over them and storing guns on their property . On the way there , they encounter a group of Mayans on the road and engage in a shootout , although no one is killed . Later , the pair run into a couple as they leave a petrol station . The man is posing for a picture on Jax 's bike and is extremely disrespectful to the woman , named Suzi , so they beat him up . Jax then picks Suzi up for sex and carries on with his journey . When they arrive at the Devil 's Tribe clubhouse and inform them of the news , their President , Jury , is not pleased but eventually accepts that it is the best decision for both clubs . After the patch - over party , Jax goes for a ride and attracts the attention of a group of Mayans . He then draws them back to the clubhouse , where the Sons of Anarchy are waiting for them . A large shootout ensues , during which Jury is shot and injured . After having sex with Jax , Suzi leaves and returns to her old boyfriend . The ATF agent has been following Jax the whole time , taking photographs . He sends a picture of Jax and Suzi having sex to Tara , his former lover . Otto Delaney and a number of other imprisoned SAMCRO members have been protecting Chuck in Stockton prison . He is wanted by the Triads because he stole money from them , then informed on a number of their members when he was arrested . When Clay and Jax visit Otto in prison , he tells them that if they protected Chuck when he was released , he would inform them where the Triads keep their money . They agree and pick him up from prison and bring him to the clubhouse . SAMCRO intends to wait until the restaurant , where the money is stored , closes before raiding it , but Chuck 's frequent unconscious masturbating is unbearable for them and they decide to raid the restaurant straight away . At the restaurant , Jax uses his knife to cut open a newly plastered patch on the ceiling where the bag of money is . However , just after they steal the money and some counterfeiting plates , the Triads turn up . Instead of starting a war , Clay decides to make a deal ; SAMCRO hands over Chuck and the plates , and the Triads let them keep the stolen money . Meanwhile , Kyle Hobart , a disgraced former SAMCRO member , goes to Jax and asks him if the Sons want in on his deal selling stolen car parts . Jax accepts and invites him to the clubhouse that night . This is a setup , however , to punish him for not having his SOA tattoo removed after being disowned by the club . At the clubhouse , they tie him up and Tig uses a blowtorch to burn off the tattoo . Jax and Piney sell five AK - 47s to Nate Meineke and his right - wing state militia . They then use these guns to ambush a prison convoy and free one of their members , Frank Cison . A police officer and two bystanders are killed during the assault . Meineke drops his cell phone at the scene , and his last calls have been to Clay Morrow . When the ATF finds the phone , they arrest Clay and raid the clubhouse . Clay is later released because no evidence is found , meaning he can no longer be kept in custody . Meanwhile , Jax , Piney and Opie decide to kill Meineke and his gang to prevent them from snitching if they are apprehended by the authorities . They pretend to sell them more weapons . The `` boxes of guns '' are actually filled with explosives , however , and the militia loads their trucks with them . All the militia are killed when the bombs are detonated . When Tara tells Jax that ATF agent Josh Kohn has been stalking her , Jax threatens to kill Kohn if he goes near Tara again . Jax also reports him to David Hale , who in turn informs the ATF . Upon learning that the authorities have not yet apprehended Kohn , Jax hunts Kohn down , himself . Jax found him at the local barber shop , and a brawl ensues with Jax emerging the victor . Kohn is then arrested for breaching Tara 's restraining order against him . While riding his motorcycle on the highway , Jax comes across a truck driver , who has been badly beaten , on the hood of his truck . The trucker says that the Nordics had beaten him because he owed them money . They also later took his truck and tanker full of diesel fuel . Jax and Opie then hijack the truck back from the Nords and sell it is to Wayne Unser , who runs a trucking company . This then gives SAMCRO enough money to buy weapons from the True IRA . Later that night , Jax goes to Tara 's house , after she phones him and asked him to come over . Kohn has broken in and tried to rape her , but she grabbed his gun and shot him in the stomach . Jax then kills Kohn and has sex with Tara . Cameron Hayes , a member of the True IRA , offers SAMCRO a free shipment of guns if they will carry out a hit on Brenan Hefner , the man who killed his cousin Michael McKeavey . Jax , Bobby and Opie then go to the hotel room , where he sees his African American mistress . Opie is supposed to shoot him when he leaves the room , but freezes and Bobby steps in and shoots him at close range with a silenced pistol . The ATF arrests Luann Delaney and Cherry , the women of Otto and Half - Sack , and threatens them with prison if they do not give information on SAMCRO . Bobby , Piney and Tig start a brawl at a local bar and most of the town 's small police force have to go to the scene to break it up . This gives Jax and Opie an opportunity to break into the police station , with the help of Unser , and free Cherry . Luann stays behind because the ATF are about to get Otto to plead to a case that he thought was harmless , to secure him and Luann a deal , but in fact would lead to the arrest of every club member . So Luann has to get the message to Otto . When Bobby is arrested for the murder of Brenan Hefner , Agent Stahl makes it seem that Opie is the one who identified him . Jax never tells Clay and the other club members that Opie lost his nerve and failed to shoot Hefner , forcing Bobby to shoot Hefner from the other side of the door , where the girl saw him . Still thinking that the Hefner shoot went down clean , and thus the only people who could have seen were the other SOA members , along with all the evidence engineered by Stahl , it seems extremely likely that Opie is the rat . Jax defends Opie , however , and convinces some of the club that the ATF has set him up . Clay has Tig check Opie 's car for wiretaps , which Tig finds . Tig and Clay are convinced Opie is guilty and decide to kill him . Tara begins staying with Jax at the clubhouse after shooting Kohn because being at her house makes her uncomfortable . When Jax and Tara are kissing at the hospital , Wendy sees them and later confronts Tara . The next day , Jax goes with Clay , Tig and Opie to make an arms deal with the Mayans in Oakland . The One - Niners attack the deal , however , and they escape while the Mayans and Niners fight . Clay and Tig had made a deal with the Niners , but did n't inform Jax or the others ; the Niners were supposed to eliminate the Mayans after the SOA left , but they decide to take them out also . Later that night , Abel is released from the hospital and a party is held in celebration . Tara again kisses Jax at the party , purposely in plain view for Wendy to see . Jax then pulls Tara aside , and asks her not to flaunt their relationship in front of a newly recovered Wendy , and `` to be cool with whatever this is . '' He reaches for her and she seems to draw back in a way that indicates a PTSD reaction resulting in her slapping his face . Tara storms out . When Opie leaves the party , he takes his wife 's car to take his children home in , and his wife takes his pick - up truck . Tig thinks Opie is driving the truck and shoots Donna . Wendy tells Jax that she wants to give their relationship another chance now that they have a child , but he refuses , saying that things will be no different from before . When he later visits Tara , she tells him that she is afraid of being caught for killing Kohn and that she is moving back to Chicago . He admits she is the only woman he has ever loved and that he only married Wendy because he was lonely . At Church , Piney says he wanted to kill Laroy as revenge for killing Donna , so Jax tells Half - Sack to follow Piney to make sure Piney does n't do anything unnecessary . Half - Sack subsequently calls Jax because Piney had gone into a bar in Oakland and is holding a Niner hostage . When Jax and Chibs arrive , they manage to get Piney out and have a talk with Laroy , who says it was n't his gang who killed Donna . When he visits the police station to ask Unser if he had any leads on Donna 's killing , David Hale approaches him . Hale tells Jax about Stahl 's setting up Opie , and Jax then realizes that it was SAMCRO who killed Donna . He confronts Clay about this at the clubhouse and asks if he ( Clay ) had anything to do with Donna 's death . Clay denies it . As Jax leaves the clubhouse , Juice tells him that the witness to Hefner 's killing is a 17 - year - old girl and that Chibs , Happy and Tig are on their way to kill her . Jax then drives out to San Joaquin on his motorcycle and stops Tig from killing her at gunpoint . He tells Chibs and Happy to leave and threatens the witness into leaving the state . He then beats Tig up because he killed Donna . Jax spends the night in the graveyard , drinking vodka . The next morning , he goes to Donna 's funeral , which is attended by Sons of Anarchy from all across the country . He and Tara share a kiss , and the season ends as he stands and looks at his father 's and brother 's gravestones . Season two ( edit ) In the first episode of Season 2 , Jax and Clay go head to head over Donna 's death . The only reason Jax does not tell Opie the truth is he loves Opie too much and does not want him to lose the only family he 's got left -- the club . Jax insists on coming with Opie , Chibs and Tig to murder a Mayan member who SAMCRO frames for Donna 's murder . After the Mayan is killed , Opie carves the Sons of Anarchy symbol into his stomach ( so the Mayans will know why the man was killed ) . After Opie , Chibs and Tig leave , Jax removes the symbol and disposes of the body in Mayan territory , putting up 9 fingers to make it look like the Niners killed the man . Jax has gotten a new tattoo : his son Abel 's name on his left pec . He is seen saving Tig from bounty hunters with Chibs , Happy , Half - Sack and Piney . He assumes that Ethan Zobelle and L.O.A.N. will fight an underhanded war against SAMCRO and he is against Clay 's plans to strike at the Aryans head - on . Jax finds fault with most everything Clay says and the two grow farther and farther apart . After L.O.A.N. burns down Cara - Cara , Jax suspects it was Clay , since Clay did not want the porn business around after Luann is murdered . This drives Jax over the edge , and he decides to go Nomad . The vote is unanimous and Jax removes Vice President patch and his Redwood Original patches in preparation to go Nomad , but after learning of his mother 's rape at the hands of L.O.A.N. , he returns as the Vice President of SAMCRO wanting revenge on L.O.A.N. , specifically A.J. Weston . Jax also learns that L.O.A.N. was responsible for the burning of Cara - Cara . After finding out Tig has told Opie the truth about Donna 's death , Opie leaves the clubhouse looking for Stahl . Jax assumes that since Stahl is investigating L.O.A.N. , Opie will be after Zobelle and his crew , and goes off to follow Zobelle . While following Zobelle , Jax learns that Zobelle is dealing with the Mayans behind Weston 's back . In the Season 2 finale `` Na Trioblóidí , '' Jax finally gets revenge on A.J. Weston by killing him in a tattoo parlor bathroom . Agent Stahl kills Edmond in his attempt to murder her . Stahl frames Gemma Morrow for Edmond 's murder when Gemma comes to kill Zobelle 's daughter , who was responsible for kidnapping Gemma . At the end of the episode , Cameron Hayes , who mistakenly thinks Gemma killed his son , stabs and kills Half - Sack and kidnaps Jax 's son Abel , fleeing on his motorboat to an unknown location . Jax is last seen distraught and crying on the docks while Clay and the other Sons console him , watching Hayes speed off with his son . Season three ( edit ) In the first episode , we see Jax still distraught over the loss of Abel . As the Sons go out to look for Cameron , he remains neutral . He attempts to break up with Tara because he believes he is ruining her life , but she remains loyal to him and refuses to leave . At Half - Sack 's wake , Clay tells Jax that he has to be strong to inspire his SAMCRO brothers . When a woman 's son is shot in the drive - by after the wake , Jax finally loses it and continually bashes the gunman 's head into the pavement until his fellow Sons pull him away . Also in subsequent episodes , he increasingly tries to push Tara out of his life . When Jax finds out that Abel is in Belfast ( despite Jimmy O'Phellan's diversions ) , he puts into motion a deal with Agent Stahl to give her Jimmy and the True IRA in Northern California in exchange for her dropping the charges against his mother Gemma and reducing the federal gun charges that SAMCRO has against it . Jax knows all too well that this deal is very dangerous for him because he will be going behind Clay and SAMCRO 's backs . In the episode `` The Push '' , Jax asks Tara for help moving black market meds and she agrees . The San Joaquin Sheriffs Department raids the SAMCRO clubhouse based on a tip from Ernest Darby ( who saw the deal go down ) and Jax feels that Tara is risking too much by being involved with him and the club . He breaks up with her and ends up having sex with Ima , one of the former Cara - Cara pornstars . The next morning Tara walked in on him and Ima . When he sees her later in the day he apologizes for what happened earlier , but she is not interested in listening , because she believed he meant for it to happen to hurt her . She thinks he blames her for Abel 's kidnapping . He continues to say it is to protect her , but she does n't believe him . He , Clay and Tig later pick up Gemma from the hospital to take her to Belfast with them . When they arrive , Jax and the club are stopped by the police and are in danger of being deported back to America . After interrogating the officers it discovered that someone not only called them , but also paid them to deport SAMCRO . Once they reach the clubhouse belonging to the Belfast chapter , Jax meets Maureen and Trinity Ashby . Trinity is Jax 's half - sister , although this fact is n't known by either of them yet . There are subtle hints that Jax and Trinity may be attracted to each other . Jax later meets with father Kellan Ashby . Father Kellan explains to Jax that the Real IRA wants to get rid of Jimmy O'Phellan and that they want SAMCRO to do it , because the Real IRA does n't want to resort to killing one of their own leaders . Father Kellan promises Jax that he will give Abel back if Jax kills Jimmy . In the episode `` Turas , '' when SAMCRO are nearly killed by a bomb hidden in a gun shipment put there by the SAMBEL Sgt . at Arms , Jax has a shell shocked vision of his biological father speaking to him , but it turns out to actually be his stepfather , Clay Morrow . The next day SAMCRO , with the help of Sean Casey , interrogates Liam O'Neill about his connection to Jimmy . O'Neill confesses that he blew up the truck that killed members of the Real IRA and SAMBEL . He also admits that McGee is working for Jimmy . After a shootout with Jimmy and his crew , Jax chases Jimmy but ca n't get to him in time . He makes it back just in time to watch Clay kill McGee for betraying the club . Later that night , Jax and the club meet with the IRA council to present the evidence that Jimmy has flipped and learns that it will not be he who kills Jimmy . Back at the clubhouse , Jax and Trinity come close to having sex , but Gemma and Maureen walk in on them . Jax learns from his mother that Trinity is his half - sister . He takes it well , even joking that in two more minutes he would have been in Tig 's territory . After talking to his mother , he meets with Father Ashby to find out where Abel is . Father Ashby admits that he never planned to give Abel back , because he knew of John Teller 's desire to keep Jax out of the life and decided if he could n't help Jax he could try to help Abel by giving him to a better family to raise him . Jax becomes furious and attacks Ashby , only to be thrown over a table . After Jax threatens to kill Sean Casey at gunpoint , Ashby then finally tells Jax where he can find Abel . However , Ashby tells Jax that if he loves Abel , he will let him go . When Jax finally finds Abel , his emotions and Ashby 's advice do n't allow him to decide whether to rescue Abel or leave him with his new adoptive family . Gemma is furious that Jax might give up her grandson , and she tells him that Tara is pregnant with a sibling for Abel . Jimmy O'Phelan kills the Irish adoptive parents and takes Abel hostage . After this happens , Jax decides he is done taking his father 's manuscript to heart and feels that if he never listened to Ashby , his son would n't be that situation . Jax and the Real IRA make a deal with Jimmy to trade Abel for a new hostage , Father Kellan Ashby . Right before leaving Belfast , Jax receives an undisclosed phone call from Tig , which might have been about Tara 's abduction . Once Jax and SAMCRO return from Belfast , they begin looking for Tara . The Mayans help in the search because Salazar is a threat to their new heroin operation in Stockton Prison . They find two women dead in the road . One is Salazar 's girlfriend and the other is a woman Salazar killed for her car . Jax is worried about Tara 's safety and Bobby promises him they will bring her back safely . They discover that Salazar not only has Tara , but has also taken Hale hostage . When Salazar reveals that he will trade Tara for Jax , he is ready and willing . Jax proceeds to get into a fight with Salazar . Salazar runs , only to end up cornered in the hall , where Jax stabs him to death and makes it look like self - defense . Later , he goes with Tara to have an ultrasound to make sure the baby is healthy . Jax later meets with Stahl , who is still determined to see the deal through . In the finale , it is revealed that his deal with Stahl was a club decision , and that he would never rat on his family . When she inevitably reneges on her promise of secrecy , he acts the part knowing she will soon be dead and they will serve light time . In a letter to Gemma , Jax assures her that he is not his father and would never rat on the club . However , Tara reads a letter from Jax 's father to his mistress Maureen Ashby , after the club is arrested , which strongly suggests that Gemma and Clay were responsible for John Teller 's death . Season four ( edit ) Jax and the other club members are released from prison . He has abdominal scars stemming from a prison stabbing incident involving the Russian mob . Also , Jax 's appearance is different . He has cut his hair and trimmed his beard . After he returns home to Tara and their two sons , Abel and newborn Thomas , they make love . During a post-coital discussion , Jax proposes to Tara , with the ring wrapped in the tiny fist of his second son , Thomas . She accepts . The newly engaged couple then have a discussion about their future as a family , in which Jax admits to wanting to leave the Sons once Clay has stepped down as President . Later , he attends Opie 's wedding as his best man . After the ceremony , Jax goes with Clay and the Russians to shoot a gun given to Opie as a wedding gift from the Russians . While Clay is testing the gun , he shoots Putlova 's bodyguards and Jax stabs Putlova to death in revenge for trying to kill him in prison , saying it 's `` just business . '' Jax then returns to the reception to dance with his fiancée , Tara . The next day , Jax and Tara are having breakfast with their sons when they see a news story about four dead bodies found at the Charming Heights construction site . Tara asks Jax to tell her all he knows about it . He tells her that it was retaliation for his getting stabbed in prison . After breakfast , he goes with Clay to the deal they had set up with the Galindo Cartel . At the deal , Jax learns that Clay has set it up for SAMCRO to mule cocaine for the cartel and the Mayans . Clay tells Jax that everything that has happened the last two years has left him and Gemma with no money and that he needs Jax to help him sell it to the rest of SAMCRO . Jax tells Clay that he will back him as long Clay lets Jax out of SAMCRO and that the president 's patch goes to Opie . Clay agrees to the deal . Jax and Clay meet with the rest of SAMCRO try to persuade them that the drug transporting would be good for them , financially . Jax shows them the money they made from the first deal to convince them . After the meeting , Jax and Opie go to the Indian Reservation to see about the ammunition . They are encountered by some vengeful Russians . The Russians threaten to kill two Native Americans they are holding hostage if they do n't get their guns returned . After a scuffle , Jax agrees to call SAMCRO to get their guns to them . Jax and Opie are eventually rescued by the Galindo Cartel , which kills all but two Russians , one of whom is given to the Native Americans for retribution . When Jax and Opie return to the Clubhouse , they discover it has been wrecked by Sheriff Roosevelt . To lighten the mood , Tara announces their engagement . During the celebration , Jax catches a glimpse of Bobby , who pours some liquor on the ground to signify the beginning of the end . He later is the one who convinces the Galindo not to execute Laroy Wayne and numerous One - Niners for working with the Lobos Sonoras . Bobby states this shows he deserves to be president and he knows of Jax 's desire to leave SAMCRO . Jax confronts Clay , telling him that he will help set up the deal between the IRA and the Cartel and then will leave . When Clay responds by insulting Tara , Jax threatens to `` bash those half - dead hands so hard into that table , you 'll never hold that gavel again . '' He tells Tara how he will be coming with her to a hospital visit in Oregon and he will be out of the club soon . They enjoy the peaceful visit , but Tara is attacked by paid Galindo hitmen hired by Clay to stop her from revealing the letters . Jax manages to save her , but her hand is injured as a result . He later sees how Gemma has been viciously beaten by Clay . He confronts him but focuses on the matter at hand : using heavy duty IRA weapons to eliminate Lobos Sonoras . When Clay , Juice , and Romeo are pinned down , Jax calls in the IRA to deliver RPG 's which he and Chibs use to save them . When Opie found out about Piney 's murder at Clay 's hands he goes to the clubhouse , Jax holds him at gunpoint and threatens to kill him , Opie calls his bluff and shoots Clay twice in the chest . He stops Opie from finishing him and gets Unser and Rat to cover the truth . Later , Gemma finally reveals the letters to Jax as well as Clay 's involvement in Piney 's death and Tara 's abduction , angering Jax , who vows to kill Clay himself with a blood thinner given to him by Tara . In the end , Jax does not kill Clay , as he needs Clay alive for the Galindo Cartel / IRA deal . Romeo and Luis are CIA informants and need the gun deal to survive ; however , Irish King Galen will only deal with Clay . They threaten to use the cancelled RICO operation to crush Sons of Anarchy if he does not comply . Instead he tells Clay that he will be stepping down as President , thus making Jax SAMCRO 's new President . He removes Clay 's President patch and calls a meeting where everyone but Opie attends . His first act as President is making Chibs his new Sergeant - at - Arms . He tries one last time to get Tara to leave ( revealing the CIA threat as well ) with his boys , but she comes back telling him she was n't going anywhere . Season five ( edit ) Jax is shown to be in an even more seasoned role as President . He is now starting to write his own manuscript for his sons when they are older . His appearance has changed again ; his hair has grown back out and he has it slicked back . While the Sons are transporting cocaine for the Galindo , they are attacked by Niners , retaliating for Tig murdering Oakland gangster Damon Pope 's daughter ( Veronica ) . He later promotes Bobby to be his VP after Opie rejects the offer due to his hatred for Clay . He later has a meeting with the new Niner leader and Pope 's lieutenant August to cease hostilities between the Sons and Niners . Jax , Chibs and Bobby later find a broken Tig , having had to watch as Pope burned his daughter Dawn alive . After ensuring his other daughter 's safety , Jax , Chibs and Tig are arrested when witnesses bought by Pope testify to Tig running down Veronica Pope and Jax and Chib 's highway shooting of one of the Niners . They hide in a brothel owned by Gemma 's new suitor Nero Padilla . He meets with the club attorney to kill the R.I.C.O. case against SAMCRO and reveals the threat it poses , to Bobby and Tara . Jax manages to get Romeo to provide protection for them inside . Opie later assaults Roosevelt to accompany them . While in prison Jax is visited by Pope . Pope tells Jax that to set things straight for his daughter 's death Pope will receive half the money the Sons gets for transporting cocaine for the Galindo cartel . Pope tells Jax that due to the death , one of the Sons in prison must die and Jax will choose who it will be . Pope also wants Tig to remain in jail for the rest of his life so he can be tortured everyday . Once the death has occurred , the remaining Sons will be freed so they can earn . Jax tells Opie what Pope told him and confides in Opie about Clay killing JT and Piney . When the time comes for Jax to pick one of the Sons to fight to the death , Opie jumps in and hits one of the guards , volunteering himself to be the Son who is sacrificed . Opie is set up to fight against three black prisoners . They beat Opie to death with pipes . While being escorted back to his cell by the head guard who arranged the fight , Jax tells the guard that he is being freed the next day and that he will find him and kill him for killing his best friend . He later meets with Nero ( whose brothel business was shut down by a police raid ) to propose he use SAMCRO 's connections to Cara - Cara porn stars to restart his business and split the profits with the Club . He brings it to the Club to move them away from guns and drugs , and it is voted in at the urging of Clay . They later meet with Galen and the Galindo cartel to set up the big gun sale . He and Galen come to terms with their animosity towards each other and settle it in a fist - fight . To get a location to set up the brothel for Nero , Jax , Bobby , and Chibs meet with Hale asking to lease a piece of property to use . He denies , but later reconsiders when Jax offers him dirt on a member of city council to allow Charming Heights to proceed and Damon Pope as an investor . Jax has another meeting with Pope , who offers him a new deal ; to double their muling fee from Galindo by cutting his gang in on moving the cocaine . The club votes on it and , despite strong objections , it is voted in . Pope also gives Jax the identity and address of the prison sergeant who had Opie killed . To allow the muling to go through , Jax meets with Alvarez , Henry Lin , and the Niner president as the cocaine will move through their territory . Everyone agrees to the agreement allowing things to proceed . At the end of the episode , Jax , Chibs , Bobby , and Tig break into the sergeant 's house and Jax viciously beats him to death with a snow globe and needs to be pulled off of him by Chibs . In `` Toad 's Wild Ride , '' Jax , Bobby and Unser come to the conclusion that the three Nomads Gogo , Greg and Frankie are behind the break - ins and Rita 's death . When Gogo and Greg are killed after trying to kill Unser , the club realizes Frankie has gone underground . Jax confronts Clay about his affiliation with the Nomads , which he denies . Jax merely remarks that when they find Frankie `` they 'll decide who lives and who dies '' . When he and Chibs are riding back to the clubhouse they are attacked by two men with machine guns . They kill one and the other escapes ; when they examine the dead shooter he 's revealed to be black . In the next episode `` Ablation , '' Jax , Tig and Chibs cut the hands off the body and send one to Unser for identification and the other to Pope to send a message . He then learns that Gemma , Abel , and Thomas got in a car crash apparently caused by the escaping shooter running her off the road . Jax meets with Pope , questioning whether he was behind hiring the shooters or the Nomads . Pope denies this and the Niners lead Jax to the other shooter , who reveals that they were hired by Frankie . Jax shoots the gunman multiple times and then pushes him off the building , stunning Chibs and Happy . Later Jax , Chibs , and Bobby go to the new brothel to find Nero and Lyla held at gunpoint by Frankie . He demands $150,000 or he 'll kill Lyla ; Nero gives him $134,000 in cash and some good watches and he takes Chibs as a new hostage . He also reveals Clay put him , Gogo and Grey up to doing the break - ins and shoots Lyla in the leg . He also learns from Nero Gemma crashed because she was high . He tells Tara who hits Gemma and forbids her from seeing her boys . He is met by Roosevelt at the clubhouse who reveals there is another rat at the club 's table , who helped them get their R.I.C.O. case started . He states he will reveal the rat in exchange for Jax bringing Frankie to him . Jax goes to see Tara and tells her that he needs evidence that Clay hired the Nomads to bring to the club , stating he has a plan she might not like . He meets with Gemma and tells her if she wants back into their lives she has to go back to Clay , gain his trust and help him get the evidence he needs . In `` Andare Pescare , '' the club learning that Frankie is hiding with a Mafia family , paying them with Nero 's cash . The club unanimously votes to kill Frankie after getting the identity of who hired him ; however , Jax reveals the need to keep Frankie alive to Bobby to find out the identity of the other rat at the table . They meet with the Mafia Don hiding Frankie , and after a brawl with his bodyguards , Jax tells him that Frankie stole $500,000 from his club ( lying to turn them against Frankie for not paying them enough ) and gives them the location of the safehouse where Frankie is hiding . While on their way there , they spot an explosion and find the safehouse blown up with Clay and Juice holding Frankie at gunpoint . He stops them from killing him yet , but the Mafia Don , furious about one of his men killed by Frankie , guns him down before he can tell them anything . Jax has another meeting with Roosevelt where he reveals Frankie 's death was out of his hands and he figured out that Juice is the rat . The episode ends with Jax in the van tailing Juice . In `` Crucifixed '' Jax , Chibs and Bobby meet to discuss Juice and the RICO case . They decide to wait out Juice to avoid damaging the Club 's image . Jax later meets with Juice stating that if Juice wants to make sure the Club never finds out , he will find some legal documents that would confirm Clay set the Nomads in motion . They later go after another of Opie 's killers , a cousin of Grim Bastard President T.O , who they corner and kill , despite Jax promising not to . The act greatly enrages the Bastards and Bobby . The next episode , `` To Thine Own Self , '' shows Jax ready to pull the club away from the Cartel , now that the RICO case is gone ( Otto having killed a nurse with a cross given to him by Tara , causing the Feds to throw out his statement ) . He is shown to have a plan in motion to ensure everyone wins , which he reveals when he is kidnapped by Romeo ; Jax has set up so the Mayans will take over muling the Cartel 's cocaine and the Triads will use their connections to Gaza , to keep getting them their `` big guns . '' He reveals the deal and the dead RICO case to the Club and it is unanimously voted in . He goes to Clay 's house , with Chibs and Bobby , as Juice states he found the legal documents confirming Clay 's hand in the Nomad attacks . They find them gone as Clay moved them when he was alone . Jax punches Juice and sends him home . He then reveals to Bobby and Chibs he needs Clay to go down by revealing that Clay killed JT and Piney and tried to kill Tara . The next episode `` Darthy '' shows that Bobby convinced Clay to confess to being behind the Nomad attacks in exchange for voting not to kill him . All members of the Club vote to kick Clay out of SAMCRO , but not to kill him due to Bobby 's vote no , and Jax furiously beats Clay . He learns from Lin that it will take 3 -- 4 months to start in on their gun shipments , however Romeo states that Lobo Sonoras is pushing Galindo hard and they need one more shipment of IRA weapons to wait out the time to get the Chinese stock . Jax initially manages to convince Galen to give them the guns , but Romeo shows up with armed Galindo men to take the guns , resulting in a brief gunfight with Galen and his men , before getting the guns . Galen promises to make SAMCRO pay for this . Jax puts the Club on lockdown , but Galen manages to kidnap Wendy from the hospital . He demands $479,000 or he will kill Wendy and kidnap Abel . Jax gets the money from Nero in as a down payment for selling Biz Latz guns . When Wendy threatens to report the entire incident to police and take Abel , Jax goes to her apartment , overpowers and injects her with heroin to destroy her credibility . The season finale shows Jax finalizing his deal with Pope ; He gets a document promising automotive contracts for TM and subsidized housing for Opie 's family . He joins the other Sons in tracking down Nero 's rival Dante and at point during the ensuing fight , shoves a man 's head into a bucket of nails for hurting Chibs . He later takes Tig to a remote location and seemingly hands him over to Pope before shooting three of Pope 's men and giving the gun to Tig , who then shoots Pope . The gun is revealed to be Clay 's ; given to Jax by Juice . Jax then plants the gun for the cops to find . He meets with August putting all blame for Pope 's death on Clay and he had nothing to do with it . He is seen at the end of the episode in dread , as Tara is arrested for her part in Otto 's murder of the nurse . Season six ( edit ) Jax is having problems with his wife Tara being behind bars for her involvement in the death of a nurse . He is trying to continue to move from guns to legitimate businesses . He is seen at the end of episode 1 cheating on Tara with Colette Jane , an escort handler . The next episode showing him meeting resistance from Galen O'Shay to end the gun relationship with the Irish . Galen insists they take a shipment of KG - 9s after a school shooting is committed with one of theirs . Jax also meets with August Marks , to get status on Clay as well as still handing over Tig . He and Nero find the mother of the child , as she is with Nero 's cousin , to make sure she does n't reveal the origins of the weapon . They take her to the cabin , but she panics , grabs a gun and the two run . Nero shoots his cousin and the two bind and gag the woman . Against Nero 's wishes , Jax has Juice smother her and make it seem she overdosed . Jax also learns that Clay has been talking to Lee Toric , the brother of the murdered nurse who is behind Tara 's arrest . The two meet ; Clay states he will not give Toric any damaging information and he is sorry . Jax then tells Toric to leave Tara alone or he will `` show him how personal this is for him . '' He tries later to get a new charter to pick up SAMCRO 's gun business . He also meets with August to seemingly give up Tig , but Tig is later shown to be okay . When the San Dino charter votes down the guns , he offers the pipeline to August . He seems to be making more calls behind the Club 's back , causing friction with Chibs . When he learns of Neo-Nazis attack on Unser ( in retaliation for Clay 's murder of a Stockton member ) he meets with Darby to find them . He later has a second , more aggressive meeting with Galen , telling him SAMCRO is done with guns and they are no more than gangsters . In retaliation , Galen kills Filthy Phil and a prospect , dismembering their bodies , and leaving two cases of KG - 9s . The episode ends with Jax using them to wipe out the Neo-Nazis . The next episode shows SAMCRO and its associates on lockdown while Jax , Tig , Juice , Chibs and Happy try to track down Galen 's associate Connor . When they find Connor , they learn Galen is already gone . Jax then uses Connor 's phone to talk to the Irish Kings and offer them August Marks as a new distributor and tells them he does n't want a war . Roarke tells him they will call at 8 o'clock with an answer . When it is nearly 8 , Jax notices something suspicious about a beer keg , realizing it 's armed , the Sons get everyone out . Jax runs out of the clubhouse with Abel , just as it explodes . With the clubhouse destroyed , Jax and SAMCRO meet at Gemma 's house and Jax talks to Galen and the Kings again , to find that they must cooperate with their terms or more SOA clubhouses will be bombed ; They will spring Clay from prison , have him set up a crew to handle the gun - running and the Sons will turn over all their customers to them without profit . Jax agrees and surprises them by stating he did n't kill Connor and the other Irishmen they abducted . He then meets with all West Coast SOA members and announces the end of the SOA - IRA relationship and the gun - running in favor of legitimate income . At the end of the meeting Bobby rejoins SAMCRO , bringing in three new members . Jax then meets with Hale to lease an old ice cream parlor as their new clubhouse . SAMCRO votes in the new recruits and also patches Ratboy in . Jax later helps Venus , one of Nero 's girls who helped them get dirt on a member of city council , get her son from her emotionally abusive mother Alice . When Alice viciously berates Venus , Jax shoots her in the head . He later finds Tara , who has suffered a miscarriage caused by Gemma . He signs legal forms to keep her from their children . Jax later finds out from Lowen the pregnancy was a lie to keep the boys from him and Gemma . He goes to Colette 's to put distance between him and Tara and tells Juice to watch her . He then meets with Galen to discuss business ; Galen claims SAMCRO must help with their plan to spring Clay from his transport . Jax objects to helping , but has no choice . He and Galen meet with the Cacuzza family to get them to switch to the Irish guns . When the Triads arrive , Galen opens fire on them and they flee . The Cacuzzas make the deal out of fear . This causes the Triads to confront the Sons . They take Happy hostage and tell them to shut down the Irish pipeline . It 's also revealed Jax has made a deal with the district attorney Patterson to turn over Galen and his crew in exchange for immunity for Tara and the Club . Jax goes back to Colette 's to unwind . They have sex , but are caught by Tara who attacks Colette and smacks Jax . She states he did this to her . The next episode `` Aon Rud Persanta '' shows SAMCRO helping free Clay from his transport to trial . They succeed , but Bobby is injured and Juice kills a guard in the process . They meet with Galen who congratulates Jax . Jax then kills Galen , while Tig and Chibs kill his men . Jax explains that the Club took a vote on how to handle the situation . Clay realizes he is next and , resigned to his fate , stands ready . Jax then shoots Clay in the neck and numerous times in the chest . They then stage the killings to look like Clay and the Irish killed each other in a dispute , which Connor backs up . Patterson meets with Jax at the new clubhouse , telling him that whatever happens today , the outcome lands on him and that he is a man , a husband , and a father before SAMCRO and that a good man would not let his family pay the price for his mistakes . Jax manages to track Tara down to a park in Lodi when Rat follows her new lawyer there . Jax assures her that he is n't going to hurt her or the kids and tells her to be a good mother and to keep their kids safe . Jax and Tara meet with Patterson , and he offers to give himself up as the source of the KG - 9 's , and Tara will be free to take the boys anywhere that she wants . Later that night , Jax says his goodbyes to the club members before departing ( He also reveals his knowledge of Juice 's betrayal during their hug ) . At his house , he comes across Tara and Eli Roosevelt 's lifeless bodies on the floor . Jax holds Tara 's body and begins to cry as Patterson and two police officers come in . Patterson takes notice of the bodies and Jax 's gun lying on the floor . Season seven ( edit ) At the beginning of season 7 we see Jax trying to cope with Tara 's death . He is shown to be held in Stockton prison on parole violation for the gun he had when he was arrested , as well as for being a suspect for Tara and Eli 's deaths . He uses the time in Stockton to viciously beat a rat for the Aryan Brotherhood leader Tully , in order to forge a partnership with them . He is later visited by District Attorney Patterson , who attempts to dissuade him from thoughts of revenge before letting him go , as the police could n't link him to either murder , and his gun from the scene of the crime was determined to not have been fired . Gemma tells Jax she saw two Chinese men leaving Tara 's house the night Tara and Eli were murdered and pins the murder on one of Lin 's thugs at a party Jax had organized for the Irish and Chinese . Jax then kidnaps the man , brings him to an empty house , and tells him he will suffer for Tara 's death . He then tortures the man with various instruments , including a hammer and by salting his wounds , before killing him by driving a carving fork in his head . In the next episode `` Toil and Till '' , SAMCRO meets with the Indian Hills charter as well as two hired guns brought in as muscle . Jax outlines to Jury his plan to destroy Lin and Lin 's club : cut off all sources of Chinese income , isolate and make him desperate , and then end him , slowly and painfully . Jax 's team then hijacks a Chinese gun shipment and steals the guns . Later that night , Jax , Bobby , and Chibs drop by the apartment of the locals who helped them hijack the shipment . After ensuring they 're alone , the Sons shoot the two men , then stage the scene , planting a kilo of Lin 's heroin and making it look like they shot each other . Bobby later calls to report to Lin that they found the guys responsible . In the episode `` Playing with Monsters '' Jax is visited by August Marks , who had previously warned Jax against retaliating against the Chinese , as it would hurt business . He questions whether or not SAMCRO was involved with the hijacking , which Jax denies . August warns Jax not to cross him , or he will crush Jax 's club . To get around this , Jax decides to help the Niners become independent of Marks so they can remove him as an obstacle . SAMCRO gives the Niners a portion of the stolen heroin and kill a gang member who was recruiting competition , in order to get them the Niners on their side . In `` Poor Little Lambs '' Jax meets with Tully to help the Niners move the heroin , but Tully claims Jax will need to talk to his lieutenant Leland about working with blacks . This goes poorly , as they are followed by two sheriffs who the AB opens fire on , killing one sheriff and leaving another critically injured . Later in the episode , SAMCRO experiences Chinese retaliation when a grenade is thrown outside of the Sons ' ice cream shop , and several armed Chinese men enter Diosa and kill the escorts and guests who were present . The Sons also learn that the warehouse where they were stashing the Chinese guns was robbed of the guns and West , the club member guarding it , was killed . In `` Some Strange Eruption '' , Jax is shown to be feeling the guilt of the innocents killed by the Chinese . He finds out that someone tipped off Lin where to find their stolen guns . Nero later visits Jax , saying Lin has threatened him to hand Jax over or he will kill Nero and Nero 's son . Jax and Chibs manage to lure Lin and his men into an ambush where Barosky 's cops handcuff Lin 's men , allowing Jax to fight Lin one - on - one . During their brawl , with Jax having the upper hand , Jax blasts Lin with accusations about his role in Tara 's death , which Lin continues to deny . The San Joaquin sheriffs arrive soon afterward and arrest Lin on gun and drug charges . In `` Smoke Em if You Got Em '' Jax learns that August has learned about their plot against him and plans to strike . SAMCRO decides to take out the East Dub crew that August will use in order to protect the club . Alvarez tells Jax that Juice had approached him , offering the Mayans intel on SAMCRO in exchange for safe passage to Mexico . Jax and Alvarez negotiate Juice 's hand - over to SAMCRO in exchange for handing over the gun business to the Mayans , once Marks is forced out . The next episodes show Jax and the club working with the wife and son of a corrupt pastor the Sons mistakenly killed , who August has been trying to blackmail in a real estate scam . SOA gets the mother to sign an affidavit stating that August killed the pastor , and they attach photographs of the man 's body on a Pope Industries construction site . When the Sons attempt to blackmail August , he kidnaps Bobby and has his eye removed and sent to the Sons , to show them August is in charge . When the Sons do n't comply promptly with August 's demands , August 's men cut off Bobby 's fingers and send them to Jax . After Marks kills Bobby and is subsequently arrested , Jax comes to the realization that the time has come to fulfill his father 's legacy and bring the club fully into legitimate ventures . But his plans are nearly derailed when his oldest son Abel asks him a question that makes Jax realize Gemma killed Tara , not Lin 's crew member whom Jax killed . Unser confirms the story the next morning , saying Lin 's man was in a Las Vegas drunk tank the night Tara was murdered . With the club and Sheriff Jarry searching for Gemma , Jax heads to Stockon to confront Juice , who tearfully recounts the events that led to Tara and Eli Roosevelt 's deaths . With that news as well as confirmation that Barosky tipped off August about the guns , Jax calls a forum of several SoA presidents . He explains to them that he killed Jury White because he thought Jury had ratted the club out ; the presidents recommended a Mayhem vote . Jax states his club will be on board and vote accordingly , provided an `` unwritten by - law '' is tossed out . The presidents approve Jax 's request , which was to allow blacks to be patched into the SoA charters . Jax later receives word from Wendy that a nursing home had contacted her , stating Gemma was there attempting to visit her father . Jax heads to his grandfather 's house in Oregon and finds Unser attempting to arrest Gemma , in an effort save her from Jax . Jax pleads with Unser to leave . Unser refuses , stating `` This is all I have left '' , and Jax shoots him dead . Gemma leads Jax outside to the garden ( where she had sat with her father , in season 2 ) , where she tells Jax he has to kill her . `` It 's who we are '' , she says . In tears , Jax hesitates at first , but finally shoots his mother in the back of the head . He leaves Unser 's and Gemma 's bodies as they lay and returns home to Charming , removes his bloodied Nikes , and has sex with Wendy . In the series finale , `` Papa 's Goods '' , Jax awakens and makes preparations at the house and the garage . He visits the storage unit , and burns his father 's manuscript and the pads on which Jax had been writing for years ; then visits Opie 's gravesite , where he leaves his SONS rings . For the first time , he also visits Tara 's plot and kisses the headstone , after leaving his wedding ring atop it . After voting in former Grim Bastard president T.O. Cross as the club 's first black patched member , Jax informs Chibs that the other presidents called for a Mayhem vote . He insists that Chibs follow his instructions for the sakes of Jax 's family and the club . Chibs reluctantly agrees . Securing Connor 's allegiance to Alvarez after killing Rourke and his soldiers , Jax meets with Nero at the garage . He states that the garage and houses are to be left to Wendy , and she is to sell everything and take the boys away from Charming forever . He also arranges to leave his stake in Diosa to the club and to purchase Scoops from Mayor Jacob Hale , for use as SAMCRO 's permanent headquarters . Nero asks why , to which Jax admits he killed Gemma and says his sons should not have any memory of him other than hatred . After kissing Wendy and shaking Chucky 's hand , Jax departs on his father 's newly repaired motorcycle . A reluctant and tearful Chibs calls a vote for Jax to meet Mr. Mayhem . A unanimous vote sentences Jackson Teller to `` meet Mr. Mayhem '' . Jax visits District Attorney Patterson and offers information that Gemma murdered Tara , and Juice murdered Roosevelt . He also says the violence that has escalated in the past few months will end by the close of the day , thanks her for her fairness , and provides an Oregon address where Gemma and Unser can be located . Jax first goes to Barosky 's donut shop and shoots him dead behind the counter , in retaliation for ratting against the club . Later , he shoots August , newly freed on bond , in front of the courthouse . Sheriff Jarry , notified of Gemma 's and Unser 's murders , issues an all points bulletin for Jax . At Red Woody , Jax arrives to accept his fate , passing his president 's patch to Chibs , and Chibs passes his VP patch to Tig . Chibs takes Jax 's gun but shoots Happy in the arm instead , saying the SoA presidents will be told Jax shot Happy and then escaped . Jax hugs each of SoA brother in turn ( except T.O , who was not present at the time of the Mayhem vote ) , and leaves . `` I got this '' , he says , echoing Opie 's last words . At the spot where his father was killed on I - 580 , Jax reminisces about his experiences with the club and his hopes for his sons . His helmet and riding glasses rest on the ground . A passing officer , informed of the APB on Jax , orders him off the bike , but Jax shoots at him before pulling off . He leads a caravan of policemen on motorcycles and in patrol cars on a very long chase down I - 580 until he spies a semi-trailer truck heading towards him on the opposite side . The trailer 's logo is Papa 's Goods . Removing his hands from the handlebars , spreading them outward like a bird or crucified man , and closing his eyes with a small smile , Jax slams into the front of the semi , killing himself and dying in a manner similar to his father , on the same highway . The last words said in the episode are the trucker 's as he slams on his brakes in a fruitless attempt to avoid Jax : Jesus ! . In a shot reminiscent of the pilot 's opener , of the homeless woman Jax encountered earlier that day who was eating bread and drinking wine , and of the Blessed Sacrament , two crows are shown eating bread by the side of the road that fly away together after Jax 's blood flows around the bread . Jax 's final words `` I love you dad '' , followed by the quote : `` Doubt thou the stars are fire ; doubt that the sun doth move ; doubt truth to be a liar ; but never doubt I love '' from Shakespeare 's Hamlet . Origins and critical response ( edit ) Teller was named as one of TV 's best dads by Dadcentric.com , and they described him as a `` brutal anti-hero '' and `` rebel who never lives by society 's rules '' . However , they also highlight how the birth of Abel and the discovery of his father 's memoirs transformed him as a person . The Chicago Tribune remarked that Jax is `` the heir apparent to the gang '' , but `` has a great deal of nostalgia for his father 's more hippie - ish early hopes for the motorcycle club '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ TV.com ( 2010 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy - Season 1 , Episode 8 : The Pull '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` About the show : Sons of Anarchy '' . FX Networks . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sons of Anarchy at IMDb Jump up ^ `` Hunnam , Glenn and Sagal in FX 's Anarchy '' . Comingsoon.net. 2008 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Forums '' Sons of Anarchy '' the cast bikes models `` . Community.fxnetworks.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` Pilot - Recap '' . Tv.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ TV.com ( 2008 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Seeds - Recap '' . Tv.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` Fun Town - Recap '' . Tv.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` Patch Over - Recap '' . Tv.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` Giving Back - Recap '' . Tv.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` AK - 51 - Recap '' . Tv.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ TV.com. `` Old Bones - Recap '' . Tv.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` Hell Followed - Recap '' . Tv.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` Better Half - Recap '' . Tv.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` The Sleep of Babies - Recap '' . Tv.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` The Revelator - Recap '' . Tv.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's Best Dads : Jackson `` Jax '' Teller `` . Dadcentric.com. 2009 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Biker gangs ! Guns ! Drugs ! ' Sons of Anarchy ' ups the cable ante - but to what end ? '' . Featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com. 2008 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . ( hide ) Sons of Anarchy Created by : Kurt Sutter Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Characters Clay Morrow Jax Teller Gemma Teller Morrow Tara Knowles Bobby Munson Tig Trager Chibs Telford Piney Winston Juice Ortiz Half - Sack Epps Happy Wayne Unser David Hale June Stahl Josh Kohn Ernest Darby Marcus Álvarez Ethan Zobelle Universe Charming , CA Music `` This Life '' Songs of Anarchy Songs of Anarchy Volume 2 Songs of Anarchy Volume 3 Songs of Anarchy Volume 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jax_Teller&oldid=808563388 '' Categories : Sons of Anarchy characters Fictional outlaws Fictional cannabis users Fictional crime bosses Fictional criminals Fictional bikers Fictional businesspeople Fictional vigilantes Fictional characters based on real people Fictional gang members Fictional gangsters Fictional mechanics Fictional mass murderers Fictional mobsters Fictional smokers Fictional torturers Fictional underbosses Fictional characters from California Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional suicides Hidden categories : Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Français 한국어 Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 16 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is jax's brother on sons of anarchy | [
"Jackson \"Jax\" Teller was the son of Gemma and John Teller and was born in 1978, and raised in Charming, California. His father died in 1993 and his mother remarried Clay Morrow, who then became President of the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club Redwood Original (SAMCRO). He lives with the genetic heart disorder (\"family flaw\" as Gemma calls it) that his brother Thomas \"Tommy\" Teller (January 8, 1984 – April 4, 1990) died from at the age of six. He carries a USMC KA-BAR fighting knife although his dad served in the United States Army (25th infantry division)."
] | [
"Thomas \"Tommy\" Teller"
] |
-7756083337437694044 | Book of Jonah | Book of Jonah - wikipedia Book of Jonah Jump to : navigation , search Jonah and the Whale ( 1621 ) by Pieter Lastman Tanakh ( Judaism ) Torah ( Instruction ) ( show ) Genesis Brʾeišyt Exodus Šemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bəmidbar Deuteronomy Devarim Nevi'im ( Prophets ) ( hide ) Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim ( Writings ) ( show ) Poetic Psalms Təhillîm Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot ( Scrolls ) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim Old Testament ( Christianity ) Pentateuch ( show ) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical ( show ) Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Poetry Wisdom ( show ) Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic ( hide ) Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical ( show ) Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Bible portal The Book of Jonah is one of the Prophets in the Bible . It tells of a Hebrew prophet named Jonah son of Amittai who is sent by God to prophesy the destruction of Nineveh but tries to escape the divine mission . Set in the reign of Jeroboam II ( 786 -- 746 BC ) , it was probably written in the post-exilic period , some time between the late 5th to early 4th century BC . The story has a long interpretive history and has become well - known through popular children 's stories . In Judaism it is the Haftarah , read during the afternoon of Yom Kippur to instill reflection on God 's willingness to forgive those who repent ; it remains a popular story among Christians . It is also retold in the Quran . Contents ( hide ) 1 Narrative 2 Outline 2.1 Setting 2.2 Characters 2.3 Plot 2.3. 1 In the Bible 2.3. 2 In the Quran 3 Interpretive history 3.1 Early Jewish interpretation 3.1. 1 Targum Jonah 3.1. 2 Dead Sea Scrolls 3.2 Early Christian interpretation 3.2. 1 New Testament 3.2. 2 Augustine of Hippo 3.3 Medieval commentary tradition 3.4 Modern 4 Jonah and the `` big fish '' 5 Jonah and the gourd vine 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Narrative ( edit ) Unlike the other Prophets , the book of Jonah is almost entirely narrative , with the exception of the psalm in chapter 2 . The actual prophetic word against Nineveh is given only in passing through the narrative . As with any good narrative , the story of Jonah has a setting , characters , a plot , and themes . It also relies heavily on such literary devices as irony . Outline ( edit ) Jonah Flees His Mission ( chapters 1 -- 2 ) Jonah 's Commission and Flight ( 1 : 1 -- 3 ) The Endangered Sailors Cry to Their gods ( 1 : 4 -- 6 ) Jonah 's Disobedience Exposed ( 1 : 7 -- 10 ) Jonah 's punishment and Deliverance ( 1 : 11 -- 2 : 1 ; 2 : 10 ) His Prayer of Thanksgiving ( 2 : 2 -- 9 ) Jonah Reluctantly fulfills His Mission ( chapters 3 -- 4 ) Jonah 's Renewed Commission and Obedience ( 3 : 1 -- 4 ) The Endangered Ninevites ' Repentant Appeal to the Lord ( 3 : 5 -- 9 ) The Ninevites ' Repentance Acknowledged ( 3 : 10 -- 4 : 4 ) Jonah 's Deliverance and Rebuke ( 4 : 5 -- 11 ) Setting ( edit ) The Prophet Jonah before the Walls of Nineveh , drawing by Rembrandt , c. 1655 Nineveh , where Jonah preached , was the capital of the ancient Assyrian empire , which fell to the Babylonians and the Medes in 612 BC . The book calls Nineveh a `` great city '' , referring to its size ( Jonah 3 : 3 + 4 : 11 ) and perhaps to its affluence as well . ( The story of the city 's deliverance from judgment may reflect an older tradition dating back to the 8th -- 7th century BC ) Assyria often opposed Israel and eventually took the Israelites captive in 722 -- 721 BC ( see History of ancient Israel and Judah ) . The Assyrian oppression against the Israelites can be seen in the bitter prophecies of Nahum . Characters ( edit ) The story of Jonah is a drama between a passive man and an active God . Jonah , whose name literally means `` dove '' , is introduced to the reader in the very first verse . The name is decisive . While many other prophets had heroic names ( e.g. , Isaiah means `` God has saved '' ) , Jonah 's name carries with it an element of passivity . Jonah 's passive character is contrasted with the other main character : Yahweh . God 's character is altogether active . While Jonah flees , God pursues . While Jonah falls , God lifts up . The character of God in the story is progressively revealed through the use of irony . In the first part of the book , God is depicted as relentless and wrathful ; in the second part of the book , He is revealed to be truly loving and merciful . The other characters of the story include the sailors in chapter 1 and the people of Nineveh in chapter 3 . These characters are also contrasted to Jonah 's passivity . While Jonah sleeps in the hull , the sailors pray and try to save the ship from the storm ( 1 : 4 -- 6 ) . While Jonah passively finds himself forced to act under the Divine Will , the people of Nineveh actively petition God to change his mind . Plot ( edit ) In the Bible ( edit ) Jonah Cast Forth By The Whale , by Gustave Doré . The plot centers on a conflict between Jonah and God . God calls Jonah to proclaim judgment to Nineveh , but Jonah resists and attempts to flee . He goes to Joppa and boards a ship bound for Tarshish . God calls up a great storm at sea , and , at Jonah 's insistence , the ship 's crew reluctantly cast Jonah overboard in an attempt to appease God . A great sea creature , sent by God , swallows Jonah . For three days and three nights Jonah languishes inside the fish 's belly . He says a prayer in which he repents for his disobedience and thanks God for His mercy . God speaks to the fish , which vomits out Jonah safely on dry land . Jonah preaching to the Ninevites , by Gustave Doré . After his rescue , Jonah obeys the call to prophesy against Nineveh , causing the people of the city to repent and God to forgive them . Jonah is furious , however , and angrily tells God that this is the reason he tried to flee from Him , as he knew Him to be a just and merciful God . He then beseeches God to kill him , a request which is denied when God causes a tree to grow over him , giving him shade . Initially grateful , Jonah 's anger returns the next day , when God sends a worm to eat the plant , withering it , and he tells God that it would be better if he were dead . God then points out : `` You are concerned about the bush , for which you did not labour and which you did not grow ; it came into being in a night and perished in a night . And should I not be concerned about Nineveh , that great city , in which there are more than a hundred and twenty thousand people who do not know their right hand from their left , and also many animals ? ( NRSV ) '' Ironically , the relentless God demonstrated in the first chapter is shown to be the merciful God in the last two chapters ( see 3 : 10 ) . Equally ironic , despite not wanting to go to Nineveh and follow God 's calling , Jonah becomes one of the most effective prophets of God . As a result of his preaching , the entire population of Nineveh repents before the Lord and is spared destruction . The author indicates that the city `` has more than a hundred and twenty thousand people who can not tell their right hand from their left '' ( 4 : 11a , NIV ) . While some commentators see this number ( 120,000 ) as a somewhat pejorative reference to ignorant or backward Ninevites , most commentators take it to refer to young infants , thus implying a population considerably larger than 120,000 . In the Quran ( edit ) Islam also tells the story of the Prophet Jonah in the Quran . Similar to the Bible , the Quran states that Jonah was sent to his people to deliver a message to worship only one God ( the Judeo - Christian God of Abraham ) and to refrain from evil behavior . However , Jonah became angry with his people when they refused to listen and ignored him . Jonah gave up on his people and left his community without having instruction from God . `` And remember when he ( Jonah ) went off in anger . '' ( Quran 21 : 87 ) According to Islam , after Jonah left his people the sky turned red as fire and the people were filled with fear . Jonah 's people repented to God and prayed that Jonah would return to guide them to the Straight Path . God accepted their repentance and the sky returned to normal . As told in the Quran , Jonah boarded a ship to be far away from his people . While on the ship the calm sea became violent and was tearing at the boat . After throwing their belongings overboard without any positive change , the passengers cast lots to throw someone overboard to reduce the weight . Twice Jonah 's name was drawn to be thrown overboard , which surprised the passengers because Jonah was perceived as a righteous and pious man . Jonah understood this was not a coincidence but his destiny and he jumped into the violent sea and was swallowed by a `` giant fish . '' Many believe this fish was a whale . The strong acid from fish 's belly began to eat away at Jonah 's skin and he began to repeatedly call out to God for help by saying : `` None has the right to be worshipped but you oh God , glorified are you and truly I have been one of the wrongdoers ! '' ( Quran 21 : 87 ) Islam teaches that God accepted Jonah 's repentance and commanded the giant fish to spit Jonah out onto the shore . Jonah was in pain and his skin was burned from the acid in the fish 's belly . Jonah repeated his prayer and God relieved him by having a vine ( gourd ) cover his body to protect him and also provided him with food . The Quran states : `` And , verily , Jonah was one of the Messengers . When he ran to the laden ship , he agreed to cast lots and he was among the losers , then a big fish swallowed him and he had done an act worthy of blame . Had he not been of them who glorify God , he would have indeed remained inside its belly ( the fish ) until the Day of Resurrection . But We cast him forth on the naked shore while he was sick and We caused a plant of gourd to grow over him . And We sent him to a hundred thousand people or even more , and they believed , so We gave them enjoyment for a while . '' ( Quran 37 : 139 - 148 ) . Jonah returned to be with his people and guide them . The prayer made by Jonah while in the fish 's belly can be used to help anyone in times of distress : `` None has the right to be worshipped but you oh God , glorified are you and truly I have been one of the wrongdoers ! '' ( Quran 21 : 87 ) . Interpretive history ( edit ) Early Jewish interpretation ( edit ) The story of Jonah has numerous theological implications , and this has long been recognized . In early translations of the Hebrew Bible , Jewish translators tended to remove anthropomorphic imagery in order to prevent the reader from misunderstanding the ancient texts . This tendency is evidenced in both the Aramaic translations ( e.g. the Targums ) and the Greek translations ( e.g. the Septuagint ) . As far as the Book of Jonah is concerned , Targum Jonah offers a good example of this . Targum Jonah ( edit ) In Jonah 1 : 6 , the Masoretic Text ( MT ) reads , `` ... perhaps God will pay heed to us ... '' Targum Jonah translates this passage as : `` ... perhaps there will be mercy from the Lord upon us ... '' The captain 's proposal is no longer an attempt to change the divine will ; it is an attempt to appeal to divine mercy . Furthermore , in Jonah 3 : 9 , the MT reads , `` Who knows , God may turn and relent ( lit . repent ) ? '' Targum Jonah translates this as , `` Whoever knows that there are sins on his conscience let him repent of them and we will be pitied before the Lord . '' God does not change His mind ; He shows pity . Dead sea Scrolls ( edit ) Fragments of the book were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls ( DSS ) , most of which follows the Masoretic Text closely and with Mur XII reproducing a large portion of the text . As for the non-canonical writings , the majority of references to biblical texts were made by argumentum ad verecundiam . The Book of Jonah appears to have served less purpose in the Qumran community than other texts , as the writings make no references to it . Early Christian interpretation ( edit ) New Testament ( edit ) The earliest Christian interpretations of Jonah are found in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke . Both Matthew and Luke record a tradition of Jesus ' interpretation of the Book of Jonah ( notably , Matthew includes two very similar traditions in chapters 12 and 16 ) . As with most Old Testament interpretations found in the New Testament , Jesus ' interpretation is primarily `` typological '' ( see Typology ( theology ) ) . Jonah becomes a `` type '' for Jesus . Jonah spent three days in the belly of the fish ; Jesus will spend three days in the grave . Here , Jesus plays on the imagery of Sheol found in Jonah 's prayer . While Jonah metaphorically declared , `` Out of the belly of Sheol I cried , '' Jesus will literally be in the belly of Sheol . Finally , Jesus compares his generation to the people of Nineveh . Jesus fulfills his role as a type of Jonah , however his generation fails to fulfill its role as a type of Nineveh . Nineveh repented , but Jesus ' generation , which has seen and heard one even greater than Jonah , fails to repent . Through his typological interpretation of the Book of Jonah , Jesus has weighed his generation and found it wanting . Augustine of Hippo ( edit ) The debate over the credibility of the miracle of Jonah is not simply a modern one . The credibility of a human being surviving in the belly of a great fish has long been questioned . In c. 409 AD , Augustine of Hippo wrote to Deogratias concerning the challenge of some to the miracle recorded in the Book of Jonah . He writes : The last question proposed is concerning Jonah , and it is put as if it were not from Porphyry , but as being a standing subject of ridicule among the Pagans ; for his words are : `` In the next place , what are we to believe concerning Jonah , who is said to have been three days in a whale 's belly ? The thing is utterly improbable and incredible , that a man swallowed with his clothes on should have existed in the inside of a fish . If , however , the story is figurative , be pleased to explain it . Again , what is meant by the story that a gourd sprang up above the head of Jonah after he was vomited by the fish ? What was the cause of this gourd 's growth ? '' Questions such as these I have seen discussed by Pagans amidst loud laughter , and with great scorn . -- ( Letter CII , Section 30 ) Augustine responds that if one is to question one miracle , then one should question all miracles as well ( section 31 ) . Nevertheless , despite his apologetic , Augustine views the story of Jonah as a figure for Christ . For example , he writes : `` As , therefore , Jonah passed from the ship to the belly of the whale , so Christ passed from the cross to the sepulchre , or into the abyss of death . And as Jonah suffered this for the sake of those who were endangered by the storm , so Christ suffered for the sake of those who are tossed on the waves of this world . '' Augustine credits his allegorical interpretation to the interpretation of Christ himself ( Matt . 12 : 39 , 40 ) , and he allows for other interpretations as long as they are in line with Christ 's . Medieval commentary tradition ( edit ) The Ordinary Gloss , or Glossa Ordinaria , was the most important Christian commentary on the Bible in the later Middle Ages . `` The Gloss on Jonah relies almost exclusively on Jerome 's commentary on Jonah ( c. 396 ) , so its Latin often has a tone of urbane classicism . But the Gloss also chops up , compresses , and rearranges Jerome with a carnivalesque glee and scholastic directness that renders the Latin authentically medieval . '' `` The Ordinary Gloss on Jonah '' has been translated into English and printed in a format that emulates the first printing of the Gloss . The relationship between Jonah and his fellow Jews is ambivalent , and complicated by the Gloss 's tendency to read Jonah as an allegorical prefiguration of Jesus Christ . While some glosses in isolation seem crudely supersessionist ( `` The foreskin believes while the circumcision remains unfaithful '' ) , the prevailing allegorical tendency is to attribute Jonah 's recalcitrance to his abiding love for his own people and his insistence that God 's promises to Israel not be overridden by a lenient policy toward the Ninevites . For the glossator , Jonah 's pro-Israel motivations correspond to Christ 's demurral in the Garden of Gethsemane ( `` My Father , if it be possible , let this chalice pass from me '' ( Matt . 26 : 39 ) ) and the Gospel of Matthew 's and Paul 's insistence that `` salvation is from the Jews '' ( Jn. 4 : 22 ) . While in the Gloss the plot of Jonah prefigures how God will extend salvation to the nations , it also makes abundantly clear -- as some medieval commentaries on the Gospel of John do not -- that Jonah and Jesus are Jews , and that they make decisions of salvation - historical consequence as Jews . Modern ( edit ) NCSY director of education Dovid Bashevkin sees Jonah as a thoughtful prophet who comes to religion out of a search for theological truth and is constantly disappointed by those who come to religion to provide mere comfort in the face of adversity inherit to the human condition . `` If religion is only a blanket to provide warmth from the cold , harsh realities of life , '' Bashevkin imagines Jonah asking , `` ( D ) id concerns of theological truth and creed even matter ? '' The lesson taught by the episode of the tree at the end of the book is that comfort is a deep human need that religion provides , but this need not obscure the role of God . Jonah and the `` big fish '' ( edit ) The Hebrew text of Jonah ( 1 : 17 in English translation ) , reads dag gadol ( Hebrew : דג גדול ) , which literally means `` great fish . '' The Septuagint translates this into Greek as ketos megas , ( Greek : κητος μεγας ) , `` huge fish '' ; in Greek mythology the term was closely associated with sea monsters . Saint Jerome later translated the Greek phrase as piscis granda in his Latin Vulgate , and as cetus in Matthew . At some point , cetus became synonymous with whale ( cf . cetyl alcohol , which is alcohol derived from whales ) . In his 1534 translation , William Tyndale translated the phrase in Jonah 2 : 1 as `` greate fyshe , '' and he translated the word ketos ( Greek ) or cetus ( Latin ) in Matthew as `` whale '' . Tyndale 's translation was later followed by the translators of the King James Version of 1611 and has enjoyed general acceptance in English translations . In the line 2 : 1 the book refers to the fish as dag gadol , `` great fish '' , in the masculine . However , in the 2 : 2 , it changes the gender to daga , meaning female fish . The verses therefore read : `` And the lord provided a great fish ( dag gadol , masculine ) for Jonah , and it swallowed him , and Jonah sat in the belly of the fish ( still male ) for three days and nights ; then , from the belly of the ( daga , female ) fish , Jonah began to pray . '' The peculiarity of this change of gender led the later rabbis to reason that this means Jonah was comfortable in the roomy male fish , so he did n't pray , but that God then transferred him to a smaller , female fish , in which the prophet was uncomfortable , so that he prayed . Jonah and the gourd vine ( edit ) The book closes abruptly Jonah with an epistolary warning based on the emblematic trope of a fast - growing vine present in Persian narratives , and popularized in fables such as The Gourd and the Palm - tree during the Renaissance , for example by Andrea Alciato . St. Jerome differed with St. Augustine in his Latin translation of the plant known in Hebrew as קיקיון ( qīqayōn ) , using hedera ( from the Greek , meaning `` ivy '' ) over the more common Latin cucurbita , `` gourd '' , from which the English word gourd ( Old French coorde , couhourde ) is derived . The Renaissance humanist artist Albrecht Dürer memorialized Jerome 's decision to use an analogical type of Christ 's `` I am the Vine , you are the branches '' in his woodcut Saint Jerome in His Study . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ II Kings 14 : 25 Jump up ^ Mercer Dictionary of the Bible . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . United Jewish Communities ( UJC ) , `` Jonah 's Path and the Message of Yom Kippur . '' Jump up ^ NIV Bible ( Large Print ed . ) . ( 2007 ) . London : Hodder & Stoughton Ltd Jump up ^ Brynmor F. Price and Eugene A. Nida , A Handbook on the Book of Jonah , United Bible Societies Jump up ^ David L. Washburn , A Catalog of Biblical Passages in the Dead Sea Scrolls ( Brill , 2003 ) , 146 . Jump up ^ James C. Vanderkam , The Dead Sea Scrolls Today ( Grand Rapids , Mich : Eerdmans , 1994 ) , 151 Jump up ^ Matthew 12 : 38 -- 42 and 16 : 1 -- 4 ) Jump up ^ Luke 11 : 29 -- 32 Jump up ^ Ryan McDermott , trans. , `` The Ordinary Gloss on Jonah , '' PMLA 128.2 ( 2013 ) : 424 -- 38 . Jump up ^ `` The Ordinary Gloss on Jonah '' . Jump up ^ Bashevkin , Dovid . `` Jonah and the Varieties of Religious Motivation . '' Lehrhaus. 9 October 2016 . 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ bibleverse - nb Jonah 2 : 1 9 ) ) Jump up ^ See http://www.theoi.com/Ther/Ketea.html for more information regarding Greek mythology and the Ketos Jump up ^ Matthew 12 : 40 Jump up ^ Matthew 12 : 40 Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Jonah '' . Jump up ^ citing Peter W. Parshall , `` Albrecht Dürer 's Saint Jerome in his Study : A Philological Reference , '' from The Art Bulletin 53 ( September 1971 ) , pp. 303 -- 5 at http://www.oberlin.edu/amam/DurerSt.Jerome.htm Further reading ( edit ) De La Torre , Miguel A. , `` Liberating Jonah : Toward a Biblical Ethics of Reconciliation , '' Orbis Books , 2007 . External links ( edit ) An English translation of the most important medieval Christian commentary on Jonah , `` The Ordinary Gloss on Jonah , '' PMLA 128.2 ( 2013 ) : 424 -- 38 . A brief introduction to Jonah Jonah public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Book of Jonah Minor prophets Preceded by Obadiah Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Micah Christian Old Testament Book of Jonah Bible Jonah 1 Place Joppa Nineveh Tarshish People Amittai Jonah YHWH Sources Hebrew Bible Septuagint Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Obadiah Book of Micah ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book VIAF : 213145294 LCCN : n79142708 GND : 4073064 - 5 SELIBR : 270701 BNF : cb120106249 ( data ) https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/2548/prophet-jonah/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Jonah&oldid=829478418 '' Categories : 5th - century BC books 4th - century BC books Twelve Minor Prophets Jonah Book of Jonah Hidden categories : Pages with numeric Bible version references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Gagana Samoa Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 March 2018 , at 21 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what book is the story of jonah in | [
"The Book of Jonah is one of the Prophets in the Bible. It tells of a Hebrew prophet named Jonah son of Amittai who is sent by God to prophesy the destruction of Nineveh but tries to escape the divine mission.[1] Set in the reign of Jeroboam II (786–746 BC), it was probably written in the post-exilic period, some time between the late 5th to early 4th century BC.[2] The story has a long interpretive history and has become well-known through popular children's stories. In Judaism it is the Haftarah, read during the afternoon of Yom Kippur to instill reflection on God's willingness to forgive those who repent;[3] it remains a popular story among Christians. It is also retold in the Quran."
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"Prophets"
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256068701281718552 | Member states of the Caribbean Community | Member states of the Caribbean Community - Wikipedia Member states of the Caribbean Community A member state of the Caribbean Community is a state that has been specified as a member state within the Treaty of Chaguaramas or any other Caribbean state that is in the opinion of the Conference , able and willing to exercise the rights and assume the obligations of membership in accordance with article 29 of the Treaty of Chaguaramas . Member states are designated as either More economically developed country ( MDCs ) or Less economically developed countries ( LDCs ) . These designations are not intended to create disparity among member states . The Community was established by mainly English - ( and English Creole ) speaking Caribbean countries , but has since become a multilingual organisation in practice with the addition of Dutch - speaking Suriname on 4 July 1995 and French and Haitian Creole speaking Haiti on 2 July 2002 . As of 4 July 2002 there are fifteen full members of the Caribbean Community , four of which are founding members . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 1.1 Anguilla 1.2 The Bahamas ( 1973 - 1983 ) 1.3 Dominican Republic 1.4 French West Indies 1.5 Haiti ( 1974 - 2002 ) 1.6 Aruba , Curaçao , Sint Maarten and the Netherlands 1.7 Suriname ( 1973 - 1996 ) 1.8 United States Virgin Islands 1.9 Relationship to other supranational Caribbean organisations 2 See also 3 References List ( edit ) Flag State Joined Population Area GDP ( PPP ) $ Million GDP ( PPP ) per capita HDI Currency Official Language ( s ) km2 mi2 Antigua and Barbuda 4 July 1974 7004947310000000000 ♠ 94,731 442.6 170.9 $2,390 $26,300 0.774 East Caribbean Dollar English Bahamas 4 July 1983 7005329988000000000 ♠ 329,988 10,010 3,860 $9,339 $25,100 0.789 Bahamian Dollar English Barbados 1 August 1973 ( Founder ) 7005292336000000000 ♠ 292,336 430 170 $4,919 $17,500 0.776 Barbadian Dollar English Belize 1 May 1974 7005360346000000000 ♠ 360,346 22,806 8,805 $3,230 $8,300 0.732 Belize Dollar English Dominica 1 May 1974 7004738970000000000 ♠ 73,897 751 290 $851 $12,000 0.717 East Caribbean Dollar English Grenada 1 May 1974 7005111724000000000 ♠ 111,724 344 133 $1,590 $14,700 0.744 East Caribbean Dollar English Guyana 1 August 1973 ( Founder ) 7005737718000000000 ♠ 737,718 196,849 76,004 $6,367 $8,300 0.638 Guyanese Dollar English Haiti 2 July 2002 7007106467140000000 ♠ 10,646,714 27,560 10,640 $19,880 $1,800 0.471 Haitian Gourde French and Haitian Creole Jamaica 1 August 1973 ( Founder ) 7006299056100000000 ♠ 2,990,561 10,831 4,182 $26,200 $9,200 0.715 Jamaican Dollar English Montserrat 1 May 1974 7003529200000000000 ♠ 5,292 102 39 $43.78 $8,500 - East Caribbean Dollar English Saint Kitts and Nevis 26 July 1974 7004527150000000000 ♠ 52,715 261 101 $1,288 $26,800 0.750 East Caribbean Dollar English Saint Lucia 1 May 1974 7005164994000000000 ♠ 164,994 606 234 $2,384 $13,500 0.714 East Caribbean Dollar English Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 May 1974 7005102089000000000 ♠ 102,089 389 150 $1,281 $11,600 0.719 East Caribbean Dollar English Suriname 4 July 1995 7005591919000000000 ♠ 591,919 156,000 60,000 $7,928 $13,900 0.705 Surinamese dollar Dutch Trinidad and Tobago 1 August 1973 ( Founder ) 7006121820000000000 ♠ 1,218,200 5,128 1,980 $42,780 $31,200 0.766 Trinidad and Tobago Dollar English Highest Lowest Anguilla ( edit ) In July 1999 , Anguilla once again became involved with CARICOM when it gained associate membership . Before this , Anguilla had briefly been a part of CARICOM ( 1974 -- 1980 ) as a constituent of the full member state of Saint Christopher - Nevis - Anguilla . The Bahamas ( 1973 - 1983 ) ( edit ) The Bahamas had begun participating in the regional cooperation and integration movement when it began attending the Heads of Government Conferences of the Commonwealth Caribbean in 1966 . This practice continued even after the establishment of CARIFTA , of which The Bahamas was never a member , with The Bahamas being involved in educational cooperation and Committees established to deepen financial cooperation among CARIFTA states and the Bahamas and to transform CARIFTA into the Caribbean Community . In particular , The Bahamas was even included in a Committee of Attorneys - General tasked with examining the legal implications of forming the Caribbean Community and to draw up a draft Treaty for its formation . In April 1973 , at the final meeting of the commonwealth Caribbean Heads of Government before the establishment of the Caribbean Community , the Conference welcomed the upcoming independence of The Bahamas in July 1973 and looked forward to its participation in the Caribbean Community . In late 1974 , the Bahamas ( as well as Haiti and Suriname ) indicated that it would like to join the Community . Bahamian involvement with the Caribbean Community and regional integration continued in the same form after independence and the establishment of CARICOM as had occurred since 1966 , with The Bahamas attending the second meeting of the CARICOM Heads of Government Conference in 1975 and being involved in the setting up of a special Inter-Governmental Committee on university education . In fact , the original Treaty of Chaguaramas ( In Chapter I , Article 2 ) provided for The Bahamas to automatically join the Caribbean Community and Common Market upon application , with the Bahamas being listed alongside the actual member states as being a state to which membership of the Community may be open to . The final Conference of the Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community and The Bahamas at which this informal participation by The Bahamas continued was November 1982 Conference in Jamaica . At the next Conference , The Bahamas was formally admitted as a member of the Community . Dominican Republic ( edit ) The Dominican Republic cooperates with CARICOM ( since 1992 ) under an umbrella organisation , CARIFORUM , an economic pact between CARICOM and the Dominican Republic with the EU . The Dominican Republic became an Observer of CARICOM in 1982 and in 1991 it presented CARICOM with a request for full membership , having first given consideration to joining the bloc in 1989 . It also has an unratified free trade agreement ( from 2001 ) with CARICOM . Within the EPA between the region and the European Commission , the Dominican Republic is given means for dispute resolution with CARICOM member - states . Under Article 234 , the European Court of Justice also carries dispute resolution mechanisms between CARIFORUM and the European Union states . This is particularly useful to the Dominican Republic which is not a member of the Caribbean Court of Justice and therefore can not use the CCJ for dispute resolution with states of CARICOM . In 2005 the Foreign Minister of the Dominican Republic proposed for the second time that the government of the Dominican Republic wished to obtain full membership status in CARICOM . However , due to the sheer size of the Dominican Republic 's population and its economy being almost as large as all the current CARICOM states combined and coupled with the Dominican Republic 's checkered history of foreign policy solidarity with the CARICOM states , it is unclear whether the CARICOM states will unanimously vote to admit the Dominican Republic as a full member into the organisation . CARICOM has been working at great pains in trying to integrate with Haiti . It has been proposed that CARICOM may deepen ties with the Dominican Republic through the auspice of the Association of Caribbean States ( ACS ) instead , which is an organisation that stops just short of the Single market and economy which underpins CARICOM . In July 2013 , The President of the Dominican Republic , Danilo Medina , indicated that his country was still interested in joining CARICOM and appealed to CARICOM leaders meeting in Trinidad for the 40th anniversary of CARICOM to admit his country into the organization . His bid drew the support of Trinidad and Tobago 's Prime Minister and the then Chairwoman of CARICOM , Kamla Persad - Bissessar , who addressed the others CARICOM heads of government by saying `` The ongoing reform process in the community must be one that will make CARICOM not only more efficient and effective but more relevant as well . In this regard , may I urge you to consider expanding our membership to welcome the Dominican Republic into the CARICOM family . '' It is not clear whether the CARICOM Heads of Government will agree , but the move could prove critical as the Dominican Republic increasingly allies itself both with Latin America and Central America , having become a full member state of the Central American Integration System in late June 2013 ( it was previously an associate member ) . The call for the Dominican Republic to be admitted as a full member of CARICOM was given a boost by the position of the Prime Minister of Barbados , Freundel Stuart , who confirmed that the Dominican Republic was re-committed `` to joining the movement at such time that it would be convenient for all the perceivable imperatives to be satisfied , '' and that `` I agree with the Prime Minister that the larger the bloc becomes , the more powerful the bloc becomes and the more diversified the areas for joint action and for integration . '' Stuart also remarked that it was a healthy development when Suriname and Haiti joined the movement and that the Heads of Government want to quicken the momentum in the expansion of CARICOM to countries without British heritage . In November 2013 , CARICOM announced that it would `` suspend consideration of the request by the Dominican Republic for membership of the Caribbean Community '' in response to a Dominican court ruling which revoked citizenship from tens of thousands , mostly descendants from illegal immigrants from Haiti . French West Indies ( edit ) The French Republic extends to several islands in the Caribbean that are not associated with CARICOM , and are instead part of the European Union : Guadeloupe , Martinique , Saint - Martin , Saint Barthélemy and French Guiana . The CARICOM - DR - EU Economic Partnership Agreement ( EPA ) presently provides these areas with access to CARICOM markets . It was announced during summer of 2012 that the outer region area of Martinique , was pushing for France to become an Associate Member . Trepubhe Foreign Minister of France , Laurent Fabius , agreed to France being an associate member of CARICOM . At the Thirty - Fourth Meeting of the Heads of Government Conference in July 2013 , the Heads of Government received the report of the Technical Working Group ( TWG ) established to review and provide recommendations on the terms and conditions of Membership and Associate Membership of the Community . They also agreed that the applications for Associate Membership of France ( French Guiana , Guadeloupe , Martinique ) and the Kingdom of the Nertherlands ( Curaçao and St. Maarten ) , would require further deliberation at the level of Heads of Government . In January 2015 , it was reported that representatives of the French Republic had begun discussion with CARICOM on their application for associate membership . Teams from French Guiana ( led by the President of the French Guiana Regional Council , Rodolphe Alexandre ) and from Martinique met with CARICOM 's Secretary - General Irwin LaRocque on 22 January 2015 and 21 January 2015 respectively . A team from Guadeloupe is due to hold similar discussion in February 2015 . The discussions focused on regional cooperation , the terms and conditions for associate membership and the overall relation between the French Republic and CARICOM . Rodolphe Alexandre said that support in French Guiana strongly agreed with convergence of the Caribbean in health , climate change , education , economics and issues of bio-diversity . He also noted that French Guiana had already engaged with individual Community member states on issues related to mining ( in this case , with Suriname ) and energy ( Trinidad & Tobago ) . Haiti ( 1974 - 2002 ) ( edit ) The first attempt by Haiti to join CARICOM began on 6 May 1974 , when Haiti officially applied for membership in the Community after Edner Brutus , the Haitian Minister of Foreign Affairs , sent a letter to William Demas , CARICOM 's Secretary - General formally applying for membership . Shortly after that request , Haiti lobbied for admission , dealing mostly with Percival J. Patterson , then Jamaica 's minister of industry , commerce , and tourism . Patterson welcomed the initiative and promised Jamaica 's unconditional support . Despite Patterson 's efforts , the CARICOM secretariat did not respond positively to the request , and CARICOM leadership decided to pursue a special type of relationship with Haiti . Haiti was later accepted as an observer in 1982 following an application for closer relations with the Community . On July 3 , 1997 , almost 25 years later , CARICOM chairman and Prime Minister of Jamaica Percival J. Patterson announced that Haiti was to become the fifteenth member country of CARICOM after the Heads of Government , in accordance with Article 29 of the ( Original ) Treaty of Chaguaramas had unanimously agreed to it . This announcement was made alongside Haitian President René Préval at an unscheduled joint press conference in Montego Bay , Jamaica . Technically , Haiti had joined the Caribbean Community but not the common market ( similar to The Bahamas ' membership ) . It was later announced that , in accordance with Article 29 ( 2 ) of the Treaty of Chaguaramas , a CARICOM technical working group would visit Haiti to consult with the Haitian government on the terms and conditions of full membership in CARICOM . The decision to admit Haiti raised a host of technical issues , including Haiti 's CARICOM dues , the extent to which French would also become an official language of CARICOM , and the extent to which existing CARICOM provisions allowing for the unfettered movement of member nationals would apply to Haiti . In the interim , Haiti was invited to participate in the deliberations of CARICOM 's organs and bodies . At the Twentieth Heads of Government meeting , in Port - of - Spain , Trinidad and Tobago , the Heads of Government and Haiti exchanged notes agreeing on the terms and conditions under which Haiti would accede to Membership of the Community . The Heads of Government looked forward to the early deposit of an Instrument of Accession by Haiti to the Treaty of Chaguaramas . In preparation for the finalization of Haiti 's membership of the Community , in February 2001 at the Twelfth Inter-Sessional Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government held in Barbados , the Conference emphasised the necessity for Haiti to adhere , as is required of all Community Member States , to the Charter of Civil Society , and in keeping with Haiti 's undertaking as a condition of its Terms of Accession to the Caribbean Community The Conference also agreed at the invitation of President Aristide , to explore the possibility of a joint CARICOM / International Mission to Haiti and decided to establish a CARICOM Office in Haiti at the earliest possible opportunity , and to foster contacts at all levels between the citizens of Haiti and the people of the Caribbean Community . Haiti was admitted as the fifteenth Member State of the Caribbean Community on 2 July 2002 following the deposit of the Instrument of Accession by Haiti for membership at the 23rd Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government in Georgetown , Guyana after Haiti 's parliament ratified the Treaty of Chaguaramas as well as the terms and conditions for Haiti 's entry as a full member of the Caribbean Community including the Single Market and Economy in May 2002 . Aruba , Curaçao , Sint Maarten and the Netherlands ( edit ) Aruba is an observer of CARICOM , as was the Netherlands Antilles before its dissolution in 2010 . No official report has been published on the eligibility for observer status of the Caribbean countries Curaçao and Sint Maarten and the three special municipalities of the Netherlands formed by the split . The Netherlands Antilles had applied for the status of associate membership in 2005 , and both Curaçao and Sint Maarten launched applications to become associate members in CARICOM after their secession . In February 2012 , the Prime Minister of Sint Maarten , Sarah Wescot - Williams said she was pleased that a working group had been set up in Caricom to examine St. Maarten 's request for associate membership and was looking forward to its report . Former Caribbean Association of Industry and Commerce ( CAIC ) Secretary Ludwig Ouenniche said the St. Maarten Chamber of Commerce , of which he also served as a board member , has been `` aggressive in advising '' the St. Maarten government to move towards a closer relationship with CARICOM over the years due to the Chamber 's membership in the CAIC . The benefits for St. Maarten are vast , especially the ability to tap into funding and programmes not accessible now because of non-membership , he added . Caricom countries are benefiting from European Union funding and other sources of financing shut off to St. Maarten because of its constitutional position as a country within the Dutch Kingdom ; associate membership would clear this barrier . Among the benefits would be access to cheaper generic medication to treat , for example , HIV / AIDS thanks to Caricom agreements and programmes . What makes this move even more important is the benefit the country would be able to reap for the large number of people living in St. Maarten who are originally from Caricom member countries ; according to Ouenniche `` some 65 per cent '' of St. Maarten 's population is of Caricom origin . In September 2015 , a delegation from Sint Maarten met with the Caricom Secretary - General to continue discussing the terms and conditions of the associate membership status that St. Maarten is seeking . The delegation also received information on the work , structure and ongoing reforms of the Secretariat and the Community . As an observer , St. Maarten has attended meetings of the COHSOD ( Council for Human and Social Development ) and participates in the Caribbean Public Health Agency ( CARPHA ) and offers the Caribbean Examinations Council ( CXC ) curricula and examinations in its schools . In October 2016 , at the margins of an EU - Caribbean conference on sustainable energy in Bridgetown , Barbados , the Prime Minister of Sint Maarten , William Marlin , met with CARICOM 's Secretary General Ambassador Mr. Irwin LaRocque to discuss the progress of Sint Maarten 's application for associate membership and the potential for further , structured regional cooperation between CARICOM / CARIFORUM and the Caribbean Overseas Countries and Territories ( OCTs ) of the EU . Ambassador LaRocque informed Prime Minister Marlin that the associate membership applications of Sint Maarten , Curacao and Aruba were being attended to be a technical working group established specially for devising the terms and conditions of associate membership , as such terms had not been spelled out in the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas . LaRocque also noted that CARICOM was working on an enlargement policy for new member states to be submitted to the Heads of Government for agreement by the end of the year . Sint Maarten had officially applied for associate membership of CARICOM in January 2014 when it sent an official letter of interest . Suriname ( 1973 - 1996 ) ( edit ) In the 1973 , around the time the Caribbean Free Trade Association was being transformed into CARICOM , Suriname was granted Liaison Status / Observer Status in the Association . This followed on from a decision of the Conference of Commonwealth Caribbean Heads of Government in 1972 to study the possibility of extending the integration movement to include all the Caribbean islands and Suriname . This marked the beginning of the re-engagement of Suriname and Anglophone Caribbean in terms of economic and political cooperation , following a period from 1926 to the 1960s when representatives from Suriname first attended the British Guiana and West Indian Labour Conferences ( BGWILC ) and then became members of the Caribbean Labour Congress . The early Labour Conferences had called for the establishment of a federation in the British West Indies , and eventually also led to the establishment of the CLC in 1945 . The CLC itself was active until 1956 , at which point it was dissolved following first a schism in the regional trade union movement that reflected the global split between the World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ( ICFTU ) in 1949 , and secondly the establishment of a rival body , the Caribbean Division of ORIT ( the ICFTU Inter American Regional Organisation of Workers ) or CADORIT in 1952 . CADORIT continued to consist of representatives from the British and Dutch West Indies ( including Suriname ) and was transformed in the Caribbean Congress of Labour ( CCL ) in 1960 , again with the same membership that included Suriname . By then however the early drive of the BGWILC / CLC to promote economic and political cooperation among its delegates ' member territories had lost steam , partly because of the successful achievement of a federation among some of the British West Indian territories in 1958 and because that very federation began to falter in 1961 - 1962 . The prospects for economic integration of Suriname with the Anglophone Caribbean only briefly experienced a resurgence in 1964 - 1965 as Eric Williams had engaged in ( ultimately failed ) diplomacy to establish a Caribbean Economic Community encompassing all of the Anglophone Caribbean , the Dutch West Indies ( Netherlands Antilles and Suriname ) and the French West Indies . On 14 April 1974 , Suriname ( along with Haiti ) signified its desire to join CARICOM at the ceremony in St. Lucia marking the signing of the Treaty of Chaguaramas by the LDCs . Talks of regional cooperation between Suriname and CARICOM were undertaken in the early 1970s , but integration was not further pursued , in part due to the perceived difficulties of integrating Suriname 's very different legal system with that of the Commonwealth Caribbean countries . Suriname continued to be an observer with regards to CARICOM after it came into existence , participating in a number of meetings of functional committees since the 1970s . In the 1980s , Suriname expressed renewed interest in CARICOM with initiatives to seek closer ties with the Community being welcomed in January 1982 by then Secretary - General Dr. Kurleigh King on a visit to the country and the Surinamese application for closer relations with the Community being considered at the November 1982 Conference of the Heads of Government . However , opposition by the member states to fuller Surinamese participation in CARICOM developed after the December 1990 `` telephone coup '' in Suriname , although Suriname retained observer status . After democracy and civilian control was restored through the 1991 elections , Suriname began taking concrete steps to open its economy , emerge from isolation , and forge a new regional identity . As a result , the ties between Suriname and the Community deepened and a Coordinating Unit for CARICOM Affairs was established and located in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Suriname . The CARICOM Coordinating Unit in Suriname had a core of three officers and was assisted in its task by CARICOM focal point officers representing the various other ministries with a supportive role being played by the Embassy of Guyana . At the Second Special Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government in October 1992 , it was affirmed by the Conference that membership or a special form of relationship should be open to Suriname with regards to the Community . In 1993 an Action Plan for Cooperation among the Caribbean Community , Suriname and the Group of Three was negotiated covering a wide range of areas including business , small enterprise development , tourism , transport , culture , science , agriculture , multilateral financing , and hemispheric trade . In 1994 Suriname applied for full membership of the Community and Common Market , with the application being welcomed by the Heads of Government at the Fifteenth Meeting of the Conference . It was agreed to establish a review process including a small technical group to develop , with the Government of Suriname , under the co-ordination of the Bureau of the Conference , details with respect to both the application for membership of the Community , and the transitional arrangements with respect to membership of the Common Market . The Conference agreed that they would seek to make a determination of the application at the next Inter-Sessional Meeting of the Conference . At that Inter-Sessional Meeting the Heads of Government agreed to approve the application by Suriname for membership in the Caribbean Community and Common Market with effect from the Sixteenth Meeting of the Conference , in July 1995 , on terms and conditions agreed by both sides . On 4 July 1995 , The Conference formally admitted Suriname as the fourteenth Member of the Caribbean Community , following the deposit of the Instruments of Accession to the Treaty of Chaguaramas and the Common Market Annex . The instrument of Accession to the Common Market made provision for Suriname to implement the arrangements relating to the Common Market effective 1 January 1996 . Suriname 's accession to the Community and the Common Market led to significant changes in Suriname 's external trade policy as prior to accession , a multiple tariff regime ranging from 0 to 100 percent under the Brussels Tariff Nomenclature ( BTN ) classification system was in force . In preparation for CARICOM membership , this system was replaced in 1994 with the Harmonized System ( HS ) used as the basis for determining duty - free entry of goods of CARICOM origin and for applying the common external tariff . Suriname 's 1996 entry into the free trade area was immediate with no major transition phase contemplated in the accession agreement apart from some exceptions granted under the Treaty of Chaguaramas and a few others negotiated by Suriname upon entry . United states Virgin Islands ( edit ) In 2007 , the U.S. Virgin Islands government announced it would begin seeking ties with CARICOM . At the time it was not clear what membership status the USVI would obtain should they join CARICOM with the most likely possibility being observer status , considering fellow U.S. Caribbean territory Puerto Rico 's current observer status . In 2012 , it was confirmed by the USVI Commissioner of Tourism , Beverly Nicholson - Doty , that the U.S. Virgin Islands government has been lobbying for observer status within CARICOM . At a meeting of the Caribbean Tourism Organization in Martinique on October 19 , 2013 , the Governor of the United States Virgin Islands ( USVI ) John de Jongh said his administration has drafted legislation that will allow visitors from the CARICOM full members and associate members to enter that territory without a US visa . This comes as part of the USVI government 's plans to encourage more CARICOM nationals to visit the USVI . If successful the proposal would recreate the visa - free regime which existed for CARICOM nationals travelling to the USVI prior to 1975 . At that time , the United States imposed visa requirements on Commonwealth Caribbean nationals travelling to the USVI , resulting in the 1975 Caricom Heads of Government Conference passing a resolution expressing concerning for the viability of the LIAT airline as a result of the new visa requirements and calling on the United States to revise the new visa policy and to implement the required measures arising from decisions at a meeting of Labour Departments and Ministries of English - speaking Caribbean countries in St. Thomas to institute screening procedures in order regularize the immigration of CARICOM nationals to the USVI . de Jongh said the proposal has received bi-partisan support in the US House of Representatives as well as support the Senate and the Department of Homeland Security , but admits he does n't know how soon the regime could be implemented , noting the pace of legislation in the U.S. Congress . The governor is , however , confident of a positive outcome having already had discussions on the subject with officials from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security `` to come up with a regime which they will feel comfortable with . '' de Jongh said the US Virgin Islands wants closer relations with the 15 - member CARICOM grouping and wants an opportunity to share in the movement of Caribbean nationals throughout the region and is convinced that making travel easier for Caricom countries ' nationals will be beneficial to the territories . `` We recognise that with respect to sports tourism , sailing events and shopping , the region presents tremendous opportunity '' , De Jongh told regional journalists . The initiative by de Jongh is actually not new having been first launched in 2012 , when de Jongh was quoted as saying that the `` waivers would be specifically for individuals who are traveling for sporting events , medical services , and general tourism '' . de Jongh is further quoted as saying : `` We fully believe that such a change would broaden our reach into neighboring Caribbean markets . The territory 's sporting events are growing in popularity and prestige , especially for competitions in volleyball , track , tennis , swimming and sailing . An amendment to the immigration bill would allow for easier travel for athletes , as well as for individuals seeking top - notch medical care or just looking for a great place for a vacation , that is close to home . '' The bill was relaunched ( entitled The Virgin Islands Visa Waiver Act of 2013 ) and introduced into the U.S. House of Representatives on May 14 , 2013 and was referred to the House Judiciary 's Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security . It was not enacted during the life of that Congress . On April 29 , 2015 the new Virgin Islands delegate , Stacey Plaskett , reintroduced the identical bill ( now entitled The Virgin Islands Visa Waiver Act of 2015 ) to the U.S. House of Representatives . On the same day it was referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary and then on June 1 , 2015 it was referred to the House Judiciary 's Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security Delegate Plaskett , stated that the Bill ( along with two others introduced by her ) were geared towards improving the economy of the US Virgin Islands , with the special visa waiver program in particular aimed at boosting tourism by allowing the US Virgin Islands host more participants in seasonal regional sporting events and patients intending to access the US Virgin Islands ' medical facilities without the need for visas . Caricom nationals would still require a visa to travel to the U.S. mainland and other U.S. territories . Relationship to other supranational Caribbean organisations ( edit ) Parts of this article ( those related to Anguilla ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2012 ) Although the group has close ties with Cuba , that nation was excluded due to lack of full democratic internal political arrangement . Supranational Caribbean Organisations See also ( edit ) Caribbean Community portal Barbados and CARICOM Trinidad and Tobago and CARICOM References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Treaty of Chaguarmas '' ( PDF ) . 4 July 1973 . Jump up ^ 8th Meeting of Heads of Government of Commonwealth Caribbean Countries , 9 - 12 April 1973 , Georgetown , Guyana Archived 19 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Area Handbook for Jamaica . U.S. Government Printing Office . 1976 . ^ Jump up to : 2nd Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community , 8 - 10 December 1975 , Basseterre , St. Kitts - Nevis - Anguilla Archived 6 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ LeVeness , Frank Paul ( 1974 ) . Caribbean integration : the formation of Carifta and the Caribbean Community . Deptartment of Government and Politics , St. John 's University . p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : 3rd Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community , 16 - 18 November 1982 , Ocho Rios , Jamaica Archived 6 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 4th Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community , 4 - 8 July 1983 , Port - of - Spain , Trinidad and Tobago Archived 6 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The EU and Cariforum Jump up ^ `` Dominican Republic in CARICOM ? '' . Caribbeannetnews.com. 2011 - 03 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Expand CARICOM to include French , Dutch and Spanish Jump up ^ `` Letter : Privy Council and EPA '' Archived 2014 - 08 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. , October 8 , 2009 , Jamaica Gleaner Jump up ^ Dominican Republic bids again to join Caricom Jump up ^ Trinidad PM Urges CARICOM to Accept Dominican Republic as Member Jump up ^ Stuart : Dominican Republic Committed to Joining CARICOM Jump up ^ `` CARICOM STATEMENT ON DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE RULING OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC ON NATIONALITY '' . CARICOM. 2013 - 11 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Richards , Peter ( 2013 - 11 - 27 ) . `` CARICOM defers Dominican Republic application amid row over court ruling '' . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Communique issued at the Conclusion of the 34th Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government in July 2013 ^ Jump up to : French territories seeking associate membership within CARICOM ^ Jump up to : Haiti and CARICOM : The Challenges of Regional Integration ^ Jump up to : Hippolyte - Manigat , Mirlande ( 1980 ) . Haiti and the Caribbean Community : Profile of an Applicant and the Problematique of Widening the Integration Movement . Institute of Social and Economic Research , University of the West Indies . p. 256 . ^ Jump up to : Girvan , Norman ( 1989 ) . Development in Suspense : Selected Papers and Proceedings of the First Conference of Caribbean Economists . ACE . p. 366 . ISBN 976 - 80 - 0132 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Communique Issued at the Conclusion of the Eighteenth Heads of Government Conference , July 1997 Archived 2015 - 08 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Communique Issued at the Conclusion of The Twentieth Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) , 4 - 7 July 1999 Archived 18 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Communique Issued at the Conclusion of The Twelfth Inter-Sessional Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government held at the Sherbourne Conference Centre , Barbados from 14 to 16 February 2001 Archived 18 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : 2001 Statement on the Caribbean Community 's relations with Haiti Archived 2015 - 06 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Communique Issued at the Conclusion of The Twenty - Third Regular Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government held in Georgetown , Guyana , on 3 - 5 July 2002 Archived 18 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 29 November 2002 Press Release : CARICOM keeps up the pace Archived 18 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 03 June 2002 Press Release : CARICOM prepares for Civil Society Encounter , Summit Archived 18 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Netherlands Antilles policy towards the Caribbean is one of committed neighbour '' . Caribbeannetnews.com. 2011 - 03 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Committee appointed to handle Caricom application '' . Today . 2012 - 02 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sarah pleased with progress on Caricom associate membership Jump up ^ Ouenniche : Associate membership of Caricom ' win - win ' situation for country Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Prime Minister Marlin discusses Associate Membership to CARICOM during Barbados working visit Jump up ^ CARIFTA and Caribbean Trade : An Overview Jump up ^ CARICOM : Externally Vulnerable Regional Integration Jump up ^ 7th Meeting of Heads of Government of Commonwealth Caribbean Countries , 9 - 14 October , 1972 , Chaguaramas , Trinidad and Tobago Archived 2015 - 03 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Robert ( 2009 ) . International Labor Organizations and Organized Labor in Latin America and the Caribbean : A History . ABC - CLIO . p. 312 . ^ Jump up to : 70th Anniversary of the Caribbean Labour Congress / Barbados Conference Jump up ^ The Visions , Struggles and Victories of Hubert Nathaniel Critchlow Jump up ^ Lewis , William Arthur ( 1977 ) . Labour in the West Indies : The Birth of a Worker 's Movement . New Beacon Books . p. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Robert ( 2004 ) . A History of Organized Labor in the English - speaking West Indies . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 485 . Jump up ^ Payne , Anthony ( 2008 ) . The Political History of CARICOM . Ian Randle Publishers . p. 306 . ^ Jump up to : Breaking from Isolation : Suriname 's Participation in Regional Integration Initiatives Jump up ^ Thomas - Hope , Elizabeth ( 1984 ) . Perspectives on Caribbean Regional Identity , Volume 11 of Centre for Latin American Studies Liverpool : Monograph series . Centre for Latin American Studies , University of Liverpool . p. 134 . Jump up ^ Institute of Caribbean Studies ( 1982 ) . Caribbean Monthly Bulletin , Volume 16 . Institute of Caribbean Studies , University of Puerto Rico . Jump up ^ Heine , Jorge ( 1988 ) . The Caribbean and world politics : cross currents and cleavages . Holmes & Meier . p. 385 . ISBN 084 - 19 - 1000 - 6 . Jump up ^ Day , Alan ( 1992 ) . The Annual Register , 1991 : A Record of World Events . Gale / Cengage Learning . p. 618 . ISBN 058 - 20 - 9585 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rainford , Roderick ( 1991 ) . Annual report of the Secretary - General of the Caribbean Community . CARICOM Secretariat . ^ Jump up to : Communique Issued at the Conclusion of The Fifteenth Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government held at the Sherbourne Conference Centre , Bridgetown , Barbados , 4 -- 7 July 1994 Archived 18 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Action Plan for Co-operation Among the Caribbean Community , Suriname and the Group of Three Archived 2015 - 04 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Communique Issued at the Conclusion of The Sixth Inter-Sessional Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community was held in Belize City , Belize on 16 -- 17 February 1995 Archived 18 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Communique Issued at the Conclusion of The Sixteenth Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community was held in Georgetown , Guyana on 4 -- 7 July , 1995 Archived 2015 - 06 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` USVI , BVI leaders discuss areas of mutual interest '' Jump up ^ US Virgin Islands seeks closer cooperation with its neighbours ^ Jump up to : US Virgin Islands To Waive Visa Restrictions For CARICOM Citizens ^ Jump up to : USVI visa waiver likely for Caricom nationals Jump up ^ USVI Moving Toward Visa - Free Travel For CARICOM Nationals Jump up ^ H.R. 5875 ( 112th ) : Virgin Islands Visa Waiver Act of 2012 ^ Jump up to : REGIONAL : USVI starts legislative measure aimed at removing visa requirement for CARICOM nationals Jump up ^ H.R. 1966 : Virgin Islands Visa Waiver Act of 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` H.R. 1966 : Virgin Islands Visa Waiver Act of 2013 '' Jump up ^ H.R. 2116 : Virgin Islands Visa Waiver Act of 2015 Jump up ^ All Actions H.R. 2116 ( Virgin Islands Visa Waiver Act of 2015 ) -- 114th Congress ( 2015 - 2016 ) Jump up ^ Plasket introduces legislation granting visa waiver to Caricom countries Jump up ^ Plaskett Introduces New Legislation Aimed At Improving Economic Conditions In The Territory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Member_states_of_the_Caribbean_Community&oldid=844364499 '' Categories : Caribbean Community Caribbean society Member states of the Caribbean Community Countries by international organization Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2012 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 12 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which country was the last to join caricom | [
"\n\nFlag\nState\nJoined\nPopulation\nArea\nGDP (PPP)\n$Million\nGDP (PPP)\nper capita\nHDI\nCurrency\nOfficial\nLanguage(s)\n\nkm²\nmi²\n\n\n\n\nAntigua and Barbuda\n4 July 1974\n7004947310000000000♠94,731\n442.6\n170.9\n$2,390\n$26,300\n0.774\nEast Caribbean Dollar\nEnglish\n\n\n\nBahamas\n4 July 1983\n7005329988000000000♠329,988\n10,010\n3,860\n$9,339\n$25,100\n0.789\nBahamian Dollar\nEnglish\n\n\n\nBarbados\n1 August 1973 (Founder)\n7005292336000000000♠292,336\n430\n170\n$4,919\n$17,500\n0.776\nBarbadian Dollar\nEnglish\n\n\n\nBelize\n1 May 1974\n7005360346000000000♠360,346\n22,806\n8,805\n$3,230\n$8,300\n0.732\nBelize Dollar\nEnglish\n\n\n\nDominica\n1 May 1974\n7004738970000000000♠73,897\n751\n290\n$851\n$12,000\n0.717\nEast Caribbean Dollar\nEnglish\n\n\n\nGrenada\n1 May 1974\n7005111724000000000♠111,724\n344\n133\n$1,590\n$14,700\n0.744\nEast Caribbean Dollar\nEnglish\n\n\n\nGuyana\n1 August 1973 (Founder)\n7005737718000000000♠737,718\n196,849\n76,004\n$6,367\n$8,300\n0.638\nGuyanese Dollar\nEnglish\n\n\n\nHaiti\n2 July 2002\n7007106467140000000♠10,646,714\n27,560\n10,640\n$19,880\n$1,800\n0.471\nHaitian Gourde\nFrench and\nHaitian Creole\n\n\n\nJamaica\n1 August 1973 (Founder)\n7006299056100000000♠2,990,561\n10,831\n4,182\n$26,200\n$9,200\n0.715\nJamaican Dollar\nEnglish\n\n\n\nMontserrat\n1 May 1974\n7003529200000000000♠5,292\n102\n39\n$43.78\n$8,500\n-\nEast Caribbean Dollar\nEnglish\n\n\n\nSaint Kitts and Nevis\n26 July 1974\n7004527150000000000♠52,715\n261\n101\n$1,288\n$26,800\n0.750\nEast Caribbean Dollar\nEnglish\n\n\n\nSaint Lucia\n1 May 1974\n7005164994000000000♠164,994\n606\n234\n$2,384\n$13,500\n0.714\nEast Caribbean Dollar\nEnglish\n\n\n\nSaint Vincent and\nthe Grenadines\n1 May 1974\n7005102089000000000♠102,089\n389\n150\n$1,281\n$11,600\n0.719\nEast Caribbean Dollar\nEnglish\n\n\n\nSuriname\n4 July 1995\n7005591919000000000♠591,919\n156,000\n60,000\n$7,928\n$13,900\n0.705\nSurinamese dollar\nDutch\n\n\n\nTrinidad and Tobago\n1 August 1973 (Founder)\n7006121820000000000♠1,218,200\n5,128\n1,980\n$42,780\n$31,200\n0.766\nTrinidad and Tobago Dollar\nEnglish\n\n"
] | [
"Haiti"
] |
-7427815984192132225 | Federal judiciary of the United States | Federal judiciary of the United States - wikipedia Federal judiciary of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The federal judiciary of the United States is one of the three co-equal branches of the federal government of the United States organized under the United States Constitution and laws of the federal government . Article III of the Constitution requires the establishment of a Supreme Court and permits the Congress to create other federal courts , and place limitations on their jurisdiction . Article III federal judges are appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate to serve until they resign , are impeached and convicted , retire , or die . Contents ( hide ) 1 Courts 1.1 Other tribunals 2 Judges 3 Administration 4 Legal procedure 5 History 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Courts ( edit ) Further information : Federal tribunals in the United States Civil procedure in the United States Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Doctrines of civil procedure Jurisdiction Venue Pleadings Motions Service of process Complaint Answer Counterclaim Crossclaim Pre-trial procedure Discovery Interrogatories Depositions Request for admissions Request for production Resolution without trial Default judgment Summary judgment Voluntary dismissal Involuntary dismissal Settlement Trial Parties Jury Burden of proof Judgment Appeal Mandamus Certiorari The federal courts are composed of three levels of courts . The Supreme Court of the United States is the court of last resort . It is generally an appellate court that operates under discretionary review , which means that the Court can choose which cases to hear , by granting writs of certiorari . There is therefore generally no basic right of appeal that extends automatically all the way to the Supreme Court . In a few situations ( like lawsuits between state governments or some cases between the federal government and a state ) it sits as a court of original jurisdiction . The United States courts of appeals are the intermediate federal appellate courts . They operate under a system of mandatory review which means they must hear all appeals of right from the lower courts . In some cases , Congress has diverted appellate jurisdiction to specialized courts , such as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review . The United States district courts ( one in each of the 94 federal judicial districts , as well three territorial courts ) are general federal trial courts , although in many cases Congress has diverted original jurisdiction to specialized courts , such as the Court of International Trade , the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court , the Alien Terrorist Removal Court , or to Article I or Article IV tribunals . The district courts usually have jurisdiction to hear appeals from such tribunals ( unless , for example , appeals are to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit . ) Other tribunals ( edit ) Besides these federal courts , described as Article III courts , there are other adjudicative bodies described as Article I or Article IV courts in reference to the article of the Constitution from which the court 's authority stems . There are a number of Article I courts with appellate jurisdiction over specific subject matter including the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims and the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces , as well as Article I courts with appellate jurisdiction over specific geographic areas such as the District of Columbia Court of Appeals . The Article I courts with original jurisdiction over specific subject matter include the bankruptcy courts ( for each district court ) , the immigration courts , the Court of Federal Claims , and the Tax Court . Article IV courts include the High Court of American Samoa and territorial courts such as the District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands , District Court of Guam , and District Court of the Virgin Islands . Judges ( edit ) Further information : United States federal judge Federal judges , like Supreme Court Justices , are appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate to serve until they resign , are impeached and convicted , retire , or die . In April 2013 , about 10 percent of federal seats were vacant , with 85 of 856 positions unfilled and 4 vacancies on the prestigious Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . The high vacancy rate has been attributed to politics , particularly Senate filibustering of potential appointees by Senators . In many cases there is no nominee for the position ; however , the Senate has a tradition of senatorial courtesy in which nominees are only considered if the home senators approve . In May 2013 Congressional Research Service published a paper analyzing the vacancies and appointment process . Under Article I of the federal Constitution , Congress also has the power to establish other tribunals , which are usually quite specialized , within the executive branch to assist the President in the execution of his or her powers . Judges who staff them normally serve terms of fixed duration , as do magistrate judges who assist Article III judges . Judges in Article I tribunals attached to executive branch agencies are referred to as administrative law judges ( ALJs ) and are generally considered to be part of the executive branch even though they exercise quasi-judicial powers . With limited exceptions , they can not render final judgments in cases involving life , liberty , and private property rights , but may make preliminary rulings subject to review by an Article III judge . Administration ( edit ) The Judicial Conference of the United States is the policymaking body of the U.S. federal courts . The Conference is responsible for creating and revising federal procedural rules pursuant to the Rules Enabling Act . The Administrative Office of the United States Courts is the primary support agency for the U.S. federal courts . It is directly responsible to the Judicial Conference . The AO prepares the judiciary 's budget , provides and operates secure court facilities , and provides the clerical and administrative staff essential to the efficient operation of the courts . The judicial councils are panels within each circuit charged with making `` necessary and appropriate orders for the effective and expeditious administration of justice '' . The Federal Judicial Center is the primary research and education agency for the U.S. federal courts . The Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation transfers and consolidates cases in multiple judicial districts that share common factual issues . The United States Marshals Service is responsible for providing protection for the federal judiciary and transporting federal prisoners . The Supreme Court Police provide security for the Supreme Court building . Legal procedure ( edit ) The Supreme Court has interpreted the Constitution as placing some additional restrictions on the federal courts . For example , the doctrines of mootness , ripeness , and standing prohibit district courts from issuing advisory opinions . Other doctrines , such as the abstention doctrine and the Rooker - Feldman doctrine limit the power of lower federal courts to disturb rulings made by state courts . The Erie doctrine requires federal courts to apply substantive state law to claims arising from state law ( which may be heard in federal courts under supplemental or diversity jurisdiction ) . In difficult cases , the federal courts must either guess as to how a court of that state would decide the issue or , if that state accepts certified questions from federal courts when state law is unclear or uncertain , ask an appellate court of that state to decide the issue . Notably , the only federal court that can issue proclamations of federal law that bind state courts is the Supreme Court itself . Decisions of the lower federal courts , whether on issues of federal law or state law ( i.e. , the question was not certified to a state court ) , are persuasive but not binding authority in the states in which those federal courts sit . Some commentators assert that another limitation upon federal courts is executive nonacquiescence in judicial decisions , where the executive simply refuses to accept them as binding precedent . In the context of administration of U.S. internal revenue laws by the Internal Revenue Service , nonacquiescences ( published in a series of documents called Actions on Decisions ) `` generally do not affect the application of stare decisis or the rule of precedent '' . The IRS `` will recognize these principles and generally concede issues accordingly during administrative proceedings . '' In rare cases , however , the IRS may continue to litigate a legal issue in a given circuit even where the IRS has already lost a case on that issue in that circuit . History ( edit ) The Articles of Confederation provided a clear basis for the initial establishment of United States of America judicial authority by Congress prior to the Constitution . This authority , enumerated by Article IX , allowed for the establishment of United States jurisdiction in the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas , final appeals from state court decisions in all cases of captures of enemy ships , last resort for resolution of disputes between two or more states ( including disputes over borders and jurisdiction ) , and final determination of controversies between private parties arising from conflicting land grants issued by two or more states prior to settlement of which state actually has jurisdiction over the territory . The Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture was the first United States Court established by the United States . Additional United States courts were established to adjudicate border disputes between the states of Connecticut and Pennsylvania , New York and Massachusetts , Georgia and South Carolina . Lastly , a United States court was established for the Northwest Territory . When the Constitution came into force in 1789 , Congress gained the authority to establish the federal judicial system as a whole . Only the Supreme Court was established by the Constitution itself . The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the first inferior ( i.e. , lower ) federal courts established pursuant to the Constitution and provided for the first Article III judges . Virtually all U.S. law schools offer an elective course that focuses specifically on the powers and limitations of U.S. federal courts , with coverage of topics such as justiciability , abstention doctrines , the abrogation doctrine , and habeas corpus . See also ( edit ) PACER ( Public Access to Court Electronic Records ) CM / ECF ( Case Management / Electronic Case Files ) List of courts of the United States ( outline of all state and federal courts in the United States ) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure State supreme courts of the United States Uniformity and jurisdiction in U.S. federal court tax decisions United States Marshals Service References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Editorial Board . ( 2013 ) . Courts Without Judges . NYTimes . Jump up ^ Wheeler R. ( 2013 ) What 's Behind all Those Judicial Vacancies Without Nominees ? . Brookings Institution . Jump up ^ McMillion BJ. ( 2013 ) . President Obama 's First - Term U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominations : An Analysis and Comparison with Presidents Since Reagan . CRS . Jump up ^ People v. Leonard , 40 Cal . 4th 1370 , 1416 ( 2007 ) ( Ninth Circuit decisions do not bind Supreme Court of California ) . Jump up ^ Gregory C. Sisk , Litigation with the Federal Government ( Philadelphia : American Law Institute , 2006 ) , 418 - 425 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Hume , How Courts Impact Federal Administrative Behavior ( New York : Routledge , 2009 ) , 92 - 106 . Jump up ^ Mitchell Rogovin & Donald L. Korb , `` The Four R 's Revisited : Regulations , Rulings , Reliance , and Retroactivity in the 21st Century : A View From Within '' , 46 Duquesne Law Review 323 , 366 - 367 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Michael L. Wells , A Litigation - Oriented Approach to Teaching Federal Courts , 53 St. Louis U.L.J. 857 ( 2009 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Federal Court Concepts , Georgia Tech Creating the Federal Judicial System Debates on the Federal Judiciary : A Documentary History History of the Courts of the Federal Judiciary CourtWEB , Online Federal Court Opinions Information System External links ( edit ) Official website Law of the United States Constitutional law Federalism Separation of powers Civil rights Courts of the United States Federal courts Supreme ( SCOTUS ) Appeals District ( list ) Bankruptcy Claims International Trade Tax State courts State supreme Education Law school Law School Admission Test Admission to the bar United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Collapse of the Soviet Union War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory states territories counties cities , towns , and villages Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive President Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy Legislature Congress Senate Vice President President pro tempore House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Federal judiciary Supreme Court Courts of appeals District courts Law Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - 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Insular areas American Samoa The Marianas Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States&oldid=797851889 '' Categories : United States federal courts Judicial branch of the United States government Courts in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Languages Български Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 15 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is given the power to establish the inferior courts of the federal system | [
"The federal judiciary of the United States is one of the three co-equal branches of the federal government of the United States organized under the United States Constitution and laws of the federal government. Article III of the Constitution requires the establishment of a Supreme Court and permits the Congress to create other federal courts, and place limitations on their jurisdiction. Article III federal judges are appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate to serve until they resign, are impeached and convicted, retire, or die."
] | [
"Congress"
] |
1859007246173365875 | Stroke (engine) | Stroke ( engine ) - wikipedia Stroke ( engine ) Jump to : navigation , search In the context of an Internal combustion engine , the term stroke has the following related meanings : A phase of the engine 's cycle ( eg compression stroke , exhaust stroke ) , during which the piston travels from top to bottom or vice-versa . The type of power cycle used by a piston engine ( eg two - stroke engine , four - stroke engine ) . `` Stroke length '' , the distance travelled by the piston in each cycle . The stroke length - along with bore diameter - determines the engine 's displacement . Contents ( hide ) 1 Phases in the power cycle 1.1 Induction / Intake stroke 1.2 Compression stroke 1.3 Combustion / Power / Expansion stroke 1.4 Exhaust stroke 2 Types of power cycles 2.1 Two - stroke engine 2.2 Four - strokes engine 3 Stroke length Phases in the power cycle ( edit ) The phases / strokes of a four - stroke engine . 1 : intake 2 : compression 3 : power 4 : exhaust Commonly - used engine phases / strokes ( ie those used in a four - stroke engine ) are described below . Other types of engines can have very different phases . Induction / Intake stroke ( edit ) The induction stroke is the first stroke in a four - stroke internal combustion engine cycle . It involves the downward movement of the piston , creating a partial vacuum that draws a fuel / air mixture ( or air alone , in the case of a direct injection engine ) into the combustion chamber . In a reciprocating engine , it is that portion of the cycle when the pistons move from TDC ( top dead center ) to BDC ( bottom dead center ) and the fuel - air mixture is drawn into the cylinders ... This is a cylinder for a 4 - stroke Petrol / Gasoline engine . The first step is to get the air - fuel mixture into the chamber . Mixture enters through an inlet port that is opened and closed by an inlet valve . This is called the Intake Manifold . Compression stroke ( edit ) The compression stroke is the second of four stages in an otto cycle or diesel cycle internal combustion engine . In this stage , the mixture ( in the case of an Otto engine ) or air ( in the case of a Diesel engine ) is compressed to the top of the cylinder by the piston until it is either ignited by a spark plug in an Otto engine or , in the case of a Diesel engine , by the fuel being injected into the compressed ( and thereby heated ) air , forcing the piston back down . In a Diesel engine , the injection of fuel usually leads top dead center by about 4 mechanical degrees , this `` lead '' being intended to allow complete fuel ignition to occur slightly after top dead center . Compression serves to increase the proportion of energy which can be extracted from the hot gas and should be optimised for a given application . Too high a compression can cause detonation , which is undesirable compared with a smooth , controlled burn . Too low a compression may result in the fuel / air mixture still burning when the piston reaches the bottom of the stroke and the exhaust valve opens . Combustion / power / expansion stroke ( edit ) A power stroke is , in general , the stroke or movement of a cyclic motor while generating force and thus power . It is used in describing mechanical engines . This force is the result of the spark plug igniting the compressed fuel - air mixture ( in Petrol Engines ) . Exhaust stroke ( edit ) The exhaust stroke is the fourth of four stages in a four stroke internal combustion engine cycle . In this stage gases remaining in the cylinder from the fuel ignited during the compression step are removed from the cylinder through an exhaust valve at the top of the cylinder . The gases are forced up to the top of the cylinder as the piston rises and are pushed through the opening , which then closes to allow a fresh air / fuel mixture into the cylinder so the process can repeat itself . Types of power cycles ( edit ) The thermodynamic cycle used by a piston engine is often described by the number of strokes to complete a cycle . The most common designs of for engines are two - stroke and four - stroke . Less common designs include five - stroke engines , six - stroke engines and two - and - four stroke engines . Two - stroke engine ( edit ) Two - stroke engines complete a power cycle every two strokes , which means a power cycle is completed with every crankshaft revolution . Two - stroke engines are commonly used in outdoor power tools ( eg lawnmowers and chainsaws ) and motorcycles . Four - strokes engine ( edit ) Four - stroke engines complete a power cycle every four strokes , which means a power cycle is completed every two crankshaft revolutions . Most automotive engines are a four - stroke design . Stroke length ( edit ) The stroke length is how far the piston travels in the cylinder , which is determined by the cranks on the crankshaft . Engine displacement is calculated by multiplying the cross-section area of the cylinder ( determined by the bore ) by the stroke length . This number is multiplied by the number of cylinders in the engine , to determine the total displacement . ( hide ) Reciprocating engines and configurations Type Bourke Orbital Piston Pistonless ( Wankel ) Radial Rotary Split cycle Stelzer Tschudi Stroke cycles Two - stroke Four - stroke Five - stroke Six - stroke Two - and four - stroke Configurations & number of cylinders Single cylinder Single Two cylinders Split - single I2 V2 F2 Inline / straight I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 I10 I12 I14 Flat F2 F4 F6 F8 F10 F12 F16 V / Vee V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V8 V10 V12 V14 V16 V18 V20 V24 W8 W12 W16 W18 Other inline U Square four VR Opposed X X24 Junkers Jumo 222 Components Valves Cylinder head porting Corliss Intake Exhaust Multi Overhead Piston Poppet Side Sleeve Slide Rotary valve Variable valve timing Camless Desmodromic Hydraulic tappet Fuel supplies Carburetor Gasoline direct injection Common rail Mechanisms Cam Camshaft Overhead camshaft Connecting rod Crank Crankshaft Scotch yoke Swashplate Rhombic drive Linkages Peaucellier -- Lipkin Watt 's ( parallel ) Other Hemi Recuperator Turbo - compounding Automotive engine Part of the Automobile series Basic terminology Bore Compression ratio Crank Cylinder Dead centre Diesel engine Dry sump Engine balance Engine configuration Engine displacement Engine knocking Firing order Hydrolock Petrol engine Power band Redline Spark - ignition engine Stroke Stroke ratio Wet sump Main components Connecting rod Crankcase Crankpin Crankshaft Crossplane Cylinder bank Cylinder block Cylinder head ( crossflow , reverse - flow ) Flywheel Head gasket Hypereutectic piston Main bearing Piston Piston ring Starter ring gear Sump Valvetrain Cam Cam follower Camshaft Desmodromic valve Hydraulic tappet Multi-valve Overhead camshaft Overhead valve Pneumatic valve springs Poppet valve Pushrod Rocker arm Sleeve valve Tappet Timing belt Timing mark Valve float Variable valve timing Aspiration Air filter Blowoff valve Boost controller Butterfly valve Centrifugal - type supercharger Cold air intake Dump valve Electronic throttle control Forced induction Inlet manifold Intake Intercooler Manifold vacuum Naturally aspirated engine Ram - air intake Scroll - type supercharger Short ram air intake Supercharger Throttle Throttle body Turbocharger Twin - turbo Variable - geometry turbocharger Variable - length intake manifold Warm air intake Fuel system Carburetor Common rail Direct injection Fuel filter Fuel injection Fuel pump Fuel tank Gasoline direct injection Indirect injection Injection pump Lean - burn Stratified charge engine Turbo fuel stratified injection Unit injector Ignition Contact breaker Magneto Distributor Electrical ballast High tension leads Ignition coil Spark plug Wasted spark Electrics and engine management Air -- fuel ratio meter Alternator Automatic Performance Control Car battery ( lead -- acid battery ) Crankshaft position sensor Dynamo Drive by wire Electronic control unit Engine control unit Engine coolant temperature sensor Glow plug Idle air control actuator MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Oxygen sensor Starter motor Throttle position sensor Exhaust system Automobile emissions control Catalytic converter Diesel particulate filter Exhaust manifold Glasspack Muffler Engine cooling Air cooling Antifreeze ( ethylene glycol ) Core plug Electric fan Fan belt Radiator Thermostat Water cooling Viscous fan ( fan clutch ) Other components Balance shaft Block heater Combustion chamber Cylinder head porting Gasket Motor oil Oil filter Oil pump Oil sludge PCV valve Seal Synthetic oil Underdrive pulleys Portal Aircraft piston engine components , systems and terminology Piston engines Mechanical components Camshaft Connecting rod Crankpin Crankshaft Cylinder Cylinder head Gudgeon pin Hydraulic tappet Main bearing Obturator ring Oil pump Piston Piston ring Poppet valve Pushrod Rocker arm Sleeve valve Tappet Electrical components Alternator Capacitor discharge ignition Dual ignition Electronic fuel injection Generator Ignition system Magneto Spark plug Starter Terminology Air - cooled Aircraft engine starting Bore Compression ratio Dead centre Engine displacement Four - stroke engine Horsepower Ignition timing Manifold pressure Mean effective pressure Naturally aspirated Monosoupape Overhead camshaft Overhead valve engine Rotary engine Shock cooling Stroke Time between overhaul Two - stroke engine Valve timing Volumetric efficiency Propellers Components Propeller governor Propeller speed reduction unit Spinner Terminology Autofeather Blade pitch Constant - speed Contra - rotating Counter-rotating Scimitar Single - blade Variable - pitch Engine instruments Annunciator panel EFIS EICAS Flight data recorder Glass cockpit Hobbs meter Tachometer Engine controls Carburetor heat Throttle Fuel and induction system Avgas Carburetor Fuel injection Gascolator Inlet manifold Intercooler Pressure carburetor Supercharger Turbocharger Updraft carburetor Other systems Auxiliary power unit Coffman starter Hydraulic system Ice protection system Recoil start Steam engines Operating cycle Atmospheric Watt Cornish Compound Uniflow Valves Valves Slide D slide Piston Drop Corliss Poppet Sleeve Bash Valve gear Gab Stephenson link Joy Walschaerts Allan Baker Corliss Lentz Caprotti Gresley conjugated Southern Mechanisms Beam Cataract Centrifugal governor Connecting rod Crank Crankshaft Hypocycloidal gear Link chain Parallel motion Plate chain Rotative beam Sun and planet gear Watt 's linkage Boilers Simple boilers Haystack Wagon Egg - ended Box Flued Cornish Lancashire Fire - tube boilers Locomotive Scotch Launch Water - tube boilers Babcock & Wilcox Field - tube Sentinel Stirling Thimble tube Three - drum Yarrow Boiler feed Feedwater heater Feedwater pump Injector Cylinder Locomotive Oscillating Single - and double - acting Condenser Condensing steam locomotive Jet Kirchweger Watt 's separate `` Pickle - pot '' Surface Other Crosshead Cutoff Expansion valve Hydrolock Piston Reciprocating engine Return connecting rod engine Six - column beam engine Steeple engine Safety valve Steeple compound engine Stroke Working fluid History Precursors Savery Engine ( 1698 ) Newcomen engine Newcomen Memorial Engine ( 1725 ) Fairbottom Bobs ( 1760 ) Elsecar Engine ( 1795 ) Watt engine Beam Kinneil Engine ( 1768 ) Old Bess ( 1777 ) Chacewater Mine engine ( 1778 ) Smethwick Engine ( 1779 ) Resolution ( 1781 ) Rotative beam Soho Manufactory engine ( 1782 ) Bradley Works engine ( 1783 ) Whitbread Engine ( 1785 ) National Museum of Scotland engine ( 1786 ) Lap Engine ( 1788 ) High - pressure Richard Trevithick Puffing Devil ( 1801 ) London Steam Carriage ( 1803 ) `` Coalbrookdale Locomotive '' ( 1803 ) `` Pen - y - Darren '' locomotive ( 1804 ) Compound Woolf 's compound engine ( 1803 ) Murray Murray 's Hypocycloidal Engine ( 1805 ) Salamanca ( 1812 ) High - speed Porter - Allen ( 1862 ) Ljungström ( 1908 ) See also Glossary of steam locomotive components History of steam road vehicles Cugnot 's fardier à vapeur ( 1769 ) Murdoch 's model steam carriage ( 1784 ) Lean 's Engine Reporter List of steam technology patents Modern steam Stationary steam engine Timeline of steam power Water - returning engine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroke_(engine)&oldid=811229271 '' Categories : Engine technology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Norsk Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 08 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what component of the engine determines the stroke | [
"\nA phase of the engine's cycle (eg compression stroke, exhaust stroke), during which the piston travels from top to bottom or vice-versa.\nThe type of power cycle used by a piston engine (eg two-stroke engine, four-stroke engine).\n\"Stroke length\", the distance travelled by the piston in each cycle. The stroke length- along with bore diameter- determines the engine's displacement.\n",
"\nA phase of the engine's cycle (eg compression stroke, exhaust stroke), during which the piston travels from top to bottom or vice-versa.\nThe type of power cycle used by a piston engine (eg two-stroke engine, four-stroke engine).\n\"Stroke length\", the distance travelled by the piston in each cycle. The stroke length- along with bore diameter- determines the engine's displacement.\n",
"\nA phase of the engine's cycle (eg compression stroke, exhaust stroke), during which the piston travels from top to bottom or vice-versa.\nThe type of power cycle used by a piston engine (eg two-stroke engine, four-stroke engine).\n\"Stroke length\", the distance travelled by the piston in each cycle. The stroke length- along with bore diameter- determines the engine's displacement.\n"
] | [
"phase of the engine's cycle",
"type of power cycle used",
"the distance travelled by the piston in each cycle"
] |
6759415593087174310 | List of NBA players with most championships | List of NBA players with most championships - wikipedia List of NBA players with most championships Jump to : navigation , search Bill Russell won 11 championships with the Boston Celtics , an NBA record . This is a list of NBA players with most championships won as a player . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a major professional basketball league in North America . It was founded in 1946 as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . The league adopted its current name at the start of the 1949 -- 50 season when it merged with the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the sport 's postseason . The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy . Players from the winning team usually receive championship rings from the team honoring their contribution . However , in some rare occasion , the teams opted to give other commemorative items , such as wrist watches , instead of rings . The number of championships won by NBA superstars is often used as a measurement of their greatness . Boston Celtics center Bill Russell holds the record for the most NBA championships won with 11 titles during his 13 - year playing career . He won his first championship with the Boston Celtics in his rookie year . Afterwards , he went on to win 10 championships in the next 12 years , including eight consecutive championships from 1959 to 1966 . He won the last two championships in 1968 and 1969 as player - coach . Russell 's teammate , Sam Jones , won 10 championships from 1959 to 1969 , the second most in NBA history . Four Celtics players , Tom Heinsohn , K.C. Jones , Satch Sanders and John Havlicek , won eight championships each . Two other Celtics , Jim Loscutoff and Frank Ramsey , won seven championships each . Four players , Bob Cousy , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen , won six championships each . Jordan and Pippen are members of the Chicago Bulls team who won three consecutive championships twice in the 1990s . George Mikan won 2 championships in the NBL before it merged with the BAA to form the NBA , and won 5 championships in the NBA . Robert Horry and John Salley are the only players to have won the championships with three different teams . Horry won seven championships with the Houston Rockets , the Los Angeles Lakers and the San Antonio Spurs , while Salley won four championships with the Detroit Pistons , the Bulls and the Lakers . Horry is also the only non-Celtic to win more than 6 times . Frank Saul and Steve Kerr are the only players to win two championships with two different teams in consecutive seasons . Saul won consecutive championships with the Rochester Royals and the Minneapolis Lakers in the 1950s , and Kerr won consecutive championships with the Bulls and the Spurs in the 1990s . Both Saul and Kerr were NBA champions four years in a row , each having participated in three - peats , Saul with the Lakers and Kerr with the Bulls . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References List ( edit ) Pos Guard Forward Center * Denotes players who have been inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame Denotes players who are currently active in the NBA Rank Player Pos Seasons played Total won Championship teams Ref . Russell , Bill Bill Russell * 13 11 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Jones , Sam Sam Jones * 12 10 Boston Celtics ( 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Heinsohn , Tom Tom Heinsohn * F / C 9 8 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 ) Jones , K.C. K.C. Jones * 9 8 Boston Celtics ( 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 ) Sanders , Tom `` Satch '' Tom `` Satch '' Sanders * 13 8 Boston Celtics ( 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Havlicek , John John Havlicek * F / G 16 8 Boston Celtics ( 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 ) 7 Loscutoff , Jim Jim Loscutoff 9 7 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 ) Ramsey , Frank Frank Ramsey * F / G 9 7 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 ) Horry , Robert Robert Horry 16 7 Houston Rockets ( 1994 , 1995 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 , 2007 ) 10 Cousy , Bob Bob Cousy * 14 6 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 ) Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( formerly Lew Alcindor ) 20 6 Milwaukee Bucks ( 1971 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 15 6 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Pippen , Scottie Scottie Pippen * 17 6 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) 14 Mikan , George George Mikan * 7 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Pollard , Jim Jim Pollard * F / C 7 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Martin , Slater Slater Martin * 11 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) St. Louis Hawks ( 1958 ) Siegfried , Larry Larry Siegfried 9 5 Boston Celtics ( 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Nelson , Don Don Nelson * 14 5 Boston Celtics ( 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 ) Cooper , Michael Michael Cooper G / F 12 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Johnson , Earvin `` Magic '' Earvin `` Magic '' Johnson * 13 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Rodman , Dennis Dennis Rodman * 14 5 Detroit Pistons ( 1989 , 1990 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Harper , Ron Ron Harper 15 5 Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 ) Kerr , Steve Steve Kerr 15 5 Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 , 2003 ) Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 20 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 ) Fisher , Derek Derek Fisher 18 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 ) Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan F / C 19 5 San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) 27 Mikkelsen , Vern Vern Mikkelsen * F / C 10 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Saul , Frank Frank Saul G / F 6 Rochester Royals ( 1951 ) Minneapolis Lakers ( 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Sharman , Bill Bill Sharman * 11 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 ) Wilkes , Jamaal Jamaal Wilkes * G / F 12 Golden State Warriors ( 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 ) Rambis , Kurt Kurt Rambis 14 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Parish , Robert Robert Parish * 21 Boston Celtics ( 1981 , 1984 , 1986 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1997 ) Perdue , Will Will Perdue 13 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 ) Salley , John John Salley F / C 11 Detroit Pistons ( 1989 , 1990 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 ) Grant , Horace Horace Grant F / C 17 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 ) O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 19 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) Miami Heat ( 2006 ) Ginóbili , Manu Manu Ginóbili ^ 14 San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) Parker , Tony Tony Parker ^ 15 San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal List of NBA champions List of NBA championship head coaches Notes ( edit ) Heinsohn won two additional championships in 1974 and 1976 as head coach of the Boston Celtics . Jones won four additional championships in 1972 as assistant coach of the Los Angeles Lakers , in 1981 as assistant coach of the Boston Celtics , and in 1984 and 1986 as head coach of the Celtics . Sanders is a member of the Naismith Hall , but as a contributor rather than a player . Loscutoff did not play in the 1960 Playoffs and Finals due to injury . Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul - Jabbar in 1971 . He also won two championships as an assistant coach with the Lakers in 2009 and 2010 . Wilkes did not play in the 1985 playoffs due to injury , but remained on the roster until after the Finals . Kerr won additional championships in 2015 and 2017 as head coach of the Golden State Warriors . Sharman won an additional championship in 1972 as head coach of the Los Angeles Lakers . References ( edit ) General `` Most NBA Championships Won '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Specific Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam . `` The First Game '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 -- 50 Season Overview : Powerful Lakers Repeat '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Phil Jackson , lord of the rings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ May , Peter ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Havlicek does n't have eight rings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Aron , Jaime ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Mavs against Cuban 's idea not to give title rings '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Debate Over Brady 's Place Among the Best Returns to the Shelf '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Russell Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Jones NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Heinsohn NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` K.C. Jones NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Sanders NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Havlicek NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Loscutoff NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Ramsey NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Horry NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Cousy NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scottie Pippen NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Horry adds to ring collection '' . NBC Sports . NBC Universal . June 24 , 2005 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Salley NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Jr. , David L. ( February 2007 ) . Basketball Championships ' Most Wanted . Potomac Books , Inc. p. 41 . ISBN 1 - 59797 - 014 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Pep Saul NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Kerr NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bil Russell NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` George Mikan NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Pollard NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Slater Martin NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Siegfried NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Don Nelson NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Cooper NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Johnson NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Rodman NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Harper NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Fisher NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Duncan NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vern Mikkelsen NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Sharman NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaal Wilkes NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Rambis NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Parish NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Will Perdue NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Horace Grant NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manu Ginobili NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com LL . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Parker NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Tom `` Satch '' Sanders `` . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Injury Hit Celtic Hopes '' . The Gettysburg Times . Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . January 12 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Jabbar ( Alcindor ) Is The Name '' . The Spartanburg Herald . Spartanburg , South Carolina . September 17 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Bonk , Thomas ( August 29 , 1985 ) , `` Wilkes Waived , Ending an 8 - Year Laker Career '' , Los Angeles Times Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NBA_players_with_most_championships&oldid=798750592 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 16 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who got the most rings in nba history | [
"Boston Celtics center Bill Russell holds the record for the most NBA championships won with 11 titles during his 13-year playing career.[7] He won his first championship with the Boston Celtics in his rookie year. Afterwards, he went on to win 10 championships in the next 12 years, including eight consecutive championships from 1959 to 1966.[8] He won the last two championships in 1968 and 1969 as player-coach.[7] Russell's teammate, Sam Jones, won 10 championships from 1959 to 1969, the second most in NBA history.[9] Four Celtics players, Tom Heinsohn, K. C. Jones, Satch Sanders and John Havlicek, won eight championships each.[10][11][12][13] Two other Celtics, Jim Loscutoff and Frank Ramsey, won seven championships each.[14][15][16] Four players, Bob Cousy, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen, won six championships each.[17][18] Jordan and Pippen are members of the Chicago Bulls team who won three consecutive championships twice in the 1990s.[19][20] George Mikan won 2 championships in the NBL before it merged with the BAA to form the NBA, and won 5 championships in the NBA."
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"Bill Russell"
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-4928059039119934255 | List of The Fosters episodes | List of the Fosters episodes - wikipedia List of the Fosters episodes Jump to : navigation , search The Fosters is an American drama series on Freeform ( then known as ABC Family ) that premiered on June 3 , 2013 . The series follows the lives of Lena Adams ( Sherri Saum ) and Stef Foster ( Teri Polo ) , the Fosters , who are an interracial , lesbian couple living in the Mission Bay area of San Diego , raising Stef 's biological son , Brandon ( David Lambert ) , along with adopted twins , Jesus ( Jake T. Austin / Noah Centineo ) and Mariana ( Cierra Ramirez ) . Lena is a charter school vice principal and Stef is a police officer . Lena decides to take in `` troubled '' teenager Callie ( Maia Mitchell ) and then later her younger brother Jude ( Hayden Byerly ) , who have endured a series of abusive foster homes . On January 10 , 2017 , Freeform announced that the series was renewed for a fifth season , which began on July 11 , 2017 . As of September 5 , 2017 , 91 episodes of The Fosters have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Webisodes 3.1 The Fosters : Girls United 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 21 June 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 21 June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) March 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) 20 June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 20 June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 5 18 July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) 2018 ( 2018 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Timothy Busfield Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) 1.42 `` Consequently '' Timothy Busfield Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 10 ) 1.70 `` Hostile Acts '' Melanie Mayron David Ehrman June 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 17 ) 1.25 `` Quinceañera '' Joanna Kerns Joanna Johnson June 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 24 ) 1.89 5 5 `` The Morning After '' Bethany Rooney Paul Sciarrotta July 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) 1.78 6 6 `` Saturday '' Norman Buckley Marissa Jo Cerar July 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 08 ) 1.77 7 7 `` The Fallout '' Jeff Melman Story by : Zoila Amelia Galeano Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige July 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) 1.79 8 8 `` Clean '' Millicent Shelton Story by : David Ehrman & Paul Sciarrotta Teleplay by : David Ehrman July 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 22 ) 1.89 9 9 `` Vigil '' David Paymer Joanna Johnson July 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 29 ) 1.87 10 10 `` I Do '' James Hayman Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 05 ) 2.07 11 11 `` The Honeymoon '' James Hayman Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 1.92 12 12 `` House and Home '' Martha Mitchell Joanna Johnson January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 2.14 13 13 `` Things Unsaid '' Joanna Kerns Marissa Jo Cerar January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 1.88 14 14 `` Family Day '' Elodie Keene Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) 1.80 15 15 `` Padre '' Millicent Shelton Story by : Tamara P. Carter Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige February 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 10 ) 1.83 16 16 `` Us Against The World '' Lee Rose Kelly Fullerton February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 1.68 17 17 `` Kids in the Hall '' Michael Grossman Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 1.48 18 18 `` Escapes and Reversals '' Melanie Mayron Story by : Joanna Johnson Teleplay by : Thomas Higgins March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 1.51 19 19 `` Do n't Let Go '' Zetna Fuentes Story by : Marissa Jo Cerar & Zoila Amelia Galeano Teleplay by : Kelly Fullerton & Marissa Jo Cerar March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 1.21 20 20 `` Metropolis '' Martha Mitchell Joanna Johnson March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 1.20 21 21 `` Adoption Day '' Norman Buckley Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 1.29 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 22 `` Things Unknown '' Norman Buckley Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 1.47 23 `` Take Me Out '' Elodie Keene Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 1.45 24 `` Play '' Martha Mitchell Thomas Higgins June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 1.37 25 `` Say Something '' Zetna Fuentes Kathleen McGhee - Anderson July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 1.42 26 5 `` Truth Be Told '' Ron Lagomarsino Kelly Fullerton July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) 1.61 27 6 `` Mother '' Lee Rose Joanna Johnson July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) 1.51 28 7 `` The Longest Day '' Nzingha Stewart Marissa Jo Cerar July 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 28 ) 1.44 29 8 `` Girls Reunited '' Daisy Mayer Story by : Joanna Johnson Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) 1.38 30 9 `` Leaky Faucets '' Lee Rose Story by : Cristian Martinez Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) 1.35 31 10 `` Someone 's Little Sister '' Norman Buckley Joanna Johnson August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) 1.48 32 11 `` Christmas Past '' Norman Buckley Joanna Johnson December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 1.93 33 12 `` Over Under '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) 1.45 34 13 `` Stay '' Elodie Keene Marissa Jo Cerar January 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 26 ) 1.20 35 14 `` Mother Nature '' Martha Mitchell Thomas Higgins February 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 02 ) 1.26 36 15 `` Light of Day '' Ron Lagomarsino Wade Solomon & Megan Lynn February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 1.24 37 16 `` If You Only Knew '' Aprill Winney Kelly Fullerton February 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 16 ) 1.28 38 17 `` The Silence She Keeps '' Melanie Mayron Cristian Martinez & Dan Richter February 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) 1.25 39 18 `` Now Hear This '' Rob Morrow Thomas Higgins March 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) 1.23 40 19 `` Justify the Means '' Jay Karas Joanna Johnson March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 1.14 41 20 `` Not that Kind of Girl '' Lee Rose Story by : Kris Q. Rehl Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 1.32 42 21 `` The End of the Beginning '' Zetna Fuentes Joanna Johnson and Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige March 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) 1.45 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 43 `` Wreckage '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) 1.26 44 `` Father 's Day '' Aprill Winney Joanna Johnson June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 0.97 45 `` Déjà Vu '' Charlie Stratton Thomas Higgins June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 1.00 46 `` More Than Words '' Daisy Mayer Marissa Jo Cerar June 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 29 ) 1.18 47 5 `` Going South '' Elodie Keene Michael MacLennan July 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) 1.30 48 6 `` It 's My Party '' Kees Van Oostrum Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon July 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 13 ) 1.30 49 7 `` Faith , Hope , Love '' Jann Turner Cristian Martinez & Kris Q. Rehl July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 1.33 50 8 `` Daughters '' Chandra Wilson Elle Johnson August 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 03 ) 1.23 51 9 `` Idyllwild '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 1.06 52 10 `` Lucky '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 1.24 53 11 `` First Impressions '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 1.05 54 12 `` Mixed Messages '' Rich Newey Thomas Higgins February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 0.79 55 13 `` If and When '' Elodie Keene Anne Meredith February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 0.84 56 14 `` Under Water '' Ron Lagomarsino Joanna Johnson February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 0.81 57 15 `` Minor Offenses '' Rob Morrow Michael MacLennan February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 0.79 58 16 `` EQ '' Anne Renton Anne Meredith February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 0.67 59 17 `` Sixteen '' Elodie Keene Marissa Jo Cerar March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 0.84 60 18 `` Rehearsal '' Norman Buckley Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 0.73 61 19 `` The Show '' Bradley Bredeweg Story by : Joanna Johnson Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 0.80 62 20 `` Kingdom Come '' Joanna Johnson Story by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige Teleplay by : Joanna Johnson March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 0.77 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 63 `` Potential Energy '' Rob Morrow Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) 0.91 64 `` Safe '' Rob Morrow Joanna Johnson June 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 27 ) 1.05 65 `` Trust '' Elodie Keene Anne Meredith July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 0.80 66 `` Now for Then '' Silas Howard Constance M. Burge July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 0.82 67 5 `` Forty '' Velvet Andrews Smith Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 0.84 68 6 `` Justify '' Kelli Williams Cristian Martinez August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 0.93 69 7 `` Highs and Lows '' Chandra Wilson Kris Q. Rehl August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 0.80 70 8 `` Girl Code '' Aprill Winney Story by : Dan Richter Teleplay by : Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 0.88 71 9 `` New York '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 0.88 72 10 `` Collateral Damage '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) 0.99 73 11 `` Insult to Injury '' Rob Morrow Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 0.92 74 12 `` Dream a Little Dream '' Rob Morrow Joanna Johnson February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 0.67 75 13 `` Cruel and Unusual '' Norman Buckley Anne Meredith February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 0.76 76 14 `` Doors and Windows '' Susan Flannery Constance M. Burge February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 0.73 77 15 `` Sex Ed '' Michael Medico Kris Q. Rehl February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 0.66 78 16 `` The Long Haul '' Bradley Bredeweg Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 0.71 79 17 `` Diamond in the Rough '' Lily Mariye Cristian Martinez March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 0.69 80 18 `` Dirty Laundry '' Laura Nisbet Peters Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 0.69 81 19 `` Who Knows '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 0.62 82 20 `` Until Tomorrow '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 0.72 Season 5 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 83 `` Resist '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) 0.87 84 `` Exterminate Her '' Danny Nucci Joanna Johnson July 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) 0.69 85 `` Contact '' Aprill Winney Anne Meredith July 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) 0.76 86 `` Too Fast , Too Furious '' Tate Donovan Cristian Martinez August 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) 0.66 87 5 `` Telling '' Anne Renton Kris Q. Rehl August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) 0.69 88 6 `` Welcome to the Jungler '' Kelli Williams Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) 0.61 89 7 `` Chasing Waterfalls '' Chandra Wilson Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) 0.58 90 8 `` Engaged '' Kees Van Oostrum Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon August 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 29 ) 0.58 91 9 `` Prom '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 0.74 92 10 `` All In '' Rob Morrow Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) TBD 93 11 `` Invisible '' TBA Story by : Kimberly Ndombe Teleplay by : Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) TBD Webisodes ( edit ) The Fosters : Girls United ( edit ) At the start of the second part of the first season of The Fosters , a five - episode web series called The Fosters : Girls United was confirmed by ABC Family . It stars Maia Mitchell , Daffany Clark , Cherinda Kincherlow , Annamarie Kenoyer , Alicia Sixtos , Hayley Kiyoko , and Angela Gibbs . Girls United premiered on ABC Family 's official YouTube account on February 3 , 2014 . Each episode runs approximately 5 minutes long . No . Title Originally posted `` Run Baby Run '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Gabi goes missing and Girls United counselor , Michelle , calls a meeting to ask if the girls know anything about where she may have run off to . `` Stab in the Back '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) The girls discuss who of them can be pregnant . `` Got Your Back '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Callie and Kiara share some mutual secrets . Callie also discovers that Becka harms herself with a knife . `` Scorpion Kings '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Gabi 's father visits the Girls United home for some information about Gabi . 5 `` United We Stand '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Gabi comes back and reveals she went away because she has HIV . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez , TV Show About Lesbian Couple Gets Green Light From ABC -- AOL Music Blog '' . Associated Press . Blog.music.aol.com . August 24 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' Renewed For Season 5 By Freeform '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Fosters , Shadowhunters , Stitchers Return Dates Set at Freeform '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bredeweg , Bradley ( 14 March 2017 ) . `` 20 in season 4 . 18 in season 5 . # TheFosters '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` The Fosters , Shadowhunters , Stitchers Return Dates Set at Freeform '' . tvline.com . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Fosters ' EP Unpacks That Heart - Stopping Finale and Dishes on Season 5 '' . ew.com. 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Freeform Summer Schedule : ' Shadowhunters ' Return and Debut of Cosmo - Inspired Series ' The Bold Type ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Dominates + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , NHL Hockey , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Longmire ' & More -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` WWE Raw , '' Stanley Cup Finals Top Charts `` . The Futon Critic . June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , Major Crimes ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' & More -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' Wins Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Real Housewives of OC ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Leads + ' WWE RAW , ' ' Switched at Birth , ' ' Major Crimes , ' ' Longmire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Home Run Derby ' Wins Night + ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Hit the Floor ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Fast N Loud ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' T.I. and Tiny ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' & ' Love & Hip Hop ' Tie for Lead + ' Single Ladies ' , ' Archer ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Klondike ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Single Ladies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Leads Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Swamp People ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & Mo '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Swamp People ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Leads Night + ' Swamp People ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Leads Night + ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Night + ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Tops Night + ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Jaws Strikes Back ' , ' Monster Hammerhead ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Football Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Dallas ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Hollywood ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , ' The Fosters ' , & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' & ' Monday Night RAW ' Top Night + ' Black Ink Crew ' , ' Street Outlaws ' & More '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.2. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip - Hop ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . tvbythenumbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' Wins NIght , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Final Adjusted TV Ratings for Monday 23rd February 2015 '' . SpoilerTV . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , ' The Fosters ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final Adjusted TV Ratings for Monday 9th March 2015 '' . SpoilerTV . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' The Fosters ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hop - Hop ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Teen Mom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 6.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 6.15. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 6.22. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 6.29. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 7.6. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 7.13. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 7.20. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' UnReal ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' She 's Got Game ' , ' Real Housewives of Orange County ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 8.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday cable ratings : ' Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood ' lands strong premiere ratings '' . zap2it.com. 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads , ' WWE Raw ' stumbles '' . zap2it.com. 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' reigns supreme , ' Better Call Saul ' falls '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.29. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.7. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.14. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads , ' WWE Raw ' falls '' . tvbythenumbers.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.28. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' returns on top '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Monday Night Raw ' leads the night '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2016 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' and ' Taboo ' tick up '' . Screener . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng . `` ' The Fosters ' Web Series to Launch - The Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Fosters_episodes&oldid=803750193 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 11 : 30 . About Wikipedia | when does season 5 of the fisters come out | [
"On January 10, 2017, Freeform announced that the series was renewed for a fifth season,[2] which began on July 11, 2017.[3] As of September 5, 2017,[update] 91 episodes of The Fosters have aired."
] | [
"July 11, 2017"
] |
-5971150067696979575 | Night game | Night game - wikipedia Night game Jump to : navigation , search This article is about sports practiced at night . For the novel , see Night Game ( novel ) . For the film , see Night Game ( film ) . A night game , also called a nighter , is a sporting event that takes place , completely or partially , after the local sunset . Depending on the sport , this can be done either with floodlights or with the usual low - light conditions . The term `` night game '' is typically used only in reference to sports traditionally held outdoors . Although indoor sporting events often take place after local sunset , these events are artificially lighted regardless of the time of day they take place . Contents ( hide ) 1 Baseball 2 Cricket 3 Gridiron football 4 Motorsports 5 References 6 External links Baseball ( edit ) A night game at Fenway Park , a U.S. baseball park in Boston , Massachusetts . A baseball game was played under artificial illumination in 1880 , the year after Thomas Edison invented the light bulb . It was an experimental game between two department store teams , and it would take another fifty years before organized baseball would sanction night baseball . There were a couple of exhibition night baseball games in the early 1900s between organized baseball teams . One of them was in 1909 , and the other was in 1927 , but the games did not count in league standings . Even though the games were between professional teams , they were unofficial experiments and did not count as the `` nocturnal first '' . In 1929 , the president of the Des Moines , Iowa baseball club announced to the National Association convention he was going to play night baseball in 1930 . However , the first official minor league night game actually took place in Independence , Kansas on April 28 , 1930 . An article in the April 1931 edition of Baseball Magazine stated that Independence was the first team in America to play a league night baseball game . After the game in Independence , night baseball `` spread like wildfire '' across the minor leagues . In addition to that , in 1935 , The Sporting News pointed out that Des Moines , Iowa was not the first to install permanent lights , but it was in fact Independence that did so . By the end of the 1934 season there were sixty - five minor league teams with permanent lights installed on their fields . The light towers installed in Independence in 1930 were removed and scrapped in June 1990 . Mickey Mantle , an Independence Yankee in 1949 , played under the historic lights . Lighting technology had significantly improved since the 1927 night game exhibition . After fifty years of experiments , a new era in professional baseball was about to start . The Independence Producers of Independence , Kansas were a Class C minor league baseball team that played in a stadium known now as Shulthis Stadium . They purchased lights from the Giant Manufacturing Company and installed permanent lights on their field . When Independence played the night game on April 28 , 1930 , it made Independence the birthplace of professional night baseball . By the end of the 1930 season there were thirty - eight minor league teams with lights installed on their fields . Independence played the first night game in the history of Organized Baseball on April 28 , 1930 . The term Organized Baseball refers to Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball games . Independence lost the league game to the Muskogee Chiefs by a score of 13 - 3 . Independence had previously played an exhibition game against the House of David , a professional baseball team , but the game did not qualify as an Organized Baseball game . Independence did however defeat the House of David with a score of 9 - 1 . Organized Baseball is a specific group of baseball teams , those that are part of Major League Baseball , and the minor league teams associated with them . Organized Baseball games must follow specific rules in order to be Organized Baseball games . Organized Baseball games are official Major League Baseball or minor league games . The Commissioner of Baseball has authority over Organized Baseball . Since Independence had played a night baseball game before any Major League teams did so , the first night game in the history of Organized Baseball took place in Independence , Kansas . Numerous references , photos , and media clippings discussing the first night Organized Baseball game are available can be found on websites . After the 1930 game in Independence , night baseball did spread to other countries . The first night game baseball game in Canada took place in Vancouver , Canada in 1931 . In 1933 Japan played their first night baseball game , and Cuba did so in 1937 . The first big - league team to play games at night was the 1930 Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro Leagues , who often played against the House of David baseball team , who carried portable lights mounted on trucks along with their team bus . The Monarchs first night baseball game was on April 28 , 1930 . It was an exhibition game in Enid , Oklahoma against Phillips University . The first night game in Major League Baseball history occurred on May 24 , 1935 when the Cincinnati Reds beat the Philadelphia Phillies 2 -- 1 at Crosley Field . The original plan was that the Reds would play seven night games each season , one against each visiting club . Night baseball quickly found acceptance in other Major League cities and eventually became the norm ; the term `` day game '' was subsequently coined to designate the increasingly rarer afternoon contests . The last non-expansion / non-relocated team to play all their home games in the daytime were the Chicago Cubs ; they played their first official night game in Wrigley Field on August 9 , 1988 , and beat the New York Mets 6 -- 4 . The Cubs still play the fewest home night games of any major league club ( 35 per season , as of 2014 ) . The first night All - Star Game was held at Philadelphia 's Shibe Park in 1943 , while the first World Series night game was Game 4 of the 1971 Series at Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh . All All - Star Games since 1969 , and all World Series games since Game 6 of the 1987 Series , have been played at night . Cricket ( edit ) Day / Night match at Trent Bridge The use of floodlights in cricket matches has helped to bring much investment into the game both at a national and an international level since it began in 1977 . Today floodlit ( day / night ) cricket is played in most of the test playing nations although some nations have only started hosting day / night matches in the last 10 to 12 years . Many important tournaments like Indian Premier League and Champions League Twenty20 have become success due to night games . Cricket was first played under floodlights on Monday , August 11 , 1952 in England which was watched by several million people on their television sets . Since then every test playing country has installed floodlights in their stadiums . Traditional Cricket floodlights have a long pole on which lights are fixed . This is done because many times the ball travels too high when a batsman hits it and high lights are needed to keep the ball in sight . But many cricket stadiums have different types of floodlights like ANZ Stadium in Australia , stadiums in New Zealand etc . The DSC Cricket Stadium in Dubai recently installed Ring of Fire system of floodlights which is latest and smartest system of floodlight in the world . Gridiron football ( edit ) The term has also been adopted by other outdoor stadium sports such as American football and Canadian football . The first night football game was played in Mansfield , Pennsylvania on September 28 , 1892 between Mansfield State Normal and Wyoming Seminary . It ended bitterly at halftime in a 0 -- 0 tie . In 1893 at the Chicago 's World Fair , the Chicago A.A. played a night football game against West Point . Chicago won the 40 - minute game 14 -- 0 . On November 21 , 1902 , the Philadelphia Athletics of the first National Football League defeated the Kanaweola Athletic Club , 39 -- 0 , at Maple Avenue Driving Park in the first professional football night game . The first night football game west of the Mississippi River was played in Wichita , Kansas in 1905 between Cooper College ( now Sterling College of Sterling , Kansas ) and Fairmount College ( now Wichita State University ) . The first NFL game played at night was in 1929 when the Chicago Cardinals played the Providence Steam Roller . Motorsports ( edit ) The pits of Le Mans at dawn . Automobile races at night can take on two different forms . Sports car races such as the 24 Hours of Le Mans and rally races such as Monte Carlo Rally manage to continue running through the night by having the competing cars utilize headlights . The backstretch of Daytona at night . The alternate possibility involves installing a system of flood lights along the circuit to illuminate it for cars that do not have headlights . The lights must be designed to diffuse light over a large space to reduce glare on both windshields and a driver 's visor . Systems such as this have been common in short track racing for many years . The night NASCAR race at Bristol Motor Speedway 's half - mile track in Tennessee is among the most popular events of the season . The first modern oval track over 1 mile ( 1.609 kilometers ) long to install a lighting system was Charlotte Motor Speedway in 1992 . NASCAR sanctioned races have been held at night for many years due to systems like these . MotoGP held its first night race at Losail International Circuit in 2008 . Formula One held its first night race at the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eddleton , Oscar ( 1980 ) . `` Under the Lights '' . Baseball Research Journal : 37 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Bloodgood , Clifford ( April 1931 ) . `` 1931 a Test for Night Baseball '' . Baseball magazine . Jump up ^ `` Big Light Rush Staged in 1930 After Two Tests '' ( January 24 , 1935 ) . The Sporting News . January 24 , 1935 . Jump up ^ `` Reporter Living '' . Independence Daily Reporter . June 24 , 1990 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Larry . `` I Think it is Pretty Ritzy , Myself '' ( PDF ) . Kansas State Historical Society . Kansas History , Winter 1995 / 1996 . Jump up ^ Sumner , Jan ( 2015 ) . Independence , Mantle , and Miss Able . Jadan Publishing . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9703197 - 1 - 5 . Jump up ^ Light , Jonathan ( 1957 ) . The Cultural Encyclopedia of Baseball ( Second ed . ) . McFarland & Company , Inc. p. 670 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2087 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` My Gallery '' . Night Baseball . Google . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Old News Clips '' . Shulthis Stadium . Google . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mark . `` Producers Park Grandstand '' ( PDF ) . Kansas State Historical Society . Kansas State Historical Society . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lytle , Andy . `` Night Baseball is Well Received by Vancouver Fandom '' . Vancouver Sun . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban Sports Timeline '' . History of Cuba . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A History of Jananese Baseball '' . The Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . The Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Siriano , Chris . The House of David `` . 2007 , Arcadia Publishing , ISBN 0 - 7385 - 5082 - 5 , pg. 108 - 109 Jump up ^ Bruce , Janet . The Kansas City Monarchs : Champions of Black Baseball . 1985 , University Press of Kansas , ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0343 - 3 , p. 69 - 71 Jump up ^ Rives , Bob ( 2004 ) . Baseball in Wichita . Arcadia Publishing . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3316 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Night Baseball Comes to the Majors '' . CrosleyField.com . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hy Hurwitz , `` Cronin Urges More Clubs to Put Player Names on Uniforms '' The Sporting News , May 3 , 1963 , page 4 . Jump up ^ `` Wrigley Field History '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ First D / N Cricket match by Cricinfo Jump up ^ `` Dubai Sports City '' . Dubaisportscity.ae. 2008 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Pennsylvania - It happened one night - First Football under lights - Mansfield PA 1892 Jump up ^ Pruter , Robert ( 2005 ) . `` Chicago Lights Up Football World '' ( PDF ) . LA 4 Foundation . XVIII ( II ) : 7 -- 10 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Janowski , Diane . `` History sometimes happens unnoticed : First Ever Night Football Game '' . New York History History . New York State History Books and Music . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` FIRST LIGHT ( 1900 -- 1929 ) '' . Coleman Company . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL 's First Night Game '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 1 , 2005 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ lowesmotorspeedway.com `` History '' Retrieved 8 / 30 / 08 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Night games . Baseball-Almanac.com - First home night game for each Major League team Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_game&oldid=797499622 '' Categories : Baseball terminology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 12 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the first night game in nfl history played | [
"The first NFL game played at night was in 1929 when the Chicago Cardinals played the Providence Steam Roller.[26]"
] | [
"1929"
] |
5241528485286843004 | Ptosis (eyelid) | Ptosis ( eyelid ) - wikipedia Ptosis ( eyelid ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ptosis ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with proptosis or apoptosis . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ptosis of the eyelids Ptosis of the left eyelid ( unilateral ptosis ) . A headshot daguerreotype of an unidentified male , by William Bell in 1852 . Pronunciation / ˈtoʊsɪs / Specialty Ophthalmology , neurology ( edit on Wikidata ) Ptosis is a drooping or falling of the upper eyelid . The drooping may be worse after being awake longer when the individual 's muscles are tired . This condition is sometimes called `` lazy eye '' , but that term normally refers to the condition amblyopia . If severe enough and left untreated , the drooping eyelid can cause other conditions , such as amblyopia or astigmatism . This is why it is especially important for this disorder to be treated in children at a young age , before it can interfere with vision development . The term is from Greek πτῶσις `` a fall , falling '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes 1.1 Drugs 2 Classification 3 Pathology 4 Treatment 5 Etymology 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Causes ( edit ) Neurotoxic ptosis caused by botulinum toxin : a 14 - year - old botulism patient with bilateral total ophthalmoplegia with ptosis ( left image ) and dilated , fixed pupils ( right image ) . The teenager was fully conscious Phineas Gage displayed ptosis after a large iron rod entered his left cheek , passed behind his left eye , and exited at the top of his head Ptosis occurs due to dysfunction of the muscles that raise the eyelid or their nerve supply ( oculomotor nerve for levator palpebrae superioris and sympathetic nerves for superior tarsal muscle ) . It can affect one eye or both eyes and is more common in the elderly , as muscles in the eyelids may begin to deteriorate . One can , however , be born with ptosis . Congenital ptosis is hereditary in three main forms . Causes of congenital ptosis remain unknown . Ptosis may be caused by damage / trauma to the muscle which raises the eyelid , damage to the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion or damage to the nerve ( 3rd cranial nerve ( oculomotor nerve ) ) which controls this muscle . Such damage could be a sign or symptom of an underlying disease such as diabetes mellitus , a brain tumor , a pancoast tumor ( apex of lung ) and diseases which may cause weakness in muscles or nerve damage , such as myasthenia gravis or Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy . Exposure to the toxins in some snake venoms , such as that of the black mamba , may also cause this effect . Ptosis can be caused by the aponeurosis of the levator muscle , nerve abnormalities , trauma , inflammation or lesions of the lid or orbit . Dysfunctions of the levators may occur as a result of autoimmune antibodies attacking and eliminating the neurotransmitter . Ptosis may be due to a myogenic , neurogenic , aponeurotic , mechanical or traumatic cause and it usually occurs isolated , but may be associated with various other conditions , like immunological , degenerative , or hereditary disorders , tumors , or infections Acquired ptosis is most commonly caused by aponeurotic ptosis . This can occur as a result of senescence , dehiscence or disinsertion of the levator aponeurosis . Moreover , chronic inflammation or intraocular surgery can lead to the same effect . Also , wearing contact lenses for long periods of time is thought to have a certain impact on the development of this condition . Congenital neurogenic ptosis is believed to be caused by the Horner syndrome . In this case , a mild ptosis may be associated with ipsilateral ptosis , iris and areola hypopigmentation and anhidrosis due to the paresis of the Mueller muscle . Acquired Horner syndrome may result after trauma , neoplastic insult , or even vascular disease . Ptosis due to trauma can ensue after an eyelid laceration with transection of the upper eyelid elevators or disruption of the neural input . Other causes of ptosis include eyelid neoplasms , neurofibromas or the cicatrization after inflammation or surgery . Mild ptosis may occur with aging . A drooping eyelid can be one of the first signals of a third nerve palsy due to a cerebral aneurysm , that otherwise is asymptomatic and referred to as an oculomotor nerve palsy . Drugs ( edit ) Use of high doses of opioid drugs such as morphine , oxycodone , heroin , or hydrocodone can cause ptosis . Pregabalin ( Lyrica ) , an anticonvulsant drug , has also been known to cause mild ptosis . Classification ( edit ) Mild right eyelid ptosis Depending upon the cause it can be classified into : Neurogenic ptosis which includes oculomotor nerve palsy , Horner 's syndrome , Marcus Gunn jaw winking syndrome , third cranial nerve misdirection . Myogenic ptosis which includes oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy , myasthenia gravis , myotonic dystrophy , ocular myopathy , simple congenital ptosis , blepharophimosis syndrome Aponeurotic ptosis which may be involutional or post-operative Mechanical ptosis which occurs due to edema or tumors of the upper lid Neurotoxic ptosis which is a classic symptom of envenomation by elapid snakes such as cobras , kraits , mambas and taipans . Bilateral ptosis is usually accompanied by diplopia , dysphagia and / or progressive muscular paralysis . Regardless , neurotoxic ptosis is a precursor to respiratory failure and eventual suffocation caused by complete paralysis of the thoracic diaphragm . It is therefore a medical emergency and immediate treatment is required . Similarly , ptosis may occur in victims of Botulism ( caused by Botulinum toxin ) and this is also regarded as a life - threatening symptom Pseudo ptosis due to : Lack of lid support : empty socket or atrophic globe . Higher lid position on the other side : as in lid retraction Pathology ( edit ) Myasthenia gravis is a common neurogenic ptosis which could be also classified as neuromuscular ptosis because the site of pathology is at the neuromuscular junction . Studies have shown that up to 70 % of myasthenia gravis patients present with ptosis , and 90 % of these patients will eventually develop ptosis . In this case , ptosis can be unilateral or bilateral and its severity tends to be oscillating during the day , because of factors such as fatigue or drug effect . This particular type of ptosis is distinguished from the others with the help of a Tensilon challenge test and blood tests . Also , specific to myasthenia gravis is the fact that coldness inhibits the activity of cholinesterase , which makes possible differentiating this type of ptosis by applying ice onto the eyelids . Patients with myasthenic ptosis are very likely to still experience a variation of the drooping of the eyelid at different hours of the day . The ptosis caused by the oculomotor palsy can be unilateral or bilateral , as the subnucleus to the levator muscle is a shared , midline structure in the brainstem . In cases in which the palsy is caused by the compression of the nerve by a tumor or aneurysm , it is highly likely to result in an abnormal ipsilateral papillary response and a larger pupil . Surgical third nerve palsy is characterized by a sudden onset of unilateral ptosis and an enlarged or sluggish pupil to the light . In this case , imaging tests such as CTs or MRIs should be considered . Medical third nerve palsy , contrary to surgical third nerve palsy , usually does not affect the pupil and it tends to slowly improve in several weeks . Surgery to correct ptosis due to medical third nerve palsy is normally considered only if the improvement of ptosis and ocular motility are unsatisfactory after half a year . Patients with third nerve palsy tend to have diminished or absent function of the levator . When caused by Horner 's syndrome , ptosis is usually accompanied by miosis and anhidrosis . In this case , the ptosis is due to the result of interruption innervations to the sympathetic , autonomic Muller 's muscle rather than the somatic levator palpebrae superioris muscle . The lid position and pupil size are typically affected by this condition and the ptosis is generally mild , no more than 2 mm . The pupil might be smaller on the affected side . While 4 % cocaine instilled to the eyes can confirm the diagnosis of Horner 's syndrome , Hydroxyamphetamine eye drops can differentiate the location of the lesion . Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia is a systemic condition that occurs and which usually affects only the lid position and the external eye movement , without involving the movement of the pupil . This condition accounts for nearly 45 % of myogenic ptosis cases . Most patients develop ptosis due to this disease in their adulthood . Characteristic to ptosis caused by this condition is the fact that the protective up rolling of the eyeball when the eyelids are closed is very poor . Treatment ( edit ) Aponeurotic and congenital ptosis may require surgical correction if severe enough to interfere with vision or if cosmetics is a concern . Treatment depends on the type of ptosis and is usually performed by an ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgeon , specializing in diseases and problems of the eyelid . Surgical procedures include : Levator resection Müller muscle resection Frontalis sling operation ( preferred option for oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy ) Non-surgical modalities like the use of `` crutch '' glasses or Ptosis crutches or special scleral contact lenses to support the eyelid may also be used . Ptosis that is caused by a disease may improve if the disease is treated successfully , although some related diseases , such as oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy currently have no treatments or cures . Etymology ( edit ) Ptosis is derived from the Greek word πτῶσις ( `` fall '' ) , and is defined as the `` abnormal lowering or prolapse of an organ or body part '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Congenital Ptosis '' . MEDgle . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Adult Ptosis at eMedicine Jump up ^ `` Eye Ptosis Congenital '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Finsterer , J ( 2003 ) . `` Ptosis : causes , presentation , and management '' . Aesthetic Plastic Surgery . 27 ( 3 ) : 193 -- 204 . doi : 10.1007 / s00266 - 003 - 0127 - 5 . PMID 12925861 . Jump up ^ Iqbal N ( 2002 ) . `` Ptosis , convergence disorder and heroin '' ( PDF ) . Annals of Saudi Medicine . 22 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 369 -- 71 . PMID 17146268 . Jump up ^ `` Lyrica ( Pregabalin ) -- Reports of Side Effects & Adverse Reactions '' . DrugLib.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Warrell , D.A. ; Hudson , B.J. ; Lalloo , D.G. ; Trevett , A.J. ; Whitehead , P ; Bamler , P.R. ; Ranaivoson , M ; Wiyono , A ; Richie , T.L. ; Fryauff , D.J. ; O'Shea , M.T. ; Richards , A.M. ; Theakston , R.D. ( 1996 ) . `` The emerging syndrome of envenoming by the New Guinea small - eyed snake Micropechis ikaheka '' . QJM : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 89 ( 7 ) : 523 -- 30 . doi : 10.1093 / qjmed / 89.7. 523 . PMID 8759493 . Jump up ^ `` Nature 's poisons '' . Science Museum ( London ) . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Management of Snake bites in South East Asia -- Part 2 '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ptosis '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Further reading ( edit ) The AMA Medical Guide , Random House , Inc . New York , 1997 ed . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : H02. 4 , Q10. 0 ICD - 9 - CM : 374.3 MeSH : D001763 DiseasesDB : 25466 External resources MedlinePlus : 001018 eMedicine : oph / 201 oph / 345 Finsterer , Josef ( 2003 ) . `` Ptosis : Causes , Presentation , and Management '' . Aesthetic Plastic Surgery . 27 ( 3 ) : 193 -- 204 . doi : 10.1007 / s00266 - 003 - 0127 - 5 . PMID 12925861 . ( hide ) Diseases of the human eye ( H00 -- H59 360 -- 379 ) Adnexa Eyelid Inflammation Stye Chalazion Blepharitis Entropion Ectropion Lagophthalmos Blepharochalasis Ptosis Blepharophimosis Xanthelasma Eyelash Trichiasis Madarosis Lacrimal apparatus Dacryoadenitis Epiphora Dacryocystitis Xerophthalmia Orbit Exophthalmos Enophthalmos Orbital cellulitis Orbital lymphoma Periorbital cellulitis Conjunctiva Conjunctivitis allergic Pterygium Pinguecula Subconjunctival hemorrhage Globe Fibrous tunic Sclera Scleritis Episcleritis Cornea Keratitis herpetic acanthamoebic fungal Corneal ulcer Photokeratitis Thygeson 's superficial punctate keratopathy Corneal dystrophy Fuchs ' Meesmann Corneal ectasia Keratoconus Pellucid marginal degeneration Keratoglobus Terrien 's marginal degeneration Post-LASIK ectasia Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Corneal neovascularization Kayser -- Fleischer ring Haab 's striae Arcus senilis Band keratopathy Vascular tunic Iris Ciliary body Uveitis Intermediate uveitis Hyphema Rubeosis iridis Persistent pupillary membrane Iridodialysis Synechia Choroid Choroideremia Choroiditis Chorioretinitis Lens Cataract Congenital cataract Childhood cataract Aphakia Ectopia lentis Retina Retinitis Chorioretinitis Cytomegalovirus retinitis Retinal detachment Retinoschisis Ocular ischemic syndrome / Central retinal vein occlusion Central retinal artery occlusion Retinopathy diabetic hypertensive Purtscher 's of prematurity Bietti 's crystalline dystrophy Coats ' disease Macular degeneration Retinitis pigmentosa Retinal haemorrhage Central serous retinopathy Macular edema Epiretinal membrane ( Macular pucker ) Vitelliform macular dystrophy Leber 's congenital amaurosis Birdshot chorioretinopathy Other Glaucoma / Ocular hypertension / Primary juvenile glaucoma Floater Leber 's hereditary optic neuropathy Red eye Globe rupture Keratomycosis Phthisis bulbi Persistent fetal vasculature / Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy Pathways Optic nerve Optic disc Optic neuritis optic papillitis Papilledema Foster Kennedy syndrome Optic atrophy Optic disc drusen Optic neuropathy Ischemic anterior ( AION ) posterior ( PION ) Kjer 's Leber 's hereditary Toxic and nutritional Strabismus Extraocular muscles Binocular vision Accommodation Paralytic strabismus Ophthalmoparesis Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia Kearns -- Sayre syndrome palsies Oculomotor ( III ) Fourth - nerve ( IV ) Sixth - nerve ( VI ) Other strabismus Esotropia / Exotropia Hypertropia Heterophoria Esophoria Exophoria Cyclotropia Brown 's syndrome Duane syndrome Other binocular Conjugate gaze palsy Convergence insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia Vision disorders Blindness Amblyopia Leber 's congenital amaurosis Diplopia Scotoma Color blindness Achromatopsia Dichromacy Monochromacy Nyctalopia Oguchi disease Blindness / Vision loss / Visual impairment Anopsia Hemianopsia binasal bitemporal homonymous Quadrantanopia subjective Asthenopia Hemeralopia Photophobia Scintillating scotoma Pupil Anisocoria Argyll Robertson pupil Marcus Gunn pupil Adie syndrome Miosis Mydriasis Cycloplegia Parinaud 's syndrome Other Nystagmus Childhood blindness Infections Trachoma Onchocerciasis Congenital malformations and deformations of eyes ( Q10 -- Q15 , 743 ) Adnexa Eyelid Ptosis Ectropion Entropion Distichia Blepharophimosis Ablepharon Marcus Gunn phenomenon Lacrimal apparatus Congenital lacrimal duct obstruction Globe Entire eye Anophthalmia ( Cystic eyeball , Cryptophthalmos ) Microphthalmia Lens Ectopia lentis Aphakia Iris Aniridia Anterior segment Axenfeld syndrome Cornea Keratoglobus Megalocornea Other Buphthalmos Coloboma ( Coloboma of optic nerve ) Hydrophthalmos Norrie disease NDL : 01195035 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ptosis_(eyelid)&oldid=797824225 '' Categories : Congenital disorders of eyes Disorders of eyelid , lacrimal system and orbit Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2008 All articles needing additional references Infobox medical condition ( new ) Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Esperanto Estremeñu فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 11 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | damage to this nerve can cause a drooping eyelid | [
"Ptosis occurs due to dysfunction of the muscles that raise the eyelid or their nerve supply (oculomotor nerve for levator palpebrae superioris and sympathetic nerves for superior tarsal muscle). It can affect one eye or both eyes and is more common in the elderly, as muscles in the eyelids may begin to deteriorate. One can, however, be born with ptosis. Congenital ptosis is hereditary in three main forms.[1] Causes of congenital ptosis remain unknown. Ptosis may be caused by damage/trauma to the muscle which raises the eyelid, damage to the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion or damage to the nerve (3rd cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve)) which controls this muscle. Such damage could be a sign or symptom of an underlying disease such as diabetes mellitus, a brain tumor, a pancoast tumor (apex of lung) and diseases which may cause weakness in muscles or nerve damage, such as myasthenia gravis or Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Exposure to the toxins in some snake venoms, such as that of the black mamba, may also cause this effect."
] | [
"oculomotor nerve"
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-1264420239497764944 | The Impossibility of Reason | The Impossibility of Reason - wikipedia The Impossibility of Reason Jump to : navigation , search The Impossibility of Reason Studio album by Chimaira Released May 13 , 2003 Recorded 2003 at Spider Studios in Strongsville , Ohio Genre Groove metal , metalcore Length 59 : 02 63 : 30 ( with bonus track ) Label Roadrunner Producer Ben Schigel Chimaira chronology Pass out of Existence ( 2001 ) Pass out of Existence 2001 The Impossibility of Reason ( 2003 ) Chimaira ( 2005 ) Chimaira 2005 Special Edition Special Edition Cover Singles from The Impossibility of Reason `` Down Again '' Released : 2003 `` The Impossibility of Reason '' Released : 2003 `` Eyes of a Criminal '' Released : 2005 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Lambgoat The Impossibility of Reason is the second studio album by the American heavy metal band Chimaira , released on May 13 , 2003 . It is the first album to feature Matt DeVries on rhythm guitar . It debuted No. 117 on the Billboard 200 charts . To date the album has shifted around 200,000 copies in the US . A limited edition version was released in 2004 , which included a bonus disc called Reasoning the Impossible . The song `` Army of Me '' appeared on the Freddy vs. Jason soundtrack and introduces Matt DeVries as the band 's new rhythm guitarist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Touring and promotion 3 Track listing 3.1 Notes 4 Personnel 5 References Production ( edit ) The Impossibility of Reason was recorded with six - string guitars in drop C tuning , a standard that future albums would follow , and deemphasizes electronic effects . Rob Arnold later explained that the higher tuning allows `` much more clarity and power to the attack '' in comparison to the murky drop A tuning used on Pass Out of Existence . Thus , the album has been considered heavier than Chimaira 's 2001 debut , yet still bears a melodic side . Vocalist Mark Hunter noted the album 's musical growth and credited the influence of band 's they toured with . He also elaborated that while the sampling featured in their previous album was `` ear candy , '' it would be more focused to `` enhance the music '' on their 2003 effort . Chimaira would continue their progression of heaviness with future albums . In an interview , Hunter described The Impossibility of Reason and compared it with the band 's prior release : `` With the new album we give the listener a feeling like they ca n't breathe , the songs pound you continuous . The breakdowns in the songs do n't go all soft , but stay on the heavy level . '' The production of The Impossibility of Reason was filmed and would be included on the Dehumanizing Process DVD in October 2004 . Touring and promotion ( edit ) Chimaira toured with the likes of In Flames , Soilwork and Unearth before joining Ozzfest 2003 . They also performed on European Road Rage 2003 with Spineshank and Ill Niño before heading to Japan and Australia , the latter being firsts for Chimaira . In early 2003 , a music video was filmed for the melodic `` Down Again '' which aired on Uranium . By autumn that same year , a video for `` Pure Hatred '' debuted and gained substantial airplay on Headbangers Ball . With its intense , anthemic chorus , the song became a concert favorite with significant crowd participation . On November 16 , 2004 , `` Pure Hatred '' was also featured in the MythBusters episode `` Exploding House '' during the `` talking to plants '' segment . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Cleansation '' Arnold , DeVries , Hunter 4 : 09 2 . `` The Impossibility of Reason '' Arnold , Hunter 3 : 42 3 . `` Pictures in the Gold Room '' Arnold , Hunter 4 : 26 4 . `` Power Trip '' Hunter 2 : 47 5 . `` Down Again '' Hunter 4 : 20 6 . `` Pure Hatred '' Arnold , DeVries , Hunter 4 : 18 7 . `` The Dehumanizing Process '' DeVries , Hunter , Arnold 4 : 10 8 . `` Crawl '' Arnold , Hunter 3 : 30 9 . `` Stigmurder '' Arnold , Hunter 4 : 38 10 . `` Eyes of a Criminal '' Arnold , Hunter 5 : 15 11 . `` Overlooked '' Arnold , Hunter 4 : 10 12 . `` Implements of Destruction '' Arnold , Hunter 13 : 30 Total length : 59 : 02 ( show ) UK bonus track No . Title Length 13 . `` Army of Me '' ( Demo ) 4 : 21 Total length : 63 : 30 Reasoning the Impossible No . Title Length 1 . `` Indifferent to Suffering '' 4 : 22 2 . `` Stays the Same '' ( Quoted as `` Removed Track '' from Reasoning the Impossible version ) 3 : 07 3 . `` Without Moral Restraint '' 4 : 02 4 . `` Fascination Street '' ( The Cure cover ) 4 : 52 5 . `` Let Go '' ( Demo ) 4 : 21 6 . `` Pass Out of Existence '' ( Demo ) 3 : 47 7 . `` Severed '' ( Demo ) 2 : 59 8 . `` Forced Life '' ( Demo ) 4 : 33 9 . `` Dead Inside '' ( Demo ) 3 : 41 10 . `` Power Trip '' ( Live ) 2 : 57 11 . `` Cleansation '' ( Live ) 3 : 43 Total length : 40 : 24 Notes ( edit ) Tracks 1 - 2 taken from the pre-production sessions for The Impossibility of Reason ( November 2002 ) Produced and mixed by Ben Schigel Co-produced by Mark Hunter and Rob Arnold Tracks 3 - 4 are out - takes from the Pass Out of Existence album sessions ( April 2001 ) Track 4 was recorded as part of a tribute cover album for `` The Cure '' Produced and mixed by Andrew Murdock Tracks 5 - 9 taken from various pre-production sessions for Pass Out of Existence ( March 2000 -- February 2001 ) Produced and mixed by Ben Schigel Tracks 10 - 11 recorded live off the board at The Glass House , Pomona , CA ( December 7 , 2003 ) ( Un ) mixed by Tom Kubik Personnel ( edit ) Chimaira Mark Hunter -- vocals , guitar on `` Implements of Destruction '' Rob Arnold -- lead guitar Andols Herrick -- drums Matt DeVries -- rhythm guitar Chris Spicuzza -- electronics , keyboard , backing vocals Jim LaMarca -- bass guitar Additional Musicians Jason Hager -- Rhythm Guitar ( Reasoning the Impossible , Tracks 3 - 9 ) Ricky Evensend -- Live Drums ( Reasoning the Impossible , Tracks 10 - 11 ) Production Produced by Ben Schigel , Mark Hunter and Rob Arnold at Spider Studios Engineered by Ben Schigel at Spider Studios Mixed by Colin Richardson Mastered by Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound Artwork by Garrett Zunt References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Down Again ( track listing ) . Chimaira . Roadrunner Records . 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Chimaira The Impossibility of Reason ( Single ) '' . Spirit of Metal . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eyes of a Criminal ( track listing ) . Chimaira . Roadrunner Records . 2005 . Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ Lambgoat review Jump up ^ Holland , Brian D. Rob Arnold Interview Modern Guitars Magazine ( August 21 , 2007 ) . Retrieved on 12 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Veltkamp , Frisco Chimaira with Mark Hunter Rockzine.com ( May 30 , 2003 ) . Retrieved on 12 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Becky , Collins BacStagePass.com ( August 7 , 2003 ) . Retrieved on 12 - 04 - 10 . Chimaira Mark Hunter Emil Werstler Austin D'Amond Matt Szlachta Jeremy Creamer Sean Zatorsky Jason Genaro Andols Herrick Richard Evensand Kevin Talley Andrew Ermlick Rob Lesniak Jim LaMarca Jason Hagar Chris Spicuzza Rob Arnold Matt DeVries Studio albums Pass Out of Existence The Impossibility of Reason Chimaira Resurrection The Infection The Age of Hell Crown of Phantoms Extended plays This Present Darkness The Age of Remix Hell Videos The Dehumanizing Process The Resurrection The Making of The Infection Coming Alive Singles `` Down Again '' `` Nothing Remains '' `` Save Ourselves '' `` Resurrection '' `` Secrets of the Dead '' `` Destroy and Dominate '' `` Wild Thing '' `` Trigger Finger '' `` Born in Blood '' `` Year of the Snake '' `` All That 's Left Is Blood '' `` No Mercy '' Related articles Discography Ringworm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Impossibility_of_Reason&oldid=793649566 '' Categories : Chimaira albums 2003 albums Roadrunner Records albums Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2017 , at 03 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote hell is the impossibility of reason | [
"The Impossibility of Reason is the second studio album by the American heavy metal band Chimaira, released on May 13, 2003. It is the first album to feature Matt DeVries on rhythm guitar. It debuted No. 117 on the Billboard 200 charts. To date the album has shifted around 200,000 copies in the US."
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"Chimaira"
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1812260916232049824 | Color in Chinese culture | Color in Chinese culture - wikipedia Color in Chinese culture Red paper lanterns for sale in Shanghai , 2012 . The color red symbolizes luck and is believed to ward away evil . Color in Chinese culture refers to the certain values that Chinese culture attaches to colors , like which colors are considered auspicious ( 吉利 ) or inauspicious ( 不利 ) . The Chinese word for `` color '' is yánsè ( 顏色 ) . In Classical Chinese , the character sè ( 色 ) more accurately meant `` color in the face '' , or `` emotion '' . It was generally used alone and often implied sexual desire or desirability . During the Tang Dynasty , the word yánsè came to mean all color . A Chinese idiom which is used to describe many colors , Wǔyánliùsè ( 五颜六色 ) , can also mean colors in general . Contents 1 Theory of the Five Elements 2 Black 3 Red 4 Green 5 White 6 Yellow 7 See also 8 References Theory of the five elements ( edit ) In traditional Chinese art and culture , black , red , qing ( 青 ) ( a conflation of the idea of green and blue ) , white and yellow are viewed as standard colors . These colors correspond to the five elements of water , fire , wood , metal and earth , taught in traditional Chinese physics . Throughout the Shang , Tang , Zhou and Qin dynasties , China 's emperors used the Theory of the Five Elements to select colors . Element Wood Fire Earth Metal Water Color Green / blue Red Yellow White Black Direction east south center west north Planet Jupiter Mars Saturn Venus Mercury Heavenly creature Azure Dragon 青龍 Vermilion Bird 朱雀 Winged Snake 螣 蛇 White Tiger 白虎 Black Tortoise 玄武 Heavenly Stems 甲 , 乙 丙 , 丁 戊 , 己 庚 , 辛 壬 , 癸 Phase New Yang Full Yang Yin / Yang balance New Yin Full Yin Energy Generative Expansive Stabilizing Contracting Conserving Season Spring Summer Change of seasons ( Every third month ) Autumn Winter Climate Windy Hot Damp Dry Cold Development Sprouting Blooming Ripening Withering Dormant Livestock dog sheep / goat cattle chicken pig Fruit plum apricot jujube peach chestnut Grain wheat beans rice hemp millet Black ( edit ) Black , corresponding to water , is a neutral colour . The I Ching , or Book of Changes , regards black as Heaven 's color . The saying `` heaven and earth of mysterious black '' was rooted in the observation that the northern sky was black for a long time . They believed Tian Di , or Heavenly Emperor , resided in the North Star . The Taiji symbol uses black and white to represent the unity of yin and yang . Ancient Chinese people regarded black as the king of colors and honored black more consistently than any other color . Lao Zi said that five colors make people blind , so the Dao School chose black as the color of the Dao . In modern China , black is used in daily clothing . White is associated with death and mourning and was formerly worn at funerals , but depends on the age of passing . Red ( edit ) Contemporary red envelopes See also : Vermilion § Chinese red Red , corresponding with fire , symbolizes good fortune and joy . Red is found everywhere during Chinese New Year and other holiday celebrations and family gatherings . A red envelope is a monetary gift which is given in Chinese society during holiday or special occasions . The red color of the packet symbolizes good luck . Red is strictly forbidden at funerals as it is a traditionally symbolic color of happiness ; however , as the names of the dead were previously written in red , it may be considered offensive to use red ink for Chinese names in contexts other than official seals . In modern China , red remains a very popular color and is affiliated with and used by the Government . Green ( edit ) Generally green is associated with health , prosperity , and harmony . Green is also the color of jade . Separately , green hats are associated with infidelity and used as an idiom for a cuckold . This has caused uneasiness for Chinese Catholic bishops , who in ecclesiastical heraldry would normally have a green hat above their arms . Chinese bishops have compromised by using a violet hat for their coat of arms . Sometimes this hat will have an indigo feather to further display their disdain for the color green . White ( edit ) White , corresponding with metal , represents gold and symbolises brightness , purity , and fulfilment . White is also the color of mourning . It is associated with death and is used predominantly in funerals in Chinese culture . Ancient Chinese people wore white clothes and hats only when they mourned for the dead . Yellow ( edit ) A Peking glass vase in Imperial Yellow , a shade of yellow so named for the banner of the Qing Dynasty . Yellow , corresponding with earth , is considered the most beautiful and prestigious color . The Chinese saying , Yellow generates Yin and Yang , implies that yellow is the center of everything . Associated with but ranked above brown , yellow signifies neutrality and good luck . Yellow is sometimes paired with red in place of gold . Yellow was the emperor 's color in Imperial China and is held as the symbolic color of the five legendary emperors of ancient China . Yellow often decorates royal palaces , altars and temples , and the color was used in the robes and attire of the emperors . Yellow also represents freedom from worldly cares and is thus esteemed in Buddhism . Monks ' garments are yellow , as are elements of Buddhist temples . Yellow is also used as a mourning color for Chinese Buddhists . Yellow is also symbolic of heroism , as opposed to the Western association of the colour with cowardice . Yellow also means pornography in modern Chinese . For example , yellow movie ( 黄片 ) means blue movie , decimates yellow ( 扫黄 ) means wipe out pornography . See also ( edit ) Chinese art Culture of China Culture of the People 's Republic of China Fashion of China Luck Numbers in Chinese culture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ see Funeral § Asian funerals Jump up ^ Norine Dresser , Multicultural Manners : New Rules of Etiquette for a Changing Society , ISBN 0 - 471 - 11819 - 2 , 1996 , page 67 ^ Jump up to : Psychology of Color : Does a specific color indicate a specific emotion ? By Steve Hullfish July 19 , 2012 Chinese New Year Culture of China Topics Nian Lion dance Dragon dance New Year picture Red envelope Reunion dinner Fireworks Firecracker Chinese dragon Fu Food Nian gao Spring pancake Jiaozi Bakkwa Buddha 's delight Fa gao Fat choy Yau gok Kralan Kuih Lotus seed Pineapple tart Squab Taro cake Turnip cake Yusheng Melon seed Mandarin orange Fish Other CCTV New Year 's Gala Chinese calendar Chunyun Color in Chinese culture San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade Golden Week Culture portal China portal Color topics Red Orange Yellow Green Cyan Blue Indigo Violet Purple Magenta Pink Brown White Gray Black Color science Color physics Electromagnetic spectrum Light Rainbow Visible Spectral colors Chromophore Structural coloration Animal coloration On Vision and Colors Metamerism Spectral power distribution Color perception Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia test Tetrachromacy Color constancy Color term Color depth Color photography Spot color Color printing Web colors Color mapping Color code Color management Chrominance False color Chroma key Color balance Color cast Color temperature Eigengrau Color psychology Color symbolism Color preferences Lüscher color test Kruithof curve Political color National colors Chromophobia Chromotherapy Color philosophy Color space Color model additive subtractive Color mixing Primary color Secondary color Tertiary color ( intermediate ) Quaternary color Quinary color Aggressive color ( warm ) Receding color ( cool ) Pastel colors Color gradient Color scheme Color tool Monochromatic colors Complementary colors Analogous colors Achromatic colors ( Neutral ) Polychromatic colors Impossible colors Light - on - dark Tinctures in heraldry Color theory Chromaticity diagram Color solid Color wheel Color triangle Color analysis ( art ) Color realism ( art style ) Color terms Basic terms Blue Green Red Yellow Pink Purple Orange Black Gray White Brown Cultural differences Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate Blue -- green distinction in language Color history Color in Chinese culture Traditional colors of Japan Human skin color Color dimensions Hue Dichromatism Colorfulness ( chroma and saturation ) Tints and shades Lightness ( tone and value ) Grayscale Color organizations Pantone Color Marketing Group The Color Association of the United States International Colour Authority International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) International Color Consortium International Colour Association Lists List of colors : A -- F List of colors : G -- M List of colors : N -- Z List of colors ( compact ) List of colors by shade List of color palettes List of color spaces List of Crayola crayon colors history Color chart List of fictional colors List of RAL colors List of web colors Related Vision Image processing Multi-primary color display Quattron Qualia Lighting Local color ( visual art ) Portal Index of color - related articles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_in_Chinese_culture&oldid=860611573 '' Categories : Chinese culture Color in culture Wu Xing Hidden categories : Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu Nederlands ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2018 , at 21 : 29 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what does the colour green mean in china | [
"Generally green is associated with health, prosperity, and harmony. Green is also the color of jade. Separately, green hats are associated with infidelity and used as an idiom for a cuckold.[2] This has caused uneasiness for Chinese Catholic bishops, who in ecclesiastical heraldry would normally have a green hat above their arms. Chinese bishops have compromised by using a violet hat for their coat of arms. Sometimes this hat will have an indigo feather to further display their disdain for the color green.\n",
"Generally green is associated with health, prosperity, and harmony. Green is also the color of jade. Separately, green hats are associated with infidelity and used as an idiom for a cuckold.[2] This has caused uneasiness for Chinese Catholic bishops, who in ecclesiastical heraldry would normally have a green hat above their arms. Chinese bishops have compromised by using a violet hat for their coat of arms. Sometimes this hat will have an indigo feather to further display their disdain for the color green.\n",
"Generally green is associated with health, prosperity, and harmony. Green is also the color of jade. Separately, green hats are associated with infidelity and used as an idiom for a cuckold.[2] This has caused uneasiness for Chinese Catholic bishops, who in ecclesiastical heraldry would normally have a green hat above their arms. Chinese bishops have compromised by using a violet hat for their coat of arms. Sometimes this hat will have an indigo feather to further display their disdain for the color green.\n",
"Generally green is associated with health, prosperity, and harmony. Green is also the color of jade. Separately, green hats are associated with infidelity and used as an idiom for a cuckold.[2] This has caused uneasiness for Chinese Catholic bishops, who in ecclesiastical heraldry would normally have a green hat above their arms. Chinese bishops have compromised by using a violet hat for their coat of arms. Sometimes this hat will have an indigo feather to further display their disdain for the color green.\n",
"Generally green is associated with health, prosperity, and harmony. Green is also the color of jade. Separately, green hats are associated with infidelity and used as an idiom for a cuckold.[2] This has caused uneasiness for Chinese Catholic bishops, who in ecclesiastical heraldry would normally have a green hat above their arms. Chinese bishops have compromised by using a violet hat for their coat of arms. Sometimes this hat will have an indigo feather to further display their disdain for the color green.\n"
] | [
"health",
"prosperity",
"harmony",
"jade",
"green hats are associated with infidelity and used as an idiom for a cuckold"
] |
-2420533986086867609 | The Eve of St. Agnes | The Eve of St. Agnes - wikipedia The Eve of St. Agnes Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the poem by John Keats . For information on the saint , see Saint Agnes . This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Madeleine undressing , painting by John Everett Millais The Eve of St. Agnes is a Romantic narrative poem of 42 Spenserian stanzas set in the Middle Ages . It was written by John Keats in 1819 and published in 1820 . The poem was considered by many of Keats ' contemporaries and the succeeding Victorians to be one of his finest and was influential in 19th century literature . The title comes from the day ( or evening ) before the feast of Saint Agnes ( or St. Agnes ' Eve ) . St. Agnes , the patron saint of virgins , died a martyr in 4th century Rome . The eve falls on 20 January ; the feast day on the 21st . The divinations referred to by Keats in this poem are referred to by John Aubrey in his Miscellanies ( 1696 ) as being associated with St. Agnes ' night . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot 3 Alluded to by others 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) Keats based his poem on the folk belief that a girl could see her future husband in a dream if she performed certain rites on the eve of St. Agnes ; that is she would go to bed without any supper , undress herself so that she was completely naked and lie on her bed with her hands under the pillow and looking up to the heavens and not to look behind . Then the proposed husband would appear in her dream , kiss her , and feast with her . A Scottish version of the ritual would involve young women meeting together on St. Agnes 's Eve at midnight , they would go one by one , into a remote field and throw in some grain , after which they repeated the following rhyme in a prayer to St. Agnes : `` Agnes sweet , and Agnes fair , Hither , hither , now repair ; Bonny Agnes , let me see The lad who is to marry me . '' In the original version of his poem , Keats emphasized the young lovers ' sexuality , but his publishers , who feared public reaction , forced him to tone down the eroticism . Plot ( edit ) The flight of Madeline and Porphyro , painting by William Holman Hunt On a bitterly chill night , an ancient beadsman performs his penances while in the castle of Madeline 's warlike family ; meanwhile , an alcohol - fueled revelry has begun among the family . Madeline pines for the love of Porphyro , sworn enemy to her kin . The old dames have told her she may receive sweet dreams of love from him if on this night , St. Agnes ' Eve , she retires to bed under the proper ritual of silence and supine receptiveness . Later that night , Porphyro makes his way to the castle and braves entry , seeking out Angela , an elderly woman friendly to his family , and importuning her to lead him to Madeline 's room at night where he may but gaze upon her sleeping form . Angela is persuaded only with difficulty , saying she fears damnation if Porphyro does not afterward marry the girl . Concealed in an ornate carven closet in Madeline 's room , Porphyro watches as Madeline makes ready for bed , and then , beholding her full beauty in the moonlight , creeps forth as she sleeps to prepare a feast of rare delicacies . Madeline wakes and sees before her the same image she has seen in her dream and , thinking Porphyro part of it , receives him into her bed . Awakening in full and realizing her mistake , she tells Porphyro she can not hate him for his deception since her heart is so much in his , but that if he goes now he leaves behind `` A dove forlorn and lost / With sick unpruned wing '' . Porphyro declares his love for Madeline and promises her a home with him over the southern moors . They escape the castle past insensate revelers and flee into the night . Angela 's death is revealed in the poem 's final stanza , and the beadsman , `` after thousand aves told , / For aye unsought for slept among his ashes cold '' . Alluded to by others ( edit ) Rudyard Kipling 's short story `` Wireless '' ( 1902 ) has the narrator witnessing a recreation of the poem by a man in a trance who , by virtue of the similarities of his situation to that of Keats ( he is a consumptive apothecary 's assistant ) , becomes `` tuned '' to the poet . Four lines from the final stanza of Keats ' poem form the motto of H.P. Lovecraft 's 1926 story `` The Outsider '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sperry , Stuart M. ( 1993 ) . `` Romance as Wish Fulfillment : The Eve of St. Agnes '' , in Romantic Poetry : Recent Revisionary Criticism edited by Karl Kroeber and Gene W. Ruoff . New Brunswick NJ : Rutgers University Press . pp. 373 -- 85 . ISBN 978 - 0813520100 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' ' Wireless ' `` '' . The Kipling Society . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Eve of St. Agnes ' St. Agnes Eve ' , Text of ' St. Agnes ' Eve ' by Keats from Bartleby . The Eve of St. Agnes at Internet Archive ( scanned books color illustrated ) . Notable editions : The Eve of St. Agnes ( 1900 ) calligraphy by Ralph Fletcher Seymour , `` Introduction '' by Edmund Gosse The Eve of St. Agnes ( 1885 ) illus . by Edmund H. Garrett The Theme of The Eve of St. Agnes in the Pre-Raphaelite Movement , An analysis of the poem at Victorianweb CUNY Brooklyn page on the Eve of St Agnes The Eve of St. Agnes public domain audiobook at LibriVox ( hide ) John Keats Bibliography John Keats bibliography List of poems by John Keats Poetry collections 1819 odes ( 1819 ) Short poems `` On First Looking into Chapman 's Homer '' ( 1816 ) `` Sleep and Poetry '' ( 1817 ) `` Ode to a Nightingale '' ( 1819 ) `` La Belle Dame sans Merci '' ( 1820 ) `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' ( 1820 ) `` Ode on Melancholy '' ( 1820 ) `` Ode to Psyche '' ( 1820 ) `` To Autumn '' ( 1820 ) `` Bright star , would I were steadfast as thou art '' ( 1838 ) `` Ode on Indolence '' ( 1848 ) `` When I have Fears that I may Cease to Be '' ( 1848 ) `` You say you love ; but with a voice '' ( 1914 ) Long poems Endymion ( 1818 ) Isabella , or the Pot of Basil ( 1820 ) Hyperion ( 1820 ) Lamia ( 1820 ) The Eve of St. Agnes ( 1820 ) The Fall of Hyperion : A Dream ( 1856 - 7 ) People Fanny Brawne Charles Armitage Brown Charles Cowden Clarke Leigh Hunt George Keats John Hamilton Reynolds Joseph Severn Percy Bysshe Shelley ( see his poem on Keats : Adonaïs ) Related Keats House Keats -- Shelley Memorial House Keats and His Nightingale : A Blind Date Bright Star Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Eve_of_St._Agnes&oldid=814780123 '' Categories : British poems Poetry by John Keats 1820 poems Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles that may contain original research from March 2010 All articles that may contain original research Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 22 : 13 . About Wikipedia | who dies at the end of the eve of st agnes | [
"Porphyro declares his love for Madeline and promises her a home with him over the southern moors. They escape the castle past insensate revelers and flee into the night. Angela's death is revealed in the poem's final stanza, and the beadsman, \"after thousand aves told, / For aye unsought for slept among his ashes cold\"."
] | [
"Angela"
] |
-6666086519978744130 | Commerce Clause | Commerce Clause - wikipedia Commerce Clause Jump to : navigation , search Constitutional Law of the United States Overview Articles Amendments History Judicial review Principles Separation of powers Individual rights Rule of law Federalism Republicanism Government structure Legislative branch Executive branch Judicial branch State government Local government Individual rights Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly Right to petition Freedom of association Right to keep and bear arms Right to trial by jury Criminal procedural rights Right to privacy Freedom from slavery Due process Equal protection Citizenship Voting rights Theory Living Constitution Originalism Purposivism Textualism Strict constructionism The Commerce Clause describes an enumerated power listed in the United States Constitution ( Article I , Section 8 , Clause 3 ) . The clause states that the United States Congress shall have power `` To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes . '' Courts and commentators have tended to discuss each of these three areas of commerce as a separate power granted to Congress . It is common to see the individual components of the Commerce Clause referred to under specific terms : the Foreign Commerce Clause , the Interstate Commerce Clause , and the Indian Commerce Clause . Dispute exists within the courts as to the range of powers granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause . As noted below , it is often paired with the Necessary and Proper Clause , and the combination used to take a broad , expansive perspective of these powers . However , the effect of the Commerce Clause has varied significantly depending on the US Supreme Court 's interpretation . During the Marshall Court era , Commerce Clause interpretation empowered Congress to gain jurisdiction over numerous aspects of intrastate and interstate commerce as well as non-commerce . During the post-1937 era , the use of the Commerce Clause by Congress to authorize federal control of economic matters became effectively unlimited . Since the latter half of the Rehnquist Court era , congressional use of the Commerce Clause has become slightly restricted again , being limited only to matters of trade or any other form of restricted area ( whether interstate or not ) and production ( whether commercial or not ) . The Commerce Clause is the source of federal drug prohibition laws under the Controlled Substances Act . In a recent medical marijuana case , Gonzales v. Raich , the Supreme Court rejected the argument that the ban on growing medical marijuana for personal use exceeded Congress ' powers under the Commerce Clause . Even if no goods were sold or transported across state lines , the Court found that there could be an indirect effect on interstate commerce . The Court relied heavily on a New Deal case , Wickard v. Filburn , which held that the government may regulate personal cultivation and consumption of crops because the aggregate effect of individual consumption could have an indirect effect on interstate commerce . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text and pairing 1.1 Significance -- federal rights in navigable waters 1.2 Early years ( 1800s -- 1830s ) 1.3 Dormant Commerce Clause jurisprudence 1.4 New Deal 1.5 Civil rights 1.6 The Rehnquist Court 2 Themes 2.1 Rational basis review 2.2 Role of the political process 2.3 Debate over applicability to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Text and pairing ( edit ) Article I , Section 8 , Clause 3 : ( The Congress shall have Power ) To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes ; The significance of the Commerce Clause is described in the Supreme Court 's opinion in Gonzales v. Raich , 545 U.S. 1 ( 2005 ) : The Commerce Clause emerged as the Framers ' response to the central problem giving rise to the Constitution itself : the absence of any federal commerce power under the Articles of Confederation . For the first century of our history , the primary use of the Clause was to preclude the kind of discriminatory state legislation that had once been permissible . Then , in response to rapid industrial development and an increasingly interdependent national economy , Congress `` ushered in a new era of federal regulation under the commerce power , '' beginning with the enactment of the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 and the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 . The Commerce Clause represents one of the most fundamental powers delegated to the Congress by the founders . The outer limits of the Interstate Commerce Clause power have been the subject of long , intense political controversy . Interpretation of the sixteen words of the Commerce Clause has helped define the balance of power between the federal government and the states and the balance of power between the two elected branches of the federal government and the Judiciary . As such , it directly affects the lives of American citizens . Significance -- federal rights in navigable waters ( edit ) The commerce clause provides comprehensive powers to the United States over navigable waters . These powers are critical to understanding the rights of landowners adjoining or exercising what would otherwise be riparian rights under the common law . The Commerce Clause confers a unique position upon the Government in connection with navigable waters . `` The power to regulate commerce comprehends the control for that purpose , and to the extent necessary , of all the navigable waters of the United States ... For this purpose they are the public property of the nation , and subject to all the requisite legislation by Congress . '' United States v. Rands , 389 U.S. 121 ( 1967 ) . The Rands decision continues : This power to regulate navigation confers upon the United States a dominant servitude , FPC v. Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. , 347 U.S. 239 , 249 ( 1954 ) , which extends to the entire stream and the stream bed below ordinary high - water mark . The proper exercise of this power is not an invasion of any private property rights in the stream or the lands underlying it , for the damage sustained does not result from taking property from riparian owners within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment but from the lawful exercise of a power to which the interests of riparian owners have always been subject . United States v. Chicago , M. , St. P. & P.R. Co. , 312 U.S. 592 , 596 -- 597 ( 1941 ) ; Gibson v. United States , 166 U.S. 269 , 275 -- 276 ( 1897 ) . Thus , without being constitutionally obligated to pay compensation , the United States may change the course of a navigable stream , South Carolina v. Georgia , 93 U.S. 4 ( 1876 ) , or otherwise impair or destroy a riparian owner 's access to navigable waters , Gibson v. United States , 166 U.S. 269 ( 1897 ) ; Scranton v. Wheeler , 179 U.S. 141 ( 1900 ) ; United States v. Commodore Park , Inc. , 324 U.S. 386 ( 1945 ) , even though the market value of the riparian owner 's land is substantially diminished . Other scholars , such as Robert H. Bork and Daniel E. Troy , argue that prior to 1887 , the Commerce Clause was rarely invoked by Congress , and thus a broad interpretation of the word `` commerce '' was clearly never intended by the Founders . In support of this claim , they argue that the word `` commerce '' , as used in the Constitutional Convention and the Federalist Papers , can be substituted with either `` trade '' or `` exchange '' interchangeably while preserving the meaning of the statements . They also point to Madison 's statement in an 1828 letter that the `` Constitution vests in Congress expressly ... ' the power to regulate trade ' . '' Examining contemporaneous dictionaries does not neatly resolve the matter . For instance , the 1792 edition of Samuel Johnson 's A Dictionary of the English Language defines the noun `` commerce '' narrowly as `` ( e ) xchange of one thing for another ; interchange of any thing ; trade ; traffick '' , but it defines the corresponding verb `` to commerce '' more broadly as `` ( t ) o hold intercourse . '' The word `` intercourse '' also had a different and wider meaning back in 1792 than it does now . Early years ( 1800s -- 1830s ) ( edit ) Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in Gibbons v. Ogden ( 1824 ) that the power to regulate interstate commerce also included the power to regulate interstate navigation : `` Commerce , undoubtedly is traffic , but it is something more -- it is intercourse ... ( A ) power to regulate navigation is as expressly granted , as if that term had been added to the word ' commerce ' ... ( T ) he power of Congress does not stop at the jurisdictional lines of the several states . It would be a very useless power if it could not pass those lines . '' The Court 's decision contains language supporting one important line of Commerce Clause jurisprudence , the idea that the electoral process of representative government represents the primary limitation on the exercise of the Commerce Clause powers : The wisdom and the discretion of Congress , their identity with the people , and the influence which their constituents possess at elections , are , in this , as in many other instances , as that , for example , of declaring war , the sole restraints on which they have relied , to secure them from its abuse . They are the restraints on which the people must often rely solely , in all representative governments ... In Gibbons , the Court struck down New York 's attempt to grant a steamboat monopoly to Robert Fulton , which he had then ultimately franchised to Ogden . Ogden claimed river traffic was not `` commerce '' under the Commerce Clause and further that Congress could not interfere with New York State 's grant of an exclusive monopoly within its own borders . Ogden 's assertion was untenable : he contended New York could control river traffic within New York all the way to the border with New Jersey , that New Jersey could control river traffic within New Jersey all the way to the border with New York , leaving Congress with the power to control the traffic as it crossed the state line . Thus , Ogden contended , Congress could not invalidate his monopoly as long as he only transported passengers within New York . The Supreme Court , however , found that Congress could invalidate his monopoly since it was operational on an interstate channel of navigation . In its decision , the Court assumed interstate commerce required movement of the subject of regulation across state borders . The decision contains the following principles , some of which have since been altered by subsequent decisions : Commerce is `` intercourse , all its branches , and is regulated by prescribing rules for carrying on that intercourse . '' Commerce among the states can not stop at the external boundary - line of each state , but may be introduced into the interior ... Comprehensive as the word `` among '' is , it may very properly be restricted to that commerce which concerns more states than one . '' The Commerce power is the power to regulate , that is `` to prescribe the rule by which commerce is to be governed '' which `` may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution . '' Additionally , the Marshall Court limited the extent of federal maritime and admiralty jurisdiction to tidewaters in The Steamboat Thomas Jefferson . In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia , 30 U.S. 1 ( 1831 ) , the Supreme Court addressed whether the Cherokee nation is a foreign state in the sense in which that term is used in the constitution . The Court provided a definition of Indian tribe that clearly made the rights of tribes far inferior to those of foreign states . In part the court said : `` Though the Indians are acknowledged to have an unquestionable , and , heretofore , unquestioned right to the lands they occupy , until that right shall be extinguished by a voluntary cession to our government ; yet it may well be doubted whether those tribes which reside within the acknowledged boundaries of the United States can , with strict accuracy , be denominated foreign nations . They may , more correctly be denominated domestic dependent nations . They occupy a territory to which we assert a title independent of their will , which must take effect in point of possession when their right of possession ceases . Meanwhile , they are in a state of pupilage . Their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian . '' Dormant Commerce Clause jurisprudence ( edit ) Main article : Dormant Commerce Clause As explained in United States v. Lopez , 514 U.S. 549 ( 1995 ) , `` For nearly a century thereafter ( that is , after Gibbons ) , the Court 's Commerce Clause decisions dealt but rarely with the extent of Congress ' power , and almost entirely with the Commerce Clause as a limit on state legislation that discriminated against interstate commerce . Under this line of precedent , the Court held that certain categories of activity such as `` exhibitions '' , `` production '' , `` manufacturing '' , and `` mining '' were within the province of state governments , and thus were beyond the power of Congress under the Commerce Clause . When Congress began to engage in economic regulation on a national scale , the Court 's dormant Commerce Clause decisions influenced its approach to Congressional regulation . In this context , the Court took a formalistic approach , which distinguished between services and commerce , manufacturing and commerce , direct and indirect effects on commerce , and local and national activities . See concurring opinion of Justice Kennedy in United States v. Lopez . ( `` One approach the Court used to inquire into the lawfulness of state authority was to draw content - based or subject - matter distinctions , thus defining by semantic or formalistic categories those activities that were commerce and those that were not . '' ) The Dormant Commerce Clause formalisms spilled over into its Article I jurisprudence . While Congress had the power to regulate commerce , it could not regulate manufacturing , which was seen as being entirely local . In Kidd v. Pearson , 128 U.S. 1 ( 1888 ) , the Court struck a federal law which prohibited the manufacture of liquor for shipment across state lines . Similar decisions were issued with regard to agriculture , mining , oil production , and generation of electricity . In Swift v. United States , 196 U.S. 375 ( 1905 ) , the Court ruled that the clause covered meatpackers ; although their activity was geographically `` local '' , they had an important effect on the `` current of commerce '' , and thus could be regulated under the Commerce Clause . The Court 's decision halted price fixing . Stafford v. Wallace ( 1922 ) upheld a federal law ( the Packers and Stockyards Act ) regulating the Chicago meatpacking industry , because the industry was part of the interstate commerce of beef from ranchers to dinner tables . The stockyards `` are but a throat through which the current ( of commerce ) flows , '' Chief Justice Taft wrote , referring to the stockyards as `` great national public utilities . '' As Justice Kennedy wrote : ( in a concurring opinion to United States v. Lopez ) , `` Though that ( formalistic ) approach likely would not have survived even if confined to the question of a State 's authority to enact legislation , it was not at all propitious when applied to the quite different question of what subjects were within the reach of the national power when Congress chose to exercise it . '' Similarly , the court excluded most services by distinguishing them from commerce . In Federal Baseball Club v. National League , 259 U.S. 200 ( 1922 ) , which was later upheld in Toolson v. New York Yankees ( 1953 ) and Flood v. Kuhn ( 1973 ) , the court excluded nonproduction - related services , such as live entertainment , from the definition of commerce : `` That to which it is incident , the exhibition , although made for money , would not be called trade of commerce in the commonly accepted use of those words . As it is put by defendant , personal effort not related to production is not a subject of commerce . '' New Deal ( edit ) Main article : Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 In 1935 the Supreme Court of the United States , in Schecter Poultry Corporation v. United States , invalidated regulations of the poultry industry according to the nondelegation doctrine and as an invalid use of Congress 's power under the commerce clause . This was a unanimous decision that rendered the National Industrial Recovery Act , a main component of President Roosevelt 's New Deal , unconstitutional . Again in 1936 , in Carter v. Carter Coal Company , the Supreme Court struck down a key element of the New Deal 's regulation of the mining industry , on the grounds that mining was not `` commerce . '' In the preceding decades , the Court had struck down a laundry list of Progressive legislation -- minimum - wage laws , child labor laws , agricultural relief laws , and virtually every element of the New Deal legislation that had come before it . After winning re-election in 1936 , Roosevelt proposed the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill , wherein the President could appoint an additional Justice for each sitting Justice over age 70 . Given the age of the current Justices , this allowed a Supreme Court size of up to 15 Justices . Roosevelt claimed that this was intended to lessen the load on the older Justices , rather than being an attempt to achieve a majority that would cease to strike his New Deal acts . Ultimately , there was widespread opposition to this `` court packing '' plan and in the end Roosevelt abandoned it . However , in what became known as `` the switch in time that saved nine '' , shortly after the `` court packing '' plan was proposed , Justice Owen Roberts joined the 5 - 4 majority opinion in West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish ( 1937 ) . The majority narrowly upheld a Washington state minimum wage law , abandoning prior jurisprudence , ending the Lochner era . This essentially marked the beginning of the end of Supreme Court opposition to the New Deal , obviating the political need for the `` court packing '' scheme as well . In United States v. Darby Lumber Co. ( 1941 ) , the Court upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act which regulated the production of goods shipped across state lines . The Court stated that the Tenth Amendment `` is but a truism '' and was not considered to be an independent limitation on Congressional power . In United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co. ( 1942 ) the Court upheld federal price regulation of intrastate milk commerce , stating : The commerce power is not confined in its exercise to the regulation of commerce among the states . It extends to those activities intrastate which so affect interstate commerce , or the exertion of the power of Congress over it , as to make regulation of them appropriate means to the attainment of a legitimate end , the effective execution of the granted power to regulate interstate commerce . ( ... ) The power of Congress over interstate commerce is plenary and complete in itself , may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution . ( ... ) It follows that no form of state activity can constitutionally thwart the regulatory power granted by the commerce clause to Congress . Hence , the reach of that power extends to those intrastate activities which in a substantial way interfere with or obstruct the exercise of the granted power . In Wickard v. Filburn ( 1942 ) the Court upheld the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 , which sought to stabilize wide fluctuations in the market price for wheat . The Court found that Congress could apply national quotas to wheat grown on one 's own land , for one 's own consumption , because the total of such local production and consumption could potentially be sufficiently large as to affect the overall national goal of stabilizing prices . The Court cited its recent Wrightwood decision and decided that `` ( w ) hether the subject of the regulation in question was `` production , '' `` consumption , '' or `` marketing '' is , therefore , not material for purposes of deciding the question of federal power before us . '' The Court re-iterated Marshall 's decision in Gibbons : `` He made emphatic the embracing and penetrating nature of this power by warning that effective restraints on its exercise must proceed from political , rather than from judicial , processes . '' The Court also stated that `` ( t ) he conflicts of economic interest between the regulated and those who advantage by it are wisely left under our system to resolution by the Congress under its more flexible and responsible legislative process . Such conflicts rarely lend themselves to judicial determination . And with the wisdom , workability , or fairness , of the plan of regulation , we have nothing to do . '' Thereafter , the Court began to defer to the Congress on the theory that determining whether legislation affected commerce appropriately was a political and legislative , not a judicial , decision . This overall change in the Court 's jurisprudence , beginning with Parrish , is often referred to as the Constitutional Revolution of 1937 , in which the Court shifted from exercising judicial review of legislative acts to protect economic rights , to a paradigm which focused most strongly on protecting civil liberties . It was not until United States v. Lopez ( 1995 ) decision , after nearly 60 years of leaving any restraint on the use of the Commerce Clause to political means only , that the Court again ruled that a regulation enacted under the Clause was unconstitutional . Civil rights ( edit ) The wide interpretation of the scope of the Commerce Clause continued following the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , which aimed to prevent business from discriminating against black customers . The United States Supreme Court issued several opinions which supported this use of the Commerce Clause . Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States , 379 U.S. 241 ( 1964 ) , ruled that Congress could regulate a business that served mostly interstate travelers . Daniel v. Paul , 395 U.S. 298 ( 1969 ) , ruled that the federal government could regulate a recreational facility because three out of the four items sold at its snack bar were purchased from outside the state . The Rehnquist Court ( edit ) The Rehnquist Court 's Commerce Clause jurisprudence restored limits to the Interstate Commerce Clause that were removed in post-New Deal decisions , based primarily on concerns of federalism and encroachment by Congress on the several States ' police powers . It upheld Congress 's plenary authority to legislate in Indian affairs that was derived from the Worcester decision 's interpretation of the Indian Commerce Clause , but modified Worcester by giving the several states some jurisdiction over Indian affairs beyond what had been granted to them by Congress . Another view is that the Court was compelled to define limits to address Congressional legislation which sought to use the Interstate Commerce Clause power in new and unprecedented ways . In United States v. Lopez , the Court confronted conviction of a 12th Grade student for carrying a concealed handgun into school in violation of the Gun - Free School Zones Act of 1990 , 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( q ) ( 1 ) ( A ) . The Gun - Free School Zones Act made it a federal offense for any individual knowingly to possess a firearm at a place that individual knows or has reasonable cause to believe is a school zone . The legislation posed several challenging problems for Commerce Clause jurisprudence . Education is a traditionally local government activity , and while education undoubtedly has an economic aspect , the nexus between regulating gun violence and the Commerce Clause power to regulate interstate commerce seems particularly strained . In Wickard v. Filburn , the Court ruled Congress was exercising its Commerce Clause power to regulate local economic activity in ways that the States were powerless to regulate , because only the federal government could effectively control the national wheat supply . The Court reasoned that if Wickard could be applied to acts of gun violence , simply because crime impaired education , Congress might conclude that crime in schools substantially affects commerce , and may be regulated . Under this logic , all police power could be nationalized and local police and criminal courts eliminated on the theory that all crime affects commerce . As the majority explained : Section 922 ( q ) is a criminal statute that by its terms has nothing to do with `` commerce '' or any sort of economic enterprise , however broadly one might define those terms . Section 922 ( q ) is not an essential part of a larger regulation of economic activity , in which the regulatory scheme could be undercut unless the intrastate activity were regulated . It can not , therefore , be sustained under our cases upholding regulations of activities that arise out of or are connected with a commercial transaction , which viewed in the aggregate , substantially affects interstate commerce . The opinion pointed out that prior decisions had identified three broad categories of activity that Congress may regulate under its commerce power . First , Congress may regulate the use of the channels of interstate commerce ; Second , Congress is empowered to regulate and protect the instrumentalities of interstate commerce , or persons or things in Interstate Commerce , even though the threat may come only from intrastate activities ; Finally , Congress 's commerce authority includes the power to regulate those activities having a substantial relation to interstate commerce ( i.e. , those activities that substantially affect interstate commerce ) . Thus the federal government did not have the power to regulate relatively unrelated things such as the possession of firearms near schools , as in Lopez . This was the first time in sixty years , since the conflict with President Roosevelt in 1936 -- 37 , that the Court had overturned a putative regulation on interstate commerce because it exceeded Congress 's commerce power . Justice Clarence Thomas , in a separate concurring opinion , argued that allowing Congress to regulate intrastate , noncommercial activity under the Commerce Clause would confer on Congress a general `` police power '' over the entire nation . The Lopez decision was clarified in United States v. Morrison , 529 U.S. 598 ( 2000 ) , in which the Supreme Court invalidated § 40302 of the Violence Against Women Act ( `` VAWA '' ) . The VAWA created civil liability for the commission of a gender - based violent crime , but without any jurisdictional requirement of a connection to Interstate Commerce or commercial activity . 42 U.S.C. § 13981 ( c ) . Once again , the Court was presented with a Congressional attempt to criminalize traditional local criminal conduct . As in Lopez , it could not be argued that State regulation alone would be ineffective to protect the aggregate effects of local violence . The Court explained that in both Lopez and Morrison `` the noneconomic , criminal nature of the conduct at issue was central to our decision . '' Furthermore , the Court pointed out that in neither case was there an `` ' express jurisdictional element which might limit its reach ( to those instances that ) have an explicit connection with or effect on interstate commerce . ' '' Id . at 1751 . In both cases , Congress criminalized activity that was not commercial in nature without including a jurisdictional element establishing the necessary connection between the criminalized activity and Interstate Commerce . The Court found in Seminole Tribe v. Florida , 517 U.S. 44 ( 1996 ) that , unlike the Fourteenth Amendment , the Commerce Clause does not give the federal government the power to abrogate the sovereign immunity of the states . Many described the Rehnquist Court 's Commerce Clause cases as a doctrine of `` New Federalism '' . The outer limits of that doctrine were delineated by Gonzales v. Raich , in which Justices Antonin Scalia and Anthony Kennedy departed from their previous positions as parts of the Lopez and Morrison majorities to uphold a federal law regarding marijuana . The Court found the federal law valid , although the marijuana in question had been grown and consumed within a single state , and had never entered Interstate Commerce . The court held Congress may regulate an intrastate economic good if it does so as part of a complete scheme of legislation designed to regulate Interstate Commerce . During the Rehnquist court and to present , the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution has played an integral part in the Court 's view of the Commerce Clause . The Tenth Amendment states that the federal government has only the powers specifically delegated to it by the Constitution while other powers are reserved to the states , or to the people . The Commerce Clause is an important source of those powers delegated to Congress , and therefore its interpretation is very important in determining the scope of federal power in controlling innumerable aspects of American life . The Commerce Clause has been the most broadly interpreted clause in the Constitution , making way for many laws which , some argue , contradict the original intended meaning of the Constitution . Justice Clarence Thomas has gone so far as to state in his dissent to Gonzales , Respondents Diane Monson and Angel Raich use marijuana that has never been bought or sold , that has never crossed state lines , and that has had no demonstrable effect on the national market for marijuana . If Congress can regulate this under the Commerce Clause , then it can regulate virtually anything -- and the federal Government is no longer one of limited and enumerated powers . Themes ( edit ) Rational basis review ( edit ) The evolving level of scrutiny applied by Federal courts to Commerce Clause cases should be considered in the context of rational basis review . The idea behind rational basis review is that the judiciary must show deference to the elected representatives of the people . A respect for the democratic process requires that the Courts uphold legislation if there are rational facts and reasons that could support Congressional judgment , even if the Justices would come to different conclusions . Throughout the 20th century , in a variety of contexts , courts sought to avoid second guessing the legislative branch , and Commerce Clause jurisprudence can be seen as a part of this trend . Lawrence Tribe states : Since 1937 , in applying the factual test in Jones & Laughlin to hold a broad range of activities sufficiently related to interstate commerce , the Supreme Court has exercised little independent judgment , choosing instead to defer to the expressed or implied findings of Congress to the effect that regulated activities have the requisite `` economic effect '' . Such findings have been upheld whenever they could be said to rest upon some rational basis . ( Citing Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v United States ( 1964 ) . ) Justice Rehnquist echoed this point in his opinion in United States v. Lopez , stating : `` Since ( Wickard ) , the Court has ... undertaken to decide whether a rational basis existed for concluding that a regulated activity sufficiently affected interstate commerce . See , e.g. , Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association , 452 U.S. 264 , 276 -- 280 ( 1981 ) ; Perez v. United States , 402 U.S. 146 , 155 -- 156 ( 1971 ) ; Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States , 379 U.S. 241 , 252 -- 253 ( 1964 ) . '' Rational basis review begins with establishing the factual predicate upon which the exercise of Congressional power is based . This factual basis might come from a variety of sources . It might come from factual determinations made by Congress , passed in the legislation itself , or found in the Congressional Reports issued to accompany the legislation . It might come from the record of testimony compiled in Committee Hearings . It might come from facts posited by proponents in their briefs in support of the legislation . For example , the Court referenced extensive testimony presented in hearings in support of the conclusion that discrimination in public accommodations reduces interstate commerce . The Court wrote : Of course , the mere fact that Congress has said when particular activity shall be deemed to affect commerce does not preclude further examination by this Court . But where we find that the legislators , in light of the facts and testimony before them , have a rational basis for finding a chosen regulatory scheme necessary to the protection of commerce , our investigation is at an end . Similarly , in Gonzales v. Raich the Court upheld a ban on growing marijuana intended for medical use on the grounds that Congress could rationally conclude that such cultivation might make enforcement of drug laws more difficult by creating an otherwise lawful source of marijuana that could be diverted into the illicit market : In assessing the scope of Congress ' authority under the Commerce Clause , we stress that the task before us is a modest one . We need not determine whether respondents ' activities , taken in the aggregate , substantially affect interstate commerce in fact , but only whether a `` rational basis '' exists for so concluding . Given the enforcement difficulties that attend distinguishing between marijuana cultivated locally and marijuana grown elsewhere , 21 U.S.C. § 801 ( 5 ) , and concerns about diversion into illicit channels , we have no difficulty concluding that Congress had a rational basis for believing that failure to regulate the intrastate manufacture and possession of marijuana would leave a gaping hole in the CSA . Role of the political process ( edit ) Since its decision in Gibbons , the Supreme Court has held that Congress may regulate only those activities within a state that arise out of or are connected with a commercial transaction and that , viewed in the aggregate , substantially affect interstate commerce . Since judicial interpretations of constitutional limitations on Congressional exercise of its Commerce Clause powers represent an invasion of the democratic process which may not be overturned through ordinary democratic means , the Court has continued to assert that the primary limitation on the unwise exercise of Congressional Commerce Clause power by Congress must be found at the ballot box . Thus in Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority , 469 U.S. 528 ( 1985 ) , the Court stated : Of course , we continue to recognize that the States occupy a special and specific position in our constitutional system and that the scope of Congress ' authority under the Commerce Clause must reflect that position . But the principal and basic limit on the federal commerce power is that inherent in all congressional action -- the built - in restraints that our system provides through state participation in federal governmental action . The political process ensures that laws that unduly burden the States will not be promulgated . Debate over applicability to the Patient protection and Affordable Care Act ( edit ) Questions over the range and applicability of the Commerce Clause have arisen in debate over the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( `` PPACA '' ) . The debate centers around whether Congress is authorized to require citizens to purchase health insurance from the private market , known as the individual mandate . Congress claims authority from the Commerce Clause . However , many opponents of the PPACA have claimed that the individual mandate exceeds Congress 's authority thereunder , primarily on the position that the law attempts to define the non-purchase of insurance as `` commerce '' . Twenty - six state attorneys general filed a lawsuit against the federal government claiming the insurance mandate is unconstitutional . On June 8 , 2011 , a panel of three judges from the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals in Atlanta held hearings on the issue . On August 12 , 2011 . The 11th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the Individual Mandate portion unconstitutional , stating that Congress had exceeded its authority by requiring Americans to buy coverage . Differing court opinions have clashed over the question of whether failure to purchase insurance can be considered an economic activity that affects interstate commerce . In Virginia v. Sebelius , Judge Henry Hudson overturned the law , claiming that failure to purchase health insurance coverage could not be considered economic activity , being rather economic `` inactivity . '' In Liberty University v. Geithner , Judge Norman Moon upheld the law , countering : `` Far from ' inactivity , ' by choosing to forgo insurance , Plaintiffs are making an economic decision to try to pay for health care services later , out of pocket , rather than now , through the purchase of insurance . '' Similarly , in Thomas More Law Center v. Obama , judge George Steeh ruled that such decisions have `` a documented impact on interstate commerce . '' In response to the Virginia decision , Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli petitioned the Supreme Court to hear the appeal immediately , rather than going through the Fourth Circuit . On November 14 , 2011 , the Supreme Court announced it would hear the case in the spring of 2012 . The Supreme Court heard arguments on March 26 -- 28 , 2012 . Its majority opinion agreed that upholding the PPACA under the commerce clause `` would open a new and potentially vast domain to congressional authority '' and that `` the power to regulate commerce presupposes the existence of commercial activity to be regulated '' . The Court held that Congress did not have authority under the Commerce Clause to require citizens to purchase health insurance , but still upheld the law 's `` individual mandate '' provision under Congress ' taxing authority . See also ( edit ) Dual federalism National Recovery Administration Australian commerce clause Section 51 ( i ) of the Constitution of Australia Section 91 ( 2 ) of the Constitution Act , 1867 ( Canadian Constitution ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miller and Cross . `` The Legal Environment Today '' Fifth Edition . ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ United States v. Lopez , 514 U.S. 549 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the Constitution of the United States - Official Text '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzales v. Raich , 545 US 1 ( 2005 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Gonzales , Attorney General , et al. v. Raich et al. , certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the ninth circuit , No. 03 - 1454 . Argued November 29 , 2004 -- Decided June 6 , 2005 '' . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bork , Robert ; Troy , Daniel E. ( 2002 ) . `` Locating the Boundaries : The Scope of Congress 's Power to Regulate Commerce '' . Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy . 25 : 849 , 861 -- 62 . Jump up ^ `` purple motes '' peer production `` . Purplemotes.net . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ A dictionary of the English language Jump up ^ The Steamboat Thomas Jefferson , 23 U.S. ( 10 Wheat . ) 428 ( 1825 ) . Jump up ^ See also L. Tribe , American Constitutional Law 306 ( 2d ed. 1988 ) . Jump up ^ `` Carter v. Carter Coal Co. , 298 U.S. 238 ( 1936 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Darby Lumber Co. , 312 U.S. 100 ( 1941 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co . ( Cornell University Law School ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Wickard v. Filburn ( Cornell University Law School ) '' . Jump up ^ `` PBS Supreme Court Timeline '' . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg , E. ( 1996 ) . The Supreme Court Reborn : The Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511131 - 1 Jump up ^ Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States , 379 U.S. 241 , 357 ( 1964 ) ( ' ( T ) he authority of Congress to keep the channels of interstate commerce free from immoral and injurious uses has been frequently sustained , and is no longer open to question . ' '' ( quoting Caminetti v. United States , 242 U.S. 470 , 491 ( 1917 ) ) ) . Jump up ^ See e.g. , Shreveport Rate Cases , 234 U.S. 342 ( 1914 ) Jump up ^ United States v. Lopez , 514 U.S. 549 , 558 - 59 ( 1995 ) ( citing NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. , 301 U.S. 1 , 37 ( 1937 ) ; Maryland v. Wirtz , 392 U.S. 185 , 195 , n . 27 ( 1968 ) ) Jump up ^ `` Gonzales v. Raich '' . Straylight.law.cornell.edu . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Laurence H. Tribe , American Constitutional Law , § 5 -- 4 , at P 309 ( 2d ed. 1988 ) . Jump up ^ `` Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Assn. , Inc. , 452 US 264 - Supreme Court 1981 '' . Jump up ^ `` Perez v. United States , 402 US 146 - Supreme Court 1971 '' . Jump up ^ `` Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States , 379 US 241 - Supreme Court 1964 '' . Jump up ^ `` National Conference of State Legislatures '' ( PDF ) . Twenty - Six State AGs Seek Appeals Court Ruling . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Appeals court rules against Obama healthcare mandate '' . Jump up ^ Federal Courts Split on Constitutionality of Individual Mandate in Health Care Law - RegBlog Jump up ^ Supreme Court to Rule This Spring on Health Care Law - ABC News Jump up ^ Palazzolo , Joe ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` Health - Care Ruling : Why Not the Commerce Clause ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/11-393c3a2.pdf Further reading ( edit ) `` Constitutional Law . Foreign Commerce Clause . Ninth Circuit Holds That Congress Can Regulate Sex Crimes Committed by U.S. Citizens Abroad . United States v. Clark , 435 F. 3d 1100 ( 9th Cir. 2006 ) . '' Harvard Law Review . Volume 119 , No. 8 , June 2006 , p. 2612 - 2619 . Available at JSTOR . External links ( edit ) Clause 3 . Commerce Power POWER TO REGULATE COMMERCE Capsule history of Commerce Clause cases FindLaw Fetter , Frank Albert ( 1911 ) . `` Interstate Commerce '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . History of How States and Nations Regulated their Commerce with each other Madison , P.A. ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commerce_Clause&oldid=813102183 '' Categories : Legal history of the United States Legislative branch of the United States government Clauses of the United States Constitution Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2012 Use mdy dates from November 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 19 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the power to regulate foreign trade | [
"The Commerce Clause describes an enumerated power listed in the United States Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3). The clause states that the United States Congress shall have power \"To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes.\" Courts and commentators have tended to discuss each of these three areas of commerce as a separate power granted to Congress.[1] It is common to see the individual components of the Commerce Clause referred to under specific terms: the Foreign Commerce Clause, the Interstate Commerce Clause,[2] and the Indian Commerce Clause."
] | [
"the United States Congress"
] |
-5887940265510187672 | Rebel in the Rye | Rebel in the Rye - wikipedia Rebel in the Rye Jump to : navigation , search Rebel in the Rye Theatrical release poster Directed by Danny Strong Produced by Bruce Cohen Jason Shuman Danny Strong Molly Smith Trent Luckinbill Thad Luckinbill Written by Danny Strong Based on J.D. Salinger : A Life by Kenneth Slawenski Starring Nicholas Hoult Zoey Deutch Kevin Spacey Sarah Paulson Brian d'Arcy James Victor Garber Hope Davis Lucy Boynton Music by Bear McCreary Cinematography Kramer Morgenthau Edited by Joseph Krings Production company Black Label Media Distributed by IFC Films Release date January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) ( Sundance ) September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $376,734 Rebel in the Rye is a 2017 American biographical drama film directed and written by Danny Strong . It is based on the book J.D. Salinger : A Life by Kenneth Slawenski , about the life of young writer J.D. Salinger during and after World War II . The film stars Nicholas Hoult , Zoey Deutch , Kevin Spacey , Sarah Paulson , Brian d'Arcy James , Victor Garber , Hope Davis , and Lucy Boynton . The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24 , 2017 , and was released by IFC Films on September 8 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The life of author J.D. Salinger from his youth to the World War II era , including his romantic life and the publication of his debut novel The Catcher in the Rye . Cast ( edit ) Nicholas Hoult as J.D. Salinger , an American author Zoey Deutch as Oona O'Neill , the daughter of playwright Eugene O'Neill and the romantic partner of the young Salinger . Kevin Spacey as Whit Burnett , a lecturer at Columbia University , editor of the Story magazine , and a mentor of young Salinger . Sarah Paulson as Dorothy Olding , the loyal agent who supported the young Salinger throughout his career . Brian d'Arcy James as Giroux Kate Rodman as Giroux 's secretary Victor Garber as Sol Salinger , Salinger 's father . Hope Davis as Miriam Salinger , Salinger 's mother . Lucy Boynton as Claire Douglas James Urbaniak as Gus Lobrano Adam Busch as Nigel Bench Jefferson Mays as William Maxwell Alexander Garmendia as U.S. Soldier Kelsey Healey as Youth Group Teen Matt Gorsky as Benny , the Clarinetist Production ( edit ) On April 29 , 2014 , it was announced that screenwriter - actor Danny Strong would make his directorial debut with biographical film Salinger 's War , based on the non-fiction book J.D. Salinger : A Life by Kenneth Slawenski , about the life of young author J.D. Salinger during the early 1940s . Strong bought the book with his own money and adapted the film 's script , which Black Label Media would finance , while Molly Smith , Trent Luckinbill , and Thad Luckinbill would produce the film along with Bruce Cohen , Jason Shuman , and Strong . On August 31 , 2015 , Nicholas Hoult was cast in the biopic to play Salinger , and the film was re-titled as Rebel in the Rye . On January 19 , 2016 , Kevin Spacey joined the film to play Whit Burnett , a lecturer at Columbia University , editor of the Story magazine , and a mentor of the young Salinger . On February 12 , 2016 , Laura Dern , Brian d'Arcy James , and Hope Davis signed on to star in the film for unspecified roles . On March 9 , 2016 , Zoey Deutch joined the film to play the playwright Eugene O'Neill 's daughter Oona O'Neill , who had a beautiful relationship with Salinger , and following her , Victor Garber also joined the film on next day to portray the role of Salinger 's father , Sol Salinger . On April 7 , 2016 , Lucy Boynton joined the film for an unspecified role , and following her Sarah Paulson was cast in the film on April 26 to play Dorothy Olding , the loyal agent who supported the young Salinger throughout his career . In May 2016 , it was revealed that James Urbaniak had been cast as Gus Lobrano . Bear McCreary composed the film 's score . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on April 26 , 2016 in New York City . Release ( edit ) The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24 , 2017 . Shortly after , IFC Films acquired distribution rights to the film . It was theatrically released on September 8 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Rebel in the Rye had a limited release in four theaters in its first week which was expanded to 45 more screens in second week . In its first week of release , the film made $44,280 ( an average of $11,070 ) , and in its second week , it grossed $101,118 in the 49 theaters , with a cumulative total of $154,326 . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 31 % based on 59 reviews , and an average rating of 4.7 / 10 . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score 46 out of 100 , based on reviews from 29 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Jordan Hoffman of The Guardian gave three stars out of five , saying , `` J.D. Salinger drama catches attention but sinks into cliche '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Printable Film Guide '' ( PDF ) . Sundance Film Festival . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rebel in the Rye ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sarah Paulson Joins J.D. Salinger Movie ' Rebel in the Rye ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evry , Max ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sarah Paulson Joins J.D. Salinger Biopic Rebel in the Rye '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ; Ford , Rebecca ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Danny Strong Making Directorial Debut With Biopic ' Salinger 's War ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` TIFF : Nicholas Hoult to Play J.D. Salinger in Danny Strong 's ' Rebel in the Rye ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin Spacey Joins Nicholas Hoult In Danny Strong 's J.D. Salinger Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rebel In The Rye ' Adds Laura Dern , Brian d'Arcy James & Hope Davis -- Berlin '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Zoey Deutch Books Key Role In ' Rebel In The Rye ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Victor Garber Joins ' Rebel In The Rye ' ; Ann Dowd Cast In ' Collateral Beauty ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing Street 's Lucy Boynton Joins ' Rebel In The Rye ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` James Urbaniak Joins Nicholas Hoult in ' Rebel in the Rye ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bear McCreary to Score Danny Strong 's ' Rebel in the Rye ' '' . FilmMusicReporter . December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Sundance 2017 : Robert Redford , New Rashida Jones Netflix Series , ' Rebel In The Rye ' & More On Premiere , Docu , Midnight & Kids Slates '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rebel In The Rye ' Acquired By IFC Films '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rebel in the Rye '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rebel in the Rye ' Tops Weak Indie Box Office '' . The Wrap . September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller 's ' Brad 's Status ' Leads Off Fall Specialty Film Season '' . IndieWire . September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rebel in the Rye ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rebel in the Rye reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan Hoffman ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Rebel in the Rye review -- JD Salinger drama catches attention but sinks into cliche '' . The Guardian . External links ( edit ) Rebel in the Rye on IMDb Rebel in the Rye at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) J.D. Salinger Novel The Catcher in the Rye Short story collections Nine Stories Franny and Zooey Raise High the Roof Beam , Carpenters and Seymour : An Introduction Three Early Stories Short stories `` Blue Melody '' `` Both Parties Concerned '' `` A Boy in France '' `` De Daumier - Smith 's Blue Period '' `` Down at the Dinghy '' `` Elaine '' `` For Esmé -- with Love and Squalor '' `` A Girl I Knew '' `` Go See Eddie '' `` The Hang of It '' `` Hapworth 16 , 1924 '' `` The Heart of a Broken Story '' `` I 'm Crazy '' `` The Inverted Forest '' `` Just Before the War with the Eskimos '' `` Last Day of the Last Furlough '' `` The Laughing Man '' `` The Long Debut of Lois Taggett '' `` The Ocean Full of Bowling Balls '' `` Once a Week Wo n't Kill You '' `` A Perfect Day for Bananafish '' `` Personal Notes of an Infantryman '' `` Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes '' `` Slight Rebellion off Madison '' `` Soft - Boiled Sergeant '' `` The Stranger '' `` Teddy '' `` This Sandwich Has No Mayonnaise '' `` Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut '' `` The Varioni Brothers '' `` The Young Folks '' `` A Young Girl in 1941 with No Waist at All '' `` The Last and Best of the Peter Pans '' Related Holden Caulfield My Foolish Heart ( 1949 ) Pari ( 1995 ) Salinger ( 2013 ) ( companion biography ) Rebel in the Rye ( 2017 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rebel_in_the_Rye&oldid=815091420 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films American biographical films American drama films Biographical films about writers 2010s biographical films 2010s drama films Drama films based on actual events Films based on non-fiction books World War II films based on actual events Films set in the 1940s Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Directorial debut films Screenplays by Danny Strong J.D. Salinger Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano Русский Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 18 : 38 . About Wikipedia | when does rebel in the rye come out | [
"The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2017, and was released by IFC Films on September 8, 2017."
] | [
"September 8, 2017"
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7280204242298434080 | Consumer Financial Protection Bureau | Consumer Financial Protection Bureau - Wikipedia Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Jump to : navigation , search `` CFPB '' redirects here . For the Canadian radio station , see CFFB ( AM ) . Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Agency overview Formed July 21 , 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 07 - 21 ) Jurisdiction United States Headquarters Washington , D.C. Employees 1,623 ( 2016 ) Annual budget US $ 605.9 million ( FY 2016 ) Agency executives Richard Cordray , Director David Silberman , Deputy Director Key document Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act Website www.consumerfinance.gov The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ( CFPB ) is an agency of the United States government responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector . CFPB jurisdiction includes banks , credit unions , securities firms , payday lenders , mortgage - servicing operations , foreclosure relief services , debt collectors and other financial companies operating in the United States . The CFPB 's creation was authorized by the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , whose passage in 2010 was a legislative response to the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 and the subsequent Great Recession . The CFPB was established as an independent agency , but this status is being reviewed by the US Court of Appeals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role 2 History 2.1 Dispute over director 2.2 Proposed amendments 3 Regulatory activities 3.1 Credit cards 3.2 Mortgages 3.3 Retirement and insurance investments 3.4 Public outreach 4 List of directors 5 Legal challenges 6 Controversy 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Role ( edit ) According to Director Richard Cordray , the Bureau 's priorities are mortgages , credit cards and student loans . It was designed to consolidate employees and responsibilities from a number of other federal regulatory bodies , including the Federal Reserve , the Federal Trade Commission , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , the National Credit Union Administration and even the Department of Housing and Urban Development . The bureau is an independent unit located inside and funded by the United States Federal Reserve , with interim affiliation with the U.S. Treasury Department . It writes and enforces rules for financial institutions , examines both bank and non-bank financial institutions , monitors and reports on markets , as well as collects and tracks consumer complaints . Furthermore , as required under Dodd -- Frank and outlined in the 2013 CFPB -- State Supervisory Coordination Framework , the CFPB works closely with state regulators in coordinating supervision and enforcement activities . The CFPB opened its website in early February 2011 to accept suggestions from consumers via YouTube , Twitter , and its own website interface . According to the United States Treasury Department , the bureau is tasked with the responsibility to `` promote fairness and transparency for mortgages , credit cards , and other consumer financial products and services '' . According to its web site , the CFPB 's `` central mission ... is to make markets for consumer financial products and services work for Americans -- whether they are applying for a mortgage , choosing among credit cards , or using any number of other consumer financial products '' . In 2016 alone most of the hundreds of thousands of consumer complaints about their financial services -- including banks and credit card issuers -- were received and compiled by CFPB and are publicly available on a federal government database . The Trump administration wants more control over the CFPB and is considering prohibiting the publication of consumer complaints . Since the CFPB database was established in 2011 , more than 730,000 complaints have been published . CFPB supporters include the Consumers Union claim that it is a `` vital tool that can help consumers make informed decisions '' . CFPB detractors argue that the CFPB database in a `` gotcha game '' and that there is already a database maintained by the Federal Trade Commission although that information is not available to the public . History ( edit ) In July 2010 , Congress passed the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , during the 111th United States Congress in response to the Late - 2000s recession and financial crisis . The agency was originally proposed in 2007 by Harvard Law School professor Elizabeth Warren . The proposed CFPB was actively supported by Americans for Financial Reform , a newly created umbrella organization of some 250 consumer , labor , civil rights and other activist organizations . On September 17 , 2010 , Obama announced the appointment of Warren as Assistant to the President and Special Advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury on the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to set up the new agency . The CFPB formally began operation on July 21 , 2011 , shortly after Obama announced that Warren would be passed over as Director in favor of Richard Cordray , who prior to the nomination had been hired as chief of enforcement for the agency . The Financial CHOICE Act , proposed by House Financial Services Committee , Jeb Hensarling to repeal the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , passed the House on June 8 , 2017 . In June 2017 , the Senate was crafting its own reform bill . Dispute over Director ( edit ) President Barack Obama announces the nomination of Richard Cordray as the first director of the CFPB on July 18 , 2011 Elizabeth Warren , who proposed and established the CFPB , was removed from consideration as the bureau 's first formal director after Obama administration officials became convinced Warren `` could not overcome strong Republican opposition '' . On July 17 , President Obama nominated former Ohio Attorney General and Ohio State Treasurer Richard Cordray to be the first formal director of the CFPB . However , his nomination was immediately in jeopardy due to 44 Senate Republicans vowing to derail any nominee in order to encourage a decentralized structure of the organization . Senate Republicans had also shown a pattern of refusing to consider regulatory agency nominees , purportedly as a method of budget cutting . Due to the way the legislation creating the bureau was written , until the first Director was in place , the agency was not able to write new rules or supervise financial institutions other than banks . On July 21 , Senator Richard Shelby wrote an op ‐ ed for the Wall Street Journal affirming his continued opposition to a centralized structure , noting that both the Securities Exchange Commission and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation had executive boards and that the CFPB should be no different . He noted lessons learned from experiences with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as support for his argument . Politico interpreted Shelby 's statements as saying that Cordray 's nomination was `` dead on arrival '' . Republican threats of a filibuster to block the nomination in December 2011 led to Senate inaction . On January 4 , 2012 , Barack Obama issued a recess appointment to install Cordray as director through the end of 2013 . This was a highly controversial move as the Senate was still holding pro forma sessions , and the possibility existed that the appointment could be challenged in court . The constitutionality of Cordray 's recess appointment came into question after a January 2013 ruling by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit that President Obama 's appointment of three members to the NLRB ( at the same time as Cordray ) violated the Constitution . On July 16 , 2013 , the Senate confirmed Cordray as director in a 66 -- 34 vote . Proposed amendments ( edit ) On July 11 , 2013 , the CFPB Rural Designation Petition and Correction Act ( H.R. 2672 ; 113th Congress ) was introduced into the House of Representatives . The bill would amend the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act to direct the CFPB to establish an application process that would allow a person to have their county designated as `` rural '' for purposes of federal consumer financial law . One practical effect of having a county designated rural is that people can qualify for some types of mortgages by getting them exempted from the CFPB 's qualified mortgage rule . On September 26 , 2013 , the Consumer Financial Protection Safety and Soundness Improvement Act of 2013 ( H.R. 3193 ; 113th Congress ) was introduced into the United States House of Representatives . If adopted , the bill would have modified the CFPB by transforming it into a five - person commission and removing it from the Federal Reserve System . The CFPB would have been renamed the `` Financial Product Safety Commission '' . The bill was also intended to make it easier to override the CFPB decisions . It passed in the House of Representatives on February 27 , 2014 and was received by the Senate on March 4 . It was never considered in the Democratic controlled Senate . Regulatory activities ( edit ) Credit cards ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2013 ) Mortgages ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2013 ) Regulatory implementation regarding mortgages is covered on the bureau website . Topics provided for consumers include , 2013 mortgage rule implementation , resources to help people comply , quick reference charts , supervision and examination materials , and a link for feedback . It also provides additional information that covers rural or under - served counties , HUD - approved housing counselors , and Appendix Q . Appendix Q relates to the debt - to - income ratio that must be possessed for `` qualified mortgages '' and provides details about how to determine the factors for that calculation . The standard is set at no more than 43 percent . Retirement and insurance investments ( edit ) The CFPB is weighing whether it should take on a role in helping Americans manage retirement savings and regulate savings plans , particularly focusing on investment scams that target the retired and elderly . `` That 's one of the things we 've been exploring and are interested in in terms of whether and what authority we have '' , bureau director Richard Cordray said in a January 2013 interview . Some conservatives have been critical of this potential role , with William Tucker of the American Media Institute asserting that the agency intends to `` control '' retirement savings and force people to buy federal debt . The AARP has encouraged the agency to take an active role , arguing that the bureau will help protect elderly Americans from affinity fraud that often targets senior citizens , ensuring that their investments are less likely to be stolen through securities fraud or malpractice . The main regulator of retirement and benefit plans established by employers and private industry is the U.S. Department of Labor , which enforces the main laws ( ERISA , COBRA , and HIPAA ) , retirement plans ( including 401 ( k ) , SIMPLE , 403 ( b ) , and traditional defined - benefit pensions ) as well as many aspects of employer group - health plans . The Affordable Care Act , establishing marketplaces selling health plans directly to consumers , adopted the ERISA - style regulatory model , requiring all plans to have standardized documents such as a `` summary plan document '' ( SPD ) , but the marketplace was regulated by the individual insurance commissioners of every state , with some states having multiple regulators ( California maintains both a Department of Insurance and a Department of Managed Care ) . IRAs , also directed to consumers , are regulated by type of custodian ( the FDIC regulates bank custodians , the IRS regulates non-bank custodians ) . Annuities , life insurance , and disability insurance purchased directly by consumers , are regulated by individual state insurance commissioners . Marketing to consumers is generally regulated by the FCC and various state laws . Because state commissioners are the main regulators , the CFPB is unlikely to assume a leadership role in retirement investment regulation without further legislation and possibly a US constitutional amendment transferring insurance lawmaking power to the federal government . In 2011 , the National Association of Insurance Commissioners identified `` the single most significant challenge for state insurance regulators is to be vigilant in the protection of consumers , especially in light of the changes taking place in the financial services marketplace '' , and the CFPB may help fill this void . Many have argued the state - based system of insurance regulation ( including insurance - like products such as annuities ) is highly economically inefficient , results in uneven and non-portable insurance plans , artificially shrinks risk pools ( especially in smaller states ) resulting in higher premiums , limits mobility of brokers who have to re-certify in new states , complicates the needs of multi-state business , and should be replaced with a national insurance regulator or national insurance charter option as has taken place with the regulation of securities and banking . Public outreach ( edit ) The CFPB has created a number of personal finance tools for consumers , including Ask CFPB , which compiles plain - language answers to personal finance questions , and Paying for College , which estimates the cost of attending specific universities based on the financial aid offers a student has received . The CFPB has also attempted to help consumers understand virtual currencies such as Bitcoin . List of directors ( edit ) Parties Democratic Republican Status Special advisor for the CFPB No . Portrait Name State of residence Took office Left office Days served President ( s ) -- Elizabeth Warren Massachusetts September 17 , 2010 August 1 , 2011 318 Barack Obama -- Raj Date Washington , D.C. August 1 , 2011 January 4 , 2012 156 Richard Cordray Ohio January 4 , 2012 Incumbent 1843 264 ( 2107 total ) Donald Trump Legal challenges ( edit ) Further information : Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act § Constitutional challenge to Dodd -- Frank Two lawsuits were filed in the early years of the CFPB ; they were both dismissed by federal courts , but one was appealed and is still ongoing . The first one , filed in June 21 , 2012 , by a Texas bank along with the Competitive Enterprise Institute , challenged the constitutionality of provisions of the CFPB . One year later , in August 2013 , a federal judge dismissed the lawsuit because the plaintiffs had failed to show that they had suffered harm . In July 2015 , the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part , holding that the bank , but not the states that later joined the lawsuit , had standing to challenge the law , and returned the case to Huvelle for further proceedings . A lawsuit filed July 22 , 2013 , by Morgan Drexen Integrated Systems , a provider of outsourced administrative support services to attorneys , and Connecticut attorney Kimberly A. Pisinski , challenged the constitutionality of the CFPB . The complaint , filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia , alleged that the `` CFPB 's structure insulates it from political accountability and internal checks and balances in violation of the United States Constitution . Unbridled from constitutionally - required accountability , CFPB has engaged in ultra vires and abusive practices , including attempts to regulate the practice of law ( a function reserved for state bars ) , attempts to collect attorney - client protected material , and overreaching demands for , and mining of , personal financial information of American citizens , which has prompted a Government Accountability Office ( '' GAO `` ) investigation , commenced on July 12 , 2013 . '' That October , this case was dismissed by a D.C. Federal Court . On August 22 , 2013 , one month after Morgan Drexen 's lawsuit , the CFPB filed its own lawsuit against Morgan Drexen in the United States District Court for the Central District of California alleging that Morgan Drexen charged advance fees for debt relief services in violation of the Telemarketing Sales Rule and engaged in deceptive acts and practices in violation of the Consumer Financial Protection Act ( CFPA ) . The CFPB won this lawsuit and Morgan Drexen was ordered to pay $132,882,488 in restitution and a $40 million civil penalty . In October 2016 , the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that it was unconstitutional for the CFPB Director to be removable by the President of the United States only for cause , such as `` inefficiency , neglect of duty or malfeasance . '' Circuit Judge Brett Kavanaugh , joined by Senior Circuit Judge A. Raymond Randolph , wrote that the law was `` a threat to individual liberty '' and instead found that the President could remove the CFPB Director at will . The ruling essentially makes the CFPB part of the United States federal executive departments . Circuit Judge Karen L. Henderson agreed that the CFPB Director had been wrong in adopting a new interpretation of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act , finding the statute of limitations did not apply to the CFPB , and fining the petitioning mortgage company PHH Corporation $109 million , but she dissented from giving the President a new power to remove the Director , citing constitutional avoidance . The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has ordered en banc review of this decision to be heard on May 24 , 2017 . Controversy ( edit ) A 2013 press release from the United States House Financial Services Committee criticized the CFPB for what was described as a `` radical structure '' that `` is controlled by a single individual who can not be fired for poor performance and who exercises sole control over the agency , its hiring and its budget . '' Moreover , the committee alleged a lack of financial transparency and a lack of accountability to Congress or the President . Committee Vice Chairman Patrick McHenry , expressed particular concern about travel costs and a $55 million renovation of CFPB headquarters , stating `` $55 million is more than the entire annual construction and acquisition budget for GSA for the totality of federal buildings . '' In 2012 , the majority of GSA 's Federal Buildings Fund went to rental costs , totaling $5.2 billion . $50 million was budgeted for construction and acquisition of facilities . In 2014 , some employees and former employees of the CFPB testified before Congress about an alleged culture of racism and sexism at the agency . Former employees testified they were retaliated against for bringing problems to the attention of superiors . The CFPB has been heavily criticized for the methodology it uses to identify instances of racial discrimination among auto lenders . Because of legal constraints , the agency used a system to `` guess '' the race of auto loan applicants based on their last name and zip code . Based on that information , the agency charged several lenders were discriminating against minority applicants and levied large fines and settlements against those companies . Ally Financial paid $98 million in fines and settlement fees in 2013 . As the agency 's methodology means it can only guess who may be victims of discrimination entitled to settlement funds , as of late 2015 the CFPB had yet to compensate any individuals who were victims of Ally 's allegedly discriminatory practices . The CFPB acknowledged in private documents that it knew the agency was overestimating the number of minority applicants , but continued using the flawed methodology anyway to levy penalties against financial companies . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Business and economics portal List of financial regulatory authorities by country Regulatory responses to the subprime crisis Subprime mortgage crisis solutions debate Wall Street reform Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations Volcker Rule References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The CFPB strategic plan , budget , and performance plan and report '' ( PDF ) . United States Consumer Financial Protection Bureau . 2016 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Eaglesham , Jean ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Warning Shot On Financial Protection '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Warren , Elizabeth ( 2010 - 09 - 14 ) . `` FACTBOX - New US consumer financial bureau has wide powers '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection , topics.nytimes.com Updated : Dec. 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Joint CFPB - State Supervision : No one is below the radar '' . November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Website Launched and Open for Suggestions '' . MyBankTracker.com. 2011 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Learn About the Bureau '' . United States Consumer Financial Protection Bureau . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin Freking ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Public window on financial complaints could be closing soon '' . AP . Washington . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mogilnicki EJ , Malpass MS . The First Year of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau : An Overview . The Business Lawyer . Jump up ^ Kirsch , Larry ; Mayer , Robert ( 2013 ) . Financial justice : the people 's campaign to stop lender abuse . Santa Barbara : Praeger . ISBN 1440829519 . Jump up ^ Obama names Warren as special adviser . CNN Money . Jump up ^ `` President Obama Names Elizabeth Warren Assistant to the President and Special Advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury on the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau '' . www.WhiteHouse.gov . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Appelbaum , Binyamin ( 2011 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Former Ohio Attorney General Picked to Lead Consumer Agency '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Bennett D , Dougherty C. ( 2011 ) . Elizabeth Warren 's Dream Becomes a Real Agency She May Never Get to Lead . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Borak , Donna ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` House votes to kill Dodd - Frank . Now what ? '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 ... `` advanced the ' crown jewel ' of the GOP - led regulatory reform effort , effectively gutting the Dodd - Frank financial regulations that were put in place during the Obama administration . '' Jump up ^ Bryan , Bob ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` The House quietly voted to destroy post-financial - crisis Wall Street regulations '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Puzzanghera , Jim ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` GOP stalls confirmation of consumer agency nominee '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Appelbaum , Binyamin ( 2011 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Former Ohio Attorney General Picked to Lead Consumer Agency '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( 2011 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Dodd -- Frank Under Fire a Year Later '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Shelby , Richard ( 2011 - 07 - 21 ) . `` The Danger of an Unaccountable ' Consumer - Protection ' Czar '' . The Wall Street Journal . p . A17 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 22 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Epstein , Reid J. ( 2011 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Richard Shelby : Richard Cordray is DOA '' . Politico . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , David ; Sonmez , Felicia ( 2012 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Obama to use executive power to name consumer watchdog chief over GOP objections '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( 2013 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Court rules Obama recess appointments unconstitutional '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Peralta , Eyder ( 2013 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Cooling Tensions , Senate Confirms Cordray '' . NPR . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 2672 -- Summary '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Marcos , Cristina ( 2 May 2014 ) . `` The week ahead : House to hold ex-IRS official in contempt '' . The Hill . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dodd -- Frank Dispatch : `` Rural Area '' Designation Would Provide Consumer Financial Protection Laws Relief `` . BankersWEB.com. 17 March 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 3193 -- Summary '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Kasperowicz , Pete ( 7 February 2014 ) . `` House to take another swing at Dodd -- Frank reform '' . The Hill . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 3193 -- Consumer Financial Freedom and Washington Accountability Act '' . congress.gov . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lunsford , Patrick ( 5 March 2015 ) . `` CFPB Reform Bill Introduced in House Designed to Pass Congress '' . insidearm.com . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Consumer Financial Protection Bureau , Law and Regulation , Mortgage Rule Implementation Regulatory Implementation , retrieved 2014.01. 25 Jump up ^ Retirement Savings Accounts Draw U.S. Consumer Bureau Attention , Carter Dougherty , Bloomberg News , 18 January 2013 Jump up ^ Financial Repression From The Obama Administration : How Savers May Be Forced To Buy Federal Debt , William Tucker , Forbes.com , 23 Dec 2013 Jump up ^ 6 Ways the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Will Fight for You , Carole Fleck , AARP , 1 March 2012 Jump up ^ `` STATE INSURANCE REGULATION '' ( PDF ) . Center for Insurance Policy Research . Jump up ^ `` Improving Property and Casualty Regulation in the United States '' ( PDF ) . McKinsey and Company . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Insurance Companies need a Federal Regulator '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Maya Jackson Randall ( 22 March 2012 ) . `` Consumer - protection agency launches ' Ask CFPB ' tool '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Liberto , Jennifer ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` Compare College Costs with Online Tool '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Risks to Consumers Posed by Virtual Currencies '' ( PDF ) . Consumer Advisory . 2014 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hall , Christine . `` Dodd -- Frank Unconstitutional Power - Grab , Says New Lawsuit '' . Competitive Enterprise Institute . Competitive Enterprise Institute . Jump up ^ `` Standing Alone , But Firm ; Morgan Drexen Presses Forth in Lawsuit Against the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau '' . GlobeNewswire. 2013 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Adler , Jonathan H. ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` D.C. Circuit revives constitutional challenge to Consumer Financial Protection Bureau '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ State National Bank of Big Spring , et al. v. Lew , no . 13 - 5247 ( D.C. Cir , July 24 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Pollock , Richard ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Private firm sues CFPB , challenges board 's constitutionality '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Karmasek , Jessica M. ( 2013 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Conn. attorney , support services provider sue CFPB over alleged ' data mining ' '' . Legal Newsline Legal Journal . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Morgan Drexen Filings '' . Morgan Drexen . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mishkin , Barbara S. ( 2013 - 10 - 21 ) . `` D.C. federal court dismisses Morgan Drexen lawsuit against CFPB '' . CFPBMonitor.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Kaplinsky , Alan ( 23 Aug 2013 ) . `` A tale of two lawsuits : CFPB sues Morgan Drexen '' . JD Supra Law News . Retrieved 8 Nov 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CFPB Wins Final Judgment Against Morgan Drexen for Illegal Debt - Relief Scheme '' . 18 Mar 2016 . Retrieved 17 Jun 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cowley , Stacy ( 12 October 2016 ) . `` Court Upholds Consumer Agency , Minus Its Leader 's Job Security '' . The New York Times . p . B2 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Alison ( 11 October 2016 ) . `` The D.C. Circuit 's gratuitous ruling on CFPB constitutionality '' . Reuters . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Gess , Nicholas M. ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Can the CFPB Director Be Removed at Will ? DC Circuit Orders Rehearing En Banc '' . The National Law Review . Jump up ^ Jeb Hensarling ( 18 June 2013 ) . `` CFPB Lacks Oversight and Accountability '' . U.S. House of Representatives Financial Services Committee . Archived from the original ( Press release ) on 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FY 2013 Congressional Justification '' . General Services Administration . 13 February 2012 . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Devaney , Tim ( 18 June 2014 ) . `` Ex-staffer : CFPB run like a ' plantation ' '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ Andriotis , Annamaria ( 29 October 2015 ) . `` U.S. Government Uses Race Test for $80 Million in Payments '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Witkowski , Rachel ( 17 September 2015 ) . `` CFPB Overestimates Potential Discrimination , Documents Show '' . American Banker . Further reading ( edit ) Holding the CFPB Accountable : Review Of The First Semi-Annual Report : Hearing before the Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs , United States Senate , One Hundred Twelfth Congress , Second Session , January 31 , 2012 The Semi-Annual Report of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau : Hearing before the Committee on Financial Services , U.S. House of Representatives , One Hundred Twelfth Congress , Second Session , September 20 , 2012 The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau 's Semi-annual Report to Congress : Hearing before the Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs , United States Senate , One Hundred Thirteenth Congress , First Session , April 23 , 2013 External links ( edit ) Wikinews has news related to : Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Official website Consumer Financial Protection Bureau in the Federal Register Bank regulation in the United States Federal authorities Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Federal Housing Finance Agency Federal Reserve Board of Governors Financial Stability Oversight Council National Credit Union Administration Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Major federal legislation Independent Treasury Act National Bank Act Federal Reserve Act McFadden Act 1933 Banking Act Glass -- Steagall Act Federal Credit Union Act Bank Holding Company Act Bank Secrecy Act Truth in Lending Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Community Reinvestment Act Electronic Fund Transfer Act Monetary Control Act Depository Institutions Act FIRREA FDICIA Truth in Savings Act Riegle - Neal IBBEA Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act Emergency Economic Stabilization Act Credit CARD Act Dodd - Frank Federal Reserve Board regulations Extensions of Credit by Federal Reserve Banks ( Reg A ) Equal Credit Opportunity ( Reg B) Home Mortgage Disclosure ( Reg C ) Reserve Requirements for Depository Institutions ( Reg D ) Electronic Fund Transfer ( Reg E ) Limitations on Interbank Liabilities ( Reg F ) International Banking Operations ( Reg K ) Consumer Leasing ( Reg M ) Loans to Insiders ( Reg O ) Privacy of Consumer Financial Information ( Reg P ) Prohibition Against the Paying of Interest on Demand Deposits ( Reg Q ) Credit by Brokers and Dealers ( Reg T ) Credit by Banks and Persons Other Than Brokers or Dealers for the Purpose of Purchasing or Carrying Margin Stock ( Reg U ) Transactions Between Member Banks and Their Affiliates ( Reg W ) Borrowers of Securities Credit ( Reg X ) Truth in Lending ( Reg Z ) Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices ( Reg AA ) Community Reinvestment ( Reg BB ) Availability of Funds and Collection of Checks ( Reg CC ) Truth in Savings ( Reg DD ) Types of bank charter Credit union Federal savings association Federal savings bank National bank State bank State authorities California Colorado Florida Illinois Maryland Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Tennessee Virginia Terms Call report CAEL Rating CAMELS rating system Thrift Financial Report Other topics Banking in the United States Fair debt collection History of central banking in the United States Wildcat banking Portal Great Recession By region Africa Americas United States South America Asia Europe Oceania United States - specific Automotive industry crisis California budget crisis Housing bubble Housing market correction Subprime mortgage crisis Banking losses and fraud Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy Libor scandal Tom Hayes Société Générale trading loss Forex scandal Seán FitzPatrick Bernard Madoff Tom Petters Scott W. Rothstein Allen Stanford Government entities Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Home Loan Banks Federal Housing Administration Federal Housing Finance Agency Federal Housing Finance Board Federal Reserve System Government National Mortgage Association Irish Bank Resolution Corporation National Asset Management Agency Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight Office of Financial Stability UK Financial Investments Government policy and spending responses Banking and finance stability and reform Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Act 2009 Banking ( Special Provisions ) Act 2008 China -- Japan -- South Korea trilateral summit Commercial Paper Funding Facility Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Irish emergency budget , 2009 Irish budget , 2010 Irish budget , 2011 Irish budget , 2012 Irish budget , 2013 Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program Term Asset - Backed Securities Loan Facility Troubled Asset Relief Program 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package Bank stress tests EU U.S. Stimulus and recovery 2008 European Union stimulus plan 2008 -- 09 Keynesian resurgence American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Chinese economic stimulus program Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 Green New Deal Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession Zero interest - rate policy Government interventions , rescues , and acquisitions List of banks acquired or bankrupted during the Great Recession Non-banking Chrysler General Motors Securities involved and financial markets Auction rate securities Collateralized debt obligations Collateralized mortgage obligations Credit default swaps Mortgage - backed securities Secondary mortgage market Social responses Tea Party protests ( United States ; c. 2009 ) May Day protests ( Europe , Middle East and North Africa , Asia ; 2009 ) Occupy movement ( worldwide ) Related topics 2000s energy crisis Central Asia : 2008 Effects on museums Decline of newspapers World food price crisis European debt crisis Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 List of countries by public debt Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau&oldid=803872499 '' Categories : Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Corporate crime Financial regulatory authorities of the United States Government agencies established in 2011 2011 establishments in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles to be expanded from December 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Norsk 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 05 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the consumer financial protection bureau established | [
"\nConsumer Financial Protection Bureau\n\n\n\n\nAgency overview\n\n\nFormed\nJuly 21, 2011; 6 years ago (2011-07-21)\n\n\nJurisdiction\nUnited States\n\n\nHeadquarters\nWashington, D.C.\n\n\nEmployees\n1,623 (2016)[1]\n\n\nAnnual budget\nUS$605.9 million (FY 2016)[1]\n\n\nAgency executives\n\n\n\nRichard Cordray, Director\nDavid Silberman, Deputy Director\n\n\n\n\n\nKey document\n\n\n\nDodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act\n\n\n\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.consumerfinance.gov\n\n"
] | [
"July 21, 2011"
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5763054072833081243 | History of time in the United States | History of time in the United States - wikipedia History of time in the United States Jump to : navigation , search 1913 Map of U.S. time zones between April 2 , 2006 , and March 11 , 2007 . The current situation is different only in that six Indiana counties have since been moved from the Central time zone to the Eastern time zone . The history of standard time in the United States began November 18 , 1883 , when United States and Canadian railroads instituted standard time in time zones . Before then , time of day was a local matter , and most cities and towns used some form of local solar time , maintained by some well - known clock ( for example , on a church steeple or in a jeweler 's window ) . The new standard time system was not immediately embraced by all . Use of standard time gradually increased because of its obvious practical advantages for communication and travel . Standard time in time zones was not established in U.S. law until the Standard Time Act of 1918 of March 19 , 1918 , also known as the Calder Act ( 15 USC 260 ) . The act also established daylight saving time , itself a contentious idea . Daylight saving time was repealed in 1919 , but standard time in time zones remained in law , with the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) having the authority over time zone boundaries . Daylight time became a local matter . It was re-established nationally early in World War II , and was continuously observed until the end of the war . After the war its use varied among states and localities . The Uniform Time Act of 1966 provided standardization in the dates of beginning and end of daylight time in the U.S. but allowed for local exemptions from its observance . The act also continued the authority of the ICC over time zone boundaries . In subsequent years , the United States Congress transferred the authority over time zones to the U.S. Department of Transportation ( DOT ) , modified ( several times ) the beginning date of daylight time , and renamed the three westernmost time zones . Time zone boundaries have changed greatly since their original introduction and changes still occasionally occur . DOT issues press releases when these changes are made . Generally , time zone boundaries have tended to shift westward . Places on the eastern edge of a time zone can effectively move sunset an hour later ( by the clock ) by shifting to the time zone immediately to their east . If they do so , the boundary of that zone is locally shifted to the west ; the accumulation of such changes results in the long - term westward trend . The process is not inexorable , however , since the late sunrises experienced by such places during the winter may be regarded as too undesirable . Furthermore , under the law , the principal standard for deciding on a time zone change is the `` convenience of commerce '' . Proposed time zone changes have been both approved and rejected based on this criterion , although most such proposals have been accepted . Contents ( hide ) 1 War Time 1918 and 1942 2 Daylight Saving Time 1945 to 1966 3 DST 1966 4 DST 2007 5 Start and end dates of United States Daylight Time 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links War time 1918 and 1942 ( edit ) `` War Time '' redirects here . This usage refers to the changes of the US War Time Act , not a general period of war . Daylight saving time was established by the Standard Time Act of 1918 . The Act was intended to save electricity for seven months of the year , during World War I. DST was repealed in 1919 over a Presidential veto , but standard time in time zones remained in law , with the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) having the authority over time zone boundaries . Daylight time became a local matter . During World War II , Congress enacted the War Time Act ( 56 Stat. 9 ) on January 20 , 1942 . Year - round DST was reinstated in the United States on February 9 , 1942 , again as a wartime measure to conserve energy resources . This remained in effect until after the end of the war . The Amendment to the War Time Act ( 59 Stat. 537 ) , enacted September 25 , 1945 , ended DST as of September 30 , 1945 . During this period , the official designation War Time was used for year - round DST . For example , Eastern War Time ( EWT ) would be the equivalent of Eastern Daylight Time during this period . Daylight saving time 1945 to 1966 ( edit ) From 1945 to 1966 U.S. federal law did not address DST . States and cities were free to observe DST or not , and most places that did observe DST did so from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in September . In the mid-1950s many areas in the northeastern United States began extending DST to the last Sunday in October . The lack of standardization led to a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not , and it was not unheard of to have to reset a clock several times during a short trip ( e.g. , bus drivers operating on West Virginia Route 2 between Moundsville , West Virginia , and Steubenville , Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles ) . In summer 1960 April -- October Daylight Time was nearly universal in Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware and states east and north of there . In Minnesota , Iowa , Missouri , Kentucky and Virginia and states north and east of there , some areas had it and some did not . Except for California and Nevada , which had April - Sept Daylight Time , 99 % of the rest of the country used Standard Time year - round . ( The Official Guide says `` State law prohibits the observance of `` Daylight Saving '' time in Kentucky but Anchorage , Louisville and Shelbyville will advance their clocks one hour from Central Standard time for the period April 24 to October 29 , inclusive. `` ) In the middle 1960s the airline and other transportation industries lobbied for uniformity of Daylight dates in the United States . DST 1966 ( edit ) The U.S. federal Uniform Time Act became law on April 13 , 1966 and it mandated that DST begin nationwide on the last Sunday in April and end on the last Sunday in October , effective in 1967 . The act explicitly preempted all previously enacted state laws related to the beginning and ending of DST . Any state that wanted to be exempt from DST could do so by passing a state law , provided that it exempted the entire state , and Alaska , Arizona , Hawaii , Indiana , and Michigan chose to do so . However , Alaska , Indiana , and Michigan subsequently chose to observe DST . The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone . Indiana chose to exempt the portion of the state lying in the Eastern Time Zone ; however , that exemption was eliminated in 2006 and the entire state of Indiana now observes DST , leaving Arizona ( with the exception of the Navajo Indian Reservation ) and Hawaii as the only two states not to observe DST . On July 8 , 1986 , President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 into law that contained a daylight saving rider authored by Senator Slade Gorton ( R - WA ) . The starting date of DST was amended to the first Sunday in April effective in 1987 . DST continued to end on the last Sunday in October . While the states retain the capability to exempt themselves from DST , they are forbidden by the 1966 federal law ( 15 USC 260a ( b ) ) from increasing a state 's time spent on DST , unless the United States Congress does this for the entire nation . In response to the 1973 energy crisis , DST in the United States began earlier in both 1974 and 1975 , commencing on the first Sunday in January ( January 6 ) in the former year and the last Sunday in February ( February 23 ) in the latter . The extension of daylight saving time was not continued due to public opposition to late sunrise times during the winter months . In 1976 , the United States reverted to the schedule set in the Uniform Time Act . DST 2007 ( edit ) Starting March 11 , 2007 , DST was extended another four to five weeks , from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November . The change was introduced by Representatives Fred Upton ( R - MI ) and Edward Markey ( D - MA ) and added to the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even farther from the first Sunday in March to the last Sunday in November , but Senators Jeff Bingaman ( D - NM ) and Pete Domenici ( R - NM ) agreed to scale back the proposal in conference committee due to complaints from farmers and the airline industry . Proponents claimed that the extension would save `` the equivalent of '' 10,000 barrels ( 1,600 m ) of oil per day , but this figure was based on U.S. Department of Energy information from the 1970s , the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by . More recent studies by the Department of Energy and California Energy Commission have predicted much smaller energy benefits . There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects , if any , might be . Since DST moves sunrise one hour later by the clock , late sunrise times become a problem when DST is observed either too far before the vernal equinox or too far after the autumnal equinox . Because of this , the extension was greeted with criticism by those concerned for the safety of children who would have been forced to travel to school before sunrise , especially in the month of March . In addition , the airline industry was especially concerned if DST were to be extended through to the last Sunday in November , as this is very often ( 6 out of every 7 years ) the Sunday after Thanksgiving . This is one of the busiest travel days at American airports , and could have resulted in much havoc among travelers who forgot that the clocks were changing that day . If the original proposal to extend DST through the last Sunday in November had been adopted , the entire United States , with the exception of the states that exempted themselves , would have experienced the latest sunrises of the year during the month of November , which would have approached the extremely late sunrise times when DST went into effect on January 6 , 1974 due to the 1973 energy crisis creeping after 9 am in places like New Salem , North Dakota at the northwestern edges of time zones . Start and end dates of United States Daylight Time ( edit ) Key to colors future date 2nd Sunday March 1st Sunday November 1st Sunday April last Sunday October last Sunday April last Sunday October Year Begins ( local ) Ends ( local ) Notes 2020 Sun March 8 02 : 00 Sun November 1 02 : 00 2019 Sun March 10 02 : 00 Sun November 3 02 : 00 2018 Sun March 11 02 : 00 Sun November 4 02 : 00 2017 Sun March 12 02 : 00 Sun November 5 02 : 00 2016 Sun March 13 02 : 00 Sun November 6 02 : 00 2015 Sun March 8 02 : 00 Sun November 1 02 : 00 2014 Sun March 9 02 : 00 Sun November 2 02 : 00 2013 Sun March 10 02 : 00 Sun November 3 02 : 00 2012 Sun March 11 02 : 00 Sun November 4 02 : 00 2011 Sun March 13 02 : 00 Sun November 6 02 : 00 Sun March 14 02 : 00 Sun November 7 02 : 00 2009 Sun March 8 02 : 00 Sun November 1 02 : 00 2008 Sun March 9 02 : 00 Sun November 2 02 : 00 2007 Sun March 11 02 : 00 Sun November 4 02 : 00 Energy Policy Act of 2005 2006 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 All of Indiana now on DST 2005 Sun April 3 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Sun April 4 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 2003 Sun April 6 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 2002 Sun April 7 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Sun April 1 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 2000 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 1999 Sun April 4 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 1998 Sun April 5 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 Sun April 6 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 Sun April 7 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 1995 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 Sun April 3 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Sun April 4 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 Sun April 5 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 1991 Sun April 7 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Sun April 1 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 Sun April 3 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Sun April 5 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 1986 Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 1985 Sun April 28 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 1984 Sun April 29 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 Sun April 24 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Alaska time zones changed Sun October 30 02 : 00 1982 Sun April 25 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 1981 Sun April 26 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 1980 Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 1979 Sun April 29 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 1978 Sun April 30 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 1977 Sun April 24 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 1976 Sun April 25 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 Sun February 23 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 Emergency Daylight Time Act Michigan exempted , began DST Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun January 6 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Emergency Daylight Time Act Southern Idaho and eastern Oregon ( Mountain time zone ) began DST Sun February 3 02 : 00 1973 Sun April 29 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 All of Michigan now on DST 1972 Sun April 30 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 1971 Sun April 25 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 Indiana ( Eastern time zone ) opts out 1970 Sun April 26 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 1969 Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 All of Alaska and Indiana now on DST 1968 Sun April 28 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Arizona and Michigan opt out 1967 Sun April 30 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 Uniform Time Act of 1966 Alaska , Hawaii , Indiana and territories opt out 1946 -- 66 Local decision , various dates 1945 Sun September 30 02 : 00 War Time ends 1944 War Time all year Arizona War Time not observed Sat January 1 02 : 00 -- Sat April 1 02 : 00 Arizona War Time ends Sat September 30 02 : 00 1943 War Time all year 1942 Mon February 9 02 : 00 War Time begins year round 1920 -- 41 Local decision , various dates 1919 Sun March 30 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 War Time ends 1918 Sun March 31 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 War Time begins summer only See also ( edit ) Time in the United States Time in Indiana Daylight saving time in the United States - gives a list of future daylight saving dates Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States statutes at large : containing the laws and concurrent resolutions enacted during the second session of the one hundred fifth congress of the United States of America 1998 and proclamations . Government Printing Office . 1999 . p. 599 . Jump up ^ History of Daylight Time in the U.S. , United States Naval Observatory ^ Jump up to : A Time - Change Timeline , National Public Radio , March 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ An Act For the repeal of the daylight - saving law , Pub. L. 66 -- 40 , 41 Stat. 280 , enacted August 20 , 1919 Jump up ^ 24 / 7 : A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards `` , June 3 , 2002 Jump up ^ Daylight Saving Time : Early adoption in law Jump up ^ 15 USC 260a Jump up ^ Energy Concerns Push Clocks Forward this Weekend by Nell Boyce . Morning Edition , National Public Radio , 9 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Daylight Saving Time in Arizona References ( edit ) Prerau , David . Seize the Daylight : The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time ( Thunder 's Mouth Press ; ISBN 1 - 56025 - 655 - 9 ) Discusses the establishment of standard time and daylight saving time . External links ( edit ) U.S. Navy time zone page Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71 U.S. Law 15USC260 - 267 History of Daylight Saving Time at WebExhibits Congressional Research on Daylight Saving Time History of DST in Arizona A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards 1918 and 1942 Acts Indiana Time Zone Article Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_time_in_the_United_States&oldid=792268250 '' Categories : Economic history of the United States History of science and technology in the United States Time in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2017 , at 14 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the us begin using daylight savings time | [
"Daylight saving time was established by the Standard Time Act of 1918. The Act was intended to save electricity for seven months of the year, during World War I.[3] DST was repealed in 1919 over a Presidential veto,[4] but standard time in time zones remained in law, with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) having the authority over time zone boundaries. Daylight time became a local matter."
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"1918"
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-863303835677605612 | Pac-12 Conference | Pac - 12 conference - wikipedia Pac - 12 conference Jump to : navigation , search Pac - 12 Conference Established 1959 ( 1959 ) 1915 ( 1915 ) ( as Pacific Coast Conference ) Association NCAA Division Division I Subdivision FBS Members 12 Sports fielded 24 men 's : 11 women 's : 13 Region West Pacific Mountain Former names Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC , 1915 -- 1959 ) Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU , 1959 -- 68 ) Pacific - 8 ( 1968 -- 78 ) Pacific - 10 ( 1978 -- 2011 ) Headquarters San Francisco , California Commissioner Larry Scott ( since 2009 ) Website pac-12.com Locations The Pac - 12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac - 12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific - 8 , and Pacific - 10 . The Pac - 12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the `` Conference of Champions '' , the Pac - 12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac - 12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , in that order . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac - 12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position . Prior to joining the Pac - 10 , Scott was Chairman and CEO of the Women 's Tennis Association . Contents ( hide ) 1 Member schools 1.1 Full members 1.2 Affiliate members 1.3 Former members 1.4 Former affiliate members 2 Facilities 3 Key personnel 4 Academics 5 Athletic department revenue by school 6 History 6.1 Pacific Coast Conference 6.2 AAWU ( Big Five and Big Six ) 6.3 Pacific - 8 6.4 Pacific - 10 6.5 Pac - 12 6.6 Membership timeline 7 Sponsored sports 7.1 Men 's sponsored sports by school 7.2 Women 's sponsored sports by school 8 NCAA national titles 9 Conference champions 10 Football 10.1 Rivalries 10.2 Divisions 10.3 Bowl games 10.4 Pac - 12 All - Century Football Team 10.5 See also 11 Men 's basketball 12 Rivalries in other sports 13 Commissioners 13.1 PCC 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Member schools ( edit ) Full members ( edit ) The Pac - 12 has twelve full member institutions . Football is the only sport where the conference is split into two divisions , the North Division and the South Division . The Pac - 12 's members are spread evenly between 3 regions , with 4 schools each in California , the Pacific Northwest , and the Four Corners region . Endowment figures per NACUBO 's 2017 figures and from the University of California Endowment Report . † Total University of Colorado System Endowment Institution Location Founded Joined Type Enrollment Endowment Nickname Colors Arizona ! University of Arizona Tucson , Arizona 1885 1978 Public 43,625 7008843529000000000 ♠ $843,529,000 Wildcats Arizona State University Tempe , Arizona 1885 1978 Public 71,946 7008661046000000000 ♠ $661,046,000 Sun Devils California , Berkeley ! University of California , Berkeley Berkeley , California 1868 1915 Public 41,910 7009429758100000000 ♠ $4,297,581,000 Golden Bears California , Los Angeles ! University of California , Los Angeles Los Angeles , California 1919 1928 Public 45,428 7009206257300000000 ♠ $2,062,573,000 Bruins Colorado ! University of Colorado Boulder Boulder , Colorado 1876 2011 Public 33,246 7009122020400000000 ♠ $1,220,204,000 † Buffaloes Oregon ! University of Oregon Eugene , Oregon 1876 1915 Public 22,980 7008828459000000000 ♠ $828,459,000 Ducks Oregon State University Corvallis , Oregon 1868 1915 Public 31,904 7008549448000000000 ♠ $549,448,000 Beavers Southern California ! University of Southern California Los Angeles , California 1880 1922 Private 45,500 7009512845900000000 ♠ $5,128,459,000 Trojans Stanford University Stanford , California 1891 1918 Private 16,336 7010247849430000000 ♠ $24,784,943,000 Cardinal Utah ! University of Utah Salt Lake City , Utah 1850 2011 Public 32,780 7009112768600000000 ♠ $1,127,686,000 Utes Washington ! University of Washington Seattle , Washington 1861 1915 Public 56,819 7009252925000000000 ♠ $2,529,250,000 Huskies Washington State University Pullman , Washington 1890 1917 Public 30,614 7008974029000000000 ♠ $974,029,000 Cougars Affiliate members ( edit ) The Pac - 12 has three affiliate member institutions in California . Institution Location Founded Joined Type Enrollment Nickname Colors Primary Conference Pac - 12 Sports California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo , California 1901 1986 -- 87 Public 19,777 Mustangs Big West Wrestling California State University , Bakersfield Bakersfield , California 1965 1987 -- 88 Public 8,002 Roadrunners WAC Wrestling San Diego State University San Diego 1897 2005 -- 06 Public 34,500 Aztecs Mountain West Men 's soccer Note Cal State Bakersfield initially announced it would become a men 's soccer affiliate starting in 2013 , but never went through with those plans , accepting an invitation to become an all - sports member of the Western Athletic Conference , which sponsors men 's soccer , also in 2013 . The school will maintain its Pac - 12 affiliation in wrestling , which the WAC does not sponsor . Former members ( edit ) No school has left the Pac - 12 since its founding as the AAWU in 1959 . Two members of the PCC were not invited to join the AAWU or its successors . Institution Location Founded Joined Left Type Enrollment Nickname Colors Current Conference University of Idaho Moscow , Idaho 1889 1922 1959 Public 11,957 Vandals Big Sky University of Montana Missoula , Montana 1893 1924 1950 Public 14,921 Grizzlies Former affiliate members ( edit ) Institution Location Founded Type Enrollment Nickname Primary Conference Pac - 12 Sports Joined Left Boise State University Boise , Idaho 1932 Public 19,667 Broncos Mountain West Wrestling 1987 -- 88 2016 -- 17 University of California , Davis Davis , California 1905 Public 34,155 Aggies Big West Wrestling 1992 -- 93 2009 -- 10 University of California , Santa Barbara Santa Barbara , California 1909 Public 20,559 Gauchos Big West Men 's swimming & diving 2010 -- 11 2014 -- 15 California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo , California 1901 Public 19,777 Mustangs Big West Men 's swimming & diving 2010 -- 11 2014 -- 15 California State University , Fresno Fresno , California 1911 Public 23,060 Bulldogs Mountain West Wrestling 1986 -- 87 1990 -- 91 California State University , Fullerton Fullerton , California 1957 Public 38,325 Titans Big West Wrestling 1986 -- 87 2010 -- 11 Eastern Washington University Cheney , Washington 1882 Public 13,453 Eagles Big Sky Baseball 1982 -- 83 1989 -- 90 Gonzaga University Spokane , Washington 1887 Private 7,229 Bulldogs WCC Baseball 1982 -- 83 1994 -- 95 Portland State University Portland , Oregon 1946 Public 29,452 Vikings Big Sky Baseball 1982 -- 83 1997 -- 98 Wrestling 1998 -- 99 2008 -- 09 Portland ! University of Portland Portland , Oregon 1901 Private 3,200 Pilots WCC Baseball 1982 -- 83 1994 -- 95 San Jose State University San Jose , California 1857 Public 31,278 Spartans Mountain West Wrestling 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 Utah State University Logan , Utah 1888 Public 28,796 Aggies Mountain West Wrestling 1986 -- 87 1988 -- 89 Jump up ^ Boise State dropped wrestling after the 2016 -- 17 season . ^ Jump up to : This team now competes in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation . Jump up ^ Fresno State eventually dropped wrestling after the 2005 -- 06 season . The program was revived in 2017 and now competes in the Big 12 Conference . Facilities ( edit ) School Football stadium Capacity Basketball arena Capacity Baseball stadium Capacity Arizona Arizona Stadium 56,037 McKale Center 14,655 Hi Corbett Field 9,500 Arizona State Sun Devil Stadium 56,232 Wells Fargo Arena 10,754 Phoenix Municipal Stadium 8,775 California California Memorial Stadium 62,467 Haas Pavilion 11,877 Evans Diamond 2,500 Colorado Folsom Field 53,613 Coors Events Center 11,064 No team , dropped in 1980 Oregon Autzen Stadium 54,000 Matthew Knight Arena 12,346 PK Park 3,600 Oregon State Reser Stadium 43,363 Gill Coliseum 9,604 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field 3,248 Stanford Stanford Stadium 50,424 Maples Pavilion 7,233 Klein Field at Sunken Diamond 4,000 UCLA Rose Bowl 91,936 Pauley Pavilion 13,800 Jackie Robinson Stadium 1,820 USC Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 93,607 Galen Center 10,258 Dedeaux Field 2,500 Utah Rice - Eccles Stadium 45,807 Jon M. Huntsman Center 15,000 Smith 's Ballpark 15,411 Washington Husky Stadium 70,138 Hec Edmundson Pavilion 10,000 Husky Ballpark 2,212 Washington State Martin Stadium 32,740 Beasley Coliseum 11,671 Bailey - Brayton Field 3,500 Key personnel ( edit ) School Athletic director Football coach Men 's basketball coach Women 's basketball coach Baseball coach Arizona Dave Heeke Kevin Sumlin Sean Miller Adia Barnes Jay Johnson Arizona State Ray Anderson Herm Edwards Bobby Hurley Charli Turner Thorne Tracy Smith California H. Michael Williams Justin Wilcox Wyking Jones Lindsay Gottlieb Mike Neu ( baseball ) Colorado Rick George Mike MacIntyre Tad Boyle JR Payne No team Oregon Rob Mullens Mario Cristobal Dana Altman Kelly Graves George Horton Oregon State Scott Barnes Jonathan Smith Wayne Tinkle Scott Rueck Pat Casey Stanford Bernard Muir David Shaw Jerod Haase Tara VanDerveer David Esquer UCLA Dan Guerrero Chip Kelly Steve Alford Cori Close John Savage USC Lynn Swann Clay Helton Andy Enfield Mark Trakh Dan Hubbs Utah Chris Hill Kyle Whittingham Larry Krystkowiak Lynne Roberts Bill Kinneberg Washington Jennifer Cohen Chris Petersen Mike Hopkins Jody Wynn Lindsay Meggs Washington State Pat Chun Mike Leach Ernie Kent June Daugherty Marty Lees Academics ( edit ) Eight of the twelve member schools are members of the Association of American Universities ( AAU ) , including all four California - based schools . The only FBS conference with more AAU members is the Big Ten with 13 out of 14 member institutions having AAU membership . University of Arizona University of California , Berkeley University of California , Los Angeles University of Colorado Boulder University of Oregon University of Southern California Stanford University University of Washington Additionally , these member schools are also highly ranked nationally and globally by various groups , including the Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) and Times Higher Education World University Rankings ( Times ) . As of 2014 , four Pac - 12 institutions are ranked in the top 20 universities in the world , the most out of all conferences outside the Ivy League with Stanford ranked 2nd , UC Berkeley ranked 4th ( the highest ranking of any public university ) , UCLA ranked 12th , and the University of Washington ranked at 15th . In 2014 , of the twelve member schools , nine were ranked in the top 100 universities in the world . Athletic Department revenue by school ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Total revenue includes ticket sales , contributions and donations , rights and licensing , student fees , school funds and all other sources including TV income , camp income , concessions , and novelties . Total expenses includes coach and staff salaries , scholarships , buildings and grounds , maintenance , utilities and rental fees , recruiting , team travel , equipment and uniforms , conference dues , and insurance . The following table is updated to show institutional reporting to the Department of Education as shown on the DOE Equity in Athletics website for the 2013 -- 14 academic year . The national ranking of revenue is based on 2075 institutions reporting to the Department of Education that year . Source : http://ope.ed.gov/athletics . Conf rank ( 2013 -- 14 ) National rank ( 2013 -- 14 ) Institution 2013 -- 14 Total revenue from athletics 2013 -- 14 Total expenses on athletics 12 Stanford University $110,240,490 $110,240,490 13 University of Southern California $106,528,649 $106,528,649 19 University of Washington $100,275,186 $86,097,136 22 University of Arizona $97,630,769 $93,273,995 5 27 University of California , Berkeley $90,262,140 $76,446,272 6 33 University of California , Los Angeles $86,426,780 $86,426,780 7 35 University of Oregon $81,546,443 $79,961,755 8 45 Arizona State University $72,775,808 $72,599,644 9 55 Oregon State University $67,033,751 $67,033,751 10 60 University of Colorado $64,303,098 $64,303,098 11 62 Washington State University $60,727,273 $60,727,273 12 65 University of Utah $59,005,590 $57,819,434 History ( edit ) Locations of current Pac - 12 Conference full member institutions . Pacific Coast conference ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Coast Conference The roots of the Pac - 12 Conference go back to December 2 , 1915 , when the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) was founded at a meeting at the Imperial Hotel in Portland , Oregon . Charter members were the University of California ( now University of California , Berkeley ) , University of Washington , University of Oregon , and Oregon Agricultural College ( now Oregon State University ) . The PCC began play in 1916 . One year later , Washington State College ( now Washington State University ) joined the league , followed by Stanford University in 1918 . In 1922 , the PCC expanded to eight teams with the admission of USC and Idaho . Montana joined the Conference in 1924 , and in 1928 , the PCC grew to 10 members with the addition of UCLA . For many years , the conference split into two divisions for basketball and baseball -- a Southern Division comprising the four California schools and a Northern Division comprising the six schools in the Pacific Northwest . In 1950 , Montana departed to join the Mountain States Conference . The PCC continued as a nine - team league through June 1959 . AAWU ( Big Five and Big Six ) ( edit ) Following `` pay - for - play '' scandals at California , USC , UCLA , and Washington , the PCC disbanded in June 1959 . Ten months earlier in August 1958 , these four schools agreed to form a new conference that would take effect the following summer . When the four schools and Stanford began discussions for a new conference in 1959 , retired Admiral Thomas J. Hamilton interceded and suggested the schools consider creating a national `` power conference '' ( Hamilton had been a key player , head coach , and athletic director at Navy , and was the current athletic director at Pittsburgh ) . Nicknamed the `` Airplane Conference , '' the five former PCC schools would have played with other major academically - oriented schools , including Army , Navy , Air Force , Notre Dame , Penn , Penn State , Duke , and Georgia Tech among others . The effort fell through when a Pentagon official vetoed the idea and the service academies backed out . On July 1 , 1959 , the new Athletic Association of Western Universities was launched , with California , UCLA , USC , and Washington as the four charter members . Stanford joined during the first month . Hamilton left Pittsburgh to become the first commissioner of the AAWU , and remained for twelve years . The conference also was popularly known as the Big Five from 1960 to 1962 . When Washington State joined in 1962 , the conference became informally known as the Big Six . Pacific - 8 ( edit ) Oregon and Oregon State joined in the summer of 1964 . With the addition of the two Oregon schools , the conference was known unofficially as the Pacific Athletic Conference , and then the Pacific - 8 ( as there already was a major conference called the Big Eight ) . In 1968 , the AAWU formally renamed itself the Pacific - 8 Conference , or Pac - 8 for short . The Pac - 8 did not allow a second bowl team from the conference until the 1975 season . Idaho was never invited to join the AAWU ; the Vandals were independent for four years until the formation of the Big Sky Conference in 1963 , and were independent in football until 1965 . Pacific - 10 ( edit ) Final Pac - 10 Conference logo In 1978 , the conference added Arizona and Arizona State from the Western Athletic Conference , becoming the Pacific - 10 Conference or Pac - 10 . The invitations to the schools were extended in December 1976 , and the expansion formally announced in May 1977 . In 1986 , the Pac - 10 began sponsoring women 's athletics . Prior to this time members ' women 's teams competed with other large universities on the Pacific coast in either the Northern Pacific Conference or the Western Collegiate Athletic Association . In the mid-1990s the conference expressed interest in admitting the University of Colorado and the University of Texas after the collapse of the Southwest Conference . Texas expressed an interest in joining a strong academic conference , but joined three fellow Southwest Conference schools ( Texas A&M , Texas Tech , and Baylor ) to merge with the Big Eight Conference to form the Big 12 Conference in 1996 . Colorado elected to remain in the newly formed Big 12 . Before the addition of Colorado and Utah in 2011 , only the Ivy League had maintained its membership for a longer time than the Pac - 10 among Division I conferences . Commissioner Larry Scott said on February 9 , 2010 , that the window for expansion was open for the next year as the conference began negotiations for a new television deal . Speaking on a conference call to introduce former Big 12 commissioner Kevin Weiberg as his new deputy , Scott talked about possibly adding new teams to the conference and launching a new television network . Scott , the former head of the Women 's Tennis Association , took over the conference in July 2009 . In his first eight months on the job , he saw growing interest from the membership over the possibility of adding teams for the first time since Arizona and Arizona State joined the conference in 1978 . Pac - 12 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 -- 2014 NCAA conference realignment In early June 2010 , there were reports that the Pac - 10 was considering adding up to six teams to the conference : the University of Texas , Texas A&M University , Texas Tech University , the University of Oklahoma , Oklahoma State University , and the University of Colorado . On June 10 , 2010 , the University of Colorado Boulder officially accepted an invitation to join the Pac - 10 Conference , effective starting with the 2012 -- 2013 academic year . The school later announced it would join the conference a year earlier than previously announced , in the 2011 -- 2012 academic year . On June 15 , 2010 , a deal was reached between Texas and the Big 12 Conference to keep Texas , Texas A&M , Texas Tech , Oklahoma , and Oklahoma State in the Big 12 . Following Texas ' decision , the other Big 12 schools that had been rumored candidates to join the Pac - 10 announced they would remain in the Big 12 . This deal effectively ended the Pac - 10 's ambition to potentially become a sixteen - team conference . On June 17 , 2010 , the University of Utah officially accepted an invitation to join the Pac - 10 Conference , effective starting July 2011 . Utah was a member of the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) with Arizona and Arizona State before those two left for the Pac - 10 in 1978 . The Utes left an expanded WAC with seven other schools in 1999 to form the new Mountain West Conference . Utah became the first `` BCS Buster '' to join a BCS conference , having played in ( and won ) two BCS games beforehand . On July 27 , 2010 , the conference unveiled a new logo and announced that the Pac - 10 would be renamed the Pac - 12 when Utah and Colorado formally joined in July 2011 . On October 21 , the Pac - 12 announced that its football competition would be split into two divisions -- a North Division comprising the Pacific Northwest and Bay Area schools , and a South Division comprising the Mountain Time Zone and Southern California schools . On July 1 , 2011 , the Pac - 12 assumed its current alignment when both Colorado and Utah officially joined as full members . On August 15 , 2012 , the conference debuted the Pac - 12 Network . It was the third college sports conference to launch a dedicated network , and the first to completely fund and own their own network outright . To this day , the Pac - 12 claims the PCC 's history as its own . It inherited the PCC 's berth in the Rose Bowl , and the eight largest schools in the old PCC all eventually joined the new league . The Pac - 12 is one of the founding members of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( MPSF ) , a conference organized to provide competition in non-revenue Olympic sports . All - Pac - 12 members participate in at least one MPSF sport ( men 's and women 's indoor track and field both actually have enough participating Pac - 12 schools for the conference to sponsor a championship , but the Pac - 12 has opted not to do so ) . For certain sports , the Pac - 12 admits certain schools as associate members . Membership timeline ( edit ) Full members Sponsored sports ( edit ) The Pac - 12 Conference sponsors championship competition in 10 men 's and 13 women 's NCAA - sanctioned sports , plus one men 's sport that is not sanctioned by the NCAA . Three schools are associate members in a single men 's sport . The newest sport to be sponsored by the Pac - 12 is women 's lacrosse , which begins play in spring 2018 following the elevation of Arizona State 's club team to full varsity status . Pac - 12 teams in conference competition Sport Men 's Women 's Baseball 11 - Basketball 12 12 Beach volleyball ^ - 8 Cross country 9 12 Football 12 - Golf 12 11 Gymnastics - 8 Lacrosse - 6 Rowing † 6 7 Soccer 6 12 Softball - 9 Swimming & Diving 8 9 Tennis 8 11 Track & Field Outdoor 10 12 Volleyball - 12 Wrestling 5 - ^ -- Beach volleyball is a fully sanctioned NCAA sport which held its first national championship in the spring of 2016 . The Pac - 12 is the second conference ( after the Atlantic Sun Conference ) to sponsor a championship in the sport . † -- Rowing ( M ) is sanctioned by the Intercollegiate Rowing Association , not by the NCAA ; Rowing ( W ) is sanctioned by both . Men 's sponsored sports by school ( edit ) Member - by - member sponsorship of the 11 men 's Pac - 12 sports . School Baseball Basketball Cross Country Football Golf Rowing Soccer Swimming & Diving Tennis Track & Field Outdoor Wrestling Total Sports Arizona Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 8 Arizona State Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 9 California Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 10 Colorado Y Y Y Y Y Y 5 Oregon Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7 Oregon State Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7 Stanford Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 11 UCLA Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 8 USC Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7 Utah Y Y Y Y Y Y 6 Washington Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 9 Washington State Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 6 Totals 11 12 9 12 12 4 + 2 5 + 1 6 9 10 3 + 2 93 + 3 + 2 Men 's sports that are not sponsored by the Pac - 12 but are fielded as a varsity sport at Pac - 12 schools School Fencing Gymnastics Ice Hockey Lacrosse Rugby Sailing Skiing Track & Field Indoor Volleyball Water Polo Total Sports Arizona PAC MPSF Arizona State IND PAC MPSF California MPSF PAC MPSF MPSF Colorado RMISA MPSF Oregon MPSF Oregon State PAC Stanford IND MPSF PCCSC MPSF MPSF MPSF 6 UCLA PAC MPSF MPSF MPSF USC MPSF MPSF MPSF Utah PAC RMISA Washington MPSF Washington State MPSF Totals 0 1 + 5 10 25 + 5 Notes ^ Jump up to : Not an NCAA - sanctioned sport . ^ Jump up to : Club status team competing against varsity teams . Jump up ^ 4 full varsity teams and 2 club status teams . Jump up ^ Affiliate : San Diego State Jump up ^ Affiliates : Cal Poly , Cal State Bakersfield Jump up ^ Affiliate members with full varsity status . Jump up ^ Club teams . Jump up ^ Utah will elevate its club lacrosse team to full varsity status for the 2019 season ( 2018 -- 19 school year ) . Women 's sponsored sports by school ( edit ) Member - by - member sponsorship of the 13 women 's Pac - 12 sports . School Basketball Beach Volleyball Cross Country Golf Gymnastics Lacrosse Rowing Soccer Softball Swimming & Diving Tennis Track & Field Outdoor Volleyball Total Sports Arizona Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 11 Arizona State Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 12 California Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 13 Colorado Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 8 Oregon Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 10 Oregon State Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 10 Stanford Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 13 UCLA Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 12 USC Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 11 Utah Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 9 Washington Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 11 Washington State Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 9 Totals 12 8 12 11 8 6 7 12 9 9 11 12 12 129 Women 's sports that are not sponsored by the Pac - 12 but are fielded as a varsity sport at Pac - 12 schools School Acrobatics & Tumbling Fencing Field Hockey Sailing Skiing Squash Synchronized Swimming Track & Field Indoor Triathlon Water Polo Total Sports Arizona MPSF Arizona State MPSF IND MPSF California AmEast MPSF MPSF Colorado RMISA MPSF Oregon NCATA MPSF Oregon State MPSF Stanford IND AmEast PCCSC IND IND MPSF MPSF 7 UCLA MPSF MPSF USC MPSF MPSF Utah RMISA MPSF Washington MPSF Washington State MPSF Totals 12 5 27 Notes ^ Jump up to : Not an NCAA sanctioned sport . NCAA national titles ( edit ) Main article : List of Pac - 12 Conference national championships NCAA National Championship trophies , rings , watches won by UCLA teams School Team Individual Men Women Co-ed † Total Men Women Co-ed Total Arizona 7 12 0 19 83 93 0 176 Arizona State 11 13 0 24 66 46 0 112 California 28 8 0 36 155 86 0 241 UCLA 75 41 0 116 166 103 0 269 Colorado 16 8 26 23 15 90 128 Oregon 19 14 0 33 102 42 0 144 Oregon State 0 0 32 7 0 39 USC 84 20 0 104 319 72 0 391 Stanford 64 53 0 117 265 204 14 483 Utah 9 10 21 5 25 72 102 Washington 0 8 0 8 54 17 73 Washington State 0 0 79 6 86 Conference total 311 180 18 509 1349 716 179 2244 See also : List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships , List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships , and NCAA Division I FBS Conferences Team titles through Sept. 22 , 2017 ; individual titles through July 1 , 2016 † Co-ed sports include fencing ( since 1990 ) , rifle , and skiing ( since 1983 ) . Team fencing championships before 1990 and team skiing championships before 1983 were awarded as men 's or women 's championships and are counted here as such . These totals do not include football national championships , which the NCAA does not officially award at the FBS level . Various polls , formulas , and other third - party systems have been used to determine national championships , not all of which are universally accepted . These totals also do not include championships prior to the inception of the NCAA . USC claims 11 national football championships , California claims 5 , Washington and Stanford claim 2 , and Colorado , Utah , and UCLA claim 1 . Conference champions ( edit ) Main article : List of Pac - 12 Conference champions Football Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Baseball Softball Gymnastics Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Women 's volleyball Football ( edit ) See also : List of Pac - 12 Conference football standings , List of Pac - 12 Conference football champions , and 2016 Pac - 12 Conference football season UCLA -- USC rivalry football game at the Rose Bowl ; the 2008 edition marked a return to the tradition of both teams wearing color jerseys . Big Game , 2004 between California and Stanford Rivalries ( edit ) Each of the ten schools that were conference members before 2011 has its own in - state , conference rivalry . One is an intracity rivalry ( UCLA - USC ) , and another is within the same metropolitan area ( California - Stanford ) . Colorado and Utah , who joined in 2011 , were historic rivals in the Rocky Mountain region prior to 1962 when they suspended the series . These rivalries ( and the name given to the football forms ) are : Oregon -- Oregon State ( The Civil War ; the Platypus Trophy , not officially recognized by the Universities , is awarded to the winning alumni association ) . California -- Stanford ( The Big Game ; winner gets the Stanford Axe ) . Arizona -- Arizona State ( The Duel in the Desert ; winner gets the Territorial Cup ) . Colorado -- Utah ( Rumble in the Rockies ) . Washington -- Washington State ( the Apple Cup ; since 1962 the winner receives the Apple Cup trophy ) . UCLA -- USC ( The winner of the annual game gets the Victory Bell ; referred among the students as the Gauntlet or the Crosstown Gauntlet , it has now been rebranded as the SoCal BMW Crosstown Cup and is awarded to the athletic department with the most victories ) . The most frequently played rivalries in the conference are the Civil War between Oregon and Oregon State ( 120 meetings through 2016 ) and the Big Game between Stanford and California ( 119 meetings ) . These rivalries are among the ten most played rivalries in Division I FBS football . The two newest members , Colorado and Utah , had a football rivalry that had been dormant since 1962 -- both were conference rivals previously in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference ( now a Division II conference ) , and later the now - defunct Mountain States Conference ( also known as the Skyline Conference ) . Even after Colorado joined what became the Big 12 in 1948 ( the conference was then known popularly as the Big 7 Conference ) , the two schools continued their football rivalry for over a decade before ending it after the 1962 season . With the two schools being placed in the same division for football starting in 2011 , the rivalry was revived with their 58th meeting during the 2011 season . All of the California schools consider each other major rivals , due to the culture clash between Northern and Southern California . California and UCLA have a rivalry rooted in their shared history as the top programs within the University of California system . Stanford and USC have a rivalry rooted in their shared history as the only private schools in the Pac - 12 . California and USC also have a long history , having played each other every year in football since 1916 . Oregon , Oregon State , Washington , and Washington State all consider each other major rivals due to their proximity and long history . The Oregon -- Washington rivalry is sometimes referred to as the Border War . Arizona and New Mexico have a recently renewed rivalry game , based upon when they were both members of the WAC and both states were longtime territories before being admitted as states in 1912 . They played for the Kit Carson Rifle trophy , which was no longer used starting with their meeting in the 1997 Insight Bowl . USC and Notre Dame have an intersectional rivalry ( See Notre Dame -- USC rivalry ) . The games in odd - numbered years are played in South Bend in mid-October , while the games in even - numbered years are played in Los Angeles , usually in late November . Stanford and Notre Dame also have an intersectional rivalry ( See Notre Dame -- Stanford football rivalry ) . The schedule of the Stanford -- Notre Dame rivalry mirrors that of USC -- Notre Dame . The games in even - numbered years are played at Notre Dame in mid-October , while the games in odd - numbered years are played at Stanford in late November . The isolated rural campuses of Washington State and Idaho are eight miles ( 13 km ) apart on the Palouse , creating a natural border war known as the Battle of the Palouse . Idaho rejoined FBS in 1996 . Utah and BYU have a fierce rivalry nicknamed the Holy War that goes back to 1896 . Colorado also has a rivalry with in - state rival Colorado State called the Rocky Mountain Showdown . With the NCAA permanently approving 12 - game schedules in college football beginning in 2006 , the Pac - 10 -- alone among major conferences in doing so -- went to a full nine - game conference schedule . Previously , the schools did not play one non-rival opponent , resulting in an eight - game conference schedule ( four home games and four away ) . In 2010 , the last season before the arrival of Colorado and Utah , the only other BCS conference that played a round - robin schedule was the Big East . The schedule consisted of one home and away game against the two schools in each region , plus the game against the primary in - state rival . Divisions ( edit ) See also : Pac - 12 Football Championship Game On October 21 , 2010 the Pac - 10 announced the creation of divisions and a championship game in football , to be used when Colorado and Utah joined the conference effective July 1 , 2011 . The twelve members were split into two divisions for football only : a North Division comprising the Pacific Northwest and Bay Area schools , and a South Division comprising the Mountain Time Zone and Los Angeles schools . The four California schools ( gray background below ) will still play each other every season despite spanning both divisions . North Division South Division Oregon Arizona Oregon State Arizona State Washington Colorado Washington State Utah California UCLA Stanford USC A nine - game conference schedule is being maintained , with five games within the assigned division and four games from the opposite division . The four California teams will play each other every season . Consequently , the four non-California teams in each division will only play one of the two California teams from the opposite division each year . The Pac - 12 Football Championship Game features the North Division Champion against the South Division Champion . The divisional champions are determined based on record in all conference games ( both divisional and cross-divisional ) . The first three championship games was played at the home stadium of the participant with the better overall conference record . Since 2014 , the Championship Game has been hosted at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California . Bowl games ( edit ) As of the 2017 college football season , the following is the selection order of bowl games with Pac - 12 tie - ins . If a Pac - 12 team is selected to participate in the College Football Playoff , all other bowl - eligible teams move up one spot in the order . Pick Name Location Opposing conference Opposing pick Rose Bowl Pasadena , California Big Ten Alamo Bowl San Antonio , Texas Big 12 Holiday Bowl San Diego , California Big Ten Foster Farms Bowl Santa Clara , California Big Ten 6 5 Sun Bowl El Paso , Texas ACC 6 Las Vegas Bowl Las Vegas , Nevada MWC 7 Cactus Bowl Tempe , Arizona Big 12 5 Pac - 12 all - Century football team ( edit ) In honor of the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the conference , an All - Century Team was unveiled on December 2 , 2015 , voted on by a panel of coaches , players , and the media . Quarterbacks : John Elway , Stanford ; Marcus Mariota , Oregon ; Jim Plunkett , Stanford ; Andrew Luck , Stanford ; Matt Leinart , USC Running backs : Marcus Allen , USC ; OJ Simpson , USC ; Charles White , USC ; Reggie Bush , USC ; Mike Garrett , USC Wide receivers : Keyshawn Johnson , USC ; Lynn Swann , USC ; Marqise Lee , USC ; JJ Stokes , UCLA ; Ken Margerum , Stanford Tight ends : Tony Gonzalez , California ; Charles Young , USC ; Offensive line : Jonathan Ogden , UCLA ; Ron Yary , USC ; Tony Boselli , USC ; Anthony Muñoz , USC ; Lincoln Kennedy , Washington ; Brad Budde , USC ; Randall McDaniel , Arizona State Defensive ends : Tedy Bruschi , Arizona ; Terrell Suggs , Arizona State ; Willie McGinest , USC ; Andre Carter , California ; Jim Jeffcoat , Arizona State Defensive tackles : Steve Emtman , Washington ; Haloti Ngata , Oregon ; Rob Waldrop , Arizona ; Leonard Williams , USC ; Ed White , California Linebackers Junior Seau , USC ; Jerry Robinson , UCLA ; Ricky Hunley , Arizona ; Richard Wood , USC ; Chris Claiborne , USC Cornerbacks Joey Browner , USC ; Mel Renfro , Oregon ; Chris McAlister , Arizona ; Antoine Cason , Arizona Safeties : Ronnie Lott , USC ; Kenny Easley , UCLA ; Troy Polamalu , USC ; Mark Carrier , USC Kicker : Jason Hanson , Washington State Punter : Tom Hackett , Utah Returner : Reggie Bush , USC Coach : John McKay , USC Note : Bold Italic notes Offensive , Defensive and Coach of the Century selections ; The voting panel was made up of 119 former players , coaches and media . See also ( edit ) Pac - 12 Conference football statistics Pac - 12 Conference football individual awards Men 's basketball ( edit ) Main article : Pac - 12 Conference men 's basketball As of 2017 , Pac - 12 schools have won a record 16 Division I national titles . Oregon won the first NCAA Tournament in 1939 . UCLA has won 11 national titles , the most of any Division I team . Arizona has won the most recent national title , winning in 1997 . Stanford , Utah & Cal round out the 16 titles coming in 1942 , 1944 & 1959 respectively . Rivalries in other sports ( edit ) All of the intra-conference rivalries in football are carried over into other sports . During the 1970s , UCLA and Notre Dame had an intense men 's basketball rivalry . For several years , it was one of a small number of non-conference games in Division I basketball that was played twice a season ( home - and - away ) . The most famous game in the rivalry was on January 19 , 1974 , when Notre Dame scored the last 12 points of the game to nip UCLA and end the Bruins ' record 88 - game winning streak . This rivalry is now dormant , partly because Notre Dame is no longer independent in sports other than football ( now in the ACC ) . In baseball , there are intense rivalries between the four southern schools . Arizona , Arizona State , and USC have long and successful histories in baseball and all have won national titles in the sport . The most intense series is widely regarded to be the `` Basebrawl '' series between USC and Arizona State in 1990 . Arizona State swept the series and in the final game a bench clearing brawl spread quickly to the stands and made national headlines . Several were injured and riot police were called to end the fracas . Washington and California have a longstanding rivalry in men 's crew as the two traditionally dominant programs on the West Coast . Due to the unique geographic nature of the Pac - 12 teams , the teams travel in pairs for road basketball games . For example , on Thursday , February 28 , 2008 , USC played Arizona and UCLA played Arizona State . Two nights later the teams switched and USC played Arizona State and UCLA played Arizona . The teams are paired as follows : USC and UCLA ( the L.A. teams ) , Arizona and Arizona State ( the Arizona teams ) , California and Stanford ( the Bay Area teams ) , Washington and Washington State ( the Washington teams ) , Oregon and Oregon State ( the Oregon teams ) , and Colorado and Utah ( the Rocky Mountain teams ) . Usually , the games are played on Thursdays and Saturdays with a game or occasionally two on Sundays for television purposes . This pairing formula is also used in women 's volleyball . To make scheduling simpler for men and women 's basketball ( a sport in which each conference member uses a single venue for both teams ' home games ) , the schedule for women 's basketball is the opposite of the men 's schedule . For example , when the Oregon schools are hosting the men 's teams from the Arizona schools , the Arizona schools host the women 's teams from Oregon schools the same weekend . This formula has made a tradition in conference play to keep track of how a team does against a particular region ; and stats are kept at to how successful a team is against , for example , `` the Bay Area schools '' at home or away . Effective in the 2011 -- 12 season , with the expansion into 12 teams , a 10 - year rotation model has been developed to maintain the existing 18 - game conference schedule . Teams remained paired with their regional rival . Each school plays its regional rival and six other teams both home and away , and the other four teams once -- two at home and two away . The newest members , Colorado and Utah , are paired with each other . The single play opponents rotate every two years . Recently , Cal Poly and UCLA has grown into a competitive Men 's Soccer rivalry with Cal Poly hosting UCLA in a 0 - 0 tie in front of a crowd of 8,717 which at the time was the 9th largest regular season , on - campus attendance in the history of college soccer . The schools have played several times since however UCLA has not returned to San Luis Obispo for a Friday or Saturday game since tying Cal Poly in front of a record crowd . UCLA leads the series 6 - 2 - 2 . Commissioners ( edit ) Since restarting in 1959 as the AAWU , the Pac - 12 has had only four commissioners : Name Years Tenure Conference name ( s ) Thomas J. Hamilton 1959 -- 1971 12 years AAWU / Pacific - 8 Wiles Hallock 1971 -- 1983 12 years Pacific - 8 / Pacific - 10 Thomas C. Hansen 1983 -- 2009 26 years Pacific - 10 Larry Scott 2009 -- present 8 years Pacific - 10 / Pac - 12 PCC ( edit ) Commissioners of the forerunner PCC Herb Dana ( 193x -- 40 ) Edwin N. Atherton ( 1940 -- 44 ) Victor O. Schmidt ( 1944 -- 59 ) See also ( edit ) Pac - 12 Network List of U.S. colleges and universities by endowment Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Includes Utah 's title in 1944 , prior to its joining the Pac - 12 in 2011 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Washington 's NCAA Championship makes Pac - 12 the first to 500 NCAA titles '' . Pac - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Thamel , Pete ( June 10 , 2008 ) . `` Pacific - 10 Commissioner to Announce His Retirement '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Pacific - 10 Conference Names Larry Scott Commissioner '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2016 Endowment Market Value '' ( PDF ) . NACUBO . February 2017 . Jump up ^ As of June 30 , 2017 . `` Annual Endowment Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . University of California . Jump up ^ `` Fall 2016 Enrollment Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Fall 201 6 Enrollment Highlights University Analytics & Institutional Research . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Facts at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . ASU Facts . University Office of Institutional Analysis . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UC Berkeley Quick Facts '' . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Enrollment '' . UCLA . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Overall Enrollment Profile Fall 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Colorado . Office of Data Analytics of the University of Colorado Boulder . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Enrollment '' . UO Office of Institutional Research . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OSU overall enrollment up 1.9 percent , Corvallis campus increases less than 1 percent '' . Oregonstate . News and Research Communications . Jump up ^ `` About USC - Facts and Figures Students ( 2017 - 18 academic year ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Enrollment Statistics , 2016 - 17 '' . Stanford . Registrar 's Office . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Term Enrollment '' . The Office of Budget & Institutional Analysis . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FAST FACTS : 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Office of Budget and Planning . Jump up ^ `` WSU sets record enrollment ; growth seen on campuses statewide '' . Wsu . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pac - 12 Adds CSU Bakersfield In Men 's Soccer '' ( Press release ) . Pac - 12 Conference . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WAC Adds CSUB and UVU To Its Membership '' ( Press release ) . Western Athletic Conference . October 9 , 2012 . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . 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Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` - GoDucks.com -- The University of Oregon Official Athletics Web Site '' . goducks.com . Archived from the original on 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Knight Arena -- Arena Network '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.goducks.com/fls/500/pages/ticketoffice/BaseballFAQ.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=500 Jump up ^ `` Reser Stadium '' . osubeavers.com . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gill Coliseum '' . osubeavers.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon State Athletics Quick Facts '' . Oregon State University Athletic Department . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2011 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Facilities Stanford Stadium -- GoStanford.com -- Stanford University '' . gostanford.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Facilities -- GoStanford.com -- Stanford University '' . gostanford.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . 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Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National grid conference is still all talk '' . Prescott Evening Courier . Arizona . Associated Press . January 29 , 1959 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame interested in Airplane Conference '' . Schenectady Gazette . Associated Press . October 15 , 2014 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Strite , Dick ( January 10 , 1962 ) . `` Highclimber '' . Eugene Register - Guard . p. 2B . Jump up ^ Dunnavant , Keith . `` The 50 Year Seduction . '' Thomas Dunne Books : New York , 2004 ^ Jump up to : `` Hamilton quits at Pitt for Western loop job '' . St. Petersburg Times . Associated Press . June 30 , 1959 . p. 2C . Jump up ^ `` Stanford added to Western League '' . Milwaukee Journal . Associated Press . July 17 , 1959 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Just what will Tom Hamilton do ? '' . Beaver Valley Times . Pennsylvania . UPI . July 2 , 1959 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hallock gets top position in Pacific - 8 '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . January 15 , 1971 . p. 3B . ^ Jump up to : NCAA Men 's Basketball Records -- Division I conference alignment history ( PDF copy available at NCAA.org ) Jump up ^ `` Cougars admitted to athletic loop '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . Associated Press . June 14 , 1962 . p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Six still the Big Six '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . June 2 , 1964 . p. 3B . Jump up ^ Uhrhammer , Jerry ( April 1 , 1964 ) . `` Oregon , OSU join AAWU '' . Eugene Register - Guard . p. 1D . Jump up ^ `` Officials pleased by Big Six move '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . Associated Press . April 1 , 1964 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Not AAWU '' . Eugene Register - Guard . October 31 , 1964 . p. 4A . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Athletic Conference '' . Spokesman - Review . October 19 , 1964 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Western universities finally resolve Rose Bowl question '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . June 25 , 1965 . p. 1C . Jump up ^ `` PAC standings '' . November 21 , 1965 . p. 1B . Jump up ^ `` SC , UCLA roll on ... but look at Bears '' . Spokesman - Review . October 17 , 1966 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Newnham , Blaine ( December 5 , 1975 ) . `` Bowling ' em over '' . Eugene Register - Guard . p. 1B . Jump up ^ `` Pacific 8 Conference invites two new tenants '' . Tuscaloosa News . Associated Press . December 14 , 1976 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific - 10 succeeds Pacific - 8 '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . Associated Press . May 18 , 1977 . p. 39 . Jump up ^ Mark Wangrin -- `` Power brokers : How tagalong Baylor , Tech crashed the revolt '' Archived 2008 - 02 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... San Antonio Express , August 14 , 2005 Jump up ^ Ratto , Ray ( August 13 , 2010 ) . `` Pac - 10 considers becoming Pac - 12 '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Ratto , Ray ( August 8 , 2010 ) . `` The Pac - 10 's meet market '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to : `` University of Utah Joins Pac - 10 '' . Pacific - 10 Conference . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Texas , Oklahoma , Texas A&M , Oklahoma State stay put in Big 12 Conference '' . ESPN . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pac - 12 '' . Pac - 12 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pac - 12 Adds Women 's Lacrosse for 2018 Season '' . Lacrosse Magazine . October 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA DII , DIII membership approves Sand Volleyball as 90th championship '' . NCAA . January 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pac - 12 adds sand volleyball as 23rd sport '' . Pac - 12 Conference . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Adds Men 's Lacrosse as an NCAA Sport '' ( Press release ) . Utah Utes . June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Championships History '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Beano Cook , Longstanding West Coast rivalry , ESPN Classic.com , Sept. 26 , 2001 , Accessed June 14 , 2006 Jump up ^ Linde , Rich . `` When did the Border War begin ? '' . 4malamute.com . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Lobos Meet Arizona for First Time in 10 Years . University of New Mexico Athletic Department , September 10 , 2007 . The Rifle : The two schools used to play for the Kit Carson rifle , although that custom was dropped many years ago . Kit Carson was a legendary scout in the territories of New Mexico and Arizona in the 1800s . The story goes that nearly 70 years ago former New Mexico director of athletics Roy Johnson and Arizona AD Pop McKale obtained a rifle in a trade with an Indian rumored to be Geronimo . It 's not known what the administrators provided in return . McKale donated the rifle in 1938 and the score of each game was etched into the stock . The Lobos won 10 times , Arizona 21 . Jump up ^ UA Sports UA Breakdown . Arizona Daily Star , September 15 , 2007 . Arizona and New Mexico will meet tonight for the first time since the 1997 Insight Bowl . That year , before the game was played , the presidents of the two universities decided to discontinue the Kit Carson Rifle trophy out of respect for both schools ' Native American communities . Jump up ^ `` Pac - 12 '' . Pac - 12 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Pac - 12 Football Championship Game '' . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2011 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pac - 12 announces ' All - Century team ' '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Pac - 12 Networks unveils Pac - 12 Football All - Century Team , Pac - 12 Networks , December 2 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` 2013 -- 14 Pac - 12 Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' . Pac - 12 Conference . 2013 . p. 14 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schreiner , Michael ( July 1 , 2013 ) . `` Is next year 's ACC the greatest basketball conference ever ? '' . The Chronicle . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kensler , Tom ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Counting Colorado and Utah , Pac - 12 reaches 450 in NCAA titles '' . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Titus , Mark ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 - 14 NCAA Basketball Preview : The Pac - 12 '' . Grantland.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harrow , Jeremy ( 2008 ) . Basketball in the Pac - 10 Conference . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 9 . ISBN 9781404213852 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's National Titles '' . Jump up ^ http://www.pac-12.org/portals/7/images/MBasketball/WklyRel/2011-12Pac-12HoopsSchedule.pdf Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/m_soccer_RB/2011/attend.pdf Jump up ^ http://static.psbin.com/y/y/66q1vhy4suorgt/Series_Records-_Division_I_Era.pdf Jump up ^ `` Pac - 10 's Hallock to step down '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . Idaho . July 21 , 1982 . p. 2C . Jump up ^ `` Conference gives Hansen director 's job '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Oregon . Associated Press . December 14 , 1982 . p. 1C . Jump up ^ `` Faults of P.C.C. are listed '' . San Jose News . United Press . January 5 , 1940 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Coast colleges name Atherton boss '' . Spokesman - Review . Spokane , Washington . Associated Press . January 6 , 1940 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Coast schools appoint new commissioner '' . Milwaukee Journal . Associated Press . September 2 , 1944 . p. 2 , part 2 . External links ( edit ) Official website Pac - 12 Conference Teams Arizona Wildcats Arizona State Sun Devils California Golden Bears Colorado Buffaloes Oregon Ducks Oregon State Beavers Stanford Cardinal UCLA Bruins USC Trojans Utah Utes Washington Huskies Washington State Cougars Champions National Conference Athletics Football Men 's Basketball Misc Pac - 12 Network Hall of Honor NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision conferences The American Atlantic Coast Big 12 Big Ten C - USA Mid-American Mountain West Pac - 12 Southeastern Sun Belt Independents Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pac-12_Conference&oldid=842690626 '' Categories : Pac - 12 Conference Sports in the Western United States 1959 establishments in the United States Sports leagues established in 1959 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 01 : 37 . 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"On July 27, 2010, the conference unveiled a new logo and announced that the Pac-10 would be renamed the Pac-12 when Utah and Colorado formally joined in July 2011. On October 21, the Pac-12 announced that its football competition would be split into two divisions—a North Division comprising the Pacific Northwest and Bay Area schools, and a South Division comprising the Mountain Time Zone and Southern California schools. On July 1, 2011, the Pac-12 assumed its current alignment when both Colorado and Utah officially joined as full members."
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6908823113194923259 | Olympic flame | Olympic flame - wikipedia Olympic flame The Olympic flame is a symbol used in the Olympic movement . Several months before the Olympic Games , the Olympic flame is lit at Olympia , Greece . This ceremony starts the Olympic torch relay , which formally ends with the lighting of the Olympic cauldron during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games . The flame then continues to burn in the cauldron for the duration of the Games , until it is extinguished during the Olympic closing ceremony . Contents 1 Origins 1.1 Olympic flame 1.2 Olympic torch relay 2 Main ceremonies 2.1 Olympic flame lighting 2.2 Olympic torch relay 2.2. 1 Notable torch relays 2.2. 2 Protests against relays 2.2. 3 Re-igniting the flame 2.2. 4 Selected relays in detail 2.3 Olympic cauldron lighting 2.3. 1 Notable cauldron ceremonies 3 Design of equipment used 3.1 Olympic torch designs 3.2 Olympic cauldron designs 4 Coinage 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Origins ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Olympic flame ( edit ) The Marathon Tower at the Amsterdam Olympic Stadium , where the first modern Olympic flame burned in 1928 The Olympic flame as a symbol of the modern Olympic movement was introduced by architect Jan Wils who designed the stadium for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam . The idea for the Olympic flame was derived from ancient Greece , where a sacred fire was kept burning throughout the celebration of the ancient Olympics on the altar of the sanctuary of Hestia . In Ancient Greek mythology , fire had divine connotations -- it was thought to have been stolen from the gods by Prometheus . Sacred fires were present at many ancient Greek sanctuaries , including those at Olympia . Every four years , when Zeus was honoured at the Olympic Games , additional fires were lit at his temple and that of his wife , Hera . The modern Olympic flame is ignited at the site where the temple of Hera used to stand . When the tradition of an Olympic fire was reintroduced during the 1928 Summer Olympics , an employee of the Electric Utility of Amsterdam lit the first modern Olympic flame in the Marathon Tower of the Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam . The Olympic flame has been part of the Summer Olympics ever since . The Olympic flame was first introduced to the Winter Olympics at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch - Partenkirchen . Olympic torch relay ( edit ) At the end of the first Olympic torch relay , the Olympic flame arrives in Berlin , 1936 By contrast to the Olympic flame proper , the Olympic torch relay , which transports the flame from Olympia , Greece to the various designated sites of the Games , had no ancient precedent and was introduced by Carl Diem at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin which were organized by the Nazis under the guidance of Joseph Goebbels . At the first Olympic torch relay , the flame was transported from Olympia to Berlin over 3,187 kilometres by 3,331 runners in twelve days and eleven nights . There were minor protests in Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia on the way , which were suppressed by the local security forces . Leni Riefenstahl later staged the torch relay for the 1938 film Olympia . Main ceremonies ( edit ) Olympic flame lighting ( edit ) Igniting the Olympic flame in a dress rehearsal in Greece , using the Sun 's energy The Olympic fire is ignited several months before the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games at the site of the ancient Olympics in Olympia , Greece . Eleven women , representing the Vestal Virgins , perform a celebration at the Temple of Hera in which the first torch of the Olympic Torch Relay is kindled by the light of the Sun , its rays concentrated by a parabolic mirror . Olympic torch relay ( edit ) Olympic torch relay , 1952 Olympic torch relay , 1996 Olympic torch relay , 2012 The 2014 Olympic torch in space during Soyuz TMA - 11M After the ceremony at Olympia , the Olympic flame first travels around Greece , and is then transferred during a ceremony in the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens from the prior Olympic city to the current year 's host city . The Olympic torch relay in the host country ends with the lighting of the Olympic cauldron during the opening ceremony in the central host stadium of the Games . The final carrier is often kept unannounced until the last moment . Over the years , it has become a tradition to let famous athletes , former athletes or athletes with significant achievements and milestones be the last runner in the Olympic torch relay . Notable torch relays ( edit ) The Olympic torch travels routes that symbolise human achievement . Although most of the time the torch with the Olympic flame is still carried by runners , it has been transported in many different ways . The fire travelled by boat in 1948 and 2012 to cross the English Channel and was carried by rowers in Canberra as well as by dragon boat in Hong Kong in 2008 , and it was first transported by airplane in 1952 , when the fire travelled to Helsinki . In 1956 , all carriers in the torch relay to Stockholm , where the equestrian events were held instead of in Melbourne , travelled on horseback . Remarkable means of transportation were used in 1976 , when the flame was transformed to a radio signal and transmitted from Europe to the New World : Heat sensors in Athens detected the flame , the signal was sent to Ottawa via satellite where it was received and used to trigger a laser beam to re-light the flame . The torch , but not the flame , was taken into space by astronauts in 1996 , 2000 and 2013 . In 2000 , the torch was carried under the water by divers near the Great Barrier Reef . Other unique means of transportation include a Native American canoe , a camel , and Concorde . The torch has been carried across water ; the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games was carried across the port of Marseilles by a diver holding it aloft above the water . In 2000 , an underwater flare was used by a diver across the Great Barrier Reef en route to the Sydney Games . In 2012 it was carried by boat across Bristol harbour in the UK and on the front of a London Underground train to Wimbledon . In 2004 , the first global torch relay was undertaken , a journey that lasted 78 days . The Olympic flame covered a distance of more than 78,000 km in the hands of some 11,300 torchbearers , travelling to Africa and South America for the first time , visiting all previous Olympic cities and finally returning to Athens for the 2004 Summer Olympics . The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay spanned all six inhabited continents before proceeding through China , but was met with protests in London , Paris , and San Francisco . As a result , in 2009 , the International Olympic Committee announced that future torch relays could be held only within the country hosting the Olympics after the initial Greek leg . Although this rule took effect with the 2014 Winter Olympics , the organizers of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and the 2012 Summer Olympics in London chose to hold their torch relays only in their respective hosting countries of Canada and the United Kingdom ( except for brief stops in the United States and Ireland , respectively ) . The London 2012 torch travelled 8,000 miles across the UK . The Rio 2016 torch travelled 12,000 miles across Brazil . Protests against relays ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Protests surround Olympic torch relay There have been protests against Olympic torch relays since the they were first introduced . In 1936 , there were minor protests against the torch relay to Nazi Germany in Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia , which were suppressed by the local security forces . In the 1956 Melbourne Games in Australia , local veterinary student Barry Larkin protested against the relay when he tricked onlookers by carrying a fake flame , consisting of a pair of underpants set on fire in a plum pudding can , attached to a chair leg . He successfully managed to hand over the fake flame to the Mayor of Sydney , Pat Hills and escape without being noticed . In 2008 there were various attempts to stop the Olympic flame as a protest against China 's human rights record . In London , a `` ring of steel '' was formed around the flame to protect it , but one protester managed to grab hold of the torch while it was being held by television presenter Konnie Huq . In 2016 , ten days before the beginning of the Rio Games in Brazil , citizens of Angra dos Reis , a city near Rio de Janeiro , managed to put out the Olympic flame when protesting against the city 's spending money on hosting the games , despite the economic crisis that took hold of Brazil . Re-igniting the flame ( edit ) It is not uncommon for the Olympic flame to be accidentally or deliberately extinguished during the course of the torch relay ( and on at least one occasion the cauldron itself has gone out during the Games ) . To guard against this eventuality , multiple copies of the flame are transported with the relay or maintained in backup locations . When a torch goes out , it is re-lit ( or another torch is lit ) from one of the backup sources . Thus , the fires contained in the torches and Olympic cauldrons all trace a common lineage back to the same Olympia lighting ceremony . One of the more memorable extinguishings occurred at the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . After a rainstorm doused the Olympic flame a few days after the games had opened , an official re-lit the flame using a cigarette lighter . Organizers quickly doused it again and re-lit it using a backup of the original flame . At the 2004 Summer Olympics , when the Olympic flame came to the Panathinaiko Stadium to start the global torch relay , the night was very windy and the torch , lit by Gianna Angelopoulos - Daskalaki of the Athens 2004 Organizing Committee , blew out due to the wind , but was re-lit from the backup flame taken from the original flame lit at Olympia . In 2008 the Olympic torch was extinguished at least two times by Chinese officials ( five times according to French police ) so that it could be transported in a bus amid protests while it was being paraded through Paris . This eventually led to the cancellation of the relay 's last leg in the city . The fire itself , however , remained preserved in the backup lantern used to keep it overnight and on airplanes , and the torch was re-lit using this flame . In October 2013 in Russia , the Olympic flame was blown out at the Kremlin and was reignited from a security officer 's lighter instead of the back up flame . The current design of the torch has a safeguard built into it : There are two flames inside the torch . There is a highly visible ( yellow flame ) portion which burns cooler and is more prone to extinguish in wind and rain , but there is also a smaller hotter ( blue in the candle 's wick ) flame akin to a pilot light hidden inside the torch which is protected from wind and rain and is capable of relighting the cooler more visible portion if it is extinguished . The fuel inside the torch lasts for approximately 15 minutes before the flame is exhausted . Selected relays in detail ( edit ) See also : List of Olympic torch relays Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olympic torches and torch relays . 2016 Summer Paralympics torch relay 1936 Summer Olympics torch relay Cancelled 1940 Summer Olympics torch relay 1948 Summer Olympics torch relay 1952 Winter Olympics torch relay 1968 Summer Olympics torch relay 1976 Summer Olympics torch relay 1984 Summer Olympics torch relay 1996 Summer Olympics torch relay 2000 Summer Olympics torch relay 2002 Winter Olympics torch relay 2004 Summer Olympics torch relay 2006 Winter Olympics torch relay 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay 2008 Summer Paralympics torch relay 2010 Winter Olympics torch relay 2010 Winter Paralympics torch relay 2010 Summer Youth Olympics torch relay 2012 Summer Olympics torch relay 2014 Winter Olympics torch relay 2016 Summer Olympics torch relay 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay Olympic cauldron lighting ( edit ) Paavo Nurmi lighting the Olympic flame in Helsinki in 1952 During the opening ceremony , the final bearer of the torch runs towards the cauldron , often placed at the top of a grand staircase , and then uses the torch to start the flame in the stadium . The climactic transfer of the Olympic flame from the final torch to the cauldron at the central host stadium marks the symbolic commencement of the Games . As with being the final runner of the Olympic torch relay , it is considered to be a great honor to light the Olympic cauldron , and similarly it has become a tradition to select notable athletes to conduct this part of the ceremony . After being lit , the flame in the Olympic cauldron continues to burn throughout the Games , until the day of the closing ceremony and celebration , when it is finally put out , symbolizing the official end of the Games . Notable cauldron ceremonies ( edit ) Li Ning , a Chinese gymnast , lit the Olympic flame during the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics after `` flying '' around the stadium on wires . See also : List of people who have lit the Olympic cauldron The first well - known athlete to light the cauldron in the stadium was ninefold Olympic Champion Paavo Nurmi , who excited the home crowd in Helsinki in 1952 . In 1968 , Enriqueta Basilio became the first woman to light the Olympic Cauldron at the Olympic Games in Mexico City . Perhaps one of the most spectacular of Olympic cauldron lighting ceremonies took place at the 1992 Summer Olympics , when Paralympic archer Antonio Rebollo lit the cauldron by shooting a burning arrow over it , which ignited gas rising from the cauldron . Unofficial videos seem to indicate that the flame was lit from below . Twenty years after the Barcelona Games one of those involved said that the flame was `` switched on '' ( `` Se encendió con un botón '' , in Spanish ) . Two years later , the Olympic fire was brought into the stadium of Lillehammer by a ski jumper . In Beijing 2008 , Li Ning `` ran '' on air around the Bird 's Nest and lit the flame . In Vancouver 2010 , four athletes -- Catriona Le May Doan , Wayne Gretzky , Steve Nash and Nancy Greene -- were given the honour of lighting the flame simultaneously indoors before Wayne Gretzky transferred the flame to an outdoor cauldron at Vancouver 's waterfront . Other famous last bearers of the torch include heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali ( 1996 ) , Australian aboriginal runner Cathy Freeman ( 2000 ) , Brazilian marathon runner Vanderlei de Lima ( 2016 ) , and South Korean figure skater Yuna Kim ( 2018 ) . On other occasions , the people who lit the cauldron in the stadium are not famous , but nevertheless symbolize Olympic ideals . Japanese runner Yoshinori Sakai was born in Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 , the day the nuclear weapon Little Boy destroyed that city . He symbolized the rebirth of Japan after the Second World War when he opened the 1964 Tokyo Games . At the 1976 Games in Montreal , two teenagers -- one from the French - speaking part of the country , one from the English - speaking part -- symbolized the unity of Canada . At the 2012 Games in London , the torch was carried by Sir Steve Redgrave to a group of seven young British athletes ( Callum Airlie , Jordan Duckitt , Desiree Henry , Katie Kirk , Cameron MacRitchie , Aidan Reynolds and Adelle Tracey ) -- each nominated by a British Olympic champion -- who then each lit a single tiny flame on the ground , igniting 204 copper petals before they converged to form the cauldron for the Games . Design of equipment used ( edit ) Olympic torch designs ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olympic torches . See also : List of Olympic torch designs The design of the torch used in the relay to the Games changes for each Games . They may be designed to represent a classical ideal , or to represent some local aspect of those particular Games . The first Olympic torches in 1936 were produced by the Krupp armaments company in wood and metal , inspired by an olive leaf . The distinctive 1976 torch was manufactured by John L. Saksun 's The Queensway Machine Products Ltd . Some ( such as Albertville in 1992 and Turin in 2006 ) have been designed by famous industrial designers . These design - led torches have been less popular than the more classical designs , the Turin torch in particular was criticised for being simply too heavy for the runners . The torch for the 1948 London Olympics was designed by architect Ralph Lavers . They were cast in Hiduminium aluminium alloy with a length of 47 cm and a weight of 960 g . This classical design of a long handle capped by a cylindrical bowl re-appeared in many later torch designs . The torch used for the final entry to the stadium and the lighting of the cauldron was of a different design , also a feature that would re-appear in later years . This torch did not require the long distance duration or weather resistance of the other torches , but did need a spectacular flame for the opening ceremony . At the Melbourne Olympics of 1956 , the magnesium / aluminium fuel used for the final torch was certainly spectacular , but also injured its holder . Runners were also burned by the solid - fueled torch for the 1968 Mexico Games . The fuel used for the torch has varied . Early torches used solid or liquid fuels , including olive oil . For a particularly bright display , pyrotechnic compounds and even burning metals have been used . Since the Munich Games of 1972 , most torches have instead used a liquefied gas such as propylene or a propane / butane mixture . These are easily stored , easily controlled and give a brightly luminous flame . The number of torches made has varied from , for example , 22 for Helsinki in 1952 , 6,200 for the 1980 Moscow Games and 8,000 for the London 2012 Games . In transit , the flame sometimes travels by air . A version of the miner 's safety lamp is used , kept alight in the air . These lamps are also used during the relay , as a back - up in case the primary torch goes out . This has happened before several Games , but the torch is simply re-lit and carries on . Berlin 1936 torch Melbourne 1956 torch Rome 1960 torch Tokyo 1964 torch Grenoble 1968 torch Innsbruck 1976 torch Montreal 1976 torch Barcelona 1992 torch Sydney 2000 torch Turin 2006 torch Beijing 2008 torch Vancouver 2010 torch London 2012 torch Sochi 2014 torch Rio 2016 torch PyeongChang 2018 torch Olympic cauldron designs ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olympic cauldrons . The cauldron and the pedestal are always the subject of unique and often dramatic design . These also tie in with how the cauldron is lit during the Opening Ceremony . In Los Angeles in 1984 , Rafer Johnson lit a wick of sorts at the top of the archway after having climbed a big flight of steps . The flame flared up a pipe , through the Olympic Rings and on up the side of the tower to ignite the cauldron . In Atlanta in 1996 , the cauldron was an artistic scroll decorated in red and gold . It was lit by Muhammad Ali , using a mechanical , self - propelling fuse ball that transported the flame up a wire from the stadium to its cauldron . At the 1996 Summer Paralympics , the scroll was lit by paraplegic climber Mark Wellman , hoisting himself up a rope to the cauldron . For the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Cathy Freeman walked across a circular pool of water and ignited the cauldron through the water , surrounding herself within a ring of fire . The planned spectacular climax to the ceremony was delayed by the technical glitch of a computer switch which malfunctioned , causing the sequence to shut down by giving a false reading . This meant that the Olympic flame was suspended in mid-air for about four minutes , rather than immediately rising up a water - covered ramp to the top of the stadium . When it was discovered what the problem was , the program was overridden and the cauldron continued up the ramp , where it finally rested on a tall silver pedestal . For the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , United States , the cauldron was lit by the members of the winning 1980 US hockey team . After being skated around the centre ice rink there in the stadium , the flame was carried up a staircase to the team members , who then lit a wick of sorts at the bottom of the cauldron tower which set off a line of flames that travelled up inside the tower until it reached the cauldron at the top which ignited . This cauldron was the first to use glass and incorporated running water to prevent the glass from heating and to keep it clean . For the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , the cauldron was in the shape of a giant olive leaf which bowed down to accept the flame from windsurfer Nikolaos Kaklamanakis . In the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Stefania Belmondo placed the flame on an arched lighting apparatus , which initiated a series of fireworks before lighting the top of the 57 metres ( 187 ft ) high Olympic cauldron , the highest in the history of the Winter Olympic Games . In the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , the cauldron resembled the end of a scroll that lifted out from the stadium rim and spiralled upwards . It was lit by Li Ning , who was raised to the rim of the stadium by wires . He ran around the rim of the stadium while suspended and as he ran , an unrolling scroll was projected showing film clips of the flame 's journey around the world . As he approached the cauldron , he lit an enormous wick , which then transferred the flame to the cauldron . The flame then spiralled up the structure of the cauldron before lighting it at the top . In the 2010 Winter Olympics at Vancouver , a team of athletes ( Catriona Le May Doan , Steve Nash , Nancy Greene and Wayne Gretzky ) were to simultaneously light the base of poles , which would then carry the flames upwards to the cauldron . However , only three out of four poles came out of the ground due to mechanical problems , resulting in inadvertently excluding Le May Doan from lighting it with the other three athletes . Because the site of the ceremonies - BC Place - was a domed stadium , Gretzky was sent via the back of a pick - up truck to a secondary site -- the Vancouver Convention Centre which served as the International Broadcast Centre for these Olympics -- to light a larger cauldron of a similar design located outdoors , as Olympic rules state that the flame must be in public view for the entirety of the Olympics . In the closing ceremonies , Le May Doan took part in a joke about the mechanical glitch , and she was able to light the fully raised fourth pole and have the indoor cauldron relit . At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , the flame was passed to a group of seven young British athletes who then each lit a single tiny flame on the ground , igniting 204 petals , one for each competing nation or territory . Mounted on long , hinged arms , the petals were raised and converged to form the Olympic cauldron . The cauldron that traditionally flames continuously from the opening until the closing ceremony was temporarily extinguished ( the flame itself was transferred to a lantern ) prior to the athletics events while the cauldron was moved to the southern side of the stadium . It was relit by Austin Playfoot , a torchbearer from the 1948 Olympics . In contrast to the cauldrons in Vancouver , the cauldron was not visible to the public outside the stadium . Instead , monitors had been placed throughout the Olympic Park showing the public live footage of the flame . For the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , the cauldron was situated directly outside Fisht Olympic Stadium , the ceremonial venue for the Games . After the torch 's lap around the stadium , Vladislav Tretiak and Irina Rodnina carried the torch outside the stadium to light a larger version of the `` celebration cauldron '' used in the main torch relay at the center of the Olympic Park . A line of gas jets carried the flame from the celebration cauldron up the main cauldron tower , eventually lighting it at the top . For the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , the cauldron was lit inside the Maracanã Stadium , the ceremonial venue for the Games , by Vanderlei de Lima . As part of these Games ' appeal towards environmental protection , organizers deliberately chose to use a basic design with a smaller flame than past cauldrons . To compensate for the smaller cauldron , it is accompanied by a larger kinetic sculpture designed by Anthony Howe . A very similar public cauldron was lit in a plaza outside the Candelária Church following the opening ceremony . For the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , the flame was eventually handed to Yuna Kim , who was at the top of a set of steps . She then lit a wick of sorts , which lit a large metal flaming pillar . The pillar rose to the top of the cauldron , lighting it . The cauldron was a large white sculpture with a large sphere on the top , acting for the cauldron . The cauldron 's design was inspired by Joseon white porcelain . Traditional Olympic cauldrons often employ a simple bowl - on - pedestal design , such as the cauldron used for the 1936 Summer Olympics Olympic cauldron at Moscow 1980 Olympic cauldron at Seoul 1988 , during the opening ceremony Olympic cauldron at Barcelona 1992 Olympic cauldron at Atlanta 1996 Olympic cauldron at Athens 2004 during the opening ceremony Olympic cauldron at Turin 2006 Olympic cauldron at Beijing 2008 during the opening ceremony Olympic cauldron during the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games More artistic and abstract designs for cauldrons , including the 2012 Summer Olympics cauldron , have also been used . Cauldrons can also take on monolithic forms , an example of which being the `` cauldron tower '' used for the 2014 Winter Olympics The 2016 cauldron features a kinetic sculpture with a small flame . The 2016 Olympics public cauldron , in a plaza at downtown Rio de Janeiro Olympic Cauldron at PyeongChang 2018 Coinage ( edit ) The Olympic flame has been used as a symbol and main motif numerous times in different commemorative coins . A recent sample was the 50th anniversary of the Helsinki Olympic Games commemorative coin , minted in 2002 . In the obverse , the Olympic flame above the Earth can be seen . Note that Finland is the only country highlighted , as the host of the 1952 games . See also ( edit ) Flame of Hope ( Special Olympics ) Queen 's Baton Relay , an analogous relay associated with the Commonwealth Games Pan American Torch , a torch relay associated with the Pan American Games Asian Games Torch , a torch relay associated with the Asian Games Universiade Torch , a torch relay associated with the Universiade Eternal flame Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Roman Vesta is derived from the Greek goddess Hestia . Hestia 's rituals at the founding of a new settlement also included the transfer of a continuous flame from the founding city . Jump up ^ Britannica on Olympic flame Jump up ^ a = v&q = cache : 2WgDVCiUl7EJ : www.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_655.pdf + &hl = en&gl = uk&pid = bl&srcid = ADGEESjZTo - sH_HbwWiNoJ5fU7_ - U4qEfEifKNCzTHI9oVkbSbaoMR5xh - HaQ - rMoivsjzGIrzh3kAtQRMVz59KdwTN4AVw8yWV - JF5qxocUqLQR2RRF7abisofNT7BAgupxz_MmAx1a&sig = AHIEtbTVWcJ0t_8j37CWG4Yc - mc5Kb2ssg Official website of the Olympic Movement Retrieved 19 May 2012 Jump up ^ ( secondary ) Jean - Pierre Vernant - Hestia - Hermes : The religious expression of space and movement among the Greeks Archived 14 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 19 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . Olympic.org . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hitler 's Berlin Games Helped Make Some Emblems Popular '' . Sports > Olympics . The New York Times . 14 August 2004 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Adolf Hitler saw the link with the ancient Games as the perfect way to illustrate his belief that classical Greece was an Aryan forerunner of the modern German Reich . ( See Hines , Nico ( 7 April 2008 ) . `` Who put the Olympic flame out ? '' . London : timesonline.co.uk . Retrieved 7 April 2008. ) Jump up ^ `` Olympic Torch Relay history '' . London 2012 Olympic Games . Archived from the original on 19 July 2012 . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Ranger , A . `` The Panathenaic '' . http://www.panathenaicstadium.gr/thepanathenaicstadium/history/tabid/96/language/en-us/default.aspx . Panathenaic Stadium 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ 施幸余 乘 龍舟 傳送 火炬 ( in Chinese ) . Singtao. 2 May 2008 . Retrieved 2 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Winn , L. : Olympic Design : Torches & Cauldrons . Sports Illustrated , 17 Feb 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Montréal '' . The Olympic Museum Lausanne . International Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2002 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ The Olympic Torch Relay : Olympic Torch Relay Highlights ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Report '' ( PDF ) . 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 April 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Torch Timeline '' . BBC News online . 18 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Olympic torch technology '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 2000 . Australian runner , Ron Clarke carried a spectacular , fizzling flame into the Melbourne Olympic Stadium in 1956 only to miss out on the ceremony having his magnesium burns dressed . Jump up ^ Zinser , Lynn ( 27 March 2009 ) . `` I.O.C. Bars International Torch Relays '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Underwear Relay '' . The Birdman . Archived from the original on 13 April 2008 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen Fry ( 2007 ) . QI Presents : Strictly Come Duncing ( DVD ) . Warner Music Entertainment . Jump up ^ Turpin , Adrian ( 8 August 2004 ) . `` Olympics Special : The Lost Olympians ( Page 1 ) '' . Find Articles , originally The Independent on Sunday . Archived from the original on 13 April 2008 . Retrieved 6 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Lews , Paul ; Kelso , Paul ( 7 April 2008 ) . `` Thousands protest as Olympic flame carried through London '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PROTESTERS PUT OUT THE OLYMPIC TORCH IN RIO '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) `` Flamme olympique : ce qui s'est vraiment passé à Paris '' Archived 12 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , L'Express , 8 April 2008 Jump up ^ `` Paris protests force Olympic flame to be extinguished '' . This is London . 4 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2008 . Retrieved 19 April 2008 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` China condemns Olympic torch disruptions '' Archived 23 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , France 24 , 8 April 2008 Jump up ^ `` Paris protests force cancellation of torch relay '' . msnbc.com. 7 April 2008 . Retrieved 7 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Withnall , Adam ( 7 October 2013 ) . `` Got a light ? Olympic flame goes out in ' wind tunnel ' at Kremlin - and is reborn on the sly via a security officer 's cigarette lighter '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic torch '' . Entertainment . How Stuff Works . ^ Jump up to : Official Report of the 1992 Summer Olympics , Vol. 4 , p. 70 ( confirming arrow lit the gas above the cauldron ) and p. 69 ( time - lapse photo of lighting ; the arrow passed through the upper reaches of the flame ) . Jump up ^ Mathews , John ( 15 September 2000 ) . `` Ceremonial hall of shame '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Lighting of the cauldron , an unofficial recording on YouTube . Jump up ^ Lighting of the cauldron , another unofficial recording on YouTube . Jump up ^ Article in La Vanguardia newspaper , 19 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Byron , Lee ; Desantis , Alicia ( 9 February 2010 ) . `` Passing the Torch : An Evolution of Form '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Pictures of all Olympic Summergames Torches '' . olympic-museum.de . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Torch , London 1948 '' . Metalwork . Victoria and Albert Museum . Archived from the original on 6 January 2008 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 Olympics '' ( PDF ) . Flight ( Here and There ed . ) : 90 . 22 July 1948 . Jump up ^ How Olympic Torches Work Jump up ^ 1996 Atlanta Opening Ceremonies -- Lighting of the Cauldron on YouTube Jump up ^ 2004 picture , BBC News Jump up ^ Olympic Opening Ceremony Torino 2006 - Light of Passion on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Builders reveal secrets of giant Olympic cauldron '' . China.org.cn. 13 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic cauldron built in ' Bond - style gadget workshop ' says architect as organisers vow to make giant flame carbon neutral '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Relight our fire : Stunning Olympic flame doused , relocated and relit in new home ... but this time there were n't a billion people watching '' . Daily Mail . 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Matthew ( 30 July 2012 ) . `` Olympic cauldron relit after move to southern end of stadium '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Diminutive Rio 2016 cauldron complemented by massive kinetic sculpture '' . Dezeen . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sun sculpture and cauldron light up Olympic ceremony ... '' The Telegraph . 6 Aug 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Formerly homeless boy who lit Olympic cauldron now has ' beautiful life ' '' . CBC News . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . References ( edit ) Volker Kluge. 1997 - 2004 . Olympische Sommerspiele -- Die Chronik . Five volumes . Sportverlag except Vol. 5 ( Südwest - Verlag ) . ISBN 3 - 328 - 00715 - 6 ; ISBN 3 - 328 - 00740 - 7 ; ISBN 3 - 328 - 00741 - 5 ; ISBN 3 - 328 - 00830 - 6 ; ISBN 3 - 517 - 06732 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olympic Flame . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Olympic flame '' dated 2006 - 01 - 10 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Olympic Flame Lighting Ceremony for PyeongChang 2018 on YouTube Olympic Flame Lighting Ceremony for Rio 2016 on YouTube Official site of the Olympic Movement - Images and information on every game since 1896 IOC brochure on the history of Olympic flame ( 1 MB PDF ) TorchRelay.net - Torch Relay coverage . Includes torchbearer profiles , photos , videos , and more . Athens Info Guide - A list of past torches Sondre Norheim - on the three occasions when the Olympic flame was lit in Morgedal BBC article on the history of the torch The Nazi Olympics : Berlin 1936 - online exhibition Olympic symbols Olympic emblem Olympic flag Olympic flame Final torchbearers Torch relays designs Olympic Hymn Olympic mascot Olympic motto Olympic Oath Olympic Order Olympic poster Olive wreath Olympic torch relays Summer Games 1936 1940 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 route 2012 2016 2020 Winter Games 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1998 2002 2006 route 2014 2018 2022 Olympic torch designs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympic_flame&oldid=852777091 '' Categories : Olympic flame Olympic symbols Ceremonial flames Athletic culture based on Greek antiquity Symbols introduced in 1928 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with French - language external links Use dmy dates from August 2012 Use British English from December 2013 Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2016 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 08 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the olympic flame was lighted first time | [
"When the tradition of an Olympic fire was reintroduced during the 1928 Summer Olympics, an employee of the Electric Utility of Amsterdam lit the first modern Olympic flame in the Marathon Tower of the Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam.[4] The Olympic flame has been part of the Summer Olympics ever since. The Olympic flame was first introduced to the Winter Olympics at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen.\n"
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"the 1928 Summer Olympics"
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-9194295035391414992 | Roy Anderson (The Office) | Roy Anderson ( the Office ) - wikipedia Roy Anderson ( the Office ) Jump to : navigation , search Roy Anderson The Office character First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Roy 's Wedding '' Portrayed by David Denman Information Gender Male Occupation Former Dunder Mifflin Scranton Warehouse Worker , The Vitamin Shoppe employee , Owner of unnamed gravel company Family Kenny ( brother ) Unnamed sister Spouse ( s ) Laura ( m . 2012 ) Significant other ( s ) Pam Beesly ( ex-fiancée ) Nationality American Based on Lee Royson `` Roy '' Allan Anderson is a fictional character from the US television series The Office , portrayed by David Denman . His counterpart in the original UK series of The Office is Lee . Overview ( edit ) Roy Anderson is a warehouse dock worker at the Scranton branch of fictitious paper distributor Dunder Mifflin . He has been engaged to the office receptionist Pam Beesly for three years when the series begins , in a relationship where he is shown to be skeptical of , if not completely insensitive to , her ambitions . He also had a good friendship with Darryl Philbin which later is caught up on when he 's having beers with him , Jim Halpert and the other warehouse workers later on in Crime Aid . He often shares in the warehouse 's typical blue - collar humor . Biography ( edit ) Roy was Pam Beesly 's fiancé for over five years until she broke off the engagement . Roy brought along his brother on his first date with Pam , a minor league hockey game ; the brothers forgot she was with them and left the game without her while she was in the bathroom . During their long engagement , Roy , on more than one occasion , has seen Jim Halpert flirting with Pam . He claims not to mind , as he likes how Pam is less talkative after having spent time with Jim . Pam 's mother and Roy seem to get along ( `` Sexual Harassment '' ) . Roy is often bored and does not like company get - togethers , particularly when there 's no open bar ( `` Casino Night '' ) , and is seen on more than one occasion leaving office parties early . In the episode `` The Fire '' , he states that he would `` do '' Angela while playing `` Who Would You Do '' , and throughout the first three seasons Angela is shown to have a crush on Roy too , indeed Roy is the only character with whom Angela interacts that she never indicates any form of disapproval towards , describing him at various times as being `` strong and capable '' , and that he has `` character '' . He vehemently refuses to let Pam apply to a company training program that could advance her talents as an artist . Although generally regarded as boorish , inconsiderate , and selfish , his character is somewhat less cruel and verbally abusive than his UK counterpart , Lee . Roy drives a dark colored Chevy pickup truck , and spent a sizeable portion of the wedding money on two jet skis . Roy selects Kevin 's band Scrantonicity to perform at his wedding reception . After Pam breaks off their engagement , Roy 's life goes into a tailspin when he stops taking care of himself , starts drinking , and is eventually arrested for driving under the influence . Now recovered , he intends to win Pam back , regretting how he took her for granted and wanting to make it up to her . In `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' , Roy talks to Pam about their history together and pays Scrantonicity $20 to play `` their song . '' They dance and leave the wedding together . Later , in `` Business School '' , Roy is shown with his brother Kenny at Pam 's art show . And as they leave shortly after arriving , Roy tells Pam that `` your art was the prettiest art of all the art '' , but asks her to leave so that they can go home . Their reunion is short - lived . They break up shortly after ( `` Cocktails '' ) they agree to start their relationship anew , when Pam confesses she kissed Jim on `` Casino Night '' . In response , an enraged Roy started trashing the bar they were meeting at , and Pam calls the relationship off immediately . With his brother having paid off the bar with money he got from selling his jet - skis , a visibly disturbed Roy states , `` I am gon na kill Jim Halpert . '' When he attempts to beat Jim up in the office , Dwight prevents the attack with pepper spray and Roy is quickly fired . Roy later returns to receive his last paycheck and apologizes to Jim , which Jim accepts . He then asks Pam if they can get a cup of coffee after work , which she reluctantly agrees to . At a diner , Pam confesses that their engagement was a big mistake and they were never right for each other . Roy asks if she 's going to pursue Jim now , but she quietly declines . Roy encourages her to go after him , telling her , `` I do n't get you , Pam . '' The two have one final hug outside the diner , and they leave separately . Roy learns from Jim that he and Pam are engaged when Jim wins a night out with the warehouse crew in `` Crime Aid '' and Roy joins their group . Roy congratulates Jim , but also plants a seed of doubt when he learns that Pam is staying out all night with friends in New York without Jim . Judging from Roy 's shirt in `` Crime Aid '' , Roy now works at the Vitamin Store , a parody of the real company `` The Vitamin Shoppe '' , even using a shirt with the same distinct colors and emblem . Roy appeared in the episode `` Threat Level Midnight '' as a hostage in Michael 's film . He had no lines in the actual NBC airing , but has lines and an extended role in the complete film and in previews of the film . A humbled Roy resurfaces in `` Roy 's Wedding '' when he invites Jim and Pam to his wedding among other Dunder - Mifflin staffers in attendance . Despite their original expectations of Roy , the couple are shocked to find out that Roy has changed for the better . He is now the owner of a successful gravel company he created , evident by the $50,000 sports car and the nice house that he owns and the elegant and tasteful wedding . Roy later thanks Jim before the ceremony , crediting his breakup with Pam to make way for meeting his future bride . Pam is also stunned to see that Roy can play the piano as he sings a song to his bride . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Basketball '' , Deleted scenes . The Office . Season One . Region 1 DVD . Prod . Universal Studios ; dist . Universal Studios Home Entertainment , 2005 . The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Holly Flax Robert California Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Cast list Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roy_Anderson_(The_Office)&oldid=798786819 '' Categories : The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 20 : 29 . About Wikipedia | what is roy's last name on the office | [
"Royson \"Roy\" Allan Anderson is a fictional character from the US television series The Office, portrayed by David Denman. His counterpart in the original UK series of The Office is Lee."
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"Anderson"
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1316677120238619721 | Articles of Confederation | Articles of Confederation - wikipedia Articles of Confederation Jump to : navigation , search Articles of Confederation Page I of the Articles of Confederation Created November 15 , 1777 Ratified March 1 , 1781 Location National Archives Author ( s ) Continental Congress Signatories Continental Congress Purpose First constitution for the United States ; replaced by the current United States Constitution on September 13 , 1788 The Articles of Confederation , formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution . It was approved , after much debate ( between July 1776 and November 1777 ) , by the Second Continental Congress on November 15 , 1777 , and sent to the states for ratification . The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1 , 1781 , after being ratified by all 13 states . A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states . The federal government received only those powers which the colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament . The Articles formed a war - time confederation of states , with an extremely limited central government . While unratified , the document was used by the Congress to conduct business , direct the American Revolutionary War , conduct diplomacy with foreign nations , and deal with territorial issues and Native American relations . The adoption of the Articles made few perceptible changes in the federal government , because it did little more than legalize what the Continental Congress had been doing . That body was renamed the Congress of the Confederation ; but Americans continued to call it the Continental Congress , since its organization remained the same . As the Confederation Congress attempted to govern the continually growing American states , delegates discovered that the limitations placed upon the central government rendered it ineffective at doing so . As the government 's weaknesses became apparent , especially after Shays ' Rebellion , individuals began asking for changes to the Articles . Their hope was to create a stronger national government . Initially , some states met to deal with their trade and economic problems . However , as more states became interested in meeting to change the Articles , a meeting was set in Philadelphia on May 25 , 1787 . This became the Constitutional Convention . It was quickly realized that changes would not work , and instead the entire Articles needed to be replaced . On March 4 , 1789 , the government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the Constitution . The new Constitution provided for a much stronger federal government by establishing a chief executive ( the President ) , courts , and taxing powers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and context 2 Drafting 3 Operation 4 Ratification 5 Article summaries 6 End of the Revolutionary War 7 Function 7.1 The Army 7.2 Foreign policy 7.3 Taxation and commerce 7.4 Accomplishments of the Confederation 8 The United States of America under the Articles 9 Signatures 9.1 Signers 10 Presidents of the Congress 11 Gallery 12 Revision and replacement 12.1 Legitimacy of closing down 12.2 Final months 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Background and Context The political push to increase cooperation among the then - loyal colonies began with the Albany Congress in 1754 and Benjamin Franklin 's proposed Albany Plan , an inter-colonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems . The Articles of Confederation would bear some resemblance to it . Over the next two decades , some of the basic concepts it addressed would strengthen and others would weaken , particularly the degree of deserved loyalty to the crown . With civil disobedience resulting in coercive , and what the colonials perceived as intolerable acts of Parliament , and armed conflict resulting in dissidents being proclaimed rebels and outside the King 's protection , any loyalty remaining shifted toward independence and how to achieve it . In 1775 , with events outpacing communications , the Second Continental Congress began acting as the provisional government that would run the American Revolutionary War and gain the colonies their collective independence . It was an era of constitution writing -- most states were busy at the task -- and leaders felt the new nation must have a written constitution , even though other nations did not . During the war , Congress exercised an unprecedented level of political , diplomatic , military and economic authority . It adopted trade restrictions , established and maintained an army , issued fiat money , created a military code and negotiated with foreign governments . To transform themselves from outlaws into a legitimate nation , the colonists needed international recognition for their cause and foreign allies to support it . In early 1776 , Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the `` custom of nations '' demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain . The monarchies of France and Spain in particular could not be expected to aid those they considered rebels against another legitimate monarch . Foreign courts needed to have American grievances laid before them persuasively in a `` manifesto '' which could also reassure them that the Americans would be reliable trading partners . Without such a declaration , Paine concluded , `` ( t ) he custom of all courts is against us , and will be so , until , by an independence , we take rank with other nations . '' Beyond improving their existing association , the records of the Second Continental Congress show that the need for a declaration of independence was intimately linked with the demands of international relations . On June 7 , 1776 , Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution before the Continental Congress declaring the colonies independent ; at the same time he also urged Congress to resolve `` to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances '' and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states . Congress then created three overlapping committees to draft the Declaration , a Model Treaty , and the Articles of Confederation . The Declaration announced the states ' entry into the international system ; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states ; and the Articles of Confederation , which established `` a firm league '' among the thirteen free and independent states , constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for the conduct of vital domestic and foreign affairs . Drafting Articles of Confederation 200th Anniversary commemorative stamp . First issued in York , Pennsylvania. , 1977 On June 12 , 1776 , a day after appointing a committee to prepare a draft of the Declaration of Independence , the Second Continental Congress resolved to appoint a committee of 13 to prepare a draft of a constitution for a union of the states . The committee met repeatedly , and chairman John Dickinson presented their results to the Congress on July 12 , 1776 . There were long debates on such issues as sovereignty , the exact powers to be given the confederate government , whether to have a judiciary , and voting procedures . The final draft of the Articles was prepared in the summer of 1777 and the Second Continental Congress approved them for ratification by the individual states on November 15 , 1777 , after a year of debate . In practice , the Articles were in use beginning in 1777 ; the final draft of the Articles served as the de facto system of government used by the Congress ( `` the United States in Congress assembled '' ) until it became de jure by final ratification on March 1 , 1781 ; at which point Congress became the Congress of the Confederation . Under the Articles , the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national government . The individual articles set the rules for current and future operations of the United States government . It was made capable of making war and peace , negotiating diplomatic and commercial agreements with foreign countries , and deciding disputes between the states , including their additional and contested western territories . Article XIII stipulated that `` their provisions shall be inviolably observed by every state '' and `` the Union shall be perpetual '' . John Dickinson 's and Benjamin Franklin 's handwritten drafts of the Articles of Confederation are housed at the National Archives in Washington , DC . Operation The Articles were created by delegates from the states in the Second Continental Congress out of a need to have `` a plan of confederacy for securing the freedom , sovereignty , and independence of the United States . '' After the war , nationalists , especially those who had been active in the Continental Army , complained that the Articles were too weak for an effective government . There was no president , no executive agencies , no judiciary and no tax base . The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states , which seldom arrived . In 1788 , with the approval of Congress , the Articles were replaced by the United States Constitution and the new government began operations in 1789 . Ratification Congress began to move for ratification of the Articles of Confederation in 1777 : Permit us , then , earnestly to recommend these articles to the immediate and dispassionate attention of the legislatures of the respective states . Let them be candidly reviewed under a sense of the difficulty of combining in one system the various sentiments and interests of a continent divided into so many sovereign and independent communities , under a conviction of the absolute necessity of uniting all our councils and all our strength , to maintain and defend our common liberties ... The document could not become officially effective until it was ratified by all 13 states . The first state to ratify was Virginia on December 16 , 1777 ; the thirteenth state to ratify was Maryland on February 2 , 1781 . A ceremonial confirmation of this thirteenth , final ratification took place in the Congress on March 1 , 1781 , at high noon . Twelve states had ratified the Articles by February 1779 , 14 months into the process . Maryland , however , refused to go along until the landed states , especially Virginia , had indicated they were prepared to cede their claims west of the Ohio River to the Union . It would be two years before the Maryland legislature became satisfied that they would follow through , and voted to ratify . The various states ratified the Articles of Confederation on the following dates : # State Date 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Virginia 000000001777 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1777 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 South Carolina 000000001778 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1778 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 New York 000000001778 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1778 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Rhode Island 000000001778 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1778 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Connecticut 000000001778 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 1778 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Georgia 000000001778 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1778 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New Hampshire 000000001778 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1778 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Pennsylvania 000000001778 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1778 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Massachusetts 000000001778 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1778 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 North Carolina 000000001778 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 1778 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New Jersey 000000001778 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1778 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Delaware 000000001779 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1779 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Maryland 000000001781 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1781 Article summaries The Articles of Confederation contain a preamble , thirteen articles , a conclusion , and a signatory section . The preamble declares that the states `` agree to certain articles of Confederation and perpetual Union . '' What follows here summarizes the purpose and content of each of the thirteen articles . Establishes the name of the confederation with these words : `` The stile of this confederacy shall be ' The United States of America . ' '' Asserts the sovereignty of each state , except for the specific powers delegated to the confederation government : `` Each state retains its sovereignty , freedom , and independence , and every power , jurisdiction , and right , which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated . '' Declares the purpose of the confederation : `` The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other , for their common defense , the security of their liberties , and their mutual and general welfare , binding themselves to assist each other , against all force offered to , or attacks made upon them , or any of them , on account of religion , sovereignty , trade , or any other pretense whatever . '' Elaborates upon the intent `` to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this union , '' and to establish equal treatment and freedom of movement for the free inhabitants of each state to pass unhindered between the states , excluding `` paupers , vagabonds , and fugitives from justice . '' All these people are entitled to equal rights established by the state into which they travel . If a crime is committed in one state and the perpetrator flees to another state , he will be extradited to and tried in the state in which the crime was committed . Allocates one vote in the Congress of the Confederation ( the `` United States in Congress Assembled '' ) to each state , which is entitled to a delegation of between two and seven members . Members of Congress are to be appointed by state legislatures . No congressman may serve more than three out of any six years . Only the central government may declare war , or conduct foreign political or commercial relations . No state or official may accept foreign gifts or titles , and granting any title of nobility is forbidden to all . No states may form any sub-national groups . No state may tax or interfere with treaty stipulations already proposed . No state may wage war without permission of Congress , unless invaded or under imminent attack on the frontier ; no state may maintain a peacetime standing army or navy , unless infested by pirates , but every State is required to keep ready , a well - trained , disciplined , and equipped militia . Whenever an army is raised for common defense , the state legislatures shall assign military ranks of colonel and below . Expenditures by the United States of America will be paid with funds raised by state legislatures , and apportioned to the states in proportion to the real property values of each . Powers and functions of the United States in Congress Assembled . Grants to the United States in Congress assembled the sole and exclusive right and power to determine peace and war ; to exchange ambassadors ; to enter into treaties and alliances , with some provisos ; to establish rules for deciding all cases of captures or prizes on land or water ; to grant letters of marque and reprisal ( documents authorizing privateers ) in times of peace ; to appoint courts for the trial of pirates and crimes committed on the high seas ; to establish courts for appeals in all cases of captures , but no member of Congress may be appointed a judge ; to set weights and measures ( including coins ) , and for Congress to serve as a final court for disputes between states . The court will be composed of jointly appointed commissioners or Congress shall appoint them . Each commissioner is bound by oath to be impartial . The court 's decision is final . Congress shall regulate the post offices ; appoint officers in the military ; and regulate the armed forces . The United States in Congress assembled may appoint a president who shall not serve longer than one year per three - year term of the Congress . Congress may request requisitions from the states in proportion with their population , or take credit . Congress may not declare war , enter into treaties and alliances , appropriate money , or appoint a commander in chief without nine states assented . Congress shall keep a journal of proceedings and adjourn for periods not to exceed six months . When Congress is in recess , any of the powers of Congress may be executed by `` The committee of the states , or any nine of them '' , except for those powers of Congress which require nine states in Congress to execute . If `` Canada '' ( as the British - held Province of Quebec was also known ) accedes to this confederation , it will be admitted . No other colony could be admitted without the consent of nine states . Reaffirms that the Confederation accepts war debt incurred by Congress before the existence of the Articles . Declares that the Articles shall be perpetual , and may be altered only with the approval of Congress and the ratification of all the state legislatures . While still at war with Britain , the revolution 's leaders were divided between forming a national government with powers either strong and centralized ( the `` federalists '' ) , or strictly limited ( the `` anti federalists '' ) . The Continental Congress compromised by dividing sovereignty between the states and the central government , with a unicameral legislature that protected the liberty of the individual states . It empowered Congress to regulate military and monetary affairs , for example , but provided no mechanism to compel the States to comply with requests for either troops or funding . This left the military vulnerable to inadequate funding , supplies , or even food . End of the Revolutionary war The Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , which ended hostilities with Great Britain , languished in Congress for months because several state representatives failed to attend sessions of the national legislature to ratify it . Yet Congress had no power to enforce attendance . In September 1783 , George Washington complained that Congress was paralyzed . Many revolutionaries had gone to their respective home countries after the war , and local government and self - rule seemed quite satisfactory . Function The army The Articles supported the Congressional direction of the Continental Army , and allowed the states to present a unified front when dealing with the European powers . As a tool to build a centralized war - making government , they were largely a failure : Historian Bruce Chadwick wrote : George Washington had been one of the very first proponents of a strong federal government . The army had nearly disbanded on several occasions during the winters of the war because of the weaknesses of the Continental Congress ... The delegates could not draft soldiers and had to send requests for regular troops and militia to the states . Congress had the right to order the production and purchase of provisions for the soldiers , but could not force anyone to supply them , and the army nearly starved in several winters of war . The Continental Congress , before the Articles were approved , had promised soldiers a pension of half pay for life . However Congress had no power to compel the states to fund this obligation , and as the war wound down after the victory at Yorktown the sense of urgency to support the military was no longer a factor . No progress was made in Congress during the winter of 1783 -- 84 . General Henry Knox , who would later become the first Secretary of War under the Constitution , blamed the weaknesses of the Articles for the inability of the government to fund the army . The army had long been supportive of a strong union . Knox wrote : The army generally have always reprobated the idea of being thirteen armies . Their ardent desires have been to be one continental body looking up to one sovereign ... It is a favorite toast in the army , `` A hoop to the barrel '' or `` Cement to the Union '' . As Congress failed to act on the petitions , Knox wrote to Gouverneur Morris , four years before the Philadelphia Convention was convened , `` As the present Constitution is so defective , why do not you great men call the people together and tell them so ; that is , to have a convention of the States to form a better Constitution . '' Once the war had been won , the Continental Army was largely disbanded . A very small national force was maintained to man the frontier forts and to protect against Native American attacks . Meanwhile , each of the states had an army ( or militia ) , and 11 of them had Navies . The wartime promises of bounties and land grants to be paid for service were not being met . In 1783 , George Washington defused the Newburgh conspiracy , but riots by unpaid Pennsylvania veterans forced Congress to leave Philadelphia temporarily . The Congress from time to time during the Revolutionary War requisitioned troops from the states . Any contributions were voluntary , and in the debates of 1788 the Federalists ( who supported the proposed new Constitution ) claimed that state politicians acted unilaterally , and contributed when the Continental army protected their state 's interests . The Anti-Federalists claimed that state politicians understood their duty to the Union and contributed to advance its needs . Dougherty ( 2009 ) concludes that generally the States ' behavior validated the Federalist analysis . This helps explain why the Articles of Confederation needed reforms . Foreign policy Even after peace had been achieved in 1783 , the weakness of the Confederation government frustrated the ability of the government to conduct foreign policy . In 1789 , Thomas Jefferson , concerned over the failure to fund an American naval force to confront the Barbary pirates , wrote to James Monroe , `` It will be said there is no money in the treasury . There never will be money in the treasury till the Confederacy shows its teeth . The states must see the rod . '' Furthermore , the Jay -- Gardoqui Treaty with Spain in 1789 also showed weakness in foreign policy . In this treaty -- which was never ratified due to its immense unpopularity -- the United States was to give up rights to use the Mississippi River for 25 years , which would have economically strangled the settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains . Finally , due to the Confederation 's military weakness , it could not compel the British army to leave frontier forts which were on American soil -- forts which , in 1783 , the British promised to leave , but which they delayed leaving pending U.S. implementation of other provisions such as ending action against Loyalists and allowing them to seek compensation . This incomplete British implementation of the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) was superseded by the implementation of Jay 's Treaty in 1795 under the new U.S. Constitution . Taxation and commerce Under the Articles of Confederation , the central government 's power was kept quite limited . The Confederation Congress could make decisions , but lacked enforcement powers . Implementation of most decisions , including modifications to the Articles , required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures . Congress was denied any powers of taxation : it could only request money from the states . The states often failed to meet these requests in full , leaving both Congress and the Continental Army chronically short of money . As more money was printed by Congress , the continental dollars depreciated . In 1779 , George Washington wrote to John Jay , who was serving as the president of the Continental Congress , `` that a wagon load of money will scarcely purchase a wagon load of provisions . '' Mr. Jay and the Congress responded in May by requesting $45 million from the States . In an appeal to the States to comply , Jay wrote that the taxes were `` the price of liberty , the peace , and the safety of yourselves and posterity . '' He argued that Americans should avoid having it said `` that America had no sooner become independent than she became insolvent '' or that `` her infant glories and growing fame were obscured and tarnished by broken contracts and violated faith . '' The States did not respond with any of the money requested from them . Congress had also been denied the power to regulate either foreign trade or interstate commerce and , as a result , all of the States maintained control over their own trade policies . The states and the Confederation Congress both incurred large debts during the Revolutionary War , and how to repay those debts became a major issue of debate following the War . Some States paid off their war debts and others did not . Federal assumption of the states ' war debts became a major issue in the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention . Accomplishments of the Confederation This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For more details on this topic , see Admission to the Union § Articles of Confederation . Nevertheless , the Confederation Congress did take two actions with long - lasting impact . The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance created territorial government , set up protocols for the admission of new states and the division of land into useful units , and set aside land in each township for public use . This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization , as in Europe , and provided the basis for the rest of American continental expansion through the 19th Century . The Land Ordinance of 1785 established both the general practices of land surveying in the west and northwest and the land ownership provisions used throughout the later westward expansion beyond the Mississippi River . Frontier lands were surveyed into the now - familiar squares of land called the township ( 36 square miles ) , the section ( one square mile ) , and the quarter section ( 160 acres ) . This system was carried forward to most of the States west of the Mississippi ( excluding areas of Texas and California that had already been surveyed and divided up by the Spanish Empire ) . Then , when the Homestead Act was enacted in 1867 , the quarter section became the basic unit of land that was granted to new settler - farmers . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 noted the agreement of the original states to give up northwestern land claims , organized the Northwest Territory and laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of new states . While it did n't happen under the articles , the land north of the Ohio River and west of the ( present ) western border of Pennsylvania ceded by Massachusetts , Connecticut , New York , Pennsylvania , and Virginia , eventually became the states of : Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , and the part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi River . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also made great advances in the abolition of slavery . New states admitted to the union in said territory would never be slave states . No new states were admitted to the Union under the Articles of Confederation . The Articles provided for a blanket acceptance of the Province of Quebec ( referred to as `` Canada '' in the Articles ) into the United States if it chose to do so . It did not , and the subsequent Constitution carried no such special provision of admission . Additionally , ordinances to admit Frankland ( later modified to Franklin ) , Kentucky , and Vermont to the Union were considered , but none were approved . The United states of America under the Articles The peace treaty left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure . The Articles envisioned a permanent confederation , but granted to the Congress -- the only federal institution -- little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced . There was no president and no national court . Although historians generally agree that the Articles were too weak to hold the fast - growing nation together , they do give credit to the settlement of the western issue , as the states voluntarily turned over their lands to national control . By 1783 , with the end of the British blockade , the new nation was regaining its prosperity . However , trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilism of the British and French empires . The ports of the British West Indies were closed to all staple products which were not carried in British ships . France and Spain established similar policies . Simultaneously , new manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which were suddenly available again . Political unrest in several states and efforts by debtors to use popular government to erase their debts increased the anxiety of the political and economic elites which had led the Revolution . The apparent inability of the Congress to redeem the public obligations ( debts ) incurred during the war , or to become a forum for productive cooperation among the states to encourage commerce and economic development , only aggravated a gloomy situation . In 1786 -- 87 , Shays ' Rebellion , an uprising of dissidents in western Massachusetts against the state court system , threatened the stability of state government . The Continental Congress printed paper money which was so depreciated that it ceased to pass as currency , spawning the expression `` not worth a continental '' . Congress could not levy taxes and could only make requisitions upon the States . Less than a million and a half dollars came into the treasury between 1781 and 1784 , although the governors had been asked for two million in 1783 alone . When John Adams went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States , he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce . Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty . Adams stated it was necessary for the States to confer the power of passing navigation laws to Congress , or that the States themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain . Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws . Meanwhile , each State acted individually against Great Britain to little effect . When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping , Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports . By 1787 Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping . State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit . Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population . The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor . Alexander Hamilton realized while serving as Washington 's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress . Hamilton led a group of like - minded nationalists , won Washington 's endorsement , and convened the Annapolis Convention in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long - term crisis . Signatures The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles for distribution to the states on November 15 , 1777 . A copy was made for each state and one was kept by the Congress . On November 28 , the copies sent to the states for ratification were unsigned , and the cover letter , dated November 17 , had only the signatures of Henry Laurens and Charles Thomson , who were the President and Secretary to the Congress . The Articles , however , were unsigned , and the date was blank . Congress began the signing process by examining their copy of the Articles on June 27 , 1778 . They ordered a final copy prepared ( the one in the National Archives ) , and that delegates should inform the secretary of their authority for ratification . On July 9 , 1778 , the prepared copy was ready . They dated it , and began to sign . They also requested each of the remaining states to notify its delegation when ratification was completed . On that date , delegates present from New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New York , Pennsylvania , Virginia and South Carolina signed the Articles to indicate that their states had ratified . New Jersey , Delaware and Maryland could not , since their states had not ratified . North Carolina and Georgia also did n't sign that day , since their delegations were absent . After the first signing , some delegates signed at the next meeting they attended . For example , John Wentworth of New Hampshire added his name on August 8 . John Penn was the first of North Carolina 's delegates to arrive ( on July 10 ) , and the delegation signed the Articles on July 21 , 1778 . The other states had to wait until they ratified the Articles and notified their Congressional delegation . Georgia signed on July 24 , New Jersey on November 26 , and Delaware on February 12 , 1779 . Maryland refused to ratify the Articles until every state had ceded its western land claims . The Act of the Maryland legislature to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 2 , 1781 On February 2 , 1781 , the much - awaited decision was taken by the Maryland General Assembly in Annapolis . As the last piece of business during the afternoon Session , `` among engrossed Bills '' was `` signed and sealed by Governor Thomas Sim Lee in the Senate Chamber , in the presence of the members of both Houses ... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation '' and perpetual union among the states . The Senate then adjourned `` to the first Monday in August next . '' The decision of Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12 . The confirmation signing of the Articles by the two Maryland delegates took place in Philadelphia at noon time on March 1 , 1781 , and was celebrated in the afternoon . With these events , the Articles were entered into force and the United States of America came into being as a sovereign federal state . Congress had debated the Articles for over a year and a half , and the ratification process had taken nearly three and a half years . Many participants in the original debates were no longer delegates , and some of the signers had only recently arrived . The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were signed by a group of men who were never present in the Congress at the same time . Signers The signers and the states they represented were : Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Massachusetts Bay John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Rhode Island and Providence Plantations William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee Roger Sherman ( Connecticut ) was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States : the Continental Association , the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . Robert Morris ( Pennsylvania ) signed three of the great state papers of the United States : the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . John Dickinson ( Delaware ) , Daniel Carroll ( Maryland ) and Gouverneur Morris ( New York ) , along with Sherman and Robert Morris , were the only five people to sign both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution ( Gouverneur Morris represented Pennsylvania when signing the Constitution ) . Presidents of the Congress The following list is of those who led the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation as the Presidents of the United States in Congress Assembled . Under the Articles , the president was the presiding officer of Congress , chaired the Committee of the States when Congress was in recess , and performed other administrative functions . He was not , however , an executive in the way the successor President of the United States is a chief executive , since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress . President of Congress Office Start Office Exit Samuel Huntington March 1 , 1781 July 9 , 1781 Thomas McKean July 10 , 1781 November 4 , 1781 John Hanson November 5 , 1781 November 3 , 1782 Elias Boudinot November 4 , 1782 November 2 , 1783 Thomas Mifflin November 3 , 1783 October 31 , 1784 Richard Henry Lee November 30 , 1784 November 6 , 1785 John Hancock November 23 , 1785 May 29 , 1786 Nathaniel Gorham June 6 , 1786 November 5 , 1786 Arthur St. Clair February 2 , 1787 November 4 , 1787 Cyrus Griffin January 22 , 1788 November 2 , 1788 For a full list of Presidents of the Congress Assembled and Presidents under the two Continental Congresses before the Articles , see President of the Continental Congress . Gallery Images of an original draft of the Articles of Confederation stored at the United States National Archive . Preamble through Article V , ¶ 1 Article V , ¶ 2 through Article VI Article VII through Article IX , ¶ 2 Article IX , ¶ 2 through ¶ 5 Article IX , ¶ 5 through Article XIII , ¶ 2 Article XIII , ¶ 2 through signatures Revision and replacement On January 21 , 1786 , the Virginia Legislature , following James Madison 's recommendation , invited all the states to send delegates to Annapolis , Maryland to discuss ways to reduce interstate conflict . At what came to be known as the Annapolis Convention , the few state delegates in attendance endorsed a motion that called for all states to meet in Philadelphia in May 1787 to discuss ways to improve the Articles of Confederation in a `` Grand Convention . '' Although the states ' representatives to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia were only authorized to amend the Articles , the representatives held secret , closed - door sessions and wrote a new constitution . The new Constitution gave much more power to the central government , but characterization of the result is disputed . The general goal of the authors was to get close to a republic as defined by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment , while trying to address the many difficulties of the interstate relationships . Historian Forrest McDonald , using the ideas of James Madison from Federalist 39 , describes the change this way : The constitutional reallocation of powers created a new form of government , unprecedented under the sun . Every previous national authority either had been centralized or else had been a confederation of sovereign states . The new American system was neither one nor the other ; it was a mixture of both . In May 1786 , Charles Pinckney of South Carolina proposed that Congress revise the Articles of Confederation . Recommended changes included granting Congress power over foreign and domestic commerce , and providing means for Congress to collect money from state treasuries . Unanimous approval was necessary to make the alterations , however , and Congress failed to reach a consensus . The weakness of the Articles in establishing an effective unifying government was underscored by the threat of internal conflict both within and between the states , especially after Shays ' Rebellion threatened to topple the state government of Massachusetts . Historian Ralph Ketcham comments on the opinions of Patrick Henry , George Mason , and other Anti-Federalists who were not so eager to give up the local autonomy won by the revolution : Antifederalists feared what Patrick Henry termed the `` consolidated government '' proposed by the new Constitution . They saw in Federalist hopes for commercial growth and international prestige only the lust of ambitious men for a `` splendid empire '' that , in the time - honored way of empires , would oppress the people with taxes , conscription , and military campaigns . Uncertain that any government over so vast a domain as the United States could be controlled by the people , Antifederalists saw in the enlarged powers of the general government only the familiar threats to the rights and liberties of the people . Historians have given many reasons for the perceived need to replace the articles in 1787 . Jillson and Wilson ( 1994 ) point to the financial weakness as well as the norms , rules and institutional structures of the Congress , and the propensity to divide along sectional lines . Rakove ( 1988 ) identifies several factors that explain the collapse of the Confederation . The lack of compulsory direct taxation power was objectionable to those wanting a strong centralized state or expecting to benefit from such power . It could not collect customs after the war because tariffs were vetoed by Rhode Island . Rakove concludes that their failure to implement national measures `` stemmed not from a heady sense of independence but rather from the enormous difficulties that all the states encountered in collecting taxes , mustering men , and gathering supplies from a war - weary populace . '' The second group of factors Rakove identified derived from the substantive nature of the problems the Continental Congress confronted after 1783 , especially the inability to create a strong foreign policy . Finally , the Confederation 's lack of coercive power reduced the likelihood for profit to be made by political means , thus potential rulers were uninspired to seek power . When the war ended in 1783 , certain special interests had incentives to create a new `` merchant state , '' much like the British state people had rebelled against . In particular , holders of war scrip and land speculators wanted a central government to pay off scrip at face value and to legalize western land holdings with disputed claims . Also , manufacturers wanted a high tariff as a barrier to foreign goods , but competition among states made this impossible without a central government . Legitimacy of closing down Political scientist David C. Hendrickson writes that two prominent political leaders in the Confederation , John Jay of New York and Thomas Burke of North Carolina believed that `` the authority of the congress rested on the prior acts of the several states , to which the states gave their voluntary consent , and until those obligations were fulfilled , neither nullification of the authority of congress , exercising its due powers , nor secession from the compact itself was consistent with the terms of their original pledges . '' According to Article XIII of the Confederation , any alteration had to be approved unanimously : ( T ) he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State , and the Union shall be perpetual ; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them ; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States , and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State . On the other hand , Article VII of the proposed Constitution stated that it would become effective after ratification by a mere nine states , without unanimity : The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States , shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same . The apparent tension between these two provisions was addressed at the time , and remains a topic of scholarly discussion . In 1788 , James Madison remarked ( in Federalist No. 40 ) that the issue had become moot : `` As this objection ... has been in a manner waived by those who have criticised the powers of the convention , I dismiss it without further observation . '' Nevertheless , it is an interesting historical and legal question whether opponents of the Constitution could have plausibly attacked the Constitution on that ground . At the time , there were state legislators who argued that the Constitution was not an alteration of the Articles of Confederation , but rather would be a complete replacement so the unanimity rule did not apply . Moreover , the Confederation had proven woefully inadequate and therefore was supposedly no longer binding . Modern scholars such as Francisco Forrest Martin agree that the Articles of Confederation had lost its binding force because many states had violated it , and thus `` other states - parties did not have to comply with the Articles ' unanimous consent rule '' . In contrast , law professor Akhil Amar suggests that there may not have really been any conflict between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution on this point ; Article VI of the Confederation specifically allowed side deals among states , and the Constitution could be viewed as a side deal until all states ratified it . Final months On July 3 , 1788 , the Congress received New Hampshire 's all - important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution , thus , according to its terms , establishing it as the new framework of governance for the ratifying states . The following day delegates considered a bill to admit Kentucky into the Union as a sovereign state . The discussion ended with Congress making the determination that , in light of this development , it would be `` unadvisable '' to admit Kentucky into the Union , as it could do so `` under the Articles of Confederation '' only , but not `` under the Constitution '' . By the end of July 1788 , 11 of the 13 states had ratified the new Constitution . Congress continued to convene under the Articles with a quorum until October . On Saturday , September 13 , 1788 , the Confederation Congress voted the resolve to implement the new Constitution , and on Monday , September 15 published an announcement that the new Constitution had been ratified by the necessary nine states , set the first Wednesday in February 1789 for the presidential electors to meet and select a new president , and set the first Wednesday of March 1789 as the day the new government would take over and the government under the Articles of Confederation would come to an end . On that same September 13 , it determined that New York would remain the national capital . See also History of the United States ( 1776 -- 1789 ) Perpetual Union Vetocracy America 's Critical Period Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture References Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. xi , 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Morison p. 279 Jump up ^ Kelley , Martin . `` Why did the Articles of Confederation fail ? '' . About Education . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Paul ( 2011 ) . United States Constitutional Law : An Introduction . McFarland . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6017 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1969 ) . The Creation of the American Republic : 1776 -- 1787 . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 354 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Paine , Thomas ( January 14 , 1776 ) . `` Common Sense '' . In Foner , Eric . Paine : Collected Writings . The Library of America . pp. 45 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4286 - 2200 - 5 . ( Collection published 1995 . ) Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2004 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Magazine of History . Organization of American Historians. 18 ( 3 ) : 61 -- 66 . doi : 10.1093 / maghis / 18.3. 61 . Jump up ^ Jensen . Articles of Confederation . pp. 127 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Frederic D. ( February -- March 2006 ) . `` 225 Years Ago '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Morris , Richard ( 1988 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1782 -- 1789 . HarperCollins Publishers . pp. 245 -- 66 . Jump up ^ `` Monday , November 17 , 1777 '' . Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation , 1777 -- 1781 '' . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Jonathan ( 1836 ) . The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Editor on the Pennsylvania Avenue . p. 98 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mallory , John ( 1917 ) . United States Compiled Statutes. 10 . St. Paul : West Publishing Company . pp. 13044 -- 5 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frederick D. Williams , Ed . The Northwest Ordinance : Essays on its Formulation , Provisions , and Legacy , p. 1782 . MSU Press , ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Hough , Franklin Benjamin ( 1872 ) . American Constitutions . Albany : Weed , Parsons , & Company . p. 10 . References to a 1778 Virginia ratification are based on an error in the Journals of Congress : `` The published Journals of Congress print this enabling act of the Virginia assembly under date of Dec. 15 , 1778 . This error has come from the MS . vol. 9 ( History of Confederation ) , p. 123 , Papers of the Continental Congress , Library of Congress . '' Dyer , Albion M. ( 2008 ) ( 1911 ) . First Ownership of Ohio Lands . Baltimore : Genealogical Publishing Company . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8063 - 0098 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . Jump up ^ Carp , E. Wayne ( 1980 ) . To Starve the Army at Pleasure : Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture , 1775 -- 1783 . UNC Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4269 - 0 . Jump up ^ Congress have come to no determination yet respecting the Peace Establishment nor am I able to say when they will . I have lately had a conference with a Committee on this subject , and have reiterated my former opinions , but it appears to me that there is not a sufficient representation to discuss Great National points. Letter George Washington to George Clinton , September 11 , 1783 . The George Washington Papers , 1741 -- 1799 Jump up ^ Chadwick p. 469 . Phelps pp. 165 -- 166 . Phelps wrote : `` It is hardly surprising , given their painful confrontations with a weak central government and the sovereign states , that the former generals of the Revolution as well as countless lesser officers strongly supported the creation of a more muscular union in the 1780s and fought hard for the ratification of the Constitution in 1787 . Their wartime experiences had nationalized them . '' Jump up ^ Puls pp. 174 -- 176 ^ Jump up to : Puls p. 177 Jump up ^ Lodge , Henry Cabot ( 1893 ) . George Washington , Vol . I. I . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Keith L. ( Spring 2009 ) . `` An Empirical Test of Federalist and Anti-Federalist Theories of State Contributions , 1775 -- 1783 '' . Social Science History . 33 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 74 . doi : 10.1215 / 01455532 - 2008 - 015 . Jump up ^ Ellis 92 Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : A History of the United States During the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . Northeastern University Press . pp. 177 -- 233 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stahr p. 105 Jump up ^ Stahr p. 107 Jump up ^ Stahr pp. 107 -- 108 Jump up ^ Morris , Richard B. ( 1987 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 091424 - 0 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Benjamin ( 2003 ) . History in Dispute : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . St James Press . pp. 17 -- 24 . Jump up ^ McNeese , Tim ( 2009 ) . Revolutionary America 1764 -- 1799 . Chelsea House Pub . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 350 - 9 . Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ( 2008 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power , A History of the American People : To 1877 . Wadsworth Publishing Company . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 83086 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2010 ) . John Adams : A Life . Oxford University Press , USA . pp. 257 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975273 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Jack N. ( 1988 ) . `` The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation '' . In Barlow , J. Jackson ; Levy , Leonard W. & Masugi , Ken . The American Founding : Essays on the Formation of the Constitution . pp. 225 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . Alexander Hamilton . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 20085 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` An ACT to empower the delegates '' . Laws of Maryland , 1781 . February 2 , 1781 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 178 -- 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ McDonald pg. 276 Jump up ^ Ketcham , Ralph ( 1990 ) . Roots of the Republic : American Founding Documents Interpreted . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 383 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945612 - 19 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rakove 1988 p. 230 Jump up ^ Hendrickson p. 154 Jump up ^ Hendrickson p. 153 -- 154 ^ Jump up to : Maier , Pauline . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 - 1788 , p. 62 ( Simon and Schuster , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Martin , Francisco . The Constitution as Treaty : The International Legal Constructionalist Approach to the U.S. Constitution , p. 5 ( Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil . America 's Constitution : A Biography , p. 517 ( Random House 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Kesavan , Vasan ( December 1 , 2002 ) . `` When Did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 78 ( 1 ) : 70 -- 71 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America During the Age of Revolution , 1776 -- 1789 '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Charles Lanman ; Joseph M. Morrison ( 1887 ) . Biographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States . J.M. Morrison . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . Simon and Schuster . pp. 429 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86855 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Continental Congress Broadside Collection for 1778 - Sep - 13 '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Further reading Bernstein , R.B. ( 1999 ) . `` Parliamentary Principles , American Realities : The Continental and Confederation Congresses , 1774 -- 1789 '' . In Bowling , Kenneth R. & Kennon , Donald R. Inventing Congress : Origins & Establishment Of First Federal Congress . pp. 76 -- 108 . Brown , Roger H. ( 1993 ) . Redeeming the Republic : Federalists , Taxation , and the Origins of the Constitution . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6355 - 4 . Burnett , Edmund Cody ( 1941 ) . The Continental Congress : A Definitive History of the Continental Congress From Its Inception in 1774 to March 1789 . Chadwick , Bruce ( 2005 ) . George Washington 's War . Sourcebooks , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4022 - 2610 - 6 . Feinberg , Barbara ( 2002 ) . The Articles Of Confederation . Twenty First Century Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 2114 - 9 . Greene , Jack & Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2nd ed . ) . Hendrickson , David C. ( 2003 ) . Peace Pact : The Lost World of the American Founding . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1237 - 8 . Hoffert , Robert W. ( 1992 ) . A Politics of Tensions : The Articles of Confederation and American Political Ideas . University Press of Colorado . Horgan , Lucille E. ( 2002 ) . Forged in War : The Continental Congress and the Origin of Military Supply and Acquisition Policy . Praeger Pub Text . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32161 - 0 . Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . -- -- ( 1950 ) . The New Nation . Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . -- -- ( 1943 ) . `` The Idea of a National Government During the American Revolution '' . Political Science Quarterly . 58 ( 3 ) : 356 -- 79 . doi : 10.2307 / 2144490 . JSTOR 2144490 . Jillson , Calvin & Wilson , Rick K. ( 1994 ) . Congressional Dynamics : Structure , Coordination , and Choice in the First American Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2293 - 3 . Klos , Stanley L. ( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh : Evisum , Inc. p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 9752627 - 5 - 0 . Main , Jackson T. ( 1974 ) . Political Parties before the Constitution . WW Norton & Company Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 00718 - 3 . McDonald , Forrest ( 1986 ) . Novus Ordo Seclorum : The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0311 - 5 . Mclaughlin , Andrew C. ( 1935 ) . A Constitutional History of the United States . Simon Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931313 - 31 - 5 . Morris , Richard ( 1988 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . New American Nation Series . HarperCollins Publishers . Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press . Nevins , Allan ( 1924 ) . The American States during and after the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 . New York : Macmillan . Parent , Joseph M. ( Fall 2009 ) . `` Europe 's Structural Idol : An American Federalist Republic ? '' . Political Science Quarterly . 124 ( 3 ) : 513 -- 535 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165x. 2009. tb00658. x . Phelps , Glenn A. ( 2001 ) . `` The Republican General '' . In Higginbotham , Don . George Washington Reconsidered . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2005 - 1 . Puls , Mark ( 2008 ) . Henry Knox : Visionary General of the American Revolution . Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 8427 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. ( 1982 ) . The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . Johns Hopkins University Press . -- -- ( 1988 ) . `` The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation '' . In Barlow , J. Jackson ; Levy , Leonard W. & Masugi , Ken . The American Founding : Essays on the Formation of the Constitution . Greenwood Press . pp. 225 -- 45 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 25610 - 1 . Van Cleave , George William ( 2017 ) . We Have Not a Government : The Articles of Confederation and the Road to the Constitution . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union Wikimedia Commons has media related to Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Articles of Confederation Text version of the Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union Articles of Confederation and related resources , Library of Congress Today in History : November 15 , Library of Congress United States Constitution Online -- The Articles of Confederation Free Download of Articles of Confederation Audio Mobile friendly version of the Articles of Confederation Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble & Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility ( Emolument ) Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Signatories Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress Signers of the Articles of Confederation A. Adams S. Adams T. Adams Banister Bartlett Carroll Clingan Collins Dana Dickinson Drayton Duane Duer Ellery Gerry Hancock Hanson Harnett Harvie Heyward Holten Hosmer Huntington Hutson Langworthy Laurens F. Lee R. Lee Lewis Lovell Marchant Mathews McKean G. Morris R. Morris Penn Reed Roberdeau Scudder Sherman Smith Telfair Van Dyke Walton Wentworth Williams Witherspoon Wolcott Presidents of the Continental Congress First Continental Congress Peyton Randolph Henry Middleton Second Continental Congress Peyton Randolph John Hancock Henry Laurens John Jay Samuel Huntington Confederation Congress Samuel Huntington Thomas McKean John Hanson Elias Boudinot Thomas Mifflin Richard Henry Lee John Hancock * ( David Ramsay Nathaniel Gorham ) Nathaniel Gorham Arthur St. Clair Cyrus Griffin * Hancock did not attend during his 2nd term ; Ramsay and Gorham served as chairmen in his absence History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War 1774 First Continental Congress Articles of Association 1775 Independence Hall Second Continental Congress 1776 United States Declaration of Independence Pennsylvania Constitution Washington Crosses the Delaware 1777 Articles of Confederation Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of the Clouds Liberty Bell moved to Allentown Battle of Paoli Battle of Germantown Siege of Fort Mifflin Battle of White Marsh Battle of Matson 's Ford Valley Forge 1778 Battle of Crooked Billet Battle of Barren Hill British occupation of Philadelphia ends Wyoming Valley battle and massacre 1781 Congress of the Confederation Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line 1783 1783 Mutiny VIAF : 175396367 LCCN : n83300226 GND : 4328865 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Articles_of_Confederation&oldid=815001557 '' Categories : Documents of the American Revolution Signers of the Articles of Confederation History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) 1781 in law Defunct constitutions Ordinances of the Continental Congress Political charters United States historical documents 1777 in the United States 1781 in the United States Federalism in the United States Legal history of the United States History of York County , Pennsylvania Pennsylvania in the American Revolution York , Pennsylvania Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2011 Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 04 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when were the articles of confederation put into effect | [
"The Articles of Confederation, formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution.[1] It was approved, after much debate (between July 1776 and November 1777), by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, and sent to the states for ratification. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states. The federal government received only those powers which the colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament.[2]"
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"March 1, 1781"
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6483659545505145822 | Run (baseball) | Run ( Baseball ) - wikipedia Run ( Baseball ) `` Runs scored '' redirects here . For the cricket topic , see Scoring runs in cricket . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bengie Molina of the Anaheim Angels ( in gray and red ) scores a run by touching home plate after rounding all the bases . In baseball , a run is scored when a player advances around first , second and third base and returns safely to home plate , touching the bases in that order , before three outs are recorded and all obligations to reach base safely on batted balls are met or assured . A player may score by hitting a home run or by any combination of plays that puts him safely `` on base '' ( that is , on first , second , or third ) as a runner and subsequently brings him home . The object of the game is for a team to score more runs than its opponent . The Official Baseball Rules hold that if the third out of an inning is a force out of a runner advancing to any base then , even if another baserunner crosses home plate before that force out is made , his run does not count . However , if the third out is not a force out , but a tag out , then if that other baserunner crosses home plate before that tag out is made , his run will count . In baseball statistics , a player who advances around all the bases to score is credited with a run ( R ) , sometimes referred to as a `` run scored '' . While runs scored is considered an important individual batting statistic , it is regarded as less significant than runs batted in ( RBIs ) . Both individual runs scored and runs batted in are heavily context - dependent ; for a more sophisticated assessment of a player 's contribution toward producing runs for his team see runs created . A pitcher is likewise assessed runs surrendered in his statistics , which differentiate between standard earned runs ( for which the pitcher is statistically assigned full responsibility ) and unearned runs scored due to fielding errors , which do not count in his personal statistics . Specifically , if a fielding error occurs which affects the number of runs scored in an inning , the Official Scorer -- the official in - game statistician -- in order to determine how many of the runs should be classified as earned , will reconstruct the inning as if the error had not occurred . For example , with two outs , suppose a runner reaches base because of a fielding error , and then the next batter hits a two - run home run , and then the following batter then makes the third out , ending the inning . If the inning is reconstructed without the error , and if that third batter , instead of reaching on an error , registered an out , the inning would have ended there without any runs scoring . Thus , the two runs that did score will be classified as unearned , and will not count in the pitcher 's personal statistics . If a pitching substitution occurs while a runner is on base , and that runner eventually scores a run , the pitcher who allowed the player to get on base is charged with the run even though he was no longer pitching when the run scored . Contents 1 Examples 2 Significant run scoring records 2.1 Player 2.2 Team 2.3 World Series 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Examples ( edit ) Below are examples of an un-counted run and a run scored . With a runner on third and two outs , batter hits a ground ball to the second baseman . The runner on third races home . The second baseman fields the ball and throws on to the first baseman in time to get the batter on the force out at first for the third out of the inning . Even if the runner on third had touched home plate before that force out was made at first , his run would not count . With a runner on third and two outs , batter hits a fly ball over centerfielder 's head . It bounces several times as it rolls to the wall . The runner on third runs safely home and easily scores a run . Meanwhile , the batter safely reaches first , then tries to advance to second . The centerfielder , having retrieved the ball , throws the ball to the second baseman and the runner is tagged out as he slides into second . Since the runner stepped on home plate before the batter was tagged out at second for the third out of the inning , his run will count . Significant run scoring Records ( edit ) Player ( edit ) The career record for most runs scored by a major - league player is 2,295 , held by Rickey Henderson ( 1979 -- 2003 ) . The season record for most runs scored is 198 , set by Billy Hamilton of the Philadelphia Phillies in 1894 . The so - called modern - day record ( 1900 and after ) is 177 , achieved by Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees in 1921 . The record for most seasons leading one of the major leagues in runs scored is 8 , held by Babe Ruth ( American League : 1919 -- 21 , 1923 , 1924 , 1926 -- 28 ) . The record for most consecutive games with at least one run scored is 18 , shared by the Yankees ' Red Rolfe ( August 9 -- August 25 , 1939 ) and the Cleveland Indians ' Kenny Lofton ( August 15 -- September 3 , 2000 ) . The record for most runs scored by a player in a single game is 7 , set by Guy Hecker of the American Association 's Louisville Colonels on August 15 , 1886 . The modern - day record of 6 is shared by fourteen players ( eight of whom attained it before 1900 ) . Of the six modern - day players to score 6 runs in a game , the first to perform the feat was Mel Ott of the New York Giants on August 4 , 1934 ( he repeated the accomplishment ten years later , making him the only player ever to do it twice ) ; the most recent was Shawn Green , then of the Los Angeles Dodgers , on May 23 , 2002 . Team ( edit ) The record for most runs scored by a major - league team during a single season is 1,212 , set by the Boston Beaneaters ( now the Atlanta Braves ) in 1894 . The modern - day record is 1,067 , achieved by the New York Yankees in 1931 . The team record for most consecutive games with at least one run scored ( i.e. , most consecutive games not being shut out ) is 308 , set by the Yankees between August 3 , 1931 , and August 2 , 1933 . The team record for most runs in its overall history ( up until 2013 ) is the Chicago Cubs with 94,138 . The record for most runs scored by a team in a single game is 36 , set by the Chicago Colts ( now the Chicago Cubs ) against the Louisville Colonels ( which joined the National League in 1892 ) on June 29 , 1897 . The modern - day record of 30 was set on August 22 , 2007 , by the Texas Rangers against the Baltimore Orioles in the first game of a doubleheader at Oriole Park . The Rangers scored 5 runs in the fourth inning , 9 in the sixth , 10 in the eighth , and 6 in the ninth . On August 25 , 1922 , the highest - scoring game in major - league history took place : the Chicago Cubs defeated the Philadelphia Phillies 26 -- 23 , a total of 49 runs . The record for most runs scored by a team in a single inning is 18 , set by the Chicago White Stockings ( now the Chicago Cubs ) against the Detroit Wolverines on September 6 , 1883 . The modern - day record is 17 , achieved by the Boston Red Sox against the Detroit Tigers on June 18 , 1953 . World Series ( edit ) The Yankees ' Mickey Mantle holds the record for most career World Series runs scored with 42 ( 1951 -- 53 , 1955 -- 58 , 1960 -- 64 ) . The record for most runs scored in a single World Series , shared by two players , is 10 , achieved both times in a six - game Series : Reggie Jackson of the Yankees was the first to do it , in 1977 ; the Toronto Blue Jays ' Paul Molitor equaled him in 1993 . The most runs ever scored by a player in a World Series game is 4 , a record shared by ten players . Babe Ruth set the mark on October 6 , 1926 , while with the Yankees ; it was matched most recently by Albert Pujols of the St. Louis Cardinals in Game 3 of the 2011 World Series . On October 2 , 1936 , playing the New York Giants , the Yankees set the team record for most runs scored in a single Series game with 18 . Players crossed the plate a record 29 times in the highest - scoring World Series game in history on October 20 , 1993 , as the Blue Jays beat the Phillies 15 -- 14 at Veterans Stadium in Game 4 of the 1993 World Series . See also ( edit ) List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders Run differential References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Baseball Explained , by Phillip Mahony . McFarland Books , 2014 . See www.baseballexplained.com Archived 2014 - 08 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` MLB Teams and Baseball Encyclopedia -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) Yearly League Leaders & Records for Runs Scored . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 . Baseball statistics Batting Batting average On - base percentage Slugging percentage Hit Single Double Triple Home run Extra-base hit Grand slam Total bases RBI Game - winning RBI Walk Bunt Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly On - base plus slugging Times on base Walk - to - strikeout ratio Walk percentage Base running Run Stolen base Stolen base percentage Caught stealing Pitching Win -- loss record Innings pitched Pitchers of record Save Hold Run Earned ERA Strikeout Walk Perfect game No - hitter WHIP BB / 9 K / 9 Quality start Complete game Shutout Wild pitch Strikeout - to - walk ratio Fielding Fielding percentage Assist Putout Error Fielder 's choice Defensive indifference Passed ball Sabermetrics Adjusted ERA+ Base runs Batting average on balls in play Batting park factor Catcher 's ERA Defensive Runs Saved Extrapolated Runs Game score Isolated Power Range factor Runs created Runs produced Secondary average Speed Score NERD Out of zone plays made Ultimate zone rating Value over replacement player Weighted on - base average Wins Above Replacement Win probability added Win Shares Baseball concepts Outline , Glossary Rules Rules of baseball Ground rules Infield fly rule Interference Pitch clock Park / Field Backstop Baseball diamond Batter 's box Batter 's eye Bullpen Dugout Foul pole Foul territory Infield On - deck circle Outfield Warning track Equipment Ball Bat Batting cage Batting glove Batting helmet Cap Doughnut Glove ( defense ) Pitching machine Protective cup Shin guard Stirrups Uniform Uniform number Game process Batting order Extra innings Innings On - deck Out Positions Run Seventh - inning stretch Pace of play Batting At bat Baltimore chop Bat flip Chinese home run Batting count Bunt sacrifice bunt slap bunt squeeze play Checked swing Cleanup hitter Designated hitter Double Double switch Foul ball Foul tip Golden sombrero Grand slam Ground rule double Hat trick Hit Hit and run Hit by pitch Hitting for the cycle Home run Infield hit Inside - the - park home run Leadoff hitter Lefty - righty switch Line drive Moonshot Plate appearance Platoon system Pull hitter Sacrifice fly Single Strikeout Strike zone Sweet spot Switch hitter Triple Walk Walk - off home run Pitching Balk Beanball Breaking ball Brushback pitch Changeup Curveball Eephus Fastball Full count Immaculate inning Inside pitching Intentional walk Knuckleball No - hitter Perfect game Pitch count Pitchout Quick pitch Screwball Shutout Slider Spitball Strikeout Striking out the side Time of pitch Wild pitch Base running Balk Bases loaded Caught stealing Contact play Hit and run Left on base Obstruction Safe Scoring position Slide Small ball Squeeze play Stolen base Tag up Fielding ( positioning ) Appeal play Assist Blocking the plate Catch Defensive indifference Double play Error Fielder 's choice Fifth infielder Force play Fourth out Hidden ball trick In - between hop Infield fly rule Infield shift Interference Passed ball Pickoff Putout Rundown Tag out Triple play unassisted Uncaught third strike Wall climb Wheel play Miscellaneous Baseball statistics Bench jockey Bench - clearing brawl Dead ball Jargon In flight Pepper Scorekeeping Series Shagging Slump Streak ( losing ) Streak ( winning ) Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Run_(baseball)&oldid=852896665 '' Categories : Baseball rules Baserunning statistics Baseball terminology Scoring ( sport ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 02 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | record for most runs scored in a major league baseball game | [
"The record for most consecutive games with at least one run scored is 18, shared by the Yankees' Red Rolfe (August 9–August 25, 1939) and the Cleveland Indians' Kenny Lofton (August 15–September 3, 2000). The record for most runs scored by a player in a single game is 7, set by Guy Hecker of the American Association's Louisville Colonels on August 15, 1886. The modern-day record of 6 is shared by fourteen players (eight of whom attained it before 1900). Of the six modern-day players to score 6 runs in a game, the first to perform the feat was Mel Ott of the New York Giants on August 4, 1934 (he repeated the accomplishment ten years later, making him the only player ever to do it twice); the most recent was Shawn Green, then of the Los Angeles Dodgers, on May 23, 2002.\n"
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"7"
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8068901421139641366 | Licence to Kill (soundtrack) | Licence to Kill ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia Licence to Kill ( soundtrack ) Licence to Kill Soundtrack album by Michael Kamen Released 1989 Recorded 1989 Label MCA Records Producer Joel Sill Michael Kamen chronology Renegades ( 1989 ) Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) James Bond soundtrack chronology The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) GoldenEye ( 1995 ) Singles from Licence to Kill `` Licence To Kill '' Released : 1989 `` If You Asked Me To '' Released : 12 June 1989 The soundtrack to Licence to Kill , the 16th James Bond film of the same name , was released by MCA Records in 1989 . Because the usual James Bond composer John Barry ( who had scored almost every film from From Russia with Love onwards ) was not available at the time as he was undergoing throat surgery , the soundtrack 's more upbeat and suspenseful score was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen . Initially Eric Clapton and Vic Flick were asked to write and perform the theme song to Licence to Kill . The theme was said to have been a new version based on the James Bond Theme . The guitar riff heard in the original recording of the theme was played by Flick . The prospect , however , fell apart and Gladys Knight 's song and performance was chosen , later becoming a Top 10 hit in the United Kingdom . The song was composed by Narada Michael Walden , Jeffrey Cohen and Walter Afanasieff , based on the `` horn line '' from Goldfinger , which required royalty payments to the original writers . At five - minutes twelve seconds it is the longest Bond theme . The music video of `` Licence to Kill '' was directed by Daniel Kleinman , who later took over the reins of title designer from Maurice Binder for the 1995 Bond film , GoldenEye . All the instrumental tracks are amalgams of various sequences and musical cues from the film rather than straight score excerpts . The end credits of the film feature the song `` If You Asked Me To '' sung by Patti LaBelle . Though the song was a top ten R&B charter and a minor pop hit for LaBelle , in 1992 , the song was covered by and became a much bigger hit for singer Céline Dion . The track `` Wedding Party '' , used during the wedding of Felix Leiter to Della Churchill , makes reference to the track `` Jump Up '' from the first Bond film , Dr. No . Track listing ( edit ) `` Licence to Kill '' -- Gladys Knight `` Wedding Party '' -- Ivory `` Dirty Love '' -- Tim Feehan `` Pam '' `` If You Asked Me To '' -- Patti LaBelle `` James & Felix on Their Way to Church '' `` His Funny Valentine '' `` Sanchez Is in the Bahamas / Shark Fishing '' `` Ninja '' `` Licence Revoked '' Jump up ^ contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack See also ( edit ) Outline of James Bond References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rogers , Jude ( 31 October 2008 ) . `` For your ears only '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Walden , Narada Michael ( 2006 ) . James Bond 's Greatest Hits ( Television ) . UK : North One Television . James Bond music Themes `` James Bond Theme '' ( Monty Norman ) `` James Bond Is Back '' ( John Barry ) `` 007 Theme '' ( John Barry ) `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' ( John Barry ) `` Bond 77 '' ( Marvin Hamlisch ) `` James Bond Theme '' ( Moby ) Soundtracks Dr. No From Russia with Love Goldfinger Thunderball Casino Royale You Only Live Twice On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Diamonds Are Forever Live and Let Die The Man with the Golden Gun The Spy Who Loved Me Moonraker For Your Eyes Only Octopussy Never Say Never Again A View to a Kill The Living Daylights Licence to Kill GoldenEye Tomorrow Never Dies The World Is Not Enough Die Another Day Casino Royale Quantum of Solace Skyfall Spectre Composers Monty Norman John Barry Burt Bacharach George Martin Marvin Hamlisch Bill Conti Michel Legrand Michael Kamen Éric Serra David Arnold Thomas Newman Eon themes `` Kingston Calypso '' `` From Russia with Love '' `` Goldfinger '' `` Thunderball '' `` You Only Live Twice '' `` We Have All the Time in the World '' `` Diamonds Are Forever '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` Moonraker '' `` For Your Eyes Only '' `` All Time High '' `` A View to a Kill '' `` The Living Daylights '' `` Where Has Everybody Gone ? '' `` Licence to Kill '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` GoldenEye '' `` Tomorrow Never Dies '' `` The World Is Not Enough '' `` Die Another Day '' `` You Know My Name '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Skyfall '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Non-Eon themes `` Casino Royale '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Never Say Never Again '' Compilations Shaken and Stirred The Incredible World of James Bond The Best of Bond ... James Bond Related articles Eon films secondary songs Non-Eon films secondary songs Licence to Kill Actors `` Timothy Dalton '' `` Carey Lowell '' `` Robert Davi '' `` Talisa Soto '' `` Anthony Zerbe '' Music `` Licence to Kill '' `` If You Asked Me To '' soundtrack Tie - ins 007 : Licence to Kill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licence_to_Kill_(soundtrack)&oldid=865485860 '' Categories : Soundtrack albums from James Bond films Licence to Kill Film soundtracks 1989 soundtracks MCA Records soundtracks Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia ქართული Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 07 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang licence to kill james bond theme | [
"\"Licence to Kill\" – Gladys Knight\n\"Wedding Party\" – Ivory\n\"Dirty Love\" – Tim Feehan\n\"Pam\"\n\"If You Asked Me To\" – Patti LaBelle\n\"James & Felix on Their Way to Church\"[A]\n\"His Funny Valentine\"\n\"Sanchez Is in the Bahamas/Shark Fishing\"\n\"Ninja\"\n\"Licence Revoked\""
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"Gladys Knight"
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1770133201623567401 | I Believe (Blessid Union of Souls song) | I Believe ( Blessid Union of Souls song ) - wikipedia I Believe ( Blessid Union of Souls song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` I Believe '' Single by Blessid Union of Souls from the album Home Released February 18 , 1995 Format CD , cassette Recorded Length 4 : 27 Songwriter ( s ) Eliot Sloan Blessid Union of Souls singles chronology `` Let Me Be the One '' ( 1995 ) `` I Believe '' ( 1995 ) `` All Along '' ( 1996 ) `` Let Me Be the One '' ( 1995 ) `` I Believe '' ( 1995 ) `` All Along '' ( 1996 ) `` I Believe '' is a single by the American alternative rock band Blessid Union of Souls from their 1995 debut album Home . It is one of their most popular songs , and their highest - charting in the United States , reaching number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was written after vocalist Eliot Sloan 's girlfriend `` Lisa '' was forced by her father to stop dating Sloan . On the third verse of the edited version , the word `` nigger '' is replaced with `` brother . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Meaning 3 Chart performance 4 Music video 5 Critical reception 6 Track listing 7 Chart positions 7.1 Peak positions 7.2 End of year charts 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) According to the `` I Believe Story '' from Blessid Union of Souls 's compilation album Almost Acoustic ( Volume 1 ) , the song was written by vocalist Eliot Sloan in the early morning when he imagined the main piano sample which would be used in the song and then played it . `` I always tell people , and it 's the truth , ' I Believe ' was written in the middle of the night at about three in the morning . I always used to live in downtown Cincinnati , a really cool spiral staircase up to my bedroom , which kind of ended up as my studio . I kept a piano there that my mother got me when I was nine . In the middle of the night I was hearing the melody and I thought , ' this is pretty . ' I just had to get up and play it . '' Eliot Sloan stated in an interview with The Celebrity Cafe that he wrote the song about his relationship with `` Lisa '' , a girl he once dated . Lisa 's father allegedly threatened to cut off her college tuition if she continued to see Eliot . They said good - bye and went their separate ways . He said that he still very much missed her , and placed a message in the liner notes of Home : `` Lisa , give me a call sometime just to say hello , my number is still the same . '' Meaning ( edit ) The song is about the lack of love in the world . In an interview with thecelebritycafe.com , Eliot Sloan said `` when I sing ' Love will find a way , ' I mean ' God will find a way , ' '' and that he has always believed that `` God is love . '' While the song uses fairly subtle Christian themes , as do many of the band 's songs , they tried to make it not sound too preachy . `` Well , it 's like ... when we did that song , we were just like ... there were so many things going on in society . We just wanted to do something positive . We just wanted to touch on a lot of points that society seems to be having a little trouble with as a whole . Racism was one of the things we wanted to distill in the song . So we were like , wanted to mention something about a relationship that I was in that people could relate to . It 's really cool because a lot of people have been really relating to that . A lot of people have been in relationships where their parents or their friends did n't want them seeing this other person for whatever reason , whether it was race , religion or background , or whatever . We just really believe that love is the answer to this stuff . Without it trying to sound hokey or whatever that 's just the honest to good answer . I 'm a witness to that . I get along with anybody who 's open minded , and who has an open heart to things . That 's the same with everybody in this band . We 've all got different backgrounds and we all agree on the same things . This is just one of them . There does n't have to be this much tension out there . There really does n't . We feel like it 's very unnecessary in a lot of situations . We just wanted to install some hope in people and hopefully people will listen to the lyrics and get that out of the song . '' '' -- Eliot Sloan , in an interview with the Celebrity Cafe . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 18 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 6 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 29 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 5 US Billboard Adult Top 40 24 US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 26 US Billboard Billboard Hot 100 8 US Billboard Top 40 Adult Recurrents US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream Music video ( edit ) A music video was made for `` I Believe '' . It shows the band members singing the song , interspersed with footage representing the ideas of the song . Critical reception ( edit ) In a review of Home by Allmusic , staff writer Tom Demalon said that the song `` revealed the band to have more of a social conscience than similar acts such as Hootie & the Blowfish through the spiritually tinged lyrics . '' In a review by Rolling Stone , staff writer Paul Evans called the song `` all righteous , wide - eyed affirmation '' . Track listing ( edit ) UK CD Single I Believe ( Radio Mix ) - 3 : 45 Heaven - 4 : 33 I Believe ( Original Version ) - 3 : 45 I Believe ( Blessid Q Mix ) - 4 : 02 US Cassette Single Side A I Believe ( Original Mix ) - 4 : 37 Side B I Believe ( Album Mix ) - 4 : 17 Heaven - 4 : 33 Chart positions ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Adult Contemporary 5 Adult Top 40 24 Rhythmic Top 40 26 Billboard Hot 100 8 Top 40 Adult Recurrents Top 40 Mainstream End of year charts ( edit ) End of year chart ( 1995 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 27 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ release date ^ Jump up to : Miserandino , Dominick A. `` Blessid Union of Souls Eliot Sloan '' . The Celebrity Cafe . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2008 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Home liner notes Jump up ^ `` T&T Management and Booking Agency - Blessid Union of Souls '' . T&T Management and Booking Agency . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic ( ( ( Home > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles ) ) ) '' . Allmusic . Retrieved April 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Blessid Union of Souls -- I Believe '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ Demalon , Tom . `` allmusic ( ( ( Home > Overview ) ) ) '' . Allmusic . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Evans , Paul ( February 2 , 1998 ) . `` Blessid Union of Souls : Home : Music Reviews : Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.discogs.com/Blessid-Union-Of-Souls-I-Believe/release/1117724 Jump up ^ http://www.discogs.com/Blessid-Union-Of-Souls-I-Believe/release/3410063 Jump up ^ `` allmusic ( ( ( Home > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles ) ) ) '' . Allmusic . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1995 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . External links ( edit ) The music video hosted on YouTube . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Blessid Union of Souls Eliot Sloan Tony Clark Brian Billhimer Shaun Schaefer C.P. Roth Eddie Hedges Jeff Pence Studio albums Home Blessid Union of Souls Walking Off the Buzz Blessid Union of Souls : Play Ball Perception Close to the Edge Compilations Blessid Union of Souls : The Singles Almost Acoustic ( Volume 1 ) Singles `` Let Me Be the One '' `` I Believe '' `` All Along '' `` I Wanna Be There '' `` Light in Your Eyes '' `` Hey Leonardo ( She Likes Me for Me ) '' `` Standing at the Edge of the Earth '' `` Storybook Life '' `` Could 've Been with You '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Believe_(Blessid_Union_of_Souls_song)&oldid=804160961 '' Categories : 1995 singles Blessid Union of Souls songs Music videos directed by Michael Salomon Songs against racism and xenophobia Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with attributed pull quotes Singlechart usages for Australia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 04 : 28 . About Wikipedia | who sings i believe love is the answer | [
"\"I Believe\" is a single by the American alternative rock band Blessid Union of Souls from their 1995 debut album Home. It is one of their most popular songs, and their highest-charting in the United States, reaching number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100."
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"American alternative rock band Blessid Union of Souls"
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2741186866826581470 | Red Sparrow | Red Sparrow - wikipedia Red Sparrow Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the novel on which the film is based , see Red Sparrow ( novel ) . For other uses , see Red sparrow . Red Sparrow Theatrical release poster Directed by Francis Lawrence Produced by Peter Chernin Steven Zaillian Jenno Topping David Ready Screenplay by Justin Haythe Based on Red Sparrow by Jason Matthews Starring Jennifer Lawrence Joel Edgerton Matthias Schoenaerts Charlotte Rampling Mary - Louise Parker Jeremy Irons Music by James Newton Howard Cinematography Jo Willems Edited by Alan Edward Bell Production company TSG Entertainment Chernin Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date February 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) ( Newseum ) March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) ( United States ) Running time 140 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $69 million Box office $148 million Red Sparrow is a 2018 American spy thriller film directed by Francis Lawrence and written by Justin Haythe , based on the 2013 novel of the same name by Jason Matthews . The film stars Jennifer Lawrence , Joel Edgerton , Matthias Schoenaerts , Charlotte Rampling , Mary - Louise Parker , and Jeremy Irons . It tells the story of a Russian intelligence officer who is sent to make contact with a CIA agent in the hope of discovering the identity of a mole . Matthews , a former member of the CIA , advised the production on the depiction of spying . Based on historic Soviet `` sexpionage '' and contemporary Russian use of kompromat , filming took place in Hungary , Slovakia and Austria . Jennifer Lawrence studied with the New York City Ballet to prepare for her performance . Red Sparrow premiered at Newseum in Washington , D.C. on February 15 , 2018 , and was released in the United States on March 2 , 2018 . The film has grossed $148 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics , who describe it as having `` more style than substance , '' and criticized the film 's length and over-reliance on graphic violence and sex , while praising Jennifer Lawrence 's performance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In modern - day Russia , Dominika Egorova is a famed Russian ballerina who supports her ill mother . Following a career - ending injury , Dominika is approached by her uncle , Ivan , who works in Russian intelligence . She is tasked with seducing Dimitry Ustinov , a Russian gangster , in exchange for her mother 's continued medical care . As Ustinov rapes her , he is killed by Matorin , a Russian operative authorized by Ivan . Ivan offers Dominika a choice to begin working for Russian intelligence , or be executed so there are no witnesses . Nate Nash is a CIA operative working in Moscow . While meeting with an asset in Gorky Park , they are confronted by the police . Nash creates a diversion to ensure his asset , a mole in Russian ranks code - named Marble , escapes detection . Nash is reassigned back to the U.S. but insists that he is the only individual whom Marble will work with . Since he can not return to Russia , he is assigned to Budapest , where he will regain contact with Marble . Dominika is sent to train to become a Russian operative , known as a ' Sparrow ' , capable of seducing her targets . Dominika excels in her training , despite some friction with her trainers , and she is assigned to Budapest . Russian SVR has been tracking Nash , and hopes to find out the identity of Marble . Dominika 's assignment is to gain the trust of Nash , and reveal his contact . Upon her arrival in Budapest , Dominika lives with Marta , another Sparrow . Her boss in Budapest is Maxim Volontov . Dominika quickly makes contact with Nash , who correctly determines that she is a Russian intelligence operative . Dominika reveals her true identity to him , as well as her motive to find out Marble 's identity . While Marta is out , Dominika inspects her room , and realizes that she is working to gather information from Stephanie Boucher , chief of staff for a U.S. Senator . Dominika realizes she needs more time , and claims to her uncle that she is helping in Marta 's effort to gather information from Boucher . Upon returning home one day , Dominika finds Marta brutally tortured and murdered . Matorin reveals that he carried out the murder as a warning not to betray Russian secrets . Dominika offers to work for Nash as a double agent . She carries out Marta 's assignment to meet Boucher , and covertly exchanges the supplied information for CIA - supplied floppy disks . On leaving the meeting place , Boucher sees American agents and is spooked . She unintentionally steps into traffic and is killed . Russian agents observing Boucher realize that the mission had been compromised . Dominika and Volontov are required to immediately return to Moscow . She is tortured and interrogated for days but does not break even as her boss Volontov was apparently executed . She convinces Ivan that she is now credible to the Americans , as she has been tortured by her own people and did not reveal information . Dominika returns to Budapest , and informs Nash that she wishes to defect with her mother to America . After spending the night with Nash , Dominika awakes to find him being tortured by Matorin , who is attempting to discover the identity of Marble . She initially helps Matorin torture Nash , but turns on the executioner and kills him . She wakes in a hospital where General Vladimir Korchnoi reveals that he is Marble . He explains that he was initially patriotic , but grew to feel that Russia was corrupt . He fears he will be caught soon , and instead of dying in vain , instructs Dominika to reveal his identity to Ivan . She could then replace him as a mole and further their work by passing information to the CIA . But when Dominika contacts her superiors to reveal the identity of the mole , she frames her uncle Ivan rather than betray Korchnoi . Ivan is killed by the Russian side during a spy swap , and Dominika is congratulated for her work by her Russian superiors . Back home in Russia , Dominika lives with her mother , and receives a phone call from an unknown person who plays Grieg 's piano concerto that she had listened to during her affair with Nash . Cast ( edit ) Jennifer Lawrence as Dominika Egorova Joel Edgerton as Nate Nash Matthias Schoenaerts as Ivan Vladimirovich Egorov , Dominika 's uncle Charlotte Rampling as `` Matron '' , the Headmistress of Sparrow School Mary - Louise Parker as Stephanie Boucher , a US Senator 's Chief of Staff Jeremy Irons as General Vladimir Andreievich Korchnoi Ciarán Hinds as Colonel Zakharov Joely Richardson as Nina Egorova , Dominika 's mother Bill Camp as Marty Gable Thekla Reuten as Marta Yelenova , a fellow Sparrow Sergej Onopko as Simionov , a Russian operative and executioner Sebastian Hülk as Sergei Matorin , a Russian operative and torture expert Hugh Quarshie as Simon Benford Sakina Jaffrey as Trish Forsyth Douglas Hodge as Maxim Volontov Sasha Frolova as Anya Kristof Konrad as Dimitri Ustinov Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) After Jason Matthews ' book Red Sparrow was published in 2013 , 20th Century Fox purchased the film rights , and signed Francis Lawrence to direct . Matthews said the idea of `` sparrows '' and a `` sparrow school '' was based on State School 4 in the Soviet Union , though Russian `` sexpionage '' is now done by women contracted outside of spy agencies . The Russian concept of kompromat was also influential . Lawrence worked on adapting Matthews ' book in 2015 , and has said that at the time , he had reservations about the timeliness of a Cold War story . Screenwriter Justin Haythe reduced the number of narrators and shifting perspectives in the novel , concentrating on Dominika . Russian President Vladimir Putin , who appears in the novel , was also cut from the adaptation , due to Lawrence 's belief that it would be a distraction to have an actor play the highly public figure . Matthews , who said he based his book on his experiences in the CIA , was also hired as technical advisor , to supervise the accuracy of the depiction of espionage . He had the Gorky Park scene rewritten to depict espionage methods more accurately . Casting ( edit ) Francis Lawrence presented the screenplay to Jennifer Lawrence , who accepted the part . Jennifer stated she admired the character and Francis ' direction , with her sole point of hesitation being the `` really sexual '' nature of the character . Francis Lawrence then met with her personally to discuss the nude scenes . In 2014 , Jennifer had private nude photos stolen in the iCloud leaks . However , Lawrence drew a distinction between the film and the leak based on her consent to the film , as opposed to the leak . Lawrence explained : `` The insecurity and fear of being judged for getting nude , what I went through , should that dictate decisions I make for the rest of my life ? '' Matthews advised Lawrence that double agents from Russia feel `` a dread of discovery , a dread of being arrested , a dread of going to prison . '' Lawrence also studied ballet for four months . Kurt Froman of the New York City Ballet coached her , as she had never studied ballet before , and spent four hours with her each day for five days per week . As a former member of the CIA , Matthews coached actor Joel Edgerton . Edgerton said it was difficult to consider having `` an interpersonal dating - style relationship ... ( and ) That fact that you would have to report any of those kinds of interactions with your bosses . '' Matthias Schoenaerts and Jeremy Irons joined the cast by December 2016 . Filming ( edit ) Festetics Mansion in Dég Principal photography started in Budapest and Dunaújváros in Hungary on January 5 , 2017 . Other filming locations include Festetics Mansion in Dég , Hungary ; Bratislava , Slovakia ; and Vienna , Austria . On May 3 , 2017 , Jennifer Lawrence was spotted shooting some scenes at London 's Heathrow Airport . Post-production ( edit ) In post-production , Francis offered Jennifer Lawrence the opportunity to view a cut of the film ahead of the studio and producers , so that she might request the deletion of any nude or sexual scenes . She declined to request any deletions . However , the film was edited for the United Kingdom release to remove a violent sequence and secure a 15 certificate from the British Board of Film Classification . For the soundtrack , the 1868 Piano Concerto by Edvard Grieg was used . James Newton Howard wrote the score , recorded in October 2017 , citing Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's Requiem and Igor Stravinsky 's The Firebird as influences . He commenced work before seeing a cut of the film . 2 . Adagio Grieg 's piano concerto Problems playing this file ? See media help . Release ( edit ) Red Sparrow was originally scheduled to be released by 20th Century Fox on November 10 , 2017 , but in April 2017 the release date was moved to March 2 , 2018 , because it was seen as a less competitive one . The studio 's adaptation of Murder on the Orient Express was moved into Red Sparrow 's November slot . The first trailer for the film was released on September 14 , 2017 . The film premiered on February 15 , 2018 at Newseum , and began a U.S. theatrical release on March 2 . Overseas , Red Sparrow screened at FEST in Belgrade on February 28 , 2018 . It was released in the United Kingdom on March 1 , 2018 . Red Sparrow was released on digital streaming platforms on May 15 , 2018 . It was released on 4K UHD Blu - ray , Blu - ray and DVD on May 22 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of May 3 , 2018 , Red Sparrow has grossed $46.7 million in the United States and Canada , and $101.2 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $148 million , against a production budget of $69 million . In the United States and Canada , Red Sparrow was released alongside Death Wish , and was projected to gross $20 -- 24 million from 3,056 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $6 million on its first day ( including $1.2 million from Thursday night previews ) and $17 million over the weekend , finishing second , behind holdover Black Panther . Deadline Hollywood noted the opening was underwhelming given the film 's $69 million budget , and that Lawrence 's salary of $15 -- 20 million was too much to spend on one star . It fell 51 % in its second weekend to $8.15 million , finishing fourth . Critical response ( edit ) Despite the film receiving mixed reviews , Jennifer Lawrence 's performance was praised by critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 47 % , based on 237 reviews , and an average rating of 5.6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Red Sparrow aims for smart , sexy spy thriller territory , but Jennifer Lawrence 's committed performance is n't enough to compensate for thin characters and a convoluted story . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100 , based on 51 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times found the film to be `` preposterously entertaining '' and credited its success to Lawrence 's performance , writing that `` like all great stars , ( Lawrence ) can slip into a role as if sliding into another skin , unburdened by hesitation or self - doubt . '' IndieWire 's Eric Kohn , who graded the film a B , noted the performances of Lawrence and Rampling , stating that `` the considerable talent on display is ( the film 's ) constant saving grace . '' However , he also found that the film `` does n't know when to stop , sagging into bland torture scenes and an underwhelming final showdown . '' Giving the film a B - , The A.V. Club 's Jesse Hassenger noted its methodical nature , with its minimal action and character exploration , and remarked that Francis Lawrence `` brings to this material what he brought to The Hunger Games : a sense of style that feels constrained by obligations to hit a certain number of plot points . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap criticized the derivative story and the lack of chemistry between Lawrence and Edgerton , calling the film `` neither intelligent enough to be involving nor fun enough to be trashy . '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars and said , `` Half of the Red Sparrow audience will spend at least part of the running time fighting off memories of Salt and Atomic Blonde and the Black Widow storyline from The Avengers . The other half , meantime , will wonder when spy movies became quite so punishing . '' Simran Hans of The Guardian found the film to be sexist , writing that `` it busies itself with the grim surface pleasures of ogling its central character as she is degraded in every way possible . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Pentagon Papers Drama Gets 2017 Oscar Season Release '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RED SPARROW ( 2018 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Sparrow ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Waters , Michael ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Red Sparrow ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Red Sparrow ' Review Roundup : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Matthias Schoenaerts , Jeremy Irons Joining Jennifer Lawrence in ' Red Sparrow ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Nepales , Ruben V. ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Red Sparrow ' director talks about working with Jennifer Lawrence again '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar - nominated actress Charlotte Rampling talks about growing up in East Anglia '' . Eastern Daily Press . Archant Community Media . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Sakina Jaffrey Cast In Fox 's ' Red Sparrow ' ; Bill Marchant Joins Sci - Fi Indie ' Volition ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence filming spy thriller `` Red Sparrow '' in Budapest `` . PanARMENIAN.Net . PanARMENIAN Network . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Seija ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Inside Red Sparrow : From best - selling spy novel to Jennifer Lawrence blockbuster '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : David , Javier E. ( March 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Red Sparrow ' used to be an actual phenomenon during the Cold War , and in some ways still is : Author '' . CNBC . NBCUniversal . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Mary Louise ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Red Sparrow ' Author And Ex-CIA Agent Says New Movie Gets Spy Life Right '' . All Things Considered . NPR . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rottenberg , Josh ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Sex , violence and a Russian accent : Jennifer Lawrence takes another big risk with ' Red Sparrow ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lazarus , Susanna ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Red Sparrow director on Jennifer Lawrence 's racy scenes and why he cut Vladimir Putin from the movie '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison , Alexa ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence 's ' Red Sparrow ' Nude Scenes Made Her More Secure in Wake of Photo Hack '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Red Sparrow ' Director Francis Lawrence Gave Star Jennifer Lawrence Control Over Spy Thriller 's Nude Scenes '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence says Red Sparrow naked scenes helped her get past photo hack '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( February 2018 ) . `` One Hard Thing About Filming Red Sparrow , According To Jennifer Lawrence '' . Cinema Blend . GatewayBlend Entertainment . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wong , Curtis M. ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Meet The Man Who Helped Make Jennifer Lawrence A ' Red Sparrow ' Ballerina '' . HuffPost . Oath . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 24.hu ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Budapest utcáján fotózták le Jennifer Lawrence - t '' . 24.hu ( in Hungarian ) . Central Digitális Média . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andi , Jeney ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` Itt vannak az első budapesti fotók Jennifer Lawrence - ről '' . Cosmopolitan.hu ( in Hungarian ) . Central Médiacsoport . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vass , Eszter ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Arrived in Budapest '' . Daily News Hungary . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Judit , Szanyi - Nagy ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Amerikai filmet forgatnak Dégen : Jennifer Lawrence is felbukkanhat a faluban '' ( in Hungarian ) . Mediaworks Hungary . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeth , Becky ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Off - duty Jennifer Lawrence transforms into a sexy Russian spy with a platinum wig and blunt bangs as she films Red Sparrow in Slovakia '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Waddell , Lily ; Ackerman , Naomi ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence films Red Sparrow scenes in Vienna '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Andrew ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Camel - flage ! Jennifer Lawrence shoots scenes for her Russian spy film in a long tan coat , a tight black polo neck and a blonde wig at London Heathrow Airport '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warner , Sam ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence 's new movie had to be re-edited to avoid an 18 certificate for ' strong sadistic violence ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reeder , Steve ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` FILM REVIEW : A Dancer Transformed Into A ' Red Sparrow ' '' . Northwest Public Radio . Edward R. Murrow College of Communication . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zemler , Emily ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Making music for Russian spies : ' Hunger Games ' team reunites for ' Red Sparrow ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Spy Thriller ' Red Sparrow ' Pushed to 2018 '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` First ' Red Sparrow ' Trailer Reveals Jennifer Lawrence as a Russian Spy '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Brent N. ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` DC Premiere of ' Red Sparrow ' '' . The Oklahoman . NewsOK . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Galic , David ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Belgrade 's International Film Festival Kicks Off '' . Balkan Insight . Balkan Investigative Reporting Network . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Parkin , Simon ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Video preview : films not to miss at the cinema in March 2018 '' . Eastern Daily Press . Archant Community Media . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sparrow '' . Tribute . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Szadkowski , Joseph ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Red Sparrow ' 4K Ultra HD review '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cadden , Mary . `` Week in entertainment : ' Han Solo ' in theaters , ' Red Sparrow ' on DVD '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' To Wave Off ' Death Wish ' & Eat ' Red Sparrow ' -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Busts Past Half Billion ; ' Red Sparrow ' Flies Low With $17 M -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Rules 4th Frame With $41 M+ ; ' A Wrinkle In Time ' At $33 M+ : A Diversity & Disney Dominant Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sparrow ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sparrow Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Red Sparrow ' Has Spies , Lies and Dirty Dancing '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Red Sparrow ' Review : Jennifer Lawrence Is a Badass Russian Spy Who Uses Her Sexuality Like a Weapon in Solid Thriller '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hassenger , Jesse ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence tweaks her action - heroine steeliness in the half - trashy Red Sparrow '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Durande , Alonso ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Red Sparrow ' Film Review : Jennifer Lawrence Swans About in Silly Spy Tale '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Red Sparrow ' review : Jennifer Lawrence dances with espionage '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hans , Simran ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` Red Sparrow review -- sexist spy thriller '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Red Sparrow on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by Francis Lawrence Constantine ( 2005 ) I Am Legend ( 2007 ) Water for Elephants ( 2011 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) Red Sparrow ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sparrow&oldid=843601877 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s spy films 2010s thriller films American films American spy films American thriller films 20th Century Fox films Films about ballet Films about the Central Intelligence Agency Films directed by Francis Lawrence Films scored by James Newton Howard Films set in Budapest Films set in London Films set in Moscow Films set in Virginia Films shot in Budapest Films shot in Hungary Films shot in London Films shot in Slovakia Films shot in Vienna Films based on American novels Rape and revenge films Hidden categories : CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 06 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the movie red sparrow what is it about | [
"Red Sparrow is a 2018 American spy thriller film directed by Francis Lawrence and written by Justin Haythe, based on the 2013 novel of the same name by Jason Matthews. The film stars Jennifer Lawrence, Joel Edgerton, Matthias Schoenaerts, Charlotte Rampling, Mary-Louise Parker, and Jeremy Irons. It tells the story of a Russian intelligence officer who is sent to make contact with a CIA agent in the hope of discovering the identity of a mole."
] | [
"a Russian intelligence officer who is sent to make contact with a CIA agent in the hope of discovering the identity of a mole"
] |
-8547170240698654228 | Grease (film) | Grease ( film ) - wikipedia Grease ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Grease Theatrical release poster Directed by Randal Kleiser Produced by Robert Stigwood Allan Carr Screenplay by Bronte Woodard Based on Grease by Jim Jacobs Warren Casey Starring John Travolta Olivia Newton - John Stockard Channing Jeff Conaway Music by Michael Gibson Cinematography Bill Butler Edited by John F. Burnett Robert Pergament Production company RSO Records Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 16 , 1978 ( 1978 - 06 - 16 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $395 million Grease is a 1978 American musical romantic comedy film based on Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey 's musical of the same name . Written by Bronte Woodard and directed by Randal Kleiser in his theatrical feature film debut , the film depicts the life of Rydell High School students Danny ( John Travolta ) and Sandy ( Olivia Newton - John ) in the late 1950s . Grease was successful both critically and commercially . Its soundtrack album ended 1978 as the second - best selling album of the year in the United States , behind the soundtrack of the 1977 blockbuster Saturday Night Fever . A sequel , Grease 2 , was released in 1982 , with Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer playing leads . Only a few of the original cast members reprised their roles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Principal cast 2.2 School staff / others 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming locations 3.3 Post-production 4 Release and reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Home video 4.4 Awards 4.5 American Film Institute Recognition 4.6 Sequels and spin - offs 5 Soundtrack 6 Television 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the summer of 1959 , Danny Zuko ( John Travolta ) and vacationing Sandy Olsson ( Olivia Newton - John ) met at the beach and fell in love . When the summer comes to an end , Sandy , who is going back to Australia , frets that they may never meet again , but Danny tells her that their love is `` only the beginning '' . The film moves to the start of the seniors ' term at Rydell High School ( `` Grease '' ) . Danny , a greaser , is a member of the T - Birds , consisting of his best friend Kenickie ( Jeff Conaway ) , Doody ( Barry Pearl ) , Sonny ( Michael Tucci ) , and Putzie ( Kelly Ward ) . The Pink Ladies , a popular clique of girls , also arrive , consisting of Rizzo ( Stockard Channing ) , Frenchy ( Didi Conn ) , Marty ( Dinah Manoff ) , and Jan ( Jamie Donnelly ) . After her parents decide to move from Australia , Sandy enrolls at Rydell and is befriended by Frenchy , who considers dropping out of school to become a beautician . Unaware of each other 's presence at Rydell , Danny and Sandy tell their respective groups the accounts of events during the pair 's brief romance , without initially mentioning the other 's name . Sandy 's version emphasizes the romance of the affair , while Danny 's version is more sexual ( and therefore presumably less honest ) ( `` Summer Nights '' ) . When Sandy finally tells everyone it was Danny Zuko , Rizzo arranges a surprise reunion for the two at a pep rally , where Sandy is cheering along with high - achiever Patty Simcox ( Susan Buckner ) . At the rally , Sandy catches the eye of a member of the football team ( Lorenzo Lamas ) . When Sandy and Danny are reunited , they are initially elated , but Danny soon slips back into his greaser attitude , which offends Sandy . At the same rally , Kenickie reveals his new car and announces he has entered it into a `` pinks '' street race at Thunder Road . Frenchy invites Sandy to her house for a sleepover . Sandy throws up from trying a cigarette , drinking a dessert wine , and getting her ears pierced by Frenchy . While she recovers in the bathroom , Rizzo makes fun of her innocence and virtuous nature ( `` Look At Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' ) . The T - Birds arrive in Kenickie 's car , and Rizzo departs to make out with Kenickie , leaving the other T - Birds stranded . Sandy laments over her feelings towards Danny , despite his earlier behavior ( `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' ) . As Kenickie and Rizzo are having a tryst , the condom Kenickie is using breaks . The two are also interrupted by Leo Balmudo ( Dennis C. Stewart ) , leader of the T - Birds ' rival gang , the Scorpions , and his girlfriend Cha - Cha ( Annette Charles ) . The next day , Danny and the T - Birds prepare to get Kenickie 's car ready for the race ( `` Greased Lightnin ' '' ) . In an attempt to impress Sandy , Danny approaches Coach Calhoun ( Sid Caesar ) in an effort to become a high school athlete . His combative nature leads to fights with the basketball team , wrestlers , and baseball players , so Calhoun suggests cross-country running , in which Danny excels . Danny 's running proves to impress Sandy , prompting the two to reconcile for a date at the Frosty Palace ; when the other greasers arrive , Danny and Sandy promptly leave in discomfort . Kenickie and a noticeably distressed Rizzo get into an argument and break up , while Putzie and Jan begin dating . Left alone , Frenchy -- who dropped out of Rydell to enroll in beauty school , only to quit when she turned her own hair bright pink -- is visited by a guardian angel ( Frankie Avalon ) who advises her to return to Rydell ( `` Beauty School Dropout '' ) . The school dance arrives , broadcast live on television and hosted by DJ Vince Fontaine ( Edd Byrnes ) , who flirts with Marty . Rizzo and Kenickie attempt to spite one another by bringing Leo and Cha - Cha as their dates , while Danny and Sandy arrive together . Danny and Sandy dance well and appear to be on their way to winning the competition , but a drunken Sonny pulls Sandy off the floor partway through . Cha - Cha joins Danny for the rest of the dance , and the two win ( `` Born to Hand Jive '' ) . During the last dance ( `` Blue Moon '' ) , Putzie leads Sonny and Doody in a mooning of the national TV audience , which Principal McGee ( Eve Arden ) vows to put on their permanent records . Danny apologizes to Sandy and tries to make it up to her by taking her to a drive - in theater . She 's unmoved by his pleas for forgiveness until he gives Sandy his ring , which she gleefully accepts . Moments later , Danny tries to aggressively make out with her , causing Sandy to angrily throw his ring at him and depart , leaving Danny distraught ( `` Sandy '' ) . Meanwhile , Rizzo admits she may be pregnant to Marty , who in turn tells Sonny , and the rumor spreads like wildfire through the drive - in , reaching Kenickie just as Rizzo is walking past . He attempts to talk to Rizzo about it , telling her he does n't run away from his mistakes . Rizzo tells him it was someone else 's mistake , a response that angers Kenickie . At school the next day , word of Rizzo 's pregnancy fears reaches Patty Simcox , who has spread the gossip to her clique and sneers at Rizzo as they walk by . A visibly hurt Rizzo , who thanks Sandy for her offer of help , sings to herself about how her sins are not as bad as they could be ( `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' ) . On the day of the race , Kenickie asks Danny to be on standby in case he decides to back out . Moments before the race is set to begin , Kenickie suffers a concussion when he bends over to pick up a penny for good luck and Putzie opens the car door on Kenickie 's head , and Danny takes the helm of the car . Leo and Danny run a tight race , with Leo attempting to shred Danny 's tires with bladed hubcaps ( in a sequence paying homage to Ben - Hur ) ; Danny eventually wins when Leo skids out . Sandy watches from afar and concludes that she still loves Danny . She decides to change her attitude and image to impress him and asks Frenchy for help ( `` Look At Me , I 'm Sandra Dee ( Reprise ) '' ) . On the last day of school , a sobbing Principal McGee and her equally nostalgic assistant Blanche ( Dody Goodman ) , in a speech over the intercom , state that some of the Rydell graduates could go on to become great leaders , such as the next Eleanor Roosevelt or Richard Nixon ( which appeals to Sonny ) . The seniors celebrate their graduation at the fair on the school grounds . Sonny and Putzie find out they can not graduate until completing summer school , as Coach Calhoun had failed Sonny in physical education and Putzie had never even taken the course . Kenickie approaches Rizzo and demands to talk to her , only to have her reveal she is not pregnant after all . Overjoyed , they reunite . He proposes to her again , and this time she accepts . Danny shows up wearing a Letterman 's sweater and reveals he lettered in track while the rest of the T - Birds were preoccupied with tuning up Kenickie 's car . The T - Birds lament that Danny has forsaken being a greaser in favor of becoming a jock which Danny confesses is a decision he has made in an effort to clean up his image so that he can be together with Sandy , telling the T - Birds that they too will have to grow up and stop following people all the time . The group is subsequently stunned when Sandy appears seconds later sporting a new hairstyle , dressed in black leather , and smoking a cigarette . In song , the two admit they love each other and reunite ( `` You 're the One That I Want '' ) and Sandy also tells Danny that if she was willing to change for him then it is only fair that he do the same for her by being faithful and more mature . The gang realizes that high school is now over , and worries that they 'll never see each other again . Danny insists , `` Nah , that 'll never happen , '' and everyone celebrates their friendship ( `` We Go Together '' ) . As the song nears its conclusion , Danny and Sandy depart in a red hot rod , which takes flight , and the pair wave goodbye to their friends . Cast ( edit ) Principal cast ( edit ) John Travolta as Danny Zuko , who lives a double life as leader of the greaser gang the T - Birds and as Sandy 's love interest Olivia Newton - John as Sandra Dee `` Sandy '' Olsson , an Australian expatriate and ingenue Stockard Channing as Betty Rizzo , the cynical leader of the Pink Ladies clique Jeff Conaway as Kenickie , Danny 's best friend , Rizzo 's boyfriend and the owner of Greased Lightnin ' Barry Pearl as Doody , a member of the T - Birds Michael Tucci as Sonny LaTierri , a trouble - making wannabe womanizer Kelly Ward as Putzie , a member of the T - Birds and Jan 's boyfriend Didi Conn as Frenchy , Sandy 's closest friend in the Pink Ladies Jamie Donnelly as Jan , a member of the Pink Ladies and Putzie 's girlfriend Dinah Manoff as Marty Maraschino , a member of the Pink Ladies whose attractiveness regularly draws the attention of men School staff / others ( edit ) Eve Arden as Principal Greta McGee , who shows discomfort at the goings - on at Rydell High Dody Goodman as Vice Principal Blanche Hodel , who enjoys even the wilder antics at the school Sid Caesar as Coach Calhoun , the tough - talking gym teacher and coach of all the school 's perennially losing sports teams Eddie Deezen as Eugene Felsnick , the class nerd Susan Buckner as Patty Simcox , head cheerleader and a rival for Danny 's affections Lorenzo Lamas as Tom Chisum , a jock who competes for Sandy 's affections Dennis C. Stewart as Leo `` Craterface '' Balmudo , head of the Scorpions , a rival greaser gang Annette Charles as Charlene `` Cha - Cha '' DiGregorio , Leo 's girlfriend Joan Blondell as Vi , a waitress at the Frosty Palace Ellen Travolta as Waitress Frankie Avalon as Teen Angel Edd Byrnes as Vince Fontaine , on - air personality at KZAZ radio and television Sha - Na - Na as Johnny Casino and the Gamblers , a rock and roll band Alice Ghostley as Mrs. Murdock , a rogue shop teacher who helps build Greased Lightnin ' for the T - Birds Darrell Zwerling as Mr. Lynch Dick Patterson as Mr. Rudie Fannie Flagg as Nurse Wilkins Michael Biehn as Mike Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) John Travolta had previously worked with producer Robert Stigwood on Saturday Night Fever , had a nascent singing career at the time ( including the top - 10 hit `` Let Her In '' in 1976 ) , and had previously appeared as Doody in a touring production of the stage version of Grease . He made a number of casting recommendations that Stigwood ultimately accepted , including suggesting Randal Kleiser ( who had never directed a theatrical feature before this but had directed Travolta in the 1976 telefilm The Boy in the Plastic Bubble ) as director , and Olivia Newton - John , then known almost exclusively as a country music singer , as Sandy . Newton - John had done little acting before this film , with only one film credit ( the unreleased 1970 film Toomorrow , which predated her singing breakthrough ) to her name up to that time . Before accepting the role , Newton - John requested a screen test for Grease to avoid another career setback . The screen test was done with the drive - in movie scene . Newton - John , who is native to England and lived most of her life in Australia , was unable to perform with a convincing American accent , and thus her character was rewritten to be Australian . Before Newton - John was hired , Allan Carr was considering numerous names such as Ann - Margret , Susan Dey and Marie Osmond for the lead role ; Newton - John agreed to a reduced asking price in exchange for star billing . In a case of life imitating art , Newton - John 's own musical career would undergo a transformation similar to that of the Sandy Olsson character ; her next album after Grease , the provocatively titled Totally Hot , featured a much more sexual and pop - oriented approach , with Newton - John appearing on the album cover in similar all - leather attire and teased hair . Jeff Conaway , like Travolta , had previously appeared in the stage version of Grease ; he had played Danny Zuko during the show 's run on Broadway . Jamie Donnelly reprised her role as Jan from the Broadway show , the only cast member to do so ; as her hair had begun to gray by this point , she had to dye her hair to resemble her stage character . Kelly Ward had previously appeared as a similar sarcastic supporting character in The Boy in the Plastic Bubble with Travolta under Kleiser ; the role was substantially rewritten from the musical . Whereas `` Rump '' in the musical sang lead on two songs and was particularly known for his mooning , the renamed `` Putzie '' did not sing and shares the mooning scene with two of the other T - Birds , Sonny and Doody . Lorenzo Lamas was a last - minute replacement for Steven Ford , who developed stage fright shortly before filming and backed out . His role contained no spoken dialogue and required Lamas to dye his hair blond to avoid looking like most of the other T - Birds ( although Conaway and Ward were also blonds ) . Henry Winkler was once considered for a lead in the film . Winkler , who was playing Arthur Fonzarelli on Happy Days , was originally chosen to play Danny . His lack of singing experience and fear of being typecast after Happy Days and the film The Lords of Flatbush led him to decline the role . Adult film star Harry Reems was originally signed to play Coach Calhoun ; however , executives at Paramount nixed the idea due to Reems ' previous work in adult films , and producers cast Sid Caesar instead . Caesar was one of several veterans of 1950s television ( Eve Arden , Frankie Avalon , Joan Blondell , Edd Byrnes , Alice Ghostley , Dody Goodman ) to be cast in supporting roles . Coincidentally , Frankie Avalon and Randal Kleiser had both appeared in 1966 's Fireball 500 , the latter as an extra . Filming locations ( edit ) The car race in the film took place at the Los Angeles River . The opening beach scene was shot at Malibu 's Leo Carrillo State Beach , making explicit reference to From Here to Eternity . The exterior Rydell scenes , including the basketball , baseball and track segments , were shot at Venice High School in Venice , California , while the Rydell interiors , including the high school dance , were filmed at Huntington Park High School . The sleepover was shot at a private house in East Hollywood . The Paramount Pictures studio lot was the location of the scenes that involve Frosty Palace and the musical numbers `` Greased Lightning '' and `` Beauty School Dropout '' . The drive - in movie scenes were shot at the Burbank Pickwick Drive - In ( it was closed and torn down in 1989 and a shopping center took its place ) . The race was filmed at the Los Angeles River , between the First and Seventh Street Bridges , where many other films have been shot . The final scene where the carnival took place used John Marshall High School . And due to budget cuts a short scene was filmed at Hazard Park in Los Angeles . Post-production ( edit ) Scenes inside the Frosty Palace contain obvious blurring of various Coca - Cola signs . Prior to the film 's release , producer Allan Carr had made a product - placement deal with Coca - Cola 's main competitor Pepsi ( for example , a Pepsi logo can be seen in the animated opening sequence ) . When Carr saw the footage of the scene with Coca - Cola products and signage , he ordered director Randal Kleiser to either reshoot the scene with Pepsi products or remove the Coca - Cola logos from the scene . As reshoots were deemed too expensive and time - consuming , optical mattes were used to cover up or blur out the Coca - Cola references . The ' blurring ' covered up trademarked menu signage and a large wall poster , but a red cooler with the logo could not be sufficiently altered so was left unchanged . According to Kleiser , `` We just had to hope that Pepsi would n't complain . They did n't . '' In the 2010 sing - along version ( see below ) , the blurred Coke poster has been digitally removed . In its place is more of the wavy wall design that surrounded it . John Wilson did the animated title sequence for the start of the film . Release and reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Grease was originally released to North American theaters on June 16 , 1978 and was an immediate box office success . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $8,941,717 in 862 theaters in the United States and Canada , ranking at No. 2 ( behind Jaws 2 ) at the box office . Grease has grossed $188,755,690 domestically and $206,200,000 internationally , totaling $394,955,690 worldwide . Globally , it was the highest - grossing musical ever , eclipsing the 13 - year - old record held by The Sound of Music , but has since been overtaken by Les Misérables , Mamma Mia ! and the 2017 release of Beauty and the Beast . Grease is now the fourth highest - grossing live action musical . Critical reception ( edit ) Grease received mostly positive reviews from movie critics and is considered by many as one of the best films of 1978 . Vincent Canby on its initial release in June 1978 called the film `` terrific fun '' , describing it as a `` contemporary fantasy about a 1950s teen - age musical -- a larger , funnier , wittier and more imaginative - than - Hollywood movie with a life that is all its own '' ; Canby pointed out that the film was `` somewhat in the manner of Close Encounters of the Third Kind , which recalls the science - fiction films of the ' 50s in a manner more elegant and more benign than anything that was ever made then , Grease is a multimillion - dollar evocation of the B - picture quickies that Sam Katzman used to turn out in the ' 50s ( Do n't Knock the Rock , 1956 ) and that American International carried to the sea in the 1960s ( Beach Party , 1963 ) . '' Grease was voted the best musical ever on Channel 4 's 100 greatest musicals in 2004 . The film currently holds a 75 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes based on 61 critic reviews with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 and with a consensus that reads , `` Grease is a pleasing , energetic musical with infectiously catchy songs and an ode to young love that never gets old . '' It holds a score of 70 / 100 on similar website Metacritic . Grease premiered for the first time on American television in 1981 on ABC - TV . It was re-released to theaters in 1998 to mark the 20th anniversary . The film was also ranked number 21 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the 50 Best High School Movies . Home Video ( edit ) Grease was first released in the US on VHS by Paramount Home Video in 1982 , with reissues in 1989 and 1994 ; the last VHS release was on June 23 , 1998 and titled the 20th Anniversary Edition following a theatrical re-release that March . On September 17 , 2002 , it was released on DVD for the first time . On September 19 , 2006 , it was re-released on DVD as the Rockin ' Rydell Edition , which came with a black Rydell High T - Bird jacket cover , a white Rydell `` R '' letterman 's sweater cover or the Target - exclusive Pink Ladies cover . It was released on Blu - ray Disc on May 5 , 2009 . Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 1978 Grease Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Nominated John Travolta Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated Olivia Newton - John Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated `` Grease '' Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song Nominated `` You 're the One That I Want '' Nominated 1979 CIC Golden Screen Award Won Stockard Channing People 's Choice Award for Favorite Motion Picture Supporting Actress Won Grease People 's Choice Award for Favorite Musical Motion Picture Won Grease People 's Choice Award for Favorite Overall Motion Picture Won `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' Academy Award for Best Original Song Nominated 2006 Grease Satellite Award for Best Classic DVD Nominated 2008 `` You 're the One That I Want '' TV Land Award for Movie Dance Sequence You Reenacted in Your Living Room Nominated American Film Institute Recognition ( edit ) American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions : No. 97 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : No. 70 for `` Summer Nights '' AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals : No. 20 Sequels and spin - offs ( edit ) The sequel , Grease 2 ( 1982 ) , stars Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer . While only a few cast members from the original movie such as Dody Goodman , Sid Caesar , Eddie Deezen , Didi Conn , Dennis Stewart and Eve Arden reprise their respective roles . Dick Patterson returned , playing a different character . It was not as successful , grossing just $15 million on its $13 million budget . Patricia Birch , the original movie 's choreographer , directed the ill - fated sequel . It would be the only movie that she would direct . On July 8 , 2010 , a sing - along version of Grease was released to select theaters around the U.S. A trailer was released in May 2010 with cigarettes digitally removed from certain scenes , implying heavy editing ; however , Paramount confirmed these changes were done only for the film 's advertising , and the rating for the film itself changed from its original PG to that of PG - 13 for `` sexual content including references , teen smoking and drinking , and language . '' The movie was shown for two weekends only ; additional cities lobbied by fans from the Paramount official website started a week later and screened for one weekend . On March 12 , 2013 , Grease and Grease 2 were packaged together in a Double Feature DVD set from Warner Home Video . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Grease : The Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture The soundtrack album ended 1978 as the second - best selling album of the year in the United States , exceeded only by another soundtrack album , from the film Saturday Night Fever , which also starred Travolta . The song `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Music -- Original Song . The song `` You 're the One That I Want '' was released as a single prior to the film 's release and became an immediate chart - topper , despite not being in the stage show or having been seen in the film at that time . Additionally , the dance number to `` You 're the One That I Want '' was nominated for TV Land 's award for `` Movie Dance Sequence You Reenacted in Your Living Room '' in 2008 . In the United Kingdom , the two Travolta / Newton - John duets , `` You 're the One That I Want '' and `` Summer Nights '' , were both number one hits and as of 2011 are still among the 20 best - selling singles of all time ( at Nos. 6 and 19 respectively ) . The movie 's title song was also a number - one hit single for Frankie Valli . The song `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' references Sal Mineo in the original stage version . Mineo was stabbed to death a year before filming , so the line was changed to refer to Elvis Presley instead . The references to Troy Donohue , Doris Day , Rock Hudson and Annette Funicello are from the original stage version . Coincidentally , this scene as well as the scene before and the scene after it were filmed on August 16 , 1977 , the date of Elvis Presley 's death . Some of the songs were not present in the film ; songs that appear in the film but not in the soundtrack are `` La Bamba '' by Ritchie Valens , `` Whole Lotta Shaking Going On '' by Jerry Lee Lewis , `` Alma Mater '' , `` Alma Mater Parody '' , and `` Rydell Fight Song '' . `` Alone at a Drive - in Movie ( instrumental ) '' , `` Mooning '' , and `` Freddy My Love '' are not present in the film , although all three are listed in the end credits in - addition to being on the soundtrack . ( Both `` Mooning '' and `` Rock'n'Roll Party Queen , '' the latter of which was played in the film as background music , were written in the musical for a character named Roger that was written out of the film , replaced by the non-singing Putzie . In general , all of the songs in the musical that were performed by characters other than Danny , Rizzo , Sandy or Johnny Casino were either taken out of the film or given to other characters , including Marty Maraschino 's number `` Freddy My Love , '' Kenickie 's `` Greased Lightnin ' , '' and Doody 's `` Those Magic Changes . '' ) The songs appear in the film in the following order : `` Love is a Many - Splendored Thing '' `` Grease '' `` Alma Mater '' `` Summer Nights '' -- Danny , Sandy , Pink Ladies and T - Birds `` Rydell Fight Song '' -- Rydell Marching Band `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' -- Rizzo and Pink Ladies `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' -- Sandy `` Greased Lightnin ' '' -- Danny and T - Birds `` La Bamba '' `` It 's Raining on Prom Night '' `` Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin ' On '' `` Beauty School Dropout '' -- Teen Angel and Female Angels `` Rock n ' Roll Party Queen '' `` Rock n ' Roll is Here to Stay '' -- Johnny Casino and the Gamblers `` Those Magic Changes '' -- Johnny Casino and the Gamblers ; Danny sings along onscreen `` Tears on My Pillow '' -- Johnny Casino and the Gamblers `` Hound Dog '' -- Johnny Casino and the Gamblers `` Born to Hand Jive '' -- Johnny Casino and the Gamblers `` Blue Moon '' -- Johnny Casino and the Gamblers `` Sandy '' -- Danny `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' -- Rizzo `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee ( Reprise ) '' -- Sandy `` Alma Mater Parody '' ( instrumental ) `` You 're the One That I Want '' -- Danny , Sandy , Pink Ladies , and T - Birds `` We Go Together '' -- Cast `` Grease ( Reprise ) '' Television ( edit ) Main article : Somos tú y yo : un nuevo día On August 17 , 2009 , a television series inspired by the film premiered in Venezuela . The series was produced and directed by Vladimir Perez . The show will explore and expand on the characters and story from the film . See also ( edit ) Film portal United States portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grease at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Grease movie soundtrack earns its second # 1 hit -- History.com This Day in History -- 8 / 26 / 1978 '' . History.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year End Charts -- Year - end Albums -- The Billboard 200 '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Travolta , John . `` Inside the Actor 's Studio '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Windeler , Robert ( 31 July 1978 ) . `` Ohh Sandy ! -- Olivia Newton - John '' . People . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ All music guide to country : the ... Google Books . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grease , ' ' Taxi ' Star Jeff Conaway Dies '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( Subscription required . ) . Print edition , May 28 , 2011 , p . A32 ^ Jump up to : Gliatto , Tom ; and O'Neill Anne - Marie . `` Grease Is the Word : Twenty Years Later , the Stars Are Still True to Their School '' , People ( magazine ) , April 13 , 1998 . Accessed September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hofler , Robert ( 2010 ) . Party Animals : A Hollywood Tale of Sex , Drugs , and Rock ' n ' Roll Starring the Fabulous Allan Carr . Da Capo Press . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81655 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Film locations for Grease ( 1978 ) '' . Movie-locations.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Grease Filming Locations -- part 1 '' . Seeing-stars.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Grease '' . Scenesteal.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Stupid Question '' . Archives.stupidquestion.net. 2000 - 10 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Savant : GREASE and the Curse of Product Placement '' . Dvdtalk.com. 1998 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Week June 16 - 18 , 1978 Jump up ^ `` Musical Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grease Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Films of 1978 '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best Movies of 1978 '' . Film.com. 2007 - 06 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular Feature Films Released in 1978 '' . IMDb . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1978 by Rank '' . Films101.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Vincent Canby ( June 16 , 1978 ) . `` A Slick Version of ' Grease ' : Fantasy of the 50 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Musicals : Channel 4 Film '' . Channel4.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grease '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's The 50 Best High School Movies '' . AMC Filmsite.org . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's 50 Best High School Movies ( 25 - 1 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wanna Sing - A-Long with Grease ? With Lyrics ? ! ? '' . Screencrave.com . May 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grease Sing - A-Long ' trailer cuts cigarette from iconic scene : Smoking was not removed from the film itself , Ocala.com , 4 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grease Sing - A-Long -- Trailers , Videos , and Reviews ComingSoon.net Movie Database '' . Comingsoon.net . July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grease Sing - A-Long ( 2010 ) Trailer & Official Movie Site '' . Greasemovie.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ VH1 's `` Behind the Music : Grease '' Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077631/awards Jump up ^ BBC Radio -- Top selling singles of all time Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Getlen , Larry ( 2010 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Tales of Ancient ' Grease ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venevisión estrena ' Somos tú y yo , un nuevo día , inspirada en Grease ' '' . Jump up ^ `` De regreso a los años 50 con el musical ' Grease ' '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Grease ( film ) Official Sing - A-Long Site Grease on IMDb Grease at the TCM Movie Database Grease at AllMovie Grease at Box Office Mojo Grease at Rotten Tomatoes Grease at Metacritic Original 1978 Release Trailer on YouTube Grease Adaptations Grease ( film ) Grease 2 Grease : Live Songs `` Grease '' `` Summer Nights '' `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' `` Greased Lightnin ' '' `` Beauty School Dropout '' `` Sandy '' `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' `` You 're the One That I Want '' `` The Grease Megamix '' Soundtracks / albums Grease ( film ) soundtrack Grease 2 soundtrack 2007 Broadway cast recording TV series Grease : You 're the One That I Want ! Grease Is the Word Grease : The School Musical Miscellaneous Grease ( video game ) Grease Dance Glee : The Music Presents Glease Greased Films directed by Randal Kleiser Peege ( 1973 ) Dawn : Portrait of a Teenage Runaway ( 1976 ) The Boy in the Plastic Bubble ( 1976 ) The Gathering ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) The Blue Lagoon ( 1980 ) Summer Lovers ( 1982 ) Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) Flight of the Navigator ( 1986 ) Big Top Pee - wee ( 1988 ) Getting It Right ( 1989 ) White Fang ( 1991 ) Honey , I Blew Up the Kid ( 1992 ) It 's My Party ( 1996 ) Shadow of Doubt ( 1998 ) Love Wrecked ( 2005 ) Red Riding Hood ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grease_(film)&oldid=809792061 '' Categories : 1978 films English - language films 1970s musical comedy films 1970s romantic comedy films 1970s teen films American films American high school films American musical comedy films American rock music films American rock musicals American romantic comedy films American romantic musical films American teen comedy films American teen musical films American teen romance films Directorial debut films Films based on musicals Films directed by Randal Kleiser Films set in 1958 Films set in 1959 Films set in the 1950s Films shot in Los Angeles Films with live action and animation Flying cars in fiction Paramount Pictures films Screenplays by Allan Carr Screenplays by Bronte Woodard Grease ( musical ) Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 12 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the names of the pink ladies from grease | [
"In the summer of 1959, Danny Zuko (John Travolta) and vacationing Sandy Olsson (Olivia Newton-John) met at the beach and fell in love. When the summer comes to an end, Sandy, who is going back to Australia, frets that they may never meet again, but Danny tells her that their love is \"only the beginning\". The film moves to the start of the seniors' term at Rydell High School (\"Grease\"). Danny, a greaser, is a member of the T-Birds, consisting of his best friend Kenickie (Jeff Conaway), Doody (Barry Pearl), Sonny (Michael Tucci), and Putzie (Kelly Ward). The Pink Ladies, a popular clique of girls, also arrive, consisting of Rizzo (Stockard Channing), Frenchy (Didi Conn), Marty (Dinah Manoff), and Jan (Jamie Donnelly).",
"In the summer of 1959, Danny Zuko (John Travolta) and vacationing Sandy Olsson (Olivia Newton-John) met at the beach and fell in love. When the summer comes to an end, Sandy, who is going back to Australia, frets that they may never meet again, but Danny tells her that their love is \"only the beginning\". The film moves to the start of the seniors' term at Rydell High School (\"Grease\"). Danny, a greaser, is a member of the T-Birds, consisting of his best friend Kenickie (Jeff Conaway), Doody (Barry Pearl), Sonny (Michael Tucci), and Putzie (Kelly Ward). The Pink Ladies, a popular clique of girls, also arrive, consisting of Rizzo (Stockard Channing), Frenchy (Didi Conn), Marty (Dinah Manoff), and Jan (Jamie Donnelly).",
"In the summer of 1959, Danny Zuko (John Travolta) and vacationing Sandy Olsson (Olivia Newton-John) met at the beach and fell in love. When the summer comes to an end, Sandy, who is going back to Australia, frets that they may never meet again, but Danny tells her that their love is \"only the beginning\". The film moves to the start of the seniors' term at Rydell High School (\"Grease\"). Danny, a greaser, is a member of the T-Birds, consisting of his best friend Kenickie (Jeff Conaway), Doody (Barry Pearl), Sonny (Michael Tucci), and Putzie (Kelly Ward). The Pink Ladies, a popular clique of girls, also arrive, consisting of Rizzo (Stockard Channing), Frenchy (Didi Conn), Marty (Dinah Manoff), and Jan (Jamie Donnelly).",
"In the summer of 1959, Danny Zuko (John Travolta) and vacationing Sandy Olsson (Olivia Newton-John) met at the beach and fell in love. When the summer comes to an end, Sandy, who is going back to Australia, frets that they may never meet again, but Danny tells her that their love is \"only the beginning\". The film moves to the start of the seniors' term at Rydell High School (\"Grease\"). Danny, a greaser, is a member of the T-Birds, consisting of his best friend Kenickie (Jeff Conaway), Doody (Barry Pearl), Sonny (Michael Tucci), and Putzie (Kelly Ward). The Pink Ladies, a popular clique of girls, also arrive, consisting of Rizzo (Stockard Channing), Frenchy (Didi Conn), Marty (Dinah Manoff), and Jan (Jamie Donnelly)."
] | [
"Rizzo",
"Frenchy",
"Marty",
"Jan"
] |
-4268555461129918529 | Firefly | Firefly - wikipedia Firefly Jump to : navigation , search For other uses of `` Firefly '' , see Firefly ( disambiguation ) . Firefly Photuris lucicrescens Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Coleoptera Suborder : Polyphaga Infraorder : Elateriformia Superfamily : Elateroidea Family : Lampyridae Latreille , 1817 Subfamilies Cyphonocerinae Lampyrinae Luciolinae Ototretinae ( disputed ) Photurinae and see below Genera incertae sedis : Oculogryphus Pterotus LeConte , 1859 The Lampyridae are a family of insects in the beetle order Coleoptera . They are winged beetles , commonly called fireflies or lightning bugs for their conspicuous use of bioluminescence during twilight to attract mates or prey . Fireflies produce a `` cold light '' , with no infrared or ultraviolet frequencies . This chemically produced light from the lower abdomen may be yellow , green , or pale red , with wavelengths from 510 to 670 nanometers . About 2,000 species of fireflies are found in temperate and tropical climates . Many are in marshes or in wet , wooded areas where their larvae have abundant sources of food . Their larvae emit light and often are called `` glowworms '' in Eurasia and elsewhere . In the Americas , `` glow worm '' also refers to the related Phengodidae . In many species , both male and female fireflies have the ability to fly , but in some species , the females are flightless . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biology 1.1 Light and chemical production 1.2 Systematics 2 References 3 Further reading 4 External links Biology ( edit ) A larviform female showing light - emitting organs on abdomen Fireflies tend to be brown and soft - bodied , often with the elytra , or front wings , more leathery than those of other beetles . Although the females of some species are similar in appearance to males , larviform females are found in many other firefly species . These females can often be distinguished from the larvae only because they have compound eyes . The most commonly known fireflies are nocturnal , although numerous species are diurnal . Most diurnal species are not luminescent ; however , some species that remain in shadowy areas may produce light . A few days after mating , a female lays her fertilized eggs on or just below the surface of the ground . The eggs hatch three to four weeks later , and the larvae feed until the end of the summer . The larvae are commonly called glowworms ( not to be confused with the distinct beetle family Phengodidae or the fly genus Arachnocampa . ) Lampyrid larvae have simple eyes . The term glowworm is also used for both adults and larvae of species such as Lampyris noctiluca , the common European glowworm , in which only the nonflying adult females glow brightly and the flying males glow only weakly and intermittently . Play media A video of fireflies Fireflies hibernate over winter during the larval stage , some species for several years . Some do this by burrowing underground , while others find places on or under the bark of trees . They emerge in the spring . After several weeks of feeding on other insects , snails , and worms , they pupate for 1.0 to 2.5 weeks and emerge as adults . The larvae of most species are specialized predators and feed on other larvae , terrestrial snails , and slugs . Some are so specialized that they have grooved mandibles that deliver digestive fluids directly to their prey . Adult diet varies : some are predatory , while others feed on plant pollen or nectar . Some , like the European glow - worm beetle , Lampyris noctiluca , have no mouth . Most fireflies are quite distasteful to eat and sometimes poisonous to vertebrate predators . This is due at least in part to a group of steroid pyrones known as lucibufagins , which are similar to cardiotonic bufadienolides found in some poisonous toads . Light and chemical production ( edit ) Firefly ( species unknown ) captured in eastern Canada -- the top picture is taken with a flash , the bottom with only the self - emitted light Fireflies in the woods near Nuremberg , Germany , exposure time 30 seconds Further information : Bioluminescence Light production in fireflies is due to a type of chemical reaction called bioluminescence . This process occurs in specialized light - emitting organs , usually on a firefly 's lower abdomen . The enzyme luciferase acts on the luciferin , in the presence of magnesium ions , ATP , and oxygen to produce light . Gene coding for these substances has been inserted into many different organisms ( see Luciferase -- Applications ) . Firefly luciferase is used in forensics , and the enzyme has medical uses -- in particular , for detecting the presence of ATP or magnesium . All fireflies glow as larvae . In lampyrid larvae , bioluminescence serves a function that is different from that served in adults . It appears to be a warning signal to predators , since many firefly larvae contain chemicals that are distasteful or toxic . Light in adult beetles was originally thought to be used for similar warning purposes , but now its primary purpose is thought to be used in mate selection . Fireflies are a classic example of an organism that uses bioluminescence for sexual selection . They have a variety of ways to communicate with mates in courtships : steady glows , flashing , and the use of chemical signals unrelated to photic systems . The signal provides potential mates with information about the species of the signaller or its quality as a mate . Some species , especially lightning bugs of the genera Photinus , Photuris , and Pyractomena , are distinguished by the unique courtship flash patterns emitted by flying males in search of females . In general , females of the Photinus genus do not fly , but do give a flash response to males of their own species . Firefly larva Fireflies in Georgia , U.S. Tropical fireflies , in particular , in Southeast Asia , routinely synchronise their flashes among large groups . This phenomenon is explained as phase synchronization and spontaneous order . At night along river banks in the Malaysian jungles , fireflies synchronize their light emissions precisely . Current hypotheses about the causes of this behavior involve diet , social interaction , and altitude . In the Philippines , thousands of fireflies can be seen all year - round in the town of Donsol ( called aninipot or totonbalagon in Bicol ) . In the United States , one of the most famous sightings of fireflies blinking in unison occurs annually near Elkmont , Tennessee , in the Great Smoky Mountains during the first weeks of June . Congaree National Park in South Carolina is another host to this phenomenon . Female Photuris fireflies are known for mimicking the mating flashes of other `` lightning bugs '' for the sole purpose of predation . Target males are attracted to what appears to be a suitable mate , and are then eaten . For this reason , sometimes , Photuris species are referred to as `` femme fatale fireflies . '' Many fireflies do not produce light . Usually these species are diurnal , or day - flying , such as those in the genus Ellychnia . A few diurnal fireflies that inhabit primarily shadowy places , such as beneath tall plants or trees , are luminescent . One such genus is Lucidota . Non-bioluminescent fireflies use pheromones to signal mates . This is supported by the fact that some basal groups do not show bioluminescence and use chemical signaling , instead . Phosphaenus hemipterus has photic organs , yet is a diurnal firefly and displays large antennae and small eyes . These traits strongly suggest pheromones are used for sexual selection , while photic organs are used for warning signals . In controlled experiments , males coming from downwind arrived at females first , indicating males travel upwind along a pheromone plume . Males were also found to be able to find females without the use of visual cues , when the sides of test Petri dishes were covered with black tape . This and the facts that females do not light up at night and males are diurnal point to the conclusion that sexual communication in P. hemipterus is based entirely on pheromones . Systematics ( edit ) Cyphonocerus ruficollis , a weakly glowing member of the Cyphonocerinae Firefly systematics , as with many insects , are in a constant state of flux , as new species continue to be discovered . The five subfamilies listed above are the most commonly accepted ones , though others , such as the Amydetinae and Psilocladinae , have been proposed . This was mainly done in an attempt to revise the Lampyrinae , which bit by bit had become something of a `` wastebin taxon '' to hold incertae sedis species and genera of fireflies . Other changes have been proposed , such as merging the Ototretinae into the Luciolinae , but the arrangement used here appears to be the most frequently seen and stable layout for the time being . Though most groups appear to be monophyletic , some ( e.g. , the tribe Photinini ) are perhaps better divided . Two groups of subfamilies seem to exist : one containing many American and some Eurasian species in the Lampyrinae and Photurinae ; and one , predominantly Asian , made up from the other subfamilies . While the subfamilies as understood here are , in general , monophyletic , a few genera still need to be moved for the subfamilies to accurately represent the evolutionary relationships among the fireflies . The Rhagophthalmidae are a glow - worm - like lineage of Elateroidea . They have in the recent past usually been considered a distinct family , but whether this is correct is still disputed . Indeed , they might be the only close relative of the puzzling firefly genus Pterotus , which sometimes is placed in a monotypic subfamily . The genus Phausis , usually placed in the tribe Photinini of the Lampyrinae , might represent another rather distinct lineage instead . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cirrus Digital Firefl Photuris lucicrescens Jump up ^ HowStuffWorks `` How do fireflies light up ? '' . Science.howstuffworks.com ( 19 January 2001 ) . Retrieved on 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ In Fireflies , Flightless Females Lose out On Gifts from Males . Science Daily ( 27 June 2011 ) . Retrieved on 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Firefly '' . TheFreeDictionary.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Eisner , Thomas ; Wiemer , David ; Haynes , Leroy ; Meinwald , Jerrold ( 1978 ) . `` Lucibufagins : Defensive steroids from the fireflies Photinus ignitus and P. marginellus ( Coleoptera : Lampyridae ) '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 75 ( 2 ) : 905 -- 8 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 75.2. 905 . PMC 411366 . PMID 16592501 . Jump up ^ Stanger - Hall , K.F. ; Lloyd , J.E. ; Hillis , D.M. ( 2007 ) . `` Phylogeny of North American fireflies ( Coleoptera : Lampyridae ) : implications for the evolution of light signals '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 49 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2007.05. 013 . PMID 17644427 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Juhani ; Baudry , Gautier ; Candolin , Ulrika ; Kaitala , Arja ( 2015 ) . `` I 'm sexy and I glow it : female ornamentation in a nocturnal capital breeder '' . Biology Letters. 11 : 20150599 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2015.0599 . PMC 4650175 . PMID 26490414 . Jump up ^ Murray , James D. ( 2002 ) . Mathematical Biology . I. An Introduction ( 3rd ed . ) . Springer . pp. 295 -- 299 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 95223 - 9 . Jump up ^ Synchronous Fireflies -- Great Smoky Mountains National Park . Nps.gov ( 3 June 2013 ) . Retrieved on 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Cross , Robert ( 23 May 2004 ) Tree huggin ' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ De Cock , R. ; Matthysen , E. ( 2005 ) . `` Sexual communication by pheromones in a firefly , Phosphaenus hemipterus ( Coleoptera : Lampyridae ) '' . Animal Behaviour. 70 ( 4 ) : 807 -- 818 . doi : 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2005.01. 011 . Further reading ( edit ) Pennsylvania portal Branham , M.A. ; Wenzel , J.W. ( 2003 ) . `` The origin of photic behavior and the evolution of sexual communication in fireflies ( Coleoptera : Lampyridae ) '' . Cladistics. 19 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.2003. tb00404. x . Lewis , S.M. ; Cratsley , C.K. ( 2008 ) . `` Flash signal evolution , mate choice , and predation in fireflies '' . Annual Review of Entomology. 53 : 293 -- 321 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ento. 53.103106. 093346 . Stous , Hollend ( 1997 ) . `` A review of predation in Photuris , and its effects on the evolution of flash signaling in other New World fireflies '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fireflies Look up firefly in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lampyridae . An introduction to European fireflies and glow - worms Firefly.org -- Firefly & Lightning Bug Facts , Pictures , Information About Firefly Insect Disappearance Firefly simulating robot , China NCBI taxonomy database Museum of Science , Boston -- Understanding Fireflies Video of a firefly larva in Austria FireflyExperience.org -- Luminous Photography and Videos of Fireflies & Lightning Bugs Extant Coleoptera families Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Subclass : Pterygota Infraclass : Neoptera Superorder : Endopterygota Suborder Archostemata Crowsoniellidae ( Crowsoniella relicta ) Cupedidae ( reticulated beetles ) Jurodidae ( Sikhotealinia zhiltzovae ) Micromalthidae ( telephone - pole beetle ) Ommatidae Suborder Adephaga Extant families Amphizoidae ( trout - stream beetles ) Aspidytidae Carabidae ( ground beetles ) Dytiscidae ( predaceous diving beetles ) Gyrinidae ( whirligig beetles ) Haliplidae ( crawling water beetles ) Hygrobiidae Meruidae ( Meru phyllisae ) Noteridae ( burrowing water beetles ) Rhysodidae ( wrinkled bark beetles ) Trachypachidae ( false ground beetles ) Suborder Myxophaga Hydroscaphidae ( skiff beetles ) Lepiceridae Sphaeriusidae Torridincolidae ( hide ) Suborder Polyphaga Bostrichiformia Bostrichoidea Anobiidae ( furniture beetles , death watch beetles , spider beetles ) Bostrichidae ( auger beetles ) Dermestidae ( skin beetles ) Jacobsoniidae ( Jacobson 's beetles ) Nosodendridae ( wounded - tree beetles ) Derodontoidea Derodontidae ( tooth - necked fungus beetles ) Cucujiformia Chrysomeloidea Cerambycidae ( longhorn beetles ) Chrysomelidae ( leaf beetles ) Disteniidae Megalopodidae Orsodacnidae Oxypeltidae Vesperidae Cleroidea Acanthocnemidae ( Acanthocnemus nigricans ) Chaetosomatidae Cleridae ( checkered beetles ) Melyridae ( soft - wing flower beetles ) Phloiophilidae ( Phloiophilus edwardsi ) Phycosecidae Prionoceridae Trogossitidae ( bark - gnawing beetles ) Cucujoidea Alexiidae Biphyllidae ( false skin beetles ) Boganiidae Bothrideridae ( dry bark beetles ) Byturidae ( fruitworm beetles ) Cavognathidae Cerylonidae ( minute bark beetles ) Coccinellidae ( lady beetles , or God 's cows ) Corylophidae ( minute fungus beetles ) Cryptophagidae ( silken fungus beetles ) Cucujidae ( flat bark beetles ) Cyclaxyridae Discolomatidae Endomychidae ( handsome fungus beetles ) Erotylidae ( pleasing fungus beetles ) Helotidae Hobartiidae Kateretidae ( short - winged flower beetles ) Laemophloeidae ( lined flat bark beetles ) Lamingtoniidae ( Lamingtonium binnaberrense ) Latridiidae ( minute brown scavenger beetles ) Monotomidae ( root - eating beetles ) Myraboliidae Nitidulidae ( sap beetles ) Passandridae ( parasitic flat bark beetles ) Phalacridae ( shining flower beetles ) Phloeostichidae Propalticidae Protocucujidae Silvanidae ( silvanid flat bark beetles ) Smicripidae ( palmetto beetles ) Sphindidae ( dry - fungus beetles ) Curculionoidea ( weevils ) Anthribidae ( fungus weevils ) Attelabidae ( leaf - rolling weevils ) Belidae ( primitive weevils ) Brentidae ( straight snout weevils , New York weevil ) Caridae Curculionidae ( true weevils , bark beetles , ambrosia beetles ) Nemonychidae ( pine flower weevils ) Lymexyloidea Lymexylidae ( ship - timber beetles ) Tenebrionoidea Aderidae ( ant - like leaf beetles ) Anthicidae ( ant - like flower beetles ) Archeocrypticidae ( cryptic fungus beetles ) Boridae ( conifer bark beetles ) Chalcodryidae Ciidae ( minute tree - fungus beetles ) Melandryidae ( false darkling beetles ) Meloidae ( blister beetles ) Mordellidae ( tumbling flower beetles ) Mycetophagidae ( hairy fungus beetles ) Mycteridae ( palm and flower beetles ) Oedemeridae ( false blister beetle ) Perimylopidae , or Promecheilidae Prostomidae ( jugular - horned beetles ) Pterogeniidae Pyrochroidae ( fire - coloured beetles ) Pythidae ( dead log bark beetles ) Ripiphoridae ( wedge - shaped beetles ) Salpingidae ( narrow - waisted bark beetles ) Scraptiidae ( false flower beetles ) Stenotrachelidae ( false longhorn beetles ) Synchroidae ( synchroa bark beetles ) Tenebrionidae ( darkling beetles ) Tetratomidae ( polypore fungus beetles ) Trachelostenidae Trictenotomidae Ulodidae Zopheridae ( ironclad beetles , cylindrical bark beetles ) Elateriformia Buprestoidea Buprestidae ( jewel beetles , or metallic wood - boring beetles ) Schizopodidae Byrrhoidea Byrrhidae ( pill beetles ) Callirhipidae ( cedar beetles ) Chelonariidae ( turtle beetles ) Cneoglossidae Dryopidae ( long - toed water beetles ) Elmidae ( riffle beetles ) Eulichadidae ( forest stream beetles ) Heteroceridae ( variegated mud - loving beetles ) Limnichidae ( minute mud beetles ) Lutrochidae ( travertine beetles ) Psephenidae ( water - penny beetles ) Ptilodactylidae Dascilloidea Dascillidae ( soft bodied plant beetles ) Rhipiceridae ( cicada beetle , cicada parasite beetles ) Elateroidea Anischiidae Artematopodidae ( soft - bodied plant beetles ) Brachypsectridae ( Texas beetles ) Cantharidae ( soldier beetles ) Cerophytidae ( rare click beetles ) Drilidae Elateridae ( click beetles ) Eucnemidae ( false click beetles ) Lampyridae ( fireflies ) Lycidae ( net - winged beetles ) Omalisidae Omethidae ( false fireflies ) Phengodidae ( glowworm beetles , long - lipped beetles ) Plastoceridae ( Plastocerus angulosus ) Podabrocephalidae Rhagophthalmidae Rhinorhipidae ( Rhinorhipus tamborinensis ) Throscidae ( false metallic wood - boring beetles ) Scirtoidea Clambidae Decliniidae ( Declinia relicta ) Eucinetidae ( plate - thigh beetles ) Scirtidae Scarabaeiformia Scarabaeoidea Belohinidae ( Belohina inexpectata ) Bolboceratidae Ceratocanthidae Diphyllostomatidae ( false stag beetles ) Geotrupidae ( dor beetles ) Glaphyridae ( bumble bee scarab beetles ) Glaresidae ( enigmatic scarab beetles ) Hybosoridae ( scavenger scarab beetles ) Lucanidae ( stag beetles ) Ochodaeidae ( sand - loving scarab beetles ) Passalidae ( betsy beetles ) Pleocomidae ( rain beetles ) Scarabaeidae ( scarabs ) Trogidae ( hide beetles ) Staphyliniformia Histeroidea Histeridae ( clown beetles ) Sphaeritidae ( false clown beetles ) Synteliidae Hydrophiloidea Epimetopidae Georissidae ( minute mud - loving beetles ) Helophoridae Hydrochidae Hydrophilidae ( water scavenger beetles ) Spercheidae Staphylinoidea Agyrtidae ( primitive carrion beetles ) Hydraenidae Leiodidae ( round fungus beetles ) Ptiliidae ( feather - winged beetles ) Scydmaenidae ( ant - like stone beetles ) Silphidae ( carrion beetles ) Staphylinidae ( rove beetles ) List of subgroups of the order Coleoptera NDL : 00563550 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firefly&oldid=806894112 '' Categories : Lampyridae Bioluminescent insects Night Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikiquote Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Magyar മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 20 : 16 . About Wikipedia | where do lightning bugs go in the winter time | [
"Fireflies hibernate over winter during the larval stage, some species for several years.[clarification needed] Some do this by burrowing underground, while others find places on or under the bark of trees. They emerge in the spring. After several weeks of feeding on other insects, snails, and worms, they pupate for 1.0 to 2.5 weeks and emerge as adults. The larvae of most species are specialized predators and feed on other larvae, terrestrial snails, and slugs. Some are so specialized that they have grooved mandibles that deliver digestive fluids directly to their prey. Adult diet varies: some are predatory, while others feed on plant pollen or nectar. Some, like the European glow-worm beetle, Lampyris noctiluca, have no mouth."
] | [
"Fireflies hibernate over winter during the larval stage"
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7787952609548279922 | A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child | A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : the Dream Child - wikipedia A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : the Dream Child This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child Theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Hopkins Produced by Robert Shaye Rupert Harvey Screenplay by Leslie Bohem Story by John Skipp Craig Spector Leslie Bohem Based on Characters by Wes Craven Bruce Wagner William Kotzwinkle Brian Helgeland Starring Robert Englund Lisa Wilcox Music by Jay Ferguson Cinematography Peter Levy Edited by Brent A. Schoenfeld Chuck Weiss Production company Heron Communications Smart Egg Pictures Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date August 11 , 1989 ( 1989 - 08 - 11 ) Running time 90 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million ( estimated ) Box office $22.1 million ( US & Canada ) A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child is a 1989 American slasher film and the fifth film in the Nightmare on Elm Street series . It was directed by Stephen Hopkins , stars Robert Englund , Lisa Wilcox and Danny Hassel . It is the sequel to A Nightmare on Elm Street 4 : The Dream Master and is followed by Freddy 's Dead : The Final Nightmare . The film 's general tone is much darker and the dream sequences are more Gothic than the previous films of the series , and a blue filter lighting technique is used in most of the scenes . The film 's main titles do not display the `` 5 '' that was used in all of the promotional material , TV spots , trailers , and merchandise . The main titles simply say `` A Nightmare on Elm Street : The Dream Child '' . Released on August 11 , 1989 , the film grossed over $22.2 million at domestic box office to a generally unfavourable critical reception . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Box office 3.2 Reception 3.3 Accolades 4 Deleted scenes 5 Music 5.1 Soundtrack 5.2 Film score 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Taking place almost a year after The Dream Master , Alice and Dan have now started dating and there is no sign of Freddy Krueger . One day , in the shower , she sees herself at a strange asylum , dressed in a nun 's habit with a name - tag saying Amanda Krueger . She is then attacked by patients at the hospital but wakes up . The next day , Alice is graduating from high school alongside her new friends : Greta , an aspiring , albeit reluctant , supermodel ; Mark , a comic book geek ; and Yvonne , a candy striper and swimmer . She only confides her nightmare to Dan and he tells her she is in control of her dreams . On her way to work , Alice finds herself back at the asylum , where she witnesses Amanda giving birth to a gruesomely deformed Freddy - looking baby . Amanda tries to collect the baby before it escapes , but it sneaks out of the operating room and Alice follows it into the same church where she had defeated Freddy in the previous film . The baby finds Freddy 's remains and quickly grows into an adult , hinting to Alice that he 's found the `` key '' to coming back . Alarmed , she contacts Dan , who falls asleep en route to see her , and is attacked by Freddy . Freddy electrocutes him , turning him into a frightful creature before veering him into oncoming traffic . Alice sees Dan 's body come to life and taunt her before she passes out . Waking in a hospital , she has to take the news of Dan 's death and that she is pregnant with his child . In the night , she is visited by a young boy named Jacob , but the next day Yvonne tells her there are no children on her floor , nor is there a children 's ward . Alice tells her friends about Freddy and his lineage , but Yvonne refuses to hear it while Mark and Greta are more supportive . That afternoon , at a dinner party at home , Greta falls asleep at the table ; she snaps at her mother , going on a rant over her controlling nature before Freddy arrives and literally forces Greta to eat herself alive before choking her in front of a laughing audience . In the real world , she falls down dead to the surprise of her mother and guests . Yvonne and Alice visit Mark , who is grieving Greta 's death and a rift forms between them . Mark falls asleep and is nearly killed by Freddy , but Alice saves him at the last minute before seeing Jacob again . Jacob hints that she is his mother . Alice requests that Yvonne gets her an early ultrasound and discovers Freddy is feeding Jacob his victims to make him like himself . Yvonne still believes that Alice is crazy . Dan 's parents also believe that Alice is delusional and insist that she give them the baby when it is born , which Alice refuses . Alice and Mark research Krueger and the Nun Amanda . Realizing that Amanda was trying to stop Freddy , they investigate her whereabouts and Alice goes to sleep , hoping to find Amanda at the asylum . While there , Freddy lures her away by threatening Yvonne , who has fallen asleep in a Jacuzzi . Alice rescues her , and Yvonne finally believes her . Mark falls asleep and is pulled into a comic book world , where Freddy slashes him apart . Alice goes to bed in order to find Freddy and save her son . She is led into an M.C. Escher - type maze before she finally draws Freddy out from within herself . Yvonne finds Amanda 's remains at the asylum and joins the fight in the dream world , encouraging Jacob to use the power that Freddy had been giving him . Jacob manages to destroy Freddy and his infant form is absorbed by his mother while Alice picks up a baby Jacob . Warning Alice away , Amanda manages to seal Freddy away in time . Several months later , Jacob Daniel Johnson is enjoying a picnic with his mom , grandfather and Yvonne . The familiar song of Freddy 's theme can be heard being hummed by children jumping rope . Cast ( edit ) Robert Englund as Freddy Krueger / Maniac in the asylum ( without make - up ) / Waiter ( without make - up ) Lisa Wilcox as Alice Johnson Kelly Jo Minter as Yvonne Miller Erika Anderson as Greta Gibson Danny Hassel as Dan Jordan Beatrice Boepple as Amanda Krueger Whit Hertford as Jacob Johnson Joe Seely as Mark Grey Nicholas Mele as Dennis Johnson Valorie Armstrong as Doris Jordan Burr DeBenning as Mr. Jordan Clarence Felder as Mr. Gray Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child was released on August 11 , 1989 , on 1,902 theatres in North America . On the first weekend , the film grossed $8,115,176 , falling behind Parenthood ( $9,672,350 ) and James Cameron 's The Abyss ( $9,319,797 ) . The film ranked No. 8 at the second weekend box office with a box office performance of $3,584,320 , and it dropped out from the Top 10 list ranked as No. 11 and No. 14 on the third and the fourth weekend . Overall , the film grossed $22,168,359 at US box office . It is the second - lowest grossing Nightmare on Elm Street film . The film ranked No. 43 of the Top 50 highest - grossing films released in the US in 1989 and is No. 37 of all slasher films cataloged by Box Office Mojo . Reception ( edit ) The films received mostly negative review from both fans and critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 33 % approval rating and an average rating of 4.2 / 10 based on 30 reviews . Variety called it `` a poorly constructed special effects showcase '' with `` highly variable '' acting . Caryn James of The New York Times wrote that the film `` does n't pretend to be anything more than it is - a genre film that wo n't totally insult your intelligence or your eyes '' . Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times described it as `` a dynamic , fully visually realized experience '' , complimenting the acting , set design , and directing . Thomas identifies Krueger as representing the irrational adult world to teenagers . Richard Harrington of The Washington Post ranked it below the first and third films , saying that the plot is too confusing . Accolades ( edit ) 1990 Fantasporto Awards Critics Award -- Stephen Hopkins ( Won ) International Fantasy Film Award Best Film -- Stephen Hopkins ( Nomination ) 10th Golden Raspberry Awards Razzie Award for Worst Original Song -- Bruce Dickinson for `` Bring Your Daughter ... to the Slaughter '' ( Won ) Razzie Award for Worst Original Song -- Kool Moe Dee for `` Let 's Go '' ( Nominated ) 1990 Young Artist Awards Best Young Actor in a Supporting Role -- Whit Hertford ( Won ) Deleted scenes ( edit ) The graduation sequence was considerably cut down , which included Alice 's father giving her the camera . As a result , there are a number of minor continuity errors such as Alice holding airplane tickets moments before Dan gives them to her as a surprise gift . Upon its release , the movie had to be subjected to some cuts in the sequences of Dan 's , Mark 's and Greta 's deaths , in order to avoid being classified X by MPAA due to the extremely violent and graphic nature of those sequences . An unrated version of the film was originally released on VHS and Laserdisc . This version contained longer , more graphic versions of Dan 's , Greta 's and Mark 's death scenes . In Dan 's scene , cables can be seen sliding under the skin of Dan 's arm , a large piece of the bike pierces his leg , and the skin on Dan 's head is much more graphically torn off while he screams in pain . In Greta 's scene , Freddy slices open a doll that begins to bleed , and Greta is shown to have a gaping wound in her stomach -- from which Freddy starts to feed to her . In Australia , the scenes were cut in cinemas , but restored to the VHS release . In Mark 's death sequence , Freddy turns him into paper and shreds him to pieces , before beheading him ; the decapitation scene was deleted in the original version of the film . Despite this , the Australian Classification board did not rate it `` R18 + '' , giving it the lower `` M15 + '' . As of 2018 , New Line Cinema has yet to officially release the uncut version of the film on DVD ; however , snippets of these scenes are found in the Nightmare 5 section of the documentary Never Sleep Again : The Elm Street Legacy . Music ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack album featured ten tracks . The first side consisted of heavy metal and hard rock songs , while the second consisted primarily of hip hop songs . Track listing No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Bring Your Daughter ... to the Slaughter '' Bruce Dickinson 5 : 03 2 . `` Heaven in the Back Seat '' Romeo 's Daughter 3 : 58 3 . `` Savage '' W.A.S.P. 3 : 28 4 . `` Ca n't Take the Hurt '' Mammoth 4 : 21 5 . `` What Do You Know About Rock ' n ' Roll '' Slave Raider 3 : 34 6 . `` Any Way I Gotta Swing It '' Whodini 4 : 30 7 . `` Now I Lay Me Down '' Samantha Fox 4 : 17 8 . `` Let 's Go '' Kool Moe Dee 5 : 25 9 . `` Word Up Doc ! '' Doctor Ice 3 : 24 10 . `` Livin ' in the Jungle '' Schoolly D 3 : 36 Bruce Dickinson , lead singer of heavy metal band Iron Maiden , wrote and performed the song `` Bring Your Daughter ... to the Slaughter '' for the film . A second version of the song , recorded with Iron Maiden , became the band 's only Number 1 single in their native UK when released in December 1990 . Film score ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic See also ( edit ) List of ghost films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fujishima , Kenji ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Revisiting all 8 of Freddy 's nightmares , the richest of the slasher franchises '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` August 11 - 13 , 1989 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 - The Dream Child ( 1989 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' A Nightmare on Elm Street : The Dream Child ' '' . Variety . 1989 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James , Caryn . `` Review / Film ; Dreams and Nightmares On a Well - Traveled Street '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kevin ( August 11 , 1989 ) . `` Movie Review : Dreamy Confrontation in Freddy 's Family '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Richard ( August 12 , 1989 ) . `` ' A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Photographic image of DVD cover '' ( JPG ) . Nightmareonelemstreetfilms.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child - Original Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child on IMDb A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child at AllMovie A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child at Rotten Tomatoes A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child at Box Office Mojo A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise Films A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) Freddy 's Revenge Dream Warriors The Dream Master The Dream Child Freddy 's Dead : The Final Nightmare Wes Craven 's New Nightmare Freddy vs. Jason A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 ) Cast and characters Freddy Krueger Nancy Thompson Tina Gray Jesse Walsh Alice Johnson Cast list Character list Comics Comics Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash The Nightmare Warriors Music `` Dream Warriors '' `` Are You Ready for Freddy '' `` Nightmare '' `` A Nightmare on My Street '' Freddy 's Favorites : The Best of A Nightmare on Elm Street Freddy vs. Jason ( soundtrack ) Freddy vs. Jason ( score ) Other media List of media A Nightmare on Elm Street NES game Freddy 's Nightmares episodes Documentaries Never Sleep Again : The Elm Street Legacy I Am Nancy Nightmares in the Makeup Chair Related topics Friday the 13th franchise `` Freddy Kreuger '' ( song ) Book Portal Films directed by Stephen Hopkins Dangerous Game ( 1987 ) A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child ( 1989 ) Predator 2 ( 1990 ) Judgment Night ( 1993 ) Blown Away ( 1994 ) The Ghost and the Darkness ( 1996 ) Lost in Space ( 1998 ) Under Suspicion ( 2000 ) The Life and Death of Peter Sellers ( 2004 ) The Reaping ( 2007 ) Race ( 2016 ) A Nightmare on Elm Street portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street_5:_The_Dream_Child&oldid=856576718 '' Categories : 1989 films English - language films 1989 horror films 1980s sequel films 1980s slasher films American films American teen horror films American sequel films American slasher films Films set in the 1940s Films set in 1989 Matricide in fiction A Nightmare on Elm Street Teenage pregnancy in film Films directed by Stephen Hopkins Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 05 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays jacob in nightmare on elm street 5 | [
"Whit Hertford as Jacob Johnson"
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"Whit Hertford"
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-2661036488533843504 | The Sum of All Fears (film) | The Sum of All Fears ( film ) - wikipedia The Sum of All Fears ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Sum of All Fears Theatrical release poster Directed by Phil Alden Robinson Produced by Mace Neufeld Screenplay by Paul Attanasio Daniel Pyne Based on The Sum of All Fears by Tom Clancy Starring Ben Affleck Morgan Freeman James Cromwell Bridget Moynahan Liev Schreiber Alan Bates Philip Baker Hall Ron Rifkin Bruce McGill Music by Jerry Goldsmith Cinematography John Lindley Edited by Neil Travis Nicolas de Toth Production companies Mace Neufeld Productions MFP Munich Film Partners S.O.A.F. Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures United States United International Pictures International Release date May 29 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 29 ) ( Los Angeles premiere ) May 31 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 31 ) ( United States ) Running time 124 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $68 million Box office $193.9 million The Sum of All Fears is a 2002 American spy thriller film directed by Phil Alden Robinson , based on Tom Clancy 's novel of the same name . The film , which is set in the Jack Ryan film series , is a reboot taking place in 2002 . Jack Ryan is portrayed as a younger character by Ben Affleck , in comparison to The Hunt for Red October starring Alec Baldwin , along with the film 's subsequent sequels , Patriot Games and Clear and Present Danger , both of which starred Harrison Ford . The film is about a plot by an Austrian Neo-Nazi to trigger a nuclear war between the United States and Russia , so that he can establish a fascist superstate in Europe . After the Neo-Nazi's scientists build a secret nuclear weapon that destroys Baltimore and a rogue Russian officer paid off by the Neo-Nazi attacks a U.S. aircraft carrier , the world 's superpowers are pushed close to the brink of all - out war . CIA analyst Jack Ryan ( Affleck ) is the only person who realizes that the Baltimore bomb was a black market weapon , not a Russian one . With the clock ticking , Ryan has to find a way to stop the impending nuclear war . The film was a co-production between the motion picture studios of Paramount Pictures , Mace Neufeld Productions , MFP Munich Film Partners , and S.O.A.F. Productions . On June 4 , 2002 , the original motion picture soundtrack was released by the Elektra Records music label . The soundtrack was composed and orchestrated by musician Jerry Goldsmith . The Sum of All Fears premiered in theaters in the United States on May 31 , 2002 , grossing $118,907,036 in box office revenue . Its worldwide theatrical run ended with a total of $193,921,372 in business . Considering its production budget of $68 million and related marketing costs , the film was considered a major financial success . The film received generally mixed reviews from critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 4 Release 4.1 Theatrical run 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1973 , during the Yom Kippur War , an Israeli A-4 Skyhawk jet carrying a nuclear weapon is shot down ; 29 years later , a Syrian scrap collector uncovers a large unexploded bomb buried in a field in the Golan Heights . He sells it to a South African black market arms trafficker named Olson , who recognizes it as the nuclear bomb that was lost during the war . He then sells it to a far - right group led by Austrian billionaire and neo-Nazi Richard Dressler . Dressler 's aim is to start a nuclear war between the United States and Russia that will devastate them both , and leave a united Fascist Europe to rule the world . CIA analyst Jack Ryan is summoned by CIA Director William Cabot to accompany him to Russia to meet President Nemerov . In Moscow , Cabot and Ryan are allowed to examine a Russian nuclear weapons facility as prescribed by the START treaty , where Ryan notices the absence of three scientists listed on the facility 's roster . Cabot sends operative John Clark to Russia to investigate . Clark tracks the missing scientists to a former Soviet military facility in Ukraine , where Cabot suspects they are building a secret nuclear weapon that Russia could use without any way to trace it back to them . Ryan and his colleagues discern that a crate from the facility in Ukraine was flown to the Canary Islands , then sent to Baltimore on a cargo ship . Ryan warns Cabot , who is attending a football game in Baltimore with the President , about a bomb threat . The President is evacuated before the bomb detonates , but the city is destroyed . To escalate the situation , a corrupt Russian Air Force general who has been paid by Dressler sends Tu - 22M Backfires to attack the USS John C. Stennis in the North Sea . Ryan learns from the radiation assessment team that the isotopic signature from the nuclear blast pinpoints it as having been manufactured at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina in 1968 ; evidence which seems to exonerate the Russians . In Syria , Clark tracks down Ghazi , one of the men who found the bomb , now dying of radiation exposure . He tells Clark that he sold the bomb to Olson , who lives in Damascus . Ryan 's colleagues at Langley infiltrate Olson 's computer and download files that implicate Dressler as the person who bought the plutonium and who is behind the Baltimore attack . Ryan is able to reach the National Military Command Center in The Pentagon and get a message to Nemerov , saying that he knows that Russia was not behind the attack , while also asking Nemerov to stand down his forces as a show of good faith . Nemerov agrees to do so as President Fowler follows suit . The participants in the conspiracy , including Dressler , are assassinated . Presidents Fowler and Nemerov announce new measures to counter nuclear proliferation in joint speeches at the White House , as Ryan and his fiancée Dr. Catherine Muller listen in . Cast ( edit ) Ben Affleck , the third actor in the film series to portray the character of Jack Ryan . Ben Affleck as Jack Ryan Morgan Freeman as William Cabot , Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Bridget Moynahan as Dr. Catherine `` Cathy '' Muller James Cromwell as J. Robert Fowler , President of the United States Liev Schreiber as John Clark Michael Byrne as Anatoly Grushkov / Spinnaker , senior advisor to President Nemerov . Colm Feore as Olson Alan Bates as Richard Dressler Ron Rifkin as Sidney Owens , Secretary of State Ciarán Hinds as Alexander Nemerov , President of the Russian Federation Bruce McGill as Gene Revell , National Security Advisor Richard Marner as President Zorkin , President of the Russian Federation prior to Nemerov Philip Baker Hall as David Becker , Secretary of Defense Josef Sommer as Senator Jessup Ken Jenkins as Admiral Pollack Philip Akin as General Wilkes John Beasley as General Lasseter , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Lee Garlington as Mary Pat Foley , CIA Joel Bissonnette as Mason , Dressler 's American contact Sven - Ole Thorsen as Haft , Dressler 's hitman Aleksandr Belyavsky as Admiral Ivanov Lev Prygunov as General Saratkin Yevgeni Lazarev as General Dubinin Gregory Hlady as Milinov Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) After the release of Clear and Present Danger in 1994 , a year was spent developing Tom Clancy 's The Cardinal of the Kremlin before the material was deemed too difficult to adapt , resulting in producer Mace Neufeld purchasing the rights to Clancy 's The Sum of All Fears . In October 1999 , Harrison Ford announced that the next Jack Ryan novel being scripted into a film would indeed be The Sum of All Fears and that `` hopefully we 'll get that to a place where we can make a movie . '' During this time , writer Akiva Goldsman wrote multiple drafts of the script . However , on June 8 , 2000 , it was announced that Ford had dropped out of the film after he and director Phillip Noyce were unable to work out script problems . It was later announced that Ben Affleck would take on the role in a $10 million deal that would see the series rebooted with Jack Ryan portrayed at an earlier stage in life . `` The day I received the offer to play Jack Ryan , I was filming a Pearl Harbor scene with Alec Baldwin . He was very sweet and said I should do it , '' said Affleck . `` I would n't have done the movie without talking to Harrison Ford first . He gave me his blessing . That 's what I needed to hear . '' Months after Affleck became attached to the project , director Phil Alden Robinson was brought on to lead the project . While the basic plot is the same in the movie as in the book , there were significant changes . Noting these substantial changes , in the commentary track on the DVD release , Tom Clancy jokingly introduced himself as `` the author of the book that he ( director Phil Alden Robinson , who is present with Clancy ) ignored . '' Perhaps the largest change were the original terrorists . In the novel , they were Arab nationalists , but in the film , they were changed to neo-fascists . A common misconception is that this was done as a reaction to the September 11 , 2001 attacks , but the movie finished filming in June 2001 . On the `` making - of '' DVD extra , director Alden Robinson said that the change was purely for elements relating to the plot , because Arab terrorists would not be able to plausibly accomplish all that was necessary for the story to work . In addition , the terrorists in the book received significant aid from elements in East Germany , a country which had ceased to exist before the novel was even published . The group Council on American - Islamic Relations ( CAIR ) did mount a two - year lobbying campaign that ended on January 26 , 2001 , against using `` Muslim villains '' , as the original book version did . Olympic Stadium in Montreal , where the football game scenes were filmed . Screenwriter Dan Pyne claimed that the decision to not use Arab terrorists was `` possibly because that has become a cliché . At the time that I started writing The Sum of All Fears , Joerg Haider was just starting to come into play in Austria . And simultaneous with that , I think , there was some neo-nationalist activity in Holland , and there was stuff going on in Spain and in Italy . So it seemed like a logical and lasting idea that would be universal . '' It has also been noted that a larger percent of profits stems from international audiences , and American filmmakers work to avoid alienating large segments of this customer base . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for The Sum of All Fears began on February 12 , 2001 in Montreal , Quebec . A majority of the film was shot in Montreal , including the sequences at the football game that were shot in the city 's Olympic Stadium . Additional filming was done at the Diefenbunker in Ottawa , Ontario . Production finished in June 2001 . The interior scene of the aircraft carrier was filmed on a set used in the TV series JAG . Music ( edit ) The musical score to The Sum of All Fears is composed by Jerry Goldsmith . A soundtrack album was released on June 4 , 2002 by Elektra Records . In addition to Goldsmith 's score , the soundtrack also includes source music such as `` If We Get Through This '' by Tabitha Fair and `` Nessun dorma '' by Giacomo Puccini . There are also two tracks from the album ( `` If We Could Remember '' and `` The Mission '' ) that are vocal interpretations of Goldsmith 's primary theme co-written by singer - songwriter Paul Williams . On March 12 , 2014 an expanded edition released by La - La Land Records. . The Sum of All Fears ( Music from the Motion Picture ) Film score by Jerry Goldsmith Released June 4 , 2002 ( original ) , March 12 , 2014 ( expanded ) Length 49 : 30 ( original ) , 78 : 48 ( expanded ) Label Elektra ( original ) , La - La Land ( expanded ) Jack Ryan soundtrack chronology Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) Clear and Present Danger 1994 The Sum of All Fears ( 2002 ) Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit ( 2014 ) Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit 2014 ( show ) The Sum of All Fears ( Music from the Motion Picture ) : Elektra No . Title Length 1 . `` If We Could Remember '' 3 : 30 2 . `` The Mission '' 5 : 57 3 . `` The Bomb '' 2 : 55 4 . `` That Went Well '' 2 : 45 5 . `` Clear the Stadium '' 1 : 33 6 . `` If We Get Through This '' 3 : 36 7 . `` The Deal '' 2 : 34 8 . `` Changes '' 2 : 27 9 . `` Snap Count '' 2 : 12 10 . `` His Name Is Olson '' 1 : 51 11 . `` Nessun Dorma from Turandot '' 2 : 58 12 . `` Deserted Lab '' 1 : 52 13 . `` Real Time '' 2 : 51 14 . `` How Close ? '' 6 : 05 15 . `` The Same Air '' 2 : 01 16 . `` If We Could Remember ( Reprise ) '' 3 : 34 Total length : 49 : 30 ( show ) The Sum of All Fears ( Music from the Motion Picture ) : La - La Land : added material in bold No . Title Length 1 . `` The Mission '' 5 : 56 2 . `` Do It ! / I 'll Go / The Bomb '' 4 : 35 3 . `` 14 Months / The Deal '' 4 : 05 4 . `` Thanks a Lot / That Went Well '' 3 : 22 5 . `` The Shipment / Moscow Time '' 1 : 16 6 . `` Nice Going / The Docks '' 3 : 36 7 . `` Mrs. Spassky / The Lab '' 2 : 10 8 . `` The Reservoir / Night Landing / Deserted Lab '' 3 : 34 9 . `` Shoot Him / Changes '' 3 : 16 10 . `` Clear the Stadium ( film version ) / Not the Russians / Man Your Aircraft '' 4 : 24 11 . `` Further Aggressions / State of War '' 2 : 53 12 . `` Supplies / To the Docks '' 2 : 02 13 . `` Real Time '' 2 : 50 14 . `` Cabot Is Dead / His Name Is Olson '' 2 : 50 15 . `` Snap Count '' 2 : 11 16 . `` Maximum Readiness / Get a Doctor '' 1 : 57 17 . `` How Close ? '' 6 : 08 18 . `` The Same Air '' 3 : 16 19 . `` If We Could Remember '' 3 : 36 20 . `` Star - Spangled Banner '' 1 : 55 21 . `` Nessun Dorma from Turandot '' 2 : 57 22 . `` The Mission ( synth choir ) '' 4 : 31 23 . `` Clear the Stadium ( album version ) '' 1 : 31 24 . `` His Name Is Olson ( alt . with synth choir ) '' 1 : 50 25 . `` Theme from The Sum of All Fears ( synth demo ) '' 2 : 13 Total length : 78 : 48 Release ( edit ) Theatrical run ( edit ) While the film was speculated to be released in late 2001 , The Sum of All Fears was theatrically released on May 31 , 2002 . Many media outlets characterized this apparent change in release date to be a delay due to the September 11 attacks . Addressing the release date , director Phil Alden Robinson said , `` When I came on board in August of 2000 , they said , ' This is a Summer - of - 2002 picture . ' '' As the first film released since September 11 to deal so vividly with terrorism , critics believed it to be too alarming to be released nearly nine months after the attacks . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 59 % of critics gave the film positive reviews and that the average rating was 6 / 10 based on a total of 171 reviews counted . The consensus was that the film was `` A slick and well - made thriller that takes on new weight due to the current political climate . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics ' reviews , The Sum of All Fears received a score of 45 based on 35 reviews . Peter Travers criticized Affleck 's performance , saying it `` merely creates an outline for a role he still needs to grow into , a role that Harrison Ford effortlessly filled with authority . '' Richard Roeper felt the film `` is almost impossible to follow -- and there 's something cringe - inducing about seeing an American football stadium nuked as pop entertainment . '' Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune called it `` an implausible apocalypse without depth or resonance '' , while Peter Rainer of New York magazine felt the `` movie has been upstaged by the sum of our fears . '' `` There are some frightening special effects in the movie , which I will not describe , because their unexpected appearance has such an effect . '' -- Roger Ebert , writing for the Chicago Sun - Times A few positive reviews came from The Argus , who praised Freeman for giving `` the William Cabot character such validity . '' Roger Ebert felt that `` the use of the neo-Nazis is politically correct : Best to invent villains who wo n't offend any audiences . '' He also said that `` Jack Ryan 's one - man actions in post-bomb Baltimore are unlikely and way too well - timed . '' In Reel Power : Hollywood Cinema and American Supremacy , author Matthew Alford observed that the American political characters in the film act benevolently ; declaring , `` When the President and his advisers do apply force it is with heavy hearts and purely as a way of demonstrating ' deterrence ' in the hope that this will encourage the Russians to back down . They never apply excessive violence and are ultimately successful -- with Ryan 's help -- in avoiding nuclear warfare . '' Furthermore , he argued that `` the film celebrates and makes light of the enormous covert powers of a globally operating US national security state and its allies . '' Box Office ( edit ) According to Box Office Mojo , the film made U.S. $118,907,036 and $75,014,336 in foreign totals , easily recovering its $68 million production costs . See also ( edit ) Film portal 2002 in film The Sum of All Fears ( video game ) National Response Scenario Number One References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Sum of All Fears ( 12 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 31 , 2002 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Sum of All Fears , Box Office Mojo . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sum Of All Fears '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Neumer , Chris . `` Mace Neufeld Interview '' . Stumped Magazine . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rea , Steven ( October 6 , 1999 ) . `` Playing with perception '' . Toledo Blade . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Akiva Goldsman talks about THE SUM OF ALL FEARS ... '' Video Trader . Ai n't It Cool News . February 1 , 2000 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Wo n't Give in to Sum of All Fears '' . IGN . June 8 , 2000 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hobson , Louis B. ( May 21 , 2001 ) . `` Affleck attack '' . Jam ! . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lybarger , Dan ( May 31 , 2002 ) . `` The Sum of All Fears : A Conversation with Phil Alden Robinson '' . Nitrate Online Feature . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Mark ( January 26 , 2001 ) . `` Wolf Howls As NBC Yanks `` Law & Order '' Episode `` . E ! News . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : producer : Lauren F. Cardillo ( 2003 ) . `` Casting Calls '' . Running Down Dreams Productions & The Discovery Times Channel . Jump up ^ `` Ben Affleck and Morgan Freeman to Star in ' The Sum of All Fears ' ; Paramount Presents Fourth Film in Hit Jack Ryan Series '' . PR Newswire . The Free Library . March 7 , 2001 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sum of All Fears -- Production Notes '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Emma Jones ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` On - location vacations : Movies shot in Canada '' . MSN . Jump up ^ Blu - ray commentary with Phil Alden Robinson and John Lindley Jump up ^ `` The Sum of All Fears ( Music from the Motion Picture ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Filmtracks : The Sum of All Fears ( Jerry Goldsmith ) '' . Filmtracks.com . February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Sum of All Fears album page '' . Retrieved September 22 , 1017 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Brassfield , Mike ( June 1 , 2002 ) . `` ' Sum of All Fears ' tests our post-9 / 11 threshold for plots '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Van Susteren , Greta ( June 3 , 2002 ) . `` The Sum of All Fears Controversy '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Sum of All Fears '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Sum of All Fears '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 529 Reviews by Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Rainer . `` Review of Sum of all fears '' . NY Magazine ( NYMag ) . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sum of All Fears '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lana K. Wilson - Combs , `` wHEW ! Freeman wo n't give up acting anytime soon '' , The Argus ( May 31 , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Alford , Reel Power , p 91 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Sum of All Fears ( film ) Official website The Sum of All Fears on IMDb The Sum of All Fears at AllMovie The Sum of All Fears at Rotten Tomatoes The Sum of All Fears at Metacritic The Sum of All Fears at Box Office Mojo Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan fictional universe Novels by Tom Clancy The Hunt for Red October ( 1984 ) Patriot Games ( 1987 ) The Cardinal of the Kremlin ( 1988 ) Clear and Present Danger ( 1989 ) The Sum of All Fears ( 1991 ) Without Remorse ( 1993 ) Debt of Honor ( 1994 ) Executive Orders ( 1996 ) Rainbow Six ( 1998 ) The Bear and the Dragon ( 2000 ) Red Rabbit ( 2002 ) The Teeth of the Tiger ( 2003 ) Dead or Alive ( 2010 ) Locked On ( 2011 ) Threat Vector ( 2012 ) Command Authority ( 2013 ) by Mark Greaney Support and Defend ( 2014 ) Full Force and Effect ( 2014 ) Commander in Chief ( 2015 ) by Grant Blackwood Under Fire ( 2015 ) Duty and Honor ( 2016 ) Film series The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 ) Patriot Games ( 1992 ) Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) The Sum of All Fears ( 2002 ) Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit ( 2014 ) Television series Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ( 2018 ) Video games The Hunt for Red October ( 1987 ) The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 , Amiga ) The Hunt for Red October ( 1991 , NES ) The Sum of All Fears ( 2002 ) Characters Jack Ryan John Clark Red October Films directed by Phil Alden Robinson In the Mood ( 1987 ) Field of Dreams ( 1989 ) Sneakers ( 1992 ) Freedom Song ( 2000 ) The Sum of All Fears ( 2002 ) The Angriest Man in Brooklyn ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sum_of_All_Fears_(film)&oldid=812572864 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films 2000s action thriller films 2000s spy films American action thriller films American films American political thriller films Apocalyptic films Films about nuclear war and weapons Films about terrorism Films based on American novels Films based on military novels Films based on works by Tom Clancy Films directed by Phil Alden Robinson Films set in 1973 Films set in 2002 Films set in Baltimore Films set in Russia Films set in Ukraine Films shot in Moscow Films shot in Ottawa Films shot in Baltimore Films shot in Maryland Paramount Pictures films Ryanverse films Ukrainian - language films Films shot in Montreal Reboot films Sequel films Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Use mdy dates from April 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 16 : 37 . 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2398620722121614226 | I'll Be Seeing You (song) | I 'll Be Seeing You ( song ) - wikipedia I 'll Be Seeing You ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' Song Published 1938 Composer ( s ) Sammy Fain Lyricist ( s ) Irving Kahal `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' is a popular song , with music by Sammy Fain and lyrics by Irving Kahal . Published in 1938 , it was inserted into the Broadway musical Right This Way , which closed after fifteen performances . In the musical it was performed by the singer Tamara Drasin , who had a few years earlier introduced `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' . The song is a jazz standard , and has been covered by many musicians . The musical theme has emotional power , and was much loved during World War II , when it became an anthem for those serving overseas ( both British and American soldiers ) . The lyrics begin , in Bert Ambrose 's and Vera Lynn 's recorded versions , with a preamble : Cathedral bells were tolling and our hearts sang on Was it the spell of Paris or the April dawn ? Who knows if we shall meet again ? But when the morning chimes ring sweet again ... I 'll be seeing you in all the old familiar places As the song develops , the words take a jaunty commonplace of casual farewell and transform it by degrees , to climax with And when the night is new I 'll be looking at the moon But I 'll be seeing you The resemblance between the main tune 's first four lines and a passage within the theme of the last movement of Gustav Mahler 's Third Symphony ( 1896 ) was pointed out by Deryck Cooke in 1970 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Film and television performances 2 Covers 3 Notes 4 External links Film and television performances ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Featured throughout the 1944 movie also titled I 'll Be Seeing You , starring Ginger Rogers and Joseph Cotten ( when it was performed by the off - screen voice of Louanne Hogan ) , the recording by Bing Crosby became a hit that year , reaching number one for the week of July 1 . Later the song became notably associated with Liberace , as the theme music to his television show of the 1950s . In 1956 , Jackie Gleason 's character , Ralph Kramden , referenced the song in an episode of The Honeymooners in which Kramden experienced an early exit on the game show , The $99,000 Answer , and refused to leave the stage . The song was heard in an episode of the 1960s spy spoof Get Smart , when the main character had a high - tech trumpet that could play any tune , just by speaking the title into the mouthpiece . The Anne Shelton version of the song was aptly used in the 1979 film Yanks , starring Richard Gere , a World War II story set in England in 1943 - 44 . In a 1987 episode of Designing Women , appropriately titled ' I 'll Be Seeing You ' , Jean Smart 's character Charlene dreams that the cast is back in the World War II era ; Charlene performs the song herself and the Bing Crosby version is also featured . It was also played in the 1989 Woody Allen film Crimes and Misdemeanors ; in the end credits of the 1990 film Misery ( Liberace 's rendition ) ; in the 1992 movie Shining Through ; in two episodes of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine ; in the 1999 documentary Beyond the Mat ( when the Rosemary Clooney version is heard ) , in the 2004 film The Aviator ( sung by Martha Wainwright ) , and the Jimmy Durante version is heard in the 2004 film The Notebook as the song for Noah and Allie . It was featured and performed by Anne Shelton in `` Dance with the Dead '' , a 2006 episode of Midsomer Murders , which was set near an old World War II airfield . It was also played in the closing credits for the final ( until 2011 ) episode of Beavis and Butt - head ; in the 2010 season 4 episodes of Eureka ( `` Founder 's Day '' `` A New World '' and `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' ) . On the final episode of The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson which was aired on May 22 , 1992 , Doc Severinsen and the NBC Orchestra closed the show with it , as it was one of Carson 's favorite songs . During the 2009 Academy Awards presentation , Queen Latifah sang the song during the `` In Memoriam '' tribute to members of the motion picture industry who had died during the previous year , which was unusual because the In Memoriam tribute was previously traditionally unaccompanied . On October 26 , 2014 , the song was played as part of a video tribute to Robin Williams at AT&T Park , before Game 5 of the World Series between the San Francisco Giants and the Kansas City Royals . On her 2016 album Encore : Movie Partners Sing Broadway , Barbra Streisand performs `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' ( combined with `` I 've Grown Accustomed to Her Face '' from the 1954 Lerner & Loewe musical My Fair Lady ) , as a duet with actor Chris Pine . Covers ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song has been recorded by many artists : Al Hirt released a version on his 1965 album They 're Playing Our Song Andrea Corr performed `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' on her 2011 album Lifelines Anne Murray recorded a version for her Greatest Hits compilation All of Me Anne Shelton performed `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' in Midsomer Murders Barbra Streisand performs `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' ( combined with I 've Grown Accustomed to Her Face from the 1954 Lerner & Loewe musical My Fair Lady ) , as a duet with actor Chris Pine on her 2016 album Encore : Movie Partners Sing Broadway . Barry Manilow on his 1991 studio album Showstoppers Billie Holiday recorded the song on April 1 , 1944 for Commodore Records . Bill Kenny on his 1966 album Remember Me Bing Crosby recorded it on February 17 , 1944 for Decca Records with John Scott Trotter and His Orchestra . Brad Mehldau on his live album The Art of the Trio , Vol. 4 ( Back at the Vanguard ) Brenda Lee on her 1962 album Sincerely , Brenda Lee Carmen McRae on her album When You 're Away ( 1958 ) Cass Elliot on her live album Do n't Call Me Mama Anymore Connee Boswell , Studio & Radio Broadcast Recordings , 1931 - 1946 Dean Martin on his 1965 album Dean Martin Hits Again Engelbert Humperdinck on his 1985 album A Lovely Way to Spend an Evening Eric Clapton recorded it on his 2016 CD I Still Do Etta James on her 1994 cover album Mystery Lady : Songs of Billie Holiday The Five Satins recorded the song in 1959 The Four Freshmen recorded the song in 1952 and again in 1953 Françoise Hardy and Iggy Pop on the 1998 album Jazz a Saint - Germain Frank Sinatra recorded multiple versions of the song , initially with Tommy Dorsey and His Orchestra ( 1940 ) ( which charted in 1944 peaking at No. 4 ) , and two in 1961 , the first for Capitol Records was included in the album Point of No Return and the second for Reprise Records which was more upbeat and `` swinging '' than later slower versions of the song . This was included in the album I Remember Tommy . Harry James on his album For Listening And Dancing ( Reader 's Digest RD4A 213 , 1981 ) Holly Cole on her album Blame It on My Youth The Hollywood Flames released a version of the song as a single in 1959 James Booker recorded the song James Darren , twice on Star Trek : Deep Space Nine as the character Vic Fontaine , later on also on his album This One 's from the Heart Jane Morgan recorded it on her album The American Girl from Paris ( 1956 ) Jimmy Durante ; a recording from his 1960s TV show was used in the motion picture The Notebook Johnny Mathis , on the album Open Fire , Two Guitars ( 1959 ) Jo Stafford recorded the song for her 1959 album I 'll Be Seeing You with arrangements by Paul Weston ( her husband ) as the band leader Judy Collins on her 1975 album Judith Julian Lage on his 2016 album ARCLIGHT June Tabor on her CD A Quiet Eye ( 2000 ) Linda Ronstadt on her CD Hummin ' to Myself ( 2004 ) Liza Minnelli on her 2002 live album Liza 's Back Louis Prima recorded two versions , first in 1944 with Lily Ann Carol , another in 1960 with Keely Smith Mario Lanza included the song on his album Mario Lanza Sings the Hit songs from The Student Prince and Other Great Musical Comedies ( 1954 ) Mel Tormé recorded several studio versions of the song as well as a live performance with pianist George Shearing on the Concord Records album An Elegant Evening Michael Bublé recorded it on his EP First Dance ( 1995 ) Mina recorded and released the song on her 2012 album 12 ( American Song Book ) Neil Sedaka recorded a version in 1964 but it was not released until 2005 , when it was issued on his Love Songs album Peggy Lee recorded it on her 1972 album Norma Deloris Egstrom from Jamestown , North Dakota The Poni - Tails sang the song in 1959 when it reached as high as # 87 in the U.S. Queen Latifah sang the song during the `` In Memoriam '' tribute during the 81st Academy Awards Ray Charles recorded it in 1967 on his album Invites You to Listen Ray Conniff recorded it in 1959 with his orchestra and singers in a very upbeat and swinging version on his album Young At Heart Regina Carter recorded it in 2006 on her album I 'll Be Seeing You : A Sentimental Journey Rickie Lee Jones on her 1991 album Pop Pop Rod Stewart on his 2002 album It Had to Be You : The Great American Songbook Roseanna Vitro performed it as a Bossa Nova on her 2004 album Tropical Postcards . Rosemary Clooney recorded it in 1990 in her homage to the `` War Years '' on an album entitled For the Duration ( 1991 ) Sarah Vaughan on her 1960 album Dreamy and her 1963 live album Sassy Swings the Tivoli The Skyliners and The Belmonts recorded the song Sonny Rollins in his 1982 concert in Montreal Steve Tyrell recorded the song on his 1999 album A New Standard * The Blanks recorded an a cappella version on their 2004 album Riding the Wave Tony Bennett included the song as the final track on his 1992 album Perfectly Frank Vera Lynn recorded the song in 1962 and again in 1966 for her album More Hits of the Blitz . The Vocal Majority recorded the song on I 'll Be Seeing You in 1990 Willie Nelson recorded the song on Healing Hands of Time ( 1994 ) Vov Dylan ( Violin ) and Glenn Amer Piano recorded this song as the closing number of their album `` Timeless '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leonard , Hal ( January 1 , 1995 ) . I 'll Be Seeing You : 51 Songs of World War II . Hal Leonard Corp. p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 0793537617 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Hal ( January 1 , 1995 ) . I 'll Be Seeing You : 51 Songs of World War II . Hal Leonard Corp. p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0793537617 . Jump up ^ Cooke 's radio broadcast is described in Hans Keller , ' Truth & Music ' , Music and Musicians Magazine , November 1970 Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 109 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carr , David ( 2009 - 02 - 19 ) . `` Oscars on TV : The Subtext '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael and David Carr ( 2009 - 02 - 23 ) . `` A ' Slumdog ' Kind of Night at the Oscar Ceremony '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Giants Honor Robin Williams Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Al Hirt , They 're Playing Our Song Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billie Holiday Discography '' . jazzdisco.org . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1994 ) . Pop Chronicles the 40s : The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40s ( audiobook ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55935 - 147 - 8 . OCLC 31611854 . Tape 1 , side B . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 138 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Hollywood Flames , `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' single release Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LOUIS PRIMA SESSIONOGRAPHY / DISCOGRAPHY : 1933 - 1975 BY : GIA PRIMA and RON CANNATELLA Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 45cat.com '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Vocal Majority , I 'll Be Seeing You Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeless by Vov Dylan on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` I 'll Get By ( As Long as I Have You ) '' by Harry James and His Orchestra with vocal chorus by Dick Haymes `` I 'll Get By ( As Long as I Have You ) '' by Harry James and His Orchestra with vocal chorus by Dick Haymes The Billboard National Best Selling Retail Records number - one single ( Bing Crosby version ) July 1 , 1944 ( one week ) July 15 -- July 29 , 1944 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` I 'll Get By ( As Long as I Have You ) '' by Harry James and His Orchestra with vocal chorus by Dick Haymes `` Swinging on a Star '' by Bing Crosby with John Scott Trotter and His Orchestra and the Williams Brothers Quartet Billie Holiday Discography Awards and nominations Albums Billie Holiday Sings / Solitude An Evening with Billie Holiday Billie Holiday Billie Holiday at JATP Stay with Me Music for Torching Velvet Mood Lady Sings the Blues Body and Soul Songs for Distingué Lovers Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday at Newport All or Nothing at All Lady in Satin Last Recordings The Essential Billie Holiday : Carnegie Hall Concert Recorded Live Lady in Autumn : The Best of the Verve Years Lady Day : The Complete Billie Holiday on Columbia 1933 -- 1944 Remixed and Reimagined Songs `` Ai n't Nobody 's Business '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Billie 's Blues '' `` Blue Moon '' `` Body and Soul '' `` Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans ? '' `` Do n't Explain '' `` Easy Living '' `` Embraceable You '' `` Everything Happens for the Best '' `` Everything Happens to Me '' `` Fine and Mellow '' `` Gloomy Sunday '' `` God Bless the Child '' `` Good Morning Heartache '' `` I Cover the Waterfront '' `` I Loves You , Porgy '' `` I Thought About You '' `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' `` I 'll Get By '' `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' `` Just One of Those Things '' `` Lady Sings the Blues '' `` Left Alone '' `` Love for Sale '' `` Lover Man ( Oh , Where Can You Be ? ) '' `` Me , Myself , and I '' `` Miss Brown to You '' `` My Man '' `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` Night and Day '' `` No More '' `` Now or Never '' `` Our Love Is Different '' `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Pennies from Heaven '' `` Please Do n't Do It Here '' `` Preacher Boy '' `` Sophisticated Lady '' `` Stormy Blues '' `` Strange Fruit '' `` Summertime '' `` These Foolish Things ( Remind Me of You ) '' `` Too Marvelous for Words '' `` Trav'lin ' Light '' `` What a Little Moonlight Can Do '' `` What Is This Thing Called Love ? '' `` Who Needs You ( Baby ) '' `` Why Was I Born ? '' `` Willow Weep for Me '' `` You Go to My Head '' Related topics `` Angel of Harlem '' Lady Sings the Blues ( book ) Lady Sings the Blues ( film ) Lady Sings the Blues ( soundtrack ) Book Bing Crosby Discography Filmography Albums Music of Hawaii ( 1939 ) Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . One ( 1939 ) Patriotic Songs for Children ( 1939 ) Cowboy Songs ( 1939 ) Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . Two ( 1939 ) George Gershwin Songs , Vol . One ( 1939 ) Ballad for Americans ( 1940 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs ( 1940 ) Christmas Music ( 1940 ) Star Dust ( 1940 ) Hawaii Calls ( 1941 ) Small Fry ( 1941 ) Crosbyana ( 1941 ) Under Western Skies ( 1941 ) Song Hits from Holiday Inn ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1942 ) Merry Christmas ( 1945 ) Selections from Going My Way ( 1945 ) Selections from The Bells of St. Mary 's ( 1946 ) Do n't Fence Me In ( 1946 ) The Happy Prince ( 1946 ) Selections from Road to Utopia ( 1946 ) Bing Crosby -- Stephen Foster ( 1946 ) What We So Proudly Hail ( 1946 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . One ( 1946 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . Two ( 1946 ) Blue Skies ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1946 ) Bing Crosby -- Jerome Kern ( 1946 ) St. Patrick 's Day ( 1947 ) Bing Crosby -- Victor Herbert ( 1947 ) Selections from Welcome Stranger ( 1947 ) Our Common Heritage ( 1947 ) El Bingo ( 1947 ) The Small One ( 1947 ) The Man Without a Country ( 1947 ) Drifting and Dreaming ( 1947 ) Blue of the Night ( 1948 ) Selections from Showboat ( 1948 ) The Emperor Waltz ( 1948 ) St. Valentine 's Day ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Al Jolson , Bob Hope , Dick Haymes and the Andrews Sisters ( 1948 ) Selections from Road to Rio ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Judy Garland , Mary Martin , Johnny Mercer ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Lionel Hampton , Eddie Heywood , Louis Jordan ( 1948 ) Auld Lang Syne ( 1948 ) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1949 ) Bing Crosby Sings Songs by George Gershwin ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1949 ) Christmas Greetings ( 1949 ) Ichabod -- The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ( 1949 ) Top o ' the Morning / Emperor Waltz ( 1949 ) Songs from Mr. Music ( 1950 ) Go West Young Man ( 1950 ) Le Bing : Song Hits of Paris ( 1953 ) Some Fine Old Chestnuts ( 1954 ) Selections from White Christmas ( 1954 ) Bing : A Musical Autobiography ( 1954 ) High Tor ( 1956 ) A Christmas Sing with Bing Around the World ( 1956 ) High Society ( w / Frank Sinatra , Grace Kelly , and Louis Armstrong ) ( 1956 ) Songs I Wish I Had Sung the First Time Around ( 1956 ) Bing Sings Whilst Bregman Swings ( 1956 ) Bing with a Beat ( 1957 ) A Christmas Story ( 1957 ) Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves ( 1957 ) Never Be Afraid ( 1957 ) Jack B. Nimble -- A Mother Goose Fantasy ( 1957 ) New Tricks ( 1957 ) Fancy Meeting You Here ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1958 ) How the West Was Won ( 1959 ) Bing & Satchmo ( w / Louis Armstrong ) ( 1960 ) 101 Gang Songs ( 1960 ) Holiday in Europe ( 1960 ) The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) On the Happy Side ( 1962 ) On the Sentimental Side ( 1962 ) I Wish You a Merry Christmas ( 1962 ) Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre ( 1963 ) Return to Paradise Islands ( 1963 ) Bing Crosby Sings the Great Country Hits ( 1963 ) America , I Hear You Singing ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) 12 Songs of Christmas ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) That Travelin ' Two - Beat ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1965 ) Bing ' n ' Basie ( w / Count Basie ) ( 1972 ) A Couple of Song and Dance Men ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1975 ) Seasons ( 1977 ) Bing Crosby : The Voice of Christmas ( 1998 ) Family Dixie Lee ( first wife ) Gary Crosby ( son ) Dennis Crosby ( son ) Phillip Crosby ( son ) Lindsay Crosby ( daughter ) Kathryn Crosby ( second wife ) Harry Crosby ( son ) Mary Crosby ( daughter ) Nathaniel Crosby ( son ) Denise Crosby ( granddaughter ) Larry Crosby ( brother ) Bob Crosby ( brother ) Related Songs Bing Crosby recorded multiple times A Tribute to Bing Crosby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27ll_Be_Seeing_You_(song)&oldid=791860724 '' Categories : 1938 songs 1959 singles Pop standards Songs from musicals Songs with music by Sammy Fain Songs with lyrics by Irving Kahal Jo Stafford songs Liza Minnelli songs Billie Holiday songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Cass Elliot songs Etta James songs Carmen McRae songs Al Hirt songs Max Bygraves songs The Hollywood Flames songs Songs of World War II Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2017 , at 23 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song i'll be seeing you | [
"\"I'll Be Seeing You\" is a popular song, with music by Sammy Fain and lyrics by Irving Kahal.[1] Published in 1938, it was inserted into the Broadway musical Right This Way, which closed after fifteen performances.[2] In the musical it was performed by the singer Tamara Drasin, who had a few years earlier introduced \"Smoke Gets in Your Eyes\". The song is a jazz standard, and has been covered by many musicians.",
"\"I'll Be Seeing You\" is a popular song, with music by Sammy Fain and lyrics by Irving Kahal.[1] Published in 1938, it was inserted into the Broadway musical Right This Way, which closed after fifteen performances.[2] In the musical it was performed by the singer Tamara Drasin, who had a few years earlier introduced \"Smoke Gets in Your Eyes\". The song is a jazz standard, and has been covered by many musicians."
] | [
"Sammy Fain",
"Irving Kahal"
] |
9083585000254726069 | Varicella vaccine | Varicella vaccine - wikipedia Varicella vaccine Not to be confused with Variola vaccine . Varicella vaccine Varicella vaccine from Japan Vaccine description Target disease Varicella ( chickenpox ) Type Attenuated virus Clinical data Trade names Varivax , Varilrix , other AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a607029 License data EU EMA : by varicella Pregnancy category US : C ( Risk not ruled out ) Routes of administration Injection ATC code J07BK01 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status In general : ℞ ( Prescription only ) Identifiers ChemSpider none ( what is this ? ) ( verify ) Varicella vaccine , also known as chickenpox vaccine , is a vaccine that protects against chickenpox . One dose of vaccine prevents 95 % of moderate disease and 100 % of severe disease . Two doses of vaccine are more effective than one . If given to those who are not immune within five days of exposure to chickenpox it prevents most cases of disease . Vaccinating a large portion of the population also protects those who are not vaccinated . It is given by injection just under the skin . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) recommends routine vaccination only if a country can keep more than 80 % of people vaccinated . If only 20 % to 80 % of people are vaccinated it is possible that more people will get the disease at an older age and outcomes overall may worsen . Either one or two doses of the vaccine is recommended . In the United States two doses are recommended starting at twelve to fifteen months of age . As of 2012 most European countries either recommend it for all children or just those at high risk , but not all countries provide the vaccine due to its cost . Minor side effects may include pain at the site of injection , fever , and rash . Severe side effects are rare and occur mostly in those with poor immune function . Its use in people with HIV / AIDS should be done with care . It is not recommended during pregnancy ; however , the few times it has been given during pregnancy no problems resulted . The vaccine is available either by itself or along with the MMR vaccine , in a version known as the MMRV vaccine . It is made from weakened virus . The chickenpox vaccine first became commercially available in 1984 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . In the United States it costs between 100 and 200 USD . Contents 1 Medical uses 1.1 Duration of immunity 1.2 Chickenpox 1.3 Herpes zoster 1.4 Schedule 2 Contraindications 3 Side effects 4 History 5 References 6 External links Medical uses ( edit ) Varicella vaccine is 70 % to 90 % effective for preventing varicella and more than 95 % effective for preventing severe varicella . Follow - up evaluations have taken place in the United States of children immunized that revealed protection for at least 11 years . Also , studies were conducted in Japan which indicated protection for at least 20 years . People who do not develop enough protection when they get the vaccine may develop a mild case of the disease when in close contact with a person with chickenpox . In these cases , people show very little sign of illness . This has been the case of children who get the vaccine in their early childhood and later have contact with children with chickenpox . Some of these children may develop a mild chickenpox also known as breakthrough disease . Another vaccine , known as zoster vaccine , is simply a larger - than - normal dose of the same vaccine used against chickenpox , and is used in older adults to reduce the risk of shingles ( also called herpes zoster ) and postherpetic neuralgia , which are caused by the same virus . Duration of immunity ( edit ) The long - term duration of protection from varicella vaccine is unknown , but there are now persons vaccinated twenty years ago with no evidence of waning immunity , while others have become vulnerable in as few as six years . Assessments of duration of immunity are complicated in an environment where natural disease is still common , which typically leads to an overestimation of effectiveness . Some vaccinated children have been found to lose their protective antibody in as little as five to eight years . However , according to the World Health Organization : `` After observation of study populations for periods of up to 20 years in Japan and 10 years in the United States , more than 90 % of immunocompetent persons who were vaccinated as children were still protected from varicella . '' However , since only one out of five Japanese children were vaccinated , the annual exposure of these vaccinees to children with natural chickenpox boosted the vaccinees ' immune system . In the United States , where universal varicella vaccination has been practiced , the majority of children no longer receive exogenous ( outside ) boosting , thus , their cell - mediated immunity to VZV ( varicella zoster virus ) wanes -- necessitating booster chickenpox vaccinations . As time goes on , boosters may be necessary . Persons exposed to the virus after vaccine tend to experience milder cases of chickenpox . Catching `` wild '' chickenpox as a child has been thought to commonly result in lifelong immunity . Indeed , parents have deliberately ensured this in the past with `` pox parties '' . Historically , exposure of adults to contagious children has boosted their immunity , reducing the risk of shingles . The CDC and corresponding national organisations are carefully observing the failure rate which may be high compared with other modern vaccines -- large outbreaks of chickenpox having occurred at schools which required their children to be vaccinated . Chickenpox ( edit ) Prior to the introduction of the vaccine in 1995 in the United States ( released in 1988 in Japan and Korea ) , there were around 4,000,000 cases per year in the United States , mostly children , with typically 10,500 -- 13,000 hospital admissions ( range , 8,000 -- 18,000 ) , and 100 -- 150 deaths each year . Though mostly children caught it , the majority of deaths ( by as much as 80 % ) were among adults . During 2003 and the first half of 2004 , the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) reported eight deaths from varicella , six of whom were children or adolescents . These deaths and hospital admissions have substantially declined in the US due to vaccination , though the rate of shingles infection has increased as adults are less exposed to infected children ( which would otherwise help protect against shingles ) . Ten years after the vaccine was recommended in the US , the CDC reported as much as a 90 % drop in chickenpox cases , a varicella - related hospital admission decline of 71 % and a 97 % drop in chickenpox deaths among those under 20 . Vaccines are less effective among high - risk patients , as well as being more dangerous because they contain attenuated live virus . In a study performed on children with an impaired immune system , 30 % had lost the antibody after five years , and 8 % had already caught wild chickenpox in that five - year period . Herpes zoster ( edit ) Herpes zoster ( shingles ) most often occurs in the elderly and is only rarely seen in children . The incidence of herpes zoster in vaccinated adults is 0.9 / 1000 person - years , and is 0.33 / 1000 person - years in vaccinated children ; this is lower than the overall incidence of 3.2 -- 4.2 / 1000 person - years . Adult shingles cases may increase after introduction of varicella vaccine , but evidence is unclear . While research using computer models has tended to support the hypothesis that vaccination programs would increase incidence of zoster in the short term , the evidence from epidemiological studies is mixed , and increases observed in zoster incidence in some studies may not be related to vaccination programs , as the incidence increases prior to the varicella vaccine program being initiated . Regarding herpes zoster , the US Centers for Disease Control states : `` Chickenpox vaccines contain weakened live VZV , which may cause latent ( dormant ) infection . The vaccine - strain VZV can reactivate later in life and cause shingles . However , the risk of getting shingles from vaccine - strain VZV after chickenpox vaccination is much lower than getting shingles after natural infection with wild - type VZV . '' Schedule ( edit ) The World Health Organization recommends one or two doses with the initial dose given at 12 to 18 months of age . The second dose if given should occur at least one to three months later . This vaccine is a shot given subcutaneously ( under the skin ) . It is recommended for all children under 13 and for everyone 13 or older who has never had chickenpox . In the United States two doses are recommended . In the first case a first dose is administered at 12 to 15 months and a second dose at age 4 -- 6 years . For people older than 13 the two doses are administered 4 to 8 weeks apart . The varicella vaccine did not become widely available in the United States until 1995 . In the UK , the vaccine is only recommended in people who are particularly vulnerable to chickenpox . Contraindications ( edit ) The varicella vaccine is not recommended for seriously ill people , pregnant women , people who have experienced a serious allergic reaction to the varicella vaccine in the past , people who are allergic to gelatin , people allergic to neomycin , people receiving high doses of steroids , people receiving treatment for cancer with x-rays or chemotherapy , as well as people who have received blood products or transfusions during the past five months . It may be usable in people with HIV infections who have a good blood count and are receiving appropriate treatment . Side effects ( edit ) Serious side effects are very rare . From 1998 to 2013 , only one vaccine - related death was reported : an English child with pre-existent leukemia . In some occasions , severe reactions have been reported such as meningitis and pneumonia ( mainly in inadvertently vaccinated immunocompromised children ) as well as anaphylaxis . The possible mild side effects include redness , stiffness , and soreness at the injection site , as well as fever . A few people may develop a mild rash , which usually appears around the injection site . There is a short - term risk of developing herpes zoster ( shingles ) following vaccination . However , this risk is less than the risk due to a natural infection resulting in chickenpox . Most of the cases reported have been mild and have not been associated with serious complications . Approximately 5 % of children who receive the vaccine develop a fever or rash . Adverse reaction reports for the period 1995 to 2005 found no deaths attributed to the vaccine despite approximately 55.7 million doses being delivered . Cases of vaccine - related chickenpox have been reported in patients with a weakened immune system , but no deaths . The literature contains several reports of adverse reactions following varicella vaccination , including vaccine - strain zoster in children and adults . History ( edit ) The Varicella zoster vaccine is made from the Oka / Merck strain of live attenuated varicella virus . The virus was initially obtained from a child with natural varicella , introduced into human embryonic lung cell cultures , adapted to and propagated in embryonic guinea pig cell cultures , and finally propagated in human diploid cell cultures . Japan was among the first countries to vaccinate for chickenpox . The vaccine was first licensed in the United States in 1995 . Routine vaccination against varicella zoster virus is also performed in the United States , and the incidence of chickenpox has been dramatically reduced there ( from 4 million cases per year in the pre-vaccine era to approximately 400,000 cases per year as of 2005 ) . In Europe most countries do not currently vaccinate against varicella , though the vaccine is gaining wider acceptance . Australia , Canada , and other countries have adopted recommendations for routine immunization of children and susceptible adults against chickenpox . Other countries , such as the United Kingdom , have targeted recommendations for the vaccine , e.g. , for susceptible health care workers at risk of varicella exposure . In the UK , varicella antibodies are measured as part of the routine of prenatal care , and by 2005 all National Health Service personnel had determined their immunity and been immunized if they were non-immune and have direct patient contact . Population - based immunization against varicella is not otherwise practised in the UK . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Chickenpox ( Varicella ) Vaccine Safety '' . CDC . October 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Varicella and herpes zoster vaccines : WHO position paper , June 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire / Section d'hygiene du Secretariat de la Societe des Nations = Weekly epidemiological record / Health Section of the Secretariat of the League of Nations . 89 ( 25 ) : 265 -- 87 . 20 June 2014 . PMID 24983077 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Carrillo - Santisteve , P ; Lopalco , PL ( May 2014 ) . `` Varicella vaccination : a laboured take - off '' . Clinical Microbiology and Infection . 20 Suppl 5 : 86 -- 91 . doi : 10.1111 / 1469 - 0691.12580 . PMID 24494784 . Jump up ^ Flatt , A ; Breuer , J ( September 2012 ) . `` Varicella vaccines '' . British Medical Bulletin . 103 ( 1 ) : 115 -- 27 . doi : 10.1093 / bmb / lds019 . PMID 22859715 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Model List of Essential Medicines ( 19th List ) '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . April 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Richart ( 2015 ) . Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab - Coat Edition . Jones & Bartlett Learning . p. 318 . ISBN 9781284057560 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Academy of Pediatrics . Committee on Infectious Diseases . Varicella vaccine update '' ( PDF ) . Pediatrics. 105 ( 1 Pt 1 ) : 136 -- 41 . January 2000 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 105.1. 136 . PMC 1026493 . PMID 10617719 . Jump up ^ `` Varicella Vaccine ( Chickenpox ) '' . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2010 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldman GS ( 2005 ) . `` Universal varicella vaccination : efficacy trends and effect on herpes zoster '' . Int J Toxicol. 24 ( 4 ) : 205 -- 213 . doi : 10.1080 / 10915810591000659 . PMID 16126614 . Jump up ^ Chaves SS , Gargiullo P , Zhang JX , et al. ( March 2007 ) . `` Loss of vaccine - induced immunity to varicella over time '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 356 ( 11 ) : 1121 -- 9 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa064040 . PMID 17360990 . ^ Jump up to : The Vaccines and other Biologicals department ( May 2003 ) . `` Varicella vaccine '' . WHO . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 18 . -- which includes : `` Varicella vaccines : WHO position paper '' ( PDF ) . Weekly Epidemiological Record . 73 ( 32 ) : 241 -- 248 . 1998 . PMID 9715106 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2001 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` General questions about the disease '' . Varicella Disease ( Chickenpox ) . CDCP . December 20 , 2001 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Jack ( 2005 ) . `` Chickenpox Vaccine Linked with Shingles Epidemic '' . HerpesDoctor . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Tugwell BD , Lee LE , Gillette H , Lorber EM , Hedberg K , Cieslak PR ( March 2004 ) . `` Chickenpox outbreak in a highly vaccinated school population '' . Pediatrics. 113 ( 3 Pt 1 ) : 455 -- 9 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 113.3. 455 . PMID 14993534 . Jump up ^ http://www.al.com/news/huntsvilletimes/index.ssf?/base/news/113464189674151.xml&coll=1 Archived 2007 - 02 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Chicken Pox Outbreak '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved August 2014 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ HealthiNation . `` Yahoo ! Health '' . Health.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Lopez , Adriana ; Schmid , Scott ; Bialek , Stephanie ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 17 : Varicella '' . In Roush , Sandra W. ; McIntyre , Lynne ; Baldy , Linda M. Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine - Preventable Diseases ( 5th ed . ) . Atlanta GA : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Seward JF , Watson BM , Peterson CL , et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Varicella disease after introduction of varicella vaccine in the United States , 1995 -- 2000 '' . JAMA. 287 ( 5 ) : 606 -- 11 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 287.5. 606 . PMID 11829699 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Nguyen HQ , Jumaan AO , Seward JF ( 2005 ) . `` Decline in mortality due to varicella after implementation of varicella vaccination in the United States '' ( PDF ) . N Engl J Med. 352 ( 5 ) : 450 -- 8 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa042271 . PMID 15689583 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Patel MS , Gebremariam A , Davis MM ( 2008 ) . `` Herpes zoster - related hospital admissions and expenditures before and after introduction of the varicella vaccine in the United States '' . Control Hosp . Epidemiol. 29 ( 12 ) : 1157 -- 1163 . doi : 10.1086 / 591975 . PMID 18999945 . Jump up ^ Yih WK ; Brooks DR ; Lett SM ; Jumaan AO ; Zhang Z . Clements KM ; Seward JF ( 2005 ) . `` The incidence of varicella and herpes zoster in Massachusetts as measured by the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System ( BRFSS ) during a period of increasing varicella vaccine coverage , 1998 -- 2003 '' . BMC Public Health . 5 : 68 -- 68 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 5 - 68 . PMC 1177968 . PMID 15960856 . Jump up ^ Yawn BP , Saddier P , Wollan PC , St Sauver JL , Kurland MJ , Sy LS ( 2007 ) . `` A Population - Based Study of the Incidence and Complication Rates of Herpes Zoster Before Zoster Vaccine Introduction '' . Mayo Clin. Proc. 82 ( 11 ) : 1341 -- 1349 . doi : 10.4065 / 82.11. 1341 . PMID 17976353 . Jump up ^ Szabo , Liz ( 2011 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Vaccine has nearly eliminated chickenpox deaths in children '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Pirofski L , Casadevall A ( 1 January 1998 ) . `` Use of Licensed Vaccines for Active Immunization of the Immunocompromised Host '' ( PDF ) . Clin Microbiol Rev. 11 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 26 . PMC 121373 . PMID 9457426 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gershon , A.A. ( 2013 ) . `` Varicella zoster vaccines and their implications for development of HSV vaccines '' . Virology. 435 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 36 . doi : 10.1016 / j. virol. 2012.10. 006 . PMC 3595154 . PMID 23217613 . ^ Jump up to : Harpaz , Rafael . `` Prevention of Herpes Zoster : Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ( ACIP ) '' . Centers for Disease Control . Archived from the original on 17 November 2009 . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Yih WK , Brooks DR , Lett SM , Jumaan AO , Zhang Z , Clements KM , Seward JF ( 2005 ) . `` The incidence of varicella and herpes zoster in Massachusetts as measured by the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System ( BRFSS ) during a period of increasing varicella vaccine coverage , 1998 -- 2003 '' . BMC Public Health . 5 : 68 -- 68 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 5 - 68 . PMC 1177968 . PMID 15960856 . Jump up ^ Brisson M , Gay NJ , Edmunds WJ , Andrews NJ ( 2002 ) . `` Exposure to varicella boosts immunity to Herpes - zoster : implications for mass vaccination against varicella '' . Vaccine. 20 ( 19 -- 20 ) : 2500 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / S0264 - 410X ( 02 ) 00180 - 9 . PMID 12057605 . Jump up ^ Leung , Jessica ; Rafael Harpaz ; Noelle - Angelique Molinari ; Aisha Jumaan ; Fangjun Zhou ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Herpes Zoster Incidence Among Insured Persons in the United States , 1993 -- 2006 : Evaluation of Impact of Varicella Vaccination '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 52 ( 3 ) : 332 -- 340 . doi : 10.1093 / cid / ciq077 . PMID 21217180 . Jump up ^ Tanuseputro , Peter ; Brandon Zagorski ; Kevin J. Chan ; Jeffrey C. Kwong ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) . `` Population - based incidence of herpes zoster after introduction of a publicly funded varicella vaccination program '' . Vaccine. 29 ( 47 ) : 8580 -- 8584 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2011.09. 024 . PMID 21939721 . Jump up ^ Carville , Kylie ; Michaela A. Riddell ; Heath A. Kelly ( 2010 - 03 - 16 ) . `` A decline in varicella but an uncertain impact on zoster following varicella vaccination in Victoria , Australia '' . Vaccine. 28 ( 13 ) : 2532 -- 2538 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2010.01. 036 . PMID 20117265 . Jump up ^ `` Varicella ( Chickenpox ) '' . Center for Disease Control . Archived from the original on 17 April 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who should get this vaccine ? '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2010 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Why are n't children in the UK vaccinated against chickenpox ? '' . NHS Choices . UK National Health Service . Archived from the original on 11 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who should not receive the varicella vaccine ? '' . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2010 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What side effects have been reported with this vaccine ? '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2010 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James , William D. ; Berger , Timothy G. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Andrews ' Diseases of the Skin : clinical Dermatology . Saunders Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Vaccine Information for the public and health professionals '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2010 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Galea SA , Sweet A , Beninger P , Steinberg SP , LaRussa PS , Gershon AA , Sharrar RG ( 2008 ) . `` The Safety Profile of Varicella Vaccine : A 10 - Year Review '' . J. Infect . Dis. 197 ( Supplement 2 ) : S165 -- S169 . doi : 10.1086 / 522125 . PMID 18419392 . Archived from the original on 17 April 2015 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Wise RP , Salive ME , Braun MM , et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Postlicensure safety surveillance for varicella vaccine '' . JAMA. 284 ( 10 ) : 1271 -- 9 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 284.10. 1271 . PMID 10979114 . Jump up ^ Quinlivan MA , Gershon AA , Nichols RA , La Russa P , Steinberg SP , Breuer J ( 2006 ) . `` Vaccine Oka Varicella - zoster virus genotypes are monomorphic in single vesicles and polymorphic in respiratory tract secretions '' . J Infect Dis. 193 ( 7 ) : 927 -- 30 . doi : 10.1086 / 500835 . PMID 16518753 . Jump up ^ For example : Wrensch M , Weinberg A , Wiencke J , Miike R , Barger G , Kelsey K ( 2001 ) . `` Prevalence of antibodies to four herpesviruses among adults with glioma and controls '' . Am J Epidemiol. 154 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 5 . doi : 10.1093 / aje / 154.2. 161 . PMID 11447050 . Naseri A , Good WV , Cunningham ET Jr ( 2003 ) . `` Herpes zoster virus sclerokeratitis and anterior uveitis in a child following varicella vaccination '' . Am J Ophthalmol. 135 ( 3 ) : 415 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / S0002 - 9394 ( 02 ) 01957 - 8 . PMID 12614776 . Schwab J , Ryan M ( 2004 ) . `` Varicella zoster virus meningitis in a previously immunized child '' . Pediatrics. 114 ( 2 ) : e273 -- 4 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 114.2. e273 . PMID 15286270 . Bronstein DE , Cotliar J , Votava - Smith JK , Powell MZ , Miller MJ , Cherry JD ( 2005 ) . `` Recurrent papular urticaria after varicella immunization in a 15 - month - old girl '' . Pediatr Infect Dis J. 24 ( 3 ) : 269 -- 70 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. inf. 0000154330.47509. 42 . PMID 15750467 . Binder NR , Holland GN , Hosea S , Silverberg ML ( 2005 ) . `` Herpes zoster ophthalmicus in an otherwise - healthy child '' . J AAPOS. 9 ( 6 ) : 597 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaapos. 2005.06. 009 . PMID 16414532 . Jump up ^ `` Varivax Full Prescribing Information '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Varicella ( chickenpox ) : Questions and Answers '' ( PDF ) . 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"The chickenpox vaccine first became commercially available in 1984.[2] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[5] In the United States it costs between 100 and 200 USD.[6]\n"
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"1984"
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5641161245943300879 | Richard Harris | Richard Harris - wikipedia Richard Harris Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Richard Harris , see Richard Harris ( disambiguation ) . Richard Harris Harris in 1985 Richard St John Harris ( 1930 - 10 - 01 ) 1 October 1930 Limerick , County Limerick , Rep. of Ireland 25 October 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 25 ) ( aged 72 ) Fitzrovia , London , England Cause of death Hodgkin 's lymphoma Occupation Actor , singer Years active 1958 -- 2002 Spouse ( s ) Elizabeth Rees - Williams ( m . 1957 ; div. 1969 ) Ann Turkel ( m . 1974 ; div. 1982 ) Children Damian Harris Jared Harris Jamie Harris Relatives Annabelle Wallis ( niece ) Signature Richard St John Harris ( 1 October 1930 -- 25 October 2002 ) was an Irish actor and singer . He appeared on stage and in many films , appearing as Frank Machin in This Sporting Life , for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor , King Arthur in the 1967 film Camelot and the subsequent 1981 revival of the show . He played an aristocrat and prisoner in A Man Called Horse ( 1970 ) , a gunfighter in Clint Eastwood 's Western film Unforgiven ( 1992 ) , Emperor Marcus Aurelius in Gladiator ( 2000 ) , and Albus Dumbledore in the first two Harry Potter films : the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) . Harris had a number one hit in Australia and Canada and a top ten hit in the United Kingdom and United States with his 1968 recording of Jimmy Webb 's song `` MacArthur Park '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early supporting roles 2.2 This Sporting Life 2.3 Peak of stardom : Camelot , A Man Called Horse , Cromwell 2.4 Singing career 2.5 1970s 2.6 Action star 2.7 Camelot again 2.8 The Field 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Memorials 6 Awards and nominations 6.1 Academy Awards 6.2 Golden Globes 6.3 Cannes 6.4 Golden Raspberry Awards 6.5 Grammy Awards 6.6 Moscow Film Festival 7 Filmography 8 Discography 8.1 Albums 8.2 Singles 8.3 CD releases and compilations 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early life ( edit ) Harris was born in Limerick : his siblings included Patrick Ivan ( 1929 -- 2008 ) , Noel William Michael ( 1932 -- 1996 ) , Diarmid ( Dermot , 1939 -- 1985 ) , and William George Harris ( 1942 -- 2007 ) . His niece is actress Annabelle Wallis . He was schooled by the Jesuits at Crescent College : a talented rugby player , he appeared on several Munster Junior and Senior Cup teams for Crescent , and played for Garryowen . Harris ' athletic career was cut short when he caught tuberculosis in his teens . He remained an ardent fan of the Munster Rugby and Young Munster teams until his death , attending many of their matches , and there are numerous stories of japes at rugby matches with actors and fellow rugby fans Peter O'Toole and Richard Burton . After recovering from tuberculosis , Harris moved to Britain , wanting to become a director . He could not find any suitable training courses , and enrolled in the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art ( LAMDA ) to learn acting . He had failed an audition at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) and had been rejected by the Central School of Speech and Drama , because they felt he was too old at 24 . While still a student , he rented the tiny `` off - West End '' Irving Theatre , and there directed his own production of Clifford Odets ' play Winter Journey ( The Country Girl ) . This show was a critical success , but was a financial failure , and he lost all his savings in this venture . As a result , Harris ended up temporarily homeless , sleeping in a coal cellar for six weeks . Accounts of his contemporaries from his hometown of Limerick , however , indicate that he may have exaggerated these stories somewhat and that he actually stayed with a few aunts , sleeping on their living room sofas . After completing his studies at the Academy , he joined Joan Littlewood 's Theatre Workshop . He began getting roles in West End theatre productions , starting with The Quare Fellow in 1956 , a transfer from the Theatre Workshop. He spent nearly a decade in obscurity , learning his profession on stages throughout the UK . Career ( edit ) Early supporting roles ( edit ) Harris made his film debut in 1959 in the film Alive and Kicking , and played the lead role in The Ginger Man in the West End in 1959 . His second film was shot in Ireland , a small role as a freedom fighter in Shake Hands with the Devil ( 1959 ) , supporting James Cagney . It was directed by Michael Anderson who offered Harris a role in his next movie , The Wreck of the Mary Deare ( 1959 ) , shot in Hollywood . Harris hated it so much that he refused to return there for several years , turning down the role of Commodus in The Fall of the Roman Empire ( 1964 ) . Harris played another IRA freedom fighter in A Terrible Beauty ( 1960 ) , alongside Robert Mitchum . He had a memorable bit part in the film The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) as a Royal Australian Air Force pilot who reports that blowing up the `` bloody guns '' of the island of Navarone is impossible by an air raid . He had a larger part in The Long and the Short and the Tall ( 1961 ) , playing a British soldier ; Harris clashed with Laurence Harvey during filming . For his role in the film Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1962 ) , despite being virtually unknown to film audiences , Harris reportedly insisted on third billing , behind Trevor Howard and Marlon Brando . He did not get along at all with Brando during filming . This Sporting life ( edit ) Harris ' first starring role was in the film This Sporting Life ( 1963 ) , as a bitter young coal miner , Frank Machin , who becomes an acclaimed rugby league football player . It was based on the novel by David Storey and directed by Lindsay Anderson . For his role , Harris won Best Actor in 1963 at the Cannes Film Festival and an Academy Award nomination . Harris followed this with a leading role in the Italian film , Michelangelo Antonioni 's Il Deserto Rosso ( Red Desert , 1964 ) . This won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival . Harris received an offer to support Kirk Douglas in a British war film , The Heroes of Telemark ( 1965 ) , directed by Anthony Mann , playing a Norwegian resistance leader . He then went to Hollywood to support Charlton Heston in Sam Peckinpah 's Major Dundee ( 1965 ) , as an Irish immigrant who became a Confederate cavalryman during the American Civil War . He played Cain in John Huston 's film The Bible : In the Beginning ... ( 1966 ) . More successful at the box office was Hawaii ( 1966 ) , which Harris starred alongside Julie Andrews and Max Von Sydow . As a change of pace , he was the romantic lead in a Doris Day spy spoof comedy , Caprice ( 1967 ) , directed by Frank Tashlin . Peak of stardom : Camelot , a Man Called Horse , Cromwell ( edit ) Harris next performed the role of King Arthur in the film adaptation of the musical play Camelot ( 1967 ) . He continued to appear on stage in this role for many years , including a successful Broadway run in 1981 -- 82 . In The Molly Maguires ( 1970 ) , he played James McParland , the detective who infiltrates the title organisation , headed by Sean Connery . It was a box office flop . However A Man Called Horse ( 1970 ) , with Harris in the title role , an 1825 English aristocrat who is captured by Indians , was a major success . He played the title role in the film Cromwell in 1970 opposite Alec Guinness as King Charles I of England . That year British exhibitors voted him the 9th most popular star at the UK box office . Singing career ( edit ) Harris recorded several albums of music , one of which , A Tramp Shining , included the seven - minute hit song `` MacArthur Park '' ( Harris insisted on singing the lyric as `` MacArthur 's Park '' ) . This song was written by Jimmy Webb , and it reached number 2 on the American Billboard Hot 100 chart . It also topped several music sales charts in Europe during the summer of 1968 . `` MacArthur Park '' sold over one million copies , and was awarded a gold disc . A second album , also consisting entirely of music composed by Webb , The Yard Went on Forever , was released in 1969 . 1970s ( edit ) In 1971 Harris starred in a BBC TV film adaptation `` The Snow Goose '' , from a screenplay by Paul Gallico . It won a Golden Globe for Best Movie made for TV and was nominated for both a BAFTA and an Emmy. and was shown in the U.S. as part of the Hallmark Hall of Fame . He made his directorial debut with Bloomfield ( 1971 ) and starred in Man in the Wilderness ( 1971 ) a revisionist Western based on the Hugh Glass story . Action star ( edit ) Harris starred in a Western for Samuel Fuller , Riata , which stopped production several weeks into filming . The project was re-assembled with a new director and cast , except for Harris , who returned : The Deadly Trackers ( 1973 ) . In 1973 , Harris published a book of poetry , I , In the Membership of My Days , which was later reissued in part in an audio LP format , augmented by self - penned songs such as `` I Do n't Know . '' Harris starred in two thrillers : 99 and 44 / 100 % Dead ( 1974 ) , with John Frankenheimer , and Juggernaut ( 1974 ) , for Richard Lester . In Echoes of a Summer ( 1976 ) he played the father of a young girl with a terminal illness . He had a cameo as Richard the Lionheart in Robin and Marian ( 1976 ) , for Lester , then was in The Return of a Man Called Horse ( 1976 ) . Harris led the all - star cast in the train disaster film , The Cassandra Crossing ( 1976 ) . He played Gulliver in the part - animated Gulliver 's Travels ( 1977 ) and was reunited with Michael Anderson in Orca ( 1977 ) , battling a killer whale . He appeared in another action film , Golden Rendezvous ( 1977 ) , based on a novel by Alistair Maclean , shot in South Africa . Harris was sued by the film 's producer for his drinking ; Harris counter-sued for defamation and the matter settled out of court . Golden Rendezvous was a flop but The Wild Geese ( 1978 ) , where Harris played one of several mercenaries , was a big success outside America . Ravagers ( 1979 ) was more action , set in a post-apocalyptic world . Game for Vultures ( 1979 ) was set in Rhodesia and shot in South Africa . In Hollywood he appeared in a comedy , The Last Word ( 1979 ) , then supported Bo Derek in Tarzan , the Ape Man ( 1981 ) . He made a film in Canada , Your Ticket Is No Longer Valid ( 1981 ) , a drama about impotence . He followed it with another Canadian movie , Highpoint , a movie so bad it was not released for several years . Camelot again ( edit ) Harris ' career was revived by his success on stage in Camelot . His film work remained unimpressive : Triumphs of a Man Called Horse ( 1983 ) , Martin 's Day ( 1985 ) , Strike Commando 2 ( 1988 ) , King of the Wind ( 1990 ) and Mack the Knife ( 1990 ) plus the TV film version of Maigret , opposite Barbara Shelley . This indicated declining popularity which Harris told his biographer , Michael Feeney Callan , he was `` utterly reconciled to '' . The Field ( edit ) In June 1989 , director Jim Sheridan cast Harris in the lead role in The Field , written by the esteemed Irish playwright John B. Keane . The lead role of `` Bull '' McCabe was to be played by former Abbey Theatre actor Ray McAnally . When McAnally died suddenly on 15 June 1989 , Harris was offered the McCabe role . The Field was released in 1990 and earned Harris his second Academy Award nomination for Best Actor . He lost to Jeremy Irons for Reversal of Fortune . In 1992 , Harris had a supporting role in the film Patriot Games , as a fundraiser for the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( PIRA ) . He had good roles in Unforgiven ( 1992 ) , Wrestling Ernest Hemingway ( 1993 ) , and Silent Tongue ( 1994 ) . He played the title role in Abraham ( 1994 ) and had the lead in Cry , the Beloved Country ( 1995 ) . A lifelong supporter of Jesuit education principles , Harris established a friendship with University of Scranton President Rev. J.A. Panuska and raised funds for a scholarship for Irish students established in honour of his brother and manager , Dermot , who had died the previous year of a heart attack . He chaired acting workshops and cast the university 's production of Julius Caesar in November 1987 . Over several years in the late 1980s , Harris worked with Irish author Michael Feeney Callan on his biography , which was published by Sidgwick & Jackson in 1990 . Harris appeared in two films which won the Academy Award for Best Picture . First , as the gunfighter `` English Bob '' in the Western Unforgiven ( 1992 ) ; second , as the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius in Ridley Scott 's Gladiator ( 2000 ) . He also played a lead role alongside James Earl Jones in the Darrell Roodt film adaptation of Cry , the Beloved Country ( 1995 ) . In 1999 , Harris starred in the film To Walk with Lions . After Gladiator , Harris played the supporting role of Albus Dumbledore in the first two of the Harry Potter films , and as Abbé Faria in Kevin Reynolds ' film adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) . The film Kaena : The Prophecy ( 2003 ) was dedicated to him posthumously as he had voiced the character Opaz before his death . Concerning his role as Dumbledore , Harris had stated that he did not intend to take the part at first , since he knew that his health was in decline , but he relented and accepted it because his 11 - year - old granddaughter threatened never to speak to him again if he did not take it . In an interview with the Toronto Star in 2001 , Harris expressed his concern that his association with the Harry Potter films would outshine the rest of his career . He explained , `` Because , you see , I do n't just want to be remembered for being in those bloody films , and I 'm afraid that 's what 's going to happen to me . '' Harris also made part of the Bible TV movie project filmed as a cinema production for the TV , a project produced by Lux Vide Italy with the collaboration of Radio Televisione Italiana RAI and Channel 5 of France , and premiered in the United States in the channel TNT in the 1990s . He portrayed the main and title character in the production Abraham ( 1993 ) as well as Saint John of Patmos in the 2000 TV movie production Apocalypse . Personal life ( edit ) In 1957 , Harris married Elizabeth Rees - Williams , daughter of David Rees - Williams , 1st Baron Ogmore . They had three children : actor Jared Harris , who was once married to Emilia Fox ; actor Jamie Harris ; and director Damian Harris , who was once married to Annabel Brooks and was once the partner of Peta Wilson . Harris and Rees - Williams divorced in 1969 , after which Elizabeth married Rex Harrison . Harris ' second marriage was to the American actress Ann Turkel . In 1982 , they divorced . Harris was a member of the Roman Catholic Knights of Malta , and was also dubbed a knight by the Queen of Denmark in 1985 . Harris paid £ 75,000 for William Burges ' Tower House in Holland Park in 1968 , after discovering that the American entertainer Liberace had arranged to buy the house but not yet put down a deposit . Harris employed the original decorators , Campbell Smith & Company Ltd. to carry out extensive restoration work on the interior . Harris was a vocal supporter of the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( PIRA ) from 1973 until 1984 . In January 1984 remarks he made on the previous month 's Harrods bombing caused great controversy after which he disavowed his support for the PIRA . At the height of his stardom in the 1960s and early 1970s Harris was almost as well known for his hellraiser lifestyle and heavy drinking as he was for his acting career . He was a longtime alcoholic until he became a teetotaler in 1981 , although he did resume drinking Guinness a decade later . He gave up drugs after almost dying from a cocaine overdose in 1978 . Death ( edit ) Harris was diagnosed with Hodgkin 's disease in August 2002 , reportedly after being hospitalised with pneumonia . He died at University College Hospital in Fitzrovia , London on 25 October 2002 , aged 72 . He had fallen into a coma in his final three days . Harris was a lifelong friend of actor Peter O'Toole , and his family reportedly hoped that O'Toole would replace Harris as Dumbledore in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . There were , however , worries of insuring O'Toole for the six remaining films in the series . Harris was ultimately replaced as Dumbledore by the Irish - born actor Michael Gambon . Harris ' body was cremated , and his ashes were scattered in the Bahamas , where he had owned a home . Memorials ( edit ) A statue in Kilkee , Ireland , of the young Richard Harris playing racquetball On 30 September 2006 , Manuel Di Lucia , of Kilkee , County Clare , a longtime friend , organised the placement in Kilkee of a bronze life - size statue of Richard Harris . It shows Harris at the age of eighteen playing racquetball . The sculptor was Seamus Connolly and the work was unveiled by Russell Crowe . Harris was an accomplished racquetball player , winning the Tivoli Cup in Kilkee four years in a row from 1948 to 1951 , a record unsurpassed to this day . Another life - size statue of Richard Harris , as King Arthur from his film , Camelot , has been erected in Bedford Row , in the centre of his home town of Limerick . The sculptor of this statue was the Irish sculptor Jim Connolly , a graduate of the Limerick School of Art and Design . At the 2009 BAFTAs , Mickey Rourke dedicated his Best Actor award to Harris , calling him a `` good friend and great actor '' . In 2013 , actor Zeb Moore founded the annual Richard Harris International Film Festival . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Academy Awards ( edit ) 1963 -- Nominated -- Best Actor in a Leading Role -- This Sporting Life 1990 -- Nominated -- Best Actor in a Leading Role -- The Field Golden Globes ( edit ) 1968 -- Won -- Best Motion Picture Actor -- Musical / Comedy -- Camelot 1991 -- Nominated -- Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture -- Drama -- The Field Cannes ( edit ) 1963 -- Won -- Best Actor Award -- `` This Sporting Life '' Golden Raspberry Awards ( edit ) 1982 -- Nominated -- Worst Actor -- Tarzan , the Ape Man Grammy Awards ( edit ) -- Won -- Best Spoken Word Recording for Jonathan Livingston Seagull -- 1973 -- Nominated -- Album of the Year for A Tramp Shining -- 1968 -- Nominated -- Contemporary Pop Male Vocalist for MacArthur Park -- 1968 -- Nominated -- Best Spoken Word , Documentary or Drama Recording for The Prophet -- 1975 Moscow Film Festival ( edit ) 1971 Won -- Best Actor for Cromwell Filmography ( edit ) Main article : Richard Harris filmography Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Camelot ( Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( 1967 ) A Tramp Shining ( 1968 ) The Yard Went On Forever ( 1968 ) The Richard Harris Love Album ( 1970 ) My Boy ( 1971 ) Slides ( 1972 ) His Greatest Performances ( 1973 ) Jonathan Livingston Seagull ( 1973 ) The Prophet ( 1974 ) ( music by Arif Mardin , based on The Prophet by Kahlil Gibran ) I , in the Membership of My Days ( 1974 ) Gulliver Travels ( 1977 ) Camelot ( Original 1982 London Cast recording ) ( 1982 ) Mack The Knife ( Original Soundtrack ) ( 1989 ) Little Tramp ( 1992 ) Musical The Apocalypse ( 2004 ) the story of John the Apostle on Island named Patmos Singles ( edit ) `` Here in My Heart ( Theme from This Sporting Life ) '' ( 1963 ) `` How to Handle a Woman ( from Camelot ) '' ( 1968 ) `` MacArthur Park '' ( 1968 ) `` Did n't We ? '' ( 1968 ) `` The Yard Went On Forever '' ( 1968 ) `` The Hive '' ( 1969 ) `` One of the Nicer Things '' ( 1969 ) `` Fill the World With Love '' ( 1969 ) `` Ballad of A Man Called Horse '' ( 1970 ) `` Morning of the Mourning for Another Kennedy '' ( 1970 ) `` Go to the Mirror '' ( 1971 ) `` My Boy '' ( 1971 ) `` Turning Back the Pages '' ( 1972 ) `` Half of Every Dream '' ( 1972 ) `` Trilogy ( Love , Marriage , Children ) '' ( 1974 ) `` The Last Castle ( Theme from Echoes of a Summer ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Lilliput ( Theme from Gulliver 's Travels ) '' ( 1977 ) CD releases and compilations ( edit ) Camelot ( Original 1982 London Cast Recording ) ( 1988 ) Mack the Knife ( Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( 1989 ) Tommy ( studio recording ) ( 1990 ) Camelot ( Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( 1993 ) A Tramp Shining ( 1993 ) The Prophet ( 1995 ) The Webb Sessions 1968 -- 1969 ( 1996 ) MacArthur Park ( 1997 ) Slides / My Boy ( 2 CD Set ) ( 2005 ) My Boy ( 2006 ) Man of Words Man of Music The Anthology 1968 -- 1974 ( 2008 ) See also ( edit ) List of people on stamps of Ireland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` He was one of the most outstanding film stars of his time '' . Irish Independent . 27 October 2002 . Retrieved 10 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Severo , Richard ( 26 October 2002 ) . `` Richard Harris , Versatile And Volatile Star , 72 , Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Limerick rugby full of heroes '' . Wesclark.com. 24 May 2002 . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Obituary : Richard Harris '' . BBC News . 25 October 2002 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff Reporter . `` Paul Newman Britain 's favourite star . '' Times ( London , England ) 31 December 1970 : 9 . The Times Digital Archive . Web . 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Fresh Air interview with Jimmy Webb by Terry Gross on NPR , 2004 Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 241 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 214 - 20512 - 5 . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Album liner notes for `` Richard Harris -- the Webb Sessions 1968 -- 1969 '' Jump up ^ The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present . Ballantine Books . 2003 . p. 1422 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 45542 - 8 . Jump up ^ Actor Harris linked to scandal in South Africa Chicago Tribune ( 1963 - Current file ) ( Chicago , Ill ) 22 Nov 1978 : a6 . Jump up ^ Richard Harris : Ai n't Misbehavin ' Mann , Roderick . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 14 Mar 1978 : e8 . Jump up ^ Callan , Michael Feeney ( 2004 ) . Richard Harris : Sex , Death and the Movies . London : Robson Books . p. 212 . ISBN 978 - 1861057662 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harris Welcomed at U.S. University '' . Lewistown Journal . Associated Press . 18 November 1987 . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Harris Establishes Scholarship Fund in Scranton '' . Ocala Star - Banner. 9 May 1987 . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . Jump up ^ The Late Show With David Letterman interview , 2001 Jump up ^ Kristin . `` On Richard Harris -- The Leaky Cauldron '' . The-leaky-cauldron.org . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bible Project for TV '' . Jump up ^ Cliff Goodwin ( 31 May 2011 ) . Behaving Badly : Richard Harris . Ebury Publishing . pp. 175 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 4651 - 2 . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Caroline Dakers ( 11 December 1999 ) . The Holland Park Circle : Artists and Victorian Society . Yale University Press . pp. 276 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08164 - 0 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Richard Harris : Sex , Death and the Movies ( 2004 ) Michael Feeney Callan p267 Jump up ^ `` Richard Harris Says IRA Has A Just Cause '' . Star - Banner. 24 January 1984 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Harris ducking IRA `` bombs '' `` . The Gettysburg Times . 25 November 1988 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard Harris : Sex , Death and the Movies ( 2004 ) Michael Feeney Callan p267 Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Harris 's Potter role unaffected by illness '' . BBC News . 30 August 2002 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lionhearted - Death , Richard Harris '' . People.com. 2014 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 12 Actors Who Almost Starred In The Harry Potter Series '' . Fame 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Obituary : Richard Harris '' . BBC News . 2002 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Crowe pays tribute to Harris at Irish ceremony '' . BreakingNews.ie. 2 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Tivoli Cup in Kilkee '' . kilkee.ie . Archived from the original on 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 7th Moscow International Film Festival ( 1971 ) '' . MIFF . Archived from the original on 3 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Michael Feeney Callan ( 1 December 2004 ) . Richard Harris : Sex , Death & the Movies . Robson Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86105 - 766 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Richard Harris on IMDb Richard Harris at the TCM Movie Database Richard Harris at the Internet Broadway Database Richard Harris at the British Film Institute 's Screenonline Richard Harris at Find a Grave Richard Harris discography at MusicBrainz Harris ' Bar Limerick : A Bar in Limerick City Dedicated to Richard The Round Table , The Richard Harris Fansite Richard Harris file at Limerick City Library , Ireland Obituary by Paul Bond at the World Socialist Web Site Dumbledore Quotes site Richard Harris Studio albums A Tramp Shining ( 1968 ) The Yard Went On Forever ( 1968 ) Singles `` MacArthur Park '' `` The Yard Went on Forever '' `` Did n't We ? '' `` My Boy '' Related Filmography Elizabeth Rees - Williams ( first wife ) Damian Harris ( son ) Jared Harris ( son ) Jamie Harris ( son ) Ann Turkel ( second wife ) Annabelle Wallis ( niece ) Awards for Richard Harris European Film Academy Lifetime Achievement Award Ingmar Bergman ( 1988 ) Marcello Mastroianni ( 1988 ) Federico Fellini ( 1989 ) Andrzej Wajda ( 1990 ) Alexandre Trauner ( 1991 ) Billy Wilder ( 1992 ) Michelangelo Antonioni ( 1993 ) Robert Bresson ( 1994 ) Marcel Carné ( 1995 ) Alec Guinness ( 1996 ) Jeanne Moreau ( 1997 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1999 ) Richard Harris ( 2000 ) Monty Python ( 2001 ) Tonino Guerra ( 2002 ) Claude Chabrol ( 2003 ) Carlos Saura ( 2004 ) Sean Connery ( 2005 ) Roman Polanski ( 2006 ) Jean - Luc Godard ( 2007 ) Judi Dench ( 2008 ) Ken Loach ( 2009 ) Bruno Ganz ( 2010 ) Stephen Frears ( 2011 ) Bernardo Bertolucci ( 2012 ) Catherine Deneuve ( 2013 ) Agnès Varda ( 2014 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2015 ) Jean - Claude Carrière ( 2016 ) Cannes Film Festival Best Actor Award 1946 - 1975 Ray Milland ( 1946 ) Edward G. Robinson ( 1949 ) Michael Redgrave ( 1951 ) Marlon Brando ( 1952 ) Charles Vanel ( 1953 ) Spencer Tracy / cast of Bolshaya Semya ( 1955 ) John Kitzmiller ( 1957 ) Paul Newman ( 1958 ) Bradford Dillman / Dean Stockwell / Orson Welles ( 1959 ) Anthony Perkins ( 1961 ) Dean Stockwell / Jason Robards / Ralph Richardson / Murray Melvin ( 1962 ) Richard Harris ( 1963 ) Antal Páger / Saro Urzì ( 1964 ) Terence Stamp ( 1965 ) Per Oscarsson ( 1966 ) Oded Kotler ( 1967 ) Jean - Louis Trintignant ( 1969 ) Marcello Mastroianni ( 1970 ) Riccardo Cucciolla ( 1971 ) Jean Yanne ( 1972 ) Giancarlo Giannini ( 1973 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1974 ) Vittorio Gassman ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 José Luis Gómez ( 1976 ) Fernando Rey ( 1977 ) Jon Voight ( 1978 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1979 ) Michel Piccoli ( 1980 ) Ugo Tognazzi ( 1981 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1982 ) Gian Maria Volontè ( 1983 ) Alfredo Landa / Francisco Rabal ( 1984 ) William Hurt ( 1985 ) Michel Blanc / Bob Hoskins ( 1986 ) Marcello Mastroianni ( 1987 ) Forest Whitaker ( 1988 ) James Spader ( 1989 ) Gérard Depardieu ( 1990 ) John Turturro ( 1991 ) Tim Robbins ( 1992 ) David Thewlis ( 1993 ) Ge You ( 1994 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1995 ) Pascal Duquenne / Daniel Auteuil ( 1996 ) Sean Penn ( 1997 ) Peter Mullan ( 1998 ) Emmanuel Schotte ( 1999 ) Tony Leung Chiu - wai ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Benoît Magimel ( 2001 ) Olivier Gourmet ( 2002 ) Muzaffer Ozdemir / Emin Toprak ( 2003 ) Yūya Yagira ( 2004 ) Tommy Lee Jones ( 2005 ) Jamel Debbouze / Samy Naceri / Roschdy Zem / Sami Bouajila / Bernard Blancan ( 2006 ) Konstantin Lavronenko ( 2007 ) Benicio del Toro ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Javier Bardem / Elio Germano ( 2010 ) Jean Dujardin ( 2011 ) Mads Mikkelsen ( 2012 ) Bruce Dern ( 2013 ) Timothy Spall ( 2014 ) Vincent Lindon ( 2015 ) Shahab Hosseini ( 2016 ) Joaquin Phoenix ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy 1950 -- 1975 Fred Astaire ( 1950 ) Danny Kaye ( 1951 ) Donald O'Connor ( 1952 ) David Niven ( 1953 ) James Mason ( 1954 ) Tom Ewell ( 1955 ) Mario Moreno ( 1956 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1957 ) Danny Kaye ( 1958 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1959 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1960 ) Glenn Ford ( 1961 ) Marcello Mastroianni ( 1962 ) Alberto Sordi ( 1963 ) Rex Harrison ( 1964 ) Lee Marvin ( 1965 ) Alan Arkin ( 1966 ) Richard Harris ( 1967 ) Ron Moody ( 1968 ) Peter O'Toole ( 1969 ) Albert Finney ( 1970 ) Chaim Topol ( 1971 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1972 ) George Segal ( 1973 ) Art Carney ( 1974 ) Walter Matthau / George Burns ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Kris Kristofferson ( 1976 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1977 ) Warren Beatty ( 1978 ) Peter Sellers ( 1979 ) Ray Sharkey ( 1980 ) Dudley Moore ( 1981 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1982 ) Michael Caine ( 1983 ) Dudley Moore ( 1984 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1985 ) Paul Hogan ( 1986 ) Robin Williams ( 1987 ) Tom Hanks ( 1988 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1989 ) Gérard Depardieu ( 1990 ) Robin Williams ( 1991 ) Tim Robbins ( 1992 ) Robin Williams ( 1993 ) Hugh Grant ( 1994 ) John Travolta ( 1995 ) Tom Cruise ( 1996 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1997 ) Michael Caine ( 1998 ) Jim Carrey ( 1999 ) George Clooney ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Gene Hackman ( 2001 ) Richard Gere ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Joaquin Phoenix ( 2005 ) Sacha Baron Cohen ( 2006 ) Johnny Depp ( 2007 ) Colin Farrell ( 2008 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2009 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2010 ) Jean Dujardin ( 2011 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2012 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2013 ) Michael Keaton ( 2014 ) Matt Damon ( 2015 ) Ryan Gosling ( 2016 ) Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album ( 1970s ) 1970 Art Linkletter , Diane Linkletter - We Love You Call Collect 1971 Martin Luther King Jr . - Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam 1972 Les Crane - Desiderata 1973 Bruce Botnick ( producer ) - Lenny performed by the original Broadway cast Richard Harris - Jonathan Livingston Seagull Peter Cook , Dudley Moore - Good Evening 1976 James Whitmore - Give ' em Hell , Harry ! 1977 Henry Fonda , Helen Hayes , James Earl Jones , Orson Welles - Great American Documents 1978 Julie Harris - The Belle of Amherst 1979 Orson Welles - Citizen Kane Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Complete list ( 1959 & 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) VIAF : 115550449 LCCN : n88678708 ISNI : 0000 0001 2148 4807 GND : 118961934 SUDOC : 066845254 BNF : cb138949964 ( data ) BIBSYS : 4012379 ULAN : 500346511 MusicBrainz : 9a976838 - 8e77 - 4065 - bdbb - 748d17ad773b NKC : js20021202012 BNE : XX1297371 IATH : w6cc22b3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Harris&oldid=801344726 '' Categories : 1930 births 2002 deaths 20th - century Irish male actors 20th - century Irish singers 21st - century Irish male actors Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe ( film ) winners Deaths from cancer in England Deaths from lymphoma Dunhill Records artists European Film Awards winners ( people ) Garryowen Football Club players Grammy Award winners Irish emigrants to the United Kingdom Irish film directors Irish male film actors Irish male singers Irish male stage actors Irish rugby union players Knights of Malta Musicians from County Limerick People from Limerick ( city ) Racquets players University of Scranton faculty Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Biography with signature Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata MusicBrainz artist same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz artist links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 03 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays dumbledore in the first harry potter | [
"Richard St John Harris (1 October 1930 – 25 October 2002) was an Irish actor and singer. He appeared on stage and in many films, appearing as Frank Machin in This Sporting Life, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, King Arthur in the 1967 film Camelot and the subsequent 1981 revival of the show. He played an aristocrat and prisoner in A Man Called Horse (1970), a gunfighter in Clint Eastwood's Western film Unforgiven (1992), Emperor Marcus Aurelius in Gladiator (2000), and Albus Dumbledore in the first two Harry Potter films: the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and the Chamber of Secrets (2002). Harris had a number one hit in Australia and Canada and a top ten hit in the United Kingdom and United States with his 1968 recording of Jimmy Webb's song \"MacArthur Park\"."
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"Richard St John Harris"
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-8880166371370859112 | Elle King | Elle King - Wikipedia Elle King Jump to : navigation , search Elle King Elle King performs at the 2015 Interstellar Rodeo in Edmonton . Background information Birth name Tanner Elle Schneider ( 1989 - 07 - 03 ) July 3 , 1989 ( age 28 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Origin New York City , New York , United States Genres Americana blues rock alternative country rock Occupation ( s ) Singer songwriter actress Instruments Vocals guitar banjo Years active 1998 -- present Labels RCA Associated acts Dierks Bentley Website elleking.com Tanner Elle Schneider ( born July 3 , 1989 ) , known professionally as Elle King , is an American singer , songwriter , and actress . Her musical style encompasses country , soul , rock and blues . In 2012 , King released her debut EP , The Elle King EP , on RCA . The EP track `` Playing for Keeps '' is the theme song for VH1 's Mob Wives Chicago series . She released her debut album , Love Stuff on February 17 , 2015 . The album produced the US top 10 single `` Ex 's & Oh 's , '' which earned her two Grammy Award nominations . King has also toured with acts such as Of Monsters and Men , Train and Michael Kiwanuka . She is the daughter of comedian Rob Schneider and former model London King . She currently resides in Los Angeles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1999 -- 2013 : Films and The Elle King EP 2.2 2014 -- present : Love Stuff 3 Personal life 4 Discography 5 Filmography 6 Concert tours 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) King was born in Los Angeles , California , United States , to mother London King , a former model ; and father , former SNL cast member Rob Schneider . Her parents divorced and her mother remarried . She grew up living in southern Ohio , between Wellston and Columbus . When she was nine , her stepfather , Justin Tesa , gave her a record by all - girl hard - rock band The Donnas ; she views this as the pivotal moment when she decided she wanted to be a musician . Around this time , she also started listening to The Runaways and Blondie , and she made her acting debut alongside her father in the movie Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo . At the age of 13 , King started playing guitar , immersing herself in the music of Otis Redding , the Yeah Yeah Yeahs , Etta James , Aretha Franklin , Al Green , Hank Williams , Johnny Cash , AC / DC ( she has the band 's logo tattooed on her bicep ) , and Earl Scruggs . Her interest in the country and bluegrass of Hank Williams and Earl Scruggs inspired her to learn the banjo . During her teenage years , she attended Buck 's Rock camp in Connecticut , where she starred successfully in a number of musicals . King plays guitar and banjo . King spent her teenage years in New York City , but she has also lived in Los Angeles , Philadelphia , and Copenhagen , Denmark . Upon graduating from Elisabeth Irwin High School , she moved to Philadelphia to matriculate at University of the Arts , studying painting and film . During these college years , she had an artistic epiphany seeing a live show where the band onstage used a banjo purely for accompaniment purposes , eschewing the bluegrass and country musical vocabulary traditionally associated with the instrument . King then began to use the banjo as a compositional tool . After college , she briefly lived in Copenhagen and Los Angeles , before moving back to New York where she currently resides in Bushwick , Brooklyn . Career ( edit ) 1999 -- 2013 : films and the Elle King EP ( edit ) In 1999 , she debuted as an actress in Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo . In 2005 , at age 16 , she started gigging around New York City , using a fake ID to gain entry to the local nightclubs . King immersed herself in the local songwriting scene and honed her performance skills by busking around town . King was then signed by newly appointed RCA Chairman Peter Edge . Her debut single `` Good To Be A Man , '' was released on March 13 , 2012 , as a digital download and also as a 7 '' vinyl single . On June 12 , 2012 , the four - song The Elle King EP was released on RCA . The EP was recorded in New York and was produced by Andy Baldwin and Chris DeStefano , with King herself producing a track . The EP 's lead track , `` Playing for Keeps , '' was chosen as the theme song for VH1 's Mob Wives Chicago series that premiered on June 10 , 2012 , on VH1 . King was spotlighted as an `` Artist to Watch in 2012 '' by Esquire Magazine and made television appearances on VH1 Big Morning Buzz Live and the Late Show with David Letterman . King has played Austin , Texas , at the South by Southwest Festival , as well as the Hammersmith Apollo . She has also taped her own PBS Arts In Context special for KLRU Austin at the Austin City Limits recording studio . She toured with Of Monsters and Men , Train and Michael Kiwanuka and has opened for Dashboard Confessional , Dropkick Murphys , Dry the River , James Bay and Ed Sheeran . 2014 -- present : Love Stuff ( edit ) In September 2014 , King released `` Ex 's & Oh 's , '' which serves as the lead single off her debut album . She released the album , Love Stuff on February 17 , 2015 . She performed `` Ex 's & Oh 's '' the next day on The Today Show to promote it . The song has reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming King 's first top 10 single in the United States . `` Ex 's & Oh 's '' received two nominations at the 58th Grammy Awards : Best Rock Performance and Best Rock Song . In July 2015 , King supported Modest Mouse on their UK tour . Afterwards , `` Under the Influence '' and `` America 's Sweetheart '' were released as singles for rock radio and mainstream radio , respectively . In 2016 , her single `` Good Girls '' featured on the Ghostbusters soundtrack and played over the movie 's credits . In 2016 , she teamed up with country singer Dierks Bentley for the song `` Different for Girls '' . They performed this song at the 50th CMA Awards on November 2 , 2016 where she and Bentley won the award for Musical Event of the Year . In March 2017 , she premiered a new single `` Wild Love '' featuring a sparse electronic production , marking a slight departure from her previous style in music . Personal Life ( edit ) She started dating Andrew ( Fergie ) Ferguson in January 2016 . The couple got engaged in February 2016 , on a sailing trip around the San Francisco Bay two weeks after they started dating . They married on February 14 , 2016 , after 3 weeks of dating and confirmed their intent to divorce on May 15 , 2017 . Elle was featured on TLC 's `` Say Yes to the Dress '' in February 2017 . She has several tattoos on her body ( both arms and her left breast ) . She also worked at a tattoo company called East Side Ink . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Elle King discography Studio albums Love Stuff ( 2015 ) Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1999 Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo Cookie Girl 2006 The Benchwarmers Carol 2009 Wild Cherry Sabrina Legends of La La Herself Documentary 2015 The Last Playlist Herself Documentary Concert tours ( edit ) Headlining Love Stuff Tour ( 2015 -- present ) Opening act Dashboard Confessional -- The Swiss Army Romance ( 2010 ) Of Monsters and Men -- My Head Is an Animal Tour ( 2011 ) Train -- California 37 Tour ( 2012 ) Michael Kiwanuka -- Home Again Tour ( 2012 ) Dropkick Murphys -- Signed and Sealed in Blood Tour ( 2013 ) Ed Sheeran -- + Tour ( 2013 ) Dry the River -- Alarms in the Heart Tour ( 2014 ) James Bay -- Chaos and the Calm Tour ( 2015 ) Modest Mouse -- Strangers to Ourselves Tour ( 2015 ) Dixie Chicks -- DCX MMXVI World Tour ( 2016 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Awards Recipient Outcome Ref . 2016 Grammy Awards Best Rock Performance `` Ex 's & Oh 's '' Nominated Best Rock Song iHeartRadio Music Awards Alternative Rock Song of the Year Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Rock Song `` America 's Sweetheart '' Nominated CMA Awards Vocal Event of the Year `` Different for Girls '' ( with Dierks Bentley ) Won 2017 Grammy Awards Best Country Duo / Group Performance Nominated ACM Awards Vocal Event of the Year Nominated CMT Music Awards Video of the Year Nominated Collaborative Video of the Year Nominated Billboard Music Awards Top Country Collaboration Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/oct/10/elle-king-live-review-exs-and-ohs-under-the-influence-good-to-be-a-man Jump up ^ `` Elle King is coming to Magic City Blues Festival 2016 Billings365 '' . Billings365.com . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Premiere : Elle King - `` Under the Influence '' `` . Nylon.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mazzarone , Mike ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Elle King , Nathaniel Rateliff & Andrew McMahon Play Heated Up Winter Jam '' . Alternativenation.net . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This rising rock star has a surprising father '' . The New Daily . January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marcus , Bennett ( July 6 , 2011 ) . `` '' Playing for Keeps '' Singer Elle King Uses Her Phone to Record Her Singing in the Shower `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weinberg , Jen ( August 5 , 2012 ) . `` Elle King , the Voice Behind the Mob Wives Theme Song `` Playing For Keeps '' Talks to Us About True Blood , Pickle Backs , and Showgirls : Obsessed : Entertainment `` . Glamour.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elle King -- Biography '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Catch of the Day ' - Dierks Bentley ft Elle King '' . KLAW 101 - Oklahoma 's Best Country . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EP : Elle King 's `` The Elle King '' `` . grungecake.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 's Artists to Watch '' . Esquire . January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Late Show with David Letterman ' at the Ed Sullivan Theater - Arrivals '' . Contactmusic.com . August 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In the Studio : Arts In Context Elle King 1 / 6 on KLRU '' . klru.org . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elle King performs ' Ex 's and Oh 's ' on TODAY '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Missy Elliott 's ' WTF ' Debuts , With Leap Expected Next Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Nominations 2016 : See the Full List of Nominees '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Future Releases on Alternative Radio Stations '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ghostbusters : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Available July 15th - RCA Records '' . RCA Records . Sony Music Entertainment . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are All the 2016 CMA Awards Performances Ranked Worst to Best '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.idolator.com/7658623/elle-king-new-single-wild-love Jump up ^ `` ' Ex 's & Oh 's ' Singer Elle King Engaged '' . PEOPLE.com . February 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Elle King Reveals Her Secret Marriage -- and Split '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Child Elle King : ' Sometimes I Get Too Drunk , But I 'm Myself ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brow , Jason ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Elle King '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Nominations 2016 : See the Full List of Nominees '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift , the Weeknd Lead iHeartRadio Music Awards Noms '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eliahou , Maya ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 -- Captain America : Civil War Leads Second Wave of Nominations '' . E !. Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.cmaworld.com/cma-awards/nominees/ Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards 2017 : See the Full Winners List '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ACM Awards 2017 Winners : Complete List '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CMT Music Awards 2017 Nominees Announced '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drake , The Chainsmokers Lead Nominees for the 2017 Billboard Music Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website VIAF : 315524132 LCCN : no2015066916 GND : 106933314X MusicBrainz : e7287972 - ca8d - 4133 - a1d6 - 5446486ed075 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elle_King&oldid=804225751 '' Categories : Elle King 1989 births American female singers American indie pop musicians American songwriters Living people Musicians from Los Angeles RCA Records artists Singers from Ohio Songwriters from California Songwriters from Ohio University of the Arts ( Philadelphia ) alumni American people of Filipino descent American people of Jewish descent Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 15 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does the song x's and o's | [
"Tanner Elle Schneider (born July 3, 1989), known professionally as Elle King, is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Her musical style encompasses country, soul, rock and blues.[6] In 2012, King released her debut EP, The Elle King EP, on RCA. The EP track \"Playing for Keeps\" is the theme song for VH1's Mob Wives Chicago series.[6] She released her debut album, Love Stuff on February 17, 2015.[6] The album produced the US top 10 single \"Ex's & Oh's,\" which earned her two Grammy Award nominations. King has also toured with acts such as Of Monsters and Men, Train and Michael Kiwanuka. She is the daughter of comedian Rob Schneider and former model London King. She currently resides in Los Angeles."
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"Elle King"
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-3083899733040323525 | We Gotta Get You a Woman | We Gotta Get You a Woman - wikipedia We Gotta Get You a Woman This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` We Gotta Get You a Woman '' Single by Todd Rundgren from the album Runt B - side `` Baby , Let 's Swing / The Last Thing You Said / Do n't Tie My Hands '' Released October 1970 Format LP Vinyl Recorded 1970 Genre Power pop , pop rock , soft rock Length 3 : 05 Label Ampex Records Songwriter ( s ) Todd Rundgren Producer ( s ) Todd Rundgren Todd Rundgren singles chronology `` We Gotta Get You a Woman '' ( 1970 ) `` Be Nice to Me '' ( 1971 ) `` We Gotta Get You a Woman '' ( 1970 ) `` Be Nice to Me '' ( 1971 ) `` We Gotta Get You a Woman '' is a 1970 song originally performed and written by Todd Rundgren from the 1970 album Runt . It reached No. 20 in US and Canada . The Four Tops did a cover of this song in 1972 . Todd Rundgren Studio albums Runt Runt . The Ballad of Todd Rundgren Something / Anything ? A Wizard , a True Star Todd Initiation Faithful Hermit of Mink Hollow Healing The Ever Popular Tortured Artist Effect A Cappella Nearly Human 2nd Wind No World Order The Individualist With a Twist ... Up Against It ! One Long Year Liars Arena Todd Rundgren 's Johnson ( re ) Production State Global White Knight with Utopia Todd Rundgren 's Utopia Another Live RA Oops ! Wrong Planet Adventures In Utopia Deface the Music Swing to the Right Utopia Oblivion POV Redux ' 92 : Live in Japan Live albums Another Live Back to the Bars Redux ' 92 : Live in Japan Singles `` We Gotta Get You a Woman '' `` I Saw the Light '' `` Hello It 's Me '' `` Good Vibrations '' `` Can We Still Be Friends '' `` Bang the Drum All Day '' Other songs `` Dreams of Ordinary Men '' `` Kissing with Confidence '' `` Love Is the Answer '' `` Shake a Fist '' `` Western Girls '' Album productions Great Speckled Bird Stage Fright Straight Up Halfnelson New York Dolls We 're an American Band Shinin ' On War Babies Felix Cavaliere Bat Out of Hell Remote Control TRB Two Wave Wasp Bad for Good Forever Now Next Position Please Love Bomb What Is This ? Skylarking Dreams of Ordinary Men Love Junk Things Here Are Different One Sided Story The World 's Most Dangerous Party Halfway Down the Sky The New America Separation Anxieties Cause I Sez So Related articles Discography Bebe Buell Daryl Hall Nazz The New Cars Liv Tyler Steven Tyler Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Gotta_Get_You_a_Woman&oldid=845328230 '' Categories : 1970 songs Todd Rundgren songs 1970 singles Debut singles Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from October 2016 All articles lacking sources Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 02 : 10 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who sang we gotta get you a woman | [
"\"We Gotta Get You a Woman\" is a 1970 song originally performed and written by Todd Rundgren from the 1970 album Runt. It reached No. 20 in US and Canada. The Four Tops did a cover of this song in 1972.\n"
] | [
"Todd Rundgren"
] |
-1963096907650092531 | List of longest bridges | List of Longest bridges - Wikipedia List of Longest bridges This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of the world 's longest bridges more than three kilometres long sorted by their full length above land or water . `` Span '' refers to the longest spans without any ground support . Note : There is no standard way to measure the total length of a bridge . Some bridges are measured from the beginning of the entrance ramp to the end of the exit ramp . Some are measured from shoreline to shoreline . Yet others are the length of the total construction involved in building the bridge . Since there is no standard , no ranking of a bridge should be assumed because of its position in the list . Additionally , numbers are merely estimates and measures in U.S. customary units ( feet ) may be imprecise due to conversion rounding . Name Length Main Span Completed Traffic Country m ft m ft Danyang -- Kunshan Grand Bridge Beijing -- Shanghai High - Speed Railway Guinness : Longest bridge ( any type ) , 2011 164,800 540,700 80 260 High - speed rail China Changhua - Kaohsiung Viaduct Taiwan High Speed Rail 157,317 516,132 ( Viaduct ) High - speed rail Taiwan Tianjin Grand Bridge Beijing -- Shanghai High - Speed Railway Guinness : Second longest bridge ( any type ) , 2011 113,700 373,000 ( Viaduct ) High - speed rail China Cangde Grand Bridge Beijing -- Shanghai High - Speed Railway 115,900 380,200 128 420 High - speed rail China Weinan Weihe Grand Bridge Zhengzhou -- Xi'an High - Speed Railway 79,732 261,588 80 260 2008 High - speed rail China Bang Na Expressway Guinness : Longest Road Bridge , 2000 54,000 177,000 ( Viaduct ) 2000 Expressway Thailand Beijing Grand Bridge Beijing -- Shanghai High - Speed Railway 48,153 157,982 108 354 High - speed rail China Lake Pontchartrain Causeway ( across Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana ) Guinness : Longest bridge over water ( continuous ) , 1969 38,442 126,122 46 151 1956 ( SB ) 1969 ( NB ) Highway United States Line 1 , Wuhan Metro Bridge Wuhan Metro 37,788 123,976 0 ? 2009 Metro China Manchac Swamp Bridge ( I - 55 across Manchac Swamp in Louisiana ) 36,710 120,440 ( Viaduct ) 1979 Highway United States Yangcun Bridge Beijing - Tianjin Intercity Railway 35,812 117,493 ( Viaduct ) 2007 High - speed rail China Hangzhou Bay Bridge 35,673 117,037 448 1,470 2007 Expressway China Runyang Bridge 35,660 116,990 1,490 4,890 2005 Expressway China Lima Metro Line 1 33,000 108,000 ( Viaduct ) 2011 - 2014 Metro Peru Donghai Bridge 32,500 106,600 400 1,300 2005 Expressway China Shanghai Maglev line 29,908 98,123 ( Viaduct ) 2003 Maglev China Dwarka Sector 8 Metro Station-Rama Krishna Ashram Marg Metro Station 29,808 97,795 ( Viaduct ) 2005 - 2010 Metro India Atchafalaya Basin Bridge ( I - 10 across Atchafalaya Basin in Louisiana ) 29,290 96,100 ( Viaduct ) 1973 Highway United States Yanshi Bridge Zhengzhou -- Xi'an High - Speed Railway 28,543 93,645 0 ? 2009 High - speed rail China Jiaozhou Bay Bridge Guinness : Longest bridge over water ( aggregate ) , July 2011 26,707 87,621 260 850 2011 Road China Jintang Bridge 26,540 87,070 620 2,030 2009 Expressway China Jinbin Light Rail No. 1 Bridge ( Guanghualu -- Babaocun ) Tianjin Binhai Mass Transit 25,800 84,600 ( Viaduct ) 2003 Metro China East West MRT Line ( Redhill - Tuas Link ) Mass Rapid Transit ( Singapore ) 25,700 84,300 ( Viaduct ) 1988 - 2017 Metro Singapore King Fahd Causeway Bridge I 25,000 82,000 ( Viaduct ) 1986 Road Saudi Arabia Bahrain Suvarnabhumi Airport Link 24,500 80,400 ( Viaduct ) Rail Thailand Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge Penang Second Bridge 24,000 79,000 250 820 2014 Highway Malaysia Chesapeake Bay Bridge - Tunnel ( US 13 across Chesapeake Bay in Virginia ) 24,140 79,200 0 ? 1964 ( NB ) 1999 ( SB ) Highway United States MRT Sungai Buloh - Kajang Line Northern Elevated Section 23,100 75,800 Viaduct 2016 Metro Malaysia Bridge section of Hong Kong - Zhuhai - Macau Bridge 22,900 75,100 458 1,503 2017 Motorway China Hong Kong Liangshui River Bridge Beijing - Tianjin Intercity Railway 21,563 70,745 ( Viaduct ) 2007 High - speed rail China Incheon Bridge 21,380 70,140 800 2,600 2009 Road South Korea Yongding New River Bridge Beijing - Tianjin Intercity Railway 21,133 69,334 0 ? 2007 High - speed rail China 6th October Bridge 20,500 67,300 ( Viaduct ) Road Egypt C215 Viaduct Taiwan High Speed Rail 20,000 66,000 ( Viaduct ) 2007 High - speed rail Taiwan Hami Grade Separation Bridge Lanzhou -- Urumqi High - Speed Railway 19,300 63,300 0 ? 2014 High - speed rail China MRT Sungai Buloh - Kajang Line Southern Elevated Section 19,000 62,000 Viaduct 2017 Metro Malaysia Cangzhou -- Dezhou Grand Bridge Beijing -- Shanghai High - Speed Railway 18,200 59,700 128 420 High - speed rail China Aérotrain Test Track No longer in use 18,000 59,000 0 ? 1965 Rail ( prototype ) France Bonnet Carré Spillway Bridge of I - 10 ( I - 10 over Bonnet Carré Spillway in Louisiana ) 17,702 58,077 ( Viaduct ) 1972 Highway United States Crimean Bridge ( Kerch Strait ) Longest bridge in Europe 16,857 55,305 227 745 ( x2 ) 2018 road Crimea Saigon - Trung Luong Skyway North - South Expressway , Vietnam 16,000 52,000 ( Viaduct ) Road Vietnam Eastern Freeway South Strech 15,595 51,165 ( Viaduct ) 2013 Motorway India Cross Beijing Ring Roads Bridge Beijing - Tianjin Intercity Railway 15,595 51,165 ( Viaduct ) 2007 High - speed rail China Penang Bridge 13,500 44,300 225 738 1985 Highway Malaysia Kam Sheung Road - Tuen Mun viaduct ( part of West Rail Line ) 13,400 44,000 ( Viaduct ) 2003 Rail Hong Kong Louisiana Highway 1 Bridge ( State Highway 1 between Golden Meadow , Louisiana and Port Fourchon , Louisiana ) 13,300 43,600 ( Viaduct ) 2009 Highway United States Rio - Niterói Bridge Longest bridge in Latin America 13,290 43,600 300 980 Road Brazil Great Seto Bridge 13,100 43,000 1,100 3,600 Highway & Rail Japan Bhumibol Bridge 13,000 43,000 398 1,306 2006 Road Thailand Confederation Bridge ( Trans - Canada Highway across Northumberland Strait between Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick ) 12,900 42,300 220 720 ( x43 ) 1997 Highway Canada Jubilee Parkway ( I - 10 over Mobile Bay in Alabama ) 12,875 42,241 0 ? 1978 Highway United States Rudong Yangkou Yellow Sea Bridge 12,600 41,300 0 ? 2008 Road China Bali Mandara Toll Road 12,700 41,700 0 ? 2013 Road Indonesia Vasco da Gama Bridge Longest bridge entirely within Europe 12,345 40,502 450 1,480 1998 Highway Portugal Emsland test facility 12,000 39,000 ( Viaduct ) 1985 Maglev Germany Ir . Wiyoto Wiyono Toll Road 12,000 39,000 0Viaduct 1990 Highway Indonesia Nanjing Qinhuai River Bridge Beijing - Shanghai High - Speed Railway 12,000 39,000 0 ? High - speed rail China Third Mainland Bridge 11,800 38,700 ( Viaduct ) 1991 Road Nigeria Mayor Mohammed Hanif Flyover ( Jatrabari to Gulisthan ) 11,700 38,400 ( Viaduct ) 2013 Motorway Bangladesh Qingshuihe Bridge Qingzang Railway 11,700 38,400 ( Viaduct ) 2006 Rail China Lezíria Bridge 11,670 38,290 133 436 2007 Highway Portugal P.V. Narasimha Rao Elevated Expressway 11,600 38,100 ( Viaduct ) 2009 Highway India San Mateo -- Hayward Bridge ( State Route 92 over San Francisco Bay in California ) 11,270 36,980 230.8 757 1967 Highway United States Zhenjiang Beijing -- Hangzhou Canal Bridge Beijing - Shanghai High - Speed Railway 11,000 36,000 0 ? High - speed rail China Seven Mile Bridge ( Overseas Highway / US 1 in the Florida Keys ) 10,887 35,719 41 135 1982 Highway United States Shandong - Henan Yellow River Bridge 10,282 33,734 0 ? 1985 Rail China Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge 10,020 32,870 312 1,024 2000 Expressway & Rail China Bangalore Elevated Tollway 9,945 32,628 ( Viaduct ) Highway India Shanghai Yangtze River Bridge 9,970 32,710 730 2,400 2009 Road ( & future Rail ) China General W.K. Wilson Jr . Bridge ( I - 65 over the Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta in Alabama ) 9,786 32,106 244 801 1980 Highway United States Norfolk Southern Lake Pontchartrain Bridge ( Norfolk Southern rail line across Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana ) 9,300 30,500 0 ? 1884 Rail United States TransJakarta Corridor 13 9,300 30,500 ( Viaduct ) 2017 Elevated BRT Indonesia Nanjing Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge 9,273 30,423 336 1,102 High - speed rail & Metro China Dhola - Sadiya bridge 9,150 30,020 50 160 ( x183 ) 2017 Road India Park Circus - Parama Island , MAA flyover 9,100 29,900 ( Viaduct ) 2016 Road India Chacahoula Swamp Bridge ( US 90 across Chacahoula Swamp in Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana ) 9,005 29,544 ( Viaduct ) 1995 Highway United States Frank Davis `` Naturally N'Awlins '' Memorial Bridge ( I - 10 over Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana ) 8,851 29,039 ( Viaduct ) 1962 2011 Highway United States Richmond -- San Rafael Bridge ( I - 580 over San Francisco Bay in California ) 8,851 29,039 317 1,040 1956 Highway United States General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge 8,678 28,471 235 771 1962 Road Venezuela Metro Bus corridor - Rawalpindi Section ( Rawalpindi ) 8,600 28,200 ( Viaduct ) 2015 Elevated BRT Pakistan Virginia Dare Memorial Bridge ( US 64 Bypass over Croatan Sound in North Carolina ) 8,369 27,457 ( Viaduct ) 2002 Highway United States Yangpu Bridge 8,354 27,408 602 1,975 1993 Road China Xiasha Bridge 8,230 27,000 232 761 1991 Expressway China Sutong Bridge 8,206 26,923 1,088 3,570 2008 Expressway China Mackinac Bridge ( I - 75 over the Straits of Mackinac in Michigan ) 8,038 26,371 1,158 3,799 1957 Highway United States LaBranche Wetlands Bridge ( I - 310 over the LaBranche Wetlands in St. Charles Parish , Louisiana ) 7,902 25,925 ( Viaduct ) 1992 Highway United States Öresund Bridge 7,845 25,738 490 1,610 1999 Highway & Rail Denmark and Sweden Maestri Bridge ( US 11 over Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana ) 7,693 25,240 ( Viaduct ) 1928 Road United States Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge 7,675 25,180 216 709 1992 Highway & Rail China James River Bridge ( US 17 over the James River in Virginia ) 7,425 24,360 126 413 Highway United States Gwangan Bridge 7,420 24,340 500 1,600 2002 Road South Korea Champlain Bridge ( Montreal ) ( Autoroutes 10 , 15 , and 20 over the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec ) 7,414 24,324 215.5 707 1967 Highway Canada Jamal Abdul Nasser Bridge 7,333 24,058 ( Viaduct ) 2016 Highway Kuwait Seohae Bridge 7,310 23,980 470 1,540 2000 Highway South Korea Ershilipu Bridge Lanzhou -- Urumqi High - Speed Railway 7.093 4.407 0 ? 2014 High - speed rail China Huey P. Long Bridge ( US 90 over the Mississippi River in Jefferson Parish , Louisiana ) 7,000 23,000 241 791 1936 Highway & Rail United States Chesapeake Bay Bridge ( US 50 and US 301 over Chesapeake Bay in Maryland ) 6,946 22,789 490 1,610 1952 1973 Highway United States Aktaruzzaman Flyover ( Chittagong ) 6,800 22,300 ( Viaduct ) 2017 Motorway Bangladesh Great Belt Bridge ( Eastern ) 6,790 22,280 1,624 5,328 1998 Highway Denmark Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge 6,772 22,218 160 520 1968 Highway & Rail China Xiangshan Harbor Bridge 6,761 22,182 688 2,257 2012 Highway China Great Belt Bridge ( Western ) 6,611 21,690 110 360 1998 Highway & Rail Denmark Sunshine Skyway Bridge ( I - 275 over Tampa Bay in Florida ) 6,598 21,647 366 1,201 Highway United States Thanlwin Bridge ( Mawlamyaing ) 6,589 21,617 112 367 ( x21 ) 2005 Road & Rail Myanmar St. George Island Bridge ( State Road 300 over Apalachicola Bay in Florida ) 6,588 21,614 366 1,201 Highway United States Astoria -- Megler Bridge ( US 101 across the Columbia River between Oregon and Washington ) 6,545 21,473 375 1,230 1966 Highway United States Saale - Elster Viaduct Erfurt -- Leipzig / Halle high - speed railway 6,465 21,211 110 360 2013 High - speed rail Germany Pakokku Bridge 6,278 20,597 120 390 ( x22 ) 2011 Road & Rail Myanmar Ayeyarwady - Nyaungdon Bridge 6,262 20,545 120 390 ( x16 ) 2011 Road & Rail Myanmar Öland bridge 6,072 19,921 130 430 1972 Highway Sweden Libertador General San Martín Bridge 5,966 19,573 220 720 1976 Road Uruguay and Argentina Hernando de Soto Bridge ( I - 40 over the Mississippi River between Arkansas and Tennessee ) 5,954 19,534 274 899 1973 Highway United States President Bridge 5,825 19,111 220 720 ( x22 ) 2009 Road Russia Mid-Bay Bridge ( State Road 293 over Choctawhatchee Bay in Florida ) 5,793 19,006 141 463 1993 Highway United States Mahatma Gandhi Setu 5,750 18,860 121 397 ( x45 ) 1982 Road India Pulaski Skyway ( US 1 / US 9 over the Hackensack and Passaic rivers in New Jersey ) 5,636 18,491 168 551 1932 Highway United States Garden City Skyway ( Queen Elizabeth Way over the Welland Canal in Ontario ) 5,633 18,481 ( Viaduct ) 1963 Highway Canada Bangabandhu Bridge 5,630 18,470 100 330 ( x47 ) 1998 Road & Rail Bangladesh Albemarle Sound Bridge ( State Highways 32 and 94 over Albemarle Sound in North Carolina ) 5,627 18,461 0 ? 1990 Road United States Bromford Viaduct 5,600 18,400 ( Viaduct ) 1971 Road United Kingdom Bandra - Worli Sea Link 5,575 18,291 250 820 ( x2 ) 2009 Road India Hong Kong -- Shenzhen Western Corridor 5,545 18,192 ( Viaduct ) 2006 Expressway Hong Kong Island Eastern Corridor ( Causeway Bay to Quarry Bay section ) 5,500 18,000 ( Viaduct ) Road Hong Kong Suramadu Bridge ( cross Madura Strait ) 5,438 17,841 434 1,424 2009 Road Indonesia Dauphin Island Bridge ( State Route 193 over the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway in Alabama ) 5,430 17,810 122 400 1982 Road United States Xinkai River Bridge of Beijing - Tianjin Intercity Railway 5,371 17,621 0 ? 2007 High - speed rail China Yolo Causeway ( I - 80 over Yolo Bypass in California ) 5,200 17,100 ( Viaduct ) 1916 1962 Highway United States Second Severn Crossing 5,128 16,824 456 1,496 Road United Kingdom Zeeland Bridge 5,022 16,476 95 312 ( x48 ) 1965 Road Netherlands Bolte Bridge 5,000 16,000 173 568 ( x2 ) 1999 Road Australia Malir River Bridge 5,000 16,000 ( Viaduct ) 2009 Road Pakistan Candaba Viaduct 5,000 16,000 ( Viaduct ) 2005 Highway Philippines Buckman Bridge ( I - 295 over the St. Johns River in Florida south of Jacksonville ) 4,968 16,299 76 249 1970 Highway United States Tappan Zee Bridge ( I - 87 and I - 287 over the Hudson River in New York ) 4,881 16,014 736 2,415 1955 Highway United States Howard Frankland Bridge ( Southbound ) ( I - 275 over Old Tampa Bay in Florida ) 4,846 15,899 ( Viaduct ) 1991 Highway United States Howard Frankland Bridge ( Northbound ) ( I - 275 over Old Tampa Bay in Florida ) 4,838 15,873 ( Viaduct ) 1960 Highway United States Wright Memorial Bridge ( US 158 over Currituck Sound in North Carolina ) 4,828 15,840 0 ? 1930 Highway United States Pensacola Bay Bridge ( US 98 over Pensacola Bay in Florida ) 4,767.1 15,640 0 ? 1960 ( new ) Highway United States Evergreen Point Floating Bridge ( State Route 520 across Lake Washington in Washington state ) 2,310 7,580 ( Viaduct ) 1963 Highway United States Vikramshila Setu 4,700 15,400 ( Viaduct ) 2001 Road India Dingziwan Cross-Sea Bridge 4,700 15,400 376 1,234 2012 Highway China Vembanad Rail Bridge , Kochi 4,620 15,160 40 130 ( x99 ) 2011 Rail India Digha -- Sonpur Bridge 4,556 14,948 123 404 ( x36 ) 2016 Road & Rail India Lindsay C. Warren Bridge / Alligator River Bridge ( US 64 over the Alligator River in North Carolina ) 4,550 14,930 0 ? 1960 Highway United States Gandy Bridge ( Eastbound ) ( US 92 over Old Tampa Bay in Florida ) 4,529 14,859 0 ? Highway United States Sault Ste . Marie International Bridge ( over the St. Marys River between I - 75 in Michigan and Ontario ) 4,480 14,700 132 433 1962 Highway United States and Canada Yeongjong Bridge 4,420 14,500 300 980 2000 Road South Korea Jingzhou Yangtze River Bridge 4,398 14,429 500 1,600 2002 Expressway China Aqua Bridge ( Tokyo Bay Aqua - Line ) 4,384 14,383 240 790 1997 Road Japan Amur Bay Bridge ( ru ) 4,364 14,318 ( Viaduct ) 2012 Road Russia Arrah -- Chhapra Bridge 4,350 14,270 120 390 ( x16 ) 2017 Road India Ponte Salgueiro Maia 4,300 14,100 250 820 2000 Highway Portugal Bayside Bridge ( County Road 611 over Old Tampa Bay in Pinellas County , Florida ) 4,270 14,010 ( Viaduct ) 1993 Highway United States Hochstraße Elbmarsch 4,258 13,970 ( Viaduct ) Road Germany Bubiyan Island Railway Bridge 4,245 13,927 ( Viaduct ) 2011 Rail Kuwait Commodore Barry Bridge ( US 322 over the Delaware River between New Jersey and Pennsylvania ) 4,240 13,910 501 1,644 Highway United States Gandy Bridge ( Westbound ) ( US 92 over Old Tampa Bay in Florida ) 4,226 13,865 0 ? 1997 Highway United States Escambia Bay Bridge ( I - 10 over Escambia Bay in Florida ) 4,224 13,858 0 ? 2004 ( new ) Highway United States Verrazano - Narrows Bridge ( I - 278 across The Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten Island , New York ) 4,176 13,701 1,298 4,259 1964 Highway United States Greenville Bridge ( US 278 and US 82 over the Mississippi River between Mississippi and Arkansas ) 4,133 13,560 420 1,380 2007 Highway United States Kovvur -- Rajahmundry Bypass Bridge ( 4th Godavari Bridge ) 4,135 13,566 50 160 ( x82 ) 2015 Road India Godavari Road - Cum - Rail Bridge 4,100 13,500 91.5 300 ( x27 ) Road & Rail India Rosario - Victoria Bridge 4,098 13,445 350 1,150 2003 Road Argentina Crescent City Connection ( US 90 Business over the Mississippi River in Louisiana ) 4,093 13,428 480 1,570 1958 Highway United States Anghel Saligny Bridge ( over the Danube ) 4,088 13,412 190 620 1895 Rail Romania Arthur Ravenel , Jr . Bridge ( US 17 over the Cooper River in South Carolina ) 4,023 13,199 471 1,545 2005 Highway United States Kurushima - Kaikyō Bridge 4,015 13,173 1,030 3,380 1999 Highway Japan Fred Hartman Bridge ( State Highway 146 over the Houston Ship Channel in Texas ) 4,000 13,000 381 1,250 1995 Highway United States Vicksburg Bridge / Chris Smith Bridge ( I - 20 over the Mississippi River between Mississippi and Louisiana ) 3,954 12,972 265 869 1973 Highway United States Köhlbrandbrücke 3,940 12,930 520 1,710 Road Germany John James Audubon Bridge ( Mississippi River ) ( State Highway 10 over Mississippi River in Louisiana ) 3,927 12,884 482 1,581 2011 Road United States Herbert C. Bonner Bridge ( State Highway 12 over Oregon Inlet in North Carolina ) 3,921 12,864 ( Viaduct ) 1963 Road United States Akashi Kaikyō Bridge 3,911 12,831 1,991 6,532 1998 Highway Japan Lupu Bridge 3,900 12,800 550 1,800 2003 Road China Suez Canal Bridge 3,900 12,800 440 1,440 2001 Road Egypt Yuribey Bridge 3,892.9 12,772 110 360 2009 Rail Russia Khabarovsk Bridge 3,890.5 12,764 127.4 418 ( x18 ) 1916 1999 Road & Rail Russia The First Kitakami River Bridge Tōhoku Shinkansen 3,868 12,690 0 ? 1982 High - speed rail Japan Zacatal Bridge 3,861 12,667 ( Viaduct ) 1994 Road Mexico Ponte della Libertà 3,850 12,630 0 ? 1846 1933 Road & Rail Italy Queen Isabella Causeway ( State Park Road 100 over Laguna Madre in Texas ) 3,810 12,500 0 ? Road United States Santhià Viaduct 3,782 12,408 0 ? 2006 Rail Italy Sky Gate Bridge R ( ja ) Kansai Airport Line / Nankai Airport Line 3,750 12,300 150 490 1994 Road & Rail Japan North South MRT Line ( Lentor North - Marsiling ) Mass Rapid Transit ( Singapore ) 12,200 40,000 ( Viaduct ) 1988 - 1996 Metro Singapore CNR Bonnet Carré Spillway - McComb Bridge ( Canadian National Railway over Bonnet Carré Spillway in Louisiana ) 3,702 12,146 ( Viaduct ) 1936 Rail United States Rodoferroviária Bridge 3,700 12,100 100 330 1998 Road & Rail Brazil Nhật Tân Bridge 3,700 12,100 300 980 ( x4 ) 2015 Highway Vietnam Munger Ganga Bridge 3,692 12,113 125 410 ( x29 ) 2016 Road & Rail India Vinh Tuy Bridge 3,690 12,110 135 443 2008 Road Vietnam Dona Ana Bridge 3,670 12,040 80 260 1934 Rail Mozambique Walt Whitman Bridge ( I - 76 over Delaware River between Pennsylvania and New Jersey ) 3,652 11,982 610 2,000 1957 Highway United States Humen Pearl River Bridge 3,618 11,870 888 2,913 1997 Expressway China Ayrton Senna Bridge 3,607 11,834 50 160 1998 Road Brazil Panipat Elevated Expressway 3,600 11,800 ( Viaduct ) 2008 Highway India Rio Negro Bridge 3,595 11,795 200 660 ( x2 ) 2011 Road Brazil Fadalto Viaduct 3,567 11,703 0 ? 1995 Highway Italy Irabu Bridge R ( ja ) Between Miyako Island and Irabu Island , Ryukyu Island 3,540 11,610 180 590 2015 Road Japan Thang Long Bridge 3,500 11,500 0 ? 1978 Road Vietnam San Diego -- Coronado Bridge ( State Route 75 over San Diego Bay in California ) 3,407 11,178 200 660 ( x2 ) 1969 Highway United States Mozambique Island Bridge 3,400 11,200 ( Viaduct ) 1969 Road Mozambique Lake Jesup Bridge ( State Road 417 over Lake Jesup in Florida ) 3,379 11,086 0 ? 1993 Highway United States Saint - Nazaire Bridge 3,356 11,010 404 1,325 Road France King Fahd Causeway Bridge II 3,334 10,938 0 ? 1986 Road Saudi Arabia and Bahrain Third Bridge 3,300 10,800 260 850 1989 Road Brazil Delaware Memorial Bridge ( Westbound ) ( I - 295 and US 40 over the Delaware River from New Jersey to Delaware ) 3,291 10,797 655 2,149 1968 Highway United States Delaware Memorial Bridge ( Eastbound ) ( I - 295 and US 40 over the Delaware River from Delaware to New Jersey ) 3,281 10,764 655 2,149 1951 Highway United States La Unidad Bridge 3,277 10,751 ( Viaduct ) 1982 Road Mexico Tay Rail Bridge 3,265 10,712 38 125 1887 Rail United Kingdom Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge ( I - 310 over the Mississippi River in Louisiana ) 3,261 10,699 376 1,234 Highway United States Chahlari Ghat Bridge 3,260 10,700 0 ? 2017 Road India Dames Point Bridge ( I - 295 over the St. Johns River in Florida east of Jacksonville ) 3,245 10,646 396 1,299 1989 Highway United States Great South Bay Bridge ( Robert Moses Causeway over Great South Bay in Long Island , New York ) 3,206 10,518 140 460 1954 Highway United States Macleay River Bridge 3,200 10,500 34 112 ( x94 ) 2013 Road Australia Storstrøm Bridge 3,199 10,495 136 446 1937 Road & Rail Denmark Second Orinoco crossing ( Orinoquia Bridge ) 3,156 10,354 300 980 2006 Road & Rail Venezuela San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge ( I - 80 over San Francisco Bay in California ) 3,141 10,305 700 2,300 1936 Highway United States Kuril Flyover 3,100 10,200 ( Viaduct ) 2013 Highway Bangladesh Bridge to Russky Island 3,100 10,200 1,104 3,622 2012 Road Russia La Pepa Bridge 3,092 10,144 540 1,770 2015 Road Spain Thanh Tri Bridge 3,084 10,118 130 430 2008 Road Vietnam Heishipu Bridge 3,068 10,066 162 531 Expressway China Jawahar Setu 3,061 10,043 0 ? 1965 Road India Talmadge Memorial Bridge ( US 17 over the Savannah River in Georgia ) 3,060 10,040 335 1,099 1990 Highway United States Nehru Setu 3,059 10,036 32.5 107 ( x93 ) 1900 Rail India Kolia Bhomora Setu 3,015 9,892 120 390 ( x24 ) Road India Ponte Conde de Linhares 3,000 9,800 0 ? 1634 Road India Jiangyin Bridge 3,000 9,800 1,385 4,544 1999 Expressway China Korthi - Kolhar Bridge 3,000 9,800 0 ? 2006 Road India C310 Viaduct 3,000 9,800 0 ? 2007 High - speed rail Taiwan Under construction ( edit ) This transport - related list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Name Length Main Span Completed Traffic Country m ft m ft Zhoushan Yangshan Bridge 130,000 426,509 2019 Road & Rail China 2nd Hangzhou Bay Bridge 66,000 217,000 0 ? 2020 ? Road & Rail China Dhaka Elevated Expressway 46,700 153,200 Viaduct 2021 ? Expressway Bangladesh Jakarta - Cikampek 2 Elevated Toll Road 36,840 120,870 Viaduct 2019 Highway Indonesia Temburong Bridge 30,000 98,000 260 850 2019 Highway Brunei Darussalam Sheikh Jaber Al - Ahmad Al - Sabah Causeway ( main causeway ) 27,000 89,000 200 660 2018 Expressway Kuwait Mumbai Trans Harbour Link 21,800 71,522 2023 Road India Dhaka Metro 20,100 65,900 Viaduct 2019 ? Metro Bangladesh Chennai Port -- Maduravoyal Expressway 19,000 62,000 0 ? unknown ( on hold ) Road India Crimean Bridge 18,100 59,400 227 745 ( x2 ) 2019 Road & Rail Russia Sheikh Jaber Al - Ahmad Al - Sabah Causeway ( Doha link ) 12,400 40,700 0 ? 2018 Expressway Kuwait Digha - AIIMS Elevated Tollway 11,900 39,000 34 112 ( x380 ) 2019 Highway India Third Orinoco Crossing ( es ) ( Mercosur Bridge ) 11,100 36,400 360 1,180 unknown ( on hold ) Road & Rail Venezuela Second Saecheonnyeon Bridge 10,800 35,400 650 2,130 ( x2 ) 2018 Road South Korea Kacchi Dargah -- Bidupur Bridge 9,760 32,020 0 ? 2020 Road India Moghbazar mouchak flyover 8,700 28,500 Viaduct 2017 Motorway Bangladesh Padma Bridge 6,150 20,180 150 490 ( x41 ) 2018 Road & Rail Bangladesh Manihari -- Sahibganj Bridge 6,000 20,000 0 ? 2019 Road India Bakhtiyarpur -- Tajpur Bridge 5,580 18,310 125 410 ( x43 ) 2018 Road India Jajmau Bypass 5,000 16,000 0 ? 2013 Road India Bogibeel Bridge 4,940 16,210 125 410 ( x39 ) 2017 Road & Rail India Podilsko - Voskresensky Bridge 4,430 14,530 344 1,129 unknown ( on hold ) Road & Metro Ukraine Sydney Metro Northwest Skytrain 4,413 14,478 270 886 2019 Metro Australia See also ( edit ) List of spans List of longest masonry arch bridge spans List of longest cantilever bridges List of largest cable - stayed bridges List of longest continuous truss bridge spans List of longest suspension bridge spans List of longest tunnels List of bridges References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Guinness World Record , Longest bridge Archived 2013 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , Guinness World Records . Last accessed July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The bridge was completed in 2004 and operated in 2007 '' . epochtimes.com . Archived from the original on 3 February 2018 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HSR system sets several world records '' . The China Post . 5 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hu , Fu - Hsiang ( April 2008 ) . `` The NewRecord of Taiwan High Speed Rail Construction '' ( PDF ) . Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 京 沪 高速 铁路 监理 一 标 创 优 实施 细则 '' . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Handbook of International Bridge Engineering . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4398 - 1029 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chen , Fujiang ( 2016 ) . `` Long - Term Settlement Process Prediction for Soft - Clay Pile Foundation Considering Creep Effect '' ( PDF ) . Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering , . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 郑 西 客运 专线 陕西 段 昨 起 铺轨 拟 12 月 28 日 通车 _ 每 日 要闻 _ 西安 _ 腾讯 网 '' . Archived from the original on 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Record , Longest road bridge Archived 2012 - 01 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Guinness World Records . Last accessed June 2012 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Record , Longest bridge over water ( continuous length ) , Guinness World Records . Last accessed July 2011 . Jump up ^ Official Operating Map Archived 2013 - 03 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : 京 津 城 际 铁路 线路 平面 示意图 Archived 2008 - 07 - 31 at Wikiwix Jump up ^ `` 6 Zusammenfassung , Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ 郑 西 铁路 偃 师 特大 桥 开架 成功 Jump up ^ Guinness World Record , Longest bridge over water ( aggregate length ) Archived 2013 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , Guinness World Records . Last accessed July 2012 . Jump up ^ Qingdao Haiwan Bridge Jump up ^ 26.75 Bridge engineering in China Archived 2011 - 07 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 青岛 海湾 大桥 设计 创新 技术 en : Qingdao Bay Bridge Design - Innovation - Technologie Archived 2013 - 05 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed July 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ King Fahd Causeway Bridge I at Structurae . Retrieved on 12 / 09 / 30 . Jump up ^ Comparison between Second and First Penang Bridge Archived 2014 - 03 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . -- technical data by Jambatan Kedua Sdn . Bhd . Accessed on 2014 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Incheon-bridge.com -- de beste bron van informatie over incheon bridge '' . Eng.incheon-bridge.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` 京 津 城 际 铁路 线路 平面 示意图 '' . newsmth.net . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ C215 Viaduct at Structurae Jump up ^ `` 兰 新 铁路 第 二 双 线 哈密 段 完成 投资 超过 50 亿 元 '' . Archived from the original on 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Гипростроймост . `` Транспортный переход через Керченский пролив '' . Jump up ^ Crimea : Longest Bridge in Europe Set to Be Unveiled ( VIDEO ) Jump up ^ `` Mumbai : eastern freeway opens , but not yet for you '' . Hindustan Times . 14 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phase 1 of Eastern Freeway opens to public '' . The Indian Express . June 2013 . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LA 1 Improvements Project '' . Archived from the original on 28 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 黄海 大桥 顺利 合龙 '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 京 沪 高铁 江苏 江苏 段 90 % 是 桥梁 堪 称 '' 桥 上 铁 `` _ 时政 频道 _ 新华 网 '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Hanif flyover opens '' . bdnews24.com . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 很 抱歉 , 此 页面 暂时 找 不 到 ! '' . www.tibetinfor.com . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ BRISA Archived 2007 - 12 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The total length of all raised spans is 1.9 miles ( 3.1 km ) , but the shipping channel span is 750 feet ( 229 m ) Bay Area Toll Authority -- Bridge Facts -- San Mateo - Hayward Bridge Archived 2008 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chang Dong Yellow River Bridge at Structurae Jump up ^ `` NS -- Lake Pontchartrain Trestle '' . 30.159130 ; - 89.871890 : Bridgehunter.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Transjakarta to Deploy 100 Buses for New Corridor '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Longest Road Bridge Open for people in Assam & Arunachal Pradesh '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Route Map '' . Archived from the original on 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Xiasha Bridge at Structurae Jump up ^ Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge at Structurae Jump up ^ Seohae Bridge at Structurae Jump up ^ `` 兰 新 铁路 第 二 双 线 二 十 里 铺 特大 桥 成 桥 突破 3300 米 '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ВОЛГОМОСТ -- Ульяновский мост будет сдан в следующем году '' . Volgomost.ru . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic eases on Gandhi Setu as Centre drops toll collection - Times of India '' . timesofindia.com . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jamuna Bridge '' . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Nationalbridges.com National Bridge Inventory Bridges Archived 2007 - 10 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ North Luzon Expressway # List of exits Jump up ^ WSDOT -- SR 520 Bridge Facts Archived 2011 - 05 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... Washington State Department of Transportation . Accessed 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cross-sea bridge starts operation '' . www.szdaily.com . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dingziwan Cross-Sea Bridge starts in service in China 's Shandong_Photo News -- China Economic Net '' . Archived from the original on 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Nationalbridges.com National Bridge Inventory Bridges Archived 2007 - 10 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jingzhou Yangtze River Bridge at Structurae Jump up ^ `` 30th Yangtze River Bridge Ends Need for Local Ferry '' . English.peopledaily.com.cn. 2002 - 10 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` New bridges over Ganga reduce distance in Bihar - Times of India '' . indiatimes.com . Archived from the original on 11 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Elbmarsch - Hochbrücke ( 1976 ) at Structurae Jump up ^ Ltd. , China Harbour Engineering Company . `` Mubarak Al Kabeer Seaport Project ( Phase 1 -- stage 1 ) Road , Bridges and Soil Treatment Works , Kuwait '' . www.chec.bj.cn . Archived from the original on 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Ltd. , China Harbour Engineering Company . `` China Harbour Engineering Company Ltd. > Projects > Ongoing Projects > Boubyan Seaport Project Phase '' . www.chec.bj.cn . Archived from the original on 23 September 2017 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ In the 1960s , the original viaduct over Balta Ialomiței island was replaced with an embankment , that 's why now this bridge is only 2,632 m ( 8,635 ft ) long ! Jump up ^ National Bridge Inventory Bridges Jump up ^ Reached this length only in 1999 , after the road part was built ! Jump up ^ `` 実績 紹介 -- 東北 新幹線 第 一 北 上川 橋梁 '' . 大成 建設 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived September 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` TARGET BRIDGE WINDOW FOR JAPAN '' . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Fadalto Viaduct at Structurae Jump up ^ ja : 伊良部 大橋 Jump up ^ `` Mozambique News Agency -- AIM Reports '' . Poptel.org.uk. 2004 - 08 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Measured via Google Earth Jump up ^ King Fahd Causeway Bridge II at Structurae . Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Puente `` La Unidad '' funciona de manera normal : SCT - ComunicaCampeche.com `` . www.comunicacampeche.com.mx . Archived from the original on 4 February 2018 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . C1 control character in title = at position 8 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Firth of Tay Bridge '' . Structurae . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PM opens Kuril Flyover '' . bdnews24.com . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( http://english.people.com.cn/200405/26/eng20040526_144403.html '' . brdi.com.cn . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Projects '' . Arvind Techno Engineers Pvt Ltd . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ C310 Viaduct at Structurae Jump up ^ `` 舟山 规划 130 公里 通道 连 上海 _ 科技 频道 _ 凤凰 网 '' . tech.ifeng.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 舟山 将 再建 一座 跨 海 大桥 2018 年 通车 远 期 连接 上海 _ 新 蓝 网 '' . n.cztv.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Hangzhou Bay to get 2nd bridge -- Shanghai Daily '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dhaka Elevated Expressway PPP Project '' . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sheikh Jaber Al - Ahmad Al - Sabah Causeway Project ( Mainlink ) '' . mainlink.sheikhjabercauseway.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` SSH - Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Cultural Centre , a world class theatre quarter in Kuwait 's cultural district '' . www.sshic.com . Archived from the original on 31 December 2017 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Metro rail by 2019 '' . The Daily Star . Archived from the original on 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sheikh Jaber Al - Ahmad Al - Sabah Causeway Project ( DohaLink ) '' . dohalink.sheikhjabercauseway.com . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ -- Tercer puente sobre el Orinoco registra 24 por ciento de avance Archived 2009 - 01 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Tercer puente sobre el río Orinoco se llamará Mercosur '' . archive.org. 21 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2007 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tercer puente sobre el Orinoco es 20 veces más caro que el más alto del mundo '' . elestimulo.com. 1 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2017 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` mageba - Reference projects '' . www.mageba.ch . Archived from the original on 30 December 2017 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eskaton - Mouchak portion of Moghbazar flyover opens to traffic '' . The Daily Star . Archived from the original on 27 February 2017 . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Padma Bridge at Structurae , Report on the official hearing on construction progress Jump up ^ `` PM Modi Lays Foundation Stone of Ganga Bridge Connecting Sahibganj & Manihari '' . chandigarhmetro.com. 6 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bakhtiyarpur - Tajpur Bridge ( Bihar , 2016 ) - Structurae '' . Structurae . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Assam Tribune Online '' . Assamtribune.com. 2011 - 05 - 08 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Podilskyi Metro Bridge at Structurae , Report on the official hearing on construction progress Archived 2012 - 08 - 12 at WebCite hide Bridge - related articles Structural types Arch bridge Bascule bridge Beam bridge Box girder bridge Bridge -- tunnel Burr truss Cable - stayed bridge Canopy bridge Cantilever bridge Cantilever spar cable - stayed bridge Covered bridge Crib bridge Extradosed bridge Log bridge Moon bridge Moveable bridge Navigable aqueduct Pile bridge Pontoon bridge ( Vlotbrug ) Suspension bridge ( types ) Tilt bridge Timber bridge Through arch bridge Transporter bridge Truss bridge Tubular bridge Viaduct Visual index to various types Lists of bridges by type List of bridges List of road -- rail bridges List of bridge -- tunnels List of bascule bridges List of multi-level bridges List of toll bridges List of cantilever bridges Lists of bridges by size By length Suspension bridges Cable - stayed bridges Cantilever bridges Continuous truss bridges Arch bridges Masonry arch bridges Highest Tallest Additional lists Bridge failures Bridge to nowhere Commons WikiProject Portal hide Structural extremes Tallest Buildings Structures Bridges Chimneys Churches Orthodox Cities Dams Oil platforms Educational Freestanding Hospitals Hotels Lighthouses Residential Statues Towers Twin buildings and structures Wood Largest Buildings Churches City squares Dams Domes Hindu temples Hotels Mosques Palace Power stations hydroelectric Shopping malls Longest Buildings Bridges arched cable - stayed cantilevered continuous truss masonry arch suspension Churches Tunnels Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_longest_bridges&oldid=844043166 '' Categories : Lists of bridges Construction records Lists by length Lists of largest buildings and structures Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template other archives Structurae ID not in Wikidata CS1 errors : invisible characters CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template webcite links Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Interlanguage link template link number Incomplete transport lists Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Shqip Slovenščina Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 06 : 23 . 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"\n\nName\nLength\nMain Span\nCompleted\nTraffic\nCountry\n\nm\nft\nm\nft\n\n\n\nDanyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge\nBeijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway\nGuinness: Longest bridge (any type), 2011[1]\n164,800\n540,700\n80\n260\n2010\nHigh-speed rail\n China\n\n\nChanghua-Kaohsiung Viaduct[2][3][4]\nTaiwan High Speed Rail\n157,317\n516,132\n(Viaduct)\n2004\nHigh-speed rail\n Taiwan\n\n\nTianjin Grand Bridge[5]\nBeijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway\nGuinness: Second longest bridge (any type), 2011[1]\n113,700\n373,000\n(Viaduct)\n2010\nHigh-speed rail\n China\n\n\nCangde Grand Bridge[6][7]\nBeijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway\n115,900\n380,200\n128\n420\n2010\nHigh-speed rail\n China\n\n\nWeinan Weihe Grand Bridge\nZhengzhou–Xi'an High-Speed Railway\n79,732\n261,588\n80\n260[8]\n2008\nHigh-speed rail\n China\n\n\nBang Na Expressway\nGuinness: Longest Road Bridge, 2000[9]\n54,000\n177,000\n(Viaduct)\n2000\nExpressway\n Thailand\n\n\nBeijing Grand Bridge\nBeijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway\n48,153\n157,982\n108\n354\n2010\nHigh-speed rail\n China\n\n\nLake Pontchartrain Causeway\n(across Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana)\nGuinness: Longest bridge over water (continuous), 1969[10]\n38,442\n126,122\n46\n151\n1956 (SB)\n1969 (NB)\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nLine 1, Wuhan Metro Bridge\nWuhan Metro\n37,788\n123,976[11]\n0?\n2009\nMetro\n China\n\n\nManchac Swamp Bridge\n(I-55 across Manchac Swamp in Louisiana)\n36,710\n120,440\n(Viaduct)\n1979\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nYangcun Bridge\nBeijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway\n35,812\n117,493[12]\n(Viaduct)\n2007\nHigh-speed rail\n China\n\n\nHangzhou Bay Bridge\n35,673\n117,037\n448\n1,470\n2007\nExpressway\n China\n\n\nRunyang Bridge\n35,660\n116,990\n1,490\n4,890\n2005\nExpressway\n China\n\n\nLima Metro Line 1[citation needed]\n33,000\n108,000\n(Viaduct)\n2011-2014\nMetro\n Peru\n\n\nDonghai Bridge\n32,500\n106,600\n400\n1,300\n2005\nExpressway\n China\n\n\nShanghai Maglev line\n29,908\n98,123[13]\n(Viaduct)\n2003\nMaglev\n China\n\n\nDwarka Sector 8 Metro Station-Rama Krishna Ashram Marg Metro Station\n29,808\n97,795\n(Viaduct)\n2005-2010\nMetro\n India\n\n\nAtchafalaya Basin Bridge\n(I-10 across Atchafalaya Basin in Louisiana)\n29,290\n96,100\n(Viaduct)\n1973\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nYanshi Bridge\nZhengzhou–Xi'an High-Speed Railway\n28,543\n93,645[14]\n0?\n2009\nHigh-speed rail\n China\n\n\nJiaozhou Bay Bridge\nGuinness: Longest bridge over water (aggregate), July 2011[15]\n26,707\n87,621[16][17][18]\n260\n850\n2011\nRoad\n China\n\n\nJintang Bridge\n26,540\n87,070\n620\n2,030\n2009\nExpressway\n China\n\n\nJinbin Light Rail No. 1 Bridge[citation needed](Guanghualu – Babaocun)\nTianjin Binhai Mass Transit\n25,800\n84,600\n(Viaduct)\n2003\nMetro\n China\n\n\nEast West MRT Line (Redhill - Tuas Link)\nMass Rapid Transit (Singapore)\n25,700\n84,300\n(Viaduct)\n1988 - 2017\nMetro\n Singapore\n\n\nKing Fahd Causeway Bridge I\n25,000\n82,000[19]\n(Viaduct)\n1986\nRoad\n Saudi Arabia\n Bahrain\n\n\nSuvarnabhumi Airport Link\n24,500\n80,400\n(Viaduct)\n2010\nRail\n Thailand\n\n\nSultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge\nPenang Second Bridge\n24,000\n79,000\n250\n820[20]\n2014\nHighway\n Malaysia\n\n\nChesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel\n(US 13 across Chesapeake Bay in Virginia)\n24,140\n79,200\n0?\n1964 (NB)\n1999 (SB)\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nMRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line Northern Elevated Section\n23,100\n75,800\nViaduct\n2016\nMetro\n Malaysia\n\n\nBridge section of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge\n22,900\n75,100\n458\n1,503\n2017\nMotorway\n China\n Hong Kong\n\n\nLiangshui River Bridge\nBeijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway\n21,563\n70,745[12]\n(Viaduct)\n2007\nHigh-speed rail\n China\n\n\nIncheon Bridge\n21,380\n70,140[21]\n800\n2,600\n2009\nRoad\n South Korea\n\n\nYongding New River Bridge\nBeijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway\n21,133\n69,334[22]\n0?\n2007\nHigh-speed rail\n China\n\n\n6th October Bridge\n20,500\n67,300\n(Viaduct)\n1996\nRoad\n Egypt\n\n\nC215 Viaduct[23]\nTaiwan High Speed Rail\n20,000\n66,000\n(Viaduct)\n2007\nHigh-speed rail\n Taiwan\n\n\nHami Grade Separation Bridge\nLanzhou–Urumqi High-Speed Railway\n19,300\n63,300[24]\n0?\n2014\nHigh-speed rail\n China\n\n\nMRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line Southern Elevated Section\n19,000\n62,000\nViaduct\n2017\nMetro\n Malaysia\n\n\nCangzhou–Dezhou Grand Bridge[5]\nBeijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway\n18,200\n59,700\n128\n420\n2010\nHigh-speed rail\n China\n\n\nAérotrain Test Track\nNo longer in use\n18,000\n59,000\n0?\n1965\nRail\n(prototype)\n France\n\n\nBonnet Carré Spillway Bridge of I-10\n(I-10 over Bonnet Carré Spillway in Louisiana)\n17,702\n58,077\n(Viaduct)\n1972\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nCrimean Bridge[25] (Kerch Strait)\nLongest bridge in Europe[26]\n16,857\n55,305\n227\n745 (x2)\n2018\nroad\n Crimea\n\n\nSaigon-Trung Luong Skyway[citation needed]\nNorth-South Expressway, Vietnam\n16,000\n52,000\n(Viaduct)\n2010\nRoad\n Vietnam\n\n\nEastern Freeway South Strech\n15,595\n51,165[27][28]\n(Viaduct)\n2013\nMotorway\n India\n\n\nCross Beijing Ring Roads Bridge\nBeijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway\n15,595\n51,165[12]\n(Viaduct)\n2007\nHigh-speed rail\n China\n\n\nPenang Bridge\n13,500\n44,300\n225\n738\n1985\nHighway\n Malaysia\n\n\nKam Sheung Road-Tuen Mun viaduct (part of West Rail Line)\n13,400\n44,000\n(Viaduct)\n2003\nRail\n Hong Kong\n\n\nLouisiana Highway 1 Bridge[29]\n(State Highway 1 between Golden Meadow, Louisiana and Port Fourchon, Louisiana)\n13,300\n43,600\n(Viaduct)\n2009\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nRio-Niterói Bridge\nLongest bridge in Latin America\n13,290\n43,600\n300\n980\n1974\nRoad\n Brazil\n\n\nGreat Seto Bridge\n13,100\n43,000\n1,100\n3,600\n1988\nHighway & Rail\n Japan\n\n\nBhumibol Bridge\n13,000\n43,000\n398\n1,306\n2006\nRoad\n Thailand\n\n\nConfederation Bridge\n(Trans-Canada Highway across Northumberland Strait between Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick)\n12,900\n42,300\n220\n720 (x43)\n1997\nHighway\n Canada\n\n\nJubilee Parkway\n(I-10 over Mobile Bay in Alabama)\n12,875\n42,241\n0?\n1978\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nRudong Yangkou Yellow Sea Bridge[30]\n12,600\n41,300[31]\n0?\n2008\nRoad\n China\n\n\nBali Mandara Toll Road\n12,700\n41,700\n0?\n2013\nRoad\n Indonesia\n\n\nVasco da Gama Bridge\nLongest bridge entirely within Europe\n12,345\n40,502\n450\n1,480\n1998\nHighway\n Portugal\n\n\nEmsland test facility\n12,000\n39,000\n(Viaduct)\n1985\nMaglev\n Germany\n\n\nIr. Wiyoto Wiyono Toll Road[citation needed]\n12,000\n39,000\n0Viaduct\n1990\nHighway\n Indonesia\n\n\nNanjing Qinhuai River Bridge\nBeijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway\n12,000\n39,000[31]\n0?\n2010\nHigh-speed rail\n China\n\n\nThird Mainland Bridge\n11,800\n38,700\n(Viaduct)\n1991\nRoad\n Nigeria\n\n\nMayor Mohammed Hanif Flyover[32] (Jatrabari to Gulisthan)\n11,700\n38,400\n(Viaduct)\n2013\nMotorway\n Bangladesh\n\n\nQingshuihe Bridge[33]\nQingzang Railway\n11,700\n38,400\n(Viaduct)\n2006\nRail\n China\n\n\nLezíria Bridge[34]\n11,670\n38,290\n133\n436\n2007\nHighway\n Portugal\n\n\nP.V. Narasimha Rao Elevated Expressway\n11,600\n38,100\n(Viaduct)\n2009\nHighway\n India\n\n\nSan Mateo–Hayward Bridge\n(State Route 92 over San Francisco Bay in California)\n11,270\n36,980\n230.8\n757[35]\n1967\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nZhenjiang Beijing–Hangzhou Canal Bridge\nBeijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway\n11,000\n36,000[31]\n0?\n2010\nHigh-speed rail\n China\n\n\nSeven Mile Bridge\n(Overseas Highway/US 1 in the Florida Keys)\n10,887\n35,719\n41\n135\n1982\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nShandong-Henan Yellow River Bridge[36]\n10,282\n33,734\n0?\n1985\nRail\n China\n\n\nWuhu Yangtze River Bridge\n10,020\n32,870\n312\n1,024\n2000\nExpressway & Rail\n China\n\n\nBangalore Elevated Tollway\n9,945\n32,628\n(Viaduct)\n2010\nHighway\n India\n\n\nShanghai Yangtze River Bridge\n9,970\n32,710\n730\n2,400\n2009\nRoad (& future Rail)\n China\n\n\nGeneral W.K. Wilson Jr. Bridge\n(I-65 over the Mobile–Tensaw River Delta in Alabama)\n9,786\n32,106\n244\n801\n1980\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nNorfolk Southern Lake Pontchartrain Bridge\n(Norfolk Southern rail line across Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana)\n9,300\n30,500\n0?\n1884[37]\nRail\n United States\n\n\nTransJakarta Corridor 13\n9,300\n30,500[38]\n(Viaduct)\n2017\nElevated BRT\n Indonesia\n\n\nNanjing Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge\n9,273\n30,423[31]\n336\n1,102\n2010\nHigh-speed rail & Metro\n China\n\n\nDhola-Sadiya bridge\n9,150\n30,020[39]\n50\n160 (x183)\n2017\nRoad\n India\n\n\nPark Circus-Parama Island, MAA flyover\n9,100\n29,900\n(Viaduct)\n2016\nRoad\n India\n\n\nChacahoula Swamp Bridge\n(US 90 across Chacahoula Swamp in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana)\n9,005\n29,544\n(Viaduct)\n1995\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nFrank Davis \"Naturally N'Awlins\" Memorial Bridge\n(I-10 over Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana)\n8,851\n29,039\n(Viaduct)\n1962\n2011\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nRichmond–San Rafael Bridge\n(I-580 over San Francisco Bay in California)\n8,851\n29,039\n317\n1,040\n1956\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nGeneral Rafael Urdaneta Bridge\n8,678\n28,471\n235\n771\n1962\nRoad\n Venezuela\n\n\nMetro Bus corridor- Rawalpindi Section (Rawalpindi)\n8,600\n28,200[40]\n(Viaduct)\n2015\nElevated BRT\n Pakistan\n\n\nVirginia Dare Memorial Bridge\n(US 64 Bypass over Croatan Sound in North Carolina)\n8,369\n27,457\n(Viaduct)\n2002\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nYangpu Bridge\n8,354\n27,408\n602\n1,975\n1993\nRoad\n China\n\n\nXiasha Bridge[41]\n8,230\n27,000\n232\n761\n1991\nExpressway\n China\n\n\nSutong Bridge\n8,206\n26,923\n1,088\n3,570\n2008\nExpressway\n China\n\n\nMackinac Bridge\n(I-75 over the Straits of Mackinac in Michigan)\n8,038\n26,371\n1,158\n3,799\n1957\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nLaBranche Wetlands Bridge\n(I-310 over the LaBranche Wetlands in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana)\n7,902\n25,925\n(Viaduct)\n1992\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nÖresund Bridge\n7,845\n25,738\n490\n1,610\n1999\nHighway & Rail \n Denmark and\n Sweden\n\n\nMaestri Bridge\n(US 11 over Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana)\n7,693\n25,240\n(Viaduct)\n1928\nRoad\n United States\n\n\nJiujiang Yangtze River Bridge[42]\n7,675\n25,180\n216\n709\n1992\nHighway & Rail\n China\n\n\nJames River Bridge\n(US 17 over the James River in Virginia)\n7,425\n24,360\n126\n413\n1983\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nGwangan Bridge\n7,420\n24,340\n500\n1,600\n2002\nRoad\n South Korea\n\n\nChamplain Bridge (Montreal)\n(Autoroutes 10, 15, and 20 over the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec)\n7,414\n24,324\n215.5\n707\n1967\nHighway\n Canada\n\n\nJamal Abdul Nasser Bridge[citation needed]\n7,333\n24,058\n(Viaduct)\n2016\nHighway\n Kuwait\n\n\nSeohae Bridge[43]\n7,310\n23,980\n470\n1,540\n2000\nHighway\n South Korea\n\n\nErshilipu Bridge\nLanzhou–Urumqi High-Speed Railway\n7.093\n4.407[44]\n0?\n2014\nHigh-speed rail\n China\n\n\nHuey P. Long Bridge\n(US 90 over the Mississippi River in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana)\n7,000\n23,000\n241\n791\n1936\nHighway & Rail\n United States\n\n\nChesapeake Bay Bridge\n(US 50 and US 301 over Chesapeake Bay in Maryland)\n6,946\n22,789\n490\n1,610\n1952\n1973\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nAktaruzzaman Flyover[citation needed]\n(Chittagong)\n6,800\n22,300\n(Viaduct)\n2017\nMotorway\n Bangladesh\n\n\nGreat Belt Bridge (Eastern)\n6,790\n22,280\n1,624\n5,328\n1998\nHighway\n Denmark\n\n\nNanjing Yangtze River Bridge\n6,772\n22,218\n160\n520\n1968\nHighway & Rail\n China\n\n\nXiangshan Harbor Bridge\n6,761\n22,182\n688\n2,257\n2012\nHighway\n China\n\n\nGreat Belt Bridge (Western)\n6,611\n21,690\n110\n360\n1998\nHighway & Rail \n Denmark\n\n\nSunshine Skyway Bridge\n(I-275 over Tampa Bay in Florida)\n6,598\n21,647\n366\n1,201\n1987\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nThanlwin Bridge (Mawlamyaing)\n6,589\n21,617\n112\n367 (x21)\n2005\nRoad & Rail\n Myanmar\n\n\nSt. George Island Bridge\n(State Road 300 over Apalachicola Bay in Florida)\n6,588\n21,614\n366\n1,201\n2004\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nAstoria–Megler Bridge\n(US 101 across the Columbia River between Oregon and Washington)\n6,545\n21,473\n375\n1,230\n1966\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nSaale-Elster Viaduct\nErfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway\n6,465\n21,211\n110\n360\n2013\nHigh-speed rail\n Germany\n\n\nPakokku Bridge\n6,278\n20,597[45]\n120\n390 (x22)\n2011\nRoad & Rail\n Myanmar\n\n\nAyeyarwady-Nyaungdon Bridge\n6,262\n20,545[46]\n120\n390 (x16)\n2011[citation needed]\nRoad & Rail\n Myanmar\n\n\nÖland bridge\n6,072\n19,921\n130\n430\n1972\nHighway\n Sweden\n\n\nLibertador General San Martín Bridge\n5,966\n19,573\n220\n720\n1976\nRoad\n Uruguay and\n Argentina\n\n\nHernando de Soto Bridge\n(I-40 over the Mississippi River between Arkansas and Tennessee)\n5,954\n19,534\n274\n899\n1973\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nPresident Bridge\n5,825\n19,111[47]\n220\n720 (x22)\n2009\nRoad\n Russia\n\n\nMid-Bay Bridge\n(State Road 293 over Choctawhatchee Bay in Florida)\n5,793\n19,006\n141\n463\n1993\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nMahatma Gandhi Setu[48]\n5,750\n18,860\n121\n397 (x45)\n1982\nRoad\n India\n\n\nPulaski Skyway\n(US 1/US 9 over the Hackensack and Passaic rivers in New Jersey)\n5,636\n18,491\n168\n551\n1932\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nGarden City Skyway\n(Queen Elizabeth Way over the Welland Canal in Ontario)\n5,633\n18,481\n(Viaduct)\n1963\nHighway\n Canada\n\n\nBangabandhu Bridge\n5,630\n18,470\n100\n330[49] (x47)\n1998\nRoad & Rail\n Bangladesh\n\n\nAlbemarle Sound Bridge[50]\n(State Highways 32 and 94 over Albemarle Sound in North Carolina)\n5,627\n18,461\n0?\n1990\nRoad\n United States\n\n\nBromford Viaduct\n5,600\n18,400\n(Viaduct)\n1971\nRoad\n United Kingdom\n\n\nBandra-Worli Sea Link\n5,575\n18,291\n250\n820 (x2)\n2009\nRoad\n India\n\n\nHong Kong–Shenzhen Western Corridor\n5,545\n18,192\n(Viaduct)\n2006\nExpressway\n Hong Kong\n\n\nIsland Eastern Corridor (Causeway Bay to Quarry Bay section)\n5,500\n18,000\n(Viaduct)\n1983\nRoad\n Hong Kong\n\n\nSuramadu Bridge (cross Madura Strait)\n5,438\n17,841\n434\n1,424\n2009\nRoad\n Indonesia\n\n\nDauphin Island Bridge\n(State Route 193 over the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway in Alabama)\n5,430\n17,810\n122\n400\n1982\nRoad\n United States\n\n\nXinkai River Bridge of Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway\n5,371\n17,621[22]\n0?\n2007\nHigh-speed rail\n China\n\n\nYolo Causeway\n(I-80 over Yolo Bypass in California)\n5,200\n17,100\n(Viaduct)\n1916\n1962\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nSecond Severn Crossing\n5,128\n16,824\n456\n1,496\n1996\nRoad\n United Kingdom\n\n\nZeeland Bridge\n5,022\n16,476\n95\n312 (x48)\n1965\nRoad\n Netherlands\n\n\nBolte Bridge\n5,000\n16,000\n173\n568 (x2)\n1999\nRoad\n Australia\n\n\nMalir River Bridge\n5,000\n16,000\n(Viaduct)\n2009\nRoad\n Pakistan\n\n\nCandaba Viaduct[51]\n5,000\n16,000\n(Viaduct)\n2005\nHighway\n Philippines\n\n\nBuckman Bridge\n(I-295 over the St. Johns River in Florida south of Jacksonville)\n4,968\n16,299\n76\n249\n1970\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nTappan Zee Bridge\n(I-87 and I-287 over the Hudson River in New York)\n4,881\n16,014\n736\n2,415\n1955\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nHoward Frankland Bridge (Southbound)\n(I-275 over Old Tampa Bay in Florida)\n4,846\n15,899\n(Viaduct)\n1991\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nHoward Frankland Bridge (Northbound)\n(I-275 over Old Tampa Bay in Florida)\n4,838\n15,873\n(Viaduct)\n1960\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nWright Memorial Bridge\n(US 158 over Currituck Sound in North Carolina)\n4,828\n15,840\n0?\n1930\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nPensacola Bay Bridge\n(US 98 over Pensacola Bay in Florida)\n4,767.1\n15,640\n0?\n1960 (new)\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nEvergreen Point Floating Bridge\n(State Route 520 across Lake Washington in Washington state)\n2,310\n7,580\n(Viaduct) [52]\n1963\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nVikramshila Setu\n4,700\n15,400\n(Viaduct)\n2001\nRoad\n India\n\n\nDingziwan Cross-Sea Bridge[53][54]\n4,700\n15,400\n376\n1,234\n2012\nHighway\n China\n\n\nVembanad Rail Bridge, Kochi\n4,620\n15,160\n40\n130 (x99)\n2011\nRail\n India\n\n\nDigha–Sonpur Bridge\n4,556\n14,948\n123\n404 (x36)\n2016\nRoad & Rail\n India\n\n\nLindsay C. Warren Bridge[55]/Alligator River Bridge\n(US 64 over the Alligator River in North Carolina)\n4,550\n14,930\n0?\n1960\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nGandy Bridge (Eastbound)\n(US 92 over Old Tampa Bay in Florida)\n4,529\n14,859\n0?\n1975\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nSault Ste. Marie International Bridge\n(over the St. Marys River between I-75 in Michigan and Ontario)\n4,480\n14,700\n132\n433\n1962\nHighway\n United States and\n Canada\n\n\nYeongjong Bridge\n4,420\n14,500\n300\n980\n2000\nRoad\n South Korea\n\n\nJingzhou Yangtze River Bridge[56]\n4,398\n14,429[57]\n500\n1,600\n2002\nExpressway\n China\n\n\nAqua Bridge (Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line)\n4,384\n14,383\n240\n790\n1997\nRoad\n Japan\n\n\nAmur Bay Bridge (ru)\n4,364\n14,318\n(Viaduct)\n2012\nRoad\n Russia\n\n\nArrah–Chhapra Bridge\n4,350\n14,270\n120\n390 (x16)\n2017[58]\nRoad\n India\n\n\nPonte Salgueiro Maia\n4,300\n14,100\n250\n820\n2000\nHighway\n Portugal\n\n\nBayside Bridge\n(County Road 611 over Old Tampa Bay in Pinellas County, Florida)\n4,270\n14,010\n(Viaduct)\n1993\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nHochstraße Elbmarsch[59]\n4,258\n13,970\n(Viaduct)\n1974\nRoad\n Germany\n\n\nBubiyan Island Railway Bridge\n4,245\n13,927[60]\n(Viaduct)\n2011[61]\nRail\n Kuwait\n\n\nCommodore Barry Bridge\n(US 322 over the Delaware River between New Jersey and Pennsylvania)\n4,240\n13,910\n501\n1,644\n1974\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nGandy Bridge (Westbound)\n(US 92 over Old Tampa Bay in Florida)\n4,226\n13,865\n0?\n1997\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nEscambia Bay Bridge\n(I-10 over Escambia Bay in Florida)\n4,224\n13,858\n0?\n2004 (new)\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nVerrazano-Narrows Bridge\n(I-278 across The Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten Island, New York)\n4,176\n13,701\n1,298\n4,259\n1964\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nGreenville Bridge\n(US 278 and US 82 over the Mississippi River between Mississippi and Arkansas)\n4,133\n13,560\n420\n1,380\n2007\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nKovvur–Rajahmundry Bypass Bridge\n(4th Godavari Bridge)\n4,135\n13,566\n50\n160 (x82)\n2015\nRoad\n India\n\n\nGodavari Road-Cum-Rail Bridge\n4,100\n13,500\n91.5\n300 (x27)\n1974\nRoad & Rail\n India\n\n\nRosario-Victoria Bridge\n4,098\n13,445\n350\n1,150\n2003\nRoad\n Argentina\n\n\nCrescent City Connection\n(US 90 Business over the Mississippi River in Louisiana)\n4,093\n13,428\n480\n1,570\n1958\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nAnghel Saligny Bridge\n(over the Danube)\n4,088\n13,412[62]\n190\n620\n1895\nRail\n Romania\n\n\nArthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge\n(US 17 over the Cooper River in South Carolina)\n4,023\n13,199\n471\n1,545\n2005\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nKurushima-Kaikyō Bridge\n4,015\n13,173\n1,030\n3,380\n1999\nHighway\n Japan\n\n\nFred Hartman Bridge\n(State Highway 146 over the Houston Ship Channel in Texas)\n4,000\n13,000\n381\n1,250\n1995\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nVicksburg Bridge / Chris Smith Bridge\n(I-20 over the Mississippi River between Mississippi and Louisiana)\n3,954\n12,972\n265\n869\n1973\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nKöhlbrandbrücke\n3,940\n12,930\n520\n1,710\n1974\nRoad\n Germany\n\n\nJohn James Audubon Bridge (Mississippi River)\n(State Highway 10 over Mississippi River in Louisiana)\n3,927\n12,884\n482\n1,581\n2011\nRoad\n United States\n\n\nHerbert C. Bonner Bridge[63]\n(State Highway 12 over Oregon Inlet in North Carolina)\n3,921\n12,864\n(Viaduct)\n1963\nRoad\n United States\n\n\nAkashi Kaikyō Bridge\n3,911\n12,831\n1,991\n6,532\n1998\nHighway\n Japan\n\n\nLupu Bridge\n3,900\n12,800\n550\n1,800\n2003\nRoad\n China\n\n\nSuez Canal Bridge\n3,900\n12,800\n440\n1,440\n2001\nRoad\n Egypt\n\n\nYuribey Bridge\n3,892.9\n12,772\n110\n360\n2009\nRail\n Russia\n\n\nKhabarovsk Bridge\n3,890.5\n12,764[64]\n127.4\n418 (x18)\n1916\n1999\nRoad & Rail\n Russia\n\n\nThe First Kitakami River Bridge[65]\nTōhoku Shinkansen\n3,868\n12,690\n0?\n1982\nHigh-speed rail\n Japan\n\n\nZacatal Bridge\n3,861\n12,667\n(Viaduct)\n1994\nRoad\n Mexico\n\n\nPonte della Libertà\n3,850\n12,630\n0?\n1846\n1933\nRoad & Rail\n Italy\n\n\nQueen Isabella Causeway\n(State Park Road 100 over Laguna Madre in Texas)\n3,810\n12,500\n0?\n1974\nRoad\n United States\n\n\nSanthià Viaduct[66]\n3,782\n12,408\n0?\n2006\nRail\n Italy\n\n\nSky Gate Bridge R (ja)[67]\nKansai Airport Line / Nankai Airport Line\n3,750\n12,300\n150\n490\n1994\nRoad & Rail\n Japan\n\n\nNorth South MRT Line (Lentor North - Marsiling)\nMass Rapid Transit (Singapore)\n12,200\n40,000\n(Viaduct)\n1988 - 1996\nMetro\n Singapore\n\n\nCNR Bonnet Carré Spillway-McComb Bridge\n(Canadian National Railway over Bonnet Carré Spillway in Louisiana)\n3,702\n12,146\n(Viaduct)\n1936\nRail\n United States\n\n\nRodoferroviária Bridge\n3,700\n12,100\n100\n330\n1998\nRoad & Rail\n Brazil\n\n\nNhật Tân Bridge\n3,700\n12,100\n300\n980 (x4)\n2015\nHighway\n Vietnam\n\n\nMunger Ganga Bridge\n3,692\n12,113\n125\n410 (x29)\n2016\nRoad & Rail\n India\n\n\nVinh Tuy Bridge\n3,690\n12,110\n135\n443\n2008\nRoad\n Vietnam\n\n\nDona Ana Bridge\n3,670\n12,040\n80\n260\n1934\nRail\n Mozambique\n\n\nWalt Whitman Bridge\n(I-76 over Delaware River between Pennsylvania and New Jersey)\n3,652\n11,982\n610\n2,000\n1957\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nHumen Pearl River Bridge\n3,618\n11,870\n888\n2,913\n1997\nExpressway\n China\n\n\nAyrton Senna Bridge\n3,607\n11,834\n50\n160\n1998\nRoad\n Brazil\n\n\nPanipat Elevated Expressway\n3,600\n11,800\n(Viaduct)\n2008\nHighway\n India\n\n\nRio Negro Bridge\n3,595\n11,795\n200\n660 (x2)\n2011\nRoad\n Brazil\n\n\nFadalto Viaduct[68]\n3,567\n11,703\n0?\n1995\nHighway\n Italy\n\n\nIrabu Bridge R (ja)[69]\nBetween Miyako Island and Irabu Island, Ryukyu Island\n3,540\n11,610\n180\n590\n2015\nRoad\n Japan\n\n\nThang Long Bridge\n3,500\n11,500\n0?\n1978\nRoad\n Vietnam\n\n\nSan Diego–Coronado Bridge\n(State Route 75 over San Diego Bay in California)\n3,407\n11,178\n200\n660 (x2)\n1969\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nMozambique Island Bridge[70]\n3,400\n11,200[71]\n(Viaduct)\n1969\nRoad\n Mozambique\n\n\nLake Jesup Bridge\n(State Road 417 over Lake Jesup in Florida)\n3,379\n11,086\n0?\n1993\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nSaint-Nazaire Bridge\n3,356\n11,010\n404\n1,325\n1974\nRoad\n France\n\n\nKing Fahd Causeway Bridge II\n3,334\n10,938[72]\n0?\n1986\nRoad\n Saudi Arabia and\n Bahrain\n\n\nThird Bridge\n3,300\n10,800\n260\n850\n1989\nRoad\n Brazil\n\n\nDelaware Memorial Bridge (Westbound)\n(I-295 and US 40 over the Delaware River from New Jersey to Delaware)\n3,291\n10,797\n655\n2,149\n1968\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nDelaware Memorial Bridge (Eastbound)\n(I-295 and US 40 over the Delaware River from Delaware to New Jersey)\n3,281\n10,764\n655\n2,149\n1951\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nLa Unidad Bridge\n3,277\n10,751[73]\n(Viaduct)\n1982\nRoad\n Mexico\n\n\nTay Rail Bridge[74]\n3,265\n10,712\n38\n125\n1887\nRail\n United Kingdom\n\n\nHale Boggs Memorial Bridge\n(I-310 over the Mississippi River in Louisiana)\n3,261\n10,699\n376\n1,234\n1983\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nChahlari Ghat Bridge\n3,260\n10,700\n0?\n2017\nRoad\n India\n\n\nDames Point Bridge\n(I-295 over the St. Johns River in Florida east of Jacksonville)\n3,245\n10,646\n396\n1,299\n1989\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nGreat South Bay Bridge\n(Robert Moses Causeway over Great South Bay in Long Island, New York)\n3,206\n10,518\n140\n460\n1954\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nMacleay River Bridge\n3,200\n10,500\n34\n112 (x94)\n2013\nRoad\n Australia\n\n\nStorstrøm Bridge\n3,199\n10,495\n136\n446\n1937\nRoad & Rail\n Denmark\n\n\nSecond Orinoco crossing (Orinoquia Bridge)\n3,156\n10,354\n300\n980\n2006\nRoad & Rail\n Venezuela\n\n\nSan Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge\n(I-80 over San Francisco Bay in California)\n3,141\n10,305\n700\n2,300\n1936\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nKuril Flyover\n3,100\n10,200[75]\n(Viaduct)\n2013\nHighway\n Bangladesh\n\n\nBridge to Russky Island\n3,100\n10,200\n1,104\n3,622\n2012\nRoad\n Russia\n\n\nLa Pepa Bridge\n3,092\n10,144\n540\n1,770\n2015\nRoad\n Spain\n\n\nThanh Tri Bridge\n3,084\n10,118\n130\n430\n2008\nRoad\n Vietnam\n\n\nHeishipu Bridge[76]\n3,068\n10,066\n162\n531\n2004\nExpressway\n China\n\n\nJawahar Setu\n3,061\n10,043\n0?\n1965\nRoad\n India\n\n\nTalmadge Memorial Bridge\n(US 17 over the Savannah River in Georgia)\n3,060\n10,040\n335\n1,099\n1990\nHighway\n United States\n\n\nNehru Setu\n3,059\n10,036\n32.5\n107 (x93)\n1900\nRail\n India\n\n\nKolia Bhomora Setu\n3,015\n9,892\n120\n390 (x24)\n1987\nRoad\n India\n\n\nPonte Conde de Linhares\n3,000\n9,800\n0?\n1634\nRoad\n India\n\n\nJiangyin Bridge\n3,000\n9,800\n1,385\n4,544\n1999\nExpressway\n China\n\n\nKorthi-Kolhar Bridge[77]\n3,000\n9,800\n0?\n2006\nRoad\n India\n\n\nC310 Viaduct[78]\n3,000\n9,800\n0?\n2007\nHigh-speed rail\n Taiwan\n\n"
] | [
"Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge"
] |
-3401410016719309565 | The Voice (U.S. season 2) | The Voice ( U.S. season 2 ) - wikipedia The Voice ( U.S. season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Voice Season 2 Broadcast from February 5 ( 2012 - 02 - 05 ) -- May 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 08 ) Judges Christina Aguilera CeeLo Green Adam Levine Blake Shelton Host ( s ) Carson Daly Christina Milian ( social media ) Broadcaster NBC Winner Jermaine Paul Origin Orange County , New York Song `` I Believe I Can Fly '' Genre ( s ) R&B , soul , pop Coach Blake Shelton Runner - up Juliet Simms Chronology ◀ Early 2012 ▶ The second season of the American reality talent show The Voice premiered on NBC on February 5 , 2012 in the 10 p.m. ET slot immediately following coverage of Super Bowl XLVI . The first promo aired on NBC on Saturday , October 8 , 2011 during an episode of Saturday Night Live . The program seeks solo artists and duos that perform various types of music : pop , rock , R&B , hip - hop , alternative , Latin , country , blues and indie . Auditions were held July 15 to August 31 , 2011 in Chicago , New York , San Francisco , Los Angeles , Houston , Atlanta , Nashville , and Orlando . All four coaches return for their second season . The season expanded from the first season : each coach has twelve artists on their team , rather than eight as in the first season . The blind auditions and the battle rounds have also been extended . Executive producer Mark Burnett said that a results show would be on Tuesday nights in the spring . Jermaine Paul , mentored by coach Blake Shelton , was declared winner of the season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Auditions 2 Coaches and hosts 3 Teams 4 Blind auditions 4.1 Episode 1 ( February 5 ) 4.2 Episode 2 ( February 6 ) 4.3 Episode 3 ( February 13 ) 4.4 Episode 4 ( February 20 ) 4.5 Episode 5 ( February 27 ) 5 The Battles 6 Live shows 6.1 Week 1 ( April 1 & 2 ) 6.2 Week 2 ( April 9 & 10 ) 6.3 Quarterfinals , 1 : Week 3 ( April 16 & 17 ) 6.4 Quarterfinals , 2 : Week 4 ( April 23 & 24 ) 6.5 Semifinals : Week 5 ( April 30 & May 1 ) 6.6 Finals : Week 6 ( May 7 & 8 ) 7 Elimination chart 8 Performances by guests / coaches 9 Television ratings 10 Artist appearances on earlier talent shows 11 References 12 External links Auditions ( edit ) Chicago Nashville , Tennessee Atlanta Orlando South San Francisco Inglewood East Rutherford Houston Cities where the auditions were held . Auditions took place in the following cities : Location Date Venue Chicago July 15 & 16 , 2011 Navy Pier East Rutherford , New Jersey July 22 & 23 , 2011 Izod Center Nashville , Tennessee July 29 & 30 , 2011 Nashville Municipal Auditorium Atlanta , Georgia August 5 , 2011 Atlanta Convention Center at AmericasMart Orlando , Florida August 11 , 2011 Loews Royal Pacific Resort Houston , Texas August 17 , 2011 Reliant Center South San Francisco , California August 23 , 2011 South San Francisco Conference Center Inglewood , California August 30 & 31 , 2011 The Forum Coaches and hosts ( edit ) All four of the original coaches returned for this season . Carson Daly , the host of the show , also returned . Alison Haislip was replaced by singer and actress Christina Milian as the show 's social media correspondent , increasing the show 's involvement with its fans and offering behind the scenes information and news that would only be given by her . Celebrity guest mentors also worked with coaches during the battle rounds . Teams ( edit ) Color key Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Eliminated in the live shows Eliminated in the battle rounds Coaches Top 48 Artists Adam Levine Tony Lucca Katrina Parker Mathai Pip Karla Davis Kim Yarbrough Nicolle Galyon Orlando Napier Nathan Parrett Angel Taylor Whitney Myer Chris Cauley CeeLo Green Juliet Simms Jamar Rogers Cheesa James Massone Erin Martin Tony Vincent Justin Hopkins WADE The Shields Brothers Sarah Golden Jamie Lono Angie Johnson Christina Aguilera Chris Mann Lindsey Pavao Ashley De La Rosa Jesse Campbell Sera Hill Moses Stone The Line Jonathas Geoff McBride Lee Koch Monique Benabou Anthony Evans Blake Shelton Jermaine Paul Erin Willett RaeLynn Jordis Unga Naia Kete Charlotte Sometimes Jordan Rager ALyX Gwen Sebastian Lex Land Brian Fuente Adley Stump Blind Auditions ( edit ) Color key ✔ Coach hit his / her `` I WANT YOU '' button Artist defaulted to this coach 's team Artist elected to join this coach 's team Artist eliminated with no coach pressing his or her `` I WANT YOU '' button Episode 1 ( February 5 ) ( edit ) The second season premiere aired on Sunday , February 5 , 2012 , immediately following Super Bowl XLVI . Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam CeeLo Christina Blake RaeLynn 17 Baytown , Texas `` Hell on Heels '' ✔ -- -- ✔ Jesse Campbell 42 Maywood , Illinois `` A Song for You '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Daniel Rosa 21 Riverside , California `` Animal '' -- -- -- -- Juliet Simms 25 Clearwater , Florida `` Oh ! Darling '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- 5 Chris Mann 29 Wichita , Kansas `` Because We Believe '' -- ✔ ✔ -- 6 Gönül Aksoy 30 New York City , New York `` Tainted Love '' -- -- -- -- 7 Ben Baxter N / A N / A `` I 'll Be '' -- -- -- -- 8 Mark Trussell 23 Nashville , Tennessee `` Baby '' -- -- -- -- 9 Tony Lucca 35 Waterford , Michigan `` Trouble '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 2 ( February 6 ) ( edit ) The second two - hour episode was broadcast on Monday , February 6 , 2012 . The coaches performed a medley of Prince songs at the start of the show . The songs included were `` 1999 '' , `` Little Red Corvette '' , `` I Wanna Be Your Lover '' and `` Kiss '' which were sung mainly by Christina Aguilera , Cee Lo Green , Adam Levine and Blake Shelton respectively . Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Cee Lo Christina Blake The Line ( Hailey Steele and Leland Grant ) N / A Nashville , Tennessee `` American Girl '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Jamar Rogers 29 New York City , New York `` Seven Nation Army '' -- ✔ -- -- Neal Middleton 33 Salt Lake City , Utah `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' -- -- -- -- TJ Gibson N / A Centerville , Ohio `` Calling All Angels '' -- -- -- -- 5 Aly Jados N / A N / A `` Because the Night '' -- -- -- -- 6 Sam James 25 Worcester , Massachusetts `` I Do n't Want to Be '' -- -- -- -- 7 Gwen Sebastian 37 Hebron , North Dakota `` Stay '' ✔ ✔ -- ✔ 8 Pamela Rose 28 Cooper City , Florida `` Already Gone '' -- -- -- -- 9 Kim Yarbrough 50 Los Angeles , California `` Tell Me Something Good '' ✔ -- ✔ -- 10 Angie Johnson 31 St. Louis , Missouri `` Heartbreaker '' -- ✔ -- -- 11 Dez Duron 21 Shreveport , Louisiana `` I Want It That Way '' -- -- -- -- 12 Lindsey Pavao 22 Sacramento , California `` Say Aah '' -- ✔ ✔ ✔ 13 Hoja Lopez 25 Houston , Texas `` Teenage Dream '' -- -- -- -- 14 Jermaine Paul 33 Orange County , New York `` Complicated '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 15 Angel Taylor 23 Los Angeles , California `` Someone Like You '' ✔ ✔ -- ✔ Episode 3 ( February 13 ) ( edit ) The two - hour episode was broadcast on February 13 , 2012 . Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Cee Lo Christina Blake Sarah Golden 27 Houston , Texas `` You and I '' -- ✔ -- ✔ Elley Duhe 19 Vancleave , Mississippi `` Mercy '' -- -- -- -- Pip 19 Marietta , Georgia `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Erin Willett 22 Gaithersburg , Maryland `` I Want You Back '' -- -- -- ✔ 5 David Grace 28 Santa Fe , Texas `` Sweet Home Alabama '' -- -- -- -- 6 Katrina Parker 34 Los Angeles , California `` One of Us '' ✔ -- -- -- 7 Geoff McBride 51 Santa Rosa Beach , Florida `` Higher Ground '' -- ✔ ✔ -- 8 Erin Martin 27 Chicago , Illinois `` Hey There Delilah '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 9 James Massone 23 Wakefield , Massachusetts `` Find Your Love '' -- ✔ ✔ ✔ 10 Winter Rae 26 Los Angeles , California `` Take a Bow '' -- -- -- -- 11 Chris Cauley 27 Atlanta , Georgia `` Grenade '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 12 Nathan Parrett 24 Los Angeles , California `` The Joker '' ✔ -- -- -- 13 Brian Fuente 24 Nashville , Tennessee `` Paris ( Ooh La La ) '' -- -- -- ✔ 14 Moses Stone 26 Maryland `` Let 's Get It Started '' -- -- ✔ -- 15 Jordis Unga 29 Los Angeles , California `` Maybe I 'm Amazed '' -- ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 4 ( February 20 ) ( edit ) The two - hour episode was broadcast on February 20 , 2012 . Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Cee Lo Christina Blake Ducky 26 Carlisle , Pennsylvania `` Tighten Up '' -- -- -- -- Jonathas 24 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil `` U Got It Bad '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Monique Benabou 23 Alameda , California `` Mr. Know It All '' -- -- ✔ -- Naia Kete 21 Santa Monica , California `` The Lazy Song '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 5 Erick Macek 31 Bethlehem , Pennsylvania `` Free Fallin ' '' -- -- -- -- 6 Charlotte Sometimes 23 Wall , New Jersey `` Apologize '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ 7 Tony Vincent 38 New York City , New York `` We Are the Champions '' -- ✔ -- -- 8 Anthony Evans 33 Dallas , Texas `` What 's Going On '' -- -- ✔ -- 9 Jamie Lono 22 Chicago , Illinois `` Folsom Prison Blues '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 10 Dylan Chambers 19 Arlington , Texas `` Valerie '' -- -- -- -- 11 Nathan Anderson N / A Collierville , Tennessee `` Walking in Memphis '' -- -- -- -- 12 Luna Searles N / A N / A `` Come to My Window '' -- -- -- -- 13 Adam Lasher N / A Los Angeles , California `` How You Remind Me '' -- -- -- -- 14 Justin Hopkins 30 Tigard , Oregon `` Babylon '' -- ✔ -- -- 15 Nicolle Galyon 27 Sterling , Kansas `` You Save Me '' ✔ -- -- -- 16 Ashley De La Rosa 17 Orlando , Florida `` Shark in the Water '' -- -- ✔ -- 17 Jordan Rager 17 Loganville , Georgia `` Chicken Fried '' -- -- -- ✔ 18 ALyX 19 Dallas , Texas `` Just Like a Pill '' -- -- -- ✔ 19 Karla Davis 25 Monroe , North Carolina `` If I Die Young '' ✔ -- -- -- 20 Eric Tipton 31 Sanger , Texas `` You Make My Dreams '' -- -- -- -- 21 Mathai 18 Dallas , Texas `` Rumour Has It '' ✔ ✔ -- ✔ Episode 5 ( February 27 ) ( edit ) The two - hour episode was broadcast on February 27 , 2012 . Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Cee Lo Christina Blake Whitney Myer 25 Reno , Nevada `` No One '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ David Dunn 27 Midland , Texas `` The Man Who Ca n't Be Moved '' -- -- -- -- The Shields Brothers ( Tristen & Rory ) N / A Rixeyville , Virginia `` Dancing with Myself '' -- ✔ -- -- Cheesa 21 Honolulu , Hawaii `` If I Were a Boy '' -- ✔ -- -- 5 Preston Shannon 64 Memphis , Tennessee `` In the Midnight Hour '' -- -- -- -- 6 Lex Land 24 Austin , Texas `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' ✔ ✔ -- ✔ 7 Cameron Novack 28 St. Louis , Missouri `` You Oughta Know '' -- -- -- -- 8 Orlando Napier 25 Los Angeles , California `` Waiting on the World to Change '' ✔ -- -- -- 9 Lee Koch 27 Temecula , California `` Like a Rolling Stone '' Team full -- ✔ -- 10 WADE 19 Harvest , Alabama `` Rehab '' ✔ -- -- 11 Adley Stump 21 Tulsa , Oklahoma `` Last Name '' Team full ✔ ✔ 12 Beta N / A N / A `` You Make Me Feel ... '' -- Team full 13 Aaron Gordon N / A Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada `` So Sick '' -- 14 Lana Lowe N / A Beaumont , Texas `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' -- 15 Sera Hill 24 Atlanta , Georgia `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' ✔ The battles ( edit ) The first two - hour episode was broadcast on March 5 , 2012 . After the Blind Auditions , each coach had 12 artists for the Battle Rounds , which aired from March 5 to March 26 . Coaches began narrowing down the playing field by training the artists with the help of advisors . Each episode featured battles consisting of pairings from within each team , and each battle concluded with the respective coach eliminating one of the two artists ; the six winners for each coach advanced to the live shows . Color key Artist won the Battle and advances to the Live shows Artist lost the Battle and was eliminated Episode & Date Coach Order Winner Song Loser Episode 6 ( March 5 ) Adam Levine Tony Lucca `` Beautiful Day '' Chris Cauley Blake Shelton RaeLynn `` Free Fallin ' '' Adley Stump Christina Aguilera Chris Mann `` The Power of Love '' Monique Benabou Cee Lo Green Cheesa `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Angie Johnson Blake Shelton 5 Jordis Unga `` Ironic '' Brian Fuente Christina Aguilera 6 Jesse Campbell `` If I Ai n't Got You '' Anthony Evans Episode 7 ( March 12 ) Christina Aguilera Sera Hill `` Chain of Fools '' Geoff McBride Blake Shelton Charlotte Sometimes `` Pumped Up Kicks '' Lex Land Cee Lo Green Juliet Simms `` Stay with Me '' Sarah Golden Adam Levine Kim Yarbrough `` No More Drama '' Whitney Myer Christina Aguilera 5 Lindsey Pavao `` Heart - Shaped Box '' Lee Koch Cee Lo Green 6 Jamar Rogers `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' Jamie Lono Episode 8 ( March 19 ) Adam Levine Pip `` You Know I 'm No Good '' Nathan Parrett Cee Lo Green Erin Martin `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' The Shields Brothers Christina Aguilera Ashley De La Rosa `` No Air '' Jonathas Blake Shelton Jermaine Paul `` Get Outta My Dreams , Get into My Car '' ALyX Adam Levine 5 Katrina Parker `` Bleeding Love '' Angel Taylor Blake Shelton 6 Erin Willett `` We Belong '' Gwen Sebastian Episode 9 ( March 26 ) Cee Lo Green James Massone `` True Colors '' WADE Adam Levine Mathai `` Love Song '' Nicolle Galyon Christina Aguilera Moses Stone `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' The Line Adam Levine Karla Davis `` Easy '' Orlando Napier Blake Shelton 5 Naia Kete `` I 'm Yours '' Jordan Rager Cee Lo Green 6 Tony Vincent `` Faithfully '' Justin Hopkins The advisors for these episodes are : Alanis Morissette and Robin Thicke working with Adam Levine ; Kelly Clarkson and Miranda Lambert working with Blake Shelton ; Kenneth `` Babyface '' Edmonds and Ne - Yo working with Cee Lo Green ; and Jewel and Lionel Richie working with Christina Aguilera . Coach Adviser Artists Adam Levine Alanis Morissette Chris Cauley Whitney Myer Pip Katrina Parker Mathai Karla Davis Robin Thicke Tony Lucca Kim Yarbrough Nathan Parrett Angel Taylor Nicolle Galyon Orlando Napier Blake Shelton Kelly Clarkson Adley Stump Brian Fuente Charlotte Sometimes Jermaine Paul Erin Willett Naia Kete Miranda Lambert RaeLynn Jordis Unga Lex Land ALyX Gwen Sebastian Jordan Rager Cee Lo Green Babyface Cheesa Sarah Golden Jamie Lono The Shields Brothers WADE Tony Vincent Ne - Yo Angie Johnson Juliet Simms Jamar Rogers Erin Martin James Massone Justin Hopkins Christina Aguilera Jewel Monique Benabou Anthony Evans Sera Hill Lee Koch Ashley De La Rosa THE LiNE Lionel Richie Chris Mann Jesse Campbell Geoff McBride Lindsey Pavao Jonathas Moses Stone Live shows ( edit ) Week 1 ( April 1 & 2 ) ( edit ) The live performance show aired on Monday , April 2 , 2012 . The elimination show aired Tuesday , April 3 , 2012 . Is with Teams Christina and Blake . Guest performance by Gym Class Heroes featuring Neon Hitch ( `` Ass Back Home '' ) with Team Adam Color key Artist was saved by the public 's vote Artist was part of the bottom two or three in his / her team Artist was saved by his / her coach Artist was eliminated immediately by his / her coach Artist was eliminated Order Coach Artist Song Result Blake Shelton Jermaine Paul `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' Public 's vote Christina Aguilera Chris Mann `` Bridge Over Troubled Water '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton RaeLynn `` Wake Up Call '' Public 's vote Christina Aguilera Moses Stone `` Stronger '' Bottom three 5 Blake Shelton Naia Kete `` Turning Tables '' Bottom three 6 Christina Aguilera Lindsey Pavao `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Public 's vote 7 Blake Shelton Jordis Unga `` Alone '' Bottom three 8 Christina Aguilera Sera Hill `` Find Your Love '' Bottom three 9 Blake Shelton Erin Willett `` Living for the City '' Public 's vote 10 Christina Aguilera Ashley De La Rosa `` Right Through You '' Bottom three 11 Blake Shelton Charlotte Sometimes `` Misery Business '' Bottom three 12 Christina Aguilera Jesse Campbell `` What a Wonderful World '' Public 's vote Last Chance Performances Blake Shelton Naia Kete `` If I Were a Boy '' Eliminated Charlotte Sometimes `` Iris '' Eliminated Jordis Unga `` Wild Horses '' Blake 's choice Christina Aguilera Ashley De La Rosa `` Paris ( Ooh La La ) '' Christina 's choice 5 Sera Hill `` Vision of Love '' Eliminated 6 Moses Stone `` Breakeven '' Eliminated Week 2 ( April 9 & 10 ) ( edit ) The live performance show aired on Monday , April 9 , 2012 . The elimination show aired on Tuesday , April 10 , 2012 . Is with Teams Adam and Cee Lo . Guest performance : Jessie J ( `` Domino '' ) with Team Christina Order Coach Artist Song Result Adam Levine Katrina Parker `` Tonight , Tonight '' Bottom three Cee Lo Green Cheesa `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' Bottom three Adam Levine Tony Lucca `` In Your Eyes '' Public 's vote Kim Yarbrough `` Rolling in the Deep '' Bottom three 5 Cee Lo Green James Massone `` Do n't Know Why '' Public 's vote 6 Juliet Simms `` Roxanne '' Public 's vote 7 Adam Levine Mathai `` Ordinary People '' Public 's vote 8 Cee Lo Green Tony Vincent `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' Bottom three 9 Adam Levine Karla Davis `` Airplanes '' Bottom three 10 Cee Lo Green Erin Martin `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' Bottom three 11 Adam Levine Pip `` When You Were Young '' Public 's vote 12 Cee Lo Green Jamar Rogers `` Are You Gonna Go My Way '' Public 's vote Last Chance Performances Adam Levine Kim Yarbrough `` Spotlight '' Eliminated Karla Davis `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Eliminated Katrina Parker `` Do n't Speak '' Adam 's choice Cee Lo Green Tony Vincent `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' Eliminated 5 Cheesa `` All By Myself '' Cee Lo 's choice 6 Erin Martin `` Your Song '' Eliminated Quarterfinals , 1 : Week 3 ( April 16 & 17 ) ( edit ) The live performance show aired on Monday , April 16 , 2012 . The elimination show aired Tuesday , April 17 , 2012 . For the first time , each coach must make an Instant Elimination , meaning that at the end of the show both coaches must eliminate an artist from their teams . Is with Teams Blake and Christina . Guest performance : The Wanted -- `` Chasing the Sun '' with Team Blake Order Coach Artist Song Result Blake Shelton RaeLynn `` She 's Country '' Middle two Christina Aguilera Jesse Campbell `` Halo '' Eliminated Blake Shelton Jordis Unga `` A Little Bit Stronger '' Eliminated Christina Aguilera Ashley De La Rosa `` Foolish Games '' Middle two 5 Blake Shelton Erin Willett `` Set Fire to the Rain '' Middle two 6 Christina Aguilera Lindsey Pavao `` Part of Me '' Middle two 7 Blake Shelton Jermaine Paul `` Against All Odds '' Public 's vote 8 Christina Aguilera Chris Mann `` Viva la Vida '' Public 's vote Last Chance Performances Christina Aguilera Ashley De La Rosa `` You and I '' Eliminated Lindsey Pavao `` Please Do n't Go '' Christina 's choice Blake Shelton Erin Willett `` Proud Mary '' Blake 's choice RaeLynn `` If I Die Young '' Eliminated Non-competition performances Order Performers Song Christina Aguilera , her 4 finalists , and the Crenshaw High School choir `` Fighter '' Maroon 5 featuring Wiz Khalifa `` Payphone '' Blake Shelton and his 4 finalists `` Heartache Tonight '' Quarterfinals , 2 : Week 4 ( April 23 & 24 ) ( edit ) The live performance show aired on Monday , April 23 , 2012 . The elimination show aired Tuesday , April 24 , 2012 . Is with Teams Adam and Cee Lo . Guest performance : Florence and the Machine - `` No Light , No Light '' with Team CeeLo Order Coach Artist Song Result Cee Lo Green Jamar Rogers `` It 's My Life '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Katrina Parker `` Jar of Hearts '' Middle two Mathai `` I 'm Like a Bird '' Middle two Cee Lo Green James Massone `` Just the Way You Are '' Eliminated 5 Adam Levine Tony Lucca `` ... Baby One More Time '' Public 's vote 6 Cee Lo Green Cheesa `` I Have Nothing '' Middle two 7 Adam Levine Pip `` Somewhere Only We Know '' Eliminated 8 Cee Lo Green Juliet Simms `` Cryin ' '' Middle two Last Chance Performances Adam Levine Mathai `` Cowboy Casanova '' Eliminated Katrina Parker `` Perfect '' Adam 's choice Cee Lo Green Cheesa `` Already Gone '' Eliminated Juliet Simms `` Torn '' Cee Lo 's choice Non-competition performances Order Performers Song Cee Lo Green and his 4 finalists `` Dancing in the Street '' Goodie Mob `` Fight to Win '' Adam Levine and his team ( Katrina Parker , Mathai , Pip and Tony Lucca ) `` Instant Karma ! '' Semifinals : Week 5 ( April 30 & May 1 ) ( edit ) The live performance show aired on Monday , April 30 , 2012 , with the elimination show following on Tuesday , May 1 , 2012 . Season one finalists Dia Frampton , Vicci Martinez , Beverly McClellan , and Javier Colon returned on the results show to perform duets ( with the exception of Colon ) . Frampton performed her new single , `` Do n't Kick the Chair '' , with Kid Cudi . Martinez partnered with her season one coach Cee Lo Green for her song , `` Come Along . '' McClellan joined Cyndi Lauper to perform Lauper 's `` Money Changes Everything . '' Colon performed his newest single , `` A Drop in the Ocean . '' Order Coach Contestant Song Coach points Public points Total points Result Adam Levine Tony Lucca `` How You Like Me Now ? '' 60 48 108 Advanced to Finals Blake Shelton Erin Willett `` Without You '' 50 27 77 Eliminated Christina Aguilera Chris Mann `` Ave Maria '' 50 54 104 Advanced to Finals Cee Lo Green Jamar Rogers `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' 40 39 79 Eliminated 5 Blake Shelton Jermaine Paul `` Open Arms '' 50 73 123 Advanced to Finals 6 Adam Levine Katrina Parker `` Killing Me Softly With His Song '' 40 52 92 Eliminated 7 Christina Aguilera Lindsey Pavao `` Skinny Love '' 50 46 96 Eliminated 8 Cee Lo Green Juliet Simms `` It 's a Man 's Man 's Man 's World '' 60 61 121 Advanced to Finals Non-competition performances Order Performers Song Team Adam & Team Cee Lo `` All These Things That I 've Done '' Blake Shelton `` Over '' Team Blake & Team Christina `` The Edge of Glory '' Finals : Week 6 ( May 7 & 8 ) ( edit ) The live performance show aired on Monday , May 7 , 2012 . The season finale aired on Tuesday , May 8 , 2012 . Jermaine Paul was declared the winner . Coach Artist Order Solo song Order Coach tribute song Order Duet song ( with Coach ) Result Blake Shelton Jermaine Paul `` I Believe I Can Fly '' 8 `` God Gave Me You '' 10 `` Soul Man '' Winner Cee Lo Green Juliet Simms 12 `` Free Bird '' `` Crazy '' 6 `` Born to Be Wild '' Runner - up Christina Aguilera Chris Mann 9 `` You Raise Me Up '' 5 `` The Voice Within '' `` The Prayer '' Fourth place Adam Levine Tony Lucca `` 99 Problems '' 11 `` Harder to Breathe '' 7 `` Yesterday '' Third place Finale performances of the Top 4 artists Order Performers Song Jermaine Paul ( with Pip , James Massone & Jamar Rogers ) `` I Want You Back '' Chris Mann ( with Katrina Parker & Lindsey Pavao ) `` Bitter Sweet Symphony '' Juliet Simms ( with Jamar Rogers , RaeLynn & Erin Willett ) `` With A Little Help From My Friends '' Tony Lucca and Jordis Unga `` Go Your Own Way '' Finale performances of the Guest names Order Performers Song 1.71 Flo Rida and Juliet Simms `` Whistle '' and `` Wild Ones '' 1.72 Hall & Oates ( with Chris Mann , Tony Lucca , and Jermaine Paul ) `` Rich Girl '' 1.73 Lady Antebellum `` Wanted You More '' 1.74 Justin Bieber `` Boyfriend '' Note : The golden colored songs are the iTunes top ten bonuses as well as the bolded names . Elimination chart ( edit ) Color key Artist 's info Artist from Team Adam Artist from Team CeeLo Artist from Team Christina Artist from Team Blake Live show results per week Artist Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Finals Jermaine Paul Safe Safe Advanced Winner Juliet Simms Safe Bottom two Advanced Runner - up Tony Lucca Safe Safe Advanced 3rd place Chris Mann Safe Safe Advanced 4th place Katrina Parker Bottom three Bottom two Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 5 ) Lindsey Pavao Safe Bottom two Eliminated Jamar Rogers Safe Safe Eliminated Erin Willett Safe Bottom two Eliminated Cheesa Bottom three Bottom two Eliminated ( Week 4 ) Mathai Safe Bottom two James Massone Safe Eliminated Pip Safe Eliminated Ashley De La Rosa Bottom three Bottom two Eliminated ( Week 3 ) RaeLynn Safe Bottom two Jesse Campbell Safe Eliminated Jordis Unga Bottom three Eliminated Karla Davis Bottom three Eliminated ( Week 2 ) Erin Martin Bottom three Tony Vincent Bottom three Kim Yarbrough Bottom three Sera Hill Bottom three Eliminated ( Week 1 ) Naia Kete Bottom three Charlotte Sometimes Bottom three Moses Stone Bottom three Performances by guests / coaches ( edit ) Episode Show segment Performer ( s ) Title Hot 100 reaction Hot Digital Songs reaction Performance type 11 Live Rounds week 1 results Gym Class Heroes ft . Neon Hitch ( backed by Team Adam 's Top 6 ) `` Ass Back Home '' 17 ( + 2 ) 30 ( + 2 ) live performance 13 Live Rounds week 2 results Jessie J ( backed by Team Christina 's Top 4 ) `` Domino '' 28 ( - 3 ) 44 ( + 5 ) live performance 14 Quarter - Finals week 1 Maroon 5 ft . Wiz Khalifa `` Payphone '' 3 ( debut ) 1 ( debut ) live performance 15 Quarter - Final week 1 results The Wanted ( backed by Team Blake 's Top 3 ) `` Chasing the Sun '' 111 ( debut ) did not chart live performance Justin Bieber `` Boyfriend '' 4 ( + 1 ) 4 ( = ) music video teaser 16 Quarter - Finals week 2 Goodie Mob `` Fight to Win '' did not chart did not chart live performance 17 Quarter - Final week 2 results Florence and the Machine ( backed by Team Cee Lo 's Top 3 ) `` No Light , No Light '' did not chart did not chart live performance 18 Semi-Finals Blake Shelton `` Over '' did not chart did not chart live performance 19 Semi-Final results Dia Frampton ft . Kid Cudi `` Do n't Kick the Chair '' did not chart did not chart live performance Vicci Martinez ft . Cee Lo Green `` Come Along '' did not chart did not chart live performance Cyndi Lauper ( with Beverly McClellan ) `` Money Changes Everything '' did not chart did not chart live performance Javier Colon `` A Drop in the Ocean '' did not chart did not chart live performance 21 Final results Flo Rida `` Whistle '' 77 ( + 18 ) 28 ( + 11 ) live performance Flo Rida ( with Juliet Simms ) `` Wild Ones '' 5 ( = ) 7 ( + 2 ) live performance Hall & Oates ( with Tony Lucca , Chris Mann , and Jermaine Paul ) `` Rich Girl '' did not chart did not chart live performance Lady Antebellum `` Wanted You More '' did not chart did not chart live performance Justin Bieber `` Boyfriend '' 9 ( - 1 ) 4 ( + 1 ) live performance Television Ratings ( edit ) Season two premiered following NBC 's broadcast of Super Bowl XLVI , and was watched by 37.6 million viewers with a 16.3 rating in the key 18 -- 49 demographic , making it the highest rated Super Bowl lead - out program since Grey 's Anatomy in 2006 . # Episode Original air date Production Timeslot ( ET ) Viewers ( millions ) Rating / share ( adults 18 - 49 ) `` Season 2 Premiere '' February 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 05 ) 201 Sunday 10 : 21pm 37.61 16.3 / 37 `` Blind Auditions , Part 2 '' February 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 06 ) 202 Monday 8 : 00pm 17.84 6.7 / 17 `` Blind Auditions , Part 3 '' February 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 13 ) 203 16.28 6.0 / 15 `` Blind Auditions , Part 4 '' February 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 20 ) 204 16.04 6.0 / 15 5 `` Blind Auditions , Part 5 '' February 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 27 ) 205 14.89 5.4 / 14 6 `` Let the Battles Begin '' March 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 05 ) 206 16.85 6.2 / 16 7 `` The Battles , Week 2 '' March 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 12 ) 207 14.51 5.2 / 14 8 `` The Battles , Week 3 '' March 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) 208 11.95 4.6 / 12 9 `` The Final Battles '' March 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 26 ) 209 12.00 4.5 / 12 10 `` Live Performances , Week 1 '' April 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 02 ) 210 10.67 4.1 / 11 11 `` Elimination , Week 1 '' April 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 03 ) 210A Tuesday 9 : 00pm 8.45 3.2 / 9 12 `` Live Performances , Week 2 '' April 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 09 ) 211 Monday 8 : 00pm 10.52 4.0 / 11 13 `` Live Eliminations , Four Go Home , Week 2 '' April 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 10 ) 211A Tuesday 9 : 00pm 9.00 3.5 / 9 14 `` The Quarterfinals , Pt. 1 '' April 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 16 ) 212 Monday 8 : 00pm 10.02 3.7 / 10 15 `` Quarterfinals : Live Eliminations '' April 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 17 ) 212A Tuesday 9 : 00pm 8.86 3.3 / 9 16 `` Quarterfinals , Part 2 '' April 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 23 ) 213 Monday 8 : 00pm 10.31 3.8 / 10 17 `` Quarterfinals Eliminations , Week 2 '' April 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 24 ) 213A Tuesday 9 : 00pm 8.93 3.4 / 8 18 `` Semifinals : Live Performances '' April 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 30 ) 214 Monday 8 : 00pm 9.52 3.5 / 9 19 `` Semifinals , the Results '' May 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 01 ) 214A Tuesday 9 : 00pm 8.90 3.1 / 8 20 `` Live Final Performances '' May 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 07 ) 215 Monday 8 : 00pm 10.74 3.8 / 10 21 `` Live Finale '' May 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 08 ) 215A Tuesday 9 : 00pm 11.90 4.4 / 11 Artist appearances on earlier talent shows ( edit ) Adam Lasher , who failed to turn a chair in the blind auditions , later auditioned for the 14th season of American Idol . He was cut in Hollywood Week . He auditioned again the next season , and advanced to the Top 24 . Erin Martin appeared on Rock of Love -- season two , but was eliminated after the first episode Jamar Rogers auditioned for American Idol -- season eight , but his journey ended in the green mile round ( top 36 selection ) Jordis Unga appeared on Rockstar : INXS and finished in 5th place Justin Hopkins appeared on America 's Got Talent -- season five , but was eliminated in the Vegas Rounds Pip and Mathai both appeared on the casting special of The Glee Project ( Episode 0 ) . Pip 's placing is unknown , although he was given airtime on the show . Mathai made it into the Top 20 , but was not shortlisted for the Top 12 . WADE was a contestant on American Idol -- season ten , advancing to the Las Vegas rounds References ( edit ) General `` The Voice - Season 2 Episode Guide '' . NBC.com . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Specific Jump up ^ `` NBC premieres second season of ' The Voice ' following network 's broadcast of Super Bowl XLVI on February 5 '' . NBC.com . August 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilmore , Story ( November 6 , 2011 ) . `` Christina Aguilera , Adam Levine , Cee - Lo And Blake Shelton Appear In First `` The Voice '' Season Two Promo `` . neonlimelight.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Auditions Sweep the Nation - March 2012 '' . nbcthevoice.com . March 2012 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TCA : NBC Confirms Episode , Pilot Orders '' . The Futon Critic . January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Voice - NBC - How To Audition Audition Process '' . Nbcthevoice.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Seaton , Jake ( 2012 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Live blogging ' The Voice ' : Super Bowl XLVI edition '' . NBC17.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justine ( 1 February 2012 ) . `` ' The Voice 's Aguilera , Green , Shelton , Levine to sing Prince medley '' . digital spy . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seaton , Jake ( 2012 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Live blogging ' The Voice ' : Night 2 '' . NBC17.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Anne Marie ( 2012 - 02 - 06 ) . `` The Voice Season 2 Episode 2 Live Recap 2 / 6 / 12 '' . Celeb Dirty Laundry . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Voice Recap : Season 2 Episode 3 ' Blind Auditions ' 2 / 13 / 12 '' . Celeb Dirty Laundry. 2012 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Seaton , Jake ( 2012 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Live blogging ' The Voice ' : Night 5 '' . NBC17.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 2012 - 01 - 06 ) . `` ' The Voice ' Nabs Ne - Yo , Robin Thicke , Miranda Lambert , 5 More As Advisers '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2012 - 04 - 27 ) . `` The Teams Unite For Two Group Songs On The Semifinals Of ' The Voice ' Performance Show , Monday , April 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/469358/beyonce-notches-4th-billboard-200-no-1-with-4 Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2012 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Justin Bieber , Hall & Oates , Flo Rida and Lady Antebellum to Perform on the Season Finale of ' The Voice ' Tuesday , May 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Archives ( 21 April 2012 ) '' . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot Digital Songs archive ( 21 April 2012 ) '' . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Archives ( April 28 , 2012 ) '' . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot Digital Songs archive ( 28 April 2012 ) '' . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Hot 100 Archives ( May 05 , 2012 ) '' . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Hot Digital Songs Archive ( May 05 , 2012 ) '' . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bubbling Under Hot 100 Week of May 12 , 2012 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 ( 26 May , 2012 ) - Biggest Jump '' . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carrie Underwood 's ' Blown Away ' Nabs Second Week at No. 1 '' . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Hot 100 Archives ( May 26 , 2012 ) '' . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( 2012 - 02 - 06 ) . `` NBC 's ' The Voice ' sings for huge ratings in post-Super Bowl slot '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : The ' Super Bowl , ' ' The Voice ' & All The Repeats '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' Alcatraz , ' ' House , ' ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2012 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' 2 Broke Girls , ' ' Two And A Half Men , ' ' Mike & Molly , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ′ Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2012 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' House , ' ' Two and a Half Men , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ′ Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2012 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Smash , ' ' Castle ' Adjusted Down + ' Daytona 500 ′ Final Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2012 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' Alcatraz , ' ' House ' How I Met Your Mother , ' ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle , ' ' Smash , ' ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2012 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Alcatraz ' , ' DWTS ' & ' Voice ' Adjust Up , ' Castle ' & Smash ' Adjust Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2012 - 04 - 03 ) . `` TV Ratings Monday : ' Bones ' Returns Bigger Than ' Alcatraz ' & ' House ' ; ' The Voice , ' ' Castle ' Lower ; ' Smash ' Higher ; NCAA Championship Leads to CBS Win '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2012 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars Results ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2012 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Bones ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' Up ; ' House ' , ' Smash ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2012 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' Last Man Standing ' Up ; ' Raising Hope ' , ' Ringer ' , ' Biggest Loser ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2012 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Mother ' , ' Bones ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' 2.5 Men ' , and ' Dancing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Biggest Loser ' & ' DWTS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Smash ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fashion Star ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' , ' How I Met Your Mother , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Glee ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Biggest Loser ' , ' Last Man Standing ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' DWTS ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Voice ' , and ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' and ' Smash ' Adjusted Down '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Voice ' , ' Glee ' , ' DWTS ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' LA Complex ' , + ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) The Voice Auditions website for 2012 ( hide ) The Voice ( U.S. ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners Javier Colon Jermaine Paul Cassadee Pope Danielle Bradbery Tessanne Chin Josh Kaufman Craig Wayne Boyd Sawyer Fredericks Jordan Smith Alisan Porter Sundance Head Chris Blue Winner 's singles `` Stitch by Stitch '' `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Cry '' `` Born to Fly '' `` Tumbling Down '' `` Set Fire to the Rain '' `` My Baby 's Got a Smile on Her Face '' `` Please '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` Down That Road '' `` Darlin ' Do n't Go '' `` Money on You '' Runners - up Dia Frampton Juliet Simms Terry McDermott Michelle Chamuel Jacquie Lee Jake Worthington Matt McAndrew Meghan Linsey Emily Ann Roberts Adam Wakefield Billy Gilman Lauren Duski Other notable artists Vicci Martinez Frenchie Davis Rebecca Loebe Xenia Tje Austin Beverly McClellan Raquel Castro Nakia Serabee Casey Desmond Justin Grennan The Thompson Sisters Jared Blake Casey Weston RaeLynn Jesse Campbell Chris Mann Tony Lucca Gwen Sebastian Kim Yarbrough Angel Taylor Pip Katrina Parker Erin Martin Moses Stone Jordis Unga Naia Kete Charlotte Sometimes Tony Vincent Mathai Lex Land Nicholas David Amanda Brown Melanie Martinez MacKenzie Bourg Collin McLoughlin Suzanna Choffel Jordan Pruitt Rod Michael Chris Trousdale Anita Antoinette Cupid The Swon Brothers Sasha Allen Judith Hill Kris Thomas Jeff Lewis Julie Roberts Holly Tucker Will Champlin James Wolpert Cole Vosbury Josh Logan E.G. Daily Holly Henry Donna Allen Dominic Scott Kay Christina Grimmie Sisaundra Lewis Paula DeAnda Lindsay Pagano Chris Jamison Taylor John Williams Blessing Offor Andy Cherry MEGG Koryn Hawthorne Barrett Baber Jeffery Austin Madi Davis Amy Vachal Viktor Király Keith Semple Alex Kandel Tyler Dickerson Laith Al - Saadi Mary Sarah Daniel Passino Owen Danoff Emily Keener Támar Chase Walker Chris Cron Josh Hoyer Hunter Plake Esera Tuaolo Katrina Rose Natalie Stovall Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Contestants The Voice : Neon Dreams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Voice_(U.S._season_2)&oldid=809338752 '' Categories : The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) 2012 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Gaeilge ქართული Português Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 14 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the second season of the voice | [
"\n\nThe Voice\n\n\nSeason 2\n\n\nBroadcast from\nFebruary 5 (2012-02-05) – May 8, 2012 (2012-05-08)\n\n\nJudges\nChristina Aguilera\nCeeLo Green\nAdam Levine\nBlake Shelton\n\n\nHost(s)\nCarson Daly\nChristina Milian (social media)\n\n\nBroadcaster\nNBC\n\n\nWinner\n\n\nJermaine Paul\n\n\n\n\n\nOrigin\nOrange County, New York\n\n\nSong\n\"I Believe I Can Fly\"\n\n\nGenre(s)\nR&B, soul, pop\n\n\nCoach\nBlake Shelton\n\n\n\n\n\nRunner-up\n\n\nJuliet Simms\n\n\nChronology\n\n\n\n\n◀\nEarly 2012\n▶\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Jermaine Paul"
] |
6963656749810903384 | Petra | Petra - wikipedia Petra Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the ancient Jordanian city of Petra . For other uses , see Petra ( disambiguation ) . Petra Raqmu Tourists in front of Al Khazneh ( The Treasury ) at Petra Location Ma'an Governorate , Jordan Coordinates 30 ° 19 ′ 43 '' N 35 ° 26 ′ 31 '' E / 30.32861 ° N 35.44194 ° E / 30.32861 ; 35.44194 Coordinates : 30 ° 19 ′ 43 '' N 35 ° 26 ′ 31 '' E / 30.32861 ° N 35.44194 ° E / 30.32861 ; 35.44194 Area 264 square kilometres ( 102 sq mi ) Elevation 810 m ( 2,657 ft ) Built possibly as early as 5th century BC Visitors 596,602 ( in 2014 ) Governing body Petra Region Authority Website www.visitpetra.jo Location of Petra Raqmu in Jordan UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : i , iii , iv Reference 326 Inscription 1985 ( 9th Session ) Petra ( Arabic : البتراء , Al - Batrāʾ ; Ancient Greek : Πέτρα ) , originally known as Raqmu ( Nabataean Arabic : الرقيم ) , is a historical and archaeological city in southern Jordan . Petra lies on the slope of Jabal Al - Madbah in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Arabah valley that run from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba . It was established possibly as early as the 4th century BC as the capital city of the Nabataean Kingdom . The Nabataeans were nomadic Arabs who invested in Petra 's proximity to the trade routes by establishing it as a major regional trading hub . The trading business gained the Nabataeans considerable revenue , and Petra became the focus of their wealth . The earliest recorded historical reference to the city was when an envious Greek dynasty attempted to ransack the city in 312 BC . The Nabataeans were , unlike their enemies , accustomed to living in the barren deserts , and were able to repel attacks by utilizing the area 's mountainous terrain . They were particularly skillful in harvesting rainwater , agriculture and stone carving . The Kingdom 's capital continued to flourish until the 1st century AD when its famous Al - Khazneh facade was constructed , and its population peaked at an estimated 20,000 inhabitants . Encroaching troops of the Roman Empire in 106 AD forced the Nabataeans to surrender . The Romans annexed and renamed the Kingdom to Arabia Petraea . Petra 's importance declined as sea trade routes emerged , and after a 363 earthquake destroyed many structures . The Byzantine Era witnessed the construction of several Christian churches . By 700 , the city became an abandoned place where only a handful of nomads grazed goats . It remained unknown to Europeans until it was rediscovered in 1812 by Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt , who had read the historical descriptions of Petra and concluded that `` there is no other ruin between the extremities of the Dead sea and Red sea , of sufficient importance to answer to that city '' . The city is famous for its rock - cut architecture and water conduit system . Another name for Petra is the Rose City due to the color of the stone out of which it is carved . It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985 . UNESCO has described it as `` one of the most precious cultural properties of man 's cultural heritage '' . Petra is a symbol of Jordan , as well as Jordan 's most - visited tourist attraction . Tourist numbers peaked at 1 million in 2010 , the following period witnessed a slump due to regional instability . However , tourist numbers have picked up recently , and around 600,000 tourists visited the site in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 History 2.1 Indigenous rule 2.2 Mid-Antiquity 2.3 Late Antiquity to Early Middle Ages 2.4 19th century 2.5 T.E. Lawrence 2.6 Late 20th century : World Heritage Site designation 2.7 Petra today 3 Threats 4 Religion 5 In popular culture 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Geography ( edit ) Pliny the Elder and other writers identify Petra as the capital of the Tadeanos and the center of their caravan trade . Enclosed by towering rocks and watered by a perennial stream , Petra not only possessed the advantages of a fortress , but controlled the main commercial routes which passed through it to Gaza in the west , to Bosra and Damascus in the north , to Aqaba and Leuce Come on the Red Sea , and across the desert to the Persian Gulf . Map of Petra The narrow passage ( Siq ) that leads to Petra Excavations have demonstrated that it was the ability of the Nabataeans to control the water supply that led to the rise of the desert city , creating an artificial oasis . The area is visited by flash floods , and archaeological evidence demonstrates the Nabataeans controlled these floods by the use of dams , cisterns and water conduits . These innovations stored water for prolonged periods of drought and enabled the city to prosper from its sale . In ancient times , Petra might have been approached from the south on a track leading across the plain of Petra , around Jabal Haroun ( `` Aaron 's Mountain '' ) , the location of the Tomb of Aaron , said to be the burial - place of Aaron , brother of Moses . Another approach was possibly from the high plateau to the north . Today , most modern visitors approach the site from the east . The impressive eastern entrance leads steeply down through a dark , narrow gorge ( in places only 3 -- 4 m ( 9.8 -- 13.1 ft ) wide ) called the Siq ( `` the shaft '' ) , a natural geological feature formed from a deep split in the sandstone rocks and serving as a waterway flowing into Wadi Musa . At the end of the narrow gorge stands Petra 's most elaborate ruin , Al Khazneh ( popularly known as and meaning `` the Treasury '' ) , hewn into the sandstone cliff . While remaining in remarkably preserved condition , the face of the structure is marked by hundreds of bullet holes made by the local Bedouin tribes that hoped to dislodge riches that were once rumored to be hidden within it . A little further from the Treasury , at the foot of the mountain called en - Nejr , is a massive theatre , positioned so as to bring the greatest number of tombs within view . At the point where the valley opens out into the plain , the site of the city is revealed with striking effect . The amphitheatre has been cut into the hillside and into several of the tombs during its construction . Rectangular gaps in the seating are still visible . Almost enclosing it on three sides are rose - colored mountain walls , divided into groups by deep fissures and lined with knobs cut from the rock in the form of towers . History ( edit ) Historical Arab states and dynasties Ancient Arab States ( show ) Kingdom of Saba 1200 BC -- 275 AD Kingdom of Awsan 800 BC -- 500 BC Kingdom of Ma'in 800 BC -- 100 BC Kingdom of Qedar 800 BC -- 300 BC Kingdom of Lihyan 600 BC -- 100 BC Kingdom of Qataban 400 BC -- 200 AD Nabataean Kingdom 400 BC -- 106 AD Kingdom of Kindah 200 BC -- 633 AD Kingdom of Himyar 200 BC -- 525 AD Kingdom of Osroene 132 BC -- 244 AD Kingdom of Characene 127 BC -- 221 AD Royal family of Emesa 64 BC -- 300s AD Kingdom of Araba 100s -- 241 AD Ghassanid kingdom 220 -- 638 AD Lakhmid Kingdom 300 -- 602 AD Arab Empires ( show ) Rashidun 632 -- 661 Umayyads 661 -- 750 Abbasids 750 -- 1258 Fatimids 909 -- 1171 Eastern Dynasties ( show ) Emirate of Crete 824 -- 961 Dulafids 840 -- 897 Kaysites 860 -- 964 Shirvanshah 861 - 1538 Alavids 864 -- 928 Hamdanids 890 -- 1004 Rawadids 955 -- 1071 Jarrahids 970 -- 1107 Uqaylids 990 -- 1096 Numayrids 990 -- 1081 Mirdasids 1024 -- 1080 Muzaffarids 1314 -- 1393 Ma'anids 1517 -- 1697 Shihabid 1697 -- 1842 Al - Azm family 1720 -- 1807 Western Dynasties ( show ) Emirate of Córdoba 756 -- 929 Muhallabids 771 -- 793 Idrisids 788 -- 974 Aghlabids 800 -- 909 Emirate of Sicily 831 -- 1091 Caliphate of Córdoba 929 -- 1031 Kanzids 1004 -- 1412 Tujibids 1013 -- 1039 Abbadids 1023 -- 1091 Hammudids 1026 -- 1057 Jawharids 1031 -- 1091 Hudids 1039 -- 1110 Sumadihids 1041 -- 1091 Nasrids 1230 -- 1492 Saadis 1554 -- 1659 Senussids 1837 -- 1969 Arabian Peninsula ( show ) Ziyadids 819 -- 1138 Yufirids 847 -- 997 Ukhaidhirds 865 -- 1066 Rassids 897 -- 1962 Qarmatians 899 -- 1077 Wajihids 926 -- 965 Sharifate of Mecca 968 -- 1925 Sulayhids 1047 -- 1138 Sulaymanids 1063 -- 1174 Uyunids 1076 -- 1253 Zurayids 1083 -- 1174 Nabhanids 1154 -- 1624 Mahdids 1159 -- 1174 Rasulids 1229 -- 1454 Usfurids 1253 -- 1320 Jarwanids 1305 -- 1487 Kathirids 1395 -- 1967 Tahirids 1454 -- 1526 Jabrids 1463 -- 1521 Qasimids 1597 -- 1872 Ya'arubids 1624 -- 1742 Upper Yafa 1800 -- 1967 Rashidids 1836 -- 1921 Qu'aitids 1858 -- 1967 Emirate of Beihan 1903 -- 1967 Idrisids 1906 -- 1934 Mutawakkilite Kingdom 1926 -- 1970 Current monarchies ( show ) Alaouites ( Morocco ) 1631 -- present Al Qasimi ( Ras al Khaymah ) 1727 -- present Al Qasimi ( Sharjah ) 1727 -- present Al Saud ( Saudi Arabia ) 1744 -- present Al Said ( Oman ) 1749 -- present Al Sabah ( Kuwait ) 1752 -- present Al Nahyan ( Abu Dhabi ) 1761 -- present Al Nuaim ( Ajman ) 1810 -- present Al Mu'alla ( Umm al - Quwain ) 1775 -- present Al Khalifa ( Bahrain ) 1783 -- present Al Thani ( Qatar ) 1825 -- present Al Maktoum ( Dubai ) 1833 -- present Al Sharqi ( Fujairah ) 1833 -- present Hashemites ( Jordan ) 1921 -- present One of the many tombs in Petra View of the Royal Tombs in Petra Tomb of a Roman soldier Tomb in Little Petra Façade of Al - Khazneh Indigenous rule ( edit ) By 2010 BC , some of the earliest recorded farmers had settled in Beidha , a pre-pottery settlement just north of Petra . Petra is listed in Egyptian campaign accounts and the Amarna letters as Pel , Sela or Seir . Though the city was founded relatively late , a sanctuary has existed there since very ancient times . The Jewish historian , Josephus ( ca . 37 -- 100 ) , describes the region as inhabited by the Madianite nation as early as 1340 BC , and that the nation was governed by five kings , whom he names : `` Rekem ; the city which bears his name ranks highest in the land of the Arabs and to this day is called by the whole Arabian nation , after the name of its royal founder , Rekeme : called Petra by the Greeks . '' The famed architecture of Petra , and other Nabataean sites , was built during indigenous rule in early antiquity . Petra at night The Nabataeans were one among several nomadic Bedouin tribes that roamed the Arabian Desert and moved with their herds to wherever they could find pasture and water . They became familiar with their area as seasons passed , and they struggled to survive during bad years when seasonal rainfall diminished . Although the Nabataeans were initially embedded in Aramaic culture , theories about them having Aramean roots are rejected by modern scholars . Instead , archaeological , religious and linguistic evidence confirm that they are a northern Arabian tribe . The Semitic name of the city , if not Sela , remains unknown . The passage in Diodorus Siculus ( xix. 94 -- 97 ) which describes the expeditions which Antigonus sent against the Nabataeans in 312 BC is understood to throw some light upon the history of Petra , but the `` petra '' ( rock ) referred to as a natural fortress and place of refuge can not be a proper name and the description implies that the metropolis was not yet in existence , although its place was used by Arabians . The Rekem Inscription before it was buried by the bridge abutments The name `` Rekem '' was inscribed in the rock wall of the Wadi Musa opposite the entrance to the Siq . However , Jordan built a bridge over the wadi and this inscription was buried beneath tons of concrete . Mid-antiquity ( edit ) General view Ancient columns of the Great Temple In AD 106 , when Cornelius Palma was governor of Syria , the part of Arabia under the rule of Petra was absorbed into the Roman Empire as part of Arabia Petraea and became its capital . The native dynasty came to an end but the city continued to flourish under Roman rule . It was around this time that the Petra Roman Road was built . A century later , in the time of Alexander Severus , when the city was at the height of its splendor , the issue of coinage comes to an end . There is no more building of sumptuous tombs , owing apparently to some sudden catastrophe , such as an invasion by the neo-Persian power under the Sassanid Empire . Meanwhile , as Palmyra ( fl. 130 -- 270 ) grew in importance and attracted the Arabian trade away from Petra , the latter declined . It appears , however , to have lingered on as a religious centre . Another Roman road was constructed at the site . Epiphanius of Salamis ( c. 315 -- 403 ) writes that in his time a feast was held there on December 25 in honor of the virgin Khaabou ( Chaabou ) and her offspring Dushara . Dushara and al - Uzza were two of the main deities of the city , which otherwise included many idols from other Nabatean deities such as Allat and Manat . Late antiquity to early Middle Ages ( edit ) Petra declined rapidly under Roman rule , in large part from the revision of sea - based trade routes . In 363 an earthquake destroyed many buildings , and crippled the vital water management system . The last inhabitants abandoned the city ( further weakened by another major earthquake in 551 ) when the Arabs conquered the region in 663 . The old city of Petra was the capital of the Byzantine province of Palaestina III and many churches were excavated in and around Petra from the Byzantine era . In one of them more than 150 papyri were discovered which contained mainly contracts . The ruins of Petra were an object of curiosity during the Middle Ages and were visited by Sultan Baibars of Egypt towards the end of the 13th century . 19th century ( edit ) The first European to describe them was Swiss traveller Johann Ludwig Burckhardt during his travels in 1812 . At that time , the Greek Church of Jerusalem operated a diocese in Al Karak named Battra ( باطره in Arabic , and Πέτρας in Greek ) and it was the opinion among the clergy of Jerusalem that Kerak was the ancient city of Petra . The Scottish painter David Roberts visited Petra in 1839 , and returned to England with sketches and stories of the encounter with local tribes . Because the structures weakened with age , many of the tombs became vulnerable to thieves , and many treasures were stolen . In 1929 , a four - person team , consisting of British archaeologists Agnes Conway and George Horsfield , Palestinian physician and folklore expert Dr Tawfiq Canaan and Dr Ditlef Nielsen , a Danish scholar , excavated and surveyed Petra . Numerous scrolls in Greek and dating to the Byzantine period were discovered in an excavated church near the Winged Lion Temple in Petra in December 1993 . T.E. Lawrence ( edit ) Petra siq in 1947 ( left ) compared with the same location in 2013 In October 1917 , as part of a general effort to divert Ottoman military resources away from the British advance before the Third Battle of Gaza , a revolt of Arabs in Petra was led by British Army officer T.E. Lawrence ( Lawrence of Arabia ) against the Ottoman regime . The Bedouin women living in the vicinity of Petra and under the leadership of Sheik Khallil 's wife were gathered to fight in the revolt of the city . The rebellions , with the support of British military , were able to devastate the Ottoman forces . Late 20th century : World Heritage site designation ( edit ) The Bidoul / Bidul or Petra Bedouin were forcibly resettled from their cave dwellings in Petra to Umm Sayhoun / Um Seihun by the Jordanian government in 1985 , prior to the UNESCO designation process . Here , they were provided with block - built housing with some infrastructure including in particular a sewage and drainage system . Among the six communities in the Petra Region , Umm Sayhoun is one of the smaller communities . The village of Wadi Musa is the largest in the area , inhabited largely by the Layathnah Bedouin , and is now the closest settlement to the visitor centre , the main entrance via the Siq and the archaeological site generally . Umm Sayhoun gives access to the ' back route ' into the site , the Wadi Turkmaniyeh pedestrian route . On December 6 , 1985 , Petra was designated a World Heritage Site . In a popular poll in 2007 , it was also named one of the New7Wonders of the World . The Bidouls belong to one of the Bedu tribes whose cultural heritage and traditional skills were proclaimed by UNESCO on the Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2005 and inscribed in 2008 . In 2011 , following an 11 - month project planning phase , the Petra Development and Tourism Region Authority in Association with DesignWorkshop and JCP s.r.l published a Strategic Master Plan that guides planned development of the Petra Region . This is intended to guide planned development of the Petra Region in an efficient , balanced and sustainable way over the next 20 years for the benefit of the local population and of Jordan in general . As part of this , a Strategic Plan was developed for Umm Sayhoun and surrounding areas . The process of developing the Strategic Plan considered the area 's needs from five points of view : a socio - economic perspective the perspective of Petra Archaeological Park the perspective of Petra 's tourism product a land use perspective an environmental perspective Petra today ( edit ) Tourist attraction 27 sites in Petra are now available on Google Street View . In 2016 , archaeologists discovered a large , previously unknown monumental structure buried beneath the sands of Petra using satellite imagery . Threats ( edit ) The site suffers from a host of threats , including collapse of ancient structures , erosion from flooding and improper rainwater drainage , weathering from salt upwelling , improper restoration of ancient structures and unsustainable tourism . The last has increased substantially , especially since the site received widespread media coverage in 2007 during the New Seven Wonders of the World Internet and cellphone campaign . In an attempt to reduce the impact of these threats , the Petra National Trust ( PNT ) was established in 1989 . It has worked with numerous local and international organizations on projects that promote the protection , conservation , and preservation of the Petra site . Moreover , UNESCO and ICOMOS recently collaborated to publish their first book on human and natural threats to the sensitive World Heritage sites . They chose Petra as its first and the most important example of threatened landscapes . A book released in 2012 , Tourism and Archaeological Heritage Management at Petra : Driver to Development or Destruction ? , was the first in a series of important books to address the very nature of these deteriorating buildings , cities , sites , and regions . The next books in the series of deteriorating UNESCO World Heritage Sites will include Machu Picchu , Angkor Wat , and Pompeii . Tombs in the southern part of the city Religion ( edit ) The Theatre See also : Nabataean art The Nabataeans worshipped Arab gods and goddesses during the pre-Islamic era as well as a few of their deified kings . One , Obodas I , was deified after his death . Dushara was the primary male god accompanied by his three female deities : Al - ' Uzzá , Allat and Manāt . Many statues carved in the rock depict these gods and goddesses . New evidence indicates that broader Edomite , and Nabataean theology had strong links to Earth - Sun relationships , often manifested in the orientation of prominent Petra structures to equinox and solstice sunrises and sunsets . A stele dedicated to Qos - Allah ' Qos is Allah ' or ' Qos the god ' , by Qosmilk ( melech -- king ) is found at Petra ( Glueck 516 ) . Qos is identifiable with Kaush ( Qaush ) the God of the older Edomites . The stele is horned and the seal from the Edomite Tawilan near Petra identified with Kaush displays a star and crescent ( Browning 28 ) , both consistent with a moon deity . It is conceivable that the latter could have resulted from trade with Harran ( Bartlett 194 ) . There is continuing debate about the nature of Qos ( qaus -- bow ) who has been identified both with a hunting bow ( hunting god ) and a rainbow ( weather god ) although the crescent above the stele is also a bow . Nabatean inscriptions in Sinai and other places display widespread references to names including Allah , El and Allat ( god and goddess ) , with regional references to al - Uzza , Baal and Manutu ( Manat ) ( Negev 11 ) . Allat is also found in Sinai in South Arabian language . Allah occurs particularly as Garm - ' allahi -- god dedided ( Greek Garamelos ) and Aush - allahi -- ' gods covenant ' ( Greek Ausallos ) . We find both Shalm - lahi ' Allah is peace ' and Shalm - allat , ' the peace of the goddess ' . We also find Amat - allahi ' she - servant of god ' and Halaf - llahi ' the successor of Allah ' . El Deir ( `` The Monastery '' ) The Great Temple of Petra The Monastery , Petra 's largest monument , dates from the 1st century BC . It was dedicated to Obodas I and is believed to be the symposium of Obodas the god . This information is inscribed on the ruins of the Monastery ( the name is the translation of the Arabic `` Ad Deir '' ) . Christianity found its way to Petra in the 4th century AD , nearly 500 years after the establishment of Petra as a trade center . Athanasius mentions a bishop of Petra ( Anhioch. 10 ) named Asterius . At least one of the tombs ( the `` tomb with the urn '' ? ) was used as a church . An inscription in red paint records its consecration `` in the time of the most holy bishop Jason '' ( 447 ) . After the Islamic conquest of 629 -- 632 Christianity in Petra , as of most of Arabia , gave way to Islam . During the First Crusade Petra was occupied by Baldwin I of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and formed the second fief of the barony of Al Karak ( in the lordship of Oultrejordain ) with the title Château de la Valée de Moyse or Sela . It remained in the hands of the Franks until 1189 . It is still a titular see of the Catholic Church . Two Crusader - period castles are known in and around Petra . The first is al - Wu'ayra and is situated just north of Wadi Musa . It can be viewed from the road to `` Little Petra '' . It is the castle of Valle Moise which was seized by a band of Turks with the help of local Muslims and only recovered by the Crusaders after they began to destroy the olive trees of Wadi Musa . The potential loss of livelihood led the locals to negotiate surrender . The second is on the summit of el - Habis in the heart of Petra and can be accessed from the West side of the Qasr al - Bint . According to Arab tradition , Petra is the spot where Moses ( Musa ) struck a rock with his staff and water came forth , and where Moses ' brother , Aaron ( Harun ) , is buried , at Mount Hor , known today as Jabal Haroun or Mount Aaron . The Wadi Musa or `` Wadi of Moses '' is the Arab name for the narrow valley at the head of which Petra is sited . A mountaintop shrine of Moses ' sister Miriam was still shown to pilgrims at the time of Jerome in the 4th century , but its location has not been identified since . In popular Culture ( edit ) Street of Façades Literature Petra is the main topic in John William Burgon 's sonnet `` Petra '' which won the Newdigate Prize in 1845 . The poem refers to Petra as the inaccessible city which he had heard described but had never seen : It seems no work of Man 's creative hand , by labour wrought as wavering fancy planned ; But from the rock as if by magic grown , eternal , silent , beautiful , alone ! Not virgin - white like that old Doric shrine , where erst Athena held her rites divine ; Not saintly - grey , like many a minster fane , that crowns the hill and consecrates the plain ; But rose - red as if the blush of dawn , that first beheld them were not yet withdrawn ; The hues of youth upon a brow of woe , which Man deemed old two thousand years ago , Match me such marvel save in Eastern clime , a rose - red city half as old as time . Petra appeared in the novels Left Behind Series , Appointment with Death , The Eagle in the Sand , The Red Sea Sharks , the nineteenth book in The Adventures of Tintin series and in Kingsbury 's The Moon Goddess and the Son . It featured prominently in the Marcus Didius Falco mystery novel Last Act in Palmyra . In Blue Balliett 's novel , Chasing Vermeer , the character Petra Andalee is named after the site . Uneishu Tomb In 1979 Marguerite van Geldermalsen from New Zealand married Mohammed Abdullah , a Bedouin in Petra . They lived in a cave in Petra until the death of her husband . She authored the book Married to a Bedouin. Van Geldermalsen is the only western woman who has ever lived in a Petra cave . An Englishwoman , Joan Ward , wrote Living With Arabs : Nine Years with the Petra Bedouin documenting her experiences while living in Umm Sayhoun with the Petra Bedouin , covering the period 2004 - 2013 . Films The site is featured in films such as : Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , Arabian Nights , Passion in the Desert , Mortal Kombat : Annihilation , Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger , The Mummy Returns , Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen , Samsara and Kajraare . The Hadrian Gate and the Cardo Maximus in Petra TV Petra was featured in episode 3 of the 2010 series An Idiot Abroad . Petra was featured in episode 20 of Misaeng . Petra was featured in an episode of Time Scanners , made for National Geographic , where six ancient structures were laser scanned , with the results built into 3D models . Examining the model of Petra revealed insights into how the structure was built . Petra was the focus of an American PBS Nova special , `` Petra : Lost City of Stone '' , which premiered in the US and Europe in February 2015 . Music and music videos The power metal band Helloween featured Petra on their 2013 track `` Nabataea '' off their album , Straight Out of Hell . In 1977 , the Lebanese Rahbani brothers wrote the musical `` Petra '' as a response to the Lebanese Civil War . The Sisters of Mercy filmed their music video for `` Dominion / Mother Russia '' in and around Al Khazneh ( `` The Treasury '' ) in February 1988 . In 1994 Petra featured in the video to the Urban Species video Spiritual Love . An Austrian symphonic metal band Serenity featured Petra on their fourth studio album War of Ages ( Serenity album ) in the track `` Shining Oasis '' Video games Petra was recreated for the video games Spy Hunter ( 2001 ) , Outrun 2 , King 's Quest V , Lego Indiana Jones , Sonic Unleashed , Knights of the Temple : Infernal Crusade , Civilization V , Civilization VI , Europa Universalis IV , and Metal Gear Solid 5 : The Phantom Pain . Gallery ( edit ) The Siiq , path to Petra The end of the Siq , with its dramatic view of Al Khazneh ( `` The Treasury '' ) Petra is known as the Rose - Red City for the colour of the rocks from which Petra is carved Ad Deir ( `` The Monastery '' ) in 1839 , by David Roberts The Petra Visitors Centre in Wadi Musa , the closest town to the historic site Sandstone Rock - cut tombs ( Kokhim ) in Petra Byzantine mosaic in the Byzantine Church of Petra Obelisk Tomb and the Triclinium The Silk Tomb Juniperus phoenicea in Petra Lonely cave Sandstone rocks in Siq Main entrance ( Al Khazneh ) Theatre See also ( edit ) Ancient Near East portal Archaeology portal Architecture portal Jordan portal Syriac Christianity portal Arabia Petraea List of colossal sculpture in situ Little Petra Mada'in Saleh Negev incense route Petra papyri UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists List of World Heritage Sites in Jordan List of modern names for biblical place names References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Management of Petra '' . Petra National Trust . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Browning , Iain ( 1973 , 1982 ) , Petra , Chatto & Windus , London , p. 15 , ISBN 0 - 7011 - 2622 - 1 Jump up ^ Seeger , Josh ; Gus W. van Beek ( 1996 ) . Retrieving the Past : Essays on Archaeological Research and Methodolog . Eisenbrauns . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 1575060125 . Jump up ^ ART REVIEW ; Rose - Red City Carved From the Rock Jump up ^ Major Attractions : Petra , Jordan tourism board Jump up ^ `` UNESCO advisory body evaluation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Petra : Water Works '' . Nabataea.net . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Lisa Pinsker ( 2001 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Geotimes -- June 2004 -- Petra : An Eroding Ancient City '' . Agiweb.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Fulford 's column about Petra , Jordan '' . Robertfulford.com. 1997 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` A Short History '' . Petra National Foundation . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Josephus , Flavius . `` Jewish Antiquities ( iv. vii. § 1 ) Translated by H. St. J. Thackeray '' . Harvard University Press , 1930 . doi : 10.4159 / DLCL. josephus - jewish_antiquities. 1930 . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . -- via digital Loeb Classical Library ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Jane , Taylor ( 2001 ) . Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans . London , United Kingdom : I.B. Tauris . pp. 14 , 17 , 30 , 31 . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Maalouf , Tony ( 2003 ) . Arabs in the Shadow of Israel : The Unfolding of God 's Prophetic Plan for Ishmael 's Line . Kregel Academic . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus ' account of Antigonus ' expedition to Arabia , xix , section 95 ( note 79 ) . Jump up ^ Iain Browning , Petra , Chatto & Windus , 1974 . p. 109 . Jump up ^ `` History of Petra '' . Terhaal Adventures . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ The Religious Life of Nabataea , Chapter Two , 2013 , Peter Alpass Jump up ^ Glueck , Grace ( 2003 - 10 - 17 ) . `` ART REVIEW ; Rose - Red City Carved From the Rock '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : John Lewis Burckhardt ( 1822 ) . Travels in Syria and the Holy Land . J. Murray . Jump up ^ Conway , A. and Horsfield , G. 1930 . Historical and Topographical Notes on Edom : with an account of the first excavations at Petra . The Geographical Journal , 76 ( 5 ) , 369 -- 390 . Jump up ^ Petra - National Geographic Jump up ^ Thomas , Lowell , With Lawrence in Arabia , The Century Co. , 1924 , pps. 180 -- 187 Jump up ^ `` Map of the area from the go2petra website '' . Jump up ^ `` The Cultural Space of the Bedu in Petra and Wadi Rum '' . UNESCO Culture Sector . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Petra Development and Tourism Region Authority in Association with DesignWorkshop and JCP s.r.l : Strategic Plan for Umm Sayhoun and surrounding areas Accessed 8 April 2017 Jump up ^ Google Street View -- Explore natural wonders and world landmarks Jump up ^ Parcak , Sarah ; Tuttle , Christopher A. ( May 2016 ) . `` Hiding in Plain Sight : The Discovery of a New Monumental Structure at Petra , Jordan , Using WorldView - 1 and WorldView - 2 Satellite Imagery '' . Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research ( 375 ) : 35 -- 51 . ISSN 0003 - 097X . JSTOR 10.5615 / bullamerschoorie. 375.0035 . Jump up ^ `` Archaeologists discover massive Petra monument that could be 2,150 years old '' . The Guardian . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Massive New Monument Found in Petra '' . National Geographic . 8 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Heinrichs , K. , Azzam , R. : `` Investigation of salt weathering on stone monuments by use of a modern wireless sensor network exemplified for the rock - cut monuments in Petra / Jordan -- a research project International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era , Volume 1 , Nr. 2 / Juni 2012 , S. 191 -- 216 Jump up ^ Heritage at Risk 2004 / 2005 : Petra , at icomos.org Accessed 27 March 2017 Jump up ^ `` Heritage Conservation Grips Jordan 's Petra Amid Booming Tourism '' . Xinhua . November 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Petra National Trust - About '' . Petranationaltrust.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Comer and Willems . `` Tourism and Archaeological Heritage Management at Petra : Driver to Development or Destruction ? '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Paradise T.R. & Angel C.C. 2015 , Nabatean Architecture and the Sun , ArcUser ( Winter ) . Jump up ^ Negev 11 Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Petra '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ `` Petra '' . Sacred Sites . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Balliett , Blue ( 2004 ) . Chasing Vermeer : Afterwords by Leslie Budnick : Author Q&A . Scholastic . ISBN 0 - 439 - 37294 - 1 . Jump up ^ Geldermalsen , Marguerite ( 2010 ) . Married to a Bedouin . Virago UK . ISBN 978 - 1844082209 . Jump up ^ Ward , Joan ( 2014 ) . Living With Arabs : Nine Years with the Petra Bedouin . UM Peter Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1502564917 . Jump up ^ `` Scenes for TV drama series ' Misaeng ' shot around Kingdom. The Jordan Times '' . The Jordan Times . Jump up ^ `` Misaeng Episode 20 Final '' . dramabeans.com . Jump up ^ Time Scanners Archived 2015 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Time Scanners : How was Petra built ? Jump up ^ Petra - Lost City in building - wonders at pbs.org Jump up ^ Stone , Christopher . Popular Culture and Nationalism in Lebanon . Jump up ^ imdb.com page for The Sisters of Mercy Jump up ^ Urban Species Spiritual Love music video at nme.com Jump up ^ Urban Species Spiritual Love music video ( similar to video formerly at nme.com ) at jukebo.com Accessed 30 March 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Rose - Red City of Petra '' . Grisel.net. 2001 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 17 . Bibliography Bedal , Leigh - Ann ( 2004 ) . The Petra Pool - Complex : A Hellenistic Paradeisos in the Nabataean Capital . Piscataway , NJ : Gorgias Press . ISBN 1 - 59333 - 120 - 7 . Brown University . `` The Petra Great Temple ; History '' Accessed April 19 , 2013 . Glueck , Nelson ( 1959 ) . Rivers in the Desert : A History of the Negev . New York : Farrar , Straus & Cudahy / London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson Harty , Rosemary . `` The Bedouin Tribes of Petra Photographs : 1986 -- 2003 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Hill , John E. ( 2004 ) . The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏 略 by Yu Huan 魚 豢 : A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE . Draft annotated English translation where Petra is referred to as the Kingdom of Sifu . Mouton , Michael and Schmid , Stephen G. ( 2013 ) `` Men on the Rocks : The Formation of Nabataean Petra '' Paradise , T.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Architecture and Deterioration in Petra : Issues , trends and warnings '' in Archaeological Heritage at Petra : Drive to Development or Destruction ? '' ( Doug Comer , editor ) , ICOMOS - ICAHM Publications through Springer - Verlag NYC : 87 -- 119 . Paradise , T.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Weathering of sandstone architecture in Petra , Jordan : influences and rates '' in GSA Special Paper 390 : Stone Decay in the Architectural Environment : 39 -- 49 . Paradise , T.R. and Angel , C.C. ( 2015 ) . Nabataean Architecture and the Sun : A landmark discovery using GIS in Petra , Jordan . ArcUser Journal , Winter 2015 : 16 - 19pp . Reid , Sara Karz ( 2006 ) . The Small Temple . Piscataway , NJ : Gorgias Press . ISBN 1 - 59333 - 339 - 0 . Reid explores the nature of the small temple at Petra and concludes it is from the Roman era . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` article name needed '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . `` Petra '' Accessed April 19 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petra , Jordan . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Petra . Petra Archaeological Park Video overview of Petra Petra In The Early 1800s 3D - tour on Petra ( Russian ) University of Arkansas Petra Project , Accessed 27 March 2017 Smart e Guide , interactive map of Petra Open Context , `` Petra Great Temple Excavations ( Archaeological Data ) '' , Open Context Publication of Archaeological Data from the 1993 -- 2006 Brown University Excavations at the Great Temple of Petra , Jordan Petra iconicarchive , photo gallery Petra History and Photo Gallery , Accessed 27 March 2017 History with Maps Parker , S. , R. Talbert , T. Elliott , S. Gillies , S. Gillies , J. Becker . `` Places : 697725 ( Petra ) '' . Pleiades . < http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/697725 > ( Accessed : March 7 , 2012 4 : 18 pm ) Pictures on Petra Almost 800 pictures with captions , some panoramas Jordanian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities Why was Petra abandoned by its inhabitants ? 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is petra the lost city of stone | [
"The city is famous for its rock-cut architecture and water conduit system. Another name for Petra is the Rose City due to the color of the stone out of which it is carved.[5] It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. UNESCO has described it as \"one of the most precious cultural properties of man's cultural heritage\".[6] Petra is a symbol of Jordan, as well as Jordan's most-visited tourist attraction. Tourist numbers peaked at 1 million in 2010, the following period witnessed a slump due to regional instability. However, tourist numbers have picked up recently, and around 600,000 tourists visited the site in 2017."
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"Jordan"
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-1840749975734420593 | Antecedent (grammar) | Antecedent ( grammar ) - wikipedia Antecedent ( grammar ) Jump to : navigation , search In grammar , an antecedent is an expression ( word , phrase , clause , sentence , etc . ) that gives its meaning to a proform ( pronoun , pro-verb , pro-adverb , etc . ) . A proform takes its meaning from its antecedent , e.g. `` Ava arrived late because traffic held her up '' . The pronoun her refers to and takes its meaning from Ava , so Ava is the antecedent of her . Proforms usually follow their antecedents , but sometimes they precede them , in which case one is , technically , dealing with postcedents instead of antecedents . The prefix ante - means `` before '' or `` in front of '' , and post - means `` after '' or `` behind '' . The term antecedent stems from traditional grammar . The linguistic term that is closely related to antecedent and proform is anaphora . Theories of syntax explore the distinction between antecedents and postcedents in terms of binding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Examples 2 Uncertain antecedents 3 Postcedents 4 Implied antecedents 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Examples ( edit ) Almost any syntactic category can serve as the antecedent to a proform . The following examples illustrate a range of proforms and their antecedents . The proforms are in bold , and their antecedents are underlined a . Willy said he likes chocolate . - Noun as antecedent b . My eccentric uncle likes chocolate . He tells everyone to buy him chocolate . - Noun phrase as antecedent c . Larry was helpful , and so was Kim . - Adjective as antecedent d . He arrived in the afternoon , when nobody was home . - Prepositional phrase as antecedent e . Thomas plays soccer in the park . The kids all congregate there . - Prepositional phrase as antecedent f . Our helpers did it very carefully , and we did it like that as well . - Adverb phrase as antecedent g . Fred works hard , but Tom does not do the same . - Verb phrase as antecedent h . Susan lies all the time , which everybody knows about . - Entire clause as antecedent i . Our politicians have been pandering again . This demotivates the voters . - Entire sentence as antecedent j. Someone called who offered to help . She was really friendly . - Discontinuous word combination as antecedent k . The paragraph has in fact been checked by Sam , but Susan wo n't do it . - Discontinuous word combination as antecedent This list of proforms and the types of antecedents that they take is by no means exhaustive , but rather it is intended to merely deliver an impression of the breadth of expressions that can function as proforms and antecedents . While the stereotypical proform is a pronoun and the stereotypical antecedent a noun or noun phrase , these examples demonstrate that most any syntactic category can in fact serve as an antecedent to a proform , whereby the proforms themselves are a diverse bunch . The last two examples are particularly interesting , because they show that some proforms can even take discontinuous word combinations as antecedents , i.e. the antecedents are NOT constituents . A particularly frequent type of proform occurs in relative clauses . Many relative clauses contain a relative pronoun , and these relative pronouns have an antecedent . Sentences d and h above contain relative clauses ; the proforms when and which are relative proforms . Uncertain antecedents ( edit ) In some cases , the wording could have an uncertain antecedent , where the antecedent of a pronoun is not clear because two or more prior nouns or phrases could match the count , gender or logic as a prior reference . In such cases , scholars have recommended to rewrite the sentence structure to be more specific , or repeat the words of the antecedent rather than use only a pronoun phrase , as a technique to resolve the uncertain antecedent . For example , consider the sentence , `` There was a doll inside the box , which was made of clay '' where the word `` which '' could refer to either the box or the doll . To improve , the sentence could be reworded as : `` Inside the box , which was made of clay , there was a doll '' or , `` There was a girl doll inside the box , and she was made of clay '' ( or similar wording ) . Postcedents ( edit ) The ante - in antecedent means ' before , in front of ' . Thus when a proform precedes its antecedent , the antecedent is technically not an antecedent , but rather it is a postcedent , post - meaning ' after , behind ' . The following examples illustrate postcedents : a . When it is ready , I 'll have a cup of coffee . - Noun as postcedent b . In her bed , my friend spends the entire morning . - Noun phrase as postcedent c . It bothered me that she did not call . - Clause as postcedent , example of it - extraposition d . Two violinists were there , at the party . - Prepositional phrase as postcedent e . Sam tries to work then , when it is raining . - Clause as postcedent Postcedents are rare compared to antecedents , and in practice , the distinction between antecedents and postcedents is often ignored , the term antecedent being used to denote both . This practice is a source of confusion and some have therefore denounced the term antecedent outright because of this confusion . Implied antecedents ( edit ) Some proforms lack a linguistic antecedent ( or postcedent ) . In such cases , the antecedent is implied in the given discourse environment or from general knowledge of the world . For instance , the first person pronouns I , me , we , and us and second person pronoun you are proforms that usually lack a linguistic antecedent . However , their antecedents are present in the discourse context as the speaker and the listener . Pleonastic proforms also lack a linguistic antecedent , e.g. It is raining , where the pronoun it is semantically empty and can not be viewed as referring to anything specific in the discourse world . Definite proforms such as they and you also have an indefinite use , which means they denote some person or people in general , e.g. They will get you for that , and therefore can not be construed as taking a linguistic antecedent . See also ( edit ) Binding Generic antecedent Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Definitions of `` antecedent '' along these lines can be found , for instance , in Crystal ( 1999 : 20 ) and Radford ( 2004 : 322 ) Jump up ^ Carnie ( 2013 : 150 ) defines antecedent as an NP that gives its meaning to another NP . Carnie 's definition is too narrow , as many of the examples here illustrate . Antecedents ( and proforms ) are not limited to the noun or noun phrase categories . ^ Jump up to : Joseph Morris Thomas ; Frederick Alexander Manchester ; Frank William Scott ( 1924 ) . Composition for College Students . New York : The MacMillan Company . p. 534 . Jump up ^ For an example of a linguist who rejects the term antecedent because of the confusion it generates ( due to the failure to distinguish between antecedents and postcedents ) , see Tesnière ( 1969 : 86f . ) . References ( edit ) Carnie , A. 2013 . Syntax : A generative introduction . 3rd edition . Malden , MA : Wiley - Blackwell . Crystal , D. 1997 . A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics . 4th edition . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishers . Radford , A. 2004 . English syntax : An introduction . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . Tesnière , L. 1969 . Éléments de syntaxe structurale , 2nd edition . Klincksieck , Paris . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antecedent_(grammar)&oldid=835552027 '' Categories : Syntactic relationships Hidden categories : Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Ido Nederlands Simple English Српски / srpski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 11 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the meaning of antecedent in english | [
"In grammar, an antecedent is an expression (word, phrase, clause, sentence, etc.) that gives its meaning to a proform (pronoun, pro-verb, pro-adverb, etc.).[1] A proform takes its meaning from its antecedent, e.g. \"Ava arrived late because traffic held her up\". The pronoun her refers to and takes its meaning from Ava, so Ava is the antecedent of her. Proforms usually follow their antecedents, but sometimes they precede them, in which case one is, technically, dealing with postcedents instead of antecedents. The prefix ante- means \"before\" or \"in front of\", and post- means \"after\" or \"behind\". The term antecedent stems from traditional grammar. The linguistic term that is closely related to antecedent and proform is anaphora. Theories of syntax explore the distinction between antecedents and postcedents in terms of binding."
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"an expression (word, phrase, clause, sentence, etc.) that gives its meaning to a proform (pronoun, pro-verb, pro-adverb, etc.)"
] |
6872883698796974232 | George Washington in the French and Indian War | George Washington in the French and Indian War - wikipedia George Washington in the French and Indian War Jump to : navigation , search George Washington This portrait of Washington was painted in 1772 by Charles Willson Peale , and shows Washington in uniform as a colonel of the Virginia Regiment . The original hangs in Lee Chapel at Washington and Lee University in Lexington , Virginia . It is the earliest known depiction of Washington . ( 1732 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1732 Westmoreland County , Colony of Virginia December 14 , 1799 ( 1799 - 12 - 14 ) ( aged 67 ) Mount Vernon , Virginia Place of burial Washington family vault , Mount Vernon Service / branch Provincial militia Years of service 1753 -- 1758 Rank Colonel , provincial militia Unit Virginia Regiment Commands held Virginia Regiment Battles / wars French and Indian War Battle of Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Braddock Expedition Battle of the Monongahela Forbes Expedition Other work Commander - in - chief , Continental Army President of the United States of America George Washington ( February 22 , 1732 -- December 14 , 1799 ) commanded the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) , and was the first President of the United States , serving from 1789 to 1797 . Because of his central role in the founding of the United States , Washington is often called the `` Father of his Country '' . His devotion to republicanism and civic virtue made him an exemplary figure among early American politicians . Washington 's military experience began in the French and Indian War with a commission as a major in the militia of the British Province of Virginia . In 1753 Washington was sent as an ambassador from the British crown to the French officials and Indians as far north as present - day Erie , Pennsylvania . The following year he led another expedition to the area to assist in the construction of a fort at present - day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Before reaching that point , he and some of his men , accompanied by Indian allies , ambushed a French scouting party . Its leader was killed , although the exact circumstances of his death were disputed . This peacetime act of aggression is seen as one of the first military steps leading to the global Seven Years ' War . The French responded by attacking fortifications Washington erected following the ambush , forcing his surrender . Released on parole , Washington and his troops returned to Virginia . In 1755 he participated as a volunteer aide in the ill - fated expedition of General Edward Braddock , where he distinguished himself in the retreat following the climactic Battle of Monongahela . He served from 1755 until 1758 as colonel and commander of the Virginia Regiment , directing the provincial defenses against French and Indian raids and building the regiment into one of the best - trained provincial militias of the time . He led the regiment as part of the 1758 expedition of General John Forbes that successfully drove the French from Fort Duquesne , during which he and some of his companies were involved in a friendly fire incident . Unable to get a commission in the British Army , Washington then resigned from the provincial militia , married , and took up the life of a Virginia plantation owner . Washington gained valuable military skills during the war , acquiring tactical , strategic , and logistical military experience . He also acquired important political skills in his dealings with the British military establishment and the provincial government . His military exploits , although they included some notable failures , made his military reputation in the colonies such that he became a natural selection as the commander in chief of the Continental Army following the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775 . His successes in military and political spheres during that conflict led to his election as the first President of the United States of America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Emissary 3 Jumonville and Fort Necessity 4 Braddock 's Defeat 5 Command , rank , and defense 6 Forbes expedition 6.1 Diplomacy and military politics 6.2 Advance on Fort Duquesne 7 End of service 8 Lessons learned 9 Later life 10 See also 11 Endnotes 12 References 13 External links 14 Further reading Background ( edit ) Born into a well - to - do Virginia family in Bridges Creek near Fredericksburg in 1732 ( O.S. 1731 ) , Washington was schooled locally until the age of 15 . His father 's sudden death occurred when Washington was just a mere eleven years old . This completely eliminated the possibility of schooling in England , and his mother rejected attempts to place him in the Royal Navy . Thanks to the connection by marriage of his half - brother Lawrence to the wealthy Fairfax family , Washington was appointed surveyor of Culpeper County in 1749 ; he was just 17 years old . Washington 's brother had purchased an interest in the Ohio Company , a land acquisition and settlement company whose objective was the settlement of Virginia 's frontier areas , including the Ohio Country , territory north and west of the Ohio River . Its investors also included Virginia 's Royal Governor , Robert Dinwiddie , who appointed Washington a major in the provincial militia in February 1753 . Emissary ( edit ) The Ohio Country was occupied by a variety of Indian tribes that were nominally under the suzerainty of the Iroquois Confederacy based in what is now northwestern New York . The area was also the subject of several conflicting claims by British and French colonies . The British provinces of Virginia and Pennsylvania both claimed the area , and traders from Pennsylvania had been trading with the Indians at least since the early 1740s . In 1752 , representatives of the Ohio Company reached an agreement with the local Indian leaders allowing the construction of a fort and a small settlement at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers ( present - day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) , and for the establishment of some settlements south of the Ohio River . The French were alarmed by these developments , and in 1753 began the construction of a series of fortifications in the uppermost headwaters of the Ohio River ( near present - day Erie , Pennsylvania ) , intending to extend the line of forts downriver and deny British traders and settlers access to the territory . When news of this reached Virginia , Governor Dinwiddie sought advice from the British government in London . He received orders to send a messenger to the French , reiterating British claims and demanding that they stop construction of their forts and quit the territory . A map of the upper Ohio River and surrounding area drawn by Washington during or after his 1753 expedition Governor Dinwiddie chose Major Washington , then 21 years old , for the trek into the Ohio Country to assess the French military situation , and to deliver the British demands . He was a good choice despite his youth because he was familiar with the frontier from survey work , had good health , and both government and Ohio Company leaders trusted Washington . Although he had no frontier warfare experience , neither did most other Virginians . Washington departed from Williamsburg at the end of October 1753 . In Fredericksburg he picked up Jacob Van Braam , a family friend who spoke French , before heading into the Virginia highlands . There he was joined by Christopher Gist , an Ohio Company agent who was familiar with the territory , and a few backwoodsmen to assist with expedition logistics . When the expedition arrived at the site of the proposed fort , Washington noted that the site was well chosen , having `` the entire Command of the Monongahela '' . The expedition then proceeded on to Logstown , a large Indian settlement a short way down the Ohio River . After parleying with the Indians , the Mingo `` Half King '' Tanacharison and three of his men agreed to accompany the British expedition to meet with the French . Washington also learned that many of the Ohio tribes were as unhappy about the British plans for settling the area as they were of the French plans to fortify it . Leaving Logstown on November 30 , they arrived at Fort Machault on December 4 . The commander there , Captain Philippe - Thomas de Joncaire , directed Washington to his superior officer , stationed at Fort LeBoeuf , further north . While dining with Joncaire , Washington learned of French intentions to `` take possession of the Ohio '' . Washington 's party reached Fort LeBoeuf on December 11 , in the middle of a raging snowstorm . The French commander , Captain Jacques Legardeur de Saint - Pierre , received them with hospitality ; however , in response to Dinwiddie 's demands , he pointed out that the letter was more properly addressed to his superior , New France 's governor the Marquis Duquesne . The letter Legardeur drafted in response to Dinwiddie 's was clear and to the point : `` as to the summons you send me to retire , I do not think myself obliged to obey it . '' Washington took careful notes of the military arrangements at both forts before departing on December 16 . He was somewhat concerned by the fact that Tanacharison and his men remained behind for further discussions with the French ; he wrote , `` I saw that every strategem which the most fruitful brain could invent , was practiced to win Half King to their interest '' . He returned to Williamsburg after a month of difficult travel . Dinwiddie had Washington 's account of the expedition widely distributed to emphasize the French threat . It was printed on both sides of the Atlantic , giving Washington an international reputation . Jumonville and Fort Necessity ( edit ) While Washington was returning from this expedition , Dinwiddie sent men from the Ohio Company ( who were also commissioned into the provincial militia ) under William Trent to begin construction of the company 's fort . In February , with Tanacharison 's blessing , Trent and his men began construction of the fort at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers . Legardeur 's successor at Venango , Claude - Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur , led a force of about 500 men Canadiens and Indians ( rumors reaching Trent 's men put its size at 1,000 ) to dislodge them . On April 16 , they arrived at the forks ; the next day , Trent 's force of 36 men , led by Ensign Edward Ward in Trent 's absence , agreed to leave the site , over the vociferous objections of Tanacharison . The French then began construction of Fort Duquesne . Washington , upon his return to Williamsburg , was commissioned a Lieutenant Colonel in the newly created Virginia Regiment , and ordered by Dinwiddie to raise a force to assist in the completion of Trent 's fort . Dinwiddie 's orders were to `` act on the ( defensive ) , but in Case any Attempts are made to obstruct the Works or interrupt our ( settlements ) by any Persons whatsoever , You are to restrain all such Offenders , & in Case of resistance to make Prisoners of or kill and destroy them . '' Historian Fred Anderson describes Dinwiddie 's instructions , which were issued without the knowledge or direction of the British government , as `` an invitation to start a war . '' Washington was ordered to gather up as many supplies and paid volunteers as he could along the way . By the time he left for the frontier on April 2 , he had recruited fewer than 160 men . Moving quickly and without artillery , his force marched north and west , picking up additional militia companies along the way . On April 19 , outside Winchester , Virginia , Washington received word that a large French force was descending the Allegheny . On reaching Wills Creek he met part of Trent 's company , who , in addition to confirming the arrival of the French , brought a supportive message from Tanacharison . To keep Tanacharison 's support , Washington decided to advance rather than turning back . However , road - building went slowly , and by the end of May Washington 's company had reached a place known as the Great Meadows ( now in Fayette County , Pennsylvania ) , about 37 miles ( 60 km ) south of the forks . There he began construction of a small fort and awaited further news or instructions . On May 23 , Contrecœur , now in command at Fort Duquesne , sent Joseph Coulon de Villiers de Jumonville with 35 Canadiens to see if Washington had entered French territory , and with a summons to order Washington 's troops out ; this summons was similar in nature to the one Washington had delivered to them in 1753 . On May 27 , Washington was told by Christopher Gist that a French party numbering about 50 was in the area . In response , Washington sent 75 men with Gist to find them . That evening , Washington received a message from Tanacharison , informing him that he had found the Canadien camp , and that the two of them should meet . Despite the fact that he had just sent another group in pursuit of the French , Washington went with a detachment of 40 men to meet with Tanacharison . The Mingo leader had with him 12 warriors , two of whom were boys . After discussing the matter , the two leaders agreed to make an attack on the Canadiens . A recreation of Fort Necessity Washington and Tanacharison then ambushed Jumonville 's party , sneaking up and surrounding the French camp . Some were still asleep , others preparing breakfast , when without warning , Washington gave the order to fire . Those who escaped the volley scrambled for their weapons , but were swiftly overwhelmed . Ten of the French , including Jumonville , were killed , one was wounded , and all but one ( who escaped to warn the French commander at Fort Duquesne ) of the rest were taken prisoner . The exact circumstances of Jumonville 's death are disputed . Contrecœur claimed that Jumonville and most of the other wounded French were massacred in cold blood by British musket fire after having surrendered ; Washington claimed in his account that Jumonville was killed , but did not give any details . Other accounts claimed that Tanacharison tomahawked Jumonville while he ( Jumonville ) was reading the summons . When the British left the battlefield to return to their camp at Great Meadows , they did not bury any of the French dead . Washington then finished building Fort Necessity at the Great Meadows , anticipating a French counterattack . The fort , completed June 2 , was not much more than a wooden stockade 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) high and about 50 feet ( 15 m ) in diameter surrounded by a ditch . It was so poorly sited ( surrounded by higher hills and woods providing cover to the enemy ) that Tanacharison tried to point out its defects . Washington dismissed these concerns , convinced the fort could withstand `` the attack of 500 Indians . '' Over the next month , his force grew by 200 men from Virginia and an independent company of 100 British regulars that had marched up from South Carolina , while he continued to build the road toward the forks . The arriving Virginians brought congratulations from Governor Dinwiddie on his success at Jumonville Glen , and word that Washington had been promoted to colonel , owing to the death of Colonel Joshua Fry in a fall from his horse . While the road building went on , Washington pressed Tanacharison for more Indian support . However , the Half King seemed to have lost confidence in the British cause , and he and his followers soon abandoned the British camp . This complete loss of Indian support prompted Washington to withdraw his work crews back to Fort Necessity . Not long afterward , a force of 700 French and Indians surrounded the fort , and Washington was soon compelled to surrender . The surrender document that Washington signed prevented his men from returning to the Ohio Country for one year , and included an admission that Jumonville had been `` assassinated '' . ( The document was written in French , which Washington could not read , and may have been poorly translated for him . ) Because the French claimed that Jumonville 's party had been on a diplomatic ( rather than military ) mission , the `` Jumonville affair '' became an international incident , and the military escalation that followed blossomed into the global Seven Years ' War . Although most Virginians were not particularly critical , there was rumbling about Washington 's actions in other quarters . One New Yorker wrote that Washington acted rashly and that he was `` too ambitious of acquiring all the honor '' , while London commentators dismissed the failure casually , citing a lack of colonial military experience . Governor Dinwiddie was publicly supportive of Washington , but criticized him privately , noting that some of the Virginia Regiment 's problems originated in a `` want of proper Command '' . Dinwiddie assigned command of a follow - up expedition ( that never actually reached the Ohio Country ) to North Carolina militia colonel James Innes . In another step that may have been calculated to clip the young colonel 's wings , Dinwiddie reorganized the Virginia Regiment into separate companies , with no ranks above captain ; Washington resigned rather than accept a demotion . Braddock 's defeat ( edit ) Main articles : Braddock expedition and Battle of the Monongahela In 1755 , as part of the British military escalation , Major General Edward Braddock arrived in North America with a force of British Army regulars to head a major effort against the French in the Ohio Country . Washington wanted to serve on the expedition , but refused to do so as a provincial officer , since he would be outranked by even junior officers in the regular army establishment . ( Washington was said to `` ( bubble ) with fury when British regular officers expressed their disdain of provincial officers and soldiers '' , and at the realization that British officers were always senior to colonials regardless of rank . ) Through negotiations mediated by Governor Dinwiddie , Washington was offered an unpaid volunteer position as one of Braddock 's aides . Washington accepted , writing to Braddock 's principal aide , Captain Robert Orme , `` I wish for nothing more earnestly , than to attain a small degree of knowledge in the Military Art '' , and that the position would provide him `` a good opportunity ... of forming an acquaintance which may be serviceable hereafter , if I can find it worth while pushing my Fortune in the Military way . '' Major - General Braddock 's death at the Battle of the Monongahela , July 9 , 1755 . When Braddock 's regulars arrived in Alexandria , Washington spent much time there , observing infantry drills and other internal workings of the army , and even copied Braddock 's orders to absorb the style in which they were written . The expedition finally marched off in April 1755 , and made extremely slow progress along the road Washington had cut in 1754 , owing to the heavy artillery and long baggage train . Braddock and his entourage arrived at Fort Cumberland on May 10 . From there the progress slowed even further as the army made its way to the Monongahela River . Washington fell ill with dysentery en route , and only rejoined the column on July 8 , when it was nearing the Monongahela . The next day , after Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Gage 's light infantry had crossed the Monongahela about 10 miles ( 16 km ) from Fort Duquesne , they stumbled into a French and Indian force that had been sent to locate them . Both sides were surprised , but the French and Indians quickly organized themselves and made a vicious onslaught against the British . Gage 's men , and the work crews they were guarding , turned and fled in a panic , right into the arriving column of regulars , which included Braddock and his entourage . The discipline of the British regulars broke down , and a panicked retreat began , with the French and Indians firing at them from the cover of the surrounding woods . Braddock lost several horses , and eventually went down with a mortal wound . Washington was one of the few of Braddock 's aides to emerge relatively unscathed , despite being significantly involved in the fighting . He had two horses shot out from under him , and four bullets pierced his coat . He sustained no injuries and showed coolness under fire . Braddock , who had been loaded onto a wagon in a makeshift litter , ordered Washington to ride back to fetch the remainder of the army that was working its way up from the Great Meadows . The battered remnants of Braddock 's force eventually returned to Fort Cumberland , where Washington wrote letters harshly critical of the event . To Governor Dinwiddie he reported that , although the British officers fought well , their `` cowardly Dogs of soldiers '' did not . The Virginians , he said , acquitted themselves well : they `` behaved like Men , and died like Soldiers . '' His reports burnished the reputation of the Virginia Regiment , and Washington was lauded as the `` hero of Monongahela '' for his work organizing the retreat . Dinwiddie was also forced to acknowledge Washington 's `` gallant Behav ( io ) r '' , and the Virginia House of Burgesses reorganized the colony 's defenses with Washington as colonel of a 1,200 strong regiment . Command , rank , and defense ( edit ) Governor Dinwiddie had designated Fort Cumberland the regimental headquarters , even though it was located in Maryland . Washington learned that it was commanded by Captain John Dagworthy , who led a company of Maryland militia but also held a royal commission and would thus outrank him . After a brief visit to Fort Cumberland in September 1755 , Washington left , and chose to base himself at Winchester instead . He then embarked on recruiting expeditions to fill out the regiment , traveling often to Williamsburg . There , he complained bitterly to Dinwiddie about serving under Dagworthy . When Dagworthy refused to let the Virginians draw supplies from Fort Cumberland ( which , despite its location , had been paid for and provisioned by Virginia ) , Dinwiddie came to agree with Washington . He wrote to Massachusetts Governor William Shirley , who was acting as commander in chief after Braddock 's death , requesting royal commissions for Washington and other Virginia officers . When Shirley did not respond in a timely manner , Dinwiddie authorized Washington to travel to Boston to renew the request in person . Washington spent some time visiting in all of the major towns on the way , but his mission was ultimately only partially successful . After receiving Washington , Shirley issued a decree that Virginia 's officers outranked Dagworthy and other British officers of lower rank . Washington had a sometimes difficult relationship with Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie In his first year in command of the Virginia Regiment , Washington shaped the unit into one of the best provincial military units in the colonies . He rigorously enforced military discipline , often punishing transgressions with the lash , but also sometimes hanging those convicted of serious offenses like desertion . The latter was a particular problem : many of the recruits were either foreigners or from Virginia 's lower classes , and had little at stake in the conflict . He developed detailed guidelines for frontier warfare , was personally responsible for organizing the supply and equipment of the regiment , and even designed the regimental uniforms . He was also a voracious reader of military treatises of all sorts , from Julius Caesar 's Commentaries to recent British training manuals . Despite all of his work , Virginia 's frontier was ravaged by raiding parties , and he lost one third of his men in eighteen months . Washington 's relationship with Dinwiddie deteriorated again over these difficulties and ongoing complaints about pay that was inadequate compared to British regimental standards . In 1757 Washington renewed attempts to cultivate relations in the army in the hopes of getting a commission . He wrote flattering letters to the new commander in chief , the Earl of Loudoun , and even named one of Virginia 's frontier forts after him . However , Loudoun was only in command for one year , and was recalled after a failed expedition against Fortress Louisbourg . Later in the year , Washington again suffered a serious bout of dysentery ; he was bedridden for much of the winter of 1757 -- 58 , and even suggested to the Virginia Burgesses that he be replaced since he could not properly do his duty as colonel of the regiment . Forbes expedition ( edit ) Main article : Forbes Expedition Map showing fort locations and the routes taken by Braddock and Forbes The failures of British military policy in 1757 led to a change of government in London , with William Pitt coming firmly into control of Britain 's global war effort . Pitt decided to focus a large number of resources on the war in North America , and three major expeditions were planned . One of these , under the command of Brigadier General John Forbes , was assigned to move against the French in the Ohio Country , with its first major goal the capture of Fort Duquesne . Forbes was to lead an army of 2,000 regulars augmented by 5,000 provincials raised from Pennsylvania southward . Diplomacy and military politics ( edit ) The Virginia Burgesses voted to raise a second regiment of 1,000 men in addition to Washington 's , both of which would participate in the Forbes expedition under Washington 's overall command . Forbes was apparently already aware of Washington 's reputation , writing that he was `` a good and knowing Officer in the Back Country . '' Washington , as he had with other army commanders , hoped for notice and sponsorship , and asked General John Stanwix to `` ( m ) ention me in favorable terms to General Forbes . '' Forbes ordered the Virginia troops to gather at Winchester while the army began cutting a new road from Carlisle , Pennsylvania toward Fort Duquesne . Based in part on advice from Washington , Forbes spent much of the spring and summer negotiating with the Ohio Indians for their support . A preliminary agreement was reached in August in which many of those Indians , led by chief Teedyuscung , agreed to abandon their alliance with the French . Washington and his troops were first given the task of improving the road between Fort Frederick and Fort Cumberland , and did not join with the main army at Fort Bedford until late summer . At this point Forbes was faced with a choice of routes . He could cut a new road directly across western Pennsylvania , or he could go south and pick up Braddock 's route . Washington extensively lobbied Forbes and other British officers to use Braddock 's route , which would have been more advantageous to Virginia interests . Forbes and others took a dim view of this activity , suspecting personal and provincial financial motivation . In response to a letter in which Washington bemoaned `` our Enterprize ( is ) Ruind '' , and blamed Colonel Henry Bouquet for his advocacy of the Pennsylvania route , Forbes angrily wrote , `` I am now at the bottom , of their Scheme against this new road '' and chastized Washington , writing that his heavy - handed advocacy `` was a shame for any officer to be Concerned in . '' Forbes ultimately chose the Pennsylvania route for pragmatic military reasons : the army , was expected to occupy and hold Fort Duquesne , and would require a reliable supply route , and the Pennsylvania route was superior for this purpose . However , as the expedition pushed west and Forbes learned that the last ridge to cross would prove particularly difficult , he granted that Washington and other advocates of the Virginia route may have been correct in their assessment of the chosen route 's problems . Advance on Fort Duquesne ( edit ) In early September , troops under Henry Bouquet 's command began construction of a fort near present - day Loyalhanna Township that eventually came to be known as Fort Ligonier . Bouquet was handling the forward activities of the expedition because Forbes was sick with dysentery . On September 11 , Bouquet authorized Major James Grant to lead a reconnaissance in force to investigate the strength of Fort Duquesne 's defenses . Grant took this opportunity to launch an assault on the fort , and was decisively beaten and taken prisoner along with one third of his 800 - strong detachment . Although Washington was not involved , men from his regiment acquitted themselves well in the debacle ; 62 of them died in the battle , and others were among the prisoners . The French at Fort Duquesne , whose supply line had been cut by the British victory in the August Battle of Fort Frontenac , made an unsuccessful attack against Fort Ligonier in the hopes of either stopping the expedition or at least acquiring some of its supplies . British troops take possession of Fort Duquesne On November 12 , in response to rumors that the French had sent out a raiding force , Forbes sent out a detachment of the Virginia regiment to investigate reports of a French raiding expedition . When sounds of gunfire reached the British camp , Forbes sent a second detachment . Primary sources are unclear on which detachment Washington led ; the other was led by Lieutenant Colonel George Mercer . In the dimming light of early evening and the haze of musket smoke the two detachments mistook each other for the enemy ; the friendly fire incident resulted in 40 casualties . Washington claimed to have interceded , `` knocking up with his sword the presented pieces '' , but Captain Thomas Bullitt , the only other officer to leave an account , held Washington responsible for the incident , noting that his opinion was shared by `` several of the officers . '' The incident appeared to leave an emotional scar on Washington , who did not speak or write of it for many years . A beneficial result of the incident was that several prisoners were taken ; Forbes learned from them that Fort Duquesne was about to be abandoned . This prompted Forbes to accelerate the expedition 's advance , and it was soon in a position of strength about 10 miles ( 16 km ) from Fort Duquesne . On November 23 they heard a large explosion from the direction of the fort ; its commander , François - Marie Le Marchand de Lignery , had blown it up . Forbes assigned Washington command of one of the brigades that advanced to find the smoking remains of the French fort the next day . General Forbes , still weak from illness , only briefly visited the site . He completed the return trip to Philadelphia in a litter , and died in March 1759 . Washington was back home in Virginia by the end of December ; the expedition was his last military activity of the war . End of service ( edit ) Upon his return to Williamsburg , Washington , to the surprise of many , tendered his resignation from the Virginia militia . Many of his officers showered him with praise , including the critical Captain Thomas Bullitt . Washington was lauded for his `` punctual Obervance '' of his duties , the `` Frankness , Sincerity , and a certain Openness of Soul '' , and the `` mutual Regard that has always subsisted between you and your Officers . '' Biographer James Ferling characterizes as their highest tribute the statements that Washington `` heightened our natural Emulation , and our Desire to excel '' and `` In you we place the most implicit confidence . '' Lessons learned ( edit ) Currier and Ives lithograph depicting Washington 's appointment as commander in chief of the Continental Army in 1775 Although Washington never gained the commission in the British army he yearned for , in these years the young man gained valuable military , political , and leadership skills , and received significant public exposure in the colonies and abroad . He closely observed British military tactics , gaining a keen insight into their strengths and weaknesses that proved invaluable during the Revolution . He demonstrated his toughness and courage in the most difficult situations , including disasters and retreats . He developed a command presence -- given his size , strength , stamina , and bravery in battle , he appeared to soldiers to be a natural leader and they followed him without question . Washington gained connections because of his popularity , which would serve him well later in the Revolution . His involvement in the war , given the circumstances , was just enough for him to be able to craft his own idea of what a leader looked like . Washington learned to organize , train , and drill , and discipline his companies and regiments . From his observations , readings and conversations with professional officers , he learned the basics of battlefield tactics , as well as a good understanding of problems of organization and logistics . Historian Ron Chernow is of the opinion that his frustrations in dealing with government officials during this conflict led him to advocate the advantages of a strong national government and a vigorous executive agency that could get results ; other historians tend to ascribe Washington 's position on government to his later American Revolutionary War service . His dealings also gave him the diplomatic skills necessary to negotiate with officials at the local and provincial levels . He developed a very negative idea of the value of militia , who seemed too unreliable , too undisciplined , and too short - term compared to regulars . On the other hand , his experience was limited to command of about 1,000 men , and came only in remote frontier conditions that were far removed from the urban situations he faced during the revolution at Boston , New York , Trenton and Philadelphia . Later life ( edit ) Main articles : George Washington in the American Revolution , Presidency of George Washington , and George Washington 's legacy On January 6 , 1759 , Washington married Martha Dandridge Custis , a wealthy Virginia widow . He had already won election to the Virginia House of Burgesses during the summer of 1758 . For the next 16 years he lived the life of a Virginia plantation owner and politician . As tensions rose between the British parliament and the colonies , he gradually adopted positions in opposition to the parliament 's policies . When the American Revolutionary War broke out in April 1775 , Washington arrived at the Second Continental Congress in a military uniform , and was chosen as Commander - in - chief of the Continental Army . After leading American forces to victory , he chaired the Constitutional Convention that drafted the United States Constitution , and was then elected the first President of the United States , serving two terms . He briefly saw additional military service during a threatened war with France in 1798 , and died in December 1799 . He is widely recognized as the `` Father of his country '' . See also ( edit ) Pittsburgh portal Virginia portal New France portal Book : George Washington Great Britain in the Seven Years War France in the Seven Years War Endnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All of the dates in this article are in the New Style . According to the Julian calendar ( which was in effect at the time ) , Washington was born on February 11 , 1731 ; according to the Gregorian calendar , which was adopted in Britain and its colonies in 1752 , he was born on February 22 , 1732 . Engber , Daniel ( January 18 , 2006 ) . `` What 's Benjamin Franklin 's Birthday ? '' . Slate . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Freeman , pp. 1 : 1 -- 199 Jump up ^ Chernow , ch. 1 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 30 Jump up ^ Freeman , p. 1 : 268 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 16 Jump up ^ Anderson , pp. 17 , 25 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 28 Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 18 -- 20 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 37 Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 3 Jump up ^ Chernow , pp. 56 - 57 ^ Jump up to : Anderson , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Anderson , p. 44 Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Anderson , p. 45 Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 33 -- 34 ^ Jump up to : O'Meara , p. 45 Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 41 Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 49 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 31 ^ Jump up to : Anderson , p. 51 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 50 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 32 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 33 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 34 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 35 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 37 ^ Jump up to : Anderson , p. 6 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 53 Jump up ^ Anderson , pp. 54 -- 55 Jump up ^ Anderson , pp. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Anderson , pp. 60 -- 61 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 40 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 41 Jump up ^ Anderson , pp. 62 -- 64 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 44 Jump up ^ Ellis , pp. 14 -- 17 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 72 Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2010 ) , p. 25 ^ Jump up to : Ferling ( 2010 ) , p. 26 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 50 Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2002 ) , p. 65 ; Leach in a full length study shows that , `` Redcoats often seems to regard the colonists with a condescension bordering on contempt , marking them down as unsophisticated and even crude outlanders ... Such highly negative judgments were constantly being relayed by the officers ( to ) England . '' Douglas Edward Leach , Roots of Conflict : British Armed Forces and Colonial Americans , 1677 -- 1763 ( 1986 ) , p. 106 ^ Jump up to : Ferling ( 2010 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 51 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 52 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 53 ^ Jump up to : Anderson , p. 97 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 99 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 57 Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2010 ) , p. 29 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 59 ^ Jump up to : Lengel , p. 60 Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 26 Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2010 ) , pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2010 ) , pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 64 Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2010 ) , p. 31 ^ Jump up to : Ferling ( 2010 ) , p. 32 Jump up ^ Higginbotham ( 2001 ) , p. 53 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 290 Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2010 ) , p. 33 Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2010 ) , pp. 34 -- 38 Jump up ^ Ellis , pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Lengel , pp. 67 -- 68 Jump up ^ Anderson , pp. 211 -- 213 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 233 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 236 ^ Jump up to : Lengel , p. 70 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 69 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 258 Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2010 ) , p. 40 Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2010 ) , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 72 Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2010 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 213 Jump up ^ Cubbison , p. 112 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 271 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 272 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 74 Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 204 -- 205 ^ Jump up to : Ferling ( 2010 ) , p. 43 Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 75 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 283 Jump up ^ Ferling ( 1989 ) , p. 57 ^ Jump up to : Lengel , p. 76 Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2010 ) , pp. 43 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Ferling ( 2010 ) , p. 44 Jump up ^ Chernow , ch. 8 ; Freeman and Harwell , pp. 135 -- 139 ; Flexner ( 1984 ) , pp. 32 -- 36 ; Ellis , ch. 1 ; Higginbotham ( 1985 ) , ch. 1 Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 14 Jump up ^ Ellis , pp. 38 , 69 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 13 Jump up ^ Higginbotham ( 1985 ) , pp. 14 -- 15 ^ Jump up to : Chernow , ch. 8 , last paragraphs Jump up ^ Ellis and Ferling , for example , do not discuss this stance in reference to Washington 's French and Indian War service , and cast it almost exclusively in terms of his negative experiences dealing with the Continental Congress during the Revolution . See Ellis , p. 218 , Ferling ( 2010 ) , pp. 32 -- 33,200,258 -- 272,316 . Don Higginbotham places Washington 's first formal advocacy of a strong central government in 1783 ( Higginbotham ( 2004 ) , p. 37 ) . Jump up ^ Higginbotham ( 1985 ) , pp. 22 -- 25 Jump up ^ Freeman and Harwell , pp. 136 -- 137 Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 39 Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2010 ) , p. 50 Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 40 Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2010 ) , pp. 75 -- 76 Jump up ^ Ellis , pp. 69 -- 71 Jump up ^ See e.g. Ferling ( 2010 ) , chapters 3 -- 11 Jump up ^ Lengel , pp. 360 -- 364 Jump up ^ Grizzard , pp. 105 -- 107 References ( edit ) Further information : Bibliography of George Washington Anderson , Fred ( 2000 ) . Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . New York : Alfred Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 40642 - 3 . OCLC 237426391 . Chernow , Ron ( 2010 ) . Washington : A Life . New York : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 266 - 7 . OCLC 535490473 . Ellis , Joseph ( 2004 ) . His Excellency : George Washington . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 3253 - 2 . OCLC 398070302 . Ferling , John E ( 1989 ) . The First of Men : A Life of George Washington . Knoxville , TN : University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87049 - 628 - 8 . OCLC 55550058 . Ferling , John E ( 2002 ) . Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515084 - 1 . OCLC 263712559 . Ferling , John E ( 2010 ) . The Ascent of George Washington : The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon . New York : Bloomsbury Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60819 - 095 - 9 . OCLC 462908150 . Fischer , David Hackett ( 2004 ) . Washington 's Crossing . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 518159 - X . Flexner , James Thomas ( 1974 ) . Washington : The Indispensable Man . Boston , MA : Little , Brown . OCLC 450725539 . Single - volume condensation of Flexner 's popular four - volume biography . Freeman , Douglas S ( 1948 -- 1957 ) . George Washington : A Biography . New York : Scribner . OCLC 425613 . Seven volumes scholarly biography , winner of the Pulitzer Prize . Freeman , Douglas S ; Harwell , Richard ( 1968 ) . Washington . New York : Scribner . OCLC 426557 . Abridgement of Freeman 's multivolume biography . Grizzard , Frank E. , Jr ( 2005 ) . George ! A Guide to All Things Washington . Buena Vista and Charlottesville , VA : Mariner Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9768238 - 0 - 3 . OCLC 232006080 . Higginbotham , Don ( 1985 ) . George Washington and the American Military Tradition . Athens , GA : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 0786 - 2 . OCLC 489783125 . Higginbotham , Don ( 2001 ) . George Washington Reconsidered . Charlottesville , VA : University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2006 - 1 . OCLC 231871657 . Higginbotham , Don ( 2004 ) . George Washington : Uniting a Nation . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2209 - 1 . OCLC 60832326 . Lengel , Edward ( 2005 ) . General George Washington . New York : Random House Trade Paperbacks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 6950 - 4 . OCLC 255642134 . O'Meara , Walter ( 1965 ) . Guns at the Forks . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . OCLC 21999143 . External links ( edit ) George Washington in the French and Indian War ( George Washington 's Mount Vernon ) Further reading ( edit ) See George Washington bibliography for a listing of general works about Washington . See French and Indian War and Seven Years ' War for general bibliographies about the war . Works specifically about Washington and Virginia in this time period include : Alden , John Richard ( 1973 ) . Robert Dinwiddie : Servant of the Crown . Williamsburg , VA : Colonial Williamsburg . OCLC 1743718 . Ambler , Charles ( 2006 ) ( 1936 ) . George Washington and the West . Whitefish , MT : Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 548 - 14671 - 2 . OCLC 235951055 . Gist , Christopher ( 1893 ) . Christopher Gist 's Journals . Pittsburgh , PA : J.R. Weldin . OCLC 3759083 . Journals of Ohio Company frontiersman who accompanied Washington in 1753 . Hofstra , Warren ( 1998 ) . George Washington and the Virginia Backcountry . Madison , WI : Madison House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945612 - 50 - 6 . OCLC 34515281 . Knollenberg , Bernard ( 1964 ) . George Washington , the Virginia Period , 1732 -- 1775 . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . OCLC 426483 . Koontz , Louis Knott ( 1941 ) . Robert Dinwiddie , his Career in American Colonial Government and Westward Expansion . Glendale , CA : Arthur H. Clark . OCLC 308333 . Lewis , Thomas A ( 1992 ) . For King and Country : the Maturing of George Washington , 1748 -- 1760 . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 016777 - 6 . OCLC 191122817 . Washington , George ( 1754 ) . The Journal of Major George Washington . Williamsburg , VA : T. Jefferys . OCLC 47885920 . Printing of Washington 's 1753 journal . Washington , George ; Toner , Joseph ( 1893 ) . Journal of Colonel George Washington . Albany , NY : J. Munsell 's Sons . OCLC 317621479 . Printing of Washington 's 1754 journal . Washington , George ; Abbot , W.W. ; Twohig , Dorothy ; Chase , Philander ( 1983 -- 1995 ) . The Papers of George Washington : the Colonial Period . Charlottesville , VA : University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 0912 - 7 . OCLC 7947187 . Ten volume set of Washington 's papers up to 1775 . George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief , Continental Army Aides - de-camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Resignation as commander - in - chief Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman , 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr. President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House , First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House , Second Presidential Mansion President 's House , Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington , D.C. 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"Washington's party reached Fort LeBoeuf on December 11, in the middle of a raging snowstorm.[14] The French commander, Captain Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, received them with hospitality; however, in response to Dinwiddie's demands, he pointed out that the letter was more properly addressed to his superior, New France's governor the Marquis Duquesne.[17] The letter Legardeur drafted in response to Dinwiddie's was clear and to the point: \"as to the summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it.\"[17] Washington took careful notes of the military arrangements at both forts before departing on December 16.[17] He was somewhat concerned by the fact that Tanacharison and his men remained behind for further discussions with the French; he wrote, \"I saw that every strategem which the most fruitful brain could invent, was practiced to win Half King to their interest\".[18] He returned to Williamsburg after a month of difficult travel.[17] Dinwiddie had Washington's account of the expedition widely distributed to emphasize the French threat. It was printed on both sides of the Atlantic, giving Washington an international reputation.[19]"
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"Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre"
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4590402614839296863 | Military history of the United States during World War II | Military history of the United States during World war II - Wikipedia Military history of the United States during World war II See also : United States Navy in World War II and Military history of the Philippines during World War II Two U.S. B - 17 Flying Fortresses in flight over Europe . Key American military officials in Europe . U.S. Marine Corps with the nation 's flag during the Battle of Iwo Jima . The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany , Italy , Japan and starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor . During the first two years of World War II , the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made officially in the Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937 , while supplying Britain , the Soviet Union , and China with war materiel through the Lend - Lease Act which was signed into law on 11 March 1941 , as well as deploying the U.S. military to replace the British invasion forces in Iceland . In the Pacific Theater , there was unofficial early U.S. combat activity such as the Flying Tigers . During the war , over 16 million Americans served in the United States Armed Forces , with 405,399 killed in action and 671,278 wounded . There were also 130,201 American prisoners of war , of whom 116,129 returned home after the war . Key civilian advisors to President Roosevelt included Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson , who mobilized the nation 's industries and induction centers to supply the Army , commanded by General George Marshall and the Army Air Forces under General Hap Arnold . The Navy , led by Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox and Admiral Ernest King , proved more autonomous . Overall priorities were set by Roosevelt and the Joint Chiefs of Staff , chaired by William Leahy . Highest priority went to the defeat of Germany in Europe , but first the war against Japan in the Pacific was more urgent after the sinking of the main battleship fleet at Pearl Harbor . Admiral King put Admiral Chester W. Nimitz , based in Hawaii , in charge of the Pacific War against Japan . The result was a series of some of the most famous naval battles in history . The Imperial Japanese Navy had the advantage , taking the Philippines as well as British and Dutch possessions , and threatening Australia but in June 1942 , its main carriers were sunk during the Battle of Midway , and the Americans seized the initiative . The Pacific War became one of island hopping , so as to move air bases closer and closer to Japan . The Army , based in Australia under General Douglas MacArthur , steadily advanced across New Guinea to the Philippines , with plans to invade the Japanese home islands in late 1945 . With its merchant fleet sunk by American submarines , Japan ran short of aviation gasoline and fuel oil , as the U.S. Navy in June 1944 captured islands within bombing range of the Japanese home islands . Strategic bombing directed by General Curtis Lemay destroyed all the major Japanese cities , as the U.S. captured Okinawa after heavy losses in spring 1945 . With the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and an invasion and Soviet intervention imminent , Japan surrendered . The war against Germany involved aid to Britain , her allies , and the Soviet Union , with the U.S. supplying munitions until it could ready an invasion force . U.S. forces were first tested to a limited degree in the North African Campaign and then employed more significantly with British Forces in Italy in 1943 -- 45 , where U.S. forces , representing about a third of the Allied forces deployed , bogged down after Italy surrendered and the Germans took over . Finally the main invasion of France took place in June 1944 , under General Dwight D. Eisenhower . Meanwhile , the U.S. Army Air Forces and the British Royal Air Force engaged in the area bombardment of German cities and systematically targeted German transportation links and synthetic oil plants , as it knocked out what was left of the Luftwaffe post Battle of Britain in 1944 . With the Soviets unstoppable in the east , and the Allies unstoppable in the west , Germany was squeezed to death . Berlin fell to the Soviets in May 1945 , and with Adolf Hitler dead , the Germans surrendered . The military effort was strongly supported by civilians on the home front , who provided the military personnel , the munitions , the money , and the morale to fight the war to victory . World War II cost the United States an estimated $341 billion in 1945 dollars -- equivalent to 74 % of America 's GDP and expenditures during the war . In 2015 dollars , the war cost over $4.5 trillion . Contents 1 Origins 1.1 American volunteers 1.2 Command system 2 Lend - Lease and Iceland Occupation 3 European and North African Theaters 3.1 Europe first 3.2 Battle of the Atlantic 3.3 Operation Torch 3.4 Allied victory in North Africa 3.5 Invasion of Sicily and Italy 3.6 Strategic bombing 3.7 Operation Overlord 3.8 Battle of Saint - Lô 3.9 Battle of Carentan 3.10 Operation Cobra 3.11 Operation Lüttich 3.12 Falaise Pocket 3.13 Operation Dragoon 3.14 Operation Market Garden 3.15 Operation Queen 3.16 Battle of the Bulge 3.17 Colmar Pocket 3.18 Invasion of Germany 3.19 South German Offensive 3.20 Race to Berlin 4 Pacific Theater 4.1 The Attack on Pearl Harbor 4.2 Fall of the Philippines and Dutch East Indies 4.3 Solomon Islands and New Guinea Campaign 4.4 Battle of the Coral Sea 4.5 Battle of the Aleutian Islands 4.6 Battle of Midway 4.7 Island hopping 4.7. 1 Air strategy 4.7. 1.1 Building airfields 4.7. 2 Combat experience 4.7. 3 Marine Aviation and the issue of ground support 4.7. 4 Guadalcanal 4.7. 5 Tarawa 4.7. 6 Operations in Central Pacific 4.7. 7 Liberation of the Philippines 4.7. 8 Iwo Jima 4.7. 9 Okinawa 4.7. 10 Strategic Bombing of Japan 4.7. 11 Kamikaze 4.7. 12 U.S. submarines in the Pacific 4.7. 13 Atomic bombing of Japanese cities 5 Minor American front 6 Planned attacks on the United States 7 Other units and services 8 Timeline 8.1 European and Mediterranean Theater 8.2 Pacific Theater 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Air Force 11.2 Army 11.3 Europe 11.4 Marines 11.5 Navy 11.6 Pacific 11.7 Biographies 12 External links Origins ( edit ) Periods in United States history ( hide ) Colonial period 1607 -- 1775 American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Confederation Period 1783 -- 1788 Federalist Era 1788 -- 1801 Jeffersonian Era 1801 -- 1817 Era of Good Feelings 1817 -- 1825 Jacksonian Era 1825 -- 1849 Civil War era 1849 -- 1865 Reconstruction era 1865 -- 1877 Gilded Age 1870s -- c. 1900 Progressive Era 1897 -- 1920 Roaring Twenties 1920 -- 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1939 World War II 1941 -- 1945 Postwar era 1945 -- 1964 Civil Rights era 1964 -- 1980 Reagan Era 1981 -- present Timeline American public opinion was hostile to Hitler 's Germany , but how much aid to give the Allies was controversial . Public opinion was even more hostile to Japan , and there was little opposition to increased support for China . By 1940 the U.S. , while still neutral , was becoming the `` Arsenal of Democracy '' for the Allies , supplying money and war materials . The sudden defeat of France in spring 1940 caused the nation to begin to greatly grow its armed forces , including the first peacetime draft . After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 , America began sending Lend Lease aid to the Soviet Union as well as Britain and China . American volunteers ( edit ) American pilots of No 71 ' Eagle ' Squadron rush to their Hawker Hurricanes , 17 March 1941 . P - 40 's of 3rd Squadron , 1st American Volunteer Group `` Flying Tigers '' flying over China , 28 May 1942 Prior to America 's entry into World War II in December 1941 , individual Americans volunteered to fight against the Axis powers in other nations ' armed forces . Although under American law , it was illegal for United States citizens to join the armed forces of foreign nations and in doing so , they lost their citizenship , many American volunteers changed their nationality to Canadian . However Congress passed a blanket pardon in 1944 . American mercenary Colonel Charles Sweeny living in London began recruiting American citizens to fight as a U.S. volunteer detachment in the French Air force , however France fell before this was implemented . During the Battle of Britain , 11 American pilots flew in the RAF , one of whom was killed . Charles Sweeney 's nephew , also called Charles formed a Home Guard unit from American volunteers living in London . One notable example was the Eagle Squadrons , these being RAF Squadrons made up of American volunteers and British personnel . The first was formed ; No. 71 Squadron on 19 September 1940 by followed by No. 121 Squadron on 14 May 1941 and No. 133 Squadron on 1 August 1941 . 6,700 Americans applied to join but only 244 Americans got to serve with the three Eagle Squadrons , 16 Britons also served as squadron and flight commanders . The first became operational in February 1941 and the Squadrons scored their first kill in July 1941 . On 29 September 1942 , the three squadrons were officially turned over by the RAF to the Eighth Air Force of the U.S. Army Air Forces and became the 4th Fighter Group . In their time with the RAF the squadrons claim to have shot 731⁄2 German planes ; 77 Americans and 5 Britons were killed . Another notable example was the Flying Tigers , created by Claire L. Chennault , a retired U.S. Army Air Corps officer working in the China since August 1937 , first as military aviation advisor to Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek in the early months of the Sino - Japanese War . Officially known as the 1st American Volunteer Group ( AVG ) but nicknamed the `` Flying Tigers '' , this was a group of American Pilots already serving in the US Armed forces and recruited under presidential authority . As a unit they would serve in the Chinese Air Force to fight against the Japanese . The group comprised three fighter squadrons of around thirty aircraft each , the AVG 's first combat mission was on 20 December 1941 , twelve days after the Pearl Harbor attack . On 4 July 1942 the AVG was disbanded , it was replaced by the 23rd Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Forces , which was later absorbed into the U.S. Fourteenth Air Force . During their time in the Chinese Air Force , they succeeded in destroying 296 enemy aircraft , while losing only fourteen pilots in combat . Command system ( edit ) In 1942 President Franklin D. Roosevelt set up a new command structure to provide leadership in the US Armed Forces while retaining authority as Commander - in - Chief as assisted by Secretary of War Henry Stimson with Admiral Ernest J. King as Chief of Naval Operations in complete control of the Navy and of the Marine Corps through its Commandant , then Lt. General Thomas Holcomb and his successor as Commandant of the Marine Corps , Lt. General Alexander Vandegrift , General George C. Marshall in charge of the Army , and in nominal control of the Air Force , which in practice was commanded by General Hap Arnold on Marshall 's behalf . King was also in control for wartime being of the US Coast Guard under its Commandant , Admiral Russell R. Waesche . Roosevelt formed a new body , the Joint Chiefs of Staff , which made the final decisions on American military strategy and as the chief policy - making body for the armed forces . The Joint Chiefs was a White House agency chaired by Admiral William D. Leahy , who became FDR 's chief military advisor and the highest military officer of the US at that time . As the war progressed Marshall became the dominant voice in the JCS in the shaping of strategy . When dealing with Europe , the Joint Chiefs met with their British counterparts and formed the Combined Chiefs of Staff . Unlike the political leaders of the other major powers , Roosevelt rarely overrode his military advisors . The civilians handled the draft and procurement of men and equipment , but no civilians -- not even the secretaries of War or Navy , had a voice in strategy . Roosevelt avoided the State Department and conducted high level diplomacy through his aides , especially Harry Hopkins . Since Hopkins also controlled $50 billion in Lend Lease funds given to the Allies , they paid attention to him . Lend - Lease and Iceland occupation ( edit ) Main articles : Lend - Lease and First engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor § Attacks by the U.S. military `` Without American production , the United Nations could never have won the war . '' -- Joseph Stalin during a dinner at the Tehran Conference , 1943 Main article : Invasion of Iceland The year 1940 marked a change in attitude in the United States . The German victories in France , Poland and elsewhere , combined with the Battle of Britain , led many Americans to believe that the United States would be forced to fight soon . In March 1941 , the Lend - Lease program began shipping money , munitions , and food to Britain , China , and ( by that fall ) the Soviet Union . By 1941 the United States was taking an active part in the war , despite its nominal neutrality . In spring U-boats began their `` wolf - pack '' tactics which threatened to sever the trans - Atlantic supply line ; Roosevelt extended the Pan-American Security Zone east almost as far as Iceland . The US Navy 's `` neutrality patrols '' were anything but , as in practice their function was to report Axis ship and submarine sightings to the British and Canadian navies , and from April the US Navy began escorting Allied convoys from Canada as far as the `` Mid-Atlantic Meeting Point '' ( MOMP ) south of Iceland , where they handed off to the RN . On 16 June 1941 , after negotiation with Churchill , Roosevelt ordered the United States occupation of Iceland to replace the British invasion forces . On 22 June 1941 , the US Navy sent Task Force 19 ( TF 19 ) from Charleston , South Carolina to assemble at Argentia , Newfoundland . TF 19 included 25 warships and the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade of 194 officers and 3714 men from San Diego , California under the command of Brigadier General John Marston . Task Force 19 ( TF 19 ) sailed from Argentia on 1 July . On 7 July , Britain persuaded the Althing to approve an American occupation force under a U.S. - Icelandic defense agreement , and TF 19 anchored off Reykjavík that evening . U.S. Marines commenced landing on 8 July , and disembarkation was completed on 12 July . On 6 August , the U.S. Navy established an air base at Reykjavík with the arrival of Patrol Squadron VP - 73 PBY Catalinas and VP - 74 PBM Mariners . U.S. Army personnel began arriving in Iceland in August , and the Marines had been transferred to the Pacific by March 1942 . Up to 40,000 U.S. military personnel were stationed on the island , outnumbering adult Icelandic men ( at the time , Iceland had a population of about 120,000 . ) The agreement was for the US military to remain until the end of the war ( although the US military presence in Iceland remained through 2006 , as postwar Iceland became a member of NATO ) . American warships escorting Allied convoys in the western Atlantic had several hostile encounters with U-boats . On 4 September , a German U-Boat attacked the destroyer USS Greer off Iceland . A week later Roosevelt ordered American warships to attack U-boats on sight . A U-boat shot up the USS Kearny as it escorted a British merchant convoy . The USS Reuben James was sunk by U-552 on 31 October 1941 . European and north African theaters ( edit ) Hitler declares war against the United States on 11 December 1941 . On 11 December 1941 , Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany declared war against the United States , the same day that the United States declared war on Germany and Italy . Europe first ( edit ) Main article : Europe first See also : European Theater of Operations , United States Army The conquests and allies of Nazi Germany . The established grand strategy of the Allies was to defeat Germany and its allies in Europe first , and then focus could shift towards Japan in the Pacific . This was because two of the Allied capitals ( London and Moscow ) could be directly threatened by Germany , but none of the major Allied capitals were threatened by Japan . Germany was the United Kingdom 's primary threat , especially after the Fall of France in 1940 , which saw Germany overrun most of the countries of Western Europe , leaving the United Kingdom alone to combat Germany . Germany 's planned invasion of the UK , Operation Sea Lion , was averted by its failure to establish air superiority in the Battle of Britain . At the same time , war with Japan in East Asia seemed increasingly likely . Although the U.S. was not yet at war with either Germany or Japan , it met with the UK on several occasions to formulate joint strategies . In the 29 March 1941 report of the ABC - 1 conference , the Americans and British agreed that their strategic objectives were : ( 1 ) `` The early defeat of Germany as the predominant member of the Axis with the principal military effort of the United States being exerted in the Atlantic and European area ; and ( 2 ) A strategic defensive in the Far East . '' Thus , the Americans concurred with the British in the grand strategy of `` Europe first '' ( or `` Germany first '' ) in carrying out military operations in World War II . The UK feared that , if the United States was diverted from its main focus in Europe to the Pacific ( Japan ) , Hitler might crush both the Soviet Union and Britain , and would then become an unconquerable fortress in Europe . The wound inflicted on the United States by Japan at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 , did not result in a change in U.S. policy . Prime Minister Winston Churchill hastened to Washington shortly after Pearl Harbor for the Arcadia Conference to ensure that the Americans did n't have second thoughts about Europe First . The two countries reaffirmed that , `` notwithstanding the entry of Japan into the War , our view remains that Germany is still the prime enemy . And her defeat is the key to victory . Once Germany is defeated the collapse of Italy and the defeat of Japan must follow . '' Battle of the Atlantic ( edit ) Main article : Battle of the Atlantic The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II , running from 1939 to the defeat of Germany in 1945 . At its core was the Allied naval blockade of Germany , announced the day after the declaration of war , and Germany 's subsequent counter-blockade . It was at its height from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943 . The Battle of the Atlantic pitted U-boats and other warships of the Kriegsmarine ( German navy ) and aircraft of the Luftwaffe ( German Air Force ) against the Royal Canadian Navy , Royal Navy , the United States Navy , and Allied merchant shipping . The convoys , coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union , were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces . These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States from September 13 , 1941 . The Germans were joined by submarines of the Italian Royal Navy ( Regia Marina ) after their Axis ally Italy entered the war on June 10 , 1940 . Operation Torch ( edit ) Main article : Operation Torch American troops on board a landing craft going in to land at Oran . November 1942 . The United States entered the war in the west with Operation Torch on 8 November 1942 , after their Soviet allies had pushed for a second front against the Germans . General Dwight Eisenhower commanded the assault on North Africa , and Major General George Patton struck at Casablanca . Allied victory in north Africa ( edit ) Main article : North African Campaign The United States did not have a smooth entry into the war against Nazi Germany . Early in 1943 , the U.S. Army suffered a near - disastrous defeat at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass in February . The senior Allied leadership was primarily to blame for the loss as internal bickering between American General Lloyd Fredendall and the British led to mistrust and little communication , causing inadequate troop placements . The defeat could be considered a major turning point , however , because General Eisenhower replaced Fredendall with General Patton . Slowly the Allies stopped the German advance in Tunisia and by March were pushing back . In mid April , under British General Bernard Montgomery , the Allies smashed through the Mareth Line and broke the Axis defense in North Africa . On 13 May 1943 , Axis troops in North Africa surrendered , leaving behind 275,000 men . Allied efforts turned towards Sicily and Italy . The situation south of Rome showing German prepared defensive lines Invasion of Sicily and Italy ( edit ) Main articles : Allied invasion of Sicily and Allied invasion of Italy The first stepping stone for the Allied liberation of Europe was , in Prime Minister Winston Churchill 's words , the `` soft underbelly '' of Europe on the Italian island of Sicily . Launched on 9 July 1943 , Operation Husky was , at the time , the largest amphibious operation ever undertaken . The American seaborne assault by the U.S. 7th Army landed on the southern coast of Sicily between the town of Licata in the west , and Scoglitti in the east and units of the 82nd airborne division parachuted ahead of landings . Despite the elements , the operation was a success and the Allies immediately began exploiting their gains . On 11 August , seeing that the battle was lost , the German and Italian commanders began evacuating their forces from Sicily to Italy . On 17 August , the Allies were in control of the island , U.S. 7th Army lost 8,781 men ( 2,237 killed or missing , 5,946 wounded , and 598 captured ) . Following the Allied victory in Sicily , Italian public sentiment swung against the war and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini . He was deposed in a coup , and the Allies struck quickly , hoping resistance would be slight . The first Allied troops landed on the Italian peninsula on 3 September 1943 and Italy surrendered on 8 September , however the Italian Social Republic was established soon afterwards . The first American troops landed at Salerno on 9 September 1943 , by U.S. 5th Army , however German troops in Italy were prepared and after the Allied troops at Salerno had consolidated their beachhead , The Germans launched fierce counterattacks . However they failed to destroy the beachhead and retreated on 16 September and in October 1943 began preparing a series of defensive lines across central Italy . The US 5th Army and other Allied armies broke through the first two lines ( Volturno and the Barbara Line ) in October and November 1943 . As winter approached , the Allies made slow progress due to the weather and the difficult terrain against the heavily defended German Winter Line , they did however manage to breakthrough the Bernhardt Line in January 1944 . By early 1944 the Allied attention had turned to the western front and the Allies were taking heavy losses trying to breakthrough the Winter line at Monte Cassino . The Allies landed at Anzio on 22 January 1944 with the aim of outflanking the Gustav line and pulling Axis forces out of it so other allied armies could breakthrough . After slow progress , the Germans counterattacked in February but failed to stamp out the Allies , after months of stalemate , the Allies broke out in May 1944 and Rome fell to the Allies on 4 June 1944 . Following the Normandy invasion on 6 June 1944 , the equivalent of seven US and French divisions were pulled out of Italy to Participate in Operation Dragoon : the allied landings in southern France , despite this the remaining US forces in Italy with other Allied forces pushed up to the Gothic line in northern Italy , the last major defensive line . From August 1944 to March 1945 the Allies managed to breach the formidable defenses but they narrowly failed to break out into the Lombardy Plains before the winter weather closed in and made further progress impossible . In April 1945 the Allies broke through the remaining Axis positions in Operation Grapeshot ending the Italian Campaign on 2 May 1945 , US forces in mainland Italy suffered between 114,000 and over 119,000 casualties . Strategic bombing ( edit ) Main articles : Strategic bombing during World War II § US bombing in Europe , and Air warfare of World War II § United States : Army Air Forces B - 17s in flight Maj. Gen. Jimmy Doolittle , 8th Air Force Commander from January 1944 to V-E Day North American P - 51 Mustang , 26 July 1944 Republic P - 47D Thunderbolt , 1943 Numerous bombing runs were launched by the United States aimed at the industrial heart of Germany . Using the high altitude B - 17 , it was necessary for the raids to be conducted in daylight for the drops to be accurate . As adequate fighter escort was rarely available , the bombers would fly in tight , box formations , allowing each bomber to provide overlapping machine - gun fire for defense . The tight formations made it impossible to evade fire from Luftwaffe fighters , however , and American bomber crew losses were high . One such example was the Schweinfurt - Regensburg mission , which resulted in staggering losses of men and equipment . The introduction of the revered P - 51 Mustang , which had enough fuel to make a round trip to Germany 's heartland , helped to reduce losses later in the war . In mid-1942 , the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) arrived in the UK and carried out a few raids across the English Channel . The USAAF Eighth Air Force 's B - 17 bombers were called the `` Flying Fortresses '' because of their heavy defensive armament of ten to twelve machine guns , and armor plating in vital locations . In part because of their heavier armament and armor , they carried smaller bomb loads than British bombers . With all of this , the USAAF 's commanders in Washington , DC , and in Great Britain adopted the strategy of taking on the Luftwaffe head on , in larger and larger air raids by mutually defending bombers , flying over Germany , Austria , and France at high altitudes during the daytime . Also , both the U.S. Government and its Army Air Forces commanders were reluctant to bomb enemy cities and towns indiscriminately . They claimed that by using the B - 17 and the Norden bombsight , the USAAF should be able to carry out `` precision bombing '' on locations vital to the German war machine : factories , naval bases , shipyards , railroad yards , railroad junctions , power plants , steel mills , airfields , etc . In January 1943 , at the Casablanca Conference , it was agreed RAF Bomber Command operations against Germany would be reinforced by the USAAF in a Combined Operations Offensive plan called Operation Pointblank . Chief of the British Air Staff MRAF Sir Charles Portal was put in charge of the `` strategic direction '' of both British and American bomber operations . The text of the Casablanca directive read : `` Your primary object will be the progressive destruction and dislocation of the German military , industrial and economic system and the undermining of the morale of the German people to a point where their capacity for armed resistance is fatally weakened . '' , At the beginning of the combined strategic bombing offensive on 4 March 1943 669 RAF and 303 USAAF heavy bombers were available . In the late 1943 , the ' Pointblank ' attacks manifested themselves in the infamous Schweinfurt raids ( first and second ) . Formations of unescorted bombers were no match for German fighters , which inflicted a deadly toll . In despair , the Eighth halted air operations over Germany until a long - range fighter could be found in 1944 ; it proved to be the P - 51 Mustang , which had the range to fly to Berlin and back . USAAF leaders firmly held to the claim of `` precision bombing '' of military targets for much of the war , and dismissed claims they were simply bombing cities . However the American Eighth Air Force received the first H2X radar sets in December 1943 . Within two weeks of the arrival of these first six sets , the Eighth command gave permission for them to area bomb a city using H2X and would continue to authorize , on average , about one such attack a week until the end of the war in Europe . In reality , the day bombing was `` precision bombing '' only in the sense that most bombs fell somewhere near a specific designated target such as a railway yard . Conventionally , the air forces designated as `` the target area '' a circle having a radius of 1000 feet around the aiming point of attack . While accuracy improved during the war , Survey studies show that , in the over-all , only about 20 % of the bombs aimed at precision targets fell within this target area . In the fall of 1944 , only seven percent of all bombs dropped by the Eighth Air Force hit within 1,000 feet of their aim point . The only offensive ordnance possessed by the USAAF that was guidable , the VB - 1 Azon , saw very limited service in both Europe and in the CBI Theater late in the war . Nevertheless , the sheer tonnage of explosive delivered by day and by night was eventually sufficient to cause widespread damage , and , more importantly from a military point of view , forced Germany to divert resources to counter it . This was to be the real significance of the Allied strategic bombing campaign -- resource allocation . For the sake of improving the US air - force Fire bombing capabilities a mock - up German Village was built up and repeatedly burned down . It contained full - scale replicas of German residential homes . Fire bombing attacks proved quite successful , in a single 1943 attack on Hamburg roughly 50,000 civilians were killed and practically the entire city destroyed . With the arrival of the brand - new Fifteenth Air Force , based in Italy , command of the U.S. Air Forces in Europe was consolidated into the United States Strategic Air Forces ( USSTAF ) . With the addition of the Mustang to its strength , the Combined Bomber Offensive was resumed . Planners targeted the Luftwaffe in an operation known as ' Big Week ' ( 20 -- 25 February 1944 ) and succeeded brilliantly -- losses were so heavy German planners were forced into a hasty dispersal of industry and the day fighter arm never fully recovered . The dismissal of General Ira Eaker at the end of 1943 as commander of the Eighth Air Force and his replacement by American aviation legend , Maj. Gen Jimmy Doolittle signaled a change in how the American bombing effort went forward over Europe . Doolittle 's major influence on the European air war occurred early in the year when he changed the policy requiring escorting fighters to remain with the bombers at all times . With his permission , initially performed with P - 38s and P - 47s with both previous types being steadily replaced with the long - ranged P - 51s as the spring of 1944 wore on , American fighter pilots on bomber defense missions would primarily be flying far ahead of the bombers ' combat box formations in air supremacy mode , literally `` clearing the skies '' of any Luftwaffe fighter opposition heading towards the target . This strategy fatally disabled the twin - engined Zerstörergeschwader heavy fighter wings and their replacement , single - engined Sturmgruppen of heavily armed Fw 190As , clearing each force of bomber destroyers in their turn from Germany 's skies throughout most of 1944 . As part of this game - changing strategy , especially after the bombers had hit their targets , the USAAF 's fighters were then free to strafe German airfields and transport while returning to base , contributing significantly to the achievement of air superiority by Allied air forces over Europe . On 27 March 1944 , the Combined Chiefs of Staff issued orders granting control of all the Allied air forces in Europe , including strategic bombers , to General Dwight D. Eisenhower , the Supreme Allied Commander , who delegated command to his deputy in SHAEF Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder . There was resistance to this order from some senior figures , including Winston Churchill , Harris , and Carl Spaatz , but after some debate , control passed to SHAEF on 1 April 1944 . When the Combined Bomber Offensive officially ended on 1 April , Allied airmen were well on the way to achieving air superiority over all of Europe . While they continued some strategic bombing , the USAAF along with the RAF turned their attention to the tactical air battle in support of the Normandy Invasion . It was not until the middle of September that the strategic bombing campaign of Germany again became the priority for the USSTAF . The twin campaigns -- the USAAF by day , the RAF by night -- built up into massive bombing of German industrial areas , notably the Ruhr , followed by attacks directly on cities such as Hamburg , Kassel , Pforzheim , Mainz and the often - criticized bombing of Dresden . Operation Overlord ( edit ) General Eisenhower speaks with members of the 101st Airborne Division on the evening of 5 June 1944 American troops approaching Omaha Beach 2nd Infantry Division troops and equipment going up the bluff from Omaha Beach to Saint - Laurent - sur - Mer on D + 1 , 7 June 1944 . German prisoners of war escorted by American soldiers in Cherbourg , 1944 . Main article : Operation Overlord The second European front that the Soviets had pressed for was finally opened on 6 June 1944 , when the Allies attacked the heavily fortified Atlantic Wall . Supreme Allied commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower had delayed the attack because of bad weather , but finally the largest amphibious assault in history began . After prolonged bombing runs on the French coast by the Army Air Forces , 225 U.S. Army Rangers scaled the cliffs at Pointe du Hoc under intense enemy fire and destroyed the German gun emplacements that could have threatened the amphibious landings . Also prior to the main amphibious assault , the American 82nd and 101st Airborne divisions dropped behind the beaches into Nazi - occupied France , in an effort to protect the coming landings . Many of the paratroopers were not dropped on their intended landing zones and were scattered throughout Normandy . As the paratroops fought their way through the hedgerows , the main amphibious landings began . The Americans came ashore at the beaches codenamed ' Omaha ' and ' Utah ' . The landing craft bound for Utah , as with so many other units , went off course , coming ashore two kilometers off target . The 4th Infantry Division faced weak resistance during the landings and by the afternoon were linked up with paratroopers fighting their way towards the coast . At Omaha the Germans had prepared the beaches with land mines , Czech hedgehogs and Belgian Gates in anticipation of the invasion . Intelligence prior to the landings had placed the less experienced German 714th Division in charge of the defense of the beach . However , the highly trained and experienced 352nd moved in days before the invasion . As a result , the soldiers from the 1st and 29th Infantry Divisions became pinned down by superior enemy fire immediately after leaving their landing craft . In some instances , entire landing craft full of men were mowed down by the well - positioned German defenses . As the casualties mounted , the soldiers formed impromptu units and advanced inland . The small units then fought their way through the minefields that were in between the Nazi machine - gun bunkers . After squeezing through , they then attacked the bunkers from the rear , allowing more men to come safely ashore . By the end of the day , the Americans suffered over 6,000 casualties . Omaha Beach is the code name for one of the five sectors of the Allied invasion of German - occupied France in the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 , during World War II . The beach is located on the coast of Normandy , France , facing the English Channel , and is 5 miles ( 8 km ) long , from east of Sainte - Honorine - des - Pertes to west of Vierville - sur - Mer on the right bank of the Douve River estuary . Landings here were necessary in order to link up the British landings to the east at Gold Beach with the American landing to the west at Utah Beach , thus providing a continuous lodgement on the Normandy coast of the Bay of the Seine . Taking Omaha was to be the responsibility of United States Army troops , with sea transport and naval artillery support provided by the U.S. Navy and elements of the British Royal Navy . On D - Day , the untested 29th Infantry Division , joined by the veteran 1st Infantry Division and nine companies of U.S. Army Rangers redirected from Pointe du Hoc , were to assault the western half of the beach . The battle - hardened 1st Infantry Division was given the eastern half . The initial assault waves , consisting of tanks , infantry , and combat engineer forces , were carefully planned to reduce the coastal defenses and allow the larger ships of the follow - up waves to land . The primary objective at Omaha was to secure a beachhead of some five miles ( eight kilometres ) depth , between Port - en - Bessin and the Vire River , linking with the British landings at Gold Beach to the east , and reaching the area of Isigny to the west to link up with VII Corps landing at Utah Beach . Opposing the landings was the German 352nd Infantry Division , a large portion of whom were teenagers , though they were supplemented by veterans who had fought on the Eastern Front . The 352nd had never had any battalion or regimental training . Of the 12,020 men of the division , only 6,800 were experienced combat troops , detailed to defend a 53 - kilometre - long ( 33 - mile ) front . The Germans were largely deployed in strongpoints along the coast -- the German strategy was based on defeating any seaborne assault at the water line . Nevertheless , Allied calculations indicated that Omaha 's defenses were three times as strong as those they had encountered during the Battle of Kwajalein , and its defenders were four times as many . Very little went as planned during the landing at Omaha Beach . Difficulties in navigation caused the majority of landing craft to miss their targets throughout the day . The defenses were unexpectedly strong , and inflicted heavy casualties on landing US troops . Under heavy fire , the engineers struggled to clear the beach obstacles ; later landings bunched up around the few channels that were cleared . Weakened by the casualties taken just in landing , the surviving assault troops could not clear the heavily defended exits off the beach . This caused further problems and consequent delays for later landings . Small penetrations were eventually achieved by groups of survivors making improvised assaults , scaling the bluffs between the most heavily defended points . By the end of the day , two small isolated footholds had been won , which were subsequently exploited against weaker defenses further inland , thus achieving the original D - Day objectives over the following days . With the Beaches secured , the Allies needed to secure a deep - water port to allow reinforcements to be brought in , with American forces at the base of the Cotentin Peninsula the target was Cherbourg , at the end of the Cotentin . The US VII Corps immediately began making their push after the beaches were secured on 6 June , facing mix of weak regiments and battlegroups from several divisions who used the bocage terrain , flooded fields and narrow roads to their advantage which slowed the American advance . After being reinforced , VII corps took control of the peninsula in fierce fighting on 19 June and launched their assault on Cherbourg on 22 June . The German garrison surrendered on 29 June , but by this time they had destroyed the port facilities , which were not made fully operational until September . Battle of Saint - Lô ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Saint - Lô The Battle of Saint - Lô is one of the three conflicts in the Battle of the Hedgerows ( fr ) , which took place between July 9 -- 24 , 1944 , just before Operation Cobra . Saint - Lô had fallen to Germany in 1940 , and , after the Invasion of Normandy , the Americans targeted the city , as it served as a strategic crossroads . American bombardments caused heavy damage ( up to 95 % of the city was destroyed ) and a high number of casualties , which resulted in the martyr city being called `` The Capital of Ruins '' , popularized in a report by Samuel Beckett Battle of Carentan ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Carentan The Battle of Carentan was an engagement between airborne forces of the United States Army and the German Wehrmacht during the Battle of Normandy . The battle took place between 10 and 15 June 1944 , on the approaches to and within the city of Carentan , France . The objective of the attacking American forces was consolidation of the U.S. beachheads ( Utah Beach and Omaha Beach ) and establishment of a continuous defensive line against expected German counterattacks . The defending German force attempted to hold the city long enough to allow reinforcements en route from the south to arrive , prevent or delay the merging of the lodgments , and keep the U.S. First Army from launching an attack towards Lessay - Périers that would cut off the Cotentin Peninsula . Carentan was defended by two battalions of Fallschirmjäger - Regiment 6 ( 6th Parachute Regiment ) of the 2nd Fallschirmjäger - Division and two Ost battalions . The 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division , ordered to reinforce Carentan , was delayed by transport shortages and attacks by Allied aircraft . The attacking 101st Airborne Division , landed by parachute on 6 June as part of the American airborne landings in Normandy , was ordered to seize Carentan . In the ensuing battle , the 101st forced passage across the causeway into Carentan on 10 and 11 June . A lack of ammunition forced the German forces to withdraw on 12 June . The 17th SS PzG Division counter-attacked the 101st Airborne on 13 June . Initially successful , its attack was thrown back by Combat Command A ( CCA ) of the U.S. 2nd Armored Division Operation Cobra ( edit ) Main article : Operation Cobra After the amphibious assault , the Allied forces remained stalled in Normandy for some time , advancing much more slowly than expected with close - fought infantry battles in the dense hedgerows . However , with Operation Cobra , launched on 24 July with mostly American troops , the Allies succeeded in breaking the German lines and sweeping out into France with fast - moving armored divisions . This led to a major defeat for the Germans , with 400,000 soldiers trapped in the Falaise pocket , and the capture of Paris on 25 August . Operation Lüttich ( edit ) Main article : Operation Lüttich Operation Lüttich was a codename given to a German counter-attack during the Battle of Normandy , which took place around the American positions near Mortain from 7 August to 13 August 1944 . ( Lüttich is the German name for the city of Liège in Belgium , where the Germans had won a victory in the early days of August 1914 during World War I . ) The offensive is also referred to in American and British histories of the Battle of Normandy as the Mortain counter-offensive . The assault was ordered by Adolf Hitler , to eliminate the gains made by the First United States Army during Operation Cobra and the subsequent weeks , and by reaching the coast in the region of Avranches at the base of the Cotentin peninsula , cut off the units of the Third United States Army which had advanced into Brittany . The main German striking force was the XLVII Panzer Corps , with one and a half SS Panzer Divisions and two Wehrmacht Panzer Divisions . Although they made initial gains against the defending U.S. VII Corps , they were soon halted and Allied aircraft inflicted severe losses on the attacking troops , eventually destroying nearly half of the German tanks involved in the attack. ( 2 ) Although fighting continued around Mortain for six days , the American forces had regained the initiative within a day of the opening of the German attack . As the German commanders on the spot had warned Hitler in vain , there was little chance of the attack succeeding , and the concentration of their armoured reserves at the western end of the front in Normandy soon led to disaster , as they were outflanked to their south and the front to their east collapsed , resulting in many of the German troops in Normandy being trapped in the Falaise Pocket . Falaise Pocket ( edit ) Main article : Falaise Pocket Following Operation Cobra , the American breakout from the Normandy beachhead , rapid advances were made to the south and south - east by the Third U.S. Army under the command of General George Patton . Despite lacking the resources to defeat the U.S. breakthrough and simultaneous British and Canadian offensives south of Caumont and Caen , Field Marshal Günther von Kluge , the commander of Army Group B , was not permitted by Adolf Hitler to withdraw but was ordered to conduct a counter-offensive at Mortain against the U.S. breakthrough . Four depleted panzer divisions were not enough to defeat the First U.S. Army . Operation Lüttich was a disaster , which drove the Germans deeper into the Allied envelopment . On 8 August , the Allied ground forces commander , General Bernard Montgomery , ordered the Allied armies to converge on the Falaise -- Chambois area to envelop Army Group B , the First U.S. Army forming the southern arm , the British Second Army the base and the First Canadian Army the northern arm of the encirclement . The Germans began to withdraw on 17 August and on 19 August , the Allies linked up in Chambois . Gaps were forced in the Allied lines by German counter-attacks , the biggest being a corridor forced past the 1st Polish Armoured Division on Hill 262 , a commanding position at the mouth of the pocket . By the evening of 21 August , the pocket had been sealed , with c . 50,000 Germans trapped inside . Many Germans escaped but losses in men and equipment were huge . Two days later the Allied Liberation of Paris was completed and on 30 August , the remnants of Army Group B retreated across the Seine , which ended Operation Overlord . Operation Dragoon ( edit ) Main article : Operation Dragoon On 15 August 1944 , the US 7th Army , spearheaded by the 3rd Infantry Division and 36th Infantry Division and other Allied forces landed in southern France between Cannes and Hyères . The aim of the operation was to secure the southern half of France and one objective in particular was to capture Marseille as a main supply harbor for the Allies in France . The operation was a success and forced the German Army Group G to abandon southern France and to retreat under constant Allied attacks to the Vosges Mountains . By the time the operation finished on 14 September 1944 , US forces suffered 2,050 killed , captured or missing 7,750 other casualties , on 15 September 1944 the Allied forces of the operation were renamed the Sixth Army Group and placed under Eisenhower 's command . Operation Market Garden ( edit ) Main article : Operation Market Garden See also : Operation Market Garden order of battle Paratroopers landing in the Netherlands . The next major Allied operation came on 17 September . Devised by British General Bernard Montgomery , its primary objective was the capture of several bridges in the Netherlands . Fresh off of their successes in Normandy , the Allies were optimistic that an attack on the Nazi - occupied Netherlands would force open a route across the Rhine and onto the North German Plain . Such an opening would allow Allied forces to break out northward and advance toward Denmark and , ultimately , Berlin . The plan involved a daylight drop of the American 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions . The 101st was to capture the bridges at Eindhoven , with the 82nd taking the bridges at Grave and Nijmegen . After the bridges had been captured , the ground force , also known as XXX Corps or `` Garden '' , would drive up a single road and link up with the paratroops . The operation failed because the Allies were unable to capture the bridge furthest to the north at Arnhem . There , the British 1st Airborne had been dropped to secure the bridges , but upon landing they discovered that a highly experienced German SS Panzer unit was garrisoning the town . The paratroopers were only lightly equipped in respect to anti-tank weaponry and quickly lost ground . Failure to quickly relieve those members of the 1st who had managed to seize the bridge at Arnhem on the part of the armored XXX Corps , meant that the Germans were able to stymie the entire operation . In the end , the operation 's ambitious nature , the fickle state of war , and failures on the part of Allied intelligence ( as well as tenacious German defense ) can be blamed for Market - Garden 's ultimate failure . This operation also signaled the last time that either the 82nd or 101st would make a combat jump during the war . Operation Queen ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Hürtgen Forest and Operation Queen Unable to push north into the Netherlands , the Allies in western Europe were forced to consider other options to get into Germany . In the summer of 1944 , the Allies suffered from a large supply crisis , due to the long supply route . But by the fall of 1944 , this has largely been resolved ( Red Ball Express ) . As part of the Siegfriend Line Campaign , the Allies tried to push into Germany towards the Rhine . As a first step , Aachen was captured during a heavy battle . The Germans now had the advantage of their old fortification system , the Siegfried line . During the Battle of Hürtgen Forest , the Allies fought a long battle of attrition with the Germans , which ended initially in a stalemate , with the Allies unable to take the complete forest . The battle of the Hürtgen Forrest was later absorbed by a larger offensive , Operation Queen . During this offensive , the Allies intended to push towards the Rur River , as a staging point for a subsequent thrust over the river to the Rhine into Germany . However , against underestimated and stiffened German resistance , the Allies were only able to make slow progress . By mid-December the Allies were finally at the Rur , but by then the Germans had prepared their own offensive through the Ardennes , which was launched in the midst of an unsuccessful Allied attack against the Rur dams . Battle of the Bulge ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of the Bulge , Battle of Bastogne , and Operation Nordwind The `` bulge '' created by the German offensive . American tank destroyers move forward during heavy fog to stem German spearhead near Werbomont , Belgium , 20 December 1944 . Troops of the 101st Airborne move out of Bastogne , after having been besieged there for ten days , 31 December 1944 . On 16 December 1944 , the Germans launched a massive attack westward in the Ardennes forest , along a battlefront extending southwards from Monschau to Echternach , hoping to punch a hole in the Allied lines and capture the Belgian city of Antwerp . The Allies responded slowly , allowing the German attack to create a large `` bulge '' in the Allied lines . In the initial stages of the offensive , American POW 's from the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion were executed at the Malmedy massacre by Nazi SS and Fallschirmjäger . As the Germans pushed westward , General Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne and elements of the U.S. 10th Armored Division into the road junction town of Bastogne to prepare a defense . The town quickly became cut off and surrounded . The winter weather slowed Allied air support , and the defenders were outnumbered and low on supplies . When given a request for their surrender from the Germans , General Anthony McAuliffe , acting commander of the 101st , replied , `` Nuts ! '' , contributing to the stubborn American defense . On 19 December , General Patton told Eisenhower that he could have his army in Bastogne in 48 hours . Patton then turned his army , at the time on the front in Luxembourg , north to break through to Bastogne . Patton 's armor pushed north , and by 26 December was in Bastogne , effectively ending the siege . By the time it was over , more American soldiers had served in the battle than in any engagement in American history . On 31 December , the Germans launched their last major offensive of the war on the Western Front , Operation Nordwind , in Alsace and Lorraine in northeastern France . Against weakened American forces there , the Germans were able to push the Americans back to the south bank of the Moder River on 21 January . On 25 January , Allied reinforcements from the Ardennes arrived , the German offensive was stopped and in fierce fighting the so - called Colmar Pocket was eliminated . The German offensive was supported by several subordinate operations known as Unternehmen Bodenplatte , Greif , and Währung . Germany 's goal for these operations was to split the British and American Allied line in half , capturing Antwerp and then proceed to encircle and destroy four Allied armies , forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis Powers ' favour . Once accomplished , Hitler could fully concentrate on the eastern theatre of war . The offensive was planned with the utmost secrecy , minimizing radio traffic and moving troops and equipment under cover of darkness . The Third U.S. Army 's intelligence staff predicted a major German offensive , and Ultra indicated that a `` substantial and offensive '' operation was expected or `` in the wind '' , although a precise date or point of attack could not be given . Aircraft movement from the Soviet Front to the Ardennes and transport of forces by rail to the Ardennes was noticed but not acted upon , according to a report later written by Peter Calvocoressi and F.L. Lucas at the codebreaking centre Bletchley Park . Near - complete surprise was achieved by a combination of Allied overconfidence , preoccupation with Allied offensive plans , and poor aerial reconnaissance . The Germans attacked a weakly defended section of the Allied line , taking advantage of a heavy overcast , which grounded the Allies ' overwhelmingly superior air forces . Fierce resistance on the northern shoulder of the offensive around Elsenborn Ridge and in the south around Bastogne blocked German access to key roads to the west that they counted on for success . This and terrain that favoured the defenders threw the German timetable behind schedule and allowed the Allies to reinforce the thinly placed troops . Improved weather conditions permitted air attacks on German forces and supply lines , which sealed the failure of the offensive . In the wake of the defeat , many experienced German units were left severely depleted of men and equipment , as survivors retreated to the defenses of the Siegfried Line . With about 610,000 men committed and some 89,000 casualties , including 19,000 killed , the Battle of the Bulge was the largest and bloodiest battle fought by the United States in World War II . Colmar Pocket ( edit ) Main article : Colmar Pocket The Colmar Pocket ( French : Poche de Colmar ; German : Brückenkopf Elsaß ) was the area held in central Alsace , France by the German Nineteenth Army from November 1944 -- February 1945 , against the U.S. 6th Army Group during World War II . It was formed when 6th AG liberated southern and northern Alsace and adjacent eastern Lorraine , but could not clear central Alsace . During Operation Nordwind in December 1944 , the 19th Army attacked north out of the Pocket in support of other German forces attacking south from the Saar into northern Alsace . In late January and early February 1945 , the French First Army ( reinforced by the U.S. XXI Corps ) cleared the Pocket of German forces . Invasion of Germany ( edit ) Main article : Western Allied invasion of Germany By early 1945 , events favored the Allied forces in Europe . On the Western Front the Allies had been fighting in Germany since the Battle of Aachen in October 1944 and by January had turned back the Germans in the Battle of the Bulge . The failure of this last major German offensive exhausted much of Germany 's remaining combat strength , leaving it ill - prepared to resist the final Allied campaigns in Europe . Additional losses in the Rhineland further weakened the German Army , leaving shattered remnants of units to defend the east bank of the Rhine . On 7 March , the Allies seized the last remaining intact bridge across the Rhine at Remagen , and had established a large bridgehead on the river 's east bank . During Operation Lumberjack and Operation Plunder in February -- March 1945 , German casualties are estimated at 400,000 men , including 280,000 men captured as prisoners of war . South German offensive ( edit ) Main article : South German Offensive The South German Offensive is the general name of one of the final offensives of World War II in Europe . The offensive was led by the Seventh and Third armies of the United States along with the First Army of France . Soviet troops linked up with American forces in Czechoslovakia notably in the Battle of Slivice . The offensive was made by the US 6th Army Group to protect the 12th Army Group 's right flank and to prevent a German last stand in the Alps . However German resistance was much more fierce than in the north , which slowed the 6th Army Group 's progress . However , by the end of April , many German divisions surrendered without a fight to the advancing American forces to avoid the inevitable destruction . The VI Corps of the Seventh Army linked up with the US Fifth Army , which fought through Italy , in the Alps as the Third Army advanced into Austria and Czechoslovakia , where it linked up with Soviet forces advancing from the east . Fighting continued a few days after the Surrender of Germany on 8 May , due to German forces fighting west to surrender to the Americans instead of the Soviets . Race to Berlin ( edit ) Following the defeat of the German army in the Ardennes , the Allies pushed back towards the Rhine and the heart of Germany . With the capture of the Ludendorff bridge at Remagen , the Allies crossed the Rhine in March 1945 . The Americans then executed a pincer movement , setting up the Ninth Army north , and the First Army south . When the Allies closed the pincer , 300,000 Germans were captured in the Ruhr Pocket . The Americans then turned east , first meeting up with the Soviets at Torgau on the Elbe River in April . The Germans surrendered Berlin to the Soviets on 2 May 1945 . The war in Europe came to an official end on V-E Day , 8 May 1945 . Pacific Theater ( edit ) Main article : Pacific War See also : Asiatic - Pacific Theater The conquests of Imperial Japan . The attack on Pearl Harbor ( edit ) Explosion of the battleship USS Arizona at Pearl Harbor . Main article : Attack on Pearl Harbor Because of Japanese advances in French Indochina and China , the United States , in coordination with the British and Dutch , cut off all oil supplies to Japan , which had imported 90 % of its oil . The oil embargo threatened to grind the Japanese military machine to a halt . Japan refused American demands to leave China and decided that war with the United States was inevitable ; its only hope was to strike first . President Roosevelt had months earlier transferred the American fleet to Hawaii from California in order to deter the Japanese . Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto argued the only way to win the war was to knock out the powerful main American fleet immediately . His elaborately trained fleet approached within 200 miles of Hawaii without being detected . Admiral Chūichi Nagumo held tactical command . Over a five - hour period his six carriers sent two waves of 360 dive - bombers , torpedo planes , and fighters . They destroyed or severely damaged eight battleships , ten smaller warships , and 230 aircraft ; 2,403 American servicemen and civilians were killed . Japanese losses were negligible -- 29 planes shot down ( several American planes were also shot down by anti-aircraft fire ) . Commander Minoru Genda , the chief planner of the raid , begged Nagumo to strike again at the shore facilities , oil storage tanks , and submarines , and to hunt down the American carriers that were supposedly nearby . But Nagumo , having just smashed the Americans in one of the greatest victories of naval history , decided not to risk further action . Japanese success was due to courage , good equipment , excellent pilots , total surprise , and above all , a daring and imaginative plan . To even reach Pearl Harbor , they had to learn how to refuel at sea ( a technique the US Navy already had worked out ) ; to sink all those ships they used their superb electric torpedoes and perfected shallow - water bombing tactics . Surprise was decisive . While everyone knew that war was imminent , no one at Pearl expected an attack . Despite later rumors , there was no advance knowledge of the Japanese plan . The commanders had been complacent about routine defensive measures . Even if the defense had been more alert , the surprise and overwhelming power of the Japanese strike probably would have been decisive . In broader perspective , the attack was a failure . The lost battleships reflected obsolete doctrine and were not needed ; the lost planes were soon replaced ; the casualty list was short by World War II standards . Tokyo 's calculation that the Americans would lose heart and seek a compromise peace proved wildly wrong -- the `` sneak attack '' electrified public opinion , committing America with near unanimity to a war to the death against the Japanese Empire . President Franklin Delano Roosevelt addresses a joint session of United States Congress on 8 December 1941 , asking Congress for a declaration of war . Following the attack on Pearl Harbor , President Roosevelt officially pronounced 7 December 1941 , as `` a date which will live in infamy '' and asked for a declaration of war on Japan before a joint session of Congress on 8 December 1941 . The motion passed with only one vote against it , in both chambers . Just three days later , on 11 December 1941 Adolf Hitler declared war on the United States , and had already remarked on the evening of the date of the Japanese attack that `` We ca n't lose the war at all . We now have an ally which has never been conquered in 3,000 years '' . Fall of the Philippines and Dutch east Indies ( edit ) Main article : Philippines Campaign ( 1941 -- 42 ) Within hours of Pearl Harbor Japanese air forces from Formosa destroyed much of the U.S. Far East Air Force , based near Manila . The Japanese army invaded and trapped the American and Filipino forces on the Bataan peninsula . Roosevelt evacuated General Douglas MacArthur and the nurses , but there was no way to save the trapped men against overwhelming Japanese naval power . MacArthur flew to Australia , vowing `` I came out of Bataan and I shall return . '' Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright surrendered on 8 May ; the prisoners died by the thousands in the Bataan Death March and in disease - ridden Japanese prison camps where food and medicine were in very short supply . The Japanese Navy seemed unstoppable as they seized the Dutch East Indies to gain its rich oil resources . The American , British , Dutch , and Australian forces were combined under the ABDA command but its fleet was quickly sunk in several naval battles around Java . Solomon islands and new Guinea campaign ( edit ) Main article : Solomon Islands campaign Following their rapid advance , the Japanese started the Solomon Islands Campaign from their newly conquered main base at Rabaul in January 1942 . The Japanese seized several islands including Tulagi and Guadalcanal , before they were halted by further events leading to the Guadalcanal Campaign . This campaign also converged with the New Guinea campaign . Battle of the coral Sea ( edit ) Main article : Battle of the Coral Sea See also : Battle of the Coral Sea order of battle In May 1942 , the United States fleet engaged the Japanese fleet during the first battle in history in which neither fleet fired directly on the other , nor did the ships of both fleets actually see each other . It was also the first time that aircraft carriers were used in battle . While indecisive , it was nevertheless a starting point because American commanders learned the tactics that would serve them later in the war . Battle of the Aleutian islands ( edit ) Main article : Aleutian Islands Campaign The Battle of the Aleutian Islands was the last battle between sovereign nations to be fought on American soil . As part of a diversionary plan for the Battle of Midway , the Japanese took control of two of the Aleutian Islands ( Attu and Kiska Island ) . Their hope was that strong American naval forces would be drawn away from Midway , enabling a Japanese victory . Because their ciphers were broken , the American forces only drove the Japanese out after Midway . On 11 May 1943 , American and Canadian forces , spearheaded by the U.S. 7th Infantry Division landed on Attu , beginning the operation to take back the islands , by the end of May 1943 and after a series of battles , Allied forces retook Attu . On 15 August 1943 , Allied forces landed on Kiska to retake it , only to find the Island abandoned by the Japanese . Battle of Midway ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Midway See also : Midway order of battle The Japanese carrier Hiryu burning after being attacked during the battle of Midway Having learned important lessons at Coral Sea , the United States Navy was prepared when the Japanese navy under Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto launched an offensive aimed at destroying the American Pacific Fleet at Midway Island . The Japanese hoped to embarrass the Americans after the humiliation of the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo . Midway was a strategic island that both sides wished to use as an air base . Yamamoto hoped to achieve complete surprise and a quick capture of the island , followed by a decisive carrier battle with which he could completely destroy the American carrier fleet . Before the battle began , however , American intelligence intercepted his plan , allowing Admiral Chester Nimitz to formulate an effective defensive ambush of the Japanese fleet . The battle began on 4 June 1942 . By the time it was over , the Japanese had lost four carriers , as opposed to one American carrier lost . The Battle of Midway was the turning point of the war in the Pacific because the United States had seized the initiative and was on the offensive for the remaining duration of the war . Island hopping ( edit ) Following the resounding victory at Midway , the United States began a major land offensive . The Allies came up with a strategy known as Island hopping , or the bypassing of islands that either served little or no strategic importance or were heavily defended but could be bypassed , such as Rabaul . Because air power was crucial to any operation , only islands that could support airstrips were targeted by the Allies . The fighting for each island in the Pacific Theater would be savage , as the Americans faced a determined and battle - hardened enemy who had known little defeat on the ground . Air strategy ( edit ) P - 38 Lightning General George Kenney , in charge of tactical air power under MacArthur , never had enough planes , pilots or supplies . ( He was not allowed any authority whatsoever over the Navy 's carriers . ) But the Japanese were always in worse shape -- their equipment deteriorated rapidly because of poor airfields and incompetent maintenance . The Japanese had excellent planes and pilots in 1942 , but ground commanders dictated their missions and ignored the need for air superiority before any other mission could be attempted . Theoretically , Japanese doctrine stressed the need to gain air superiority , but the infantry commanders repeatedly wasted air assets defending minor positions . When Arnold , echoing the official Army line , stated the Pacific was a `` defensive '' theater , Kenney retorted that the Japanese pilot was always on the offensive . `` He attacks all the time and persists in acting that way . To defend against him you not only have to attack him but to beat him to the punch . '' A key to Kenney 's strategy was the neutralization of bypassed Japanese strongpoints like Rabaul and Truk through repeated bombings . He said a major shortfall was `` the kids coming here from the States were green as grass . They were not getting enough gunnery , acrobatics , formation flying , or night flying . '' So he set up extensive retraining programs . The arrival of superior fighters , especially the twin - tailed Lockheed P - 38 Lightning , gave the Americans an edge in range and performance . Occasionally a ripe target appeared , as in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea ( March 1943 ) when bombers sank a major convoy bringing troops and supplies to New Guinea . That success was no fluke . High - flying bombers almost never could hit moving ships . Kenney solved that weakness by teaching pilots the effective new tactic of flying in close to the water then pulling up and lobbing bombs that skipped across the water and into the target . Building airfields ( edit ) The goal of island hopping was to build forward air fields . AAF commander General Hap Arnold correctly anticipated that he would have to build forward airfields in inhospitable places . Working closely with the Army Corps of Engineers , he created Aviation Engineer Battalions that by 1945 included 118,000 men ; it operated in all theatres . Runways , hangars , radar stations , power generators , barracks , gasoline storage tanks and ordnance dumps had to be built hurriedly on tiny coral islands , mud flats , featureless deserts , dense jungles , or exposed locations still under enemy artillery fire . The heavy construction gear had to be imported , along with the engineers , blueprints , steel - mesh landing mats , prefabricated hangars , aviation fuel , bombs and ammunition , and all necessary supplies . As soon as one project was finished the battalion would load up its gear and move forward to the next challenge , while headquarters inked in a new airfield on the maps . Heavy rains often reduced the capacity of old airfields , so new ones were built . Often engineers had to repair and use a captured enemy airfield . Unlike the well - built German air fields in Europe , the Japanese installations were ramshackle affairs with poor siting , poor drainage , scant protection , and narrow , bumpy runways . Engineering was a low priority for the offense - minded Japanese , who chronically lacked adequate equipment and imagination . Combat experience ( edit ) Airmen flew far more often in the Southwest Pacific than in Europe , and although rest time in Australia was scheduled , there was no fixed number of missions that would produce transfer out of combat , as was the case in Europe . Coupled with the monotonous , hot , sickly environment , the result was bad morale that jaded veterans quickly passed along to newcomers . After a few months , epidemics of combat fatigue ( now called Combat stress reaction ) would drastically reduce the efficiency of units . The men who had been at jungle airfields longest , the flight surgeons reported , were in a bad shape : Many have chronic dysentery or other disease , and almost all show chronic fatigue states ... They appear listless , unkempt , careless , and apathetic with almost masklike facial expression . Speech is slow , thought content is poor , they complain of chronic headaches , insomnia , memory defect , feel forgotten , worry about themselves , are afraid of new assignments , have no sense of responsibility , and are hopeless about the future . '' Marine aviation and the issue of ground support ( edit ) Chance - Vought F4U Corsair , 1943 The Marines had their own land - based aviation , built around the excellent Chance - Vought F4U Corsair , an unusually large fighter - bomber . By 1944 10,000 Marine pilots operated 126 combat squadrons . Marine Aviation originally had the mission of close support for ground troops , but it dropped that role in the 1920s and 1930s and became a junior component of naval aviation . The new mission was to protect the fleet from enemy air attacks . Marine pilots , like all aviators , fiercely believed in the prime importance of air superiority ; they did not wish to be tied down to supporting ground troops . On the other hand , the ground Marines needed close air support because they lacked heavy firepower of their own . Mobility was a basic mission of Marine ground forces ; they were too lightly armed to employ the sort of heavy artillery barrages and massed tank movements the Army used to clear the battlefield . The Japanese were so well dug in that Marines often needed air strikes on positions 300 to 1,500 yards ahead . In 1944 , after considerable internal acrimony , Marine Aviation was forced to start helping out . At Iwo Jima ex-pilots in the air liaison party ( ALP ) not only requested air support , but actually directed it in tactical detail . The Marine formula increased responsiveness , reduced `` friendly '' casualties , and ( flying weather permitting ) substituted well for the missing armor and artillery . For the next half century close air support would remain central to the mission of Marine Aviation , provoking eternal jealousy from the Army which was never allowed to operate fixed - wing fighters or bombers , although the Army was allowed to have some unarmed transports and spotter planes . Guadalcanal ( edit ) Main article : Guadalcanal Campaign See also : Battle of Guadalcanal order of battle U.S. Marines debark from LCP ( L ) s onto Guadalcanal on 7 August 1942 . Guadalcanal , fought from August 1942 to February 1943 , was the first major Allied offensive of the war in the Pacific Theater . This campaign pitted American air , naval and ground forces ( later augmented by Australians and New Zealanders ) against determined Japanese resistance . Guadalcanal was the key to control the Solomon Islands , which both sides saw as strategically essential . Both sides won some battles but both sides were overextended in terms of supply lines . Logistical failures in a hostile physical environment hampered everyone . As happened time and again in the Pacific , the Japanese logistical support system failed , as only 20 % of the supplies dispatched from Rabaul to Guadalcanal ever reached there . Consequently , the 30,000 Japanese troops lacked heavy equipment , adequate ammunition and even enough food ; 10,000 were killed , 10,000 starved to death , and the remaining 10,000 were evacuated in February 1943 . In the end Guadalcanal was a major American victory as the Japanese inability to keep pace with the rate of American reinforcements proved decisive . Guadalcanal is an iconic episode in the annals of American military history , underscoring heroic bravery of underequipped individuals in fierce combat with a determined foe . Marines from the 1st Marine Division landed on 7 August 1942 , soldiers from the Army XIV Corps reinforced and eventually replaced in late - November 1942 . They quickly captured Henderson Field , and prepared defenses . In the Battle of Bloody Ridge , the Americans held off wave after wave of Japanese counterattacks before charging what was left of the Japanese . After more than six months of combat the island was firmly in control of the Allies on 8 February 1943 . Map of Guadalcanal showing several Naval battles . Meanwhile , the rival navies fought seven battles , with the two sides diving the victories . Following the Japanese victory at the Battle of Savo Island on 8 -- 9 August , Admiral Fletcher withdrew his ships from around Guadalcanal . A second Japanese naval force sailed south and engaged the American fleet in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons on 24 -- 25 August , ending in a draw but forced the Japanese naval force to retreat . On 11 -- 12 October 1942 , to disrupt Japanese attempts to reinforce and resupply their troops on Guadalcanal ( nicknamed the `` Tokyo Express '' ) , a small US naval force attacked this supply lines at the Battle of Cape Esperance and succeeded . In support of the Japanese ground offensive in October , Japanese naval forces engaged and hoped to decisively defeat any US naval forces in the area of operation at the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands on 25 -- 27 October 1942 , however the Japanese failed to decisively defeat US Navy . From 12 -- 15 November 1942 , the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal took place : Learning that the Japanese were trying to reinforce their troops for an attack on Henderson field , U.S. forces launched aircraft and warship to prevent the Japanese ground troops from reaching Guadalcanal , the U.S. succeeded thus turning back Japan 's last major attempt to dislodge Allied forces from Guadalcanal . A small US naval force attempted to surprise and destroy the Japanese Navy were attempting to deliver supplies to their forces on Guadalcanal at Battle of Tassafaronga however it was n't successful . The final naval battle took place between 29 -- 30 January 1943 , known as the Battle of Rennell Island , US naval forces attempted to stop the Japanese Navy evacuating its ground forces from Guadalcanal , however the Japanese successfully forced the US Navy to withdraw , protecting the Japanese evacuation . Tarawa ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Tarawa Guadalcanal made it clear to the Americans that the Japanese would fight to the bitter end . After brutal fighting in which few prisoners were taken on either side , the United States and the Allies pressed on the offensive . The landings at Tarawa on 20 November 1943 , by the Americans became bogged down as armor attempting to break through the Japanese lines of defense either sank , were disabled or took on too much water to be of use . The Americans were eventually able to land a limited number of tanks and drive inland . After days of fighting they took control of Tarawa on 23 November . Of the original 2,600 Japanese soldiers on the island , only 17 were still alive . Operations in central Pacific ( edit ) Admiral William F. ' Bull ' Halsey -- Commander U.S. Third Fleet at Leyte Gulf In preparation of the recapture of the Philippines , the Allies started the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign to retake the Gilbert and Marshall Islands from the Japanese in summer 1943 . Moving closer to Japan , the U.S. Navy decisively won the Battle of the Philippine Sea and landing forces captured the Mariana and Palau Islands in summer 1944 . The goal was building airbases within range of the new B - 29 bomber aimed at Japan 's industrial cities . Liberation of the Philippines ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Leyte Gulf and Philippines Campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) The Battle of Leyte Gulf in 23 -- 26 October 1944 , was a decisive American victory that sank virtually the entire remaining Japanese fleet in arguably the largest naval battle in history . Although the Japanese came surprisingly close to inflicting a major defeat on the Americans , at the last minute the Japanese panicked and lost . The battle was a complex overlapping series of engagements fought off the Philippine island of Leyte , which the U.S. Army had just invaded . The army forces were highly vulnerable to naval attack , and the Japanese goal was to inflict massive destruction . Two American fleets were involved , the Seventh and Third , but they were independent and did not communicate well so the Japanese with a trick maneuver slipped between the two American fleets and almost reached the beaches . However the Japanese communication system was even worse , and the Japanese army and navy did not cooperate , and the three Japanese fleets were each destroyed . General MacArthur fulfilled his promise to return to the Philippines by landing at Leyte on 20 October 1944 . The grueling re-capture of the Philippines took place from 1944 to 1945 and included the battles of Leyte , Luzon , and Mindanao . Iwo Jima ( edit ) An M4 Sherman tank equipped with a flamethrower clearing a Japanese bunker on Iwo Jima , March 1945 . Main article : Battle of Iwo Jima The Americans did not bypass the small island of Iwo Jima because it wanted bases for fighter escorts ; it was actually used as an emergency landing base for B - 29s . The Japanese knew they could not win , but they devised a strategy to maximize American casualties . Learning from the Battle of Saipan they prepared many fortified positions on the island , including pillboxes and underground tunnels . The Marines attack began on 19 February 1945 . Initially the Japanese put up no resistance , letting the Americans mass , creating more targets before the Americans took intense fire from Mount Suribachi and fought throughout the night until the hill was surrounded . Over the next 36 days , the Japanese were pressed into an ever - shrinking pocket , but they chose to fight on to the end , leaving only 1,000 of the original 21,000 defenders alive . The Marines suffered as well , suffering 25,000 casualties . The battle became iconic in America as the epitome of heroism in desperate hand - to - hand combat . Okinawa ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Okinawa Okinawa became the last major battle of the Pacific Theater and the Second World War . The island was to become a staging area for the eventual invasion of Japan since it was just 350 miles ( 550 km ) south of the Japanese mainland . Marines and soldiers landed unopposed on 1 April 1945 , to begin an 82 - day campaign which became the largest land - sea - air battle in history and was noted for the ferocity of the fighting and the high civilian casualties with over 150,000 Okinawans losing their lives . Japanese kamikaze pilots caused the largest loss of ships in U.S. naval history with the sinking of 38 and the damaging of another 368 . Total U.S. casualties were over 12,500 dead and 38,000 wounded , while the Japanese lost over 110,000 men . The fierce combat and high American losses led the Navy to oppose an invasion of the main islands . An alternative strategy was chosen : using the atomic bomb to induce surrender . Strategic bombing of Japan ( edit ) B - 29 Superfortress dropping 500 pound high - explosive bombs over Japan , 1945 . Main article : Air raids on Japan The flammability of Japan 's large cities , and the concentration of munitions production there , made strategic bombing the favorite strategy of the Americans from 1941 onward . The first efforts were made from bases in China , where massive efforts to establish B - 29 bases there and supply them over the Hump ( the Himalayas ) failed in 1944 ; the Japanese Army simply moved overland and captured the bases . Saipan and Tinian , captured by the U.S. in June 1944 , gave secure bases for the very - long - range B - 29 . The Boeing B - 29 Superfortress boasted four 2,200 horsepower Wright R - 3350 supercharged engines that could lift four tons of bombs 33,000 feet ( high above Japanese flak or fighters ) , and make 3,500 mile round trips . However , the systematic raids that began in June 1944 , were unsatisfactory , because the AAF had learned too much in Europe ; it overemphasized self - defense . Arnold , in personal charge of the campaign ( bypassing the theater commanders ) brought in a new leader , brilliant , indefatigable , hard - charging General Curtis LeMay . In early 1945 , LeMay ordered a radical change in tactics : remove the machine guns and gunners , fly in low at night . ( Much fuel was used to get to 30,000 feet ; it could now be replaced with more bombs . ) The Japanese radar , fighter , and anti-aircraft systems were so ineffective that they could not hit the bombers . Fires raged through the cities , and millions of civilians fled to the mountains . Tokyo was hit repeatedly , and during the first massive fire raid of March 9 -- 10 , 1945 suffered a conflagration of about 16 square miles ( 41 km2 ) in area , that killed at least 83,000 . On 5 June , 51,000 buildings in four miles of Kobe were burned out by 473 B - 29s ; the Japanese were learning to fight back , as 11 B - 29s went down and 176 were damaged . Osaka , where one - sixth of the Empire 's munitions were made , was hit by 1,733 tons of incendiaries dropped by 247 B - 29s . A firestorm burned out 8.1 square miles , including 135,000 houses ; 4,000 died . The Japanese local officials reported : Although damage to big factories was slight , approximately one - fourth of some 4,000 lesser factories , which operated hand - in - hand with the big factories , were completely destroyed by fire ... Moreover , owing to the rising fear of air attacks , workers in general were reluctant to work in the factories , and the attendance fluctuated as much as 50 percent . The Japanese army , which was not based in the cities , was largely undamaged by the raids . The Army was short of food and gasoline , but , as Iwo Jima and Okinawa proved , it was capable of ferocious resistance . The Japanese also had a new tactic that it hoped would provide the bargaining power to get a satisfactory peace , the Kamikaze . Kamikaze ( edit ) In late 1944 the Japanese invented an unexpected and highly effective new tactic , the Kamikaze suicide plane aimed like a guided missile at American ships . The attacks began in October 1944 and continued to the end of the war . Experienced pilots were used to lead a mission because they could navigate ; they were not Kamikazes , and they returned to base for another mission . The Kamikaze pilots were inexperienced and had minimal training ; however most were well educated and intensely committed to the Emperor . A `` Judy '' in a suicide dive against USS Essex . The dive brakes are extended and the port wing tank is trailing fuel vapor and smoke 25 November 1944 . Kamikaze attacks were highly effective at the Battle of Okinawa as 4000 kamikaze sorties sank 38 US ships and damaged 368 more , killing 4,900 sailors . Task Force 58 analyzed the Japanese technique at Okinawa in April 1945 : `` Rarely have the enemy attacks been so cleverly executed and made with such reckless determination . These attacks were generally by single or few aircraft making their approaches with radical changes in course and altitude , dispersing when intercepted and using cloud cover to every advantage . They tailed our friendlies home , used decoy planes , and came in at any altitude or on the water . '' The Americans decided the best defense against Kamikazes was to knock them out on the ground , or else in the air long before they approached the fleet . The Navy called for more fighters , and more warning , which meant combat air patrols circling the big ships , more radar picket ships ( which themselves became prime targets ) , and more attacks on airbases and gasoline supplies . Japan suspended Kamikaze attacks in May 1945 , because it was now hoarding gasoline and hiding planes in preparation for new suicide attacks if the Allies dared to invade their home islands . The Kamikaze strategy allowed the use of untrained pilots and obsolete planes , and since evasive maneuvering was dropped and there was no return trip , the scarce gasoline reserves could be stretched further . Since pilots guided their airplane like a guided missile all the way to the target , the proportion of hits was much higher than in ordinary bombing . Japan 's industry was manufacturing 1,500 new planes a month in 1945 . However , the quality of construction was very poor , and many new planes crashed during training or before reaching targets . Expecting increased resistance , including far more Kamikaze attacks once the main islands of Japan were invaded , the U.S. high command rethought its strategy and used atomic bombs to end the war , hoping it would make a costly invasion unnecessary . U.S. submarines in the Pacific ( edit ) Main article : Allied submarines in the Pacific War A Japanese escort vessel sinking after being torpedoed by the USS Seawolf , 23 April 1943 . U.S. submarines participated in the majority of naval battles in the Pacific theatre , but the submarines were most decisive in their blockade of Japan , for which Japan was dependent on its sea transport to provide resources for its war effort . On the afternoon of 7 December 1941 , six hours after the Japanese attack , U.S. naval commanders in the Pacific were ordered by the U.S. Navy Chief of Staff to `` execute unrestricted air and submarine warfare against Japan '' . This order authorized all U.S. submarines in the Pacific to attack and sink any warship , commercial vessel , or civilian passenger ship flying the Japanese flag , without warning . The Pacific Fleet and the Asiatic Fleet Submarine Force immediately went into action to counter the Japanese offensive across the Pacific , such as in the Philippines , Indochina , Dutch East Indies and Malaya . The U.S. Navy submarine force was small ; less than 2 % . On 7 December 1941 , the U.S. Navy had 55 fleet and 18 - medium - sized submarines ( S - boats ) in the Pacific , 38 submarines elsewhere , and 73 under construction . By war 's end , the U.S. would complete 228 submarines . U.S. Navy submarines were often used for surveillance . This included reconnaissance U.S. submarines landed and supplied guerillas in Japanese occupied territory and carrying in commandos for missions such as the Makin Island raid , they also rescued crews of aircraft which had been forced down over the ocean . As a result of several key improvements in strategy and tactics , from 1943 , Allied submarines waged a more effective campaign against Japanese merchant shipping and the IJN , in effect strangling the Japanese Empire of resources . By the end of the war in August , 1945 , U.S. Navy submarines sank around 1300 Japanese merchant ships , as well as roughly 200 warships . Only 42 U.S. submarines were sunk in the Pacific , but 3,500 ( 22 % ) submariners were killed , the highest casualty rate of any American force in World War II . The force destroyed over half of all Japanese merchant ships , totaling well over five million tons of shipping . Atomic bomb mushroom cloud rising from Hiroshima , 6 August 1945 . Atomic bombing of Japanese cities ( edit ) Main article : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki See also : Operation Downfall As victory for the United States slowly approached , casualties mounted . A fear in the American high command was that an invasion of mainland Japan would lead to enormous losses on the part of the Allies , as casualty estimates for the planned Operation Downfall demonstrate . President Harry Truman gave the order to drop the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 , hoping that the destruction of the city would break Japanese resolve and end the war . A second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on 9 August after it appeared that the Japanese high command was not planning to surrender . Approximately 140,000 people died in Hiroshima from the bomb and its aftereffects by the end of 1945 , and approximately 74,000 in Nagasaki . V-J Day which occurred on 15 August 1945 marked the end of the United States ' war with the Empire of Japan . Since Japan was the last remaining Axis Power , V-J Day also marked the end of World War II . Minor American front ( edit ) Main article : China Burma India Theater The United States contributed several forces to the China Burma India theater , such as the 5307th Composite Unit ( Provisional ) but nicknamed `` Merrill 's Marauders '' after its commander ; Frank Merrill , it was a United States Army long range penetration special operations jungle warfare unit organized as light infantry assault units . In slightly more than five months of combat in 1944 , the Marauders advanced 750 miles through some of the harshest jungle terrain in the world , fought in five major engagements , mostly behind enemy lines , with or in support of British Empire and Chinese forces in Burma and suffered many casualties . On 10 August 1944 the Marauders were consolidated into the 475th Infantry . The U.S. also had an adviser to Chiang Kai - shek and Joseph Stillwell . Units of the Tenth Air Force , Fourteenth Air Force , and Twentieth Air Force of the USAAF also served in the theatre , including the previously mentioned `` Flying Tigers '' . Planned attacks on the United States ( edit ) Amerika Bomber American Theater ( World War II ) Project Z Other units and Services ( edit ) Play media Army troops practice swamp slogging through cypress swamp , make human chain across river , crawl on their bellies , use weeds and Spanish moss for camouflage . Cactus Air Force Devil 's Brigade ( 1st Special Service Force ) Eagle Squadron Flying Tigers Merrill 's Marauders Office of Strategic Services Tuskegee Airmen Timeline ( edit ) European and Mediterranean Theater ( edit ) Battle Campaign Date start Date end Victory Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany declare war on the United States West European theater and Mediterranean theater of World War II 11 December 1941 8 May 1945 Allies Battle of the Atlantic 3 September 1939 8 May 1945 Allies Operation Torch North African campaign 8 November 1942 10 November 1942 Allies Run for Tunis Tunisia campaign 10 November 1942 25 December 1942 Germany Battle of Sidi Bou Zid Tunisia campaign 14 February 1943 17 February 1943 Germany Battle of the Kasserine Pass Tunisia campaign 19 February 1943 25 February 1943 Germany Battle of El Guettar Tunisia campaign 23 March 1943 7 April 1943 Germany Battle of Hill 609 Tunisia campaign 27 April 1943 1 May 1943 United States Operation Vulcan Tunisia campaign 6 May 1943 12 May 1943 United States Operation Flax Tunisia campaign 5 April 1943 27 April 1943 United States Allied invasion of Sicily Italian campaign 9 July 1943 17 August 1943 Allies Allied invasion of Italy Italian campaign 3 September 1943 16 September 1943 Allies Bernhardt Line Italian campaign 1 December 1943 15 January 1944 Allies Battle of Monte Cassino Italian campaign 17 January 1944 19 May 1944 Allies Operation Shingle Italian campaign 22 January 1944 5 June 1944 Allies Battle of Normandy Western Front 6 June 1944 25 August 1944 Allies Battle of Saint - Lô Western Front 9 July 1944 24 July 1944 Allies Operation Cobra Western Front 25 July 1944 31 July 1944 Allies Operation Lüttich Western Front 7 August 1944 13 August 1944 Allies Falaise pocket Western Front 12 August 1944 21 August 1944 Allies Liberation of Paris Western Front 19 August 1944 25 August 1944 Allies Operation Dragoon Western Front 15 August 1944 14 September 1944 Allies Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine Western Front 25 August 1944 7 March 1945 Allies Gothic Line Italian campaign 25 August 1944 17 December 1944 Allies Operation Market Garden Western Front 17 September 1944 25 September 1944 Germany Battle of Arracourt Western Front 18 September 1944 29 September 1944 Allies Battle of Huertgen Forest Western Front 19 September 1944 10 February 1945 Germany Battle of Aachen Western Front 1 October 1944 22 October 1944 United States Operation Queen Western Front 16 November 1944 16 December 1944 Germany Battle of the Bulge Western Front 16 December 1944 25 January 1945 Allies Operation Bodenplatte Western Front 1 January 1945 1 January 1945 Allies Operation Nordwind Western Front 1 January 1945 25 January 1945 Allies Colmar Pocket Western Front 20 January 1945 9 February 1945 Allies Spring 1945 offensive in Italy Italian campaign 6 April 1945 2 May 1945 Allies Western Allied invasion of Germany Western Front 8 February 1945 5 May 1945 Allies Operation Grenade Western Front 9 February 1945 9 February 1945 Allies Operation Lumberjack Western Front 7 March 1945 25 March 1945 Allies Operation Varsity Western Front 24 March 1945 24 March 1945 Allies Ruhr Pocket Western Front 7 March 1945 21 April 1945 Allies Battle of Frankfurt Western Front 26 March 1945 29 March 1945 Allies Pacific Theater ( edit ) Battle Campaign Date start Date end Victory Attack on Pearl Harbor 7 December 1941 7 December 1941 Japan United States declares war on Japan 8 December 1941 15 August 1945 Battle of Guam 8 December 1941 8 December 1941 Japan Battle of Wake Island Pacific Ocean theater of World War II 8 December 1941 23 December 1941 Japan Battle of the Philippines South West Pacific 8 December 1941 8 May 1942 Japan Battle of Balikpapan Netherlands East Indies campaign 23 January 1942 24 January 1942 Japan Battle of Ambon Netherlands East Indies campaign 30 January 1942 3 February 1942 Japan Battle of Makassar Strait Netherlands East Indies campaign 4 February 1942 4 February 1942 Japan Battle of Badung Strait Netherlands East Indies campaign 18 February 1942 19 February 1942 Japan Battle of Timor Netherlands East Indies campaign 19 February 1942 10 February 1943 Japan ( tactical ) ; Allies ( strategic ) Battle of the Java Sea Netherlands East Indies campaign 27 February 1942 1 March 1942 Japan Battle of Sunda Strait Netherlands East Indies campaign 28 February 1942 1 March 1942 Japan Battle of Java Netherlands East Indies campaign 28 February 1942 12 March 1942 Japan Invasion of Tulagi Solomon Islands campaign 3 May 1942 4 May 1942 Japan Battle of the Coral Sea New Guinea campaign 4 May 1942 8 May 1942 Japan ( tactical ) ; Allies ( strategic ) Battle of Corregidor 5 May 1942 6 May 1942 Japan Battle of Midway Pacific Theater of Operations 4 June 1942 7 June 1942 United States Battle of the Aleutian Islands Pacific Theater of Operations 6 June 1942 15 August 1943 Allies Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu - Tanambogo Guadalcanal campaign 7 August 1942 9 August 1942 Allies Battle of Savo Island Guadalcanal campaign 8 August 1942 9 August 1942 Japan Makin Raid Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 17 August 1942 18 August 1942 United States Battle of the Tenaru Guadalcanal campaign 21 August 1942 21 August 1942 Allies Battle of the Eastern Solomons Guadalcanal campaign 24 August 1942 25 August 1942 United States Battle of Milne Bay New Guinea campaign 25 August 1942 5 September 1942 Allies Battle of Edson 's Ridge Guadalcanal campaign 12 September 1942 14 September 1942 United States Second Battle of the Matanikau Guadalcanal campaign 23 September 1942 27 September 1942 Japan Third Battle of the Matanikau Guadalcanal campaign 7 October 1942 9 October 1942 United States Battle of Cape Esperance Guadalcanal campaign 11 October 1942 12 October 1942 United States Battle for Henderson Field Guadalcanal campaign 23 October 1942 26 October 1942 United States Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands Guadalcanal campaign 25 October 1942 27 October 1942 Japan Naval Battle of Guadalcanal Guadalcanal campaign 12 November 1942 15 November 1942 United States Battle of Buna - Gona New Guinea campaign 16 November 1942 22 January 1943 Allies Battle of Tassafaronga Guadalcanal campaign 29 November 1942 29 November 1942 Japan Battle of Rennell Island Guadalcanal campaign 29 January 1943 30 January 1943 Japan Battle of Wau New Guinea campaign 29 January 1943 31 January 1943 Allies Battle of the Bismarck Sea New Guinea campaign 2 March 1943 4 March 1943 Allies Battle of Blackett Strait Solomon Islands campaign 6 March 1943 6 March 1943 United States Battle of the Komandorski Islands Aleutian Islands campaign 27 March 1943 27 March 1943 Inconclusive Death of Isoroku Yamamoto Solomon Islands campaign 18 April 1943 18 April 1943 United States Salamaua - Lae campaign New Guinea campaign 22 April 1943 16 September 1943 Allies Battle of New Georgia Solomon Islands campaign 20 June 1943 25 August 1943 Allies Battle of Kula Gulf Solomon Islands campaign 6 July 1943 6 July 1943 Inconclusive Battle of Kolombangara Solomon Islands campaign 12 July 1943 13 July 1943 Japan Battle of Vella Gulf Solomon Islands campaign 6 August 1943 7 August 1943 United States Battle of Vella Lavella Solomon Islands campaign 15 August 1943 9 October 1943 Allies Bombing of Wewak New Guinea campaign 17 August 1943 17 August 1943 United States Finisterre Range campaign New Guinea campaign 19 September 1943 24 April 1944 Allies Naval Battle of Vella Lavella Solomon Islands campaign 7 October 1943 7 October 1943 Japan Battle of the Treasury Islands Solomon Islands campaign 25 October 1943 12 November 1943 Allies Raid on Choiseul Solomon Islands campaign 28 October 1943 3 November 1943 Allies Bombing of Rabaul New Guinea campaign 1 November 1943 11 November 1943 Allies Bougainville campaign New Guinea campaign 1 November 1943 21 August 1945 Allies Battle of Tarawa Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 20 November 1943 23 November 1943 United States Battle of Makin Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 20 November 1943 24 November 1943 United States Battle of Cape St. George Solomon Islands campaign 26 November 1943 26 November 1943 United States New Britain Campaign New Guinea campaign 15 December 1943 21 August 1945 Allies Landing at Saidor New Guinea campaign 2 January 1944 10 February 1944 Allies Battle of Cape St. George Solomon Islands campaign 29 January 1944 27 February 1944 Allies Battle of Kwajalein Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 31 January 1944 3 February 1944 United States Operation Hailstone Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 17 February 1944 18 February 1944 United States Battle of Eniwetok Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 17 February 1944 23 February 1944 United States Admiralty Islands campaign New Guinea campaign 29 February 1944 18 May 1944 Allies Landing on Emirau New Guinea campaign 20 March 1944 27 March 1944 United States Battle of Saipan Mariana and Palau Islands campaign 15 June 1944 9 July 1944 United States Battle of the Philippine Sea Mariana and Palau Islands campaign 19 June 1944 20 June 1944 United States Battle of Guam Mariana and Palau Islands campaign 21 July 1944 8 August 1944 United States Battle of Tinian Mariana and Palau Islands campaign 24 July 1944 1 August 1944 United States Battle of Peleliu Mariana and Palau Islands campaign 15 September 1944 25 November 1944 United States Battle of Angaur Mariana and Palau Islands campaign 17 September 1944 30 September 1944 United States Battle of Leyte Philippines campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) 20 October 1944 31 December 1944 Allies Battle of Leyte Gulf Philippines campaign 23 October 1944 26 October 1944 United States Battle of Ormoc Bay Philippines campaign 11 November 1944 21 December 1944 United States Battle of Mindoro Philippines campaign 13 December 1944 16 December 1944 United States Battle for the Recapture of Bataan Philippines campaign 31 January 1945 8 February 1945 Allies Battle of Manila ( 1945 ) Philippines campaign 3 February 1945 3 March 1945 Allies Battle for the Recapture of Corregidor Philippines campaign 16 February 1945 26 February 1945 Allies Battle of Iwo Jima Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign 19 February 1945 16 March 1945 United States Invasion of Palawan Philippines campaign 28 February 1945 22 April 1945 United States Battle of Okinawa Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign 1 April 1945 21 June 1945 Allies Operation Ten - Go Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign 7 April 1945 7 April 1945 United States Battle of Tarakan Borneo campaign ( 1945 ) 1 May 1945 19 June 1945 Allies See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World War II . List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II Equipment losses in World War II Military history of the United States United States casualties of war World War II casualties Allied war crimes during World War II Greatest Generation United States home front during World War II American Minority Groups in World War II References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World War 2 Casualties '' . World War 2 . Otherground , LLC and World-War-2.info. 2003 . Retrieved 20 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` World War II POWs remember efforts to strike against captors '' . The Times - Picayune . Associated Press . 5 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US Inflation Calculator '' . Jump up ^ multpl . `` US GDP '' . Jump up ^ Robert Dallek , Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy , 1932 -- 1945 ( 1995 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Eagle Squadrons '' . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Aces High ' , Shores and Williams , 1994 , pages 31 , 38 , 40 ^ Jump up to : Ford 1991 , pp. 30 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Henry H. Adams , Witness to Power : The Life of Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Grace P. Hayes , The history of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II : The War Against Japan ( 1953 ) Jump up ^ Maurice Matloff et al. Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare : 1941 -- 42 ( 1951 ) Jump up ^ Eric Larrabee , Commander in Chief : Franklin Delano Roosevelt , His Lieutenants , and Their War ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Secretary of War Henry Stimson , however , did control decisions about building and using the atomic bomb . Jump up ^ One War Won , TIME Magazine , 13 December 1943 ^ Jump up to : Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1975 ) . The Battle of the Atlantic September 1939 -- May 1943 . Little , Brown and Company . pp. 74 -- 79 . Jump up ^ George W. Baer , One Hundred Years of Sea Power : The U.S. Navy , 1890 -- 1990 ( 1996 ) p. 162 Jump up ^ `` A Chronology of US Historical Documents '' . Archived 5 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Oklahoma College of Law Jump up ^ `` Command Failures : Lessons Learned from Lloyd R. Fredendall '' Steven L. Ossad , findarticles.com Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 185 -- 193 . Jump up ^ `` '' NUTS ! '' Revisited : An Interview with Lt. General Harry W.O. Kinnard `` . thedropzone.org Jump up ^ `` Battle of the Bulge remembered 60 years later '' . defenselink.mil Jump up ^ `` World War II '' . Historynet.com . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Gordon W. Prange , Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor ( 1982 ) is one of the best of many books Jump up ^ Alan Zimm , The Attack on Pearl Harbor : Strategy , Combat , Myths , Deceptions ( 2011 ) covers the technical details from the Japanese side Jump up ^ Peter Grier ( 7 December 2011 ) . `` Pearl Harbor Day : How did Adolf Hitler react to the attack ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . csmonitor.com . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Donald J. Young , The Battle of Bataan : A Complete History ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Battle of Midway , 4 -- 7 June 1942 '' history.navy.mil Jump up ^ `` Pacific Theater , World War II -- Island Hopping , 1942 -- 1945 '' , USHistory.com . Jump up ^ George Kenney , General Kenney reports : a personal history of the Pacific War ( Office of Air Force History -- 1949 ) full text online Jump up ^ Quoted in William M. Leary , We Shall Return ! : MacArthur 's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan ( 2004 ) p. 99 Jump up ^ Kenney p 112 Jump up ^ Martin W. Bowman , B - 17 Flying Fortress Units of the Pacific War ( 2003 ) p. 59 Jump up ^ Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate , The Army Air Forces In World War II : Vol 7 : Services Around The World ( 1958 ) ch 10 Jump up ^ Mae Mills Link and Hubert A. Coleman , Medical support of the Army Air Forces in World War II ( 1955 ) p 851 Jump up ^ Robert Lee Sherrod , History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II ( 1952 ) Jump up ^ Charles W. Koburger , Pacific Turning Point : The Solomons Campaign , 1942 -- 1943 ( 1995 ) online edition Jump up ^ Samuel Eliot Morison , History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . Vol. 5 : The Struggle for Guadalcanal , August 1942 -- February 1943 ( 1949 ) Jump up ^ Richard Overy , War in the Pacific ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , The Battle for Leyte Gulf ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Joseph H. Alexander , Closing In : Marines in the Seizure of Iwo Jima ( 1994 ) , short Marine Corps history online edition Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , The Oxford Essential Guide to World War II ( 2002 ) p 279 Jump up ^ John Olsen , A History of Air Warfare ( 2009 ) p 74 Jump up ^ Donald L. Miller , D - days in the Pacific ( 2005 ) p. 2222 Jump up ^ William W. Ralph , `` Improvised Destruction : Arnold , LeMay , and the Firebombing of Japan , '' War in History Vol. 13 , No. 4 , 495 -- 522 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Thomas R. Searle , `` ' It Made a Lot of Sense to Kill Skilled Workers ' : The Firebombing of Tokyo in March 1945 '' The Journal of Military History , Vol. 66 , No. 1 ( Jan. 2002 ) , pp. 103 -- 133 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Syohgo Hattori , `` Kamikaze : Japan 's Glorious Failure . '' Air Power History 1996 43 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 27 . ISSN 1044 - 016X Jump up ^ Rikihei Inoguchi and Tadashi Nakajima , The Divine Wind : Japan 's Kamikaze Force in World War II ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Robin L. Rielly , Kamikazes , Corsairs , and Picket Ships : Okinawa , 1945 ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ quoted in Norman Friedman , U.S. naval weapons : every gun , missile , mine , and torpedo used by the U.S. Navy from 1883 to the present day ( 1982 ) p 93 Jump up ^ John Ray Skates , The invasion of Japan : alternative to the bomb ( 2000 ) p. 241 Jump up ^ Spector ( 1984 ) , pp. 478 -- 479 ; Blair , Silent Victory , p. 106 ; Holwitt , Joel I. `` Execute Against Japan '' , Ph. D. dissertation , Ohio State University , 2005. ( page needed ) . Jump up ^ Christley ( 2006 ) , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Morison ( 1948 ) , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Morison ( 1949 ) , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Lenton , H.T. American Submarines ( Navies of the Second World War Series ; New York : Doubleday , 1973 ) , p. 5 table . Jump up ^ `` World War 2 Submarines '' . Jump up ^ Roscoe , Theodore . Pig Boats ( Bantam Books , 1958 ) ; Blair , Silent Victory , pp. 991 -- 2 . Jump up ^ RD Designs ( 7 December 1941 ) . `` Sinkings By Boat '' . Pigboats.com . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Blair , Clay , Jr . Silent Victory ( New York , 1976 ) , p. 878 . Further reading ( edit ) Air Force ( edit ) Perret , Geoffrey . Winged Victory : The Army Air Forces in World War II ( 1997 ) Army ( edit ) Perret , Geoffrey . There 's a War to Be Won : The United States Army in World War II ( 1997 ) Europe ( edit ) Weigley , Russell . Eisenhower 's Lieutenants : The Campaigns of France and Germany , 1944 -- 45 ( 1990 ) Marines ( edit ) Sherrod , Robert Lee . History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II ( 1987 ) Navy ( edit ) Morison , Two - Ocean War : A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War ( 2007 ) Pacific ( edit ) Hornfischer , James D. ( 2011 ) . Neptune 's Inferno : The U.S. Navy at Guadalcanal . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80670 - 0 . Hornfischer , James D. ( 2006 ) . Ship of Ghosts : The Story of the USS Houston , FDR 's Legendary Lost Cruiser , and the Epic Saga of Her Survivors . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80390 - 7 . Hornfischer , James D. ( 2004 ) . The Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors : The Extraordinary World War II Story of the U.S. Navy 's Finest Hour . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 38148 - 1 . Parshall , Jonathan and Anthony Tully . Shattered Sword : The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway ( 2005 ) . Spector , Ronald . Eagle Against the Sun : The American War With Japan ( 1985 ) Tillman , Barrett . Whirlwind : The Air War Against Japan , 1942 -- 1945 ( 2010 ) . Tillman , Barrett . Clash of the Carriers : The True Story of the Marianas Turkey Shoot of World War II ( 2005 ) . Biographies ( edit ) Ambrose , Stephen . The Supreme Commander : The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search Beschloss , Michael R . The Conquerors : Roosevelt , Truman and the Destruction of Hitler 's Germany , 1941 -- 1945 ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search Buell , Thomas B. Master of Sea Power : A Biography of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King ( 1995 ) . Buell , Thomas . The Quiet Warrior : A Biography of Admiral Raymond Spruance. ( 1974 ) . Burns , James MacGregor . vol. 2 : Roosevelt : Soldier of Freedom 1940 -- 1945 ( 1970 ) , A major interpretive scholarly biography , emphasis on politics online at ACLS e-books Davis , Richard G. ( 1997 ) . HAP : Henry H. Arnold , Military Aviator ( PDF ) . USAF . ISBN 0 - 16 - 049071 - 5 . Larrabee , Eric . Commander in Chief : Franklin Delano Roosevelt , His Lieutenants , and Their War ( 2004 ) , chapters on all the key American war leaders excerpt and text search James , D. Clayton . The Years of MacArthur 1941 -- 1945 ( 1975 ) , vol 2 . of standard scholarly biography Leary , William ed . We Shall Return ! MacArthur 's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan , 1942 -- 1945 ( 1988 ) Morison , Elting E. Turmoil and Tradition : A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson ( 1960 ) Pogue , Forrest . George C. Marshall : Ordeal and Hope , 1939 -- 1942 ( 1999 ) ; George C. Marshall : Organizer of Victory , 1943 -- 1945 ( 1999 ) ; standard scholarly biography Potter , E.B. Bull Halsey ( 1985 ) . Potter , E.B. Nimitz . ( 1976 ) . Showalter , Dennis . Patton And Rommel : Men of War in the Twentieth Century ( 2006 ) , by a leading scholar ; excerpt and text search David J. Ulbrich ( 2011 ) . Preparing for Victory : Thomas Holcomb and the Making of Modern Marine Corps , 1936 -- 1943 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 903 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States in World War II . World War II , from USHistory.com . A Chronology of US Historical Documents , Oklahoma College of Law . The D - Day Story , D - Day Museum . Omaha Beachhead , American Forces in Action Series . Washington D.C. , United States Army Center of Military History 1994 ( facsimile reprint of 1945 ) . CMH Pub. 100 - 11 . Lend - Lease Act , 11 March 1941 , U.S. Congress . ( from history.navy.mil ) Cole , Hugh M. The Ardennes : Battle of the Bulge . United States Army in World War II Series . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Chief of Military History , 1965 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did the usa fight in world war 2 | [
"The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany, Italy, Japan and starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. During the first two years of World War II, the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made officially in the Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937, while supplying Britain, the Soviet Union, and China with war materiel through the Lend-Lease Act which was signed into law on 11 March 1941, as well as deploying the U.S. military to replace the British invasion forces in Iceland. In the Pacific Theater, there was unofficial early U.S. combat activity such as the Flying Tigers.\n",
"The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany, Italy, Japan and starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. During the first two years of World War II, the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made officially in the Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937, while supplying Britain, the Soviet Union, and China with war materiel through the Lend-Lease Act which was signed into law on 11 March 1941, as well as deploying the U.S. military to replace the British invasion forces in Iceland. In the Pacific Theater, there was unofficial early U.S. combat activity such as the Flying Tigers.\n",
"The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany, Italy, Japan and starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. During the first two years of World War II, the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made officially in the Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937, while supplying Britain, the Soviet Union, and China with war materiel through the Lend-Lease Act which was signed into law on 11 March 1941, as well as deploying the U.S. military to replace the British invasion forces in Iceland. In the Pacific Theater, there was unofficial early U.S. combat activity such as the Flying Tigers.\n"
] | [
"Germany",
"Italy",
"Japan"
] |
5171014759110474502 | Battle of Iwo Jima | Battle of Iwo Jima - wikipedia Battle of Iwo Jima Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Iwo Jima Part of the Pacific Theatre of World War II A U.S. 37 mm ( 1.5 in ) gun fires against Japanese cave positions in the north face of Mount Suribachi . Date 19 February -- 26 March 1945 Location Iwo Jima , Volcano Islands Result American victory Belligerents United States Japan Commanders and leaders U.S. Navy : Chester W. Nimitz Raymond A. Spruance Marc A. Mitscher William H.P. Blandy U.S. Marine Corps : Holland M. Smith Harry Schmidt Graves B. Erskine Clifton B. Cates Keller E. Rockey Tadamichi Kuribayashi † Takeichi Nishi † Units involved Ground units : V Amphibious Corps 3rd Marine Division 4th Marine Division 5th Marine Division 147th Infantry Regiment ( separate ) Aerial units : Seventh Air Force Naval units : U.S. 5th Fleet Joint Expeditionary Force ( TF 51 ) Amphibious Support Force ( TF 52 ) Attack Force ( TF 53 ) Expeditionary Troops ( TF 56 ) Fast Carrier Force ( TF 58 ) Additional naval , air and ground support elements Ground units : 109th IJA Division Headquarters Group 2nd Mixed Brigade 3rd Battalion , 17th Mixed Regiment 26th Tank Regiment 145th Infantry Regiment Brigade Artillery Group Naval Units : Imperial Navy Naval Guard Force ( mainly AA and Art . ) Additional support units and Kamikaze Strength 110,000 U.S. Marines , U.S. Soldiers , U.S. Navy corpsmen , USAAF personnel , and others 500 + ships 20,530 -- 21,060 troops 23 tanks 438 artillery pieces 33 naval guns 69 anti-tank guns ~ 300 anti-aircraft guns Casualties and losses 6,821 killed 2 captured but recovered 19,217 wounded 1 escort carrier sunk 1 fleet carrier severely damaged 1 escort carrier lightly damaged 17,845 -- 18,375 dead and missing 216 taken prisoner ~ 3,000 in hiding Location within Pacific Ocean Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign Iwo Jima Okinawa Ten - Go Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts and Marshalls Marianas and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu British raid on Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Singapore Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Operation K Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War The Battle of Iwo Jima ( 19 February -- 26 March 1945 ) was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II . The American invasion , designated Operation Detachment , had the goal of capturing the entire island , including the three Japanese - controlled airfields ( including the South Field and the Central Field ) , to provide a staging area for attacks on the Japanese main islands . This five - week battle comprised some of the fiercest and bloodiest fighting of the Pacific War of World War II . After the heavy losses incurred in the battle , the strategic value of the island became controversial . It was useless to the U.S. Army as a staging base and useless to the U.S. Navy as a fleet base . However , Navy Seabees rebuilt the landing strips , which were used as emergency landing strips for USAAF B - 29s . The Imperial Japanese Army positions on the island were heavily fortified , with a dense network of bunkers , hidden artillery positions , and 18 km ( 11 mi ) of underground tunnels . The American ground forces were supported by extensive naval artillery , and had complete air supremacy provided by U.S. Navy and Marine Corps aviators throughout the entire battle . Japanese combat deaths numbered three times the number of American deaths although , uniquely among Pacific War Marine battles , American total casualties ( dead and wounded ) exceeded those of the Japanese . Of the 21,000 Japanese soldiers on Iwo Jima at the beginning of the battle , only 216 were taken prisoner , some of whom were captured because they had been knocked unconscious or otherwise disabled . The majority of the remainder were killed in action , although it has been estimated that as many as 3,000 continued to resist within the various cave systems for many days afterwards , eventually succumbing to their injuries or surrendering weeks later . Despite the bloody fighting and severe casualties on both sides , the Japanese defeat was assured from the start . Overwhelming American superiority in numbers and arms as well as complete air supremacy -- coupled with the impossibility of Japanese retreat or reinforcement , along with sparse food and supplies -- permitted no plausible circumstance in which the Americans could have lost the battle . On February 19 , 1945 , the 133rd Naval Construction Battalion ( NCB ) joined the Fifth Marine Amphibious Corps and the Fourth Marine Division for the amphibious assault on Iwo Jima . The entire force landed on Iwo Jima on D - Day with the first assault wave led by the Fourth Marine Division . The 133rd NCHB suffered severe casualties during the fight for Iwo Jima , where it distinguished itself in both front - line combat and construction . The 133rd NCHC had 370 casualties , more than 40 percent of the 875 men that landed , the highest casualties as part of a single battle in Seabee history . Joe Rosenthal 's Associated Press photograph of the raising of the U.S. flag on top of the 169 m ( 554 ft ) Mount Suribachi by six U.S. Marines became an iconic image of the battle and the American war effort in the Pacific . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Planning and preparation 2.1 Japanese preparations 2.2 American preparations 2.3 Pre-landing bombardment 3 Opposing forces 3.1 American order of battle 3.2 Japanese order of battle 4 First day -- 19 February 1945 4.1 Amphibious landing 4.2 Situation on the beaches 4.3 Moving off the beaches 4.4 Crossing the island 4.5 Action on the right flank 5 Subsequent combat 6 Raising the flag on Mt . Suribachi 7 Northern Iwo Jima 8 Weapons 9 Aftermath 10 Strategic importance 11 Medal of Honor recipients 12 Legacy 13 Movies and documentaries 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 16.1 Online 17 External links Background ( edit ) Location of Iwo Jima After the American capture of the Marshall Islands , and the devastating air attacks against the Japanese fortress island of Truk Atoll in the Carolines in January 1944 , the Japanese military leaders reevaluated their situation . All indications pointed to an American drive toward the Mariana Islands and the Carolines . To counter such an offensive , the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy ( I.J.N. ) established an inner line of defenses extending generally northward from the Carolines to the Marianas , and thence to Japan via the Volcano Islands , and westward from the Marianas via the Carolines and the Palau Islands to the Philippines . In March 1944 , the Japanese 31st Army , commanded by General Hideyoshi Obata , was activated to garrison this inner line . ( Note that a Japanese army was about the size of an American , British Army , or Canadian Army corps . The Japanese Army had many armies , but the U.S. Army only had ten at its peak , with the 4th Army , the 6th Army , the 8th Army , and the 10th Army being in the Pacific Theater . Also , the 10th Army only fought on Okinawa in the spring of 1945 . ) The commander of the Japanese garrison on Chichi Jima was placed nominally in command of Army and Navy units in the Volcano Islands . After the American conquest of the Marianas , daily bomber raids from the Marianas hit the mainland as part of Operation Scavenger . Iwo Jima served as an early warning station that radioed reports of incoming bombers back to mainland Japan . This allowed Japanese air defenses to prepare for the arrival of American bombers . After the U.S. seized bases in the Marshall Islands in the battles of Kwajalein and Eniwetok in February 1944 , Japanese Army and Navy reinforcements were sent to Iwo Jima : 500 men from the naval base at Yokosuka and 500 from Chichi Jima reached Iwo Jima during March and April 1944 . At the same time , with reinforcements arriving from Chichi Jima and the home islands , the Army garrison on Iwo Jima reached a strength of more than 5,000 men . The loss of the Marianas during the summer of 1944 greatly increased the importance of the Volcano Islands for the Japanese , who were aware that the loss of these islands would facilitate American air raids against the Home Islands , disrupting war manufacturing and severely damaging civilian morale . Final Japanese plans for the defense of the Volcano Islands were overshadowed by several factors : the Imperial Japanese Navy had already lost almost all of its power , and it could not prevent American landings aircraft losses throughout 1944 had been so heavy that , even if war production were not affected by American air attacks , combined Japanese air strength was not expected to increase to 3,000 warplanes until March or April 1945 . these aircraft could not be used from bases in the Home Islands against Iwo Jima because their range was not more than 900 km ( 560 mi ) . available warplanes had to be hoarded to defend Taiwan and the Japanese Home Islands from any attack . there was a serious shortage of properly trained and experienced pilots and other aircrew to man the warplanes Japan had -- because such large numbers of pilots and crewmen had perished fighting over the Solomon Islands and during the Battle of the Philippine Sea in mid-1944 . In a postwar study , Japanese staff officers described the strategy that was used in the defense of Iwo Jima in the following terms : In the light of the above situation , seeing that it was impossible to conduct our air , sea , and ground / operations on Iwo Island ( Jima ) toward ultimate victory , it was decided that to gain time necessary for the preparation of the Homeland defense , our forces should rely solely upon the established defensive equipment in that area , checking the enemy by delaying tactics . Even the suicidal attacks by small groups of our Army and Navy airplanes , the surprise attacks by our submarines , and the actions of parachute units , although effective , could be regarded only as a strategical ruse on our part . It was a most depressing thought that we had no available means left for the exploitation of the strategical opportunities which might from time to time occur in the course of these operations . -- Japanese Monograph No. 48 At the end of the Battle of Leyte in the Philippines , the Allies were left with a two - month lull in their offensive operations before the planned invasion of Okinawa . Iwo Jima was strategically important : it provided an air base for Japanese fighter planes to intercept long - range B - 29 Superfortress bombers , and it provided a haven for Japanese naval units in dire need of any support available . In addition , it was used by the Japanese to stage air attacks on the Mariana Islands from November 1944 through January 1945 . The capture of Iwo Jima would eliminate these problems and provide a staging area for Operation Downfall -- the eventual invasion of the Japanese Home Islands . The distance of B - 29 raids could ( hypothetically ) be cut in half , and a base would be available for P - 51 Mustang fighters to escort and protect the bombers . American intelligence sources were confident that Iwo Jima would fall in one week . In light of the optimistic intelligence reports , the decision was made to invade Iwo Jima and the operation was given the code name Operation Detachment . American forces were unaware that the Japanese were preparing a complex and deep defense , radically departing from their usual strategy of a beach defense . So successful was the Japanese preparation that it was discovered after the battle that the hundreds of tons of Allied bombs and thousands of rounds of heavy naval gunfire had left the Japanese defenders almost undamaged and ready to inflict losses on the U.S. Marines . Planning and preparation ( edit ) Main article : Planning for the Battle of Iwo Jima Japanese preparations ( edit ) Lieut. Gen. Tadamichi Kuribayashi By June 1944 , Lieutenant General Tadamichi Kuribayashi was assigned to command the defense of Iwo Jima . Kuribayashi knew that Japan could not win the battle , but he hoped to inflict massive casualties on the American forces , so that the United States and its Australian and British allies would reconsider carrying out the invasion of Japan Home Islands . While drawing inspiration from the defense in the Battle of Peleliu , Kuribayashi designed a defense that broke with Japanese military doctrine . Rather than establishing his defenses on the beach to face the landings directly , he created strong , mutually supporting defenses in depth using static and heavy weapons such as heavy machine guns and artillery . Takeichi Nishi 's armored tanks were to be used as camouflaged artillery positions . Because the tunnel linking the mountain to the main forces was never completed , Kuribayashi organized the southern area of the island in and around Mount Suribachi as a semi-independent sector , with his main defensive zone built up in the north . The expected American naval and air bombardment further prompted the creation of an extensive system of tunnels that connected the prepared positions , so that a pillbox that had been cleared could be reoccupied . This network of bunkers and pillboxes favored the defense . For instance , The Nanpo Bunker ( Southern Area Islands Naval Air HQ ) , which was located east of Airfield Number 2 , had enough food , water and ammo for the Japanese to hold out for three months . The bunker was 90 feet deep and had tunnels running in various directions . Approximately 500 55 - gallon drums filled with water , kerosene , and fuel oil for generators were located inside the complex . Gasoline powered generators allowed for radios and lighting to be operated underground . By February 19 , 1945 , the day the Americans invaded , 11 miles of a planned 17 miles of tunnel network had been dug . Besides the Nanpo Bunker , there were numerous command centers and barracks that were 75 feet deep . Tunnels allowed for troop movement to go undetected to various defense positions . Hundreds of hidden artillery and mortar positions along with land mines were placed all over the island . Among the Japanese weapons were 320 mm spigot mortars and a variety of explosive rockets . Nonetheless , the Japanese supply was inadequate . Troops were supplied 60 % of the standard issue of ammunition sufficient for one engagement by one division , and food and forage for four months . Numerous Japanese snipers and camouflaged machine gun positions were also set up . Kuribayashi specially engineered the defenses so that every part of Iwo Jima was subject to Japanese defensive fire . He also received a handful of kamikaze pilots to use against the enemy fleet . Three hundred and eighteen American sailors were killed by kamikaze attacks during the battle . However , against his wishes , Kuribayashi 's superiors on Honshu ordered him to erect some beach defenses . These were the only parts of the defenses that were destroyed during the pre-landing bombardment . American preparations ( edit ) Starting on 15 June 1944 , the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Army Air Forces began naval bombardments and air raids against Iwo Jima , which would become the longest and most intense in the Pacific theater . These would contain a combination of naval artillery shellings and aerial bombings that went on for nine months . On 17 June , the destroyer escort USS Blessman sent Underwater Demolition Team 15 ( UDT - 15 ) toward Blue Beach for reconnaissance . The Japanese infantry fired on them , killing one American diver . On the evening of 18 June , the Blessman was hit by a bomb from a Japanese warplane , killing 40 sailors , including 15 members of her UDT . Unaware of Kuribayashi 's tunnel defense system , many of the Americans assumed the majority of the Japanese garrison were killed by the constant bombing raids . `` Well , this will be easy . The Japanese will surrender Iwo Jima without a fight . '' -- Chester W. Nimitz Pre-landing bombardment ( edit ) The battleship USS New York firing its 14 in ( 360 mm ) main guns on the island , 16 February 1945 ( D minus 3 ) Maj. Gen. Harry Schmidt , commander of the Marine landing force , requested a 10 - day heavy shelling of the island immediately preceding the mid-February amphibious assault . However , Rear Adm. William H.P. Blandy , commander of the Amphibious Support Force ( Task Force 52 ) , did not believe such a bombardment would allow him time to replenish his ships ' ammunition before the landings ; he thus refused Schmidt 's request . Schmidt then asked for nine days of shelling ; Blandy again refused and agreed to a three - day bombardment . This decision left much hard feeling among the Marines . After the war , Lieut. Gen. Holland M. `` Howlin ' Mad '' Smith , commander Expeditionary Troops ( Task Force 56 , which consisted of Schmidt 's Fifth Amphibious Corps ) , bitterly complained that the lack of naval gunfire had cost Marine lives during the entire Allied island campaign . Each heavy warship was given an area on which to fire that , combined with all the ships , covered the entire island . Each warship fired for approximately six hours before stopping for a certain amount of time . Poor weather on D minus 3 led to uncertain results for that day 's bombardment . On D minus 2 , the time and care that the Japanese had taken in preparing their artillery positions became clear . When heavy cruiser USS Pensacola got within range of shore batteries , the ship was quickly hit 6 times and suffered 17 crew deaths . Later , 12 small craft attempting to land an underwater demolition team were all struck by Japanese rounds and quickly retired . While aiding these vessels , the destroyer USS Leutze was also hit and suffered 7 crew deaths . On D minus 1 , Adm. Blandy 's gunners were once again hampered by rain and clouds . Gen. Schmidt summed up his feelings by saying , `` We only got about 13 hours worth of fire support during the 34 hours of available daylight . '' The limited bombardment had questionable impact on the enemy due to the Japanese being heavily dug - in and fortified . However , many bunkers and caves were destroyed during the bombing giving it some limited success . The Japanese had been preparing for this battle since March 1944 , which gave them a significant head start . By the time of the landing , about 450 American ships were located off Iwo Jima . The entire battle involved about 60,000 U.S. Marines and several thousand U.S. Navy Seabees . D minus 2 Medal of Honor : Lt. ( jg ) Rufus G. Herring , USNR Opposing forces ( edit ) Maj. Gen. Harry Schmidt General Schmidt 's division commanders on Iwo Jima Maj. Gen. Keller Rockey Maj. Gen. Clifton Cates Maj. Gen. Graves Erskine American order of battle ( edit ) Joint Expeditionary Force ( Task Force 51 ) Vice Admiral R. Kelly Turner , commanding Amphibious Support Force ( Task Force 52 ) , Rear Admiral William H.P. Blandy Attack Force ( Task Force 53 ) , Rear Admiral Harry W. Hill Expeditionary Troops ( Task Force 56 ) , Lieut. Gen. Holland M. Smith , USMC Fifth Amphibious Corps Commanding General : Maj. Gen. Harry Schmidt , USMC Chief of Staff : Brig. Gen. William W. Rogers , USMC Southern sector ( Green and Red beaches ) : 5th Marine Division ( 25,884 officers and enlisted ) Division Commander : Maj. Gen. Keller E. Rockey Assistant Division Commander : Brig. Gen. Leo D. Hermle Chief of Staff : Col. Ray A. Robinson 26th Marine Regiment : Col. Chester B. Graham 27th Marine Regiment : Col. Thomas A. Wornham 28th Marine Regiment : Col. Harry B. Liversedge 13th ( Artillery ) Marine Regiment : Col. James D. Waller Northern sector ( Yellow and Blue beaches ) : 4th Marine Division ( 24,452 officers and enlisted ) Division Commander : Maj. Gen. Clifton B. Cates Assistant Division Commander : Brig. Gen. Franklin A. Hart Chief of Staff : Col. Merton J. Batchelder 23rd Marine Regiment : Col. Walter W. Wensinger 24th Marine Regiment : Col. Walter I. Jordan 25th Marine Regiment : Col. John R. Lanigan 14th ( Artillery ) Marine Regiment : Col. Louis G. DeHaven Floating reserve ( committed to center sector 22 Feb ) : 3rd Marine Division ( 19,597 officers and enlisted ) Division Commander : Maj. Gen. Graves B. Erskine Assistant Division Commander : Brig. Gen. William A. Worton Chief of Staff : Col. Robert E. Hogaboom 9th Marine Regiment : Col. Howard N. Kenyon 21st Marine Regiment : Col. Hartnoll J. Withers 12th ( Artillery ) Marine Regiment : Lt. Col. Raymond F. Crist Jr . Japanese order of battle ( edit ) 21,060 total men under arms Lieut . General Tadamichi Kuribayashi , commanding Colonel Tadashi Takaishi , chief of staff Army 109th Division 145th Infantry Regiment 17th Mixed Infantry Regiment 26th Tank Regiment 2nd Mixed Brigade Navy 125th Anti-Aircraft Defense Unit 132nd Anti-Aircraft Defense Unit 141st Anti-Aircraft Defense Unit 149th Anti-Aircraft Defense Unit First day -- 19 February 1945 ( edit ) LVTs approach Iwo Jima . Marines landing on the beach Members of the 1st Battalion 23rd Marines burrow in the volcanic sand on Yellow Beach 1 . A beached LCI is visible upper left with Mount Suribachi upper right Amphibious landing ( edit ) During the night , Vice Adm. Marc A. Mitscher 's Task Force 58 , a huge carrier force , arrived off Iwo Jima . Also in this flotilla was Adm. Raymond A. Spruance , overall commander for the invasion , in his flagship , the heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis . `` Howlin ' Mad '' Smith was once again deeply frustrated that Mitscher 's powerful carrier group had been bombing the Japanese home islands instead of softening up the defenses of Iwo Jima . Mitscher 's fliers did contribute to the additional surface - ship bombardment that accompanied the formation of the amphibious craft . Unlike the days of the pre-landing bombardment , D - Day dawned clear and bright . At 08 : 59 , one minute ahead of schedule , the first wave of Marines landed on the beaches of the southeastern coast of Iwo Jima . Situation on the beaches ( edit ) Unfortunately for the landing force , the planners at Pearl Harbor had completely misjudged the situation that would face Gen. Schmidt 's Marines . The beaches had been described as `` excellent '' and the thrust inland was expected to be `` easy . '' In reality , after crossing the beach , the Marines were faced with 15 - foot - high slopes of soft black volcanic ash . This ash allowed for neither a secure footing nor the construction of foxholes to protect the Marines from hostile fire . However , the ash did help to absorb some of the fragments from Japanese artillery . Marines were trained to move rapidly forward ; here they could only plod . The weight and amount of equipment was a terrific hindrance and various items were rapidly discarded . First to go was the gas mask ... The lack of a vigorous response led the Navy to conclude that their bombardment had suppressed the Japanese defenses and in good order the Marines began deployment to the Iwo Jima beach . Gen. Kuribayashi was far from beaten , however . In the deathly silence , landed US Marines began to slowly inch their way forward inland , oblivious to the danger . After allowing the Americans to pile up men and machinery on the beach for just over an hour , Kuribayashi unleashed the undiminished force of his countermeasures . Shortly after 10 : 00 , everything from machine guns and mortars to heavy artillery began to rain down on the crowded beach , which was quickly transformed into a nightmarish bloodbath . At first it came as a ragged rattle of machine - gun bullets , growing gradually lower and fiercer until at last all the pent - up fury of a hundred hurricanes seemed to be breaking upon the heads of the Americans . Shells screeched and crashed , every hummock spat automatic fire and the very soft soil underfoot erupted underfoot with hundreds of exploding land mines ... Marines walking erect crumpled and fell . Concussion lifted them and slammed them down , or tore them apart ... Time - Life correspondent Robert Sherrod described it simply as `` a nightmare in hell . '' The Japanese heavy artillery in Mount Suribachi opened their reinforced steel doors to fire , and then closed them immediately to prevent counterfire from the Marines and naval gunners . This made it difficult for American units to destroy a Japanese artillery piece . To make matters worse for the Americans , the bunkers were connected to the elaborate tunnel system so that bunkers that were cleared with flamethrowers and grenades were reoccupied shortly afterwards by Japanese troops moving through the tunnels . This tactic caused many casualties among the Marines , as they walked past the reoccupied bunkers without expecting to suddenly take fresh fire from them . In response to the heavy resistance on the beach , the Army 's 147th Infantry Regiment was ordered to climb from landing craft with grappling hooks to scale a high ridge about 3 / 4 mile from Mount Suribachi . The mission was to fire on the enemy opposing the Marine landings on the beaches below . They were soon pinned down by heavy Japanese fire , and engaged in non-stop fighting for 31 days before they could be relieved . Moving off the beaches ( edit ) Marines wait to move inland Amtracs , unable to do more than uselessly churn the black ash , made no progress up the slopes ; their Marine passengers had to dismount and slog forward on foot . Men of the Naval Construction Battalions ( CBs or Seabees ) , braving enemy fire , eventually were able to bulldoze passages up the slopes . This allowed the Marines and equipment to finally make some progress inland and get off the jam - packed beaches . `` Even so , in virtually every shell hole there lay at least one dead Marine ... '' By 1130 hours , some Marines had managed to reach the southern tip of Airfield No. 1 , whose possession had been one of the ( highly unrealistic ) original American objectives for the first day . The Marines endured a fanatical 100 - man charge by the Japanese , but were able to keep their toehold on Airfield No. 1 as night fell . It was in this sector that Sgt . Darrell S. Cole of the 23rd Marines was killed after single - handedly knocking out several pillboxes and a bunker , thereby earning the Medal of Honor . Crossing the island ( edit ) In the left-most sector , the Americans did manage to achieve one of their objectives for the battle that day . Led by six - foot , four - inch Col. Harry B. `` Harry the Horse '' Liversedge the 28th Marine Regiment drove across the island at its narrowest width ( approx . one - half mile ) , thereby isolating the Japanese dug in on Mount Suribachi . GySgt . `` Manila '' John Basilone ( a Medal of Honor recipient for his actions on Guadalcanal ) , fighting in the 27th Marines just to the right of Liversedge 's 28th Regiment , was killed leading his machine - gun section . Cpl . Tony Stein , a former toolmaker , had transformed a wing gun from a wrecked fighter plane into what he called his `` stinger . '' With this unusual weapon , he methodically killed the occupants of multiple pillboxes , allowing demolition personnel following him to destroy the position . For these actions , he was ( posthumously ) awarded the Navy Cross . Action on the right flank ( edit ) The right-most landing area was dominated by Japanese positions at the Quarry . The 25th Marine Regiment undertook a two - pronged attack to silence these guns . Their experience can be summarized by the ordeal of 2nd Lt. Benjamin Roselle , part of a ground team directing naval gunfire : Within a minute a mortar shell exploded among the group ... his left foot and ankle hung from his leg , held on by a ribbon of flesh ... Within minutes a second round landed near him and fragments tore into his other leg . For nearly an hour he wondered where the next shell would land . He was soon to find out as a shell burst almost on top of him , wounding him for the third time in the shoulder . Almost at once another explosion bounced him several feet into the air and hot shards ripped into both thighs ... as he lifted his arm to look at this watch a mortar shell exploded only feet away and blasted the watch from his wrist and tore a large jagged hole in his forearm : `` I was beginning to know what it must be like to be crucified , '' he was later to say . The 25th Marines ' 3rd Battalion had landed approximately 900 men in the morning . Japanese resistance at the Quarry was so fierce that by nightfall only 150 were left in fighting condition , an astounding 83.3 % casualty rate . By the evening , 30,000 Marines had landed . About 40,000 more would follow . Aboard the command ship Eldorado , `` Howlin ' Mad '' Smith saw the lengthy casualty reports and heard of the slow progress of the ground forces . To the war correspondents covering the operation he confessed , `` I do n't know who he is , but the Japanese general running this show is one smart bastard . '' D - Day Medals of Honor : Sgt . Darrell S. Cole , USMCR ( posth . ) ; Cpl . Tony Stein , USMCR ( posth . ) Subsequent combat ( edit ) In the days after the landings , the Marines expected the usual Japanese banzai charge during the night . This had been the standard Japanese final defense strategy in previous battles against enemy ground forces in the Pacific , such as during the Battle of Saipan . In those attacks , for which the Marines were prepared , the majority of the Japanese attackers had been killed and the Japanese strength greatly reduced . However , General Kuribayashi had strictly forbidden these `` human wave '' attacks by the Japanese infantrymen because he considered them to be futile . The fighting on the beachhead at Iwo Jima was very fierce . The advance of the Marines was stalled by numerous defensive positions augmented by artillery pieces . There , the Marines were ambushed by Japanese troops who occasionally sprang out of tunnels . At night , the Japanese left their defenses under cover of darkness to attack American foxholes , but U.S. Navy ships fired star shells to deny them the cover of darkness . On Iwo Jima ( and other Japanese held islands ) , Japanese soldiers who knew English were used to harass and or deceive Marines in order to kill them if they could ; they would yell `` corpsman '' pretending to be a wounded Marine , in order to lure in U.S. Navy medical corpsmen attached to Marine infantry companies . The Marines learned that firearms were relatively ineffective against the Japanese defenders and effectively used flamethrowers and grenades to flush out Japanese troops in the tunnels . One of the technological innovations of the battle , the eight Sherman M4A3R3 medium tanks equipped with a flamethrower ( `` Ronson '' or `` Zippo '' tanks ) , proved very effective at clearing Japanese positions . The Shermans were difficult to disable , such that defenders were often compelled to assault them in the open , where they would fall victim to the superior numbers of Marines . Close air support was initially provided by fighters from escort carriers off the coast . This shifted over to the 15th Fighter Group , flying P - 51 Mustangs , after they arrived on the island on 6 March . Similarly , illumination rounds ( flares ) which were used to light up the battlefield at night were initially provided by ships , shifting over later to landing force artillery . Navajo code talkers were part of the American ground communications , along with walkie - talkies and SCR - 610 backpack radio sets . After running out of water , food and most supplies , the Japanese troops became desperate toward the end of the battle . Kuribayashi , who had argued against banzai attacks at the start of the battle , realized that defeat was imminent . Marines began to face increasing numbers of nighttime attacks ; these were only repelled by a combination of machine - gun defensive positions and artillery support . At times , the Marines engaged in hand - to - hand fighting to repel the Japanese attacks . With the landing area secure , more troops and heavy equipment came ashore , and the invasion proceeded north to capture the airfields and the remainder of the island . Most Japanese soldiers fought to the death . Raising the flag on mt . Suribachi ( edit ) Main article : Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima U.S. flag over Mount Suribachi U.S. postage stamp , 1945 issue , commemorating the Battle of Iwo Jima `` Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima '' is a black and white photograph taken by Joe Rosenthal depicting six Marines from E Company , 2nd Battalion , 28th Marines , raising a U.S. flag atop Mount Suribachi on February 23 , 1945 , in the second of two flag - raisings on the site that day . The photograph was extremely popular , being reprinted in thousands of publications . Later , it became the only photograph to win the Pulitzer Prize for Photography in the same year as its publication , and ultimately came to be regarded as one of the most significant and recognizable images of the war , and possibly the most reproduced photograph of all time . In 1954 , the flag raising picture was later used by Felix de Weldon to sculpt the Marine Corps War Memorial ( Iwo Jima Memorial ) , located adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery . Three of the six Marines depicted in the picture , Sgt . Michael Strank , Cpl . Harlon Block , and Pfc. Franklin Sousley , were killed in action days after the flag - raising . Two of the three surviving flag - raisers , Pfc . Rene Gagnon and Pfc . Ira Hayes , together with Navy corpsman John Bradley , became celebrities upon their participation in a war bond selling tour after the battle . Two subsequent Marine Corps investigations into the identities of the six men in the photograph determined in 1946 and 1947 that Henry Hansen was misidentified as being Block ( both Marines died 6 days after the photo ) , and in May and June 2016 that Bradley was not in the photograph and Pfc . Harold Schultz was . By the morning of 23 February , Mount Suribachi was effectively cut off above ground from the rest of the island . The Marines knew that the Japanese defenders had an extensive network of below - ground defenses , and that in spite of its isolation above ground , the volcano was still connected to Japanese defenders via the tunnel network . They expected a fierce fight for the summit . Two small patrols from two rifle companies from 2 / 28 Marines were sent up the volcano to reconnoiter routes on the mountain 's north face . Popular accounts ( embroidered by the press in the aftermath of the release of the photo ) had the Marines fighting all the way up to the summit . Although the Marine riflemen expected an ambush , one patrol encountered only small groups of Japanese defenders on top of Suribachi . The majority of the Japanese troops stayed in the tunnel network , only occasionally attacking in small groups , and were generally all killed . The recon patrols made it to the summit and scrambled down again , reporting any contact to the 2 / 28 Marines commander , Colonel Chandler Johnson . Johnson then called for a reinforced platoon size patrol from E Company to climb Suribachi and seize and occupy the crest . The patrol commander , 1st Lt. Harold Schrier , was handed the battalion 's American flag to be raised on top to signal Suribachi 's capture , if they reached the summit . Johnson and the Marines anticipated heavy fighting , but the patrol encountered only a small amount of small arms fire on the way up the mountain . Once the top was secured by Schrier and his men , a length of Japanese water pipe was found there among the wreckage , and the American flag was attached on the pipe and then raised and planted on top of Mount Suribachi which became the first foreign flag to fly on Japanese soil . Photographs of this `` first flag raising '' scene , taken by Marine photographer Louis R. Lowery , were not released until late 1947 . As the flag went up , Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal had just landed on the beach at the foot of Mount Suribachi and decided that he wanted the flag as a souvenir . Colonel Johnson , the battalion 's commander , believed that the flag belonged to the 2nd Battalion 28th Marines , who had captured that section of the island . Johnson sent Pfc . Rene Gagnon , a messenger for E Company , to take a second larger flag up the volcano to replace the first flag . It was as the replacement flag attached to another heavy pipe went up that Rosenthal took Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima . The flag flew on Mount Suribachi until it was taken down on March 14 , when an American flag was officially raised at Kitano Point at the northern end of the island by orders of the commander of all the troops on Iwo Jima , Lt. Gen. Holland Smith , who witnessed the event with Maj. Gen. Graves B. Erskine , the commander of the Third Marine Division , and troops of the division . Northern Iwo Jima ( edit ) Sketch of Hill 362A , made by the 31st U.S. Naval Construction Battalion . Dotted lines show the Japanese tunnel system Despite Japan 's loss of Mount Suribachi on the south end of the island , the Japanese still held strong positions on the north end . The rocky terrain vastly favored defense , even more so than Mount Suribachi , which was much easier to hit with naval artillery fire . Coupled with this , the fortifications constructed by Kuribayashi were more impressive than at the southern end of the island . Remaining under the command of Kuribayashi was the equivalent of eight infantry battalions , a tank regiment , and two artillery and three heavy mortar battalions . There were also about 5,000 gunners and naval infantry . The most arduous task left to the Marines was the overtaking of the Motoyama Plateau with its distinctive Hill 382 and Turkey knob and the area in between referred to as the Amphitheater . This formed the basis of what came to be known as the `` meatgrinder '' . While this was being achieved on the right flank , the left was clearing out Hill 362 with just as much difficulty . The overall objective at this point was to take control of Airfield No. 2 in the center of the island . However , every `` penetration seemed to become a disaster '' as `` units were raked from the flanks , chewed up , and sometimes wiped out . Tanks were destroyed by interlocking fire or were hoisted into the air on the spouting fireballs of buried mines '' . As a result , the fighting bogged down , with American casualties piling up . Even capturing these points was not a solution to the problem since a previously secured position could be attacked from the rear by the use of the tunnels and hidden pillboxes . As such , it was said that `` they could take these heights at will , and then regret it '' . A U.S. Marine firing his Browning M1917 machine gun at the Japanese March 1945 Several M4A3 Sherman tanks equipped with flamethrowers were used to clear Japanese bunkers The Marines nevertheless found ways to prevail under the circumstances . It was observed that during bombardments , the Japanese would hide their guns and themselves in the caves only to reappear when the troops would advance and lay devastating fire on them . The Japanese had over time learned basic American strategy , which was to lay heavy bombardment before an infantry attack . Consequently , General Erskine ordered the 9th Marine Regiment to attack under the cover of darkness with no preliminary barrage . This came to be a resounding success with many Japanese soldiers killed while still asleep . This was a key moment in the capture of Hill 362 . It held such importance that the Japanese organized a counterattack the following night . Although Kuribayashi had forbidden the suicide charges familiar with other battles in the Pacific , the commander of the area decided on a banzai charge with the optimistic goal of recapturing Mount Suribachi . On the evening of 8 March , Captain Samaji Inouye and his 1,000 men charged the American lines , inflicting 347 casualties ( 90 deaths ) . The Marines counted 784 dead Japanese soldiers the next day . The same day , elements of the 3rd Marine Division reached the northern coast of the island , splitting Kuribayashi 's defenses in two . There was also a kamikaze air attack ( the only one of the battle ) on the ships anchored at sea on 21 February , which resulted in the sinking of the escort carrier USS Bismarck Sea , severe damage to USS Saratoga , and slight damage to the escort carrier USS Lunga Point , an LST , and a transport . Although the island was declared secure at 18 : 00 on 16 March ( 25 days after the landings ) , the 5th Marine Division still faced Kuribayashi 's stronghold in a gorge 640 m ( 700 yd ) long at the northwestern end of the island . On 21 March , the Marines destroyed the command post in the gorge with four tons of explosives and on 24 March , Marines sealed the remaining caves at the northern tip of the island . However , on the night of 25 March , a 300 - man Japanese force launched a final counterattack in the vicinity of Airfield No. 2 . Army pilots , Seabees , and Marines of the 5th Pioneer Battalion and 28th Marines fought the Japanese force for up to 90 minutes , suffering heavy casualties ( 53 killed , 120 wounded ) . Two Marines from the 36th Depot Company , an all - African - American unit , received the Bronze Star . First Lieutenant Harry Martin of the 5th Pioneer Battalion was the last Marine to be awarded the Medal of Honor during the battle . Although still a matter of speculation because of conflicting accounts from surviving Japanese veterans , it has been said that Kuribayashi led this final assault , which unlike the loud banzai charge of previous battles , was characterized as a silent attack . If ever proven true , Kuribayashi would have been the highest ranking Japanese officer to have personally led an attack during World War II . Additionally , this would also be Kuribayashi 's final act , a departure from the normal practice of the commanding Japanese officers committing seppuku behind the lines while the rest perished in the banzai charge , as happened during the battles of Saipan and Okinawa . The island was officially declared secure at 09 : 00 on 26 March . Once the island was officially declared secure , the Army 's 147th Infantry Regiment was ostensibly there to act as a garrison force , but they soon found themselves locked in a bitter struggle against thousands of stalwart defenders engaging in a last - ditch guerilla campaign to harass the Americans . Using well - supplied caves and tunnel systems , the Japanese resisted American advances . For three months , the 147th slogged across the island , using flamethrowers , grenades , and satchel charges to dig out the enemy , killing some 1,602 Japanese soldiers in small unit actions . Weapons ( edit ) A flamethrower operator of E Company , 2nd Battalion 9th Marines , 3rd Marine Division , runs under fire on Iwo Jima The United States M2 flamethrower was heavily used in the Pacific . It features two tanks containing fuel and compressed gas respectively , which are combined and ignited to produce a stream of flaming liquid out of the tip . These flamethrowers were used to kill Japanese holed into pillboxes , buildings and caves . A battalion would assign one flamethrower per platoon with one reserve flamethrower in each group . Flamethrower operators were usually in more danger than regular troops as the short range of their weapon required close combat , and the visibility of the flames on the battlefield made them a prominent target for snipers . Still they were essential to breaking the enemy and one battalion commander called the flamethrower the `` best single weapon of the operation . '' Marines later experimented putting flamethrowers on tanks which were also deployed during battle . Their effectiveness was more limited due to Iwo Jima 's rough terrain . A flamethrower tank would have a range of approximately 100 yd ( 90 m ) , carry 300 gallons of fuel and have a firing time of 150 seconds . Aftermath ( edit ) U.S. Marines pose on top of enemy pillbox with a captured Japanese flag Of between 20,530 and 21,060 Japanese defenders entrenched on the island , from 17,845 to 18,375 died either from fighting or by ritual suicide . Only 216 were captured during the course of battle . After Iwo Jima , it was estimated there were no more than 300 Japanese left alive in the island 's warren of caves and tunnels . In fact , there were close to 3,000 . The Japanese bushido code of honor , coupled with effective propaganda which portrayed American G.I.s as ruthless animals , prevented surrender for many Japanese soldiers . Those who could not bring themselves to commit suicide hid in the caves during the day and came out at night to prowl for provisions . Some did eventually surrender and were surprised that the Americans often received them with compassion , offering water , cigarettes , alcohol , or coffee . The last of these holdouts on the island , two of Lieutenant Toshihiko Ohno 's men , Yamakage Kufuku and Matsudo Linsoki , lasted four years without being caught and finally surrendered on 6 January 1949 . According to the official Navy Department Library website , `` The 36 - day ( Iwo Jima ) assault resulted in more than 26,000 American casualties , including 6,800 dead . '' By comparison , the much larger scale 82 - day Battle of Okinawa lasting from early April until mid-June 1945 ( involving five U.S. Army and two Marine Corps divisions ) resulted in of over 62,000 U.S. casualties , of whom over 12,000 were killed or missing . Iwo Jima was also the only U.S. Marine battle where the American casualties exceeded the Japanese , although Japanese combat deaths numbered three times as many American deaths . Two US Marines were captured as POWs during the battle ; neither of them would survive their captivity . USS Bismarck Sea was also lost , the last U.S. aircraft carrier sunk in World War II . Because all civilians had been evacuated , there were no civilian casualties at Iwo Jima , unlike at Saipan and Okinawa . Strategic importance ( edit ) Lieutenant Wade discusses the overall importance of the target at a pre-invasion briefing . American supplies being landed at Iwo Jima . In hindsight , given the number of casualties , the necessity and long - term significance of the island 's capture to the outcome of the war became a contentious issue and remains disputed . The Marines , who suffered the actual casualties , were not consulted in the planning of the operation . As early as April 1945 , retired Chief of Naval Operations William V. Pratt stated in Newsweek magazine that considering the `` expenditure of manpower to acquire a small , God - forsaken island , useless to the Army as a staging base and useless to the Navy as a fleet base ... ( one ) wonders if the same sort of airbase could not have been reached by acquiring other strategic localities at lower cost . '' The lessons learned on Iwo Jima served as guidelines for the following Battle of Okinawa and the planned invasion of the Japanese homeland . For example , `` because of the casualties taken at Iwo Jima on the first day , it was decided to make the preparatory bombardment the heaviest yet delivered on to a Pacific island '' . Also , in the planning for a potential attack on the Japanese home islands , it was taken into account that around a third of the troops committed to Iwo Jima and again at Okinawa had been killed or wounded . The justification for Iwo Jima 's strategic importance to the United States ' war effort has been that it provided a landing and refueling site for long - range fighter escorts . These escorts proved both impractical and unnecessary , and only ten such missions were ever flown from Iwo Jima . Japanese fighter aircraft based on Iwo Jima sometimes attacked AAF planes , which were vulnerable on their way to Japan because they were heavily laden with bombs and fuel . However , although some Japanese interceptors were based on Iwo Jima , their impact on the American bombing effort was marginal ; in the three months before the invasion only 11 B - 29s were lost as a result . The Superfortresses found it unnecessary to make any major detour around the island . Marines from the 24th Marine Regiment during the Battle of Iwo Jima The Japanese on Iwo Jima had radar and were thus able to notify their comrades at home of incoming B - 29 Superfortresses flying from the Mariana Islands . However , the capture of Iwo Jima did not affect the Japanese early - warning radar system , which continued to receive information on incoming B - 29s from the island of Rota ( which was never invaded ) . As early as 4 March 1945 , while fighting was still taking place , the B - 29 Dinah Might of the USAAF 9th Bomb Group reported it was low on fuel near the island and requested an emergency landing . Despite enemy fire , the airplane landed on the Allied - controlled section of the island ( South Field ) , without incident , and was serviced , refueled and departed . In all , 2,251 B - 29 landings on Iwo Jima were recorded during the war . Moskin records that 1,191 fighter escorts and 3,081 strike sorties were flown from Iwo Jima against Japan . Some downed B - 29 crewmen were saved by air - sea rescue aircraft and vessels operating from the island , but Iwo Jima was only one of many islands that could have been used for such a purpose . As for the importance of the island as a landing and refueling site for bombers , Marine Captain Robert Burrell , then a history instructor at the United States Naval Academy , suggested that only a small proportion of the 2,251 landings were for genuine emergencies , the great majority possibly being for minor technical checkups , training , or refueling . According to Burrell , This justification became prominent only after the Marines seized the island and incurred high casualties . The tragic cost of Operation Detachment pressured veterans , journalists , and commanders to fixate on the most visible rationalization for the battle . The sight of the enormous , costly , and technologically sophisticated B - 29 landing on the island 's small airfield most clearly linked Iwo Jima to the strategic bombing campaign . As the myths about the flag raisings on Mount Suribachi reached legendary proportions , so did the emergency landing theory in order to justify the need to raise that flag . In publishing The Ghosts of Iwo Jima , Texas A&M University Press said that the very losses formed the basis for a `` reverence for the Marine Corps '' that not only embodied the `` American national spirit '' but ensured the `` institutional survival '' of the Marine Corps . Medal of Honor recipients ( edit ) Harry Truman congratulates Marine Corporal Hershel Williams of the Third Marine Division on being awarded the Medal of Honor , 5 October 1945 Main article : List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government . It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself by `` ... conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States ... '' Because of its nature , the medal is commonly awarded posthumously ; since its creation during the American Civil War it has been presented only 3,464 times . The Medal of Honor was awarded to 27 U.S. Marines and U.S. sailors ( 14 posthumously ) , during the battle of Iwo Jima. 22 medals were presented to Marines ( 12 posthumously ) and 5 were presented to sailors , 4 of whom were hospital corpsmen ( 2 posthumously ) attached to Marine infantry units ; 22 Medals of Honor was 28 % of the 82 awarded to Marines in World War II . Hershel W. Williams ( Marine Corps ) is the only living Medal of Honor recipient from the Battle of Iwo Jima . Williams ( age 93 in 2016 ) is one of seven living Medal of Honor recipients of World War II ; five soldiers and two Marines . Legacy ( edit ) The Marine Corps War Memorial ( Iwo Jima Memorial ) was dedicated on 10 November 1954 . The United States Navy has commissioned two ships with the name USS Iwo Jima ( LPH - 2 ) ( 1961 -- 1993 ) and USS Iwo Jima ( LHD - 7 ) ( 2001 -- present ) . On 19 February 1985 , the 40th anniversary of the landings on Iwo Jima , an event called the `` Reunion of Honor '' was held ( the event has been held annually since 2002 ) . The veterans of both sides who fought in the battle of Iwo Jima attended the event . The place was the invasion beach where U.S. forces landed . A memorial on which inscriptions were engraved by both sides was built at the center of the meeting place . Japanese attended at the mountain side , where the Japanese inscription was carved , and Americans attended at the shore side , where the English inscription was carved . After unveiling and offering of flowers were made , the representatives of both countries approached the memorial ; upon meeting , they shook hands . The combined Japan - U.S. memorial service of the 50th anniversary of the battle was held in front of the monument in February 1995 . Further memorial services have been held on later anniversaries . The importance of the battle to Marines today is demonstrated in pilgrimages made to the island , and specifically the summit of Suribachi . Marines will often leave dog tags , rank insignia , or other tokens at the monuments in homage . Iwo Jima Day is observed annually on 19 February in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts with a ceremony at the State House . The Japanese government continues to search for and retrieve the remains of Japanese military personnel who were killed during the battle . The U.S. Marine Corps War Memorial in Arlington , Virginia The memorial on top of Suribachi The 60th anniversary Reunion at the Japanese part of the memorial Movies and documentaries ( edit ) To the Shores of Iwo Jima , a 1945 American documentary produced by the United States Navy , Marine Corps , and the Coast Guard . Glamour Gal , a 1945 film about Marine artillery . Sands of Iwo Jima , a 1949 American film starring John Wayne . The Outsider , a 1961 film starring Tony Curtis as the conflicted flag raiser Ira Hayes . Episode 23 from the acclaimed 1973 Thames Television documentary The World at War . The League of Grateful Sons , a 2005 documentary by Vision Forum . Flags of Our Fathers and Letters from Iwo Jima , two 2006 films directed by Clint Eastwood . Flags of Our Fathers is filmed from the American perspective and is based on the book by James Bradley and Ron Powers ( Flags of Our Fathers ) . Letters from Iwo Jima ( originally titled Red Sun , Black Sand ) is filmed from the Japanese perspective . Battle Rats : Iwo Jima ( 2009 ) ( TV ) . Part 8 of the 2010 HBO miniseries The Pacific , produced by Tom Hanks and Steven Spielberg , includes part of the Battle of Iwo Jima from the point of view of John Basilone from the beginning of the invasion until his death later in the day . See also ( edit ) United States Marine Corps portal Library resources about Battle of Iwo Jima Resources in your library Resources in other libraries List of naval and land - based operations in the Pacific Theater during World War II Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima South Field ( Iwo Jima ) North Field ( Iwo Jima ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Burrell 2006 , p. 83 . Burrell talks about how many historians have overestimated the number Japanese defenders , with 20,000 and even 25,000 listed . Burrell puts the range between 18,060 and 18,600 , with exactly 216 of these taken prisoner during the course of the battle . Another 867 prisoners were taken by the U.S. Army between April and June , after the Marines had left . Jump up ^ Taki , THE HISTORY OF BATTLES OF IMPERIAL JAPANESE TANKS . Jump up ^ B.L. Crumley , `` The Marine Corps : Three Centuries of Glory '' , Jan 19 , 2013 . The total breaks down as follows : 361 artillery pieces of 75 mm caliber or larger , 12 320 mm spigot mortars , 65 medium and light mortars , 33 naval guns , 94 anti-aircraft guns of 75 mm or larger , 200 + anti-aircraft guns of 20 mm or 25 mm , and 69 37 mm or 47 mm anti-tank guns . ^ Jump up to : Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 2002 ) ( 1960 ) . Victory in the Pacific , 1945 . Volume 14 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07065 - 8 . OCLC 49784806 . Jump up ^ John Toland , The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire , 1936 -- 1945 , page 669 ^ Jump up to : Pratt , William V. ( 2 April 1945 ) . `` What Makes Iwo Jima Worth the Price '' . Newsweek . p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` John Clements Collection '' . loc.gov . Jump up ^ `` Letters from Iwo Jima '' . World War II Multimedia Database . Archived from the original on 12 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Iwo Jima -- Japanese Defense '' . World War II Naval Strategy . Jump up ^ Video : Carriers Hit Tokyo ! 1945 / 03 / 19 ( 1945 ) . Universal Newsreel. 19 March 1945 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Cyril J. `` Iwo Jima Retrospective '' . Archived from the original on 7 June 2007 . Retrieved 21 June 2007 . Jump up ^ John Toland , Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936 -- 1945 , page 669 Jump up ^ Adrian R. Lewis , The American Culture of War : The History of U.S. Military Force from World War II to Operation Iraqi Freedom , New York 2007 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Williams , Cliff ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` NMCB 133 Honors Iwo Jima Seabees ' Memory with Black Hell Squad Competition '' . Seabee Online . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : Landsberg , Mitchell ( 1995 ) . `` Fifty Years Later , Iwo Jima Photographer Fights His Own Battle '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 5 September 2007 . Retrieved 11 September 2007 . Jump up ^ USA , FEC , HistDiv , `` Operations in the Central Pacific '' -- Japanese Studies in World War II ( Japanese Monograph No. 48 , OCMH ) , p. 62. ; cited in George W. Garand and Truman R. Strobridge ( 1971 ) . History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II . Historical Branch , G - 3 Division , Headquarters , U.S. Marine Corps . Vol IV , Part VI , Ch 1 . Jump up ^ King , Dan ( 2014 ) . A Tomb Called Iwo Jima . Pacific Press . pp. 58 -- 59 . ISBN 978 - 1500343385 . Jump up ^ Hammel , Eric ( 2006 ) . Iwo Jima . Minneapolis : Zenith Press . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3733 - 2 . Jump up ^ King , Dan ( 2014 ) . A Tomb Called Iwo Jima . Pacific Press . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5003 - 43385 . Jump up ^ History of Imperial General Headquarters Army Section , p. 257 Jump up ^ `` Chronology of the Battle of Iwo Jima '' . Archived from the original on 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Wright . Iwo Jima : 1945 . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Wright , Iwo Jima 1945 : The Marines Raise the Flag on Mount Suribachi , p. 22 Jump up ^ Wright , Iwo Jima 1945 : The Marines Raise the Flag on Mount Suribachi , pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ `` Naval Gunfire '' . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United States Marine Corps War Memorial '' . The George Washington University . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Wright , Iwo Jima 1945 : The Marines Raise the Flag on Mount Suribachi , pp. 12 -- 13 , pp. 80 -- 81 Jump up ^ `` Amphibious Operations : Capture of Iwo Jima '' . Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Iwo Jima 1945 : The Marines Raise the Flag on Mount Suribachi , p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Wright , Iwo Jima 1945 : The Marines Raise the Flag on Mount Suribachi , p. 26 ^ Jump up to : Allen , Robert E. ( 2004 ) . The First Battalion of the 28th Marines on Iwo Jima : A Day - by - Day History from Personal Accounts and Official Reports , with Complete Muster Rolls . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0560 - 0 . OCLC 41157682 . Jump up ^ Wright , Iwo Jima 1945 : The Marines Raise the Flag on Mount Suribachi , pp. 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ Leckie , The Battle for Iwo Jima , p. 28 Jump up ^ Wright , Iwo Jima 1945 : The Marines Raise the Flag on Mount Suribachi , p. 27 Jump up ^ http://www.thestate.com/news/local/military/article14335403.html Jump up ^ Leckie , The Battle for Iwo Jima , p. 25 ^ Jump up to : Wright , Iwo Jima 1945 : The Marines Raise the Flag on Mount Suribachi , p. 32 Jump up ^ Leckie , The Battle for Iwo Jima , pp. 29 -- 31 Jump up ^ Wright , Iwo Jima 1945 : The Marines Raise the Flag on Mount Suribachi , pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Wright , Iwo Jima 1945 : The Marines Raise the Flag on Mount Suribachi , p. 31 Jump up ^ Wright , Iwo Jima 1945 : The Marines Raise the Flag on Mount Suribachi , p. 33 Jump up ^ USMC Statement on Marine Corps Flag Raisers , Office of U.S. Marine Corps Communication , 23 June 2016 Jump up ^ `` Charles Lindberg , 86 ; Marine helped raise first U.S. flag over Iwo Jima '' . The Los Angeles Times . 26 June 2007 . p . B8 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Wheeler , Keith ( 1979 ) . The Road to Tokyo . Alexandria , Virginia : Time - Life Books . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 2540 - 8 . Jump up ^ Leckie , Robert ( 1987 ) . Delivered from Evil . New York : Harper & Row . p. 870 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 091535 - 8 . Jump up ^ Leckie , Robert ( 1987 ) . Delivered from Evil . New York : Harper & Row . p. 871 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 091535 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Leckie , Robert ( 1987 ) . Delivered from Evil . New York : Harper & Row . p. 872 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 091535 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Detachment : The Battle for Iwo Jima February -- March 1945 '' . historyofwar.org . Jump up ^ Moskin , pp. 372 -- 373 Jump up ^ Moskin , p. 373 Jump up ^ Bernard C. Nalt . `` THE RIGHT TO FIGHT : African - American Marines in World War II : Peleliu and Iwo Jima '' . Archived from the original on 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 17 January 2009 . 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Jump up ^ `` This Month in History : Selected March Dates of Marine Corps Historical Significance '' . United States Marine Corps History Division . Archived from the original on 28 November 2010 . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Iwo Jima '' . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 10 March 2010 . Jump up ^ See Burrell , Robert S. ( 2004 ) . `` Breaking the cycle of Iwo Jima mythology : a strategic study of Operation Detachment '' . Journal of Military History . 68 ( 4 ) : 1143 -- 1186 . doi : 10.1353 / jmh. 2004.0175 . Jump up ^ John Keegan , THE SECOND WORLD WAR , Penguin books , 1989 , p. 566 Jump up ^ John Keegan , p. 575 Jump up ^ Assistant Chief of Air Staff ( September -- October 1945 ) . `` Iwo , B - 29 Haven and Fighter Springboard '' . Impact . pp. 69 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Craven , Wesley Frank ; James Lea Cate ( 1953 ) . The Army Air Forces in World War II . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 5 : 581 -- 82 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 11995 - 5 . OCLC 704158 . Jump up ^ Craven and Cate , 5 : 559 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Richard F. ( 2002 ) . Iwo Jima . Holt Paperbacks . p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7071 - 0 . Jump up ^ Joint War Planning Committee 306 / 1 , `` Plan for the Seizure of Rota Island , '' 25 January 1945 . Jump up ^ `` Iwo To Japan '' . 506th Fighter Group . Archived from the original on 8 February 2010 . Retrieved 10 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Moskin , J. Robert ( 1992 ) . The U.S. Marine Corps Story ( 3rd Revised ed . ) . Little , Brown and Company . p. 373 . ISBN 0 - 448 - 22688 - X . Jump up ^ Burrell , Robert S. ( October 2004 ) . `` Breaking the Cycle of Iwo Jima Mythology : A Strategic Study of Operation Detachment '' . The Journal of Military History . 68 ( 4 ) : 1143 -- 1186 . OCLC 37032245 . doi : 10.1353 / jmh. 2004.0175 . Jump up ^ `` The Ghosts of Iwo Jima '' . Texas A&M University Press . 2006 . Retrieved 14 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` United States Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive '' . Medal Of Honor Statistics . United States Army Center of Military History . 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 6 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Jeanette Steele ( 13 March 2014 ) . `` Iwo Jima : A veteran returns '' . UT San Diego . Archived from the original on 6 April 2014 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Reunion of Honor Memorial Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Blumenstein , LCpl Richard ; Sgt . Ethan E. Rocke ( October -- December 2007 ) . `` From Black Sands to Suribachi 's Summit : Marines Reflect on Historic Battle '' . Marines Magazine . United States Marine Corps . Archived from the original on 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 18 December 2008 . Jump up ^ See : File : IwoJima Homage Insignia Devices. jpg Jump up ^ `` The General Laws of Massachusetts -- Declaration of Iwo Jima Day '' . Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Archived from the original on 5 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Kyodo News , `` Map of Iwojima 's underground bunkers found in U.S. '' , Japan Times , 6 May 2012 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Outsider ( 1961 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2 January 2008 . References ( edit ) Allen , Robert E. ( 2004 ) . The First Battalion of the 28th Marines on Iwo Jima : A Day - by - Day History from Personal Accounts and Official Reports , with Complete Muster Rolls . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0560 - 0 . OCLC 41157682 . Bradley , James ; Ron Powers ( 2001 ) ( 2000 ) . Flags of Our Fathers . New York : Bantam . ISBN 0 - 553 - 38029 - X . OCLC 48215748 . Bradley , James ( 2003 ) . Flyboys : A True Story of Courage . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 10584 - 8 . OCLC 52071383 . Buell , Hal ( 2006 ) . Uncommon Valor , Common Virtue : Iwo Jima and the Photograph that Captured America . New York : Penguin Group . ISBN 0 - 425 - 20980 - 6 . OCLC 65978720 . Burrell , Robert S. `` Breaking the Cycle of Iwo Jima Mythology : A Strategic Study of Operation Detachment , '' Journal of Military History Volume 68 , Number 4 , October 2004 , pp. 1143 -- 1186 and rebuttal in Project MUSE Burrell , Robert S. ( 2006 ) . The Ghosts of Iwo Jima . College Station : Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 483 - 9 . OCLC 61499920 . Eldridge , Robert D. ; Charles W. Tatum ( 2011 ) . Fighting Spirit : The Memoirs of Major Yoshitaka Horie and the Battle of Iwo Jima . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 856 - 2 . Hammel , Eric ( 2006 ) . Iwo Jima : Portrait of a Battle : United States Marines at War in the Pacific . St. Paul , Minn. : Zenith Press . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 2520 - 0 . OCLC 69104268 . Hearn , Chester ( 2003 ) . Sorties into @ # ! * % : The Hidden War on Chichi Jima . Westport , Conn. : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98081 - 2 . OCLC 51968985 . Kakehashi , Kumiko ( 2007 ) . So Sad to Fall in Battle : An Account of War Based on General Tadamichi Kuribayashi 's Letters from Iwo Jima . Presidio Press . ISBN 0 - 89141 - 917 - 9 . Kirby , Lawrence F. ( 1995 ) . Stories From The Pacific : The Island War 1942 -- 1945 . Manchester , Mass. : The Masconomo Press . ISBN 0 - 9645103 - 1 - 6 . OCLC 32971472 . Leckie , Robert ( 2005 ) ( 1967 ) . The Battle for Iwo Jima . New York : ibooks , Inc . ISBN 1 - 59019 - 241 - 9 . OCLC 56015751 . Linenthal , Edward T. `` Shaping a Heroic Presence : Iwo Jima in American Memory '' . Reviews in American History Vol. 21 , No. 1 ( March 1993 ) , pp. 8 -- 12 . JSTOR 2702942 . Lucas , Jack ; D.K. Drum ( 2006 ) . Indestructible : The Unforgettable Story of a Marine Hero at the Battle of Iwo Jima . Cambridge , Mass. : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81470 - 6 . OCLC 68175700 . Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 2002 ) ( 1970 ) . Victory in the Pacific , 1945 , vol. 14 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . Urbana , Ill. : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07065 - 8 . OCLC 49784806 . Newcomb , Richard F. ; Harry Schmidt ( 2002 ) ( 1965 ) . Iwo Jima . New York : Owl Books . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7071 - 0 . OCLC 48951047 . Overton , Richard E. ( 2006 ) . God Is n't Here : A Young American 's Entry into World War II and His Participation in the Battle for Iwo Jima . Clearfield , Utah : American Legacy Media . ISBN 0 - 9761547 - 0 - 6 . OCLC 60694955 . Rawson , Andrew . 2016 . Iwo Jima 1945 , Toronto : Dundurn . Ross , Bill D. ( 1986 ) ( 1985 ) . Iwo Jima : Legacy of Valor . New York : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 394 - 74288 - 5 . OCLC 13582622 . Shively , John C. ( 2006 ) . The Last Lieutenant : A Foxhole View of the Epic Battle for Iwo Jima . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34728 - 9 . OCLC 61761637 . Toyn , Gary W. ( 2006 ) . The Quiet Hero : The Untold Medal of Honor Story of George E. Wahlen at the Battle for Iwo Jima . Clearfield , Utah : American Legacy Media . ISBN 0 - 9761547 - 1 - 4 . OCLC 72161745 . Veronee , Marvin D. ( 2001 ) . A portfolio of photographs : selected to illustrate the setting for my experience in the battle of Iwo Jima , World War II , Pacific theater . Quantico : Visionary Pub . ISBN 0 - 9715928 - 2 - 9 . OCLC 52001277 . Wells , John K. ( 1995 ) . Give Me Fifty Marines Not Afraid to Die : Iwo Jima . Abilene , Tex. : Quality Publications . ISBN 0 - 9644675 - 0 - X . OCLC 32153036 . Wheeler , Richard ( 1994 ) ( 1980 ) . Iwo . Annapolis , Md. : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 922 - 0 . OCLC 31693687 . Wheeler , Richard ( 1994 ) ( 1965 ) . The @ # ! * % Battle for Suribachi . Annapolis , Md. : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 923 - 9 . OCLC 31970164 . Wright , Derrick ( 2007 ) ( 1999 ) . The Battle for Iwo Jima 1945 . Stroud : Sutton Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 4544 - 3 . OCLC 67871973 . Wright , Derrick ( 2004 ) ( 2001 ) . Iwo Jima 1945 : The Marines Raise the Flag On Mount Suribachi . Oxford : Osprey Publishing Ltd . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98273 - 4 . Kindersley , Dorling ( 2009 ) . World War II : The Definitive Visual History . DK Publishing . Online ( edit ) Alexander , Joseph H. ( 1994 ) . Closing In : Marines in the Seizure of Iwo Jima . Marines in World War II Commemorative Series . Washington , D.C. : History and Museums Division , Headquarters , United States Marine Corps . OCLC 32194668 . Bartley , Whitman S. ( 1954 ) . Iwo Jima : Amphibious Epic . Marines in World War II Historical Monograph . Washington , D.C. : Historical , Division of Public Information , Headquarters , United States Marine Corps . OCLC 28592680 . Garand , George W. ; Truman R. Strobridge ( 1971 ) . `` Part VI : Iwo Jima '' . Western Pacific Operations . Volume IV of History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II . Historical Branch , United States Marine Corps . ISBN 0 - 89839 - 198 - 9 . Dyer , George Carroll ( 1956 ) . `` The Amphibians Came to Conquer : The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner '' . United States Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . `` Animated Map History of The Battle of Iwo Jima ( including Medal of Honor citations ) '' . HistoryAnimated.com . `` The Battle for Iwo Jima ( color combat footage ) '' . SonicBomb.com . Brady , John H. `` Iwo Jima '' . Iwo Jima , Inc . `` Battle of Iwo Jima '' . WW2DB.com . Site contains 250 photographs . Williams , Greg . `` Dimensions of Valor '' . Tampa Tribune . TBO.com . Archived from the original ( Flash ) on 5 December 2006 . 3 - D stereo photograph of Iwo Jima flag - raising . `` Mt . Suribachi HDR Image '' . Japan Photos . February 2007 . A tone - mapped High Dynamic Range Image of Iwo Jima . `` Iwo Jima : Forgotten Valor '' . Primary Source Adventures . Portal to Texas History , University of North Texas . Dawson , Rick ( 2007 ) . `` The Battle of Iwo Jima '' . ArticleMyriad.com . Archived from the original on 26 February 2007 . `` Iwo Jima Combat Footage in Color '' . WW2incolor.com . Lemer , Jeremy ( 15 February 2005 ) . `` Remembering the Battle of Iwo Jima '' . Columbia News Service . Archived from the original on 8 September 2006 . Retrieved 6 October 2006 . `` Operations map of Iwo Jima '' ( JPG ) . 23 October 1944 . `` Collection of military maps of Iwo Jima '' . Historical Resources . 15 September 2008 . `` To the Shores of Iwo Jima '' ( video ) . Google Video . `` Battle of Iwo Jima '' . History of War . Alexander , Colonel Joseph ( 2000 ) . `` Battle of Iwo Jima '' . HistoryNet.com and World War II magazine . `` Iwo Jima Pictures '' . WW2-Pictures.com . Archived from the original on 16 April 2010 . `` Amphibious Operations : Capture of Iwo Jima '' . Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . `` Victory At Sea : Target Suribachi '' ( video ) . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 17 January 2009 . `` Rare photos of the Battle of Iwo Jima from the U.S. National Archives and the Department of Defense , USMC '' . Awesome Stories . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . `` Daily summaries of fighting , Medal of Honor citations , a listing of those who died on Iwo Jima , and maps of the battle '' . Iwojimahistory.com . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . 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141.317 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Iwo_Jima&oldid=800579034 '' Categories : Battle of Iwo Jima 1945 in Japan Battles of World War II involving Japan Battles of World War II involving the United States Japanese home islands campaign United States Marine Corps in World War II World War II invasions World War II operations and battles of the Pacific theatre Invasions by the United States Last stand battles Amphibious operations of World War II February 1945 events March 1945 events Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from September 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 12 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the battle of iwo jima ww2 | [
"The Battle of Iwo Jima (19 February – 26 March 1945) was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. The American invasion, designated Operation Detachment, had the goal of capturing the entire island, including the three Japanese-controlled airfields (including the South Field and the Central Field), to provide a staging area for attacks on the Japanese main islands.[4] This five-week battle comprised some of the fiercest and bloodiest fighting of the Pacific War of World War II."
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738178422686402853 | Government of El Salvador | Government of El Salvador - Wikipedia Government of El Salvador Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( June 2017 ) The government of El Salvador is a presidential representative democratic republic . The seat of the federal government is in San Salvador . Contents ( hide ) 1 Executive branch 1.1 President of El Salvador 1.2 Cabinet 1.2. 1 Military of El Salvador 1.3 Legislative branch 1.4 Judicial branch of the government of El Salvador 2 See also 3 References Executive branch ( edit ) President of El Salvador ( edit ) Main article : President of El Salvador El Salvador elects its head of state -- the President of El Salvador -- directly through a fixed - date general election whose winner is decided by absolute majority . If an absolute majority ( 50 % + 1 ) is not achieved by any candidate in the first round of a presidential election , then a run - off election is conducted 30 days later between the two candidates who obtained the most votes in the first round . The presidential period is five years , and re-election is not permitted . Cabinet ( edit ) The executive branch of the government of El Salvador consists of the following departments , each led by a minister : Agriculture & Livestock Economy Learning ( Capital ) Environment & Natural Resources Finance Foreign Relations Government Sports Labor & Social Welfare Public Security & Justice Public Works Tourism Attorney General Military of El Salvador ( edit ) Main article : Armed Forces of El Salvador The Ministry of Defence of El Salvador commands the armed forces , consisting of the following branches : Army of El Salvador Navy of El Salvador Air Force of El Salvador Legislative branch ( edit ) Main article : Legislative Assembly of El Salvador The Salvadoran legislature is a unicameral body . It is made up of 84 deputies , all of who are elected by direct popular vote according to closed - list proportional representation to serve three - year terms and are eligible for immediate re-election . Of these , 64 are elected in 14 multi-seat constituencies , corresponding to the country 's 14 departments , which return between 3 and 16 deputies each . The remaining 20 deputies are selected on the basis of a single national constituency . Judicial branch of the government of El Salvador ( edit ) Main article : Judiciary of El Salvador Supreme Court of El Salvador See also ( edit ) Constitution of El Salvador Politics of El Salvador Elections in El Salvador List of political parties in El Salvador References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments -- CIA.gov '' . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 27 . This El Salvador -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_El_Salvador&oldid=807081212 '' Categories : Government of El Salvador El Salvador stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from June 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from June 2017 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 19 : 46 . About Wikipedia | what form of government does el salvador have | [
"The government of El Salvador is a presidential representative democratic republic. The seat of the federal government is in San Salvador."
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"presidential representative democratic republic"
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239189349732795169 | Dutch colonization of the Americas | Dutch colonization of the Americas - wikipedia Dutch colonization of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal The Dutch colonization of the Americas began with the establishment of Dutch trading posts and plantations in the Americas , which preceded the much wider known colonisation activities of the Dutch in Asia . While the first Dutch fort in Asia was built in 1600 ( in present - day Indonesia ) , the first forts and settlements on the Essequibo River in Guyana date from the 1590s . Actual colonization , with the Dutch settling in the new lands , was not as common as with other European nations . Many of the Dutch settlements were lost or abandoned by the end of the 17th century , but the Netherlands managed to retain possession of Suriname until it gained independence in 1975 , as well as the Netherlands Antilles , which remain within the Kingdom of the Netherlands today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mainland In North America 2 Caribbean Sea 2.1 Netherlands ( Dutch ) Antilles 2.2 Tobago 2.3 Virgin Islands 3 South America 3.1 Brazil 3.2 Chile 3.3 Guyanas 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Mainland in North America ( edit ) 1685 reprint of a 1656 map of the Dutch North American colonies showing extent of Dutch claims , from Chesapeake Bay and the Susquehanna River in the South and West , to Narragansett Bay and the Providence - Blackstone Rivers in the East , to the St. Lawrence River in the North Main articles : New Netherland and New Netherland settlements In 1602 , the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands chartered a young and eager Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or `` VOC '' ) with the mission of exploring North America 's Rivers and Bays for a direct passage through to the Indies . Along the way , Dutch explorers were charged to claim any uncharted areas for the United Provinces , which led to several significant expeditions and , over time , Dutch explorers founded the province of New Netherland . By 1610 , the VOC had already commissioned English explorer Henry Hudson who , in an attempt to find the so - called northwest passage to the Indies , discovered and claimed for the VOC parts of the present - day United States and Canada . Hudson entered the Upper New York Bay by sailboat , heading up the Hudson River , which now bears his name . On March 27 , 1614 the States General would move away from traditional monopolistic endeavors and take a new and freer approach to exploration and commercial development of the New World ; the issuance of the General Charter for Those who Discover Any New Passages , Havens , Countries , or Places stated that `` the said undertaking to be laudable , honorable , and serviceable for the prosperity of the United Provinces and wishing that the experiment be free and open to all and every of the inhabitants of this country , have invited and do hereby invite all and every of the inhabitants of the United Netherlands to the aforesaid search . '' In 1614 , Adriaen Block led an expedition to the lower Hudson River in the Tyger , and then explored the East River aboard the Onrust , becoming the first known European to navigate the Hellegat in order to gain access to Long Island Sound . Block Island and Block Island Sound are befittingly named in his honor . Upon his return to Amsterdam in 1614 , Block compiled a map , and applied the name ' New Netherland ' for the first time to the area between English Virginia and French Canada , where he was later granted exclusive trading rights by the Dutch government . Block quickly ascended and became Manhattan 's first monopolist . Area settled by the Dutch in 1660 After some early trading expeditions , the first Dutch settlement in the Americas was founded in 1615 : Fort Nassau , on Castle Island along the Hudson , near present - day Albany . The settlement served mostly as an outpost for trading in fur with the native Lenape tribespeople , but was later replaced by Fort Orange . Both forts were named in honor of the House of Orange - Nassau . By 1621 , the United Provinces had charted a new company , a trading monopoly in the Americas and West Africa : the Dutch West India Company ( Westindische Compagnie or WIC ) . The WIC sought recognition as founders of the New World -- which they ultimately did as founders of a new Province in 1623 , New Netherland . That year , another Fort Nassau was built on the Delaware River near Gloucester City , New Jersey . In 1624 , the first colonists , mostly Walloons and their slaves - bound servants , arrived to New Netherland by the shipload , landing at Governors Island and initially dispensed to Fort Orange , Fort Wilhelmus and Kievets Hoek . In 1626 , Director of the WIC Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Lenape natives and started construction of Fort Amsterdam , which grew to become the main port and capital , New Amsterdam . The colony expanded to outlying areas at Pavonia , Brooklyn , Bronx , and Long Island . On the Connecticut River , Fort Huys de Goede Hoop was completed in 1633 at present day Hartford . By 1636 , the English from Newtown ( now Cambridge , Massachusetts ) settled on the north side of the Little River . In the Treaty of Hartford , the border of New Netherland was retracted to western Connecticut and by 1653 , the English had overtaken the Dutch trading post . Expansion along the Delaware River beyond Fort Nassau did not begin until the 1650s , after the takeover of a Swedish colony , obviously called New Sweden which had been established at Fort Christina in 1638 . Settlements at Fort Nassau and the short - lived Fort Beversreede were abandoned and consolidated at Fort Casimir . By 1655 Fort Christina , sitting in what is today Wilmington , had already been renamed Fort Altena . Not all inhabitants of New Netherlands , Manahattan 's first European colonizers , were ethnically Dutch , but in reality came from many European countries . Along with the large number of African native peoples -- originally brought over bound by the shackles of slavehood -- many New Netherlanders were Walloons , Huguenots , Germans , Scandinavian and English relocated from New England . In 1664 , an English naval expedition ordered by Prince James , Duke of York and of Albany ( later King James II & VII ) sailed in the harbor at New Amsterdam , threatening to attack . Being greatly outnumbered , Director - General Peter Stuyvesant surrendered after negotiating favorable articles of capitulation . The Province then took a new name , New York ( from James 's English title ) . Fort Orange was renamed Fort Albany ( from James 's Scottish title ) . The region between the lower Hudson and the Delaware was deeded to proprietors and called New Jersey . The loss of New Netherland led to the Second Anglo -- Dutch War during 1665 -- 1667 . This conflict ended with the Treaty of Breda , which stipulated that the Dutch give up their claim to New Netherlands in exchange for Suriname . From 1673 to 1674 , the territories were once again briefly captured by the Dutch in the Third Anglo -- Dutch War , only to be returned to England at the Treaty of Westminster . In 1674 , Dutch navy captain Jurriaen Aernoutsz also briefly captured two forts in the French colony of Acadia , which he claimed as Dutch territory the new colony of New Holland . However , Aernoutsz 's appointed administrator , John Rhoades , quickly lost control of the territory after Aernoutsz himself left for Curaçao to seek out new settlers , and with effective control of Acadia remaining in the hands of France , Dutch sovereignty existed only on paper until the Netherlands surrendered their claim in the Treaties of Nijmegen . Caribbean sea ( edit ) Netherlands ( Dutch ) Antilles ( edit ) Dutch colonization in the Caribbean started in the 1634 on St. Croix and Tobago ( 1628 ) , followed in 1631 with settlements on Tortuga ( now Île Tortue ) and Sint Maarten . When the Dutch lost Sint Maarten ( and Anguilla where they had built a fort shortly after arriving in Sint Maarten ) to the Spanish , they settled Curaçao and Sint Eustatius . They regained half of Sint Maarten in 1648 , from then on sharing the island with France . The border between the two portions of the island continued to be modified periodically , before being set for good in 1816 Sint Maarten in 1618 Bonaire in 1634 Curaçao in 1634 Sint Eustatius in 1636 Aruba in 1637 Saba in 1640 Tortola , Virgin Gorda , Jost van Dyke before 1640 Until deep into the 19th century , the now Venezuelan islands of Aves , the Aves archipelago , Los Roques and La Orchila were also considered by the Dutch government to be part of the Dutch West Indies . The Netherlands Antilles remained an overseas territory of the Netherlands . It was granted self - rule in 1954 . In 1986 , Aruba was granted autonomy , separately from the other islands . On October 10 , 2010 the Netherlands Antilles was dismantled . Like Aruba , the islands Curaçao and Sint Maarten became constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . Bonaire , Saba , and Sint Eustatius became special municipalities of the Netherlands . Tobago ( edit ) The Netherlands made numerous attempts to colonize Tobago ( Nieuw - Walcheren ) in the 17th century . Each time , the settlements were destroyed by rival European powers . Dutch settlements on Tobago : 1628 -- 1 Jan 1637 : Fort Vlissingen ; massacred by the Spanish Sept 1654 -- Jan 1666 : Forts Lampsinsberg , Beveren , and Bellavista ; conquered by British , destroyed by French 1667 -- 18 Dec 1672 : Nieuw - Vlissingen ; destroyed by British 1 Sept 1676 -- 6 Dec 1677 : Fort Sterreschans ; destroyed by French Virgin islands ( edit ) See also : Dutch Virgin Islands As a group , the islands are known as the Maagdeneilanden in Dutch . The Dutch established a base on St. Croix ( Sint - Kruis ) in 1625 , the same year that the British did . French Protestants joined the Dutch but conflict with the British colony led to its abandonment before 1650 . The Dutch established a settlement on Tortola ( Ter Tholen ) before 1640 and later on Anegada , Saint Thomas ( Sint - Thomas ) and Virgin Gorda . The British took Tortola in 1672 and Anegada and Virgin Gorda in 1680 . South America ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) Main articles : Dutch Brazil and Dutch Brazilian Recife or Mauritsstad - Capital of the Nieuw Holland in Brazil Dutch Brazil , c. 1655 From 1630 onward , the Dutch Republic gained control of a large portion of northeastern Brazil from the Portuguese . The Dutch West India Company set up their headquarters in Recife . The governor , Johan Maurits , invited artists and scientists to the colony to help promote migration to the new South - American colony . However , the Portuguese fought back and won a significant victory at the Second Battle of Guararapes in 1649 . On January 26 , 1654 , the Dutch Republic surrendered and signed a capitulation returning control of all the northeastern Brazil colony to the Portuguese . After the end of the First Anglo -- Dutch War in May 1654 , the Dutch Republic demanded that New Holland ( Dutch Brazil ) be returned to Dutch control . Under threat of an occupation of Lisbon and a reoccupation of northeastern Brazil , the Portuguese , already involved in a war against Spain , acceded to the Dutch demand . However , the new Dutch political leader Johan de Witt deemed commerce more important than territory , and saw to it that New Holland was sold back to Portugal on August 6 , 1661 through the Treaty of the Hague . Chile ( edit ) Further information : Dutch expedition to Valdivia and Dutch Chilean In 1600 , the Chilean city of Valdivia was conquered by the Dutch pirate Sebastian de Cordes . He left the city after a few months . In 1642 , the VOC and WIC sent a fleet to Chile to conquer Valdivia and its supposed gold mines . This expedition was led by Hendrik Brouwer , a Dutch admiral . In 1643 , Brouwer died before effecting the conquest of the Chiloé Archipelago ; his lieutenant Elias Herckmans succeeded in capturing the ruins of the city , which he refortified and named Brouwershaven . Finding no gold but many hostile natives , the Dutch soon abandoned the outpost . The second emigration from the Netherlands to Chile was in 1895 . Under the so - called `` Inspector General of Colonization and Immigration Chilean '' , a dozen Dutch families settled between 1895 and 1897 in Chiloé , particularly in Mechaico , Huillinco and Chacao . In the same period Hageman Egbert arrived in Chile . with his family , 14 April 1896 , settling in Rio Gato , near Puerto Montt . In addition , family Wennekool which inaugurated the Dutch colonization of Villarrica . In the early twentieth century , there arrived in Chile a large group of Dutch people from South Africa , which had been established where they worked mainly in construction of the railway . When the Boer War , which would eventually lead to the British annexation of both republics in 1902 . These emigrants decided to emigrate to Chile with the help of the Chilean government . On 4 May 1903 , a group of over 200 Dutch emigrants sailed on the steamship `` Oropesa '' shipping company `` Pacific Steam Navigation Company , from La Rochelle ( La Pallice ) in France . The majority of migrants were born in the Netherlands : 35 % was from North Holland and South Holland , 13 % of North Brabant , 9 % of Zeeland and equal number of Gelderland . On June 5 , arrived by train to their final destination , the city of Pitrufquén , located south of Temuco , near the hamlet of Donguil . Another group of Dutchmen arrived shortly after to Talcahuano , in the `` Oravi '' and the `` Orissa '' . The Netherlands colony in Donguil was christened `` New Transvaal Colony . There were established more than 500 families in order to start a new life . Between 7 February 1907 and February 18 , 1909 above the last group of families Boers . It is currently estimated at about 50,000 descendants of Dutch , mostly located in Malleco , Gorbea , Pitrufquén , Faja Maisan and around Temuco and Osorno . Guyanas ( edit ) Main article : Dutch colonisation of the Guianas The Dutch West Indian Company built a fort in 1616 on the Essequibo River . The Dutch traded with the Indian peoples and , as in Suriname , established sugar plantations worked by African slaves . While the coast remained under Dutch control , the English established plantations west of the Suriname River . Conflict between the two countries meant parts of the region changed hands a number of times , but by 1796 Britain had control of the region . The Netherlands ceded the colonies of Essequibo , Demerara , and Berbice to Britain in 1814 . The colony in Suriname had originally been founded in the 1650s by Lord Francis Willoughby , the British governor of Barbados . It was captured by the Dutch under Abraham Crijnsen during the Second Anglo -- Dutch War . On July 31 , 1667 , under the Treaty of Breda the Dutch offered New Netherland ( including New Amsterdam , modern - day New York City ) in exchange for their sugar factories on the coast of Suriname . In 1683 Suriname was sold to the Dutch West India Company . The colony developed an agricultural economy based on African slavery . England controlled Suriname during the Napoleonic Wars from 1799 until 1816 , when it was returned to the Dutch . The Netherlands abolished slavery in 1863 and later imported indentured labor from the British Raj and the Dutch East Indies to keep the economy going . Internal self governance was granted in 1954 and full independence in 1975 . The prospect of independence prompted many to migrate to the Netherlands , especially from the large Hindustani minority . Political instability and economic decline after independence resulted in even more migration to the Netherlands . The Surinamese community in the Netherlands is now almost as large as the population in the country itself ( about 450,000 ) . See also ( edit ) Atlantic World Dutch Empire Dutch West India Company New York history New Amsterdam New Netherland Netherlands Antilles New World Dutch barn References ( edit ) Jump up ^ General Charter for Those who Discover Any New Passages , Havens , Countries , or Places ; March 27 , 1614 Jump up ^ Ramerini , Marco . Colonial Voyage . `` Dutch and Courlanders on Tobago : A History of the First Settlements , 1628 -- 1677 Archived 2012 - 11 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Accessed 23 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ Facsimiles of 20 manuscripts from the Dutch West India Company Relating about the events in Brazil in the 17th century , from the first capture of Salvador , expansion , defeat and final peace treaty ( PT & NL ) Jump up ^ Holandeses en Valdivia . Spanish : ( ( ( 1 ) ) ) Jump up ^ Valdivia . Spanish : ( ( ( 1 ) ) ) Jump up ^ Navegantes holandeses en Chile . Spanish : ( ( ( 1 ) ) ) Jump up ^ Egbert Hageman . Jump up ^ Netherlands in Chile . Jump up ^ Dutch immigration . Archived August 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Holando - bóers al sur de Chile . Further reading ( edit ) Israel , J.I. , Dutch primacy in world trade , 1585 -- 1740 , Oxford University Press , 1989 Klooster , Wim . The Dutch Moment : War , Trade , and Settlement in the Seventeenth - Century Atlantic World . ( Cornell University Press , 2016 ) . 419 pp . External links ( edit ) Dutch West Indies 1630 - 1975 documentary ( in English ) ( in Dutch ) `` Conditions as Created by their Lords Burgomasters of Amsterdam '' from 1656 , about Dutch goals to populate their New World colonies Dutch Empire Colonies and trading posts of the Dutch East India Company ( 1602 -- 1798 ) Governorate General Batavia Governorates Ambon Banda Islands Cape Colony Celebes Ceylon Coromandel Formosa Malacca Moluccas Northeast coast of Java Directorates Bengal Persia Suratte Commandments Bantam Malabar West coast of Sumatra Residencies Bantam Banjarmasin Batavia Cheribon Palembang Preanger Pontianak Opperhoofd settlements Myanmar Canton Dejima Mauritius Siam Timor Tonkin ( hide ) Colonies and trading posts of the Dutch West India Company ( 1621 -- 1792 ) Colonies in the Americas Berbice Brazil Cayenne Curaçao and Dependencies Demerara Essequibo New Netherland Pomeroon Sint Eustatius and Dependencies Surinam Tobago Virgin Islands Trading posts in Africa Arguin Gold Coast Loango - Angola Senegambia Slave Coast Governed by the Society of Berbice Governed by the Society of Suriname Settlements of the Noordsche Compagnie ( 1614 -- 1642 ) Settlements Jan Mayen Smeerenburg Colonies of the Kingdom of the Netherlands ( 1815 -- 1962 ) Until 1825 Bengal Coromandel Malacca Suratte Until 1853 Dejima Until 1872 Gold Coast Until 1945 Dutch East Indies Until 1954 Curaçao and Dependencies Surinam Until 1962 New Guinea Became constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands ; Suriname gained full independence in 1975 , Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the Netherlands Antilles , which was eventually dissolved in 2010 . Kingdom of the Netherlands ( 1954 -- present ) Constituent countries Aruba Curaçao Netherlands Sint Maarten Public bodies of the Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=805309885 '' Categories : Dutch colonization of the Americas 17th century in the Dutch Empire New Netherland Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with Dutch - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Papiamentu Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2017 , at 14 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the dutch come to north america | [
"In 1602, the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands chartered a young and eager Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or \"VOC\") with the mission of exploring North America's Rivers and Bays for a direct passage through to the Indies. Along the way, Dutch explorers were charged to claim any uncharted areas for the United Provinces, which led to several significant expeditions and, over time, Dutch explorers founded the province of New Netherland. By 1610, the VOC had already commissioned English explorer Henry Hudson who, in an attempt to find the so-called northwest passage to the Indies, discovered and claimed for the VOC parts of the present-day United States and Canada. Hudson entered the Upper New York Bay by sailboat, heading up the Hudson River, which now bears his name."
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-207349716520144229 | Old Yeller | Old Yeller - Wikipedia Old Yeller Jump to : navigation , search For the Disney film based on the book , see Old Yeller ( film ) . First edition ( publ. Harper & Brothers ) Old Yeller is a 1956 children 's novel written by Fred Gipson and illustrated by Carl Burger . It was nominated for the Newberry Medal . The title is taken from the name of the yellow dog who is the center of the book 's story . In 1957 Walt Disney released a film adaptation starring Tommy Kirk , Fess Parker , Dorothy McGuire , Kevin Corcoran , Jeff York , and Beverly Washburn . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Other books in the series 3 Awards and honors 4 References Plot ( edit ) Young Travis Coates has been left to take care of his family ranch with his mother and younger brother , Arliss , while his father goes off on a cattle drive in the late 1860s in Texas . When a `` dingy yellow '' dog comes for an uninvited stay with the family , Travis reluctantly takes in the dog , which they name Old Yeller . The name has a double meaning : The fur color yellow pronounced as `` yeller '' and the fact that its bark sounds more like a human yell . Though Travis initially loathes the `` rascal '' and at first tries to get rid of it , the dog eventually proves his worth , saving the family on several occasions , rescuing Arliss from a bear , Travis from a bunch of wild hogs , and Mama and their friend Lisbeth from a loafer wolf . Travis grows to love Old Yeller , and they become great friends . The rightful owner of Yeller shows up looking for his dog and recognizing that the family has become attached to Yeller , trades the dog to Arliss for a horned toad and a home - cooked meal prepared by Travis ' mother , who is an exceptional cook . Old Yeller is bitten while saving his family from a wolf infected with rabies . Travis kills Yeller after the fight with the wolf , because he can not risk Yeller 's becoming sick and turning on the family . Old Yeller had puppies with one of Travis ' friend 's dogs , and one of the puppies helps Travis get over Old Yeller 's death . They take in the new dog and try to begin a fresh start . Other books in the series ( edit ) The new puppy becomes the title character of the follow - up book Savage Sam ( 1962 ) and 1963 movie . A third book , Little Arliss ( 1978 ) , is set after the first two and features Travis ' younger brother . Awards and honors ( edit ) 1957 Newbery Honor 1959 William Allen White Children 's Book Award 1959 Young Reader 's Choice Award 1959 Sequoyah Book Award , Children 's category ( inaugural winner ) 1966 Nēnē Award References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gipson , Fred ( October 1 , 1990 ) . Old Yeller . Perfection Learning . ISBN 978 - 0812416336 . Jump up ^ Carl V. Burger , 79 , Illustrator And a Writer on Wildlife , Dies , N.Y. Times ( Dec. 31 , 1967 ) Jump up ^ http://astate.v1.libguides.com/content.php?pid=229258&sid=1971207 Jump up ^ Gipson , Fred ( July 28 , 1976 ) . Savage Sam ( 1st Perennial Library ed . ) . Harper Perennial Modern Classics . ISBN 978 - 0060803773 . Jump up ^ `` Old Yeller ( 1957 Film ) Summary '' . Bookrags . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Hawai'i State Nēnē Award Winners '' . The Nēnē Award . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Children 's literature portal This article about a children 's novel of the 1950s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . See guidelines for writing about novels . Further suggestions might be found on the article 's talk page . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Yeller&oldid=802025618 '' Categories : 1956 American novels American children 's novels Newbery Honor - winning works American novels adapted into films Fictional dogs Harper & Brothers books Children 's novels about animals 1956 children 's books 1950s children 's novel stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 14 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the movie old yeller come out | [
"Old Yeller is a 1956 children's novel written by Fred Gipson[1] and illustrated by Carl Burger. [2] It was nominated for the Newberry Medal. [3] The title is taken from the name of the yellow dog who is the center of the book's story. In 1957 Walt Disney released a film adaptation starring Tommy Kirk, Fess Parker, Dorothy McGuire, Kevin Corcoran, Jeff York, and Beverly Washburn."
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3925141353548661806 | Punjab | Punjab - wikipedia Punjab Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the geographical region . For the province of Pakistan , see Punjab , Pakistan . For the state of India , see Punjab , India . For other uses , see Punjab ( disambiguation ) . Punjab پنجاب ਪੰਜਾਬ Region Etymology : Pentapotamia Location of Punjab in south Asia Countries India Pakistan Areas see below Demonym ( s ) Punjabi Time zones PKT ( UTC + 5 ) IST ( UTC + 05 : 30 ) Language ( s ) Punjabi Part of a series on the Culture of the Punjab History Folklore Language Dialects Punjab Punjabis Nationalism Topics Cinema Clothing Cuisine Dance Festivals Literature Media Music Religion Sport Television Punjab portal The Punjab ( / pʌnˈdʒɑːb / ( listen ) , / - ˈdʒæb / , / ˈpʌndʒɑːb / , / - dʒ æb / ) , also spelled Panjab ( land of `` five rivers '' ; Punjabi : پنجاب ( Shahmukhi ) ; ਪੰਜਾਬ ( Gurumukhi ) ) , is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent , comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northern India . Not being a political unit , the boundaries of the region are ill - defined and focus on historical accounts . Until the Partition of Punjab in 1947 , the British Punjab Province encompassed the present - day Indian states of Punjab , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Chandigarh , and Delhi , and the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Islamabad Capital Territory . It bordered the Balochistan and Pashtunistan regions to the west , Kashmir to the north , the Hindi Belt to the east , and Rajasthan and Sindh to the south . The people of the Punjab today are called Punjabis , and their principal language is Punjabi . The main religions of the Punjab region are Islam , Sikhism , and Hinduism . Other religious groups are Christianity , Jainism , Zoroastrianism , and Buddhism . The Punjab region has been inhabited by the Indus Valley Civilisation , Indo - Aryan peoples , and Indo - Scythians , and has seen numerous invasions by the Persians , Greeks , Kushans , Ghaznavids , Timurids , Mughals , Pashtuns , British , and others . Historic foreign invasions mainly targeted the most productive central region of the Punjab known as the Majha region , which is also the bedrock of Punjabi culture and traditions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Physical geography 2.1 1947 definition 2.2 Present day maps 2.3 Major cities 2.4 Major cities 2.5 Greater Punjab 3 Climate 4 History 4.1 Timeline 5 People of the Punjab 5.1 Ethnic background 5.2 Languages 5.3 Religions 5.4 Punjabi festivals 5.5 Punjabi clothing 6 Economy 7 Photo gallery 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) The region was originally called Sapta Sindhu , the vedic land of the seven rivers flowing into the ocean . The later name of the region , Punjab , is a compound of two Persian words , Panj ( five ) and āb ( water ) , introduced to the region by the Turko - Persian conquerors of India , and more formally popularised during the Mughal Empire . Punjab thus means `` The Land of Five Waters '' , referring to the rivers Jhelum , Chenab , Ravi , Sutlej , and Beas . All are tributaries of the Indus River , the Chenab being the largest . Physical Geography ( edit ) There are two main definitions of the Punjab region : the 1947 definition and the older 1846 -- 1849 definition . A third definition incorporates both the 1947 and the older definitions but also includes northern Rajasthan on a linguistic basis and ancient river movements . 1947 definition ( edit ) The 1947 definition defines the Punjab region with reference to the dissolution of British India whereby the then British Punjab Province was partitioned between India and Pakistan . In Pakistan , the region now includes the Punjab province and Islamabad Capital Territory . In India , it includes the Punjab state , Chandigarh , Haryana , and Himachal Pradesh . Using the 1947 definition , the Punjab borders the Balochistan and Pashtunistan regions to the west , Kashmir to the north , the Hindi Belt to the east , and Rajasthan and Sindh to the south . Accordingly , the Punjab region is very diverse and stretches from the hills of the Kangra Valley to the plains and to the Cholistan Desert . Present day maps ( edit ) Punjab , Pakistan Punjab , India , 2014 Haryana , India Himachal Pradesh , India Major cities ( edit ) Main article : List of cities in the Punjab region by population Badshahi Mosque , Lahore Golden Temple , Amritsar Clock Tower , Faisalabad Aerial view of Multan Ghanta Ghar chawk Open Hand monument , Chandigarh Faisal Masjid ( Margalla Hills ) Using the 1947 definition of the Punjab region , some of the major cities of the area include Lahore , Faisalabad and Ludhiana . Older 1846 -- 1849 definition The Punjab , 1849 The Panjab , 1880 Punjab Province ( British India ) , 1909 The older definition of the Punjab region focuses on the collapse of the Sikh Empire and the creation of the British Punjab province between 1846 and 1849 . According to this definition , the Punjab region incorporates , in Pakistan , Azad Kashmir including Bhimber and Mirpur and parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( especially Peshawar known in the Punjab region as Pishore ) . In India the wider definition includes parts of Delhi and Jammu Division . Using the older definition of the Punjab region , the Punjab region covers a large territory and can be divided into five natural areas : the eastern mountainous region including Jammu Division and Azad Kashmir ; the trans - Indus region including Peshawar ; the central plain with its five rivers ; the north - western region , separated from the central plain by the Salt Range between the Jhelum and the Indus rivers ; the semi-desert to the south of the Sutlej river . The formation of the Himalayan Range of mountains to the east and north - east of the Punjab is the result of a collision between the north - moving Indo - Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate . The plates are still moving together , and the Himalayas are rising by about 5 millimetres ( 0.2 in ) per year . The upper regions are snow - covered the whole year . Lower ranges of hills run parallel to the mountains . The Lower Himalayan Range runs from north of Rawalpindi through Jammu and Kashmir , Himachal Pradesh and further south . The mountains are relatively young , and are eroding rapidly . The Indus and the five rivers of the Punjab have their sources in the mountain range and carry loam , minerals and silt down to the rich alluvial plains , which consequently are very fertile . Major cities ( edit ) According to the older definition , some of the major cities include Jammu , Peshawar and parts of Delhi . Bahu Fort , Jammu , India Peshawar Museum Jama Masjid , Delhi City view , Mirpur Greater Punjab ( edit ) The third definition of the Punjab region adds to the definitions cited above and includes parts of Rajasthan on linguistic lines and takes into consideration the location of the Punjab rivers in ancient times . In particular , the Sri Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts are included in the Punjab region . Anupgarh fort in Anupgarh city Bhatner fort in Hanumangarh city Climate ( edit ) The snow - covered Himalayas The climate is a factor contributing to the economy of the Punjab . It is not uniform over the whole region , with the sections adjacent to the Himalayas receiving heavier rainfall than those at a distance . There are three main seasons and two transitional periods . During the hot season , from about mid April to the end of June , the temperature may reach 49 ° C ( 120 ° F ) . The monsoon season , from July to September , is a period of heavy rainfall , providing water for crops in addition to the supply from canals and irrigation systems . The transitional period after the monsoon is cool and mild , leading to the winter season , when the temperature in January falls to 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) at night and 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) by day . During the transitional period from winter to the hot season , sudden hailstorms and heavy showers may occur , causing damage to crops . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Punjab Taxila in Pakistan is a World Heritage Site The Punjab region of India and Pakistan has a historical and cultural link to Indo - Aryan peoples as well as partially to various indigenous communities . As a result of several invasions from Central Asia and the Middle East , many ethnic groups and religions make up the cultural heritage of the Punjab . In prehistoric times , one of the earliest known cultures of South Asia , the Indus Valley civilisation was located in the region . The epic battles described in the Mahabharata are described as being fought in what is now the State of Haryana and historic Punjab . The Gandharas , Kambojas , Trigartas , Andhra , Pauravas , Bahlikas ( Bactrian settlers of the Punjab ) , Yaudheyas and others sided with the Kauravas in the great battle fought at Kurukshetra . According to Dr Fauja Singh and Dr L. M. Joshi : `` There is no doubt that the Kambojas , Daradas , Kaikayas , Andhra , Pauravas , Yaudheyas , Malavas , Saindhavas and Kurus had jointly contributed to the heroic tradition and composite culture of ancient Punjab '' . Menander I Soter ( 165 / 155 -- 130 BCE ) , conqueror of the Punjab , carved out a Greek kingdom in the Punjab and ruled the Punjab until his death in 130 BC . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great invaded Pauravas and defeated King Porus . His armies entered the region via the Hindu Kush in northwest Pakistan and his rule extended up to the city of Sagala ( present - day Sialkot in northeast Pakistan ) . In 305 BCE the area was ruled by the Maurya Empire . In a long line of succeeding rulers of the area , Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka stand out as the most renowned . The Maurya presence in the area was then consolidated in the Indo - Greek Kingdom in 180 BCE . Menander I Soter `` The Saviour '' ( known as Milinda in Indian sources ) is the most renowned leader of the era , he conquered the Punjab and made Sagala the capital of his Empire . Menander carved out a Greek kingdom in the Punjab and ruled the region till his death in 130 BCE . The neighbouring Seleucid Empire rule came to an end around 12 BCE , after several invasions by the Yuezhi and the Scythian people . In 711 -- 713 CE , the 18 - year - old Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim of Taif , a city in what is now Saudi Arabia , came by way of the Arabian Sea with Arab troops to defeat Raja Dahir . Bin Qasim then led his troops to conquer the Sindh and Punjab regions for the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate , making him the first to bring Islam to the region . A section of the Lahore Fort built by the Mughal emperor Akbar During the establishment and consolidation of the Muslim Turkic Mughal Empire prosperity , growth , and relative peace were established , particularly under the reign of Jahangir . Muslim empires ruled the Punjab for approximately 1,000 years . The period was also notable for the emergence of Guru Nanak ( 1469 -- 1539 ) , the founder of Sikhism . In 1758 , Punjab came under the rule of Marathas , who captured the region by defeating the Afghan forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali . Abdali 's Indian invasion weakened the Maratha influence , but he could not defeat the Sikhs . After the death of Ahmad Shah , the Punjab was freed from the Afghan yoke by Sikhs between 1773 and 1818 . At the time of the formation of the Dal Khalsa in 1748 at Amritsar , the Punjab had been divided into 36 areas and 12 separate Sikh principalities , called misl . From this point onward , the beginnings of a Punjabi Sikh Empire emerged . Out of the 36 areas , 22 were united by Maharaja Ranjit Singh . The other 14 accepted British sovereignty . After Ranjit Singh 's death , assassinations and internal divisions severely weakened the empire . Six years later the British East India Company was given an excuse to declare war , and in 1849 , after two Anglo - Sikh wars , the Punjab was annexed by the British . In the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the Sikh rulers backed the East India Company , providing troops and support , but in Jhelum 35 British soldiers of HM XXIV regiment were killed by the local resistance , and in Ludhiana a rebellion was crushed with the assistance of the Punjab chiefs of Nabha and Malerkotla . The British Raj had political , cultural , philosophical , and literary consequences in the Punjab , including the establishment of a new system of education . During the independence movement , many Punjabis played a significant role , including Madan Lal Dhingra , Sukhdev Thapar , Ajit Singh Sandhu , Bhagat Singh , Udham Singh , Kartar Singh Sarabha , Bhai Parmanand , Muhammad Iqbal , Chaudhary Rehmat Ali , and Lala Lajpat Rai . At the time of partition in 1947 , the province was split into East and West Punjab . East Punjab ( 48 % ) became part of India , while West Punjab ( 52 % ) became part of Pakistan . The Punjab bore the brunt of the civil unrest following the end of the British Raj , with casualties estimated to be in the millions . Timeline ( edit ) 3300 -- 1500 BCE : Harappan civilisation 1500 -- 1000 BCE : ( Rigvedic ) Vedic civilisation 1000 -- 500 BCE : Middle and late Vedic Period 599 BCE : Birth of Mahavira 567 -- 487 BCE : Time of Gautama Buddha 550 BCE -- 600 CE : Buddhism remained prevalent 326 BCE : Alexander 's Invasion of Punjab 322 -- 298 BCE : Chandragupta I , Maurya period 273 -- 232 BCE : Reign of Ashoka 125 -- 160 BCE : Rise of the Sakas 2 BCE : Beginning of Rule of the Sakas 45 -- 180 : Rule of the Kushans 320 -- 550 : Gupta Empire 500 : Hunnic Invasion 510 -- 650 : Vardhana 's Era 711 -- 713 : Muhammad bin Qasim conquers Sindh and small part of Punjab region 713 -- 1200 : Rajput states , Kabul Shahi & small Muslim kingdoms 1206 -- 1290 : Mamluk dynasty established by Mohammad Ghori 1290 -- 1320 : Khalji dynasty established by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji 1320 -- 1413 : Tughlaq dynasty established by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq 1414 -- 1451 : Sayyid dynasty established by Khizr Khan 1451 -- 1526 : Lodhi dynasty established by Bahlul Khan Lodhi 1469 -- 1539 : Guru Nanak 1526 -- 1707 : Mughal rule 1526 -- 1530 : Zaheeruddin Muhammad Babur 1530 -- 1540 : Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun 1540 -- 1545 : Sher Shah Suri of Afghanistan 1545 -- 1554 : Islam Shah Suri 1555 -- 1556 : Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun 1556 -- 1556 : Hem Chandra Vikramaditya 1556 -- 1605 : Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar 1605 -- 1627 : Nooruddin Muhammad Jahangir 1627 -- 1658 : Shahaabuddin Muhammad Shah Jahan 1658 -- 1707 : Mohiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir 1539 -- 1675 : Period of 8 Sikh Gurus from Guru Angad Dev to Guru Tegh Bahadur 1675 -- 1708 : Guru Gobind Singh ( 10th Sikh Guru ) 1699 : Birth of the Khalsa 1708 -- 1713 : Conquests of Banda Bahadur 1722 : Birth of Ahmed Shah Durrani , either in Multan in Mughal Empire or Herat in Afghanistan 1714 -- 1759 : Sikh chiefs ( Sardars ) war against Afghans & Mughal Governors 1739 : Invasion by Nader Shah and defeat of weakened Mughal Empire 1747 -- 1772 : Durrani Empire led by Ahmad Shah Durrani 1756 -- 1759 : Sikh and Maratha Empire cooperation in the Punjab 1761 : The Third Battle of Panipat , between the Durrani Empire against the Maratha Empire . 1762 : 2nd massacre ( Ghalughara ) from Ahmed Shah 's 2nd invasion 1765 -- 1801 : Rise of the Sikh Misls which gained control of significant swathes of Punjab 1801 -- 1839 : Sikh Empire also known as Sarkar Khalsa , Rule by Maharaja Ranjit Singh 1845 -- 1846 : First Anglo - Sikh War 1846 : Jammu joined with the new state of Jammu and Kashmir 1848 -- 1849 : Second Anglo - Sikh War 1849 : Complete annexation of Punjab into British India 1849 -- 1947 : British rule 1901 : Peshawar and adjoining districts separated from the Punjab Province 1911 : Parts of Delhi separated from Punjab Province 1947 : The Partition of India divided Punjab into two parts . The Eastern part ( with two rivers ) became the Indian Punjab and the Western part ( three rivers ) the Pakistan Punjab 1966 : Indian Punjab divided into three parts : Punjab , Haryana , and Himachal Pradesh 1973 -- 1995 : Punjab insurgency People of the Punjab ( edit ) Main article : Punjabi people Ethnic Punjabis in Pakistan Ethnic background ( edit ) Ethnic ancestries of modern Punjabis include a mixture of Indo - Aryan and Indo - Scythian . Semitic ancestries can also be found in lesser numbers . With the advent of Islam , settlers from Turkestan , Afghanistan , and Kashmir have also integrated into the Muslim Punjabi society . However , the majority of Punjab is still made up of the Ahirs , Arains , Dalits ( mostly Chamars ) , Gujjars , Jats , Khatris , Tarkhans , Brahmins , Bhats , Awan , Punjabi Shaikh , Kamboh , Kumhar , Rajputs , Rors and Saini . In the past , the most densely populated area has been the Majha region of Punjab . Ethnic groups , social groups and tribes of the Punjab Agrawal Bansal Arains Mian Mehar Dhankhar Brahmins Punjabi Brahmins Saraswat Brahmins Bali Chhibber Datt Mohan Mohyal Scheduled Castes Ad - Dharmi Balmiki Bazigar Chamar Khateek Mazhabi Sikh Mochi Mirasi Nat Ramdasia Sikh Ravidasi Ahirs Yaduvanshi Ahirs Ahirs Harals Ghosi Hindu Ghosi Bhurtiya Aharwar Ranghar Gurjars Gurjar Parihar Bhati Baisla Jats Aulakh Bajwa Chaudhary Chohan Dhankhar Gill Kharal Khokhar Khullar Randhawa Sandhu Sidhu Sial Sodhi Sohal Virk Labana Labana Khatris Ahuja Babbar Bedi Bhasin Chopra Khukhrain Kohli Malhotra Malik Oberoi Roshan Sabharwal Sahni Sethi Sodhi Vohra Rajputs Manhas Bais Butta Bhatti Chib Janjua Parmar Ranial Shaktawat Sohlan Mair Tarkhans Panesar Ramgharia Sohal Arora Bagga Bakarwal Bania Kamboj Kumhar Sansi Sayyid Languages ( edit ) Dialects of Punjabi Main article : Punjabi language The major language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi . In the Indian Punjab this is written in the Gurmukhi script . Pakistan uses the Shahmukhi script , that is closer to Urdu script . Hindi , written in the Devanagri script , is used widely in the Indian states of Himanchal Pradesh and Haryana . Several dialects of Punjabi are spoken in the different regions . The Majhi dialect is considered to be textbook Punjabi and is shared by both countries . Religions ( edit ) The vast majority of Pakistani Punjabis are Sunni Muslim by faith , but also include large minority faiths mostly Shia Muslim , Ahmadi Muslim and Christians . The Indian states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh are mostly Hindu - majority . Sikhism , founded in the late 15th century , is the main religion practised in the post-1966 Indian Punjab state . About 60 % of the population of Punjab state is Sikh , 37 % is Hindu , and the rest are Muslims , Christians , and Jains . However , due to large scale migration from Uttar Pradesh , Rajasthan , Bihar , Bengal and Odisha the demographics have become more skewed than reported earlier . Punjab state contains the holy Sikh cities of Amritsar , Anandpur Sahib , Tarn Taran Sahib , Fatehgarh Sahib and Chamkaur Sahib . The Punjab was home to several Sufi saints . Sufism is a concept in Islam . Also , Kirpal Singh revered the Sikh Gurus as saints . Population trends for major religious groups in the Punjab Province of British India ( 1881 -- 1941 ) Religious group Population % 1881 Population % 1891 Population % 1901 Population % 1911 Population % 1921 Population % 1931 Population % 1941 Islam 47.6 % 47.8 % 49.6 % 51.1 % 51.1 % 52.4 % 53.2 % Hinduism 43.8 % 43.6 % 41.3 % 35.8 % 35.1 % 30.2 % 29.1 % Sikhism 8.2 % 8.2 % 8.6 % 12.1 % 12.4 % 14.3 % 14.9 % Christianity 0.1 % 0.2 % 0.3 % 0.8 % 1.3 % 1.5 % 1.5 % Other religions / No religion 0.3 % 0.2 % 0.2 % 0.2 % 0.1 % 1.6 % 1.3 % Punjabi festivals ( edit ) See also : Punjabi festivals , List of Sikh festivals , Hindu Punjabi Festivals , and Festivals in Lahore Punjabis celebrate the following cultural , seasonal and religious festivals : Maghi Lohri Holi Vaisakhi Teeyan Raksha Bandhan Shab - e-Miraj Gurpurab Hola Mohalla Mela Chiraghan Bandi Chhor Divas Dussehra Karwa Chauth Eid Christmas Navratri Punjabi clothing ( edit ) Traditional Punjabi clothing includes the following : Salwar ( Punjabi ) Suit Patiala salwar Punjabi Tamba and Kurta Phulkari Punjabi Ghagra Shalwar kameez Kurta Economy ( edit ) Phulkari embroidery from Patiala Main articles : Economy of Punjab , Pakistan and Economy of Punjab , India The historical region of Punjab is considered to be one of the most fertile regions on Earth . Both east and west Punjab produce a relatively high proportion of India and Pakistan 's food output respectively . The region has been used for extensive wheat farming , in addition rice , cotton , sugarcane , fruit , and vegetables are also grown . The agricultural output of the Punjab region in Pakistan contributes significantly to Pakistan 's GDP . Both Indian and Pakistani Punjab are considered to have the best infrastructure of their respective countries . Indian Punjab has been estimated to be the second richest state in India . Pakistani Punjab produces 68 % of Pakistan 's food grain production . Its share of Pakistan 's GDP has historically ranged from 51.8 % to 54.7 % . Called `` The Granary of India '' or `` The Bread Basket of India '' , Indian Punjab produces 1 % of the world 's rice , 2 % of its wheat , and 2 % of its cotton . In 2001 , it was recorded that farmers made up 39 % of Indian Punjab 's workforce . Photo gallery ( edit ) This section contains what may be an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images . Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged ; please improve or remove the section accordingly . ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Mughal era Badshahi Mosque , Lahore The fort at Bathinda The main gate of the Qila Mubarak , Patiala The Golden Temple in Amritsar The Baradari of Ranjit Singh , built in the Hazuri Bagh The Samadhi of Ranjit Singh The Alamgiri Gate , built in 1673 , is the main entrance to the Lahore Fort . The Phuara Chowk ( lit . Fountain Crossing ) in Patiala The memorial to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre Jalandhar railway station reception block Irrigated land in the Punjab The tomb of Shah Rukn - e-Alam The Shalimar Gardens in Lahore Mohindra College in Patiala at night The Wazir Khan Mosque in Lahore The Hiran Minar in Sheikhupura , a tribute to Jahangir 's favourite antelope The tomb of Nur Jahan in Lahore The tomb of Jahangir in Lahore The Noor Mahal ( Palace of Light ) in Bahawalpur The Jhelum River , one of the major rivers of the Punjab The Mankiala stupa near Islamabad The Open Hand monument in Chandigarh Closer view of Amar Mahal Museum , Jammu Ghainta ghar , Peshawar Dakhni Sarai , Nakodar ( gate ) Shrine Baba Budda Ji Nakodar See also ( edit ) Punjab portal Punjabi culture Punjabi language Punjabi cuisine Punjabi dance Music of Punjab Sikhism Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : HK Manmohan Siṅgh . `` The Punjab '' . The Encyclopedia of Sikhism , Editor - in - Chief Harbans Singh . Punjabi University , Patiala . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jatiinder Aulakh . Archaeological History of Majha : Research Book about Archaeology and Mythology with Rare Photograph . Createspace Independent Pub , 2014 Jump up ^ Arrain , Anabasis , V. 22 , p. 115 Jump up ^ D.R. Bhandarkar , 1989 , Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture : Sir WIlliam Meyers Lectures , 1938 - 39 , Asia Educational Services , p. 2 . Jump up ^ A.S. valdiya , `` River Sarasvati was a Himalayn - born river '' , Current Science , vol 104 , no. 01 , ISSN 0011 - 3891 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan ( 2013 ) . Punjab : A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten . New Delhi , India , Urbana , Illinois : Aleph Book Company . p. 1 ( `` Introduction '' ) . ISBN 978 - 93 - 83064 - 41 - 0 . Jump up ^ Canfield , Robert L. ( 1991 ) . Turko - Persia in Historical Perspective . Cambridge , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press . p. 1 ( `` Origins '' ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52291 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan ( 2013 ) . Punjab : A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten . New Delhi , India , Urbana , Illinois : Aleph Book Company . ISBN 978 - 93 - 83064 - 41 - 0 . Jump up ^ Shimmel , Annemarie ( 2004 ) . The Empire of the Great Mughals : History , Art and Culture . London , United Kingdom : Reaktion Books Ltd . ISBN 1 - 86189 - 1857 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , 9th ed. , vol. 20 , Punjab , p. 107 Jump up ^ Darpan , Pratiyogita ( 1 October 2009 ) . `` Pratiyogita Darpan '' . Pratiyogita Darpan -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ History of Panjab Hill States , Hutchison , Vogel 1933 Mirpur was made a part of Jammu and Kashmir in 1846 Jump up ^ Changes in the Socio - economic Structures in Rural North - West Pakistan By Mohammad Asif Khan ( 1 ) Peshawar was separated from Punjab Province in 1901 . Jump up ^ Gill , Pritam Singh ( 1978 ) History of Sikh nation : foundation , assassination , resurrection . New Academic Pub. Co. ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Nadiem , Ihsan H. ( 2007 ) . Peshawar : heritage , history , monuments . Sang - e-Meel Publications . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jammu and Kashmir '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Epilogue , Vol 4 , Issue 11 '' . Jump up ^ G.S. Gosal . `` Physical Geography of the Punjab '' ( PDF ) . University of California , Santa Barbara . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ The Times Atlas of the World , Concise Edition . London : Times Books . 1995 . p. 36 . ISBN 0 7230 0718 7 . Jump up ^ Grewal , JS ( 2004 ) . Historical Geography of the Punjab ( PDF ) . Punjab Research Group , Volume 11 , No 1 . Journal of Punjab Studies . pp. 4 , 7 , 11 . Jump up ^ see the Punjab Doabs Jump up ^ Pritam Singh and Shinder S. Thandi , ed. ( 1996 ) . Globalisation and the region : explorations in Punjabi identity . Coventry Association for Punjab Studies , Coventry University . p. 361 . Jump up ^ Balder Raj Nayat ( 1966 ) . Minority Politics in the Punjab . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Maps of India , Climate of Punjab Jump up ^ Royal Geographical Society Climate and Landscape of the Punjab Jump up ^ Buddha Parkash , Evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab , p 36 . Jump up ^ History of Panjab , Vol I , p. 4 , Dr L. M. Joshi , Dr Fauja Singh . ^ Jump up to : Hazel , John ( 2013 ) . Who 's Who in the Greek World . Routledge . p. 155 . ISBN 9781134802241 . Menander king in India , known locally as Milinda , born at a village named Kalasi near Alasanda ( Alexandria - in - the - Caucasus ) , and who was himself the son of a king . After conquering the Punjab , where he made Sagala his capital , he made an expedition across northern India and visited Patna , the capital of the Mauraya empire , though he did not succeed in conquering this land as he appears to have been overtaken by wars on the north - west frontier with Eucratides . ^ Jump up to : Ahir , D.C. ( 1971 ) . Buddhism in the Punjab , Haryana , and Himachal Pradesh . Maha Bodhi Society of India . p. 31 . OCLC 1288206 . Demetrius died in 166 B.C. , and Apollodotus , who was a near relation of the King died in 161 B.C. After his death , Menander carved out a kingdom in the Punjab . Thus from 161 B.C. onward Menander was the ruler of Punjab till his death in 145 B.C. or 130 B.C. Jump up ^ Ganda Singh ( August 2004 ) . `` The Truth about the Indian Mutiny '' . Sikh Spectrum . Archived from the original on 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) . Daily Times ( 10 May 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Census Reference Tables , C - Series Population by religious communities '' . Census of India . 2001 . Retrieved 25 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sufi Saints of the Punjab '' . Punjabics.com . Retrieved January 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kirpal Singh , Sant . `` The Punjab -- Home of Master Saints '' . Retrieved January 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gopal Krishan . `` Demography of the Punjab ( 1849 -- 1947 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Punjab second richest state in country : CII '' , Times of India , 8 April 2004 . Jump up ^ Pakistani government statistics , retrieved 14 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Provincial Accounts of Pakistan : Methodology and Estimates 1973 - 2000 Jump up ^ Yadav , Kiran ( 11 February 2013 ) . `` Punjab '' . Agropedia . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Narang , K.S. ; Gupta , Dr H.R. ( 1969 ) . History of the Punjab 1500 - 1858 ( PDF ) . U.C. Kapur & Sons , Delhi . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . ( Quraishee 73 ) Punjabi Adab De Kahani , Abdul Hafeez Quaraihee , Azeez Book Depot , Lahore , 1973 . ( Chopra 77 ) Punjab as a Sovereign State , Gulshan Lal Chopra , Al - Biruni , Lahore , 1977 . Patwant Singh . 1999 . The Sikhs . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 50206 - 0 . The Evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab , 1971 , Buddha Parkash . Social and Political Movements in ancient Panjab , Delhi , 1962 , Buddha Parkash . History of Porus , Patiala , Buddha Parkash . History of the Panjab , Patiala , 1976 , Fauja Singh , L. M. Joshi ( Ed ) . The Legacy of the Punjab , 1997 , R. M. Chopra . The Rise Growth and Decline of Indo - Persian Literature , R. M. Chopra , 2012 , Iran Culture House , New Delhi . 2nd revised edition , published in 2013 . Sims , Holly . `` The State and Agricultural Productivity : Continuity versus Change in the Indian and Pakistani Punjabs . '' Asian Survey , 1 April 1986 , Vol. 26 ( 4 ) , pp. 483 -- 500 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Punjab . Official website of Punjab , India Official website of Punjab , Pakistan Punjab , India at DMOZ Punjab , Pakistan at DMOZ State of Punjab , India Capital : Chandigarh Topics Cinema Cuisine Punjabi bhathi Punjabi tandoor Sattu Culture Folk dances Aawat pauni Demographics Economy Education Folklore Punjabi folk religion Sanjhi Gugga Chhapar Mela Sakhi Sarwar Saint Punjabi fasts Bhangala History King Porus Language Gurmukhī Music Bhangra Folk music People Tourism Dress Salwar ( Punjabi ) Suit Punjabi ghagra Patiala salwar Punjabi Tamba and Kurta Phulkari Jutti Calendars Punjabi calendar Nanakshahi calendar Bikrami calendar Fairs and Festival of Punjab India Punjabi festivals Lohri Basant Kite Festival ( Punjab ) Maghi Holi , Punjab Teeyan Rakhri Vaisakhi Religious festivals Hindu Punjabi Festivals Sikh festivals Sports Kabaddi Kabaddi in India Kila Raipur Sports Festival Punjabi Kabaddi Punjabi Suba movement Regions Majha Malwa Doaba Powadh Districts SAS Nagar Sri Amritsar Barnala Bathinda Faridkot Fatehgarh Sahib Fazilka Firozpur Gurdaspur Hoshiarpur Jalandhar Kapurthala Ludhiana Mansa Moga Pathankot Patiala Sri Muktsar Sahib Rupnagar Sangrur Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar Tarn Taran Sahib Major Cities Ludhiana Amritsar Jalandhar Patiala Bathinda Hoshiarpur Mohali Batala Pathankot Moga Province of Punjab topics History Harappa Punjab history History of Lahore Government and politics Provincial Assembly Chief Minister Governor Culture and places Punjabi people Saraiki people Punjabi tribes Language Saraiki language Saraiki Ajrak Saraiki Topi Cuisine Diaspora Music Archaeological sites and monuments Punjabi festivals ( Pakistan ) Geography List of cities Districts Punjab region Education University of the Punjab Sport Gaddafi Stadium Coordinates : 31 ° N 74 ° E / 31 ° N 74 ° E / 31 ; 74 VIAF : 126673119 NDL : 00629038 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab&oldid=808846557 '' Categories : Punjab Divided regions Geography of South Asia Historical Indian regions Historical regions of Pakistan Punjab , India Punjab , Pakistan Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 EngvarB from June 2016 Use dmy dates from June 2016 Articles containing Western Panjabi - language text Articles containing Punjabi - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Articles with DMOZ links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Interlingua Íslenska Italiano Kiswahili Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 15 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why is punjab called the land of five rivers | [
"The region was originally called Sapta Sindhu,[4] the vedic land of the seven rivers flowing into the ocean.[5] The later name of the region, Punjab, is a compound of two Persian words,[1][6] Panj (five) and āb (water), introduced to the region by the Turko-Persian conquerors[7] of India, and more formally popularised during the Mughal Empire.[8][9] Punjab thus means \"The Land of Five Waters\", referring to the rivers Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas.[10] All are tributaries of the Indus River, the Chenab being the largest."
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"referring to the rivers Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas"
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4194256528953993569 | You've Got a Friend in Me | You 've Got a Friend in Me - wikipedia You 've Got a Friend in Me This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' Single by Randy Newman and Lyle Lovett from the album Toy Story Released April 12 , 1996 Format Cassette , CD single , digital download Genre Country , pop , soundtrack Length 2 : 39 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Randy Newman Producer ( s ) Randy Newman Randy Newman singles chronology `` It 's Money That Matters '' / `` Falling in Love '' ( 1988 ) `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' ( 1996 ) `` We Belong Together '' ( 2010 ) `` It 's Money That Matters '' / `` Falling in Love '' ( 1988 ) `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' ( 1996 ) `` We Belong Together '' ( 2010 ) Lyle Lovett singles chronology `` Do n't Touch My Hat '' ( 1996 ) Do n't Touch My Hat 1996 `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' ( 1996 ) You 've Got a Friend in Me1996 `` Private Conversation '' ( 1997 ) Private Conversation1997 `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' is a song by Randy Newman . Used as the theme song for the 1995 Disney / Pixar animated film Toy Story , it has since become a major musical component for its sequels , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) as well as a musical leitmotif throughout the whole Toy Story franchise . The song was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , but lost both to `` Colors of the Wind '' from Disney 's Pocahontas . Like many other Disney theme songs , `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' has been covered numerous times . Cover versions featured in the three Toy Story films include a duet with Newman and Lyle Lovett in Toy Story ; a diegetic instance by Tom Hanks , a version by Robert Goulet and an instrumental by Tom Scott in Toy Story 2 , and a Spanish language version by the Gipsy Kings in Toy Story 3 . Contents 1 In Toy Story 2 Release history 3 Cover versions 4 References 5 External links In Toy Story ( edit ) The song is played during the opening credits for Toy Story and Toy Story 3 , establishing the importance of Woody and Andy in the first film and the importance of all his toys in the third . Toy Story 3 also uses it for irony and dramatic effect , as the opening credits harken back to the first film and the song abruptly fades out with `` As the years go by / Our friendship will never die '' , before showing that Andy 's remaining toys in the present day are boxed up and unused . When they were unused , Andy was 17 years old . In the two sequels , the song is listened to by the characters as part of the story . Two of these are cover versions done at the end of the film for thematic reasons : at the end of Toy Story 2 , the character Wheezy starts to sing it to the other toys ; during the end credits of Toy Story 3 , Buzz Lightyear and Jessie ( now a couple ) perform a pasodoble to a Spanish version of the song , deliberately played by Jessie to get Buzz to dance . The most significant use of the song was in the third act of Toy Story 2 , where an episode of Woody 's Roundup ( the 1950s puppet show he was based on ) shows the puppet Woody singing the song , directed at the young audience and featuring a small child hugging the puppet . Woody sees this and has an epiphany , realizing that his mission as a toy is to be there for a child . ( In - universe , the song was presumably written for Woody 's Roundup . ) The Woody 's Roundup version was performed by Tom Hanks , with acoustic guitar backing ; Wheezy 's version was sung by Robert Goulet ( though the character was voiced by Joe Ranft ) ; and the Spanish version , `` You 've Got a Friend in Me ( Para el Buzz Español ) '' , was performed by the Gipsy Kings . Release history ( edit ) Format Release date Catalog Demo Unreleased none Cassette April 12 , 1996 # 60367 CD Cover versions ( edit ) Michael Bublé covered `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' on his 2013 album , To Be Loved . The track became a U.S. Adult Contemporary chart hit , spending 14 weeks on the chart and peaking at number 10 . On May 31 , 2018 , Rex Orange County released a cover of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' , performing along with Randy Newman , the creator of the song . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` You 've Got a Friend in Me > Overview '' . Allmusic . Macrovision . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Best Song Academy Award Nominations - Newman Toy Story 10th Anniversary Edition at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 7 , 2005 ) , Pixar press release , May 2 , 2005 . ( Archived from the original on May 7 , 2005 ) Randy Newman Studio albums Randy Newman 12 Songs Sail Away Good Old Boys Little Criminals Born Again Trouble in Paradise Land of Dreams Bad Love Harps and Angels Dark Matter Live albums Randy Newman Live Compilations Lonely at the Top : The Best of Randy Newman Guilty : 30 Years of Randy Newman The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 1 The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 2 Musicals Randy Newman 's Faust Soundtracks Toy Story James and the Giant Peach Avalon Meet the Parents Cars The Princess and the Frog Songs `` Mama Told Me Not to Come '' `` Sail Away '' `` He Gives Us All His Love '' `` Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear '' `` Political Science '' `` You Can Leave Your Hat On '' `` Louisiana 1927 '' `` Rednecks '' `` Short People '' `` I Love L.A. '' `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' `` It 's a Jungle Out There '' Related Discography Nilsson Sings Newman Alfred Newman David Newman Emil Newman Joey Newman Lionel Newman Thomas Newman Toy Story Films Toy Story Toy Story 2 Toy Story 3 Toy Story 4 Characters Sheriff Woody Buzz Lightyear Jessie Television Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Adventure Begins Toy Story of Terror ! Toy Story That Time Forgot Video games Toy Story Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue Toy Story Racer Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Toy Story Mania ! Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Toy Story : Smash It ! Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts III Shorts Toy Story Treats Toy Story Toons Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex Attractions Buzz Lightyear Jessie 's Critter Carousel RC Racer Slinky Dog Dash Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Toy Story Midway Mania ! Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Toy Story Land Woody 's All - American Roundup & Big Thunder Ranch Barbecue Woody 's Roundup Village Music `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Miscellaneous Toy Story : The Musical Lego Toy Story Tiny Toy Stories Pixar music Albums Toy Story The Incredibles Cars WALL - E Up Brave Songs `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` If I Did n't Have You '' `` Real Gone '' `` Life Is a Highway '' `` Our Town '' `` Down to Earth '' `` We Belong Together '' `` Ride '' `` Remember Me '' Other albums Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Monsters , Inc . Scream Factory Favorites Gipsy Kings Nicolas Reyes Paul Reyes Canut Reyes Patchai Reyes Andre Reyes Diego Baliardo Paco Baliardo Tonino Baliardo Chico Bouchikhi Jorge Trasante Studio albums Allegria Luna de Fuego Gipsy Kings Mosaïque Este Mundo Love and Liberté Estrellas Compas Somos Gitanos Roots Pasajero Savor Flamenco Live albums Live Compilation albums Allegria Greatest Hits The Best of the Gipsy Kings Love Songs ¡ Volaré ! The Very Best of the Gipsy Kings Songs `` Djobi Djoba '' `` Bamboléo '' `` Volare '' `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` Un Amor '' `` Tú Quieres Volver '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ve_Got_a_Friend_in_Me&oldid=854829895 '' Categories : Songs about friendship 1995 songs Pixar songs 1996 singles Toy Story Randy Newman songs Lyle Lovett songs Songs written by Randy Newman Walt Disney Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά 日本 語 Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 02 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who song you got a friend in me | [
"\"You've Got a Friend in Me\" is a song by Randy Newman. Used as the theme song for the 1995 Disney/Pixar animated film Toy Story, it has since become a major musical component for its sequels, Toy Story 2 (1999) and Toy Story 3 (2010) as well as a musical leitmotif throughout the whole Toy Story franchise. The song was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, but lost both to \"Colors of the Wind\" from Disney's Pocahontas.\n"
] | [
"Randy Newman"
] |
1291923281527222152 | Apostles | Apostles - wikipedia Apostles Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Disciple ( Christianity ) . For the general concept meaning a messenger and ambassador , see Apostle . For other uses , see Apostle ( disambiguation ) . `` Twelve Apostles '' redirects here . For other uses , see Twelve Apostles ( disambiguation ) . The Last Supper , a late 1490s mural painting by Leonardo da Vinci , is a depiction of the last supper of Jesus and his twelve apostles on the eve of his crucifixion . Jesus and his twelve apostles , fresco with the Chi - Rho symbol ☧ , Catacombs of Domitilla , Rome . Part of a series on Christianity Jesus Christ ( show ) Jesus in Christianity Son of God Virgin birth Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Bible Foundations ( show ) Old Testament New Testament Gospel Canon Books Church Creed New Covenant Theology ( show ) God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology History of theology Mission Patriology Pneumatology Salvation History Tradition ( show ) Mary Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Christianity Constantine Councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Luther Reformation Radical Reformation Related topics ( show ) Art Holidays ( list ) Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Denominations Groups ( show ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Assyrian Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witness Latter Day Saint Oneness Pentecostal Christianity portal In Christian theology and ecclesiology , the apostles ( Greek : ἀπόστολος , translit . apóstolos , lit . ' one who is sent away ' ) , particularly the Twelve Apostles and sometimes known as the Twelve Disciples , were the primary disciples of Jesus , the central figure in Christianity . During the life and ministry of Jesus in the 1st century AD , the apostles were his closest followers and became the primary teachers of the gospel message of Jesus . The word disciple is sometimes used interchangeably with apostle ; for instance , the Gospel of John makes no distinction between the two terms . In modern usage , prominent missionaries are often called apostles , a practice which stems from the Latin equivalent of apostle , i.e. missio , the source of the English word missionary . For example , Saint Patrick ( AD 373 -- 463 ) was the `` Apostle of Ireland '' , Saint Boniface ( 680 -- 755 ) was the `` Apostle to the Germans '' , Saint José de Anchieta ( 1534 - 1597 ) was the `` Apostle of Brazil '' and Saint Peter of Betancur ( 1626 - 1667 ) was the `` Apostle of Guatemala '' . While Christian tradition often refers to the apostles as being 12 in number , different gospel writers give different names for the same individual , and apostles mentioned in one gospel are not mentioned in others . The commissioning of the Twelve Apostles during the ministry of Jesus is recorded in the Synoptic Gospels . After his resurrection , Jesus sent 11 of them ( minus Judas Iscariot , who by then had died ) by the Great Commission to spread his teachings to all nations . This event is commonly called the Dispersion of the Apostles . There is also an Eastern Christian tradition derived from the Gospel of Luke of there having been as many as 70 apostles during the time of Jesus ' ministry . Prominent figures in early Christianity , notably Paul , were often called apostles , even though their ministry or mission came after the life of Jesus . The period of early Christianity during the lifetimes of the apostles is called the Apostolic Age . During the 1st century AD , the apostles established churches throughout the territories of the Roman Empire and , according to tradition , through the Middle East , Africa , and India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Background 3 History of the Twelve Apostles 3.1 Calling by Jesus 3.2 Replacement of Judas 3.3 Paul , Apostle of the Gentiles 3.4 Deaths 3.4. 1 Tombs of the Apostles 4 List of the Twelve Apostles 4.1 List of the Twelve Apostles as identified by the Bible 5 Other apostles mentioned in the New Testament 5.1 Men who followed Jesus 5.2 Women who followed Jesus 5.3 The Seventy Disciples 5.4 The authors of the Gospels 5.4. 1 Authors attributed to be of the Twelve Apostles 5.4. 2 Authors that were not of the Twelve Apostles 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The Synaxis of the Twelve Apostles . Russian , 14th century , Moscow Museum . The word `` apostle '' comes from the Greek word ἀπόστολος ( apóstolos ) , formed from the prefix ἀπό - ( apó - , `` from '' ) and root στέλλω ( stéllō , `` I send '' , `` I depart '' ) and originally meaning `` messenger , envoy '' . It has , however , a stronger sense than the word messenger , and is closer to a `` delegate '' . The Greek - English Lexicon of the New Testament argues that its Christian use translated a Jewish position known in Hebrew as the sheliach ( שליח ) . This ecclesiastical meaning of the word was later translated into Latin as missio , the source of the English `` missionary '' . Background ( edit ) In the New Testament , the names of the majority of the apostles are Hebrew names , although some had Greek names . Even Paul , the `` apostle of the Gentiles '' , who said that Jesus revealed himself to him only after his ascension and appointed him to his mission , was a Jew by birth and proud of it , although after his conversion he adopted the Roman cognomen Paulus , rendered in English as Paul , as his name . Paul claimed with much insistency this title and its rights , and made the case to the Corinthian Church that he was an apostle by the evidence of the fruits of his ministry , of which they themselves were . Mark 6 : 7 -- 13 states that Jesus initially sent out these twelve in pairs ( cf . Mt 10 : 5 -- 42 , Lk 9 : 1 -- 6 ) to towns in Galilee . The text states that their initial instructions were to heal the sick and drive out demons . They are also instructed to `` take nothing for their journey , except a staff only : no bread , no wallet , no money in their purse , but to wear sandals , and not put on two tunics '' , and that if any town rejects them they ought to shake the dust off their feet as they leave , a gesture which some scholars think was meant as a contemptuous threat ( Miller 26 ) . Their carrying of just a staff ( Matthew and Luke say not even a staff ) is sometimes given as the reason for the use by Christian bishops of a staff of office in those denominations that believe they maintain an apostolic succession . Later in the Gospel narratives the twelve apostles are described as having been commissioned to preach the Gospel to `` all the nations '' , regardless of whether Jew or Gentile . Paul emphasized the important role of the apostles in the church of God when he said that the household of God is `` built upon the foundation of apostles and prophets , Christ Jesus himself being the cornerstone '' . Although not one of the apostles commissioned during the life of Jesus , Paul , a Jew named Saul of Tarsus , claimed a special commission from the risen Jesus and is considered `` the apostle of the Gentiles '' , for his missions to spread the gospel message after his conversion . In his writings , the epistles to Christian churches throughout the Levant , Paul did not restrict the term `` apostle '' to the Twelve , and often refers to his mentor Barnabas as an apostle . The restricted usage appears in the Revelation to John . By the 2nd century AD , association with the apostles was esteemed as an evidence of authority . Churches which are believed to have been founded by one of the apostles are known as apostolic sees . Paul 's epistles were accepted as scripture , and two of the four canonical gospels were associated with apostles , as were other New Testament works . Various Christian texts , such as the Didache and the Apostolic Constitutions , were attributed to the apostles . Bishops traced their lines of succession back to individual apostles , who were said to have dispersed from Jerusalem and established churches across great territories . Christian bishops have traditionally claimed authority deriving , by apostolic succession , from the Twelve . Early Church Fathers who came to be associated with apostles , such as Pope Clement I with St. Peter , are referred to as the Apostolic Fathers . The Apostles ' Creed , popular in the West , was said to have been composed by the apostles themselves . History of the twelve apostles ( edit ) Calling by Jesus ( edit ) James Tissot , The Exhortation to the Apostles . Main article : Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles The three Synoptic Gospels record the circumstances in which some of the disciples were recruited , Matthew only describing the recruitment of Simon , Andrew , James , and John . All three Synoptic Gospels state that these four were recruited fairly soon after Jesus returned from being tempted by the devil . Despite Jesus only briefly requesting that they join him , they are all described as immediately consenting , and abandoning their nets to do so . Traditionally the immediacy of their consent was viewed as an example of divine power , although this statement is not made in the text itself . The alternative and much more ordinary solution is that Jesus was simply friends with the individuals beforehand , as implied by the Gospel of John , which states that Peter ( Simon ) and Andrew are the disciples of John the Baptist , and started following Jesus as soon as Jesus had been baptized . The Bible identifies Jesus as a tekton , a Greek word meaning builder or artisan , traditionally translated as carpenter . Considering this profession , it is plausible that Jesus had been employed to build and repair fishing vessels , thus having many opportunities to interact with and befriend such fishermen . Albright and Mann extrapolate from Simon 's and Andrew 's abandonment of their nets that Matthew is emphasizing the importance of renunciation by converting to Christianity , since fishing was profitable , although required large start - up costs , and abandoning everything would have been an important sacrifice . Regardless , Simon and Andrew 's abandonment of what were effectively their most important worldly possessions was taken as a model by later Christian ascetics . Adriaen van de Venne 's Fishers of Men . Oil on panel , 1614 Matthew describes Jesus meeting James and John , also fishermen and brothers , very shortly after recruiting Simon and Andrew . Matthew and Mark identify James and John as sons of Zebedee . Luke adds to Matthew and Mark that James and John worked as a team with Simon and Andrew . Matthew states that at the time of the encounter , James and John were repairing their nets , but readily joined Jesus without hesitation . This parallels the accounts of Mark and Luke , but Matthew implies that the men have also abandoned their father ( since he is present in the ship they abandon behind them ) , and Carter feels this should be interpreted to mean that Matthew 's view of Jesus is one of a figure rejecting the traditional patriarchal structure of society , where the father had command over his children ; most scholars , however , just interpret it to mean that Matthew intended these two to be seen as even more devoted than the other pair . The Synoptic Gospels go on to describe that much later , after Jesus had later begun his ministry , he noticed , while teaching , a tax collector in his booth . The tax collector , ' Levi ' according to some Gospels , ' Matthew ' according to others , is asked by Jesus to become one of his disciples . Matthew / Levi is stated to have accepted and then invited Jesus for a meal with his friends . Tax collectors were seen as villains in Jewish society , and the Pharisees are described as asking Jesus why he is having a meal with such disreputable people . The reply Jesus gives to this is now well known : `` it is not the healthy who need a doctor , but the sick . I have not come to call the righteous , but sinners '' . Replacement of Judas ( edit ) Main article : Saint Matthias After Judas Iscariot betrayed Christ and then in guilt committed suicide before Christ 's resurrection ( in one Gospel account ) , the apostles numbered eleven . When Jesus had been taken up from them , in preparation for the coming of the Holy Spirit that he had promised them , Peter advised the brethren : Judas , who was guide to those who took Jesus ... For he was numbered with us , and received his portion in this ministry ... For it is written in the book of Psalms , `` Let his habitation be made desolate , Let no one dwell therein '' , and , `` Let another take his office '' ... So one of the men who have accompanied us during all the time that the Lord Jesus went in and out among us , beginning from the baptism of John until the day he was taken up from us , must become with us a witness to his resurrection -- Acts 1 : 15 -- 26 So , between the ascension of Christ and the day of Pentecost , the remaining apostles elected a twelfth apostle by casting lots , a traditional Israelite way to determine the will of God ( see Proverbs 16 : 33 ) . The lot fell upon Matthias . Paul the Apostle in his First Epistle to the Corinthians , appears to give the first historical reference to the twelve apostles : For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received : that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures , that he was buried , that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures , and that he appeared to Cephas , then to the twelve . Then he appeared to more than five hundred brothers at one time , most of whom are still alive , though some have fallen asleep . Then he appeared to James , then to all the apostles . Last of all , as to one untimely born , he appeared also to me . -- 1 Corinthians 15 : 3 -- 8 Paul , apostle of the Gentiles ( edit ) Part of a series of articles on Paul in the Bible Pauline literature Romans I Corinthians II Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians I Thessalonians II Thessalonians Pastoral epistles I Timothy II Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews Authorship Paul the Apostle Related literature Lost epistles Apocalypse of Paul Coptic Apocalypse of Paul Corinthians to Paul Acts of Paul Paul and Thecla Peter and Paul Prayer of Paul See also Apostle ( Christian ) Pauline Christianity Main article : Paul the Apostle In his writings , Paul the Apostle , although not one of the original twelve , described himself as an apostle , one `` born out of due time '' ( e.g. , Romans 1 : 1 , 1 Corinthians 15 : 8 and other letters ) . He was called by the resurrected Jesus himself during his Road to Damascus vision and given the name `` Paul '' . With Barnabas , he was allotted the role of apostle in the church . He referred to himself as the apostle of the Gentiles . As the Catholic Encyclopedia states , `` It is at once evident that in a Christian sense , everyone who had received a mission from God , or Christ , to man could be called ' Apostle ' '' ; thus extending the original sense beyond the twelve . Since Paul claimed to have received the gospel through a revelation of Jesus Christ after the latter 's death and resurrection ( rather than before like the twelve ) , he was often obliged to defend his apostolic authority ( 1 Cor. 9 : 1 `` Am I not an apostle ? '' ) and proclaim that he had seen and was anointed by Jesus while on the road to Damascus . James , Peter and John in Jerusalem accepted his calling to the apostleship from the Lord to the Gentiles ( specifically those not circumcised ) as of equal authority as Peter 's to the Jews ( specifically those circumcised ) according to Paul . `` James , Peter and John , those reputed to be pillars ... agreed that we ( Paul and Barnabas ) should go to the Gentiles , and they to the Jews . '' Paul , despite his divine calling as an apostle , considered himself perhaps inferior to the other apostles because he had originally persecuted Christ 's followers . In addition , despite the Little Commission of Matthew 10 , the twelve did not limit their mission to solely Jews as Cornelius the Centurion is widely considered the first Gentile convert and he was converted by Peter , and the Great Commission of the Resurrected Jesus is specifically to `` all nations '' . Deaths ( edit ) Of the twelve Apostles to hold the title after Matthias ' selection , Christian tradition has generally passed down that all but one were martyred , with John surviving into old age . Only the death of James , son of Zebedee is described in the New Testament . Matthew 27 : 5 says that Judas Iscariot threw the silver he received for betraying Jesus down in the Temple , then went and hanged himself . Acts 1 : 18 says that he purchased a field , then `` falling headlong he burst open in the middle and all his bowels gushed out '' . According to Edward Gibbon , early Christians ( second half of the second century and first half of the third century ) believed that only Peter , Paul , and James , son of Zebedee , were martyred . The remainder of the claims of martyred apostles do not rely upon historical or biblical evidence . Tombs of the apostles ( edit ) Basilica of St John Lateran ( Rome ) The relics of the Apostles are claimed by various Churches , many in Italy . Peter : buried in St. Peter 's Basilica in Vatican City , Rome , Italy Andrew : buried in St Andrew 's Cathedral , Patras , Greece James , son of Zebedee : buried in Santiago de Compostela Cathedral in Galicia ( Spain ) John : buried in the Basilica of St. John in Ephesus Turkey Philip : buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Rome or possibly Hierapolis , near Denizli , Turkey Bartholomew : buried in the Basilica of Benevento , Italy , or Basilica of St. Bartholomew on the Island , Rome , Italy Matthew : buried in the Salerno Cathedral , Salerno , Italy James , son of Alpheus : buried in the Cathedral of St. James in Jerusalem or the Church of the Holy Apostles in Rome Thomas : buried in the Basilica of St. Thomas the Apostle in Ortona , Abruzzo , Italy or in the San Thome Basilica in Madras , India Simon : buried in St. Peter 's Basilica in Rome under the St. Joseph altar with St. Jude Jude Thaddeus : buried in St. Peter 's Basilica under the St. Joseph altar with St. Simon ; two bones ( relics ) located at National Shrine of St Jude in Chicago , Illinois Matthias : buried in the Saint Matthias Benedictine Abbey in Trier , Rhineland - Palatinate , Germany . Paul : relics located in the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome Judas Iscariot : remains located in Akeldama , near the Valley of Hinnom , in Jerusalem , Israel List of the twelve apostles ( edit ) Jesus and the 12 apostles in Domus Galilaeae , Israel . The following is a list of the Twelve Apostles , named as they are most commonly referred to : Peter ( born Simon ) Andrew , brother of Peter James , son of Zebedee John , brother of James , son of Zebedee Philip Bartholomew Thomas Matthew James , son of Alphaeus Judas Thaddeus , also known as Jude Simon the Zealot , also known as Simon the Canaanite Judas Iscariot Matthias is not an original apostle and is a replacement for Judas Iscariot after the betrayal of Jesus . Paul is also not one of the original apostles , but is referred to and treated like one . He played a large role in composing the Bible and listing the lives of Jesus Christ and the Twelve Apostles . List of the twelve apostles as identified by the Bible ( edit ) Each of the four listings of apostles in the New Testament ( Mark 3 : 13 -- 19 , Matthew 10 : 1 -- 4 , Luke 6 : 12 -- 16 , and Acts 1 : 13 ) indicate that all the apostles were men . The canonical gospels and the book of Acts give varying names of the twelve apostles . The list in the Gospel of Luke differs from Matthew and Mark at two points . It lists `` Judas the son of James '' instead of `` Thaddeus '' . ( For more information , see Jude the Apostle . ) Unlike the Synoptic Gospels , the Gospel of John does not offer a formal list of apostles . Although it refers to `` the Twelve '' ( John 6 : 67 -- 71 ) , the gospel does not present any elaboration of who these twelve actually were , and the author of the Gospel of John does not mention them all by name . There is also no separation of the terms `` apostles '' and `` disciples '' in John . Gospel of Matthew Gospel of Mark Gospel of Luke Gospel of John Acts of the Apostles Simon ( `` who is called Peter '' ) Simon Simon Simon Peter Peter Andrew ( `` his ( Peter 's ) brother '' ) Andrew Andrew Andrew Andrew James ( `` son of Zebedee '' ) James James one of the `` sons of Zebedee '' James John ( `` his ( James 's ) brother '' ) John / one of the `` Boanerges '' John one of the `` sons of Zebedee '' John Philip Philip Philip Philip Philip Bartholomew Bartholomew Bartholomew Nathanael Bartholomew Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas ( `` also called Didymus '' ) Thomas Matthew ( `` the publican '' ) Matthew Matthew not mentioned Matthew James ( `` son of Alphaeus '' ) James James not mentioned James Lebbaeus ( `` whose surname was Thaddaeus '' ) Thaddaeus Judas ( `` son of James '' ) Jude ( `` not Iscariot '' ) Judas son of James Simon ( `` the Canaanite '' ) Simon ( `` the Cananaean '' ) Simon ( `` who was called the Zealot '' ) not mentioned Simon the Zealot Judas Iscariot Judas Iscariot Judas Iscariot Judas ( `` son of Simon Iscariot '' ) ( Judas replaced by Matthias ) Other apostles mentioned in the New Testament ( edit ) Men who followed Jesus ( edit ) Person called apostle Where in Scripture Notes Barnabas Acts 14 : 14 -- Andronicus and Junia Rom 16 : 7 Paul states that Andronicus and Junia were `` of note among the apostles . '' This has been traditionally interpreted in one of two ways : That Andronicus and Junia were `` of note among the apostles , '' that is , distinguished apostles . That Andronicus and Junia were `` well known among the apostles '' meaning `` well known to the apostles '' If the first view is correct then Paul may be referring to a female apostle - the Greek name ( Iounian ) is in the accusative and could be either Junia ( a woman ) or Junias ( a man ) . Later manuscripts add accents to make it unamibiously Junias , however while `` Junia '' was a common name , `` Junias '' was not , and both options are favoured by different Bible translations . In the second view , it is believed that Paul is simply making mention of the outstanding character of these two people which was acknowledged by the apostles . Historically it has been virtually impossible to tell which of the two views were correct . The second view , in recent years , has been defended from a scholarly perspective by Daniel Wallace and Michael Burer . Silas 1 Thes. 1 : 1 , 2 : 6 Referred to as one along with Timothy and Paul , he also performs the functioning of an apostle as Paul 's companion in Paul 's second missionary journey in Acts 15 : 40ff . Timothy 1 Thes. 1 : 1 , 2 : 6 Timothy is referred to as an apostle along with Silas and Paul . However , in 2 Cor. 1 : 1 he is only called a `` brother '' when Paul refers to himself as `` an apostle of Christ '' . Timothy performs many of the functions of an apostle in the commissioning of Paul in 1st and 2nd Timothy , though in those epistles Paul refers to him as his `` son '' in the faith . Apollos 1 Cor. 4 : 9 Included among `` us apostles '' along with Paul and Cephas ( Peter ) . ( see also : 4 : 6 , 3 : 22 , and 3 : 4 -- 6 ) Women who followed Jesus ( edit ) In Luke ( 10 : 38 -- 42 ) , Mary , sister of Lazarus , is contrasted with her sister Martha , who was `` cumbered about many things '' while Jesus was their guest , while Mary had chosen `` the better part , '' that of listening to the master 's discourse . John names her as the `` one who had anointed the Lord with perfumed oil and dried his feet with her hair '' ( 11 : 2 ) . In Luke , an unidentified `` sinner '' in the house of a Pharisee anoints Jesus ' feet . In Medieval Catholic folklore , Mary , the sister of Lazarus , was seen as the same as Mary Magdalene . Luke refers to a number of people accompanying Jesus and the twelve . From among them he names three women : `` Mary , called Magdalene , ... and Joanna the wife of Herod 's steward Chuza , and Susanna , and many others , who provided for them out of their resources '' ( Luke 8 : 2 - 3 ) . Mary Magdalene and Joanna are among the women who went to prepare Jesus ' body in Luke 's account of the resurrection , and who later told the apostles and other disciples about the empty tomb and words of the `` two men in dazzling clothes '' . Mary Magdalene is the most well - known of the disciples outside of the Twelve . More is written in the gospels about her than the other female followers . There is also a large body of lore and literature covering her . Other gospel writers differ as to which women witness the crucifixion and witness to the resurrection . Mark includes Mary , the mother of James and Salome ( not to be confused with Salomé the daughter of Herodias ) at the crucifixion and Salome at the tomb . John includes Mary the wife of Clopas at the crucifixion . The seventy disciples ( edit ) Main article : Seventy Disciples The `` seventy disciples '' or `` seventy - two disciples '' ( known in the Eastern Christian traditions as the `` Seventy Apostles '' ) were early emissaries of Jesus mentioned in the Gospel of Luke 10 : 1 -- 24 . According to Luke , the only gospel in which they appear , Jesus appointed them and sent them out in pairs on a specific mission which is detailed in the text . In Western Christianity , they are usually referred to as disciples , whereas in Eastern Christianity they are usually referred to as Apostles . Using the original Greek words , both titles are descriptive , as an apostle is one sent on a mission ( the Greek uses the verb form : apesteilen ) whereas a disciple is a student , but the two traditions differ on the scope of the words apostle and disciple . The authors of the Gospels ( edit ) Main article : Gospel Main article : Synoptic Gospels Authors attributed to be of the twelve apostles ( edit ) The Gospel of Matthew is anonymous : the author is not named within the text , and the superscription `` according to Matthew '' was added some time in the 2nd century . The tradition that the author was Matthew the Apostle begins with Papias of Hierapolis ( c . AD 100 -- 140 ) , an early bishop and Apostolic Father , who is cited by the Church historian Eusebius ( AD 260 -- 340 ) , as follows : `` Matthew collected the oracles ( logia : sayings of or about Jesus ) in the Hebrew language ( Hebraïdi dialektōi ) , and each one interpreted ( hērmēneusen -- perhaps ' translated ' ) them as best he could . '' Although the Gospel of John is anonymous , Christian tradition historically has attributed it to John the Apostle , son of Zebedee and one of Jesus ' Twelve Apostles . The gospel is so closely related in style and content to the three surviving Johannine epistles that commentators treat the four books , along with the Book of Revelation , as a single corpus of Johannine literature , albeit not necessarily written by the same author . Authors that were not of the twelve apostles ( edit ) The Gospel of Mark was written anonymously . Early Christian tradition , first attested by Papias of Hierapolis , ascribes it to John Mark , a companion and interpreter of the apostle Peter . Hence its author is often called Mark , even though most modern scholars are doubtful of the Markan tradition and instead regard the author as unknown . It was probably written c . AD 66 -- 70 , during Nero 's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt , as suggested by internal references to war in Judea and to persecution . The author used a variety of pre-existing sources , such as conflict stories ( Mark 2 : 1 -- 3 : 6 ) , apocalyptic discourse ( 4 : 1 -- 35 ) , and collections of sayings ( although not the Gospel of Thomas and probably not the Q source ) . According to Church tradition , Luke the Evangelist , the companion of Paul , is believed to have authored the Gospel of Luke , though anonymously written and lacking an author 's name ; but while this view is still occasionally put forward the scholarly consensus emphasises the many contradictions between Acts and the authentic Pauline letters . The most probable date for its composition is around 80 -- 110 AD , and there is evidence that it was still being revised well into the 2nd century . See also ( edit ) Book : Apostle ( Christian ) Apostles ' Fast Council of Jerusalem Disciples of Jesus in Islam Female disciples of Jesus Great Commission New Apostolic Church Old Apostolic Church Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( LDS Church ) Seventy disciples The Twelve Imams Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eusebius , `` History of the Church '' 3.39. 14 -- 17 , c. 325 CE , Greek text 16 : `` ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἱστόρηται τῷ Παπίᾳ περὶ τοῦ Μάρκου περὶ δὲ τοῦ Ματθαῖου ταῦτ ' εἴρηται Ματθαῖος μὲν οὖν Ἑβραΐδι διαλέκτῳ τὰ λόγια συνετάξατο , ἡρμήνευσεν δ ' αὐτὰ ὡς ἧν δυνατὸς ἕκαστος . Various English translations published , standard reference translation by Philip Schaff at CCEL : `` ( C ) oncerning Matthew he ( Papias ) writes as follows : ' So then ( 963 ) Matthew wrote the oracles in the Hebrew language , and every one interpreted them as he was able . ' ( 964 ) '' Online version includes footnotes 963 and 964 by Schaff . Irenaeus ( died c. 202 CE ) makes a similar comment , possibly also drawing on Papias , in his Against Heresies , Book III , Chapter 1 : `` Matthew also issued a written Gospel among the Hebrews in their own dialect '' . See Bingham , Dwight Jeffrey ( 1998 ) . Irenaeus ' Use of Matthew 's Gospel in Adversus Haereses . Traditio exegetica Graeca. 7 . Louvain , Belgium : Peeters Publishers . pp. 64ff . ISBN 9789068319644 . Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , p. 479 : `` Most scholars believe that the same person wrote all three documents but that he is not to be identified with either the apostle John or the author of the Gospel . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Apostle . '' Cross , F.L. , ed . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . New York : Oxford University Press . 2005 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280290 - 9 ^ Jump up to : `` Catholic Encyclopedia : Apostles '' . Jump up ^ As was not uncommon for Jews at the time , some of them had two names , one Hebrew / Aramaic and the other Greek . Hence the lists of Jesus ' twelve apostles contains 14 names not 12 ; the 4 Greek names are Andrew , Philip , Thaddaeus and Lebbaeus . Reference : John P. Meier 's A Marginal Jew . Jump up ^ Acts 9 : 1 -- 19 Gal 1 : 11 -- 12 Jump up ^ Mt 28 : 19 , Mk 13 : 10 , and 16 : 15 Jump up ^ Cf. also Acts 15 : 1 -- 31 , Galatians 2 : 7 -- 9 , Acts 1 : 4 -- 8 , and Acts 10 : 1 -- 11 : 18 . Jump up ^ Revelation 21 : 14 . Jump up ^ An Intermediate Greek - English Lexicon . The Seventh Edition of Liddell and Scott 's Greek - English Lexicon . Clarendon Press : Oxford , p. 797 . Jump up ^ `` Who were the 12 disciples ? '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ cf . Gal 1 : 12 ; Acts 9 : 3 -- 19 , 9 : 26 -- 27 , 22 : 6 -- 21 , 26 : 12 -- 23 Jump up ^ `` Who were the 12 disciples ? '' . Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward ( 1826 ) . `` Chapter XVI . The Conduct of the Roman Government toward the Christians , from the Reign of Nero to that of Constantine '' . The history of the decline and fall of the Roman empire . II . New York : J. & J. Harper for Collins & Hanney . p. 20 . 27 . In the time of Tertullian and Clemens of Alexandria the glory of martyrdom was confined to St. Peter , St. Paul and St. James . It was gradually bestowed on the rest of the apostles by the more recent Greeks , who prudently selected for the theatre of their preaching and sufferings some remote country beyond the limits of the Roman empire . See Mosheim , p. 81 . and Tillemont , Memoires Ecclesiastiques , tom . i . part 3 . Jump up ^ ( behind paywall ) . Jump up ^ Wills , Garry ( 10 March 2015 ) . The Future of the Catholic Church with Pope Francis . Penguin Publishing Group . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 698 - 15765 - 1 . ( Candida Moss marshals the historical evidence to prove that `` we simply do n't know how any of the apostles died , much less whether they were martyred . '' ) Citing Moss , Candida ( 5 March 2013 ) . The Myth of Persecution : How Early Christians Invented a Story of Martyrdom . HarperCollins . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 210454 - 0 . Jump up ^ Many of the alternate locations of relics are sourced from this page http://www.saintsinrome.com/?m=0 Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . Jump up ^ As stated in St. Philips wiki article Jump up ^ Matt 10 : 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Mark 3 : 13 -- 19 Jump up ^ Luke 6 : 12 -- 16 Jump up ^ Acts 1 : 13 Jump up ^ John 6 : 67 - 71 Jump up ^ John 11 : 16 John 20 : 24 John 21 : 2 Jump up ^ John 14 : 22 Jump up ^ John 6 : 67 - 71 Jump up ^ May , Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger . The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977 . Jump up ^ Crossan , J.D. and Reed , J.L. , In Search of Paul , Harper San Francisco ( 2004 ) , pp. 115 -- 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 051457 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Ehrman , Bart . Peter , Paul , and Mary Magdalene : The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend . Oxford University Press , US . 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530013 - 0 . Jump up ^ CBMW `` A Female Apostle ? '' , June 26 , 2007 Jump up ^ See Daniel B. Wallace and Michael H. Burer , `` Was Junia Really an Apostle ? '' NTS 47 ( 2001 ) : 76 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia : Disciple : `` The disciples , in this disciples , in this context , are not the crowds of believers who flocked around Christ , but a smaller body of His followers . They are commonly identified with the seventy - two ( seventy , according to the received Greek text , although several Greek manuscripts mention seventy - two , as does the Vulgate ) referred to ( Luke 10 : 1 ) as having been chosen by Jesus . The names of these disciples are given in several lists ( Chronicon Paschale , and Pseudo-Dorotheus in Migne , P.G. , XCII , 521 - 524 ; 543 - 545 ; 1061 -- 1065 ) ; but these lists are unfortunately worthless . '' Jump up ^ `` Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles '' . oca.org . Jump up ^ Harrington 1991 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Nolland 2005 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Turner 2008 , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Lindars 1990 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Sanders 1995 , pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Reddish 2011 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Perkins 1998 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Boring 2006 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Theissen & Merz 1998 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Ehrman 2005 , pp. 172 , 235 . Jump up ^ Perkins 2009 , pp. 250 -- 53 . Further reading ( edit ) The Navarre Bible . ( RSV , Catholic Edition ) , Dublin : Four Courts Press , 1999 . Albright , W.F. and C.S. Mann . `` Matthew . '' The Anchor Bible Series . New York : Doubleday & Company , 1971 . Pope Benedict XVI , The Apostles . Full title is The Origins of the Church -- The Apostles and Their Co-Workers . published 2007 , in the US : ISBN 978 - 1 - 59276 - 405 - 1 ; different edition published in the UK under the title : Christ and His Church -- Seeing the face of Jesus in the Church of the Apostles , ISBN 978 - 1 - 86082 - 441 - 8 . Carson , D.A. `` The Limits of Functional Equivalence in Bible Translation -- and other Limits Too . '' in The Challenge of Bible Translation : Communicating God 's Word to the World . edited by Glen G Scorgie , Mark L. Strauss , Steven M. Voth . Carter , Warren . `` Matthew 4 : 18 -- 22 and Matthean Discipleship : An Audience - Oriented Perspective . '' Catholic Bible Quarterly . Vol. 59 . No. 1 . 1997 . Clarke , Howard W . The Gospel of Matthew and its Readers : A Historical Introduction to the First Gospel . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2003 . `` Fishers of Men . '' A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature . David Lyle Jeffrey , general editor . Grand Rapids : W.B. Eerdmans , 1992 . France , R.T. The Gospel According to Matthew : an Introduction and Commentary . Leicester : Inter-Varsity , 1985 . Karrer , Martin . `` Apostle , Apostolate . '' In The Encyclopedia of Christianity , edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley , 107 -- 08 . Vol. 1 . Grand Rapids : Wm . B. Eerdmans , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2413 - 7 Mack , Burton L. , The Lost Gospel -- The Book of Q & Christian Origins . HarperCollins 1994 . Manek , Jindrich . `` Fishers of Men . '' Novum Testamentum. 1958 p. 138 Schweizer , Eduard . The Good News According to Matthew . Atlanta : John Knox Press , 1975 . Wuellner , Wilhelm H. The Meaning of `` Fishers of Men '' . Westminster Press , 1967 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apostles . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Apostles Apostle article from Schaff - Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge Texts on Wikisource : `` Apostle '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . `` Apostle '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . pp. 196 -- 199 . `` Apostles '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . Coppieters , Honoré - Joseph ( 1913 ) . `` Apostles '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . `` Apostle '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Apostle '' . Easton 's Bible Dictionary . 1897 . Liddell & Scott Strong 's G652 Apostle and Apostleship article from Jewish Encyclopedia The Twelve Apostles The Biographies of The Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ , the son of God . Apostles.com Biographies of Christ 's Apostles Cast Your Nets : Fishing at the Time of Jesus The Fishing Economy in Galilee The Twelve Apostles an Eastern Orthodox perspective by Rev. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who were the twelve disciples and what did they do | [
"In Christian theology and ecclesiology, the apostles (Greek: ἀπόστολος, translit. apóstolos, lit. 'one who is sent away'), particularly the Twelve Apostles and sometimes known as the Twelve Disciples, were the primary disciples of Jesus, the central figure in Christianity. During the life and ministry of Jesus in the 1st century AD, the apostles were his closest followers and became the primary teachers of the gospel message of Jesus. The word disciple is sometimes used interchangeably with apostle; for instance, the Gospel of John makes no distinction between the two terms[citation needed]. In modern usage, prominent missionaries are often called apostles, a practice which stems from the Latin equivalent of apostle, i.e. missio, the source of the English word missionary. For example, Saint Patrick (AD 373–463) was the \"Apostle of Ireland\", Saint Boniface (680–755) was the \"Apostle to the Germans\", [1] Saint José de Anchieta (1534-1597) was the \"Apostle of Brazil\" and Saint Peter of Betancur (1626-1667) was the \"Apostle of Guatemala\".",
"In Christian theology and ecclesiology, the apostles (Greek: ἀπόστολος, translit. apóstolos, lit. 'one who is sent away'), particularly the Twelve Apostles and sometimes known as the Twelve Disciples, were the primary disciples of Jesus, the central figure in Christianity. During the life and ministry of Jesus in the 1st century AD, the apostles were his closest followers and became the primary teachers of the gospel message of Jesus. The word disciple is sometimes used interchangeably with apostle; for instance, the Gospel of John makes no distinction between the two terms[citation needed]. In modern usage, prominent missionaries are often called apostles, a practice which stems from the Latin equivalent of apostle, i.e. missio, the source of the English word missionary. For example, Saint Patrick (AD 373–463) was the \"Apostle of Ireland\", Saint Boniface (680–755) was the \"Apostle to the Germans\", [1] Saint José de Anchieta (1534-1597) was the \"Apostle of Brazil\" and Saint Peter of Betancur (1626-1667) was the \"Apostle of Guatemala\"."
] | [
"primary disciples of Jesus",
"primary teachers of the gospel message of Jesus"
] |
-4303477642168775852 | North America | North America - Wikipedia North America Jump to : navigation , search `` North American '' redirects here . For other uses , see North American ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Northern America . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) North America Area 24,709,000 km ( 9,540,000 sq mi ) ( 3rd ) Population 579,024,000 ( 2016 , 4th ) Population density 22.9 / km ( 59.3 / sq mi ) GDP ( nominal ) $21.2 trillion ( 2016 , 2nd ) GDP ( PPP ) $24.4 trillion ( 2016 , 3rd ) GDP per capita $41,830 ( 2016 , 1st ) Demonym North American Countries 23 sovereign states Dependencies 23 non-sovereign territories Largest cities List of urban areas : New York City Mexico City Los Angeles Chicago Boston Toronto Dallas -- Fort Worth San Francisco Houston Miami Philadelphia North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere ; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas . It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean , and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea . North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers ( 9,540,000 square miles ) , about 16.5 % of the earth 's land area and about 4.8 % of its total surface . North America is the third largest continent by area , following Asia and Africa , and the fourth by population after Asia , Africa , and Europe . In 2013 , its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states , or about 7.5 % of the world 's population , if nearby islands ( most notably the Caribbean ) are included . North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period , via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago . The so - called Paleo - Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago ( the beginning of the Archaic or Meso - Indian period ) . The Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries . The Pre-Columbian era ended in 1492 , and the transatlantic migrations -- the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period . Present - day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kinds of interactions between European colonists , indigenous peoples , African slaves and their descendants . European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south . Because of the history of colonialism , most North Americans speak English , Spanish or French and societies and states commonly reflect Western traditions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Extent 2.1 Regions 2.2 Countries , territories , and dependencies 3 History 3.1 Geologic history 3.2 Pre-Columbian 3.3 Colonial period 4 Geography 5 Geology 5.1 Canadian geology 5.2 United States geology 5.3 Central American geology 6 Climate 7 Ecology 8 Demographics 8.1 Languages 8.2 Religions 8.3 Populace 9 Economy 9.1 Transport 9.2 Communications 10 Culture 10.1 Sports 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Name Map of North America , from 1621 The Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann . Vespucci , who explored South America between 1497 and 1502 , was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies , but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans . In 1507 , Waldseemüller produced a world map , in which he placed the word `` America '' on the continent of South America , in the middle of what is today Brazil . He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio : ... ab Americo inventore ... quasi Americi terram sive Americam ( from Americus the discoverer ... as if it were the land of Americus , thus America ) . For Waldseemüller , no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer . He used the Latinized version of Vespucci 's name ( Americus Vespucius ) , but in its feminine form `` America '' , following the examples of `` Europa '' , `` Asia '' and `` Africa '' . Later , other mapmakers extended the name America to the northern continent , In 1538 , Gerard Mercator used America on his map of the world for all the Western Hemisphere . Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty and so a derivation from `` Amerigo Vespucci '' could be problematic . Ricardo Palma ( 1949 ) proposed a derivation from the `` Amerrique '' mountains of Central America -- Vespucci was the first to discover South America and the Amerrique mountains of Central America , which connected his discoveries to those of Christopher Columbus . Alfred E. Hudd proposed a theory in 1908 that the continents are named after a Welsh merchant named Richard Amerike from Bristol , who is believed to have financed John Cabot 's voyage of discovery from England to Newfoundland in 1497 . A minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of ' Amairick ' . Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language . Extent The term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context . In Canadian English , North America may be used to refer to the United States and Canada together . Alternatively , usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico ( as in the North American Free Trade Agreement ) , as well as offshore islands . The UN geoscheme for `` North America '' separates Mexico from the United States and Canada , placing it instead within its designated `` Central America '' region , while also treating the islands of the Caribbean separately from the US / Canada definition -- the UN 's `` North America '' definition still includes the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland together with the US / Canada continental definition , with both insular entities being tectonically on the North American plate . In France , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Greece , and the countries of Latin America , the cognates of North America usually designate a subcontinent of the Americas comprising Canada , the United States , and Mexico , and often Greenland , Saint Pierre et Miquelon , and Bermuda . North America has been historically referred to by other names . Spanish North America ( New Spain ) was often referred to as Northern America , and this was the first official name given to Mexico . Regions See also : List of regions of Canada and List of regions of the United States Geographically the North American continent has many regions and subregions . These include cultural , economic , and geographic regions . Economic regions included those formed by trade blocs , such as the North American Trade Agreement bloc and Central American Trade Agreement . Linguistically and culturally , the continent could be divided into Anglo - America and Latin America . Anglo - America includes most of Northern America , Belize , and Caribbean islands with English - speaking populations ( though sub-national entities , such as Louisiana and Quebec , are Francophone in composition ) . The southern North American continent is composed of two regions . These are Central America and the Caribbean . The north of the continent maintains recognized regions as well . In contrast to the common definition of `` North America '' , that which encompasses the whole continent , the term `` North America '' is also used to refer to Canada , Mexico , the United States , and Greenland . The term Northern America refers to the northern-most countries and territories of North America , Canada , the United States , Greenland , Bermuda , and St. Pierre and Miquelon . Although the term does not refer to a unified region , Middle America -- not to be confused with the Midwestern United States -- groups the regions of Central America , the Caribbean , and Mexico . The largest countries of the continent , Canada and the United States , also contain well - defined and recognized regions . In the case of Canada these are the British Columbia Coast , Canadian Prairies , Central Canada , Atlantic Canada , and Northern Canada . These regions also contain many subregions . In the case of the United States -- and in accordance with the US Census Bureau definitions -- these regions are : New England , Mid-Atlantic , East North Central States , West North Central States , South Atlantic States , East South Central States , West South Central States , Mountain States , and Pacific States . Regions shared between both nations included the Great Lakes Region . Megalopolises have also formed between both nations in the case of the Pacific Northwest and the Great Lakes Megaregion . Countries , territories , and dependencies Main article : List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America Flag Country or territory Area ( km ) Population ( 2016 est . ) Population density ( per km ) Capital Anguilla ( UK ) 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 14,764 164.8 The Valley Antigua and Barbuda 7002442000000000000 ♠ 442 100,963 199.1 St. John 's Aruba ( NLD ) 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 104,822 594.4 Oranjestad The Bahamas 7004139430000000000 ♠ 13,943 391,232 24.5 Nassau Barbados 7002430000000000000 ♠ 430 284,996 595.3 Bridgetown Belize 7004229660000000000 ♠ 22,966 366,954 13.4 Belmopan Bermuda ( UK ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 61,666 1203.7 Hamilton Bonaire ( NLD ) 7002294000000000000 ♠ 294 7004120930000000000 ♠ 12,093 41.1 Kralendijk British Virgin Islands ( UK ) 7002151000000000000 ♠ 151 30,661 152.3 Road Town Canada 7006998467000000000 ♠ 9,984,670 36,289,822 3.4 Ottawa Cayman Islands ( UK ) 7002264000000000000 ♠ 264 60,765 212.1 George Town Clipperton Island ( FRA ) 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 -- Costa Rica 7004511000000000000 ♠ 51,100 4,857,274 89.6 San José Cuba 7005109886000000000 ♠ 109,886 11,475,982 102.0 Havana Curaçao ( NLD ) 7002444000000000000 ♠ 444 159,371 317.1 Willemstad Dominica 7002751000000000000 ♠ 751 73,543 89.2 Roseau Dominican Republic 7004486710000000000 ♠ 48,671 10,648,791 207.3 Santo Domingo El Salvador 7004210410000000000 ♠ 21,041 6,344,722 293.0 San Salvador Greenland ( Denmark ) 7006216608600000000 ♠ 2,166,086 56,412 0.026 Nuuk Grenada 7002344000000000000 ♠ 344 107,317 302.3 St. George 's Guadeloupe ( FRA ) 7003162800000000000 ♠ 1,628 449,975 246.7 Basse - Terre Guatemala 7005108889000000000 ♠ 108,889 16,582,469 128.8 Guatemala City Haiti 7004277500000000000 ♠ 27,750 10,847,334 361.5 Port - au - Prince Honduras 7005112492000000000 ♠ 112,492 9,112,867 66.4 Tegucigalpa Jamaica 7004109910000000000 ♠ 10,991 2,881,355 247.4 Kingston Martinique ( FRA ) 7003112800000000000 ♠ 1,128 385,103 352.6 Fort - de-France Mexico 7006196437500000000 ♠ 1,964,375 127,540,423 57.1 Mexico City Montserrat ( UK ) 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 5,152 58.8 Plymouth ( Brades ) Navassa Island ( United States ) 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 Nicaragua 7005130373000000000 ♠ 130,373 6,149,928 44.1 Managua Panama 7004754170000000000 ♠ 75,417 4,034,119 45.8 Panama City Puerto Rico ( United States ) 7003887000000000000 ♠ 8,870 3,667,903 448.9 San Juan Saba ( NLD ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7003153700000000000 ♠ 1,537 118.2 The Bottom Saint Barthélemy ( FRA ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003744800000000000 ♠ 7,448 354.7 Gustavia Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002261000000000000 ♠ 261 54,821 199.2 Basseterre Saint Lucia 7002539000000000000 ♠ 539 178,015 319.1 Castries Saint Martin ( FRA ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 7004298200000000000 ♠ 29,820 552.2 Marigot Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( FRA ) 7002242000000000000 ♠ 242 6,305 24.8 Saint - Pierre Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7002389000000000000 ♠ 389 109,643 280.2 Kingstown Sint Eustatius ( NLD ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003273900000000000 ♠ 2,739 130.4 Oranjestad Sint Maarten ( NLD ) 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 39,537 1176.7 Philipsburg Trinidad and Tobago 7003513000000000000 ♠ 5,130 1,364,962 261.0 Port of Spain Turks and Caicos Islands ( UK ) 7002948000000000000 ♠ 948 34,900 34.8 Cockburn Town United States 7006962909100000000 ♠ 9,629,091 322,179,605 32.7 Washington , D.C. United States Virgin Islands ( United States ) 7002347000000000000 ♠ 347 104,913 317.0 Charlotte Amalie Total 7007245009950000000 ♠ 24,500,995 7008541720440000000 ♠ 541,720,440 22.9 History Main article : History of North America Geologic history Principal hydrological divides of Canada , the United States and Mexico Laurentia is an ancient craton which forms the geologic core of North America ; it formed between 1.5 and 1.0 billion years ago during the Proterozoic eon . The Canadian Shield is the largest exposure of this craton . From the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic eras , North America was joined with the other modern - day continents as part of the supercontinent Pangaea , with Eurasia to its east . One of the results of the formation of Pangaea was the Appalachian Mountains , which formed some 480 million years ago , making it among the oldest mountain ranges in the world . When Pangaea began to rift around 200 million years ago , North America became part of Laurasia , before it separated from Eurasia as its own continent during the mid-Cretaceous period . The Rockies and other western mountain ranges began forming around this time from a period of mountain building called the Laramide orogeny , between 80 and 55 million years ago . The formation of the Isthmus of Panama that connected the continent to South America arguably occurred approximately 12 to 15 million years ago , and the Great Lakes ( as well as many other northern freshwater lakes and rivers ) were carved by receding glaciers about 10,000 years ago . North America is the source of much of what humanity knows about geologic time periods . The geographic area that would later become the United States has been the source of more varieties of dinosaurs than any other modern country . According to paleontologist Peter Dodson , this is primarily due to stratigraphy , climate and geography , human resources , and history . Much of the Mesozoic Era is represented by exposed outcrops in the many arid regions of the continent . The most significant Late Jurassic dinosaur - bearing fossil deposit in North America is the Morrison Formation of the western United States . Pre-Columbian The El Castillo pyramid , at Chichén Itzá , Mexico The indigenous peoples of North America have many creation myths by which they assert that they have been present on the land since its creation . The specifics of Paleo - Indian migration to and throughout the Americas , including the exact dates and routes traveled , are subject to ongoing research and discussion . The traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present - day Alaska around 25,000 to 11,000 years ago . The few agreements achieved to date are the origin from Central Asia , with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the last glacial period , or more specifically what is known as the late glacial maximum , around 13,000 years before present . Some genetic research indicated secondary waves of migration occurred after the initial Paleo - Indian colonization , but prior to modern Inuit , Inupiat and Yupik expansions . Before contact with Europeans , the natives of North America were divided into many different polities , from small bands of a few families to large empires . They lived in several `` culture areas '' , which roughly correspond to geographic and biological zones and give a good indication of the main lifeway or occupation of the people who lived there ( e.g. , the bison hunters of the Great Plains , or the farmers of Mesoamerica ) . Native groups can also be classified by their language family ( e.g. , Athapascan or Uto - Aztecan ) . Peoples with similar languages did not always share the same material culture , nor were they always allies . Anthropologists think that the Inuit people of the high Arctic came to North America much later than other native groups , as evidenced by the disappearance of Dorset culture artifacts from the archaeological record , and their replacement by the Thule people . During the thousands of years of native habitation on the continent , cultures changed and shifted . One of the oldest cultures yet found is the Clovis culture of modern New Mexico . Later cultures include the Mississippian culture and related Mound building cultures , found in the Mississippi river valley and the Pueblo culture of what is now the Four Corners . The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world , such as tomatoes and squash . Perhaps most importantly they domesticated one of the world 's major staples , maize ( corn ) . The earliest verifiable instance of pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact by any European culture with the landmasses that geologically constitute the `` mainland '' of modern North America has been dated to the end of the 10th century CE -- this site , situated at the northernmost extent of the island named Newfoundland , is known as L'Anse aux Meadows , where unmistakable evidence of Norse settlement was uncovered in the early 1960s . As a result of the development of agriculture in the south , many important cultural advances were made there . For example , the Maya civilization developed a writing system , built huge pyramids and temples , had a complex calendar , and developed the concept of zero around 400 CE , a few hundred years after the Mesopotamians . The Mayan culture was still present in southern Mexico and Guatemala when the Spanish explorers arrived , but political dominance in the area had shifted to the Aztec Empire whose capital city Tenochtitlan was located further north in the Valley of Mexico . The Aztecs were conquered in 1521 by Hernán Cortés . Colonial period Benjamin West 's The Death of General Wolfe ( 1771 ) depicting the Battle of the Plains of Abraham Main article : European colonization of the Americas Further information : Timeline of the European colonization of North America , British America , French America , Viceroyalty of New Spain , and Russian colonization of the Americas During the Age of Discovery , Europeans explored and staked claims to various parts of North America . Upon their arrival in the `` New World '' , the Native American population declined substantially , because of violent conflicts with the invaders and the introduction of European diseases to which the Native Americans lacked immunity . Native culture changed drastically and their affiliation with political and cultural groups also changed . Several linguistic groups died out , and others changed quite quickly . The names and cultures that Europeans recorded were not necessarily the same as the names they had used a few generations before , or the ones in use today . Britain , Spain , and France took over extensive territories in North America -- and fought over them . In the late 18th century and beginning of the 19th , independence movements that sprung up across the continent , led to the creation of the modern countries in the area . The 13 British colonies on the North Atlantic coast declared independence in 1776 , becoming the United States of America . Canada was formed from the unification of northern territories controlled by Britain and France . New Spain , a territory that stretched from modern - day southern US to Central America , declared independence in 1810 , becoming the First Mexican Empire . In 1823 the former Captaincy General of Guatemala , then part of the Mexican Empire , became the first independent state in Central America , officially changing its name to the United Provinces of Central America . Geography Main article : Geography of North America Satellite imagery of North America North America occupies the northern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World , the Western Hemisphere , the Americas , or simply America ( which , less commonly , is considered by some as a single continent with North America a subcontinent ) . North America 's only land connection to South America is at the Isthmus of Panama . The continent is delimited on the southeast by most geographers at the Darién watershed along the Colombia - Panama border , placing all of Panama within North America . Alternatively , some geologists physiographically locate its southern limit at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , Mexico , with Central America extending southeastward to South America from this point . The Caribbean islands , or West Indies , are considered part of North America . The continental coastline is long and irregular . The Gulf of Mexico is the largest body of water indenting the continent , followed by Hudson Bay . Others include the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Gulf of California . Before the Central American isthmus formed , the region had been underwater . The islands of the West Indies delineate a submerged former land bridge , which had connected North and South America via what are now Florida and Venezuela . There are numerous islands off the continent 's coasts ; principally , the Arctic Archipelago , the Bahamas , Turks & Caicos , the Greater and Lesser Antilles , the Aleutian Islands ( some of which are in the Eastern Hemisphere proper ) , the Alexander Archipelago , the many thousand islands of the British Columbia Coast , and Newfoundland . Greenland , a self - governing Danish island , and the world 's largest , is on the same tectonic plate ( the North American Plate ) and is part of North America geographically . In a geologic sense , Bermuda is not part of the Americas , but an oceanic island which was formed on the fissure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge over 100 million years ago . The nearest landmass to it is Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . However , Bermuda is often thought of as part of North America , especially given its historical , political and cultural ties to Virginia and other parts of the continent . Moraine Lake in Banff National Park The vast majority of North America is on the North American Plate . Parts of western Mexico , including Baja California , and of California , including the cities of San Diego , Los Angeles , and Santa Cruz , lie on the eastern edge of the Pacific Plate , with the two plates meeting along the San Andreas fault . The southernmost portion of the continent and much of the West Indies lie on the Caribbean Plate , whereas the Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates border the North American Plate on its western frontier . The continent can be divided into four great regions ( each of which contains many subregions ) : the Great Plains stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian Arctic ; the geologically young , mountainous west , including the Rocky Mountains , the Great Basin , California and Alaska ; the raised but relatively flat plateau of the Canadian Shield in the northeast ; and the varied eastern region , which includes the Appalachian Mountains , the coastal plain along the Atlantic seaboard , and the Florida peninsula . Mexico , with its long plateaus and cordilleras , falls largely in the western region , although the eastern coastal plain does extend south along the Gulf . The western mountains are split in the middle into the main range of the Rockies and the coast ranges in California , Oregon , Washington , and British Columbia , with the Great Basin -- a lower area containing smaller ranges and low - lying deserts -- in between . The highest peak is Denali in Alaska . The United States Geographical Survey ( USGS ) states that the geographic center of North America is `` 6 miles ( 10 km ) west of Balta , Pierce County , North Dakota '' at about 48 ° 10 ′ N 100 ° 10 ′ W / 48.167 ° N 100.167 ° W / 48.167 ; - 100.167 , about 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) from Rugby , North Dakota . The USGS further states that `` No marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of either the 50 States , the conterminous United States , or the North American continent . '' Nonetheless , there is a 4.6 - metre ( 15 ft ) field stone obelisk in Rugby claiming to mark the center . The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located 1,650 km ( 1,030 mi ) from the nearest coastline , between Allen and Kyle , South Dakota at 43 ° 22 ′ N 101 ° 58 ′ W / 43.36 ° N 101.97 ° W / 43.36 ; - 101.97 ( Pole of Inaccessibility North America ) . Geology Main article : Geology of North America Geologic Map of North America published by USGS Sedimentary , volcanic , plutonic , and metamorphic rock types of North America Canadian geology Geologically , Canada is one of the oldest regions in the world , with more than half of the region consisting of precambrian rocks that have been above sea level since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era . Canada 's mineral resources are diverse and extensive . Across the Canadian Shield and in the north there are large iron , nickel , zinc , copper , gold , lead , molybdenum , and uranium reserves . Large diamond concentrations have been recently developed in the Arctic , making Canada one of the world 's largest producers . Throughout the Shield there are many mining towns extracting these minerals . The largest , and best known , is Sudbury , Ontario . Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since there is significant evidence that the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater . The nearby , but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin . Its magnetic anomalies are very similar to the Sudbury Basin , and so it could be a second metal - rich impact crater . The Shield is also covered by vast boreal forests that support an important logging industry . United States geology The lower 48 US states can be divided into roughly five physiographic provinces : The American cordillera The Canadian Shield Northern portion of the upper midwestern United States . The stable platform The coastal plain The Appalachian orogenic belt The geology of Alaska is typical of that of the cordillera , while the major islands of Hawaii consist of Neogene volcanics erupted over a hot spot . North America bedrock and terrain North American cratons and basement rocks Central American geology Central America rests in the Caribbean Plate . Central America is geologically active with volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occurring from time to time . In 1976 Guatemala was hit by a major earthquake , killing 23,000 people ; Managua , the capital of Nicaragua , was devastated by earthquakes in 1931 and 1972 , the last one killing about 5,000 people ; three earthquakes devastated El Salvador , one in 1986 and two in 2001 ; one earthquake devastated northern and central Costa Rica in 2009 , killing at least 34 people ; in Honduras a powerful earthquake killed seven people in 2009 . Volcanic eruptions are common in the region . In 1968 the Arenal Volcano , in Costa Rica , erupted and killed 87 people . Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lavas have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas . Central America has many mountain ranges ; the longest are the Sierra Madre de Chiapas , the Cordillera Isabelia , and the Cordillera de Talamanca . Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the people ; in fact , most of the population of Honduras , Costa Rica , and Guatemala live in valleys . Valleys are also suitable for the production of coffee , beans , and other crops . Climate North America map of Köppen climate classification North America is a very large continent which surpasses the Arctic Circle , and the Tropic of Cancer . Greenland , along with the Canadian Shield , is tundra with average temperatures ranging from 10 to 20 ° C ( 50 to 68 ° F ) , but central Greenland is composed of a very large ice sheet . This tundra radiates throughout Canada , but its border ends near the Rocky Mountains ( but still contains Alaska ) and at the end of the Canadian Shield , near the Great Lakes . Climate west of the Cascades is described as being a temperate weather with average precipitation 20 inches ( 510 mm ) . Climate in coastal California is described to be Mediterranean , with average temperatures in cities like San Francisco ranging from 57 to 70 ° F ( 14 to 21 ° C ) over the course of the year . Stretching from the East Coast to eastern North Dakota , and stretching down to Kansas , is the continental - humid climate featuring intense seasons , with a large amount of annual precipitation , with places like New York City averaging 50 inches ( 1,300 mm ) . Starting at the southern border of the continental - humid climate and stretching to the Gulf of Mexico ( whilst encompassing the eastern half of Texas ) is the subtropical climate . This area has the wettest cities in the contiguous U.S. with annual precipitation reaching 67 inches ( 1,700 mm ) in Mobile , Alabama . Stretching from the borders of the continental humid and subtropical climates , and going west to the Cascades Sierra Nevada , south to the southern tip of durango , north to the border with tundra climate , the steppe / desert climate is the driest climate in the U.S. Ecology This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) See also : List of endangered plants in North America Notable North American fauna include the bison , black bear , prairie dog , turkey , pronghorn , raccoon , coyote and monarch butterfly . Notable plants that were domesticated in North America include tobacco , maize , squash , tomato , sunflower , blueberry , avocado , cotton , chile pepper and vanilla . Demographics Further information : Demographics of the United States , Demographics of Canada , and Demographics of Mexico Non-native nations ' control and claims over North America c. 1750 -- 2008 Native languages of the US , Canada and Greenland Economically , Canada and the United States are the wealthiest and most developed nations in the continent , followed by Mexico , a newly industrialized country . The countries of Central America and the Caribbean are at various levels of economic and human development . For example , small Caribbean island - nations , such as Barbados , Trinidad and Tobago , and Antigua and Barbuda , have a higher GDP ( PPP ) per capita than Mexico due to their smaller populations . Panama and Costa Rica have a significantly higher Human Development Index and GDP than the rest of the Central American nations . Additionally , despite Greenland 's vast resources in oil and minerals , much of them remain untapped , and the island is economically dependent on fishing , tourism , and subsidies from Denmark . Nevertheless , the island is highly developed . Demographically , North America is ethnically diverse . Its three main groups are Caucasians , Mestizos and Blacks . There is a significant minority of Indigenous Americans and Asians among other less numerous groups . Languages Main article : Languages of North America Languages spoken in the Americas The dominant languages in North America are English , Spanish , and French . Danish is prevalent in Greenland alongside Greenlandic , and Dutch is spoken side by side local languages in the Dutch Caribbean . The term Anglo - America is used to refer to the anglophone countries of the Americas : namely Canada ( where English and French are co-official ) and the United States , but also sometimes Belize and parts of the tropics , especially the Commonwealth Caribbean . Latin America refers to the other areas of the Americas ( generally south of the United States ) where the Romance languages , derived from Latin , of Spanish and Portuguese ( but French speaking countries are not usually included ) predominate : the other republics of Central America ( but not always Belize ) , part of the Caribbean ( not the Dutch - , English - , or French - speaking areas ) , Mexico , and most of South America ( except Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana ( France ) , and the Falkland Islands ( UK ) ) . The French language has historically played a significant role in North America and now retains a distinctive presence in some regions . Canada is officially bilingual . French is the official language of the Province of Quebec , where 95 % of the people speak it as either their first or second language , and it is co-official with English in the Province of New Brunswick . Other French - speaking locales include the Province of Ontario ( the official language is English , but there are an estimated 600,000 Franco - Ontarians ) , the Province of Manitoba ( co-official as de jure with English ) , the French West Indies and Saint - Pierre et Miquelon , as well as the US state of Louisiana , where French is also an official language . Haiti is included with this group based on historical association but Haitians speak both Creole and French . Similarly , French and French Antillean Creole is spoken in Saint Lucia and the Commonwealth of Dominica alongside English . Religions Main article : Religion in North America See also : Religions of the world Washington National Cathedral , in Washington , D.C. . The United States has the most people in the world identifying as Christian . Christianity is the largest religion in the United States , Canada and Mexico . According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey , 77 % of the population considered themselves Christians . Christianity also is the predominant religion in the 23 dependent territories in North America . The United States has the largest Christian population in the world , with nearly 247 million Christians ( 70 % ) , although other countries have higher percentages of Christians among their populations . Mexico has the world 's second largest number of Catholics , surpassed only by Brazil . A 2015 study estimates about 493,000 Christian believers from a Muslim background in North America , most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism . According to the same study religiously unaffiliated ( include agnostic and atheist ) make up about 17 % of the population of Canada and the United States . No religion make up about 24 % of the United States population , and 24 % of Canada total population . Canada , the United States and Mexico host communities of both Jews ( 6 million or about 1.8 % ) , Buddhists ( 3.8 million or 1.1 % ) and Muslims ( 3.4 million or 1.0 % ) . The biggest number of Jewish individuals can be found in the United States ( 5.4 million ) , Canada ( 375,000 ) and Mexico ( 67,476 ) . The United States host the largest Muslim population in North America with 2.7 million or 0.9 % , While Canada host about one million Muslim or 3.2 % of the population . While in Mexico there were 3,700 Muslims in the country . In 2012 , U-T San Diego estimated U.S. practitioners of Buddhism at 1.2 million people , of whom 40 % are living in Southern California . The predominant religion in Central America is Christianity ( 96 % ) . Beginning with the Spanish colonization of Central America in the 16th century , Roman Catholicism became the most popular religion in the region until the first half of the 20th century . Since the 1960s , there has been an increase in other Christian groups , particularly Protestantism , as well as other religious organizations , and individuals identifying themselves as having no religion . Also Christianity is the predominant religion in the Caribbean ( 85 % ) . Other religious groups in the region are Hinduism , Islam , Rastafari ( in Jamaica ) , and Afro - American religions such as Santería and Vodou . Populace North American cities Mexico City Los Angeles Toronto Chicago New York City See also : List of North American countries by population , List of North American cities by population , and List of North American metropolitan areas by population The most populous country in North America is the United States with 318.4 million persons . The second largest country is Mexico with a population of 112,322,757 . Canada is the third most populous country with 32,623,490 . The majority of Caribbean island - nations have national populations under a million , though Cuba , Dominican Republic , Haiti , Puerto Rico ( a territory of the United States ) , Jamaica , and Trinidad and Tobago each have populations higher than a million . Greenland has a small population of 55,984 for its massive size ( 2,166,000 km2 or 836,300 mi2 ) , and therefore , it has the world 's lowest population density at 0.026 pop. / km2 ( 0.067 pop. / mi2 ) . While the United States , Canada , and Mexico maintain the largest populations , large city populations are not restricted to those nations . There are also large cities in the Caribbean . The largest cities in North America , by far , are Mexico City and New York . These cities are the only cities on the continent to exceed eight million , and two of three in the Americas . Next in size are Los Angeles , Toronto , Chicago , Havana , Santo Domingo , and Montreal . Cities in the sunbelt regions of the United States , such as those in Southern California and Houston , Phoenix , Miami , Atlanta , and Las Vegas , are experiencing rapid growth . These causes included warm temperatures , retirement of Baby Boomers , large industry , and the influx of immigrants . Cities near the United States border , particularly in Mexico , are also experiencing large amounts of growth . Most notable is Tijuana , a city bordering San Diego that receives immigrants from all over Latin America and parts of Europe and Asia . Yet as cities grow in these warmer regions of North America , they are increasingly forced to deal with the major issue of water shortages . Eight of the top ten metropolitan areas are located in the United States . These metropolitan areas all have a population of above 5.5 million and include the New York City metropolitan area , Los Angeles metropolitan area , Chicago metropolitan area , and the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . Whilst the majority of the largest metropolitan areas are within the United States , Mexico is host to the largest metropolitan area by population in North America : Greater Mexico City . Canada also breaks into the top ten largest metropolitan areas with the Toronto metropolitan area having six million people . The proximity of cities to each other on the Canada -- United States border and Mexico -- United States border has led to the rise of international metropolitan areas . These urban agglomerations are observed at their largest and most productive in Detroit -- Windsor and San Diego -- Tijuana and experience large commercial , economic , and cultural activity . The metropolitan areas are responsible for millions of dollars of trade dependent on international freight . In Detroit - Windsor the Border Transportation Partnership study in 2004 concluded US $13 billion was dependent on the Detroit -- Windsor international border crossing while in San Diego - Tijuana freight at the Otay Mesa Port of Entry was valued at US $20 billion . North America has also been witness to the growth of megapolitan areas . In the United States exists eleven megaregions that transcend international borders and comprise Canadian and Mexican metropolitan regions . These are the Arizona Sun Corridor , Cascadia , Florida , Front Range , Great Lakes Megaregion , Gulf Coast Megaregion , Northeast , Northern California , Piedmont Atlantic , Southern California , and the Texas Triangle . Canada and Mexico are also the home of megaregions . These include the Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor , Golden Horseshoe -- both of which are considered part of the Great Lakes Megaregion -- and megalopolis of Central Mexico . Traditionally the largest megaregion has been considered the Boston - Washington , D.C. Corridor , or the Northeast , as the region is one massive contiguous area . Yet megaregion criterion have allowed the Great Lakes Megalopolis to maintain status as the most populated region , being home to 53,768,125 people in 2000 . The top ten largest North American metropolitan areas by population as of 2013 , based on national census numbers from the United States and census estimates from Canada and Mexico . Metro Area Population Area Country Mexico City 21,163,226 7,346 km ( 2,836 sq mi ) Mexico New York City 19,949,502 17,405 km ( 6,720 sq mi ) United States Los Angeles 13,131,431 12,562 km ( 4,850 sq mi ) United States Chicago 9,537,289 24,814 km ( 9,581 sq mi ) United States Dallas -- Fort Worth 6,810,913 24,059 km ( 9,289 sq mi ) United States Houston 6,313,158 26,061 km ( 10,062 sq mi ) United States Toronto 6,054,191 5,906 km ( 2,280 sq mi ) Canada Philadelphia 6,034,678 13,256 km ( 5,118 sq mi ) United States Washington , D.C. 5,949,859 14,412 km ( 5,565 sq mi ) United States Miami 5,828,191 15,896 km ( 6,137 sq mi ) United States 2011 Census figures . Economy Main article : Economy of North America See also : List of North American countries by GDP ( nominal ) and List of North American countries by GDP ( PPP ) Rank Country GDP ( PPP , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 19,362,129 2017 Mexico 2,406,087 2017 Canada 1,763,785 2017 Cuba 254,865 2015 5 Dominican Republic 172,576 2017 6 Guatemala 138,276 2017 7 Puerto Rico 130,578 2014 8 Panama 99,430 2017 9 Costa Rica 85,203 2017 10 El Salvador 56,903 2017 Rank Country GDP ( nominal , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 19,362,129 2017 Canada 1,842,627 2013 Mexico 1,298,466 2014 Puerto Rico 105,035 2016 5 Cuba 87,133 2015 6 Dominican Republic 74,873 2017 7 Guatemala 70,806 2017 8 Costa Rica 58,909 2017 9 Panama 59,051 2017 10 Trinidad and Tobago 27,870 2008 North America 's GDP per capita was evaluated in October 2016 by the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) to be $41,830 , making it the richest continent in the world , followed by Oceania . Canada , Mexico , and the United States have significant and multifaceted economic systems . The United States has the largest economy of all three countries and in the world . In 2016 , the U.S. had an estimated per capita gross domestic product ( PPP ) of $57,466 according to the World Bank , and is the most technologically developed economy of the three . The United States ' services sector comprises 77 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 22 % and agriculture comprises 1.2 % . The U.S. economy is also the fastest growing economy in North America and the Americas as a whole , with the highest GDP per capita in the Americas as well . Canada shows significant growth in the sectors of services , mining and manufacturing . Canada 's per capita GDP ( PPP ) was estimated at $44,656 and it had the 11th largest GDP ( nominal ) in 2014 . Canada 's services sector comprises 78 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 20 % and agriculture comprises 2 % . Mexico has a per capita GDP ( PPP ) of $16,111 and as of 2014 is the 15th largest GDP ( nominal ) in the world . Being a newly industrialized country , Mexico maintains both modern and outdated industrial and agricultural facilities and operations . Its main sources of income are oil , industrial exports , manufactured goods , electronics , heavy industry , automobiles , construction , food , banking and financial services . The North American economy is well defined and structured in three main economic areas . These areas are the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , Caribbean Community and Common Market ( CARICOM ) , and the Central American Common Market ( CACM ) . Of these trade blocs , the United States takes part in two . In addition to the larger trade blocs there is the Canada - Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement among numerous other free trade relations , often between the larger , more developed countries and Central American and Caribbean countries . The North America Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) forms one of the four largest trade blocs in the world . Its implementation in 1994 was designed for economic homogenization with hopes of eliminating barriers of trade and foreign investment between Canada , the United States and Mexico . While Canada and the United States already conducted the largest bilateral trade relationship -- and to present day still do -- in the world and Canada -- United States trade relations already allowed trade without national taxes and tariffs , NAFTA allowed Mexico to experience a similar duty - free trade . The free trade agreement allowed for the elimination of tariffs that had previously been in place on United States - Mexico trade . Trade volume has steadily increased annually and in 2010 , surface trade between the three NAFTA nations reached an all - time historical increase of 24.3 % or US $791 billion . The NAFTA trade bloc GDP ( PPP ) is the world 's largest with US $17.617 trillion . This is in part attributed to the fact that the economy of the United States is the world 's largest national economy ; the country had a nominal GDP of approximately $14.7 trillion in 2010 . The countries of NAFTA are also some of each other 's largest trade partners . The United States is the largest trade partner of Canada and Mexico ; while Canada and Mexico are each other 's third largest trade partners . The Caribbean trade bloc -- CARICOM -- came into agreement in 1973 when it was signed by 15 Caribbean nations . As of 2000 , CARICOM trade volume was US $96 billion . CARICOM also allowed for the creation of a common passport for associated nations . In the past decade the trade bloc focused largely on Free Trade Agreements and under the CARICOM Office of Trade Negotiations ( OTN ) free trade agreements have been signed into effect . Integration of Central American economies occurred under the signing of the Central American Common Market agreement in 1961 ; this was the first attempt to engage the nations of this area into stronger financial cooperation . Recent implementation of the Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) has left the future of the CACM unclear . The Central American Free Trade Agreement was signed by five Central American countries , the Dominican Republic , and the United States . The focal point of CAFTA is to create a free trade area similar to that of NAFTA . In addition to the United States , Canada also has relations in Central American trade blocs . Currently under proposal , the Canada -- Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CA4 ) would operate much the same as CAFTA with the United States does . These nations also take part in inter-continental trade blocs . Mexico takes a part in the G3 Free Trade Agreement with Colombia and Venezuela and has a trade agreement with the EU . The United States has proposed and maintained trade agreements under the Transatlantic Free Trade Area between itself and the European Union ; the US - Middle East Free Trade Area between numerous Middle Eastern nations and itself ; and the Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership between Southeast Asian nations , Australia , and New Zealand . Transport Main article : Transportation in North America The full Pan American Highway ( including South America ) , from Prudhoe Bay , Alaska to Ushuaia , Argentina The Pan-American Highway route in the Americas is the portion of a network of roads nearly 48,000 km ( 30,000 mi ) in length which travels through the mainland nations . No definitive length of the Pan-American Highway exists because the US and Canadian governments have never officially defined any specific routes as being part of the Pan-American Highway , and Mexico officially has many branches connecting to the US border . However , the total length of the portion from Mexico to the northern extremity of the highway is roughly 26,000 km ( 16,000 mi ) . 2006 map of the North American Class I railroad network The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was built in the 1860s , linking the railroad network of the eastern US with California on the Pacific coast . Finished on 10 May 1869 at the famous golden spike event at Promontory Summit , Utah , it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West , catalyzing the transition from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system . Although an accomplishment , it achieved the status of first transcontinental railroad by connecting myriad eastern US railroads to the Pacific and was not the largest single railroad system in the world . The Canadian Grand Trunk Railway ( GTR ) had , by 1867 , already accumulated more than 2,055 km ( 1,277 mi ) of track by connecting Ontario with the Canadian Atlantic provinces west as far as Port Huron , Michigan , through Sarnia , Ontario . Communications A shared telephone system known as the North American Numbering Plan ( NANP ) is an integrated telephone numbering plan of 24 countries and territories : the United States and its territories , Canada , Bermuda , and 17 Caribbean nations . Culture Canada and the United States were both former British colonies . There is frequent cultural interplay between the United States and English - speaking Canada . Greenland shares some cultural ties with the indigenous people of Canada but is considered Nordic and has strong Danish ties due to centuries of colonization by Denmark . Spanish - speaking North America shares a common past as former Spanish colonies . In Mexico and the Central American countries where civilizations like the Maya developed , indigenous people preserve traditions across modern boundaries . Central American and Spanish - speaking Caribbean nations have historically had more in common due to geographical proximity . Northern Mexico , particularly in the cities of Monterrey , Tijuana , Ciudad Juárez , and Mexicali , is strongly influenced by the culture and way of life of the United States . Of the aforementioned cities , Monterrey has been regarded as the most Americanized city in Mexico . Immigration to the United States and Canada remains a significant attribute of many nations close to the southern border of the US . The Anglophone Caribbean states have witnessed the decline of the British Empire and its influence on the region , and its replacement by the economic influence of Northern America . In the Anglophone Caribbean . This is partly due to the relatively small populations of the English - speaking Caribbean countries , and also because many of them now have more people living abroad than those remaining at home . Northern Mexico , the Western United States and Alberta , Canada share a cowboy culture . Sports Canada , Mexico and the US submitted a joint bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The following table shows the most prominent sports leagues in North America , in order of average revenue . League Sport Primary country Founded Teams Revenue US $ ( bn ) Average Attendance National Football League ( NFL ) American football United States 1920 32 $9.0 7004676040000000000 ♠ 67,604 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Baseball United States Canada 1869 30 $8.0 7004304580000000000 ♠ 30,458 National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Basketball United States Canada 1946 30 $5.0 7004173470000000000 ♠ 17,347 National Hockey League ( NHL ) Ice hockey United States Canada 1917 31 $3.3 7004177200000000000 ♠ 17,720 Liga MX Football ( soccer ) Mexico 1943 18 $0.6 7004255570000000000 ♠ 25,557 Major League Soccer ( MLS ) Football ( soccer ) United States Canada 20 $0.5 7004215740000000000 ♠ 21,574 Jump up ^ MLS plans to expand to 21 teams in 2017 , and to 24 teams by 2020 . See also Main article : Outline of North America Flags of North America List of cities in North America North America portal Geography portal Notes Jump up ^ This North American density figure is based on a total land area of 23,090,542 km only , considerably less than the total combined land and water area of 24,709,000 km . ^ Jump up to : Depending on definitions , Aruba , Bonaire , Curaçao , Panama , and Trinidad and Tobago have territory in either or both of North and South America . Jump up ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea , the Bahamas are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean , although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Because of ongoing activity of the Soufriere Hills volcano beginning in July 1995 , much of Plymouth was destroyed and government offices were relocated to Brades . Plymouth remains the de jure capital . Jump up ^ Panama is generally considered a North American country , though some authorities divide it at the Panama Canal . Figures listed here are for the entire country . Jump up ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea , the Turks and Caicos Islands are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean , although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Includes the US state of Hawaii , which is distant from the North American landmass in the Pacific Ocean and therefore more commonly associated with the other territories of Oceania . References ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of North American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Archived from the original on 24 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Demographia.com '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` North America '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Map And Details Of All 7 Continents '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . In some parts of the world students are taught that there are only six continents , as they combine North America and South America into one continent called the Americas . Jump up ^ `` North America Land Forms and Statistics '' . World Atlas.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North America Fast Facts '' . World Atlas.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amerigo Vespucci '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles George , ed. ( 1907 ) . The Cosmographiæ Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller in Facsimile . Translated by Edward Burke and Mario E. Cosenza , introduction by Joseph Fischer and Franz von Wieser . New York : The United States Catholic Historical Society . p. 9 . Latin : `` Quarta pars per Americum Vesputium ( ut in sequentibus audietur ) inventa est , quam non video , cur quis jure vetet , ab Americo inventore sagacis ingenii viro Amerigen quasi Americi terram sive Americam dicendam , cum et Europa et Asia a mulieribus sua sortita sint nomina . '' ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Cohen . `` The Naming of America : Fragments We 've Shored Against Ourselves '' . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , John ; Mitchinson , John ( 2006 ) . The Book of General Ignorance . Harmony Books . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 39491 - 0 . New countries or continents were never named after a person 's first name , but always after the second ... Jump up ^ Burchfield , R.W. , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` '' America `` '' . Fowler 's Modern English Usage . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861021 - 1 . the term ' North America ' is mostly used to mean the United States and Canada together . Countries to the south of the United States are described as being in Central America ( Mexico , Nicaragua , etc . ) or South America ( Brazil , Argentina , etc . ) . See also : McArthur , Tom ( 1992 ) . `` North American '' . The Oxford Companion to the English Language . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 707 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214183 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook -- North America '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countries in North America -- Country Reports '' . Country Reports . Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` North America : World of Earth Science '' . eNotes Inc . Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` North American Region '' . The Trilateral Commission . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` SPP Background '' . CommerceConnect.gov . Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America . Archived from the original on 18 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ecoregions of North America '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's the difference between North , Latin , Central , Middle , South , Spanish and Anglo America ? '' . About.com . Jump up ^ `` Norteamérica '' ( North America ) ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . In Ibero - America , North America is considered a subcontinent containing Canada , the United States , Mexico , Greenland , Bermuda and Saint - Pierre and Miquelon . Jump up ^ `` Six or Seven Continents on Earth '' . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . `` In Europe and other parts of the world , many students are taught of six continents , where North and South America are combined to form a single continent of America . Thus , these six continents are Africa , America , Antarctica , Asia , Australia , and Europe . '' Jump up ^ `` Continents '' . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . `` six - continent model ( used mostly in France , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Greece , and Latin America ) groups together North America + South America into the single continent America . '' Jump up ^ `` AMÉRIQUE '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America '' ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acta Solemne de la Declaración de Independencia de la América Septentrional '' ( Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America ) . Archivos de la Independencia ( in Spanish ) . Archivo General de la Nación . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Central America . Encarta Encyclopedia . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Alan ; Schaffer , Jonathan ( May 2004 ) . Geopolitics of oil and natural gas . Economic Perspectives . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Definition of major areas and regions '' . United Nations . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions , geographical sub-regions , and selected economic and other groupings '' . UN Statistics Division . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . ( French ) Jump up ^ `` Chapter 5 , Middle America '' . University of Minnesota . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Middle America ( region , Mesoamerica ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Unless otherwise noted , land area figures are taken from `` Demographic Yearbook -- Table 3 : Population by sex , rate of population increase , surface area and density '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Statistics Division . 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Population estimates are taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics Netherlands Antilles . `` Statistical information : Population '' . Government of the Netherlands Antilles . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Land area figures taken from `` The World Factbook : 2010 edition '' . Government of the United States , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : These population estimates are for 2010 , and are taken from `` The World Factbook : 2010 edition '' . Government of the United States , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Dalziel , I.W.D. ( 1992 ) . `` On the organization of American Plates in the Neoproterozoic and the breakout of Laurentia '' . GSA Today . 2 ( 11 ) : 237 -- 241 . Jump up ^ Merali , Zeeya ; Skinner , Brian J. Visualizing Earth Science . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 41847 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Land Bridge Linking Americas Rose Earlier Than Thought '' . LiveScience.com . ^ Jump up to : Dodson , Peter ( 1997 ) . `` American Dinosaurs '' . In Currie , Phillip J. ; Padian , Kevin . Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs . Academic Press . pp. 10 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Weishampel , David B. ( 2004 ) . Weishampel , David B. ; Dodson , Peter ; Halszka , Osmólska , eds . Dinosaur distribution ( Late Jurassic , North America ) . The Dinosauria . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 543 -- 545 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24209 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jeremiah Curtin ( 2014 ) . Creation Myths of Primitive America . Jazzybee Verlag . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8496 - 4454 - 3 . Jump up ^ Phillip M. White ( 2006 ) . American Indian chronology : chronologies of the American mosaic . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33820 - 5 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ William Haviland ; Harald Prins ; Dana Walrath ; Bunny McBride ( 2013 ) . Anthropology : The Human Challenge . Cengage Learning . pp. 219 , 220 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 285 - 67758 - 3 . Jump up ^ Timothy R. Pauketat ( 23 February 2012 ) . The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology . OUP US . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538011 - 8 . Jump up ^ Skoglund , P. ; Mallick , S. ; Bortolini , M.C. ; Chennagiri , N. ; Hünemeier , T. ; Petzl - Erler , M.L. ; Salzano , F.M. ; Patterson , N. ; Reich , D. ( 21 July 2015 ) . `` Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas '' . Nature . 525 ( 7567 ) : 104 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2015Natur. 525 ... 104S . doi : 10.1038 / nature14895 . PMC 4982469 . PMID 26196601 . Jump up ^ Peter Bellwood ; Immanuel Ness ( 2014 ) . The Global Prehistory of Human Migration . 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-6133777136612951049 | Star Wars: The Force Awakens | Star Wars : the Force Awakens - Wikipedia Star Wars : the Force Awakens Jump to : navigation , search Star Wars : The Force Awakens Theatrical release poster Directed by J.J. Abrams Produced by Kathleen Kennedy J.J. Abrams Bryan Burk Written by Lawrence Kasdan J.J. Abrams Michael Arndt Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Harrison Ford Mark Hamill Carrie Fisher Adam Driver Daisy Ridley John Boyega Oscar Isaac Lupita Nyong'o Andy Serkis Domhnall Gleeson Anthony Daniels Peter Mayhew Max von Sydow Music by John Williams Cinematography Dan Mindel Edited by Mary Jo Markey Maryann Brandon Production companies Lucasfilm Ltd . Bad Robot Productions Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) ( Los Angeles ) December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $306 million ( gross ) $258.6 million ( net ) Box office $2.068 billion Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( also known as Star Wars : Episode VII -- The Force Awakens ) is a 2015 American epic space opera film produced , co-written and directed by J.J. Abrams . It is the first installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy and the seventh main installment of the Star Wars franchise , following Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) . The film stars Harrison Ford , Mark Hamill , Carrie Fisher , Adam Driver , Daisy Ridley , John Boyega , Oscar Isaac , Lupita Nyong'o , Andy Serkis , Domhnall Gleeson , Anthony Daniels , Peter Mayhew , and Max von Sydow , and was produced by Lucasfilm Ltd. and Abrams ' production company Bad Robot Productions . The Force Awakens is also the first Star Wars film to not involve franchise creator George Lucas , although he served as creative consultant during the film 's early production . Set 30 years after Return of the Jedi , the film follows Rey , Finn , and Poe Dameron 's search for Luke Skywalker and their fight alongside the Resistance , led by veterans of the Rebel Alliance , against Kylo Ren and the First Order , a successor to the Galactic Empire . The Force Awakens was announced after The Walt Disney Company 's acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012 . The film was produced by Abrams , his longtime collaborator Bryan Burk , and Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy . Abrams and Lawrence Kasdan , co-writer of the original trilogy films The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , rewrote an initial script by Michael Arndt . John Williams , the composer for the previous six films , returned to compose the film 's score . Filming began in April 2014 in Abu Dhabi and Iceland , with principal photography also taking place in Ireland and Pinewood Studios in the United Kingdom , and concluded in November 2014 . It is the first live - action Star Wars film since Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Star Wars : The Force Awakens was widely anticipated , and Disney backed the film with extensive marketing campaigns . It premiered in Los Angeles on December 14 , 2015 before its wide release in the United States on December 18 . The film received highly positive reviews from critics , with its ensemble cast , direction , musical score , visual effects , and action sequences receiving particular praise , although it received criticism for being derivative of the original trilogy . The film broke various box office records and became , unadjusted for inflation , the highest - grossing installment in the franchise , the highest - grossing film in North America , the highest - grossing film of 2015 , and the third - highest - grossing film of all time , with a worldwide gross of over $2 billion and a net profit of over $780 million . It received five Academy Award nominations and four British Academy Film Award nominations , where it won the award for Best Special Visual Effects . It was followed by The Last Jedi in December 2017 , with a third film scheduled for release in 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 3.6 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Tie - in literature and merchandise 4.3 Video games 4.4 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 Theatrical run 5.1. 2 Commercial analysis 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 5.3. 1 Top ten lists 6 Sequels 6.1 The Last Jedi 6.2 Episode IX 7 See also 8 Footnote 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Thirty years after the Galactic Civil War , the First Order has risen from the fallen Galactic Empire and seeks to eliminate the New Republic . The Resistance , backed by the Republic and led by General Leia Organa , opposes them while searching for her brother , Luke Skywalker . Resistance pilot Poe Dameron meets village elder Lor San Tekka on the planet Jakku to obtain a map to Luke 's location . Stormtroopers commanded by Kylo Ren destroy the village and capture Poe , while Kylo kills Tekka . Poe 's droid , BB - 8 , escapes with the map and encounters a scavenger named Rey near a junkyard settlement . Kylo tortures Poe using the Force , and learns of BB - 8 . Reticent stormtrooper FN - 2187 frees Poe , and they escape in a stolen TIE fighter ; Poe dubs FN - 2187 `` Finn '' . They crash on Jakku ; Finn survives , but he believes that Poe was killed in the crash . Finn encounters Rey and BB - 8 , but the First Order tracks them and launches an airstrike . Finn , Rey , and BB - 8 flee the planet in the Millennium Falcon , which they steal from a junkyard . The Falcon is captured by a larger ship piloted by Han Solo and Chewbacca , looking to reclaim their former vessel . Two rival gangs , seeking to settle debts with Han , board and attack , but Han and his allies flee in the Falcon . The gangs inform the First Order . At the First Order 's Starkiller Base -- a planet converted into a superweapon that harnesses energy from stars -- Supreme Leader Snoke allows General Hux to use the weapon for the first time . Snoke questions Kylo 's ability to deal with emotions relating to his father , Han Solo , whom Kylo says means nothing to him . The Falcon crew views BB - 8 's map and determines it is incomplete . Han explains that Luke attempted to rebuild the Jedi Order but exiled himself when an apprentice turned to the dark side , destroyed the temple , and slaughtered many of the other apprentices . The crew travels to the planet Takodana and meets with cantina owner Maz Kanata , who offers assistance in getting BB - 8 to the Resistance . Rey is drawn to a vault on the lower level and finds the lightsaber that once belonged to Luke and his father , Anakin Skywalker . She experiences disturbing visions and flees into the woods . Maz gives Finn the lightsaber for safekeeping . Starkiller Base fires and destroys the Republic capital star system and a portion of its fleet . The First Order attacks Takodana in search of BB - 8 . Han , Chewbacca , and Finn are saved by Resistance X-wing fighters led by Poe , who survived the earlier crash . Leia arrives at Takodana with C - 3PO and reunites with Han and Chewbacca . Meanwhile , Kylo captures Rey and takes her to Starkiller Base . However , when he interrogates her about the map , she is able to resist his mind - reading attempts . Discovering she can use the Force , Rey escapes using a Jedi mind trick on a nearby guard . At the Resistance base on D'Qar , BB - 8 finds R2 - D2 , who has been inactive since Luke 's disappearance . As Starkiller Base prepares to fire on D'Qar , the Resistance devises a plan to destroy the superweapon by attacking a critical facility . Leia urges Han to return their son alive . Using the Falcon , Han , Chewbacca , and Finn infiltrate the facility , find Rey , and plant explosives . Han confronts Kylo , calling him by his birth name , Ben , and implores him to abandon the dark side . Kylo refuses and kills Han , enraging Chewbacca , who fires and hits Kylo . Chewbacca sets off the explosives , allowing the Resistance to attack and destroy Starkiller Base . The injured Kylo pursues Finn and Rey to the surface . A lightsaber battle between Kylo and Finn ensues , leaving Finn badly wounded . Rey takes the lightsaber and uses the Force to defeat Kylo , before they are separated by a fissure as the planet begins to implode . Snoke orders Hux to evacuate and bring Kylo to him to complete his training . Rey and Chewbacca escape with Finn in the Falcon as Starkiller Base implodes , the weapon 's energy igniting the planet into a new star . On D'Qar , the Resistance celebrates while Leia , Chewbacca , and Rey mourn Han 's death . R2 - D2 awakens and reveals the rest of the map , which Rey follows to the oceanic planet Ahch - To . She finds Luke and presents him with the lightsaber . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast members Harrison Ford as Han Solo : A rogue and a smuggler , formerly a key player in the Rebel Alliance . Ford said `` Han does not aspire to the position of Obi - Wan , nor do I aspire to be some New Age Alec Guinness . His development is consistent with the character , and there are emotional elements which have occasioned his growth ... There 's a lot of the rogue still left in Solo . Some things do n't change ... '' Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker : The last Jedi , who has gone into hiding . Regarding Luke , Han , and Leia , Abrams stated : `` They 'd be as old and as mythic as the tale of King Arthur . They would be characters who ( the new characters ) may have heard of , but maybe not . They 'd be characters who they might believe existed , or just sounded like a fairy tale ... '' Hamill was initially skeptical of Luke 's reveal at the end of the film , although he later reconsidered his limited screentime to be `` a great surprise '' . Abrams added that the film 's ending was intended to be `` this great long drum roll up to seeing this guy '' . Carrie Fisher as General Leia Organa : The former princess of the destroyed planet Alderaan , now General of the Resistance , and Luke 's twin sister . After the events of Return of the Jedi , she is described as `` a little more battle weary , a little more broken hearted '' . Fisher described Leia as `` Solitary . Under a lot of pressure . Committed as ever to her cause , but I would imagine feeling somewhat defeated , tired , and pissed . '' Abrams said : `` The stakes are pretty high in the story for her , so there 's not much goofing around where Leia 's concerned . '' Star Wars : The Force Awakens introduces ( from top ) Adam Driver as the dark warrior Kylo Ren , Daisy Ridley as the scavenger Rey , John Boyega as the reformed stormtrooper Finn , and Oscar Isaac as X-wing fighter pilot Poe Dameron . Adam Driver as Kylo Ren : A dark warrior strong with the Force , originally a member of the Knights of Ren , and a high ranking member of the First Order . He is the son of Han and Leia . Driver said the team tried `` not to think of him as being bad , or evil , or a villain . Something that was more three - dimensional . He 's more dangerous and unpredictable , and morally justified in doing what he thinks is right . '' Daisy Ridley as Rey : A highly Force - sensitive scavenger who was abandoned as a child on the desert planet Jakku , waiting for her family to return . Ridley said : `` She 's completely self - sufficient and does everything for herself , until she meets ( Finn ) and an adventure begins . '' Cailey Fleming plays a young Rey . John Boyega as Finn : A reformed First Order stormtrooper . Boyega said that he learned he obtained the part `` over a nice breakfast in Mayfair '' during which Abrams told him , `` John , you 're the new star of Star Wars . '' Boyega said : `` When we find Finn , he 's in incredible danger . And the way he reacts to this danger changes his life , and launches him into the Star Wars universe in a very unique way . '' He said in another interview : `` He 's been taught about ( Luke ) , he knows about his history . For him it 's like joining the army and then learning about one of the great enemies of your country . '' Oscar Isaac as Poe Dameron : A Resistance X-wing fighter pilot . Isaac said : `` He 's the best freaking pilot in the galaxy ... He 's been sent on a mission by a certain princess , and he ends up coming up across ( Finn ) , and their fates are forever intertwined . '' Lupita Nyong'o as Maz Kanata : A wise and perceptive figure operating a somewhat shady cantina on the peaceful forest planet , Takodana . J.J. Abrams said Kanata has `` lived over a thousand years . She 's had this watering hole ... and it 's like another bar that you 'd find in a corner of the Star Wars universe . '' According to Abrams , the character was based on his former high school English teacher , Rose Gilbert , who lectured at the Palisades Charter High School from 1961 to 2013 . Abrams said the team `` really wanted the story to feel authentic , despite being a wild fantasy . I mentioned Rose in an early story meeting as a sort of timeless , wise figure that I 'd actually known in my life . '' Andy Serkis as Supreme Leader Snoke : The political leader of the First Order . He is Kylo Ren 's master and is very powerful in the dark side . Serkis described Snoke as `` quite an enigmatic character , and strangely vulnerable at the same time as being quite powerful ... He is large . He appears tall . And also just the facial design -- you could n't have gotten there with prosthetics ... Without giving too much away at this point , he has a very distinctive , idiosyncratic bone and facial structure . '' Domhnall Gleeson as General Hux : The commander of the First Order 's Starkiller Base . Gleeson described him as `` pretty ruthless . A strong disciplinarian would be a mild way of putting it ... He 's kind of opposite Kylo Ren . They have their own relationship , which is individual and unusual . One of them is strong in different ways than the other . They 're both vying for power . '' Anthony Daniels as C - 3PO : A humanoid protocol droid under Organa 's service . Daniels said the actors were allowed to experiment with their performances , and that Abrams `` made a field , a playpen where you were allowed to take your time and suggest things '' . Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca : A Wookiee and Solo 's longtime companion . Mayhew 's double Joonas Suotamo portrays the character in several action scenes , and Ian Whyte performed stunts , as the 71 - year - old Mayhew suffered from knee problems . Max von Sydow as Lor San Tekka : A retired adventurer on Jakku , aiding the Resistance in locating Skywalker . Tim Rose and Mike Quinn reprise their respective roles as Admiral Ackbar and Nien Nunb , both from Return of the Jedi . Kipsang Rotich returns as the voice of Nien Nunb and Erik Bauersfeld returns to voice Ackbar . This was Bauersfeld 's final film role before his death in April 2016 . Kenny Baker , originally announced as part of the cast , was credited as `` consultant '' for R2 - D2 , with Jimmy Vee performing some of the work for R2 - D2 . Ewan McGregor has an uncredited vocal cameo as Obi - Wan Kenobi in Rey 's vision sequence , while archival audio of Frank Oz and Alec Guinness as Yoda and Kenobi , respectively , are also used in the same scene ; Oz recorded new dialogue for the film , but it was replaced with pre-existing audio from The Empire Strikes Back . Gwendoline Christie portrays Captain Phasma , the commander of the First Order 's legions of stormtroopers . Dave Chapman and Brian Herring served as puppeteers for BB - 8 , with Bill Hader and Ben Schwartz credited as `` Vocal Consultants '' . Ken Leung appears as Statura , an admiral in the Resistance . Simon Pegg appears as Unkar Plutt , the Junkyard dealer on Jakku . Greg Grunberg plays Temmin `` Snap '' Wexley , an X-wing pilot . Kiran Shah plays Teedo , a scavenger on Jakku who rides a semi-mechanical Luggabeast . Jessica Henwick appears as Jess `` Testor '' Pava or Jess Testor , an X-wing pilot . Brian Vernel appears as Bala - Tik , the leader of the Guavian Death Gang . Yayan Ruhian , Iko Uwais , and Cecep Arif Rahman appear as Tasu Leech , Razoo Qin - Fee , and Crokind Shand , members of the Kanjiklub Gang , a criminal organization . Warwick Davis appears as Wollivan , a tavern - dweller in Maz Kanata 's castle . Anna Brewster appears as Bazine Netal , a First Order spy , also at Maz Kanata 's castle . Thomas Brodie - Sangster and Kate Fleetwood play First Order Petty Officers , Thanisson and Unamo , respectively . Billie Lourd , daughter of Carrie Fisher , appears as Connix , a lieutenant in the Resistance . Members of the Resistance include Emun Elliott as Brance and Maisie Richardson - Sellers as Korr Sella while Harriet Walter appears as Kalonia , the doctor who tends to Chewbacca . Mark Stanley appears as a Knight of Ren . Sebastian Armesto portrays Lieutenant Mitaka and Pip Torrens portrays Colonel Caplan , both serving the First Order . Actor Daniel Craig , composer Michael Giacchino and record producer Nigel Godrich cameo as stormtroopers . Abrams ' assistant , Morgan Dameron , appears as a Resistance officer , while his father , Gerald W. Abrams , appears as Captain Cypress . The film 's dialect coach , Andrew Jack , appears as Major Ematt of the Resistance . Additionally , Crystal Clarke , Pip Andersen , Christina Chong , Miltos Yerolemou , Amybeth Hargreaves , Leanne Best , Judah Friedlander , and Kevin Smith were cast in minor roles . Abrams has a vocal cameo , singing with Lin - Manuel Miranda on two songs , `` Jabba Flow '' and `` Dobra Doompa '' , performed by Shag Kava , consisting of Abrams , Miranda and musicians . Star Wars : The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels cast members Dee Bradley Baker , Matt Lanter , Tom Kane , Catherine Taber , Matthew Wood , Sam Witwer , Meredith Salenger , James Arnold Taylor , show runner Dave Filoni , Michael Donovan , Devon Libran , Elle Newlands , Terri Douglas , Robert Stambler , Verona Blue , TJ Falls , Michelle Rejwan , Eugene Byrd , Fred Tatasciore , David Collins , Amanda Foreman , Christopher Scarabosio , Patrick Correll , Karen Huie , Orly Schuchmacher , Emily Towers , Jonathan Dixon , Kat Sheridan , Salacious Crumb actor Mark Dodson , and Gavyn Sykes actor Christian Simpson were the additional voices used in the film . Riot control stormtrooper FN - 2199 , who calls Finn a traitor during the battle on Takodana , was portrayed by stunt performer Liang Yang and voiced by sound editor David Acord . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) See also : Star Wars sequel trilogy Star Wars creator George Lucas discussed ideas for a sequel trilogy several times after the conclusion of the original trilogy , but denied any intent to make it . In October 2012 , he sold his production company Lucasfilm , and with it the Star Wars franchise , to The Walt Disney Company . Speaking alongside Lucasfilm 's new president , Kathleen Kennedy , Lucas said : `` I always said I was n't going to do any more and that 's true , because I 'm not going to do any more , but that does n't mean I 'm unwilling to turn it over to Kathy to do more . '' As creative consultant on the film , Lucas attended early story meetings and advised on the details of the Star Wars universe . Among the materials he turned over to the production team were his rough story treatments for Episodes VII -- IX , which Lucas requested would only be read by Kennedy , Bob Iger , Alan Horn , and Kevin Mayer . Lucas later stated that Disney had discarded his story ideas and that he had no further involvement with the film . Lucas ' son Jett told The Guardian that his father was `` very torn '' about having sold the rights to the franchise , despite having picked Abrams to direct , and that his father was `` there to guide '' but that `` he wants to let it go and become its new generation '' . ( L -- R ) Producer Kathleen Kennedy , writer and director J.J. Abrams and writer Lawrence Kasdan speaking at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International The Force Awakens 's first screenplay was written by Michael Arndt . Early drafts had Luke appear midway through the film , but Arndt found that `` every time Luke came in and entered the movie , he just took it over . Suddenly you did n't care about your main character anymore . '' Luke became the film 's MacGuffin and does not appear in person until the final scene . Several directors were considered , including David Fincher , Brad Bird , Ben Affleck and Guillermo del Toro ; after a suggestion by Steven Spielberg to Kennedy , J.J. Abrams was named director in January 2013 , with Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg as project consultants . Arndt worked on the script for eight months , but said he needed 18 more , which was more time than Disney or Abrams could give him . The production announced Arndt 's exit from the project on October 24 , 2013 , and Kasdan and Abrams took over script duties . Abrams expressed relief that the release date was announced for December 2015 instead of a previously discussed summer release . He and Kasdan planned the story while walking in Santa Monica , New York City , Paris and London . The first draft was completed in six weeks . Abrams said that the key for the film was to return to the roots of the first Star Wars film and be based more on emotion than explanation . In January 2014 , Abrams confirmed that the script was complete . In April 2014 , Lucasfilm clarified that Episodes VII -- IX would not feature storylines from the Star Wars expanded universe , though other elements could be included as with the TV series Star Wars Rebels . Abrams stated that he purposely withheld some plot elements from The Force Awakens , such as Finn and Rey 's last names and their backgrounds . Kennedy admitted that `` we have n't mapped out every single detail ( of the sequel trilogy ) yet '' , but said that Abrams is collaborating with The Last Jedi director Rian Johnson , and that Johnson would work with Episode IX 's then - director Colin Trevorrow , to ensure a smooth transition and that `` everybody 's got a say in how we move forward with this '' . A fictional language was developed for use in the film by YouTube star Sara Forsberg , who created the viral video series `` What Languages Sound Like To Foreigners '' ; Forsberg developed the language by studying languages such as Hindi and Gujarati . In November 2015 , Lucas recorded an hour - long interview with CBS News reporter Charlie Rose in which he said Disney had not been `` keen '' to involve him and conceded : `` If I get in there , I 'm just going to cause trouble because they 're not going to do what I want them to do , and I do n't have the control to do that any more , and all it would do is just muck everything up . '' He also stated : `` They wanted to do a retro movie . I do n't like that . Every movie , I worked very hard to make them different ... I made them completely different -- different planets , different spaceships to make it new . '' In early December 2015 , Kathleen Kennedy told The Hollywood Reporter that Lucas had seen the movie and `` liked it '' . In the same month , at the Kennedy Center Honors , Lucas said : `` I think the fans are going to love it , It 's very much the kind of movie they 've been looking for . '' Abrams felt that , as the first in a new trilogy , the film had `` needed to take a couple of steps backwards into very familiar terrain '' and use plot elements from previous Star Wars films . Pre-production ( edit ) In May 2013 , it was confirmed that The Force Awakens would be filmed in the United Kingdom . Representatives from Lucasfilm met with Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne to agree to produce The Force Awakens in the UK . Osborne committed £ 25 million of public money towards the film , claiming it was a boost for British culture and the film industry . According to production company account filings in the United Kingdom , The Force Awakens ultimately received a total of £ 31.6 million ( $47.4 million ) from the government . Beginning in September 2013 , production spaces at the Bad Robot facility were converted for shooting of The Force Awakens for the benefit of shooting a minor portion of the film in the United States . The film 's costume designer was Michael Kaplan , who had previously worked with Abrams on the films Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness . Film editors Mary Jo Markey and Maryann Brandon , also long - term collaborators with Abrams , were also signed . In August 2013 , it was announced that cinematographer Daniel Mindel would be shooting the film on 35 mm film ( specifically Kodak 5219 ) . In October 2013 , other crew members were confirmed , including sound designer Ben Burtt , director of photography Daniel Mindel , production designers Rick Carter and Darren Gilford , costume designer Michael Kaplan , special effects supervisor Chris Corbould , re-recording mixer Gary Rydstrom , supervising sound editor Matthew Wood , visual effects supervisor Roger Guyett , and executive producer Jason McGatlin . Casting ( edit ) The cast of Star Wars : The Force Awakens at the 2015 San Diego Comic Con International ( L -- R : John Boyega , Daisy Ridley , Oscar Isaac , Adam Driver , Domhnall Gleeson , Gwendoline Christie , Carrie Fisher , Mark Hamill and Harrison Ford ) Casting began around August 2013 , with Abrams meeting with potential actors for script readings and screen tests . Open auditions were held in the UK , Ireland , and the United States in November 2013 for the roles of Rachel and Thomas . Casting began in earnest in January 2014 , because of changes to the script by Kasdan and Abrams . Screen tests with actors continued until at least three weeks before the official announcement on April 29 , 2014 , with final casting decisions made only a few weeks prior . Actors testing had strict non-disclosure agreements , preventing them , their agents or publicists from commenting on their potential involvement . Though Lucas intimated that previous cast members Carrie Fisher , Harrison Ford , and Mark Hamill would return for the new film as early as March 2013 , their casting was not confirmed until over a year later . Saoirse Ronan , Michael B. Jordan , and Lupita Nyong'o auditioned for new characters ; industry publications reported Jesse Plemons was considered , possibly for Luke Skywalker 's son ; Adam Driver for an unnamed villain ; and Maisie Richardson - Sellers for an unknown character . In March 2014 , actor Dominic Monaghan said that Abrams was looking for three unknown actors to play the leads in The Force Awakens and that rumors of bigger - name stars were untrue . Daisy Ridley was chosen for the film by February 2014 , and by the end of that month a deal had been worked out with Driver , who was able to work around his Girls schedule . By March 2014 , talks with Andy Serkis and Oscar Isaac began and continued into April 2014 . In April , John Boyega began talks after dropping out of a Jesse Owens biopic . Denis Lawson , who played Wedge Antilles in the original trilogy , declined to reprise his role , stating that it would have `` bored '' him . On April 29 , 2014 , the cast was announced with a photo of the first table read of the script at Pinewood Studios near London , picturing director Abrams with Ford , Ridley , Fisher , Peter Mayhew , producer Bryan Burk , Lucasfilm president and producer Kathleen Kennedy , Domhnall Gleeson , Anthony Daniels , Hamill , Serkis , Oscar Isaac , Boyega , Driver , and writer Lawrence Kasdan . The announcement was originally planned for May 4 ( Star Wars Day ) , but was announced early for fear of media leaks . In June 2014 , cast additions Lupita Nyong'o and Gwendoline Christie were announced . To prepare for his role , Hamill was assigned a personal trainer and a nutritionist at the request of the producers , who wanted him to resemble an older Luke . Fisher was also assigned a personal trainer and a nutritionist . Abrams initially considered using Daniels only in a voice role for C - 3PO , but Daniels opted to reprise the role physically as well ; the production team built a new C - 3PO suit to accommodate him . In May , Abrams announced a donation contest for UNICEF from the Star Wars set in Abu Dhabi ; the winner was allowed to visit the set , meet members of the cast and appear in the film . In October 2014 , Warwick Davis , who played Wald and Weazle in The Phantom Menace and Wicket in Return of the Jedi , announced that he would appear in The Force Awakens , but did not reveal his role . In November 2014 , Debbie Reynolds confirmed that her granddaughter ( Fisher 's daughter ) , Billie Lourd , is in the film . Isaac 's uncle , a Star Wars fan , was cast as an extra at the invitation of Abrams upon visiting the set . In December 2015 , The Mail reported that Ford would be paid $25 million , plus a 0.5 % share of the revenue . Ridley and Boyega each would receive $460,000 , plus a share if the movie grossed over $1 billion . Fisher received $1.5 million ; Abrams was paid $5.1 million , plus a 2 % share of the revenue . For the original 1977 film , Ford was paid $10,000 ( equivalent to $40,000 in 2016 ) . Filming ( edit ) Skellig Michael in Ireland ( top ) and former RAF Greenham Common in the United Kingdom served as filming locations . In February 2014 , Abrams said filming would begin in May and last about three months . The official announcement came in March , when Disney and Lucasfilm announced that principal photography would commence in May and be based at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire , United Kingdom . That month , it was revealed that pre-production filming would take place in Iceland prior to the start of official filming in May , consisting of landscape shots that would be used for scenery in the film . In April , Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn confirmed that filming had begun , filming in secret in the U.A.E. emirate of Abu Dhabi by a second - unit . Later that month , it was revealed that in addition to 35mm film , segments of the film were being shot in the 65mm IMAX format . In July , Bad Robot reported on Twitter that the film would be at least partially shot on IMAX cameras . On May 4 , 2014 ( Star Wars Day ) , the studio posted a selfie taken by Iger with an unidentified actor in a Chewbacca costume . Iger stated the photo was taken when he visited Pinewood Studios two weeks earlier to discuss the shoot , `` which was just about to start '' , with Abrams , Kennedy , and Horn . Principal photography began in Abu Dhabi on May 16 , 2014 . Abrams and the cast members went to Abu Dhabi in early - May , where large sets were built on location -- including a shuttle - like spacecraft , a large tower , and a big market -- and where explosives were used to create a `` blast crater '' . Cast members were spotted practicing driving vehicles that would be used during filming . Production moved to Pinewood Studios in June . That same month , Harrison Ford fractured his leg while filming at Pinewood after a hydraulic door on the Millennium Falcon set fell on him and was taken to a hospital . According to Abrams , Ford 's ankle `` went to a 90 - degree angle '' . Production was suspended for two weeks to accommodate Ford 's injury . Ford 's son Ben stated that the ankle would likely need a plate and screws and that filming could be altered slightly , with the crew needing to shoot Ford from the waist up for a short time until he recovered . A month later , Jake Steinfeld , Ford 's personal trainer , said that Ford was recovering rapidly . Abrams also suffered a fractured vertebra in his back when he was trying to help lift the door after Ford 's accident . However , he kept this to himself and did not tell anyone about it for over a month . In February 2016 , it was reported that the Health and Safety Executive brought four criminal charges against Disney subsidiary Foodles Production ( UK ) , Ltd. for alleged health and safety breaches relating to Ford 's accident . Foodles Production ( UK ) Ltd was subsequently fined $1.95 million in October 2016 for two health and safety breaches , after admitting the counts at an earlier hearing . Storyboard artists Simon Duric said `` The security on the film was a challenge . That script was locked in a safe . Most of the time on a film you can sit at your desk with a copy of the script next to you . On this , you could n't . That 's fine but it was tricky in places . We had people flying drones over Pinewood studios trying to take photographs . It was nuts . If a prop was being moved we had to have them covered in a big black sheet . We were told in an email to be ( wary ) of drones . '' In July 2014 , filming took place over three days at Skellig Michael , an island off the coast of County Kerry , Ireland , with a cast including Mark Hamill and Daisy Ridley . Landscape shots for the planet Takodana were shot in July in the Lake District in the north west of England . Production was halted for two weeks in early August 2014 so Abrams could rework shooting in Ford 's absence and resumed with a fully healed Ford during mid-August . In September 2014 , the former RAF Greenham Common military base in Berkshire was used and featured set constructions of several spaceships from the Star Wars Universe . Puzzlewood in the Forest of Dean was used for forest scenes . Principal photography ended on November 3 , 2014 . Post-production ( edit ) Bad Robot Productions headquarters in Santa Monica , where Abrams supervised post-production of the film Cinematographer Daniel Mindel stated that The Force Awakens would use real locations and scale models over computer - generated imagery to make it aesthetically similar to the original Star Wars trilogy . Rian Johnson , director of The Last Jedi , reiterated that Abrams would use little CGI and more practical , traditional special effects , saying : `` I think people are coming back around to ( practical effects ) . It feels like there is sort of that gravity pulling us back toward it . I think that more and more people are hitting kind of a critical mass in terms of the CG - driven action scene lending itself to a very specific type of action scene , where physics go out the window and it becomes so big so quick . '' Abrams ' intention in prioritizing practical special effects was to recreate the visual realism and authenticity of the original Star Wars . To that end , the droid BB - 8 was a physical prop that was developed by Disney Research , created by special effects artist Neal Scanlan and operated live on set with the actors . In February 2014 , Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) announced plans to open a facility in London , citing Disney 's Star Wars films as a catalyst for the expansion . ILM 's Vancouver branch also worked on the special effects for the film . Abrams supervised post-production and editing of the film at Bad Robot Productions ' headquarters in Santa Monica . In August 2015 , Abrams gave the estimated running time of the film as 124 -- 125 minutes . Abrams made changes to the film 's plot in the editing process to simplify the film , by removing some sequences shown in trailers : `` At one point , Maz used to continue along with the characters back to the Resistance base , but we realised that she really had nothing to do there of value , except to be sitting around . '' The film was converted to 3D in post-production . Music ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( soundtrack ) It 's all a continuation of an initial set of ideas . It 's a bit like adding paragraphs to a letter that 's been going on for a number of years . Starting with a completely new film , a story that I do n't know , characters that I have n't met , my whole approach to writing music is completely different -- trying to find an identity , trying to find melodic identifications if that 's needed for the characters , and so on . -- John Williams on returning to the Star Wars universe In July 2013 , John Williams was confirmed to compose the score . The music for the film 's first two trailers was reworked from earlier Williams compositions . He began working on the film in December 2014 , and by June 2015 had been through most of the film reels , working on a daily basis . In May 2015 , Williams stated that he would return to themes from the previous films , such as ones for Luke , Leia and Han , in ways that `` will seem very natural and right in the moments for which we 've chosen to do these kinds of quotes . There are n't many of them , but there are a few that I think are important and will seem very much a part of the fabric of the piece in a positive and constructive way . '' He said that working with Abrams was similar to the process he went through with Lucas in the earlier films . Recording sessions for The Force Awakens began in June 2015 at the Sony Pictures Studios ' Barbra Streisand Scoring Stage in Culver City , with William Ross conducting most of the music . The first day of recording was June 1 , 2015 . Williams attended the sessions and conducted the remainder of the recordings . Williams said the recording process was `` very luxurious '' , with 12 sessions scattered over a five - month period between June and November . The score was recorded by the Hollywood Studio Symphony , a freelance orchestra , with sessions continuing on and off over that five - month period . The 90 - piece orchestra recorded 175 minutes of music , although nearly an hour of that was discarded , modified , or rerecorded as Abrams re-edited the film . Williams 's theme for Snoke was recorded by a 24 - voice men 's chorus . Gustavo Dudamel conducted the opening and end title music for the film at Williams ' behest . Recording of the score was completed on November 14 , 2015 . The film 's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on December 18 , 2015 . Williams 's score is more than two hours long . Lin - Manuel Miranda and Abrams contributed music to the film 's cantina scene , similar to the Mos Eisley Cantina . Abrams met Miranda at a performance of his Broadway musical Hamilton , where Miranda jokingly offered to compose the cantina music , should it be needed . Unknown to Miranda , Williams had previously told Abrams that he did not want to compose the music for that scene , wanting to focus on the orchestral score for the film . Abrams then contacted Miranda , and the two began to collaborate on the music for the scene , over a period of two months . South Korean boy band EXO released their song `` Lightsaber '' in collaboration with the film for its release in their home country on November 11 . The promoted track was subsequently released as part of their Sing for You album with a Chinese version , as well as also being released in Japanese . Chinese pop singer Luhan provided the Chinese theme `` Inner Force '' for the Chinese release of the film . Release ( edit ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens premiered in Los Angeles at the TCL Chinese Theatre , El Capitan Theatre and Dolby Theatre on December 14 , 2015 . A white tent stretched along Hollywood Boulevard from Orange Drive to Highland Avenue , covering the `` massive '' premiere event that hosted more than five thousand guests . The film was released in 12 countries , including European nations ( such as Italy and France , releasing it on a Wednesday ) , the Philippines and Thailand on December 16 ; 32 countries including the United Kingdom ( releasing on a Thursday ) , Mexico and additional European , Asian , African , South American and Oceania countries on December 17 ; and in North America , Japan , Spain , and Venezuela on December 18 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . It was released in India on December 25 and in China on January 9 , 2016 . In North America , it had the widest release of December across 4,134 theaters of which 3,300 were 3D locations , a record 392 IMAX screens ( 13 of which were 70mm ) , 451 premium large format screens , 146 D - Box locations , as well as releasing in the Dolby Vision format ( High dynamic range , Rec. 2020 color ) in Dolby Cinema . Worldwide , it was released across 940 IMAX theaters , a new record . On December 18 , 2015 , the film began playing on every IMAX screen in North America for four straight weeks up to January 14 , 2016 . This made it the first film since Warner Bros. Pictures ' The Hobbit trilogy to receive such a release . The film finally shed some of its IMAX screens with the release of The Revenant and The Finest Hours in mid-January 2016 . On November 6 , 2014 , the film 's title was announced as Star Wars : The Force Awakens . Similarly to The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , `` Episode VII '' was included in the film 's opening crawl , but not in its official title . In December 2015 , Pablo Hidalgo , the creative executive at the Lucasfilm Story Group which handles all the canonical continuity for the Star Wars universe , revealed that the working title for the film was Shadow of the Empire `` for the longest time '' . Advance ticket sales for the film began on October 19 , 2015 , and were in strong demand , resulting in online movie ticket sites crashing . Vue Cinemas , the United Kingdom 's third - largest theater chain , sold 45,000 tickets in 24 hours , 10,000 of which were sold in 90 minutes , a record for the theater . In the United States , the film pre-sold a record - breaking $6.5 million worth of IMAX ticket sales on a single day . IMAX has never previously registered more than $1 million in pre-sales on a single day . In total it sold over $50 million in pre-sales breaking the record . This number was raised to $100 million including $50 -- 60 million in advance ticket sales by December 14 . However , not all tickets that were pre-sold were for the film 's opening weekend , with Fandango President Paul Yanover saying `` people have set aside tickets for screenings in January , weeks after the big opening ... We have people buying Star Wars ( The Force Awakens ) into 2016 . It 's not just an opening - weekend phenomenon . '' Similarly , the film broke pre-sales records in the UK , Canada , and Germany . The film is the first live - action Star Wars film not to be released theatrically by 20th Century Fox ; accordingly the film is not introduced with either that company 's logo , or its signature fanfare composed by Alfred Newman . Shortly following Disney 's acquisition of Lucasfilm , the studio had indicated that the then - untitled film would be released under the `` Disney Lucasfilm '' branding , similar to the branding used for Star Wars Rebels , and akin to the `` Disney Pixar '' co-branding of Pixar - produced films released by Walt Disney Pictures . Ultimately , Disney 's logo was largely absent from the film 's marketing -- but nonetheless , appeared on merchandise -- and the film was released with only Lucasfilm 's production logo shown silently before the main titles ; Disney chairman Bob Iger explained the change by saying it was `` for the fans '' . Marketing ( edit ) Disney backed The Force Awakens with extensive marketing campaigns . On November 28 , 2014 , Lucasfilm released an 88 - second teaser trailer . It was screened in selected cinemas across the United States and Canada and in theaters worldwide in December 2014 . It was also released on YouTube and the iTunes Store , generating a record 58.2 million views on YouTube in its first week . Critics compared the brief footage favorably to the production values of the original trilogy . The Hollywood Reporter called the trailer `` perfectly potent nostalgia '' , praising its mix of old and new . Empire was impressed by the continuity with the first films -- `` the feel of classic Star Wars '' -- but noted the absence of Hamill , Ford , and Fisher and speculated about the significance of the new characters . The Guardian wrote that the use of the Star Wars fanfare by John Williams reinforced brand loyalty among fans . Large - scale outdoor advertising for Star Wars : The Force Awakens in the city centre of Nuremberg , Germany On December 11 , 2014 , Abrams and Kennedy released a series of eight mock Topps trading cards revealing the names of several characters . On April 16 , 2015 , a second teaser trailer , this one lasting two minutes , was shown at the opening panel at the Star Wars Celebration in Anaheim , California . Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy said the reaction to the trailer was `` staggering ... the entire room of almost eight thousand people just leapt to their feet and roared , I mean I ca n't think of anything I 've ever been to -- other than a rock concert -- that felt quite like that '' . The trailer was viewed over 88 million times within the first 24 hours of release , breaking the record . According to the Guinness World Records , the second teaser trailer amassed 30.65 million in 24 hours , setting a new world record for the `` most viewed movie trailer on YouTube in 24 hours '' . The event was broadcast live by Verizon on YouTube , StarWars.com and in movie theaters . The trailer shows many of the new characters and the first footage of Chewbacca and Han Solo . The Huffington Post 's Graham Milne wrote that the trailer `` was an affirmation of something that we 'd long been told was never going to happen . This was a gift . This was faith rewarded . About damn time . '' Vanity Fair was the first magazine to release an exclusive cover issue devoted to The Force Awakens . The magazine , released on May 7 , 2015 , featured exclusive interviews and photos of the cast photographed by Annie Leibovitz . At the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International , in addition to a panel with many of the actors , a behind - the - scenes look at the film demonstrated the film 's use of practical sets and effects . It was positively received , with Nigel M. Smith of The Guardian writing : `` The featurette 's angle is a strong one and connects with fans of the original trilogy in an incredibly poignant way . It also does a sly job of teasing Fisher 's new look as Leia and Simon Pegg 's mysterious involvement as a rumored alien in the movie , without actually showing the actors in action . '' Smith compared the marketing strategy for the film to that of a previous Abrams film , Super 8 , saying `` the promos ... are notable for what they tease , not what they give away . '' Walt Disney Studios and Lucasfilm presented a look at The Force Awakens at Disney 's D23 Expo in August 2015 . Drew Struzan -- who designed the poster artwork for the previous Star Wars films -- produced a commemorative poster given to the event 's attendees . In October 2015 , Lucasfilm unveiled the theatrical release poster and a third trailer . The poster omitted Luke Skywalker and revealed a Death Star - like `` orb '' . The trailer debuted during the halftime break of Monday Night Football , before being released online . The reaction to the trailer by fans on social media was `` frenzied '' , with Lizo Mzimba of the BBC writing that `` perhaps the most significant thing about the final trailer before the film 's release is how little of the story it reveals . '' Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph felt the trailer was `` a perfect blend of old and new , in keeping with the old - fashioned Star Wars aesthetic '' . The trailer received 128 million views in 24 hours , a new record for the most views of a trailer in 24 hours . 16 million of the views came from its airing on Monday Night Football . At the end of October , Air France announced a `` Flight and Cinema '' package , providing customers who book select flights to Paris transportation to a theater to see the film , since France is one of the first countries to release the film . On November 6 , a Japanese trailer for the film was released . After seeing the new trailer Forbes ' Ollie Barder stated the trailer gave him `` hope '' that the film would not `` let us all down like the prequels did ... ( with ) a worthwhile story this time '' . On November 23 , a partnership with Google was announced , in which Google users could choose to affiliate themselves with either the Dark or Light Side , which would change the appearance of their Google websites . Additionally , Disney teamed up with Verizon to create a virtual - reality experience for Google Cardboard . On December 17 , 2015 , select theaters across North America aired a Star Wars marathon , airing the six previous Star Wars episode films in 2D , followed by The Force Awakens in 3D . Attendees received a special lanyard featuring exclusive marathon art . Tie - in literature and merchandise ( edit ) Disney Publishing Worldwide and Lucasfilm announced a series of at least 20 books and comics , `` Journey to Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' , with releases from multiple publishers starting in late 2015 , prior to the film 's premiere . The series includes books by Del Rey and Disney - Lucasfilm publishers and comic books from Marvel Comics . All titles under the program are canonical to the Star Wars universe . Alan Dean Foster wrote a novelization of The Force Awakens which was released in e-book form on December 18 . In an effort to avoid revealing plot details before the film 's release , the print release of the novelization was delayed until January 2016 . Marvel Comics published a six - issue comic book adaptation of The Force Awakens between June and November 2016 . Disney Consumer Products and Lucasfilm announced that September 4 , 2015 would be deemed `` Force Friday '' and would be the official launch of all the merchandise for The Force Awakens . Beginning at 12 : 01 am , fans could buy toys , books , clothing and various other products at Disney Stores and other retailers throughout the world . Disney and Maker Studios hosted an 18 - hour live - streaming presentation on YouTube , showcasing multiple merchandise products beginning on September 3 , 2015 . Among these products were a remote - controlled BB - 8 developed by Sphero . Sphero had participated in a Disney - run startup accelerator in July 2014 , where they were invited into a private meeting with Disney CEO Bob Iger , in which they were shown on - set photos and imagery of BB - 8 before its public unveiling . Many retailers were unable to meet demand for Star Wars products . Video games ( edit ) The Force Awakens is the first Star Wars film to not have a direct tie - in game to accompany it . Instead , select characters , scenes and / or locations from the film became part of other Star Wars video games , as described below : Characters from the film were added to an update to the mobile game Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes , available for iOS and Android and released by Electronic Arts . Free downloadable content for Electronic Arts ' Star Wars Battlefront reboot allowed players to battle on the planet Jakku , which was where the remaining Imperial forces took their last stand at the conclusion of the Galactic Civil War . An update to the mobile game Star Wars Commander , released by Disney Mobile for iOS , Android and the Windows Store , allowed players to battle on the planet Takodana during the Galactic Civil War era . A condensed version of the film 's plot becomes an add - on `` playset '' in the toys - to - life game Disney Infinity 3.0 , with Finn and Rey becoming its starting characters . Poe Dameron and Kylo Ren are also playable add - on characters . Eventually , the film got a full Lego video game adaptation , titled Lego Star Wars : The Force Awakens , which was released by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for Android , iOS , Microsoft Windows , Nintendo 3DS , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita , Wii U , Xbox 360 and Xbox One in the summer of 2016 . In addition to fully adapting the film , the game also includes bonus levels that also take place a few years before the events of the film . Home media ( edit ) Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Star Wars : The Force Awakens via download and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 1 , 2016 , with a Blu - ray and DVD release on April 5 . The home media release contains additional footage . As with the videodisc releases of all of the first six films in the saga , the videodisc release of The Force Awakens splits the film into fifty chapters . On March 23 , 2016 , the film was leaked online prior to its original Blu - ray release and was downloaded more than two million times in twelve hours . In January 2016 , it was confirmed that Starz would hold the U.S. premium television rights for The Force Awakens , having been released just before the end of Starz 's output deal covering most Disney - released films , which includes releases through the end of 2015 . The Force Awakens will be broadcast on all the Starz channels beginning on September 10 , 2016 . The equivalent rights in Canada will be held by Netflix . A Blu - ray 3D `` collector 's edition '' of the film was released on November 15 , 2016 , including all the features of the original home releases , as well as several new bonus features , including new deleted scenes and audio commentary by Abrams . The package includes a Blu - ray 3D , regular Blu - ray , DVD , and digital copy of the film , as well as an additional Blu - ray disc for the bonus features . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Main article : List of box office records set by Star Wars : The Force Awakens Star Wars : The Force Awakens grossed $936.7 million in the United States and Canada , and $1.132 billion in other countries for a worldwide total of $2.068 billion . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold close to 110 million tickets in North America , the most tickets sold by any film in North America since Titanic in 1997 . The Force Awakens earned 8.6 % of the total 2015 releases in North America , second only to the 8.8 % of the box office earned by Titanic in 1997 . The film is the highest - grossing film of 2015 , the highest - grossing film in the franchise ( surpassing The Phantom Menace ) , the highest - grossing film released by Walt Disney Studios , the highest - grossing film in North America ( dethroning Avatar ) , and the third - highest - grossing film of all time . It was the 24th film in cinematic history to gross $1 billion worldwide , standing as the fastest film to surpass the mark , doing so in 12 days . It was also the third film in history to surpass $2 billion worldwide , doing so on its 53rd day of release . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $780.1 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the most profitable film of 2015 and the most profitable film in the last seven years . Theatrical run ( edit ) The Force Awakens was released in the United States and Canada on December 18 , 2015 . It made a record - breaking $57 million from Thursday night previews , of which IMAX screenings generated a record - breaking $5.7 million from 391 screens . On its opening day , the film grossed $119.1 million , marking the biggest single and opening day record and the first time a film has earned more than $100 million in a single day . Without Thursday night grosses , the film earned the second largest opening - day gross ( $62.1 million ) . In total , it earned a record $247,966,675 ( surpassing the original Sunday weekend estimate of $238 million by almost $10 million ) for its opening weekend from around 14,400 screens at 4,134 theaters , for an average of $59,982 per theater ( or $17,220 per screen ) . The debut was 19 % bigger than the previous record holder ( s ) Marvel 's The Avengers ( $207 million ) and Jurassic World ( $208 million ) . The opening weekend figure included an IMAX opening - weekend record of $30.1 million ( 12.65 % ) from 391 IMAX theaters , which nearly amounts to the $252.5 million total earned by Return of the Jedi -- the 2nd lowest - grossing film in the series -- in its original run . Minus the $57 million it earned from Thursday previews , the film earned $190.8 million on straight Friday to Sunday , giving it an average of $63.6 million per day . 2D screenings accounted for 53 % of the total opening gross while 3D accounted for 47 % . RealD 3D comprised $78 million of the opening gross , setting a new record . Other records set by the film include the biggest weekend per - theater average for a wide release ( $59,982 per theater from 4,134 theaters ) , biggest holiday opening , biggest PG - 13 rated opening , and biggest December opening . The opening - weekend audience was evenly split among those under and over the age of 25 , with 58 % of the audience male , 71 % adults , 20 % families and 9 % teenagers . Internationally , the film was released in over 30,000 screens . It opened on December 16 , 2015 in 12 international markets and earned $14.1 million on its opening day , debuting at first place in all of them . It expanded in an additional 42 countries on December 17 , generating $58.6 million for a two - day international total of $72.7 million , reaching first place in all 44 markets . It grossed a total of $129.5 million in three days after adding $56.8 million on its third day , topped the daily box office in all countries except for South Korea and Vietnam where it was the second , and set a new midnight record in the United Kingdom with $3.6 million . It broke opening day records in the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $14.3 million ) , Germany ( $7.1 million ) , Australia ( $6.8 million ) , Sweden ( $1.7 million ) , Norway ( $1.1 million ) and in 16 other countries . Other markets which generated large opening days were Spain ( $3.5 million ) , Mexico ( $3.4 million ) , Italy ( $3.1 million ) and Japan ( $3 million ) . After the five days , The Force Awakens had a total international opening gross of $281 million from 30,000 screens in 72 markets , a new record for December opening and the third biggest international opening of all time . International markets generating opening weekend tallies of at least $10 million were the United Kingdom , Ireland and Malta ( $50.6 million ) , Germany ( $27.5 million ) , France ( $22.5 million ) , Australia ( $19.6 million ) and Japan ( $13.4 million ) and Russia ( $12.3 million ) . The film had the biggest opening of all time in 18 countries including the United Kingdom , Germany , Australia , Russia and Sweden . IMAX generated $17.9 million from 276 IMAX theaters . After five days , the film had a total worldwide opening record of $529 million from 74 territories , which was the biggest worldwide opening , making it only the second time in cinematic history -- after Jurassic World -- that a film had opened to more than $500 million globally . This included an IMAX opening record of $48 million . Revenues in the film 's second weekend decreased by only 39.8 % in the United States and Canada , earning $149.2 million , to remain in first place at the box office and recording the biggest second weekend of all time . Revenues from IMAX also dipped slightly , generating $19 million in its second weekend , for a record total of over $70 million in 10 days . Internationally , the film had a steeper decline in its second weekend , falling 51 % to $136.9 million . Of the notable major markets , the film had an unsuccessful opening in India where it opened third against two local blockbusters with a mere $1.51 million . As of February 21 , the largest markets outside of the United States and Canada are the United Kingdom ( $180.7 million ) , China ( $124.5 million ) , Germany ( $109.7 million ) , Japan ( $92.6 million ) and France ( $88.2 million ) . The Force Awakens crossed the $1 billion mark on the 12th day of its general release ( December 26 , 2015 ) , making it the fastest film to reach this mark . It became the twenty - fourth film grossing more than $1 billion worldwide , and the fifth film of 2015 to do so , making 2015 the first year to have five films gross more than $1 billion . The film experienced another decrease in revenue in its third weekend , dropping 39.5 % to $90.2 million domestically , remaining in first place at the box office , to set a third - weekend record . On January 2 , after just 16 days of release , it became the second film ( following Avatar ) to gross over $700 million in North America , and on January 6 became the highest - grossing film of all time domestically , doing so in 20 days . On January 9 , it became the first film in cinematic history to cross $800 million domestically unadjusted for inflation , and in the same weekend set a Saturday to Sunday opening weekend record for the studio in China with $52.6 million . On January 17 , 2016 , it passed the $1 billion mark overseas becoming the first film of Disney , the third film of 2015 and the fifth film overall to achieve this feat . It topped the international box office chart for five consecutive weekends , becoming the first film since Avengers : Age of Ultron to have five straight wins , before being dethroned by The Revenant in its sixth weekend . In Japan , it topped the box office for six straight weekends . On February 5 , the fiftieth day of release , The Force Awakens became the first film to earn over $900 million , unadjusted for inflation , in the United States and Canada . On the following day , it became the third film in cinematic history to pass $2 billion in ticket sales worldwide ( after Titanic and Avatar ) and the second in original release ( after Avatar ) . Also , it became the third film to earn over $600 million in Europe . In North America and the United Kingdom and Ireland , it fell outside of the top ten for the first time in its eleventh weekend during the weekend February 26 -- 28 , 2016 , and in the U.S. it did not achieve $1 million in ticket sales for the first time in its fourteenth weekend . Commercial analysis ( edit ) With a production budget of $306 million , plus $175 million for marketing , printing and advertising costs , The Force Awakens was predicted to be a major box office success . The cost of the film was subsidized by £ 31.6 million ( $47 million USD ) from the UK film incentive program . Total costs , after accounting for profit participations , production and distribution of home videos , as well as other ancillary mediums , is expected to run $423 million . Reports in April 2015 from The Hollywood Reporter and Amboee Brand Intelligence predicted the film would earn up to $540 million worldwide for its opening , breaking the record for the biggest worldwide opening , as well as breaking the record for the biggest U.S. opening . They also believed that The Force Awakens would have the widest release ever , across 4,500 theaters in North America . Instead , it received a total of 4,134 theaters , and had the widest December opening . Box office analyst Phil Contrino likened the film to Avatar ( 2009 ) , which opened to $77 million in North America and went on to earn $2.8 billion worldwide , saying The Force Awakens would earn $1 billion `` without blinking '' and could gross $2 billion . In August 2015 , Deadline.com predicted an opening weekend of $615 million worldwide could be possible , including a $300 million opening in North America . In November , box office analysts reported opening weekend projections were at $175 -- 250 million . In December , capital analyst Barton Crockett suggested that the film will be the first to gross over $3 billion worldwide at the box office . Analysts said that the box office receipts of the film , when compared to predecessors , must be adjusted for inflation , and that the first Star Wars film made more when this adjustment is made . It has further been observed that each of the first three films in the series was more profitable in calculating revenue against production costs . Box office analyst Paul Dergarabedian said that while Avatar and The Force Awakens were both released on the same date of December 18 , higher ticket prices in 2015 and IMAX screenings could push Star Wars `` into the box office stratosphere '' . On December 23 , Mark Hughes of Forbes stated that The Force Awakens had matched the most optimistic projections for its opening , and he predicted that The Force Awakens would likely surpass Titanic as the second - highest - grossing film of all time . He also stated that The Force Awakens could catch Avatar as the top - grossing film of all time , but only if it managed to avoid major week - to - week declines in ticket sales . By January 13 , analysts concluded that it was unlikely that The Force Awakens would surpass Avatar 's global gross . While The Force Awakens was very successful in North America , the same success was not witnessed in many overseas individual markets such as Germany , India , Latin America , and parts of Asia . One cited reason for this is that overseas audiences do not have the same nostalgia or affinity for the film as those in the U.S. The Star Wars franchise has also traditionally lacked resonance with filmgoers in China , which is why part of the marketing for The Force Awakens heavily focused on appealing to that territory . Pamela McClintock of The Hollywood Reporter stated that , for these territories , Star Wars `` does n't have the same legacy as it does in North America and more mature markets . It 's also a faster burn , meaning it likely wo n't stay in theaters as long as Avatar did . '' Dergarabedian said , `` As in all box - office trajectories , the higher the altitude , the tougher it becomes to rack up sales at the kind of breakneck pace as in the beginning of the run . '' Nancy Tartaglione of Deadline.com argued that , if accounting for its 40 / 60 domestic to international split , The Force Awakens did well overseas . Avatar did well internationally because of its novelty , the marketing campaign advertising it as showcasing the newest 3D technology that can only be fully appreciated in the theaters , and because of its extended time in overseas theaters . While The Force Awakens had appeal with its special effects , analysts feel that it lacked the novelty factor ; they also cite that its gross was additionally stilted due to markets making way for new films sooner than was previously done . Films do not play in overseas theaters as long as they did back when Avatar was released . Dergarabedian stated , `` No matter what , ( The Force Awakens ) is an absolute , all - out blockbuster without peer in terms of the sheer speed at which it has crossed all of these major box - office milestones . '' Moreover , Mike Fleming of Deadline.com argued that the movie was the `` most valuable movie '' of the year , with `` the net profit to Disney an astounding $923 M , and the Cash on Cash Return twice that of any other film ( released in 2016 ) , at 2.31 '' . Critical response ( edit ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 93 % approval rating based on 376 reviews , with a rating average of 8.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads `` Packed with action and populated by both familiar faces and fresh blood , The Force Awakens successfully recalls the series ' former glory while injecting it with renewed energy . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 54 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale ; women , under - 25s and under - 18s gave it an `` A + '' , while 98 % of audiences gave it either an `` A '' or a `` B '' . Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave The Force Awakens five stars out of five and wrote that it `` sets out to shake Star Wars from its slumber , and reconnect the series with its much - pined - for past . That it achieves this both immediately and joyously is perhaps the single greatest relief of the movie - going year . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave it five stars out of five , writing that it was `` both a narrative progression from the earlier three films and a shrewdly affectionate next - gen reboot ... ridiculous and melodramatic and sentimental of course , but exciting and brimming with energy and its own kind of generosity . '' Variety 's Justin Chang wrote that the film has `` sufficient style , momentum , love and care to prove irresistible to any who have ever considered themselves fans '' . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film four stars out of four , describing it as `` a beautiful , thrilling , joyous , surprising , and heart - thumping adventure '' . Tom Long of The Detroit News wrote that though some may find the film too similar to the original Star Wars , it leaves `` the ungainly and unneeded clumsiness of the subsequent prequels far behind ... the energy , humor and simplicity of direction ( has ) been recaptured '' . The Associated Press called it `` basically the same '' as the original film but `` is n't that what we all wanted anyway ? '' Ann Hornaday , writing for The Washington Post , thought the film had `` enough novelty to create yet another cohort of die - hard fans ... The Force Awakens strikes all the right chords , emotional and narrative , to feel both familiar and exhilaratingly new . '' Christopher Orr , writing in The Atlantic , called the film `` a mashup masterpiece '' that `` may be completely derivative '' but is `` a delight nonetheless '' . The Charlotte Observer 's Lawrence Toppman said Abrams had `` pulled off a delicate balancing act , paying clever homage to the past . '' Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film his highest rating and called it `` the best Star Wars sequel yet and one of the best films of 2015 '' . Frank Pallotta , reviewing the film for CNN Money , found it was the best Star Wars film since the original trilogy and that it `` is bound to be a film experience long remembered by fans and non-fans alike '' . Jack Bottomley , writing for Starburst , awarded the film a 10 out of 10 score , saying `` From old joys to fresh twists , this is a unique blockbuster experience that celebrates the franchise whilst also expanding it . '' Some critics found The Force Awakens was too derivative of the original Star Wars trilogy , expressing in particular that the film is essentially a remake of Episode IV : A New Hope . Andrew O'Hehir wrote for Salon that it was `` the work of a talented mimic or ventriloquist who can just about cover for the fact that he has nothing much to say '' . Stephanie Zacharek of TIME wrote that Abrams had delivered `` everything we expect , as opposed to those nebulous wonders we did n't know we wanted '' . Reviewing for Forbes , Scott Mendelson cited the film 's `` top - tier production values and a strong sense of scale and scope '' , but felt it was so much `` an exercise in fan service ( that ) it is only due to the charisma and talent of our newbies and J.J. Abrams ' undeniable skill as a visual storyteller that the Mad Libs narrative does n't outright destroy the picture '' . Brian Merchant of Motherboard wrote that `` Science fiction is supposed to be all about exploring the unexplored , not rehashing the well - trod ... one of the most unabashedly creative enterprises of the 20th century has been rendered another largely enjoyable , but mostly forgettable Hollywood reboot . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Star Wars : The Force Awakens Several awards held their nominations before the December release of The Force Awakens , making the film ineligible for the 73rd Golden Globe Awards and some other awards ceremonies . However , the film was added to the 21st Critics ' Choice Awards 's slate of best picture nominees after a special vote by the board of directors , and the announcement of the 2015 American Film Institute Awards was delayed until after the release of The Force Awakens , where it was named one of Top Ten Films of the year . The film received five Academy Award nominations at the 88th Academy Awards , including Best Original Score , Best Sound Editing , Best Sound Mixing , Best Film Editing , and Best Visual Effects . The film garnered four nominations at the 69th British Academy Film Awards for Best Original Music , Best Sound , and Best Production Design , including two wins , one for Best Special Visual Effects and a BAFTA Rising Star Award for John Boyega . It was nominated for Best Picture at the 2016 Critics ' Choice Awards . The film received seven Visual Effects Society Awards nominations , winning four , including Outstanding Visual Effects in an Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture . It received the most nominations at the 21st Empire Awards , including Best Film , Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Film , Best Director for J.J. Abrams , Best Male Newcomer for John Boyega , and Best Female Newcomer for Daisy Ridley . It became the most nominated film in Saturn Award history with a total of 13 nominations at the 42nd Saturn Awards , where it won in eight categories , including Best Science Fiction Film , Best Writing , Best Actor for Ford , Best Supporting Actor for Driver , Best Music , Best Special Effects , Best Editing , and Best Make - Up . Daisy Ridley and John Boyega each received several nominations and accolades for their performances . They were nominated as Best Newcomers at various critics circle and associations , including the Alliance of Women Film Journalists , and the Florida Film Critics Circle , The Force Awakens received eleven nominations at the MTV Movie Awards , the most for the ceremony , including Movie of the Year , Best Female Performance for Ridley , Best Breakthrough Performance for Boyega , and Best Virtual Performance for Lupita Nyong'o and Andy Serkis . Top ten lists ( edit ) In addition to several awards and nominations , The Force Awakens appeared on various critics ' lists of the ten best films of 2015 . 1st -- Peter Howell , The Toronto Star 2nd -- Bob Thompson , The Vancouver Sun 3rd -- Total Film 4th -- Digital Spy 4th -- Rod Pocowatchit , The Wichita Eagle 4th -- Troy L. Smith , The Plain Dealer 5th -- Empire 5th -- Wired 5th -- Collin Souter , RogerEbert.com 6th -- Michael Smith , Tulsa World 6th -- Twitch Film 7th -- Matthew Jacobs , The Huffington Post 7th -- Peter Debruge , Variety 8th -- Matt Fagerholm , RogerEbert.com 9th -- Sean P. Means , The Salt Lake Tribune 9th -- Christopher Orr , The Atlantic 9th -- Richard Roeper , The Chicago Sun - Times 9th -- Peter Travers , Rolling Stone 10th -- Robbie Collin , The Daily Telegraph 10th -- Mick LaSalle , San Francisco Chronicle Top 10 ( ordered alphabetically ) -- American Film Institute Top 10 ( ordered alphabetically ) -- Peter Bradshaw , The Guardian Top 10 ( ordered alphabetically ) -- Joe Leydon , Variety Top 10 ( ordered alphabetically ) -- Nell Minow , RogerEbert.com Top 10 ( ordered alphabetically ) -- Joe Morgenstern , The Wall Street Journal Top 10 ( ordered alphabetically ) -- Katherine Tulich , RogerEbert.com Top 10 ( ordered alphabetically ) -- Calvin Wilson , St. Louis Post-Dispatch Top 10 ( ordered alphabetically ) -- Brian Truitt , USA Today Sequels ( edit ) The last Jedi ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Last Jedi Rian Johnson confirmed in August 2014 that he would direct Episode VIII , later titled The Last Jedi . It was released on December 15 , 2017 . Some second - unit filming took place in September 2015 in Ireland , with principal photography beginning in February 2016 at Pinewood Studios . Hamill , Fisher , Driver , Ridley , Boyega , Isaac , Serkis , Nyong'o , Gleeson , Daniels , Christie , Vee , and Suotamo will reprise their roles in the film , and are joined by Kelly Marie Tran , Laura Dern , and Benicio del Toro . Episode IX ( edit ) Further information : Star Wars sequel trilogy § Episode IX Episode IX is scheduled for release on December 20 , 2019 . Abrams will direct the film and co-write it with Chris Terrio . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of Star Wars films and television series Cultural impact of Star Wars Footnote ( edit ) Jump up ^ The $57 million figure incorporates revenues generated from the `` Star Wars Marathon Event '' from 135 theaters in which all previous six Star Wars films were shown along with Star Wars : The Force Awakens . 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Jump up ^ `` Disney Plans Stand - Alone ' Star Wars ' Films '' . CNBC . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Writer Michael Arndt Exits ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Tells Us What Will Make ' Star Wars ' ' Infinitely Better ' '' . MTV . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan on the past , present and future of ' Star Wars ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Micke , Sébastien ( February 22 , 2014 ) . `` J.J. Abrams un livre et des étoiles '' . Paris Match . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Says ' Star Wars Episode VII ' Script Done , Confirms Jesse Plemons Talks '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Matt ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Clarifies Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . IGN . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Actor John Boyega on Finn 's Past : `` I 've Got Some Conspiracy Theories '' `` . Variety . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rizzo , Carita ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : YouTube Star Creates New Language For Aliens '' . Variety . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : George Lucas and Disney Disagreed on New Films '' . Collider.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Liam ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` George Lucas Criticizes Latest ' Star Wars ' Installment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` George Lucas Quips He Sold ' Star Wars ' to `` White Slavers '' ; Criticizes `` Retro '' Tone of New Film `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` George Lucas to Attend ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Premiere : `` He Really Liked It '' ( Exclusive ) `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` George Lucas Delivered His Verdict on The Force Awakens '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Scott ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Awards Chatter ' Podcast -- J.J. Abrams ( ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars Feature Film Production Returns to the U.K '' . StarWars.com . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dathan , Matt ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : George Osborne criticised after being given The Force Awakens credit '' . Independent . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abramian , Alexandria ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` Source : J.J. Abrams Building ' Star Wars ' Postproduction Facility in L.A. ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Butler , Tom ( May 19 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Costume Designer Joins Star Wars VII Crew '' . IGN . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Merchant , Beth ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Maryann Brandon and Mary Jo Markey on Cutting Star Trek Into Darkness '' . Studio Daily . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Hires ' Star Trek ' Cinematographer to Shoot ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' on 35MM Film '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' : Lawrence Kasdan 's big move '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Master Filmmaking Team Announced for Star Wars : Episode VII '' . StarWars.com . October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' : J.J. Abrams , Lawrence Kasdan to pen script '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Abrams and Kasdan Take Over Writing of New ' Star Wars ' Movie '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars open auditions venue and dates change '' . BBC News . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jeanie ( November 9 , 2013 ) . `` Disney holds St. Louis casting call for upcoming movie '' . KSDK - TV . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Search For Two Major Roles in Star Wars '' . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars Episode VII A New Hope ( Really ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` How ' Star Wars ' Director J.J. Abrams Kept the Cast Secret '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Matthew ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Saoirse Ronan Confirms She Did Audition For ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' Role , But ' So Did Everyone ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ryan ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Michael B. Jordan Confirms ' Star Wars ' Rumor '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Lupita Nyong'o Meets With J.J. Abrams for ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad 's ' Jesse Plemons Eyed for Lead in ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Adam Driver Near Deal to Play the Villain ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' Speculation Centers on Unknown Oxford Actress '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dassanayake , Dion ( March 30 , 2014 ) . `` JJ Abrams looking at ' unknown actors ' for Star Wars Episode VII like original trilogy cast '' . Express . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Topping , Kirsty ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` New Star Wars films ' would have bored me ' , says Scots actor Denis Lawson '' . The Courier . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Award Winner Lupita Nyoung'o Joins the Cast of Star Wars : Episode VII '' . StarWars.com . June 2 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Earnes , Tom ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars 7 ' actors Mark Hamill , Carrie Fisher ' told to lose weight ' '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric . `` Star Wars ' C - 3PO Demanded These 2 Things From J.J. Abrams Before Signing His Contract '' . Cinemablend . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Anthony Daniels ' deep - dive ' Star Wars ' interview : C - 3PO 's past , present and future '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' : J.J. Abrams Offers Fans a Chance to Be in Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warwick Davis Will Return for Star Wars : Episode VII , Plus Darth Vader 's Star Wars Rebels Appearance Revealed '' . ComingSoon.net . October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oscar Isaac 's Uncle Scored a Role in Star Wars VII Using T - Shirts . YouTube . March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Peter ; Wood , Mark ( December 19 , 2015 ) . `` In another galaxy ! Harrison Ford nets £ 23m from Star Wars ( that 's 76 times more than newcomer Daisy Ridley ) '' . The Mail . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Episode VII filming to begin in UK in May '' . BBC News . March 18 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars 7 Iceland rumours spark speculation of return to Hoth '' . Metro . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Appelo , Tim ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Chief Reveals ' Star Wars : VII ' Casting Almost Complete , Says Film Is Already Shooting ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi is First Location for Star Wars : Episode VII '' . twofour54 . May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newbould , Chris ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Disney confirms that Star Wars : Episode 7 is filming in Abu Dhabi desert '' . The National . Abu Dhabi . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham , Joe ( April 20 , 2014 ) . `` Film Renaissance '' . Cinefex Blog . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars Episode VII ' Is Filming In IMAX '' . slashfilm.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Bob Iger and Chewbacca share ' Star Wars ' selfie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Faber , David ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Chairman & CEO Bob Iger Speaks with CNBC 's David Faber on `` Squawk on the Street '' Today `` . Squawk on the Street . CNBC . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Official : ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' Filming in Abu Dhabi '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hamad , Marwa ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' begins filming on Friday in Abu Dhabi '' . Gulf News . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : ' Day one ' filming begins '' . BBC News . May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newbould , Chris ( May 10 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars filming to start on May 13 in Abu Dhabi desert '' . The National . Au Dhabi . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Harrison Ford Injured on the Set of ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford 's Leg Injury To Halt ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' Production For 2 Weeks '' . The Huffington Post . July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( June 14 , 2014 ) . `` Harrison Ford 's ' Star Wars ' Injury : New Details ! '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford is recovering rapidly '' . Contactmusic.com . Bang Showbiz . July 4 , 2014 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Broke His Back While Filming ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars prosecuted over Harrison Ford injury '' . BBC News . February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Production Company Fined Nearly $2 Million Over Harrison Ford 's On - Set Injury '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Storyboard Artist - Simon Duric - In conversation '' . Film Doctor . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Majella , O'Sullivan ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` And ... action ! New ' Star Wars ' film shoot kicks off on Skellig Michael '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webb , Sam ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` An island far , far away : Filming for Star Wars Episode 7 takes place on remote Irish island under veil of secrecy '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beth , Abbit ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : Fascinating video pinpointing exactly where Star Wars scenes were filmed in the Lake District '' . Manchester Evening News . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' to Resume Filming This Month '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford to return to ' Star Wars ' '' . Houston Chronicle . August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars surprise : Millennium Falcon and X-Wing pictured '' . BBC News . September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward , Jason ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Close up photos of the Star Wars : Episode VII Greenham Common set '' . MakingStarWars.net . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Be Transported into your very own Star Wars Film in Puzzlewood '' . Visit England . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Puzzlewood ' magical ' location for filming '' . BBC News . December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Butler , Tom ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars 7 : ' Extraordinary ' Cast and Crew Hailed As Film Wraps '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Chris ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Star Wars Episode VII to Use Film , Be More Like Original Trilogy '' . Mashable . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Rian Johnson Says Next ' Star Wars ' Will Have Less CGI , More Practical Effects '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Otero , Jose ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Celebration : Why Star Wars 7 Uses Practical Effects '' . IGN . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hackett , Robert ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` Disney just developed the most adorable walking robot '' . Fortune . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( December 13 , 2014 ) . `` Mark Hamill Says Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' BB - 8 Is a Prop , Not CGI '' . IGN . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Awesome ' The Force Awakens ' Droid BB - 8 Appear Live on Stage '' . slashfilm . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , David ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Avengers ' Spawn Industrial Light & Magic 's London Expansion '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' -- Current Runtime Revealed '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : JJ Abrams on why major scene featuring Maz Kanata and Leia was cut '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brayson , Johnny ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Force Awakens ' In 3D Is A First For A ' Star Wars ' Movie , But Is It Worth The Extra Cost ? '' . Bustle . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Handy , Bruce ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` John Williams Says His New Star Wars Score Will Include the Original Themes '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( July 27 , 2013 ) . `` John Williams Confirmed to Score ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Who Composed The Star Wars : The Force Awakens Trailer Music ? '' . / Film . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , that 's new John Williams score in # TheForceAwakens teaser '' . Star Wars verified Twitter account . November 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pine , Rachel . `` International Musician John Williams '' . American Federation of Musicians . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Film Score Icons Williams , Morricone and Horner Loom Large in Oscar Race '' . Variety . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scoring '' . Sony Pictures Studios . Jump up ^ `` John Williams has started scoring STAR ... '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ `` John Williams is recording Star Wars : The Force Awakens in LA '' . NerdReactor.com . Jump up ^ `` John Williams to Record Star Wars : The Force Awakens Score in Los Angeles '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grieving , Tim ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' surprise : Gustavo Dudamel conducted parts of ' The Force Awakens ' score '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` They 've been on and off ... '' . Doug Adams Music Twitter account . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Announces Star Wars : The Force Awakens Original Motion Picture Soundtrack From Oscar - winning Composer John Williams '' ( Press release ) . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Records . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 -- via PR Newswire . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' : J.J. Abrams Wrote Cantina Band Music with ' Hamilton ' Creator Lin - Manuel Miranda '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jeff ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` EXO Collaborate With ' Star Wars ' on New Single ' Lightsaber ' Video : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SING FOR YOU - Winter Special Album , 2015 by EXO '' . iTunes Store . December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LIGHTSABER Japanese Version - Single by EXO '' . iTunes Store . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Chinese Pop Star Lu Han Releases Official ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Music Video '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rainey , James ; Sage , Alyssa ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Premiere : Fans , Security to Bring the Force '' . Variety . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Inside the Star Wars : The Force Awakens World Premiere and Party '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' : When the Film Opens Around the World '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney to Release Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : Episode VII in IMAX '' . ComingSoon.net . March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLan , Sean ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Why ' Star Wars ' Arrives a Week Late in India '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' Gets Widest December Release of All Time '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Planet Earth Braces For ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' To Make Intergalactic B.O. History '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Dolby Cinema Release Could Push Forward the New Format '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Set to Take Over Imax for a Month '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( January 30 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Crosses $885 M , ' The Revenant ' Tops Holdovers On Friday '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' Title Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Geller , Eric ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VII Will Be Called The Force Awakens '' . TheForce.net . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Read the Full ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Opening Crawl '' . Screen Crush . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gwaltney , Javy ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` The Original Title for The Force Awakens Revealed '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' tickets go on sale after trailer debut on Monday Night Football '' . CNN . October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan ; McClintock , Pamela ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Presales Crash Movie Ticket Sites '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Advance Ticket Demand Crashes U.K. Theater Websites '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Advance Ticket Sales Set Record for U.K. Exhibitor '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Scores $6.5 M in IMAX Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Faughnder , Ryan ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' is latest film to show why Hollywood wants you to buy tickets in advance '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Advance Ticket Sales Cross Historic $100 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Planet Earth Braces For ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' To Make Intergalactic B.O. History '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Sets U.K. Pre-Sales Record With `` Way Beyond 1 Million '' Tickets `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Sales in Canada Sees Premium Seats Go First '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roxborough , Scott ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Breaks German Pre-Sales Record But Police Warn of Security Concerns '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars VII ' Will Have Major Change to Opening : No Fox Fanfare '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( January 26 , 2013 ) . `` Abrams officially tapped as ' Star Wars ' director '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Here 's What Disney CEO Bob Iger Says He Wants To Do With ' Star Wars ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Inside the World Premiere of ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . ... the Lucasfilm logo preceding the movie ( there was no Disney logo ) ... Jump up ^ Sampson , Mike ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` There Will Be No Disney Logo Before ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pulver , Andrew ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : the marketing force awakens '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Disney has brought a whole new level of marketing savvy to an already popular product Jump up ^ Bart , Peter ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Main Force Driving Audiences to ' Star Wars ' Is Marketing '' . Variety . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chmielewski , Dawn ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` '' Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' Trailer Debuts Friday on Apple 's iTunes `` . Re / code . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andy ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Trailer Report : ' Star Wars ' Teaser Beats ' Age of Ultron ' In Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( November 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Teaser : Perfectly Potent Nostalgia Strikes Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( November 28 , 2014 ) . `` The Teaser Trailer For Star Wars : The Force Awakens Arrives '' . Empire . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens trailer - a classic recipe trailed across the taste buds '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' character names revealed ( in coolest way possible ) -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mzimba , Lizo . `` Star Wars executive ' staggered ' by teaser reaction '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Trailer Viewed 88 Million Times In 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gonzales , David ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` This Weekend , ' Star Wars ' 88 Million Views Made ' Superman ' Bleed '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swatman , Rachel ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens second trailer sets YouTube world record '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miline , Graham ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chewie , We 're Home '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Cover : J.J. Abrams Reveals His Idea to Kill Jar Jar Binks '' . Vanity Fair . 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Driver 's and Lupita Nyong'o's Characters Revealed in Exclusive Star Wars : The Force Awakens Photos '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Comic - Con : Why the Force was with Star Wars and not Batman v Superman '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Disney To Tease ' Captain America : Civil War ' , ' The Force Awakens ' , More At D23 Expo 2015 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Greg ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` New ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Poster Highlights Aging Han Solo , New Jedi ( Photo ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Theatrical Poster First Look , In - Theater Exclusives and More '' . StarWars.com . October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Rich ; Miller , Ross ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Every new scene in the third Star Wars : The Force Awakens trailer , analyzed '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens -- six things we learned from the new trailer '' . The Guardian . UK . October 20 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : Frenzied social media reaction to trailer '' . London , UK : BBC News . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens trailer : ' evokes the spirit of the original trilogy ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' Trailer Viewed 112 Million Times in 24 Hours '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Albert , Brian ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Fly Air France to See ' The Force Awakens ' 2 Days Early '' . IGN . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens -- six things learned from the Japanese trailer '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McAloon , Jonathan . `` Japanese Star Wars : The Force Awakens trailer reveals new footage '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie . `` Japan Gets An Awesome ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Trailer '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's ' Star Wars ' promo lets you go to the dark side ( or the light ) '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fandango Offers Star Wars Movie Marathons Including ' The Force Awakens ' Premiere '' . Tech Times . October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars to release 20 books in journey to The Force Awakens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Journey To Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Publishing Program Coming Fall 2015 '' ( Press release ) . StarWars.com . March 10 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What Happened After Endor ? Find Out in Star Wars : Aftermath '' ( Press release ) . StarWars.com . March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trachtenberg , Jeffrey ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Cloak of Secrecy Extends to Tie - In Book '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel Announces `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' Adaptation `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Products Coming on September 4 '' . ComingSoon.net . May 3 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Sets Massive ' Star Wars ' Toy Promotion '' . Variety . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Toys to Be Unveiled During 18 - Hour YouTube Marathon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Story ( And Tech ) Behind That Awesome Star Wars BB - 8 Toy '' . Wired . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ryan ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's support for start - ups led to one new company winning a dream Star Wars contract '' . The National . Abu Dhabi . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Force Friday Was A Disaster For Many Star Wars Fans '' . io9 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew . `` Why is n't there a Star Wars : The Force Awakens video game ? '' . The Verge . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Grush , Andrew . `` Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes update adds new characters from ' Force Awakens ' '' . Android Authority . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How to get Battle of Jakku DLC '' . Star Wars EA . EA . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Take the Battle to Takodana in Star Wars : Commander '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Andy ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Infinity : The Force Awakens Dated , Adds Kylo Ren And Poe Dameron '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ G. Macy , Seth ( 2 February 2016 ) . `` LEGO Star Wars Ep. 7 Confirmed , Details And Deluxe Editions Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Blu - ray release date and bonus features revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens DVD will have deleted scenes , but no extended cut '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode VII - The Force Awakens Blu - Ray chapter list '' . ChaptersDb . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Pirated Blu - ray Copies Leak Online '' . Variety . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Starz Nabs Rights to ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` Disney Inks Output Deals with Showtime , Starz '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' To Run On Starz Channels Beginning September 10 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Lauren ( October 25 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix to stream Star Wars : The Force Awakens in Canada -- and nowhere else '' . CBC News . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens coming to 3D Blu - ray -- with exclusive bonus features '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic Grosses Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Hollywood Is Doomed Because ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Made Too Much Money ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Passes ' The Avengers ' at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Wars ' Crosses $1 Billion Globally at Record Pace '' . Variety . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Sandy ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Force Awakens ' becomes fastest movie to $1 billion '' . The Big Story . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Reaches Unprecedented Height At Domestic B.O. With $900 M , $2 B Worldwide '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` No. 1 ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' -- 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` How Disney & Universal Dominated Most Valuable Movie Blockbusters Of 2015 -- The Data Behind The Dollars '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Targets Record Breaking $100 M+ Opening Day '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Nick ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` This is why you should n't buy a Star Wars marathon ticket '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Theatrical Poster First Look , In - Theater Exclusives and More '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ; Ford , Rebecca ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Hits Record $57 Million Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Ford , Rebecca ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Blazes to Record $120.5 M Friday , Crosses $250 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( December 19 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Shatters Opening Day Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( December 19 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Box Office : $248 M Opening Weekend , $529 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' : 3 Reasons Its Box Office Blowout Is Good News '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Box Office : First ' Star Wars Story ' May Score Boffo $130 M+ Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessando , Anthony ; Busch , Anita ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Force Awakens ' Rises On Saturday Night ; Opening Weekend Record Now At $241 M - $246 M -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Smashes IMAX Records With $48 M Galactic Launch '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Series : Star Wars '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Weekend Theater Averages '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Weekends by Season ( Holiday ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Opening Weekends by MPAA Rating ( PG - 13 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Opening Weekends by Month ( December ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Force Awakens ' With $517 M Worldwide Weekend ; No. 2 All - Time Global Bow -- Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Blasts Off Overseas With $14.1 M Wednesday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Hits $250 M Worldwide Box Office In 3 Days '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' crushed box - office records with $517 million worldwide '' . Business Insider Australia . December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Szalai , Georg ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Star Wars ' Opens With Highest Single - Day Gross '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNarry , Dave ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Hits Stellar $72.7 Million at International Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hoad , Phil ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` What Star Wars : The Force Awakens has to do to beat Avatar '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total All Time Openings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Rules Galaxy ; What Else Is Up At The International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brevet , Brad ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Crushes Records , Topping Largest Box Office Weekend of All Time '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' Crosses $1 Billion Worldwide , Topping Christmas Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Second Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Busch , Anita ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Daddy ' , ' Joy ' & ' Hateful Eight ' Reap Fortune As ' Star Wars ' Hits $540 M+ ... Can ' Force Awakens ' Hit $1 Billion In U.S. ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Crosses $1 B Global Box Office To Break `` World '' Record ; Offshore Cume Rises To $550.3 M -- Monday Update `` . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ramachandran , Naman ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` India Box Office : ' Star Wars ' Opens in Third Place '' . Variety . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Scores $85.3 M In 2nd Offshore Frame ; Nears $500 M Global -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Busch , Anita ( January 3 , 2016 ) . `` With $88.3 M - $90 M Weekend , ' Force Awakens ' Will Claim All - Time Domestic Crown This Week '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Third Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( January 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Crosses $700 Million Domestically as 2016 is Off to a Strong Start '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Force Awakens ' Beats ' Avatar ' As Highest - Grossing Film Of All - Time At Domestic B.O. In Jaw - Dropping 20 Days '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Force Awakens ' Crosses $800 M On Saturday & Holds No. 1 , ' Revenant ' Taking No. 2 With $38 M -- Early AM B.O '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Force Awakens ' Has $53 M China Launch ; Overtakes ' Jurassic World ' As # 3 Movie Ever At Global Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ; Busch , Anita ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Force Awakens ' $100 M In China ; Oscar Fave ' The Revenant ' Opens Big In UK , Korea -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Revenant ' Tops Offshore Weekend With $33.8 M And Over $223 M Global ; ' The Force Awakens ' At # 2 -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Reaches Unprecedented Height At Domestic B.O. With $900 M , $2 B Worldwide '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' Crossing $2 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Revenant ' , ' Martian ' Land New Global Milestones ; ' Kung Fu Panda 3 ' Tops $100 M In China -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Deadpool ' Tops ' Matrix Reloaded ' As Leonardo DiCaprio 's ' The Revenant ' Crosses $170 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Grimsby sickens but fails to gross as Deadpool continues heroics at the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Star Wars ' Dips Under $1 M , ' Deadpool ' Tops ' Spider - Man 3 , ' Zootopia ' Near $600 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars VII ' Could Become The 3rd Highest Grossing Film Ever -- Analyst '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens likely to make $2 bn at box office '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Could ' Star Wars ' Open at $500 Million ? The Force Is Strong '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` How ' Star Wars ' Will Blow Up The Record Books With A $615 M+ Global Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Hits B.O. Tracking Boards : Current Opening Estimates At $185 M - $210 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Daniel ( December 13 , 2015 ) . `` How ' Star Wars ' could become Disney 's next cash cow '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Tracking Suggests Film Could Make $2.7 Billion Profit '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stock , Kyle ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Why Force Awakens Ca n't Hope to Match the Box - Office Power of the Original '' . Bloomberg Business . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Will The Force Awakens be biggest film of all time ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' To Hit $1 Billion In Record Time '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Wars ' Now Unlikely to Beat ' Avatar ' Global Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eggertse , Chris ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Can ' The Force Awakens ' beat ' Avatar 's ' global box office record ? Not a chance , experts say '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Vs ' Avatar ' : It 's A Different Picture Overseas '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Force Awakens ' In China With $33 M ; Market 's Best Saturday Bow Ever ; Top All - Time For Disney '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` No. 1 ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' -- 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fechter , Joshua ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Critics ' reviews of ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' overwhelmingly positive '' . mySA . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Epstein , Adam ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' reviews are in , and they 're overwhelmingly positive '' . Quartz . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Wong , Jessica ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens earns positive early reviews '' . CBC News . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens gets rave reviews '' . BBC News . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Busch , Anita ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Stomps On Dinos & Witch - Slaps ' Potter ' As ' Force Awakens ' Flies Toward $251 M - $255 M Opening Record -- Late Night Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens review : ' the magic is back ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens review -- a spectacular homecoming '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Film Review : ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : The thrills are strong with this one '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Long , Tom ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Movie review : The Force is back , baby '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Star Wars : The Force Awakens Is Fun Fan Service '' . Tribune - Star . Associated Press . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' gets the nostalgia - novelty mix just right '' . The Washington Post . p . T29 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Is a Mashup Masterpiece '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toppman , Lawrence ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` The force is strong with new ' Star Wars ' installment , ' The Force Awakens ' '' . The Charlotte Observer . p. 5C . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens is the best sequel yet '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pallotta , Frank ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' is best film since original trilogy '' . CNN Money . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bottomley , Jack ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Starburst . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plagiarizing Star Wars the problems with The Force Awakens . RogerEbert.com . January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Star Wars The Force Awakens : JJ Abrams responds to criticism about the film being A New Hope ' rip off . The Independent . January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Hehir , Andrew ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` '' Star Wars : The Force Awakens `` : You know all the spoilers in J.J. Abrams ' obsessive reboot -- because you 've seen this movie before '' . Salon . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Review : The Force Awakens Is Everything You Could Hope for in a Star Wars Movie -- and Less '' . TIME . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Review : The Empire Strikes Out '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Merchant , Brian ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Force Awakens ' Is the Least Interesting Star Wars Yet '' . Motherboard . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Critics ' Choice Awards add ' The Force Awakens ' as an 11th best picture nominee '' . U.S. News & World Report . Associated Press . December 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Scott ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' Star Wars ' Added as 11th Best Pic Nominee '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are the AFI AWARDS 2015 Official Selections '' . American Film Institute . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Hollywood Reporter Staff ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Oscar Nominations : The Complete List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shoard , Catherine ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Bafta nominations 2016 : Carol and Bridge of Spies lead the pack '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Scott ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' Star Wars ' Added as 11th Best Pic Nominee '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 14th Annual VES Awards Nominees '' . Visual Effects Society . January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John Nugent ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Jameson Empire Awards 2016 : Star Wars and Mad Max lead the nominations '' . Empire Awards . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Award nominations '' . Saturn Awards . February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Award nominations on YouTube '' . Saturn Awards . February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alliance of Women Film Journalists Staff ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` 2015 EDA Award Nominees '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Florida Film Critics Circle Editors ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Dominates 2015 Florida Film Critics Awards '' . Florida Film Critics Circle . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Deadpool , Avengers , And Star Wars Nominated For MTV Movie Awards '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2015 : Film Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Title for Star Wars : Episode VIII Revealed '' . StarWars.com . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' Gets New Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Updated : Star Wars : Episode VIII will shoot in Ireland this month '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Graham ( September 6 , 2015 ) . `` Skellig Michael : Is 6th - century rock star selling out to a galaxy far , far away ? '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII has started filming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` ILM London Launch : Updates on Star Wars Episode VII & Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' to Shoot at U.K. 's Pinewood '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII NOW FILMING '' . Star Wars.com . February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Abrams to Replace Colin Trevorrow as ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Writer and Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Abrams to Replace Colin Trevorrow as Director of ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2015 ) . Star Wars : The Force Awakens : The Visual Dictionary . New York : DK Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4654 - 3816 - 4 . 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173600742788311130 | Horn of Africa | Horn of Africa - wikipedia Horn of Africa Jump to : navigation , search Horn of Africa Gaaffaa Afriikaa Geeska Afrika የአፍሪካ ቀንድ القرن الأفريقي ቀርኒ ኣፍሪቃ Countries and territories Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Somalia Major regional organizations Arab League , Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa , Community of Sahel - Saharan States , Intergovernmental Authority on Development Population 122,618,170 ( 2016 est . ) Area 1,882,757 km Languages Afar Amharic Oromo Somali Tigrinya Religion Islam , Christianity , Traditional faiths Time Zones UTC + 03 : 00 Currency Djiboutian franc Eritrean nakfa Ethiopian birr Somali shilling Capitals Addis Ababa ( Ethiopia ) Asmara ( Eritrea ) Djibouti ( Djibouti ) Mogadishu ( Somalia ) Total GDP ( PPP ) $ 247.751 Billion ( 2016 ) Total GDP ( nominal ) $ 102,057 Billion ( 2016 ) The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in Northeast Africa . It juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean , lying along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden . The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent . The Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Djibouti , Eritrea , Ethiopia , and Somalia . Regional studies on the Horn of Africa are carried out , among others , in the fields of Ethiopian Studies as well as Somali Studies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Ancient history 2.3 Middle Ages and Early Modern era 2.4 Modern history 3 Geography 3.1 Geology and climate 3.2 Ecology 4 Ethnicity and languages 5 Culture 6 Religion 7 Sports 8 Economy 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Names ( edit ) This peninsula is known by various names . In ancient and medieval times , the Horn of Africa was referred to as the Bilad al Barbar ( `` Land of the Berbers '' ) . It is also known as the Somali peninsula , or in the Somali language , Geeska Afrika , Jasiiradda Soomaali or Gacandhulka Soomaali . In other languages that are local or adjacent to the Horn of Africa , it is known as የአፍሪካ ቀንድ yäafrika qänd in Amharic , القرن الأفريقي al - qarn al - ' afrīqī in Arabic , Gaaffaa Afriikaa in Oromo and ቀርኒ ኣፍሪቃ in Tigrinya . The Horn of Africa is sometimes shortened to HOA . The Horn of Africa is quite commonly designated simply the `` Horn '' , while inhabitants are sometimes colloquially referred to as Horn Africans . Sometimes the term Greater Horn of Africa is used , either to be inclusive of neighbouring northeast African countries , or to distinguish the broader geopolitical definition of HOA from narrower peninsular definitions . Ancient Greeks and Romans referred to the Somali peninsula as Regio Aromatica or Regio Cinnamonifora due to the aromatic plants , or Regio Incognita owing to its unchartered territory , while ancient Egyptians referred to it as the Land of Punt . History ( edit ) Prehistory ( edit ) Main articles : Laas Geel and Dhambalin The Horn of Africa is one of the proposed urheimats ( original homelands ) of the Proto - Afroasiatic language . Shell middens 125,000 years old have been found in Eritrea , indicating the diet of early humans included seafood obtained by beachcombing . According to both genetic and fossil evidence , archaic Homo sapiens evolved into anatomically modern humans solely in Africa between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago and may have dispersed from the Horn of Africa . The Bab - el - Mandeb crossing in the Red Sea : now some 12 miles ( 20 km ) wide , in prehistory narrower . Today at the Bab - el - Mandeb straits , the Red Sea is about 12 miles ( 20 kilometres ) wide , but 50,000 years ago it was much narrower and sea levels were 70 meters lower . Though the straits were never completely closed , there may have been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts . It has been estimated that from a population of 2,000 to 5,000 individuals in Africa , only a small group of possibly as few as 150 to 1,000 people crossed the Red Sea . According to linguists , the first Afro - Asiatic - speaking populations arrived in the region during the ensuing Neolithic era from the family 's proposed urheimat ( `` original homeland '' ) in the Nile Valley , or the Near East . Other scholars propose that the Afro - Asiatic family developed in situ in the Horn , with its speakers subsequently dispersing from there . Genetic analysis also indicates that , beginning in the pre-agricultural period , settlers from the Near East founded communities in Northeast Africa . These early settlements eventually gave rise to the Afro - Asiatic - speaking populations in the Horn and Maghreb as the groups spread . Ancient history ( edit ) Main articles : Land of Punt , Dʿmt , and Aksumite Empire Further information : History of Ethiopia , History of Eritrea , and Ethiopian historiography Queen Ati , wife of King Perahu of Punt , as depicted on Pharaoh Hatshepsut 's temple at Deir el - Bahri . Together with northern Somalia , Djibouti , the Red Sea coast of Sudan and Eritrea is considered the most likely location of the land known to the ancient Egyptians as Punt ( or `` Ta Netjeru , '' meaning god 's land ) , whose first mention dates to the 25th century BCE . King Ezana 's Stela at Aksum , symbol of the Aksumite civilization . Dʿmt was a kingdom located in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia , which existed during the 8th and 7th centuries BCE . With its capital at Yeha , the kingdom developed irrigation schemes , used plows , grew millet , and made iron tools and weapons . After the fall of Dʿmt in the 5th century BCE , the plateau came to be dominated by smaller successor kingdoms , until the rise of one of these kingdoms during the 1st century , the Aksumite Kingdom , which was able to reunite the area . The Kingdom of Aksum ( also known as the Aksumite Empire ) was an ancient state located in the Eritrean highlands and Ethiopian highlands , which thrived between the 1st and 7th centuries CE . A major player in the commerce between the Roman Empire and Ancient India , Aksum 's rulers facilitated trade by minting their own currency . The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula , eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom . Under Ezana ( fl. 320 -- 360 ) , the kingdom of Aksum became the first major empire to adopt Christianity , and was named by Mani as one of the four great powers of his time , along with Persia , Rome and China . Ancient trading centers in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian peninsula according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea Northern Somalia was an important link in the Horn , connecting the region 's commerce with the rest of the ancient world . Somali sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of frankincense , myrrh and spices , all of which were valuable luxuries to the Ancient Egyptians , Phoenicians , Mycenaeans , Babylonians and Romans . The Romans consequently began to refer to the region as Regio Aromatica . In the classical era , several flourishing Somali city - states such as Opone , Mosylon and Malao also competed with the Sabaeans , Parthians and Axumites for the rich Indo - Greco - Roman trade . The birth of Islam opposite the Horn 's Red Sea coast meant that local merchants and sailors living on the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners . With the migration of Muslim families from the Islamic world to the Horn in the early centuries of Islam , and the peaceful conversion of the local population by Muslim scholars in the following centuries , the ancient city - states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu , Berbera , Zeila , Barawa and Merka , which were part of the Berber civilization . The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the `` City of Islam '' and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries . Middle Ages and early modern era ( edit ) Main articles : Adal Sultanate , Ajuran Sultanate , Warsangali Sultanate , Sultanate of Showa , Sultanate of Ifat , Sultanate of the Geledi , Zagwe dynasty , Sultanate of Mogadishu , Aussa Sultanate , Majeerteen Sultanate , and Sultanate of Hobyo Ruins of the Sultanate of Adal in Zeila During the Middle Ages , several powerful empires dominated the regional trade in the Horn , including the Adal Sultanate , the Ajuran Sultanate , the Warsangali Sultanate , the Zagwe dynasty , and the Sultanate of the Geledi . The Sultanate of Showa , established in 896 , was one of the oldest local Islamic states . It was centered in the former Shewa province in central Ethiopia . The polity was succeeded by the Sultanate of Ifat around 1285 . Ifat was governed from its capital at Zeila in northern Somalia and was the easternmost district of the former Shewa Sultanate . The Adal Sultanate was a medieval multi-ethnic Muslim state centered in the Horn region . At its height , it controlled large parts of Somalia , Ethiopia , Djibouti and Eritrea . Many of the historic cities in the region , such as Amud , Maduna , Abasa , Berbera , Zeila and Harar , flourished during the kingdom 's golden age . This period that left behind numerous courtyard houses , mosques , shrines and walled enclosures . Under the leadership of rulers such as Sabr ad - Din II , Mansur ad - Din , Jamal ad - Din II , Shams ad - Din , General Mahfuz and Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al - Ghazi , Adalite armies continued the struggle against the Solomonic dynasty , a campaign historically known as the Conquest of Abyssinia or Futuh al Habash . The Warsangali Sultanate was a kingdom centered in northeastern and in some parts of southeastern Somalia . It was one of the largest sultanates ever established in the territory , and , at the height of its power , included the Sanaag region and parts of the northeastern Bari region of the country , an area historically known as Maakhir or the Maakhir Coast . The Sultanate was founded in the late 13th century in northern Somalia by a group of Somalis from the Warsangali branch of the Darod clan , and was ruled by the descendants of the Gerad Dhidhin . The citadel in Gondershe , an important city in the medieval Ajuran Sultanate Through a strong centralized administration and an aggressive military stance towards invaders , the Ajuran Sultanate successfully resisted an Oromo invasion from the west and a Portuguese incursion from the east during the Gaal Madow and the Ajuran - Portuguese wars . Trading routes dating from the ancient and early medieval periods of Somali maritime enterprise were also strengthened or re-established , and the state left behind an extensive architectural legacy . Many of the hundreds of ruined castles and fortresses that dot the landscape of Somalia today are attributed to Ajuran engineers , including a lot of the pillar tomb fields , necropolises and ruined cities built during that era . The royal family , the House of Gareen , also expanded its territories and established its hegemonic rule through a skillful combination of warfare , trade linkages and alliances . The Zagwe dynasty ruled many parts of modern Ethiopia and Eritrea from approximately 1137 to 1270 . The name of the dynasty comes from the Cushitic - speaking Agaw people of northern Ethiopia . From 1270 onwards for many centuries , the Solomonic dynasty ruled the Ethiopian Empire . The Lalibela churches carved by the Zagwe dynasty in the 12th century . In the early 15th century , Ethiopia sought to make diplomatic contact with European kingdoms for the first time since Aksumite times . A letter from King Henry IV of England to the Emperor of Abyssinia survives . In 1428 , the Emperor Yeshaq sent two emissaries to Alfonso V of Aragon , who sent return emissaries who failed to complete the return trip . The first continuous relations with a European country began in 1508 with Portugal under Emperor Lebna Dengel , who had just inherited the throne from his father . This proved to be an important development , for when Abyssinia was subjected to the attacks of the Adal Sultanate General and Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al - Ghazi ( called `` Gurey '' or `` Grañ '' , both meaning `` the Left - handed '' ) , Portugal assisted the Ethiopian emperor by sending weapons and four hundred men , who helped his son Gelawdewos defeat Ahmad and re-establish his rule . This Abyssinian -- Adal War was also one of the first proxy wars in the region as the Ottoman Empire , and Portugal took sides in the conflict . King Fasilides 's Castle in Gondar When Emperor Susenyos converted to Roman Catholicism in 1624 , years of revolt and civil unrest followed resulting in thousands of deaths . The Jesuit missionaries had offended the Orthodox faith of the local Ethiopians . On June 25 , 1632 , Susenyos 's son , Emperor Fasilides , declared the state religion to again be Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity , and expelled the Jesuit missionaries and other Europeans . During the end of 18th and the beginning of 19th century the Yejju dynasty ( more specifically , the Warasek ) ruled north Ethiopia changing the official language of Amhara people to Afaan Oromo , including inside the court of Gondar which was capital of the empire . Founded by Ali I of Yejju several successive descendants of him and Abba Seru Gwangul ruled with their army coming from mainly their clan the Yejju Oromo tribe as well as Wollo and Raya Oromo . The Sultanate of Hobyo 's cavalry and fort The Sultanate of the Geledi was a Somali kingdom administered by the Gobroon dynasty , which ruled parts of the Horn of Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries . It was established by the Ajuran soldier Ibrahim Adeer , who had defeated various vassals of the Ajuran Empire and established the House of Gobroon . The dynasty reached its apex under the successive reigns of Sultan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim , who successfully consolidated Gobroon power during the Bardera wars , and Sultan Ahmed Yusuf , who forced regional powers such as the Omani Empire to submit tribute . The Majeerteen Sultanate ( Migiurtinia ) was another prominent Somali sultanate based in the Horn region . Ruled by King Osman Mahamuud during its golden age , it controlled much of northeastern and central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries . The polity had all of the organs of an integrated modern state and maintained a robust trading network . It also entered into treaties with foreign powers and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front . Much of the Sultanate 's former domain is today coextensive with the autonomous Puntland region in northeastern Somalia . The Sultanate of Hobyo was a 19th - century Somali kingdom founded by Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid . Initially , Kenadid 's goal was to seize control of the neighboring Majeerteen Sultanate , which was then ruled by his cousin Boqor Osman Mahamuud . However , he was unsuccessful in this endeavor , and was eventually forced into exile in Yemen . A decade later , in the 1870s , Kenadid returned from the Arabian Peninsula with a band of Hadhrami musketeers and a group of devoted lieutenants . With their assistance , he managed to establish the kingdom of Hobyo , which would rule much of northeastern and central Somalia during the early modern period . Modern history ( edit ) Main articles : First Italo - Abyssinian War , Second Italo - Abyssinian War , East African Campaign ( World War II ) , Italian East Africa , and Somaliland Campaign Building of regional administration in Asmara In the period following the opening of the Suez canal in 1869 , when European powers scrambled for territory in Africa and tried to establish coaling stations for their ships , Italy invaded and occupied Eritrea . On January 1 , 1890 , Eritrea officially became a colony of Italy . In 1896 further Italian incursion into the horn was decisively halted by Ethiopian forces . By 1936 however , Eritrea became a province of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana ) , along with Ethiopia and Italian Somaliland . By 1941 , Eritrea had about 760,000 inhabitants , including 70,000 Italians . The Commonwealth armed forces , along with the Ethiopian patriotic resistance , expelled those of Italy in 1941 , and took over the area 's administration . The British continued to administer the territory under a UN Mandate until 1951 , when Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia , as per UN resolution 390 ( A ) and under the prompting of the United States adopted in December 1950 . Map of Africa in 1909 , the Horn region is the easternmost projection of the African continent . The strategic importance of Eritrea , due to its Red Sea coastline and mineral resources , was the main cause for the federation with Ethiopia , which in turn led to Eritrea 's annexation as Ethiopia 's 14th province in 1952 . This was the culmination of a gradual process of takeover by the Ethiopian authorities , a process which included a 1959 edict establishing the compulsory teaching of Amharic , the main language of Ethiopia , in all Eritrean schools . The lack of regard for the Eritrean population led to the formation of an independence movement in the early 1960s ( 1961 ) , which erupted into a 30 - year war against successive Ethiopian governments that ended in 1991 . Following a UN-supervised referendum in Eritrea ( dubbed UNOVER ) in which the Eritrean people overwhelmingly voted for independence , Eritrea declared its independence and gained international recognition in 1993 . In 1998 , a border dispute with Ethiopia led to the Eritrean - Ethiopian War . Place Menelik in Djibouti City in 1905 From 1862 until 1894 , the land to the north of the Gulf of Tadjoura situated in modern - day Djibouti was called Obock and was ruled by Somali and Afar Sultans , local authorities with whom France signed various treaties between 1883 and 1887 to first gain a foothold in the region . In 1894 , Léonce Lagarde established a permanent French administration in the city of Djibouti and named the region Côte française des Somalis ( French Somaliland ) , a name which continued until 1967 . In 1958 , on the eve of neighboring Somalia 's independence in 1960 , a referendum was held in the territory to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France . The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France , partly due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans . There was also reports of widespread vote rigging , with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls . The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia , as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi , Vice President of the Government Council . Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later . Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977 , and Hassan Gouled Aptidon , a Somali politician who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958 , eventually wound up as the nation 's first president ( 1977 -- 1999 ) . In early 2011 , the Djiboutian citizenry took part in a series of protests against the long - serving government , which were associated with the larger Arab Spring demonstrations . The unrest eventually subsided by April of the year , and Djibouti 's ruling People 's Rally for Progress party was re-elected to office . Statue of Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan ( the `` Mad Mullah '' ) , leader of the Dervish State Mohammed Abdullah Hassan 's Dervish State successfully repulsed the British Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region . Due to these successful expeditions , the Dervish State was recognized as an ally by the Ottoman and German Empires . The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation , and the Germans promised to officially recognize any territories the Dervishes were to acquire . After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay , the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 as a direct consequence of Britain 's new policy of aerial bombardment . As a result of this bombardment , former Dervish territories were turned into a protectorate of Britain . Italy faced similar opposition from Somali Sultans and armies , and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late 1927 . This occupation lasted until 1941 , and was replaced by a British military administration . Northern Somalia would remain a protectorate , while southern Somalia became a trusteeship . The Union of the two regions in 1960 formed the Somali Republic . A civilian government was formed , and on July 20 , 1961 , through a popular referendum , a new constitution that had first been drafted the year before was ratified . Due to its longstanding ties with the Arab world , Somalia was accepted in 1974 as a member of the Arab League . During the same year , the nation 's former socialist administration also chaired the Organization of African Unity , the predecessor of the African Union . In 1991 , the Somali Civil War broke out , which saw the collapse of the federal government and the emergence of numerous autonomous polities , including the Puntland administration in the northeast and Somaliland , an unrecognised self - declared sovereign state that is internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia , in the northwest . Somalia 's inhabitants subsequently reverted to local forms of conflict resolution , either secular , Islamic or customary law , with a provision for appeal of all sentences . A Transitional Federal Government was subsequently created in 2004 . The Federal Government of Somalia was established on August 20 , 2012 , concurrent with the end of the TFG 's interim mandate . It represents the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war . The Federal Parliament of Somalia serves as the government 's legislative branch . Haile Selassie 's reign as emperor of Ethiopia is the best known and perhaps most influential in the nation 's history . Modern Ethiopia and its current borders are a result of significant territorial reduction in the north and expansion in the east and south toward its present borders , owing to several migrations , commercial integration , treaties as well as conquests , particularly by Emperor Menelik II and Ras Gobena . From the central province of Shoa , Menelik set off to subjugate and incorporate ' the lands and people of the South , East and West into an empire . ' He did this with the help of Ras Gobena 's Shewan Oromo militia , began expanding his kingdom to the south and east , expanding into areas that had not been held since the invasion of Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al - Ghazi , and other areas that had never been under his rule , resulting in the borders of Ethiopia of today . Menelik had signed the Treaty of Wichale with Italy in May 1889 , in which Italy would recognize Ethiopia 's sovereignty so long as Italy could control a small area of northern Tigray ( part of modern Eritrea ) . In return Italy , was to provide Menelik with arms and support him as emperor . The Italians used the time between the signing of the treaty and its ratification by the Italian government to further expand their territorial claims . Italy began a state funded program of resettlement for landless Italians in Eritrea , which increased tensions between the Eritrean peasants and the Italians . This conflict erupted in the Battle of Adwa on 1 March 1896 , in which Italy 's colonial forces were defeated by the Ethiopians . The early 20th century in Ethiopia was marked by the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie I , who came to power after Iyasu V was deposed . In 1935 , Haile Selassie 's troops fought and lost the Second Italo - Abyssinian War , after which point Italy annexed Ethiopia to Italian East Africa . Haile Selassie subsequently appealed to the League of Nations , delivering an address that made him a worldwide figure and 1935 's Time magazine Man of the Year . Following the entry of Italy into World War II , British Empire forces , together with patriot Ethiopian fighters , liberated Ethiopia in the course of the East African Campaign in 1941 . Addis Ababa , capital of Ethiopia since 1886 . Haile Selassie 's reign came to an end in 1974 , when a Soviet - backed Marxist - Leninist military junta , the Derg led by Mengistu Haile Mariam , deposed him , and established a one - party communist state , which was called the People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia . In July 1977 , the Ogaden War broke out after the government of President of Somalia Siad Barre sought to incorporate the predominantly Somali - inhabited Ogaden region into a Pan-Somali Greater Somalia . By September 1977 , the Somali army controlled 90 % of the Ogaden , but was later forced to withdraw after Ethiopia 's Derg received assistance from the USSR , Cuba , South Yemen , East Germany and North Korea , including around 15,000 Cuban combat troops . In 1989 , the Tigrayan Peoples ' Liberation Front ( TPLF ) merged with other ethnically based opposition movements to form the Ethiopian Peoples ' Revolutionary Democratic Front ( EPRDF ) , and eventually managed to overthrow Mengistu 's dictatorial regime in 1991 . A transitional government , composed of an 87 - member Council of Representatives and guided by a national charter that functioned as a transitional constitution , was then set up . The first free and democratic election took place later in 1995 , when Ethiopia 's longest - serving Prime Minister Meles Zenawi was elected to office . As with other nations in the Horn region , Ethiopia maintained its historically close relations with countries in the Middle East during this period of change . Zenawi died in 2012 , but his Ethiopian People 's Revolutionary Democratic Front ( EPRDF ) party remains the ruling political coalition in Ethiopia . Geography ( edit ) Geology and climate ( edit ) The Horn of Africa as seen from the NASA Space Shuttle in May 1993 . The orange and tan colors in this image indicate a largely arid to semiarid climate . The Horn of Africa is almost equidistant from the equator and the Tropic of Cancer . It consists chiefly of mountains uplifted through the formation of the Great Rift Valley , a fissure in the Earth 's crust extending from Turkey to Mozambique and marking the separation of the African and Arabian tectonic plates . Mostly mountainous , the region arose through faults resulting from the Rift Valley . Geologically , the Horn and Yemen once formed a single landmass around 18 million years ago , before the Gulf of Aden rifted and separated the Horn region from the Arabian Peninsula . The Somali Plate is bounded on the west by the East African Rift , which stretches south from the triple junction in the Afar Depression , and an undersea continuation of the rift extending southward offshore . The northern boundary is the Aden Ridge along the coast of Saudi Arabia . The eastern boundary is the Central Indian Ridge , the northern portion of which is also known as the Carlsberg Ridge . The southern boundary is the Southwest Indian Ridge . Extensive glaciers once covered the Simien and Bale Mountains but melted at the beginning of the Holocene . The mountains descend in a huge escarpment to the Red Sea and more steadily to the Indian Ocean . Socotra is a small island in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia . Its size is 3,600 km ( 1,390 sq mi ) and it is a territory of Yemen . The lowlands of the Horn are generally arid in spite of their proximity to the equator . This is because the winds of the tropical monsoons that give seasonal rains to the Sahel and the Sudan blow from the west . Consequently , they lose their moisture before reaching Djibouti and Somalia , with the result that most of the Horn receives little rainfall during the monsoon season . The Horn of Africa . NASA image In the mountains of Ethiopia , many areas receive over 2,000 mm ( 80 in ) per year , and even Asmara receives an average of 570 mm ( 23 in ) . This rainfall is the sole source of water for many areas outside Ethiopia , including Egypt . In the winter , the northeasterly trade winds do not provide any moisture except in mountainous areas of northern Somalia , where rainfall in late autumn can produce annual totals as high as 500 mm ( 20 in ) . On the eastern coast , a strong upwelling and the fact that the winds blow parallel to the coast means annual rainfall can be as low as 50 mm ( 2 in ) . The climate in Ethiopia varies considerably between regions . It is generally hotter in the lowlands and temperate on the plateau . At Addis Ababa , which ranges from 2,200 to 2,600 m ( 7,218 to 8,530 ft ) , maximum temperature is 26 ° C ( 78.8 ° F ) and minimum 4 ° C ( 39.2 ° F ) . The weather is usually sunny and dry , but the short ( belg ) rains occur from February to April and the big ( meher ) rains from mid-June to mid-September . The Danakil Desert stretches across 100,000 km of arid terrain in northeast Ethiopia , southern Eritrea , and northwestern Djibouti . The area is known for its volcanoes and extreme heat , with daily temperatures over 45 ° C and often surpassing 50 ° C. It has a number lakes formed by lava flows that dammed up several valleys . Among are Lake Asale ( 116 m below sea level ) and Lake Giuletti / Afrera ( 80 m below sea level ) , both of which possess cryptodepressions in the Danakil Depression . The Afrera contains many active volcanoes , including the Maraho , Dabbahu , Afdera and Erta Ale . In Somalia , there is not much seasonal variation in climate . Hot conditions prevail year - round along with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall . Mean daily maximum temperatures range from 28 to 43 ° C ( 82 to 109 ° F ) , except at higher elevations along the eastern seaboard , where the effects of a cold offshore current can be felt . Somalia has only two permanent rivers , the Jubba and the Shabele , both of which begin in the Ethiopian Highlands . Ecology ( edit ) The Horn region has the world 's largest population of camels . About 220 mammals are found in the Horn of Africa . Among threatened species of the region , there are several antelopes such as the beira , the dibatag , the silver dikdik and the Speke 's gazelle . Other remarkable species include the Somali wild ass , the desert warthog , the hamadryas baboon , the Somali pygmy gerbil , the ammodile , and the Speke 's pectinator . The Grevy 's zebra is the unique wild equid of the region . There are predators such as spotted hyena , striped hyena and African leopard . The endangered painted hunting dog had populations in the Horn of Africa , but pressures from human exploitation of habitat along with warfare have reduced or extirpated this canid in this region . Some important bird species of the Horn are the black boubou , the golden - winged grosbeak , the Warsangli linnet , and the Djibouti francolin . The Horn of Africa holds more endemic reptiles than any other region in Africa , with over 285 species total ( and about 90 species found exclusively in the region ) . Among endemic reptile genera , there are Haackgreerius , Haemodracon , Ditypophis , Pachycalamus and Aeluroglena . Half of these genera are uniquely found on Socotra . Unlike reptiles , amphibians are poorly represented in the region . There are about 100 species of freshwater fish in the Horn of Africa , about 10 of which are endemic . Among the endemic , the cave - dwelling Somali blind barb and the Somali cavefish can be found . Myrrh , a common resin in the Horn It is estimated that about 5,000 species of vascular plants are found in the Horn , about half of which are endemic . Endemism is most developed in Socotra and northern Somalia . The region has two endemic plant families : the Barbeyaceae and the Dirachmaceae . Among the other remarkable species , there are the cucumber tree found only on Socotra ( Dendrosicyos socotrana ) , the Bankoualé palm , the yeheb nut , and the Somali cyclamen . Due to the Horn of Africa 's semi-arid and arid climate , droughts are not uncommon . They are complicated by climate change and changes in agricultural practices . For centuries , the region 's pastoral groups have observed careful rangeland management practices to mitigate the effects of drought , such as avoiding overgrazing or setting aside land only for young or ill animals . However , population growth has put pressure on limited land and led to these practices no longer being maintained . Droughts in 1983 -- 85 , 1991 -- 92 , 1998 -- 99 and 2011 have disrupted periods of gradual growth in herd numbers , leading to a decrease of between 37 % and 62 % of the cattle population . Initiatives by ECHO and USAID have succeeded in reclaiming hundreds of hectares of pastureland through rangeland management , leading to the establishment of the Dikale Rangeland in 2004 . Ethnicity and languages ( edit ) Besides sharing similar geographic endowments , the countries of the Horn of Africa are , for the most part , linguistically and ethnically linked together , evincing a complex pattern of interrelationships among the various groups . Saho women in traditional attire According to Ethnologue , there are 10 individual languages spoken in Djibouti , 14 in Eritrea , 90 in Ethiopia , and 15 in Somalia . Most people in the Horn speak Afroasiatic languages of the Cushitic or Semitic branches . The former includes Oromo , spoken by the Oromo people in Ethiopia , and Somali , spoken by the Somali people in Somalia , Djibouti and Ethiopia ; the latter includes Amharic , spoken by the Amhara people of Ethiopia , and Tigrinya spoken by the Tigrinyas of Eritrea and Tigrayans of Ethiopia , respectively . Other Afroasiatic languages with a significant number of speakers include the Cushitic Afar , Saho , Hadiyya , Sidamo and Agaw languages , as well as the Semitic Tigre , Gurage , Harari , Silt'e and Argobba tongues . The major Afroasiatic languages spoken in Ethiopia . Additionally , Omotic languages are spoken by Omotic communities inhabiting Ethiopia 's southern regions . Among these idioms are Aari , Dizi , Gamo , Kafa , Hamer and Wolaytta . Languages belonging to the Nilo - Saharan and Niger - Congo families are also spoken in some areas by Nilotic and Bantu ethnic minorities , respectively . These tongues include the Nilo - Saharan Me'en and Mursi languages used in southwestern Ethiopia , and Kunama and Nara idioms spoken in parts of southern Eritrea . In the riverine and littoral areas of southern Somalia , Bajuni , Barawani , and Bantu groups also speak variants of the Niger - Congo Swahili and Mushunguli languages . Culture ( edit ) The Northern Stelae Park in Axum with King Ezana 's Stele at the centre . The Great Stele lies broken . The countries of the Horn of Africa have been the birthplace of many ancient , as well as modern , cultural achievements in several fields including agriculture , architecture , art , cuisine , education , literature , music , technology and theology to name but a few . Ethiopian agriculture established the earliest known use of the seed grass Teff ( Poa abyssinica ) between 4000 -- 1000 BCE . Teff is used to make the flat bread injera / taita . Coffee also originated in Ethiopia and has since spread to become a worldwide beverage . Ethiopian art is renowned for the ancient tradition of Ethiopian Orthodox Christian iconography stretching back to wall paintings of the 7th century CE . Somali architecture includes the Fakr ad - Din Mosque , which was built in 1269 by the Fakr ad - Din , the first Sultan of the Sultanate of Mogadishu . Ethiopia , too is renowned for its ancient churches , such as at the UNESCO World Heritage Site at Lalibela . The Horn has produced numerous indigenous writing systems . Among these is Ge'ez script ( ግዕዝ Gəʿəz ) ( also known as Ethiopic ) , which has been written in for at least 2000 years . It is an abugida script that was originally developed to write the Ge'ez language . In speech communities that use it , such as the Amharic and Tigrinya , the script is called fidäl ( ፊደል ) , which means `` script '' or `` alphabet '' . The Osmanya writing script In the early 20th century , in response to a national campaign to settle on a writing script for the Somali language ( which had long since lost its ancient script ) , Osman Yusuf Kenadid , a Somali poet and remote cousin of the Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid of the Sultanate of Hobyo , devised a phonetically sophisticated alphabet called Osmanya ( also known as far soomaali ; Osmanya : 𐒍𐒖𐒇 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘 ) for representing the sounds of Somali . Though no longer the official writing script in Somalia , the Osmanya script is available in the Unicode range 10480 - 104AF ( from U + 10480 -- U + 104AF ( 66688 -- 66735 ) ) . The Somali writer Nuruddin Farah has also garnered acclaim as perhaps the most celebrated writer ever to come out of the Horn of Africa . Having published many short stories , novels and essays , Farah 's prose has earned him , among other accolades , the Premio Cavour in Italy , the Kurt Tucholsky Prize in Sweden , and in 1998 , the prestigious Neustadt International Prize for Literature . In the same year , the French edition of his novel Gifts also won the St. Malo Literature Festival 's prize . The music of the Ethiopian highlands uses a unique modal system called qenet , of which there are four main modes : tezeta , bati , ambassel , and anchihoy . Three additional modes are variations on the above : tezeta minor , bati major , and bati minor . Some songs take the name of their qenet , such as tezeta , a song of reminiscence . In the field of technology , the Great Stele of Axum , at over 100 feet ( 30 m ) long , was the largest single stone ever quarried in the ancient world . Additionally , the glossy lifestyle magazine Sheeko is published quarterly for and by the Horn community . Religion ( edit ) The Chapel of the Tablet at the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion allegedly houses the original Ark of the Covenant . Most inhabitants in the Horn of Africa follow one of the three major Abrahamic faiths . These religions have had a longstanding adherence in the region . The ancient Axumite Kingdom produced coins and stelae associated with the disc and crescent symbols of the deity Ashtar . The kingdom later became one of the earliest states to adopt Christianity , following the conversion of King Ezana II in the 4th century . Engraving of the 13th - century Fakr ad - Din Mosque built by Fakr ad - Din , the first Sultan of Mogadishu . Islam was introduced to the region early on from the Arabian peninsula , shortly after the hijra . At Muhammad 's urging , a band of persecuted Muslims had fled across the Red Sea into the Horn . There , the Muslims were granted protection by the Aksumite King Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . In the late 9th century , Al - Yaqubi wrote that Muslims were living along the northern Somali seaboard . He also mentioned that the Adal kingdom had its capital in Zeila , suggesting that the Adal Sultanate with Zeila as its headquarters dates back to at least the 9th or 10th centuries . Additionally , Judaism has a long presence in the region . The Kebra Negast ( `` Book of the Glory of Kings '' ) relates that Israelite tribes arrived in Ethiopia with Menelik I , purported to be the son of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba ( Makeda ) . The legend relates that Menelik as an adult returned to his father in Jerusalem , and then resettled in Ethiopia , and that he took with him the Ark of the Covenant . The Beta Israel today primarily follow the Orit ( from Aramaic `` Oraita '' -- `` Torah '' ) , which consists of the Five Books of Moses and the books Joshua , Judges and Ruth . A number of ethnic minority groups in southern Ethiopia also adhere to various traditional faiths . Among these belief systems are the Nilo - Saharan Surma people 's acknowledgment of the sky god Tumu . Sports ( edit ) Cyclists competing in the Tour of Eritrea in Asmara , Eritrea In the modern era , the Horn of Africa has produced several world - famous sports personalities , including long distance runners such as the world - record holder Kenenisa Bekele and Derartu Tulu , the first Ethiopian woman to win an Olympic gold medal and the only woman to have twice won the 10,000 meter Olympic gold in the short history of the event . One of the most successful runners from the region has been Haile Gebrselassie who was acclaimed as `` Athlete of the Year 1998 '' by the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) . As well as numerous gold medals in various events , Gebrselassie achieved 15 world records and world bests in long and middle distance running , including world record marathon times in 2007 and 2008 . Somali athlete Abdi Bile became a world champion when he won the 1500m for men at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics , running the final 800m of the race in 1 : 46.0 , the fastest final 800m of any 1,500 meter track race in history . Eritrea has established the cycling event the Tour of Eritrea . In recent years , the Somali diaspora produced a football star in Ayub Daud , a midfielder who plays for Juventus in Italy 's Serie A. Zahra Bani , a Somali - Italian javelin thrower , has garnered attention with her performances that so far have earned her adopted Italy a silver medal at the 2005 Mediterranean Games , as has Mo Farah , a Somali - British athlete that took gold for his adopted Great Britain in the 3000m at the 2009 European Indoor Championships in Turin and later golds in both the 10,000 m and 5,000 m at the 2012 London Olympics . Economy ( edit ) Vegetable shop in Asmara , Eritrea According to the IMF , in 2010 the Horn of Africa region had a total GDP ( PPP ) of $106.224 billion and nominal of $35.819 billion . Per capita , the GDP in 2010 was $1061 ( PPP ) and $358 ( nominal ) . States of the region depend largely on a few key exports : Economy of Ethiopia : Coffee 80 % of total exports . Economy of Somalia : Bananas and livestock over 50 % of total exports . Over 95 % of cross-border trade within the region is unofficial and undocumented , carried out by pastoralists trading livestock . The unofficial trade of live cattle , camels , sheep and goats from Ethiopia sold to other countries in the Horn and the wider Eastern Africa region , including Somalia and Djibouti , generates an estimated total value of between US $250 and US $300 million annually ( 100 times more than the official figure ) . This trade helps lower food prices , increase food security , relieve border tensions and promote regional integration . However , there are also risks as the unregulated and undocumented nature of this trade runs risks , such as allow disease to spread more easily across national borders . Furthermore , governments are unhappy with lost tax revenue and foreign exchange revenues . Much of the Horn nations ' trade links are with Middle Eastern countries . In 2011 , an event hosted by the Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies in Doha , Qatar devoted several days of discussion to ways in which countries in the Horn region and the adjacent Arabian peninsula could further strengthen these historically close economic , social , cultural and religious ties . See also ( edit ) Incense Route Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa Silk Road National history : History of Djibouti History of Eritrea History of Ethiopia History of Somalia Sultanates and kingdoms : Adal Sultanate Ajuran Sultanate Aksumite Empire Ethiopian Empire Aussa Sultanate Dervish State Harar Sultanate Ifat Sultanate Kingdom of Gomma Kingdom of Gumma Kingdom of Jimma Kingdom of Kaffa Majeerteen Sultanate Mudaito Dynasty Sultanate of Hobyo Sultanate of Mogadishu Sultanate of Shewa Sultanate of the Geledi Walashma dynasty Warsangali Sultanate Zagwe dynasty Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Stock , Africa South of the Sahara , Second Edition : A Geographical Interpretation , ( The Guilford Press : 2004 ) , p. 26 Jump up ^ Michael Hodd , East Africa Handbook , 7th Edition , ( Passport Books : 2002 ) , p. 21 : `` To the north are the countries of the Horn of Africa comprising Ethiopia , Eritrea , Djibouti Somaliland and Somalia . 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Jump up ^ `` Core Principles of Ethiopia 's Foreign Policy : Ethiopia - Yemen relations '' . Ethioembassy.org.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Range Resources . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oil and Gas Exploration and Production - Playing a Better Hand '' ( PDF ) . Range Resources . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Marco Stoppato , Alfredo Bini ( 2003 ) . Deserts . Firefly Books . pp. 160 -- 163 . ISBN 1552976696 . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Facts On File , Incorporated ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East . Infobase Publishing . p. 7 . ISBN 143812676X . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hadden , Robert Lee . 2007 . `` The Geology of Somalia : A Selected Bibliography of Somalian Geology , Geography and Earth Science . '' Engineer Research and Development Laboratories , Topographic Engineering Center Jump up ^ William J. Bernstein , A Splendid Exchange : How Trade Shaped the World , ( Grove Press : 2009 ) , p. 56 . Jump up ^ [email protected] ( 2009 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Painted Hunting Dog : Lycaon pictus , GlobalTwitcher.com , ed . N. Stromberg '' . Globaltwitcher.auderis.se . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Sara Pantuliano and Sara Pavanello ( 2009 ) Taking drought into account Addressing chronic vulnerability among pastoralists in the Horn of Africa Archived 2012 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Overseas Development Institute Jump up ^ Katsuyoshi Fukui ; John Markakis ( 1994 ) . Ethnicity & Conflict in the Horn of Africa . James Currey Publishers . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85255 - 225 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Languages -- Summary by country '' . Ethnologue.com. 1999 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Languages of Ethiopia '' . Ethnologue . SIL International . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Country Level '' . 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia . CSA. 13 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2010 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnologue -- Mushungulu '' . Ethnologue.com. 1999 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Abdullahi , Mohamed Diriye ( 2001 ) . Culture and customs of Somalia . Greenwood . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31333 - 2 . Jump up ^ David B. Grigg ( 1974 ) . The Agricultural Systems of the World . C.U.P. p. 66 . ISBN 9780521098434 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Engels , J.M.M. ; Hawkes , J.G. ; Worede , M. ( 21 March 1991 ) . `` Plant Genetic Resources of Ethiopia '' . Cambridge University Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gary Vikan . Ethiopian Icons by Stansilaw Chojnacki p. 20 ( 2000 , Skira ) ( accessed 22 April 2009 ) . Skira . ISBN 978 - 8881186464 . Jump up ^ `` at archnet.org ( accessed 22 April 2009 ) '' . Archnet.org. 2006 - 02 - 01 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ David Buxton , The Abyssinians ( New York : Praeger , 1970 ) , p. 110 Jump up ^ Rodolfo Fattovich , `` Akkälä Guzay '' in Uhlig , Siegbert , ed . Encyclopaedia Aethiopica : A-C . Wiesbaden : Otto Harrassowitz KG , 2003 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Information and National Guidance , Somalia , The writing of the Somali language , ( Ministry of Information and National Guidance : 1974 ) , p. 5 Jump up ^ Dictionary of African Biography : Abach - Brand , Volume 1 . Oxford University Press . 2012 . p. 357 . ISBN 0195382072 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lettre Ulysses Award for the Art of Reportage -- Nuruddin Farah '' . Lettre-ulysses-award.org. 2011 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Shelemay , Kay Kaufman ( 2001 ) . Sadie , Stanley ; Tyrrell , John , eds . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians . viii ( 2 ed . ) . London : Macmillan . p. 356 . Jump up ^ Abatte Barihun , liner notes for the album Ras Deshen , 2005 Jump up ^ University of Alabama www.hp.uab.edu Archived 2009 - 03 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Roland Anthony Oliver ; Brian M. Fagan ( 1975 ) . Africa in the Iron Age : C. 500 BC - 1400 AD . Cambridge University Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 09900 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` A Country Study : Somalia from The Library of Congress '' . Lcweb2.loc.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia Americana , Volume 25 . Americana Corporation . 1965 . p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , I.M. ( 1955 ) . Peoples of the Horn of Africa : Somali , Afar and Saho . International African Institute . p. 140 . Jump up ^ Budge , Queen of Sheba , Kebra Negast , chap. 61 . Jump up ^ Aparna Rao ; Michael Bollig ; Monika Böck ( 2007 ) . The Practice of War : Production , Reproduction and Communication of Armed Violence . Berghahn Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84545 - 280 - 3 . Jump up ^ Athlete Profile Haile Gebrselassie . `` Gebrselassie Haile page on www.iaaf.org '' . Iaaf.org . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . Imf.org. 2006 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . Imf.org. 2006 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . Imf.org. 2006 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Pavanello , Sara 2010 . Working across borders -- Harnessing the potential of cross-border activities to improve livelihood security in the Horn of Africa drylands Archived 2010 - 11 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... London : Overseas Development Institute Jump up ^ `` '' Arabs and the Horn of Africa '' Kicking off November 27 , 2011 `` . daho : English.dohainstitute.org. 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 31 . References ( edit ) Beshah , Girma ; Aregay , Merid Wolde ( 1964 ) . The Question of the Union of the Churches in Luso - Ethiopian Relations ( 1500 -- 1632 ) . Lisbon : Junta de Investigações do Ultramar and Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos . Negash , Tekeste ( 2005 ) . Eritrea and Ethiopia : the Federal Experience . Uppsala , Sweden : Nordiska Afrikainstitutet . Shillington , Kevin ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of African History . CRC Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horn of Africa . History of the Horn of Africa Horn of Africa News Agency `` Somali Acacia - Commiphora bushlands and thickets '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Horn of Africa Biodiversity Hotspot African Wild Dog Conservancy 's Biodiversity Hotspots Page CIA World Factbook : Djibouti CIA World Factbook : Eritrea CIA World Factbook : Ethiopia CIA World Factbook : Somalia A ' Child Alert ' issued by UNICEF for the Horn of Africa Yemen Horn of Africa Link Horn of Africa Concerns from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Combined Joint Task Force -- Horn of Africa official website CFR.org Interactive Map : Horn of Africa Global Governance Institute Analysis on the Horn of Africa and the EU ( 1 ) Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil 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Area San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Latin Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Western Caribbean Zone 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Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Kingdoms and dynasties of the medieval Horn of Africa States Islamic sultanates & Empires Somali Sultanates Adal Ajuran Aussa Imamate Sultanate of Harar Ifat Mogadishu Warsangali Aussa Sultanate Arababni Argobba Aymallal Bale Baqulin Dahlak Dobe'a Bazin Belgin Dara Dawaro Dewe Gabaal Ganz Gidaya Gurage Hadiya Harar Jarin Maya Mora Nagash Qita'a Sharkha Showa ( Menz , Gedem ) Tankish Werjih Christian kingdoms and Empires Ambassel Agame Akkele Guzay Amhara Angot Bahr Begemder Bugna Delanta Dembela Enderta Entitcho Gheralta Hamasien Haramat Lasta Mai - Tsade Tembien Tigray Tselemt Salowa Semada Serae Shewa ( Efrata , Geshe ) Shire Wag Kingdom of Beta Israel Dembiya Gafat Gojjam Waldebba Semien Wegera Qwara Tsegede Wolqayt Kingdom of Damot Dawro Enarya Janjero Kaffa Sheka Wolayta Sidama kingdoms Bahargamo Buzamo Garo Kambaata Sidamo Sigamo Events Ethiopian -- Adal war Adal conquest of Ethiopia Oromo migrations First Ajuran - Portuguese war Second Ajuran - Portuguese war Dynasties Solomonic dynasty Walashma dynasty Gareen dynasty Goobroon dynasty Zagwe dynasty Coordinates : 09 ° N 48 ° E / 9 ° N 48 ° E / 9 ; 48 VIAF : 315124798 GND : 4077510 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horn_of_Africa&oldid=835389832 '' Categories : Horn of Africa Geography of East Africa Peninsulas of Africa Regions of Africa Biodiversity hotspots Red Sea Gulf of Aden Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Date and year CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Oromo - language text Articles containing Somali - language text Articles containing Amharic - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Tigrinya - language text Articles containing Ge'ez - 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اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray Wolof Yorùbá 粵語 中文 89 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 12 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | list of countries in the horn of africa | [
"The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in Northeast Africa. It juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, lying along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent. The Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.[1][2][3][4] Regional studies on the Horn of Africa are carried out, among others, in the fields of Ethiopian Studies as well as Somali Studies.",
"The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in Northeast Africa. It juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, lying along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent. The Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.[1][2][3][4] Regional studies on the Horn of Africa are carried out, among others, in the fields of Ethiopian Studies as well as Somali Studies.",
"The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in Northeast Africa. It juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, lying along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent. The Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.[1][2][3][4] Regional studies on the Horn of Africa are carried out, among others, in the fields of Ethiopian Studies as well as Somali Studies.",
"The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in Northeast Africa. It juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, lying along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent. The Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.[1][2][3][4] Regional studies on the Horn of Africa are carried out, among others, in the fields of Ethiopian Studies as well as Somali Studies."
] | [
"Djibouti",
"Eritrea",
"Ethiopia",
"Somalia"
] |
31640063421863963 | Cherrapunji | Cherrapunji - wikipedia Cherrapunji Town in Meghalaya , India Sohra Sohra mawsynram Town Sohra has held the record for highest rainfall multiple times in the past Sohra Location in Meghalaya , India Sohra Sohra ( India ) Show map of Meghalaya Show map of India Show all Coordinates : 25 ° 18 ′ N 91 ° 42 ′ E / 25.3 ° N 91.7 ° E / 25.3 ; 91.7 Coordinates : 25 ° 18 ′ N 91 ° 42 ′ E / 25.3 ° N 91.7 ° E / 25.3 ; 91.7 Country India State Meghalaya District East Khasi Hills Elevation 1,484 m ( 4,869 ft ) Population ( 2011 ) Total 14,816 Density 397 / km ( 1,030 / sq mi ) Languages Official Khasi , English Time zone UTC + 5 : 30 ( IST ) Telephone code 03637 Precipitation 11,777 millimetres ( 463.7 in ) Climate Cwb Website http://cherrapunjee.gov.in/ Cherrapunji ( / ˌtʃɛrəˈpʌndʒi , - ˈpʊn - / ( listen ) ; with the historic name Sohra being more commonly used , and can also be spelled Cherrapunjee or Cherrapunji ) is a subdivisional town in the East Khasi Hills district in the Indian state of Meghalaya . It is the traditional capital of aNongkhlaw hima ( Khasi tribal chieftainship constituting a petty state ) , both known as Sohra or Churra . Cherrapunji has often been credited as being the wettest place on Earth , but for now nearby Mawsynram currently holds that distinction . Cherrapunji still holds the all - time record for the most rainfall in a calendar month and in a year , however : it received 9,300 millimetres ( 370 in ; 30.5 ft ) in July 1861 and 26,461 millimetres ( 1,041.8 in ; 86.814 ft ) between 1 August 1860 and 31 July 1861 . Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Causes of high rainfall 3 Demographics 4 Culture 5 Education 6 Media 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources and external links History ( edit ) The history of the Khasi people -- native inhabitants of Cherrapunji -- may be traced from the early part of the 16th century . Between the 16th and 18th centuries , these people were ruled by their tribal ' Syiems ( rajas or chiefs ) of Khyriem ' in the Khasi Hills . The Khasis hills came under British authority in 1883 with the submission of the last of the important Syiems , Tirot Sing . The main pivot on which the entire superstructure of Khasi society rests is the matrilineal system . The original name for this town was Sohra ( soh - ra ) , which was pronounced `` Churra '' by the British . This name eventually evolved into the current name , Cherrapunji , meaning ' land of oranges ' , which was first used by tourists from other parts of India . Despite abundant rainfall , Cherrapunji faces an acute water shortage and the inhabitants often have to trek very long distances to obtain potable water . Irrigation is hampered due to excessive rain washing away the topsoil as a result of human encroachment into the forests . The Meghalaya state government has renamed Cherrapunji back to its original name , `` Sohra '' . There is a monument to David Scott ( British Administrator in NE India , 1802 -- 31 ) in the Cherrapunji cemetery . Geography ( edit ) Cherrapunji , India Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 11 16 7 46 17 9 240 21 13 938 22 15 1214 22 16 2294 23 18 3272 22 18 1760 23 18 1352 23 18 549 23 16 72 20 12 29 17 8 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : NOAA show Imperial conversion J J J O 0.4 60 45 1.8 63 48 9.4 69 55 37 71 58 48 72 61 90 73 64 129 72 65 69 73 65 53 73 64 22 73 60 2.8 69 54 63 47 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Cherrapunji is located at 25 ° 18 ′ N 91 ° 42 ′ E / 25.30 ° N 91.70 ° E / 25.30 ; 91.70 . It has an average elevation of 1,484 metres ( 4,869 ft ) and sits on a plateau in the southern part of the Khasi Hills , facing the plains of Bangladesh . The plateau rises 660 meters above the surrounding valleys . Soils on the plateau are poor owing to deforestation and washout caused by heavy rainfall . Owing to winter droughts , the vegetation in this location is even xerophytic in spite of the fame of Cherrapunji as an extremely wet place . Additional pressure on local ecosystems is created by the rapid increase of the population -- from a Sohra - area population of 7,000 in 1960 , it grew to over 100,000 by 2000 . Valleys around Cherrapunji , however , are covered with lush and very diverse vegetation , containing numerous endemic species of plants , including Meghalaya subtropical forests . Although there is heavy rainfall in Cherrapunji , there is a high scarcity of clean water . There are some interesting living root bridges in Cherrapunjee like the Umshiang root bridge , Mawsaw root bridge , Ritymmen root bridge etc . The Shillong Plateau is an uplifted horst - like feature , bounded by the E-W Main Boundary Thrust ( MBT ) to the North , the N-S Jamuna fault in the west , and the NW - SE kopilli fracture zone in the east . Climate ( edit ) View of Bangladesh plains from Cherrapunji Sohra or Cherrapunji has a mild subtropical highland climate ( Köppen Cwb ) , with monsoonal influences typical of India . The city 's annual rainfall average stands at 11,777 millimetres ( 463.7 in ) . This figure places it behind only nearby Mawsynram , Meghalaya , whose average is 11,873 millimetres ( 467.4 in ) . Cherrapunji receives both the southwest and northeast monsoonal winds , giving it a single monsoon season . It lies on the windward side of the Khasi Hills , so the resulting orographic lift enhances precipitation . In the winter months it receives the northeast monsoon showers that travel down the Brahmaputra valley . The driest months are November , December , January and February . Temperatures average 11.5 ° C ( 52.7 ° F ) in January and 20.6 ° C ( 69.1 ° F ) in August , and the annual mean is 17.3 ° C ( 63.1 ° F ) Cherrapunji holds two Guinness world records for receiving the maximum amount of rainfall in a single year : 26,471 millimetres ( 1,042.2 in ) of rainfall between August 1860 and July 1861 and for receiving the maximum amount of rainfall in a single month : 9,300 millimetres ( 370 in ) in July 1861 . hide Climate data for Cherrapunji ( 1971 -- 1990 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 28.3 ( 82.9 ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 29.2 ( 84.6 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 24.5 ( 76.1 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 22.7 ( 72.9 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 22.9 ( 73.2 ) 22.7 ( 72.9 ) 22.7 ( 72.9 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 13.1 ( 55.6 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 18.1 ( 64.6 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 20.3 ( 68.5 ) 20.1 ( 68.2 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 8.9 ( 48 ) 12.5 ( 54.5 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) 16.1 ( 61 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 ) 18.1 ( 64.6 ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 1.0 ( 30.2 ) 0.3 ( 32.5 ) 0.6 ( 33.1 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 7.8 ( 46 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) − 1.0 ( 30.2 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 11 ( 0.43 ) 46 ( 1.81 ) 240 ( 9.45 ) 938 ( 36.93 ) 1,214 ( 47.8 ) 2,294 ( 90.31 ) 3,272 ( 128.82 ) 1,760 ( 69.29 ) 1,352 ( 53.23 ) 549 ( 21.61 ) 72 ( 2.83 ) 29 ( 1.14 ) 11,777 ( 463.65 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 1.5 3.4 8.6 19.4 22.1 25.0 29.0 26.0 21.4 9.8 2.8 1.4 170.4 Average relative humidity ( % ) 70 69 70 82 86 92 95 92 90 81 73 72 81 Source # 1 : NOAA Source # 2 : India Meteorological Department ( record high and low up to 2010 ) Causes of high rainfall ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nohkalikai falls Seven Sisters ' falls Cherrapunji receives rains from the Bay of Bengal arm of the Indian summer monsoon . The monsoon clouds fly unhindered over the plains of Bangladesh for about 400 km . Thereafter , they hit the Khasi Hills which rise abruptly from the plains to a height of about 1,370 m above mean sea level within 2 to 5 km . The geography of the hills with many deep valley channels encompassing the low - flying ( 150 -- 300 m ) moisture - laden clouds from a wide area converges over Cherrapunji . The winds push the rain clouds through these gorges and up the steep slopes . The rapid ascent of the clouds into the upper atmosphere hastens the cooling and helps vapours to condense . Most of Cherrapunji 's rain is the result of air being lifted as a large body of water vapour . The extreme amount of rainfall at Cherrapunji is perhaps the best - known feature of orographic rain in northeast India . Occasionally , cloudbursts can occur in one part of Cherrapunji while other areas may be totally or relatively dry , reflecting the high spatial variability of the rainfall . Atmospheric humidity is extremely high during the peak monsoon period . The major part of the rainfall at Cherrapunji can be attributed to the orographic features . When the clouds are blown over the hills from the south , they are funneled through the valley . The clouds strike Cherrapunjee perpendicularly and the low flying clouds are pushed up the steep slopes . It is not surprising to find that the heaviest rainfalls occur when the winds blow directly on the Khasi Hills . A notable feature of monsoon rain at Cherrapunji is that most of it falls in the morning . This could be partly due to two air masses coming together . During the monsoon months , the prevailing winds along the Brahmaputra valley generally blow from the east or the northeast , but the winds over Meghalaya are from the south . These two winds systems usually come together in the vicinity of the Khasi Hills . Apparently , the winds that are trapped in the valley at night begin their upward ascent only after they are warmed during the day . This partially explains the frequency of morning rainfall . Apart from orographic features , atmospheric convection plays an important role during the monsoon and the period just preceding it . Demographics ( edit ) As of 2001 India census , Cherrapunji had a population of 10,086 , with males 48.75 % of the total population and females 51.25 % . Cherrapunji has an average literacy rate of 74 % , higher than the national average of 59.5 % , with a male literacy rate of 72.4 % and a female one of 73.9 % . Culture ( edit ) Khasi children ( 1944 ) The locals living in and around Cherrapunji are known as Khasis . It is a matrilineal culture . After the wedding , the husband of the youngest daughter goes to live with his wife 's family , who own the property of the family , while others live on their own getting a bit of the share . The children take on the surname of the mother . Cherrapunji is also famous for its living bridges . Over hundreds of years the people in Cherrapunji have developed techniques for growing roots of trees into large bridges . The process takes 10 to 15 years and the bridges typically last hundreds of years , the oldest ones in use being over 500 years old . Education ( edit ) Sohra Government College is the only general degree college in Cherrapunji . Media ( edit ) Cherrapunji has an All India Radio relay station known as Akashvani Cherrapunji . It broadcasts on FM frequencies . See also ( edit ) Wettest places on Earth Lloró Big Bog , Maui Quibdó Villa Puerto Edén References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Most annual rainfall '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bhaumik , Subir ( 2003 - 04 - 28 ) . `` World 's wettest area dries up '' ( stm ) . South Asia News . Calcutta . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Cherrapunji ( Sohra ) '' . Wondermondo. 2010 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Average Conditions Cherrapunji , India '' . Climate Charts . Retrieved March 2010 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2005 ; pg - 51 ISBN 0 - 85112 - 192 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Cherrapunji Climate Normals 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ever recorded maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010 '' ( PDF ) . India Meteorological Department . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Census of India 2001 : Data from the 2001 Census , including cities , villages and towns ( Provisional ) '' . Census Commission of India . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Cherrapunjee Vacation Resort website Jump up ^ Bridge to Nature : Amazing Indian Living Root Bridges Sources and external links ( edit ) Cherrapunji travel guide from Wikivoyage cherrapunjee.com Interactive Film Documentary by Geox - Testing A New Waterproof Shoe In The Rainiest Place On Earth ' For a Rainy Day ' , The Indian Express , 20 April 2008 , by Arjun Razdan Meghalaya Capital : Shillong Topics Economy Education Government of Meghalaya Meghalaya Legislative Assembly Northeast India Seven Sister States Administration Government Legislative Assembly Chief Ministers Governors High Court Police Political Party Districts East Garo Hills East Jaintia Hills East Khasi Hills North Garo Hills Ri - Bhoi South Garo Hills South West Garo Hills South West Khasi Hills West Garo Hills West Jaintia Hills West Khasi Hills Municipalities Baghmara Jowai Mairang Nongpoh Nongstoin Resubelpara Shillong Sohra / Cherrapunji Tura Williamnagar Portal : India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cherrapunji&oldid=865126559 '' Categories : East Khasi Hills district Cities and towns in East Khasi Hills district Weather extremes of Earth Geography of Meghalaya Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2001 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use dmy dates from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú भोजपुरी Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 22 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which place in india receives the highest annual rainfall | [
"Sohra or Cherrapunji has a mild subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb), with monsoonal influences typical of India. The city's annual rainfall average stands at 11,777 millimetres (463.7 in).[4] This figure places it behind only nearby Mawsynram, Meghalaya, whose average is 11,873 millimetres (467.4 in). Cherrapunji receives both the southwest and northeast monsoonal winds, giving it a single monsoon season. It lies on the windward side of the Khasi Hills, so the resulting orographic lift enhances precipitation. In the winter months it receives the northeast monsoon showers that travel down the Brahmaputra valley. The driest months are November, December, January and February. \n"
] | [
"Mawsynram, Meghalaya"
] |
-8219126574982905443 | Judy Garland | Judy Garland - wikipedia Judy Garland Jump to : navigation , search Judy Garland MGM Publicity photo of Garland from 1939 Frances Ethel Gumm ( 1922 - 06 - 10 ) June 10 , 1922 Grand Rapids , Minnesota , U.S. June 22 , 1969 ( 1969 - 06 - 22 ) ( aged 47 ) Chelsea , London , England Cause of death Barbiturate overdose Resting place Hollywood Forever Cemetery Occupation Singer Actress Vaudevillian Years active 1924 -- 1969 Spouse ( s ) David Rose ( m . 1941 ; div. 1944 ) Vincente Minnelli ( m . 1945 ; div. 1951 ) Sidney Luft ( m . 1952 ; div. 1965 ) Mark Herron ( m . 1965 ; div. 1967 ) Mickey Deans ( m . 1969 ) Children 3 , including Liza Minnelli and Lorna Luft Awards List of awards and honors Judy Garland ( born Frances Ethel Gumm ; June 10 , 1922 -- June 22 , 1969 ) was an American singer , actress , and vaudevillian . She was renowned for her contralto vocals and attained international stardom that continued throughout a career spanning more than 40 years as an actress in musical and dramatic roles , as a recording artist , and on concert stages . Garland began performing in vaudeville with her two older sisters and was signed to Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer as a teenager . She made more than two dozen films with Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , including nine with Mickey Rooney . Among several well - remembered film appearances , Garland 's most famous role was as Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) . Some of her other notable films at MGM include Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) , The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) , Easter Parade ( 1948 ) and Summer Stock ( 1950 ) . After 15 years , she was released from her contract with the studio and made record - breaking concert appearances , had a successful recording career , and her own Emmy - nominated television series . Her film appearances became fewer in the later years of her career , but included two Academy Award - nominated performances in A Star Is Born ( 1954 ) and Judgment at Nuremberg ( 1961 ) . Garland received a Golden Globe Award , a Juvenile Academy Award , and a Special Tony Award , and at 39 , became the youngest and first female recipient of the Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in the film industry . She was the first woman to win a Grammy for Album of the Year for her live recording of Judy at Carnegie Hall . In 1997 , Garland was posthumously awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . In 1999 , the American Film Institute placed her among the 10 greatest female stars of classic American cinema . Despite profound professional success , Garland struggled largely in her personal life from an early age . The pressures of stardom affected her physical and mental health from the time she was a teenager ; her self - image was influenced and constantly criticized by film executives who believed her to be physically unattractive , and who manipulated her onscreen physical appearance . She was plagued by alcohol and substance abuse as well as financial instability into her adulthood , often owing hundreds of thousands of dollars in back taxes . Her lifelong struggle with drugs and alcohol ultimately led to her death in England from a barbiturate overdose , at the age of 47 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Early career 2.1 The Gumm Sisters 2.2 Signed at Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 2.3 The Wizard of Oz 3 Adult stardom 4 Leaving MGM 5 Later career 5.1 Appearances on Bing Crosby 's radio show 5.2 Renewed stardom on the stage 5.3 Hollywood comeback 5.4 Television , concerts , and Carnegie Hall 5.5 The Judy Garland Show 5.6 Political views 6 Final years 7 Death 8 Legacy 8.1 Gay icon 8.2 Portrayals in fiction 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Early Life ( edit ) Garland 's birthplace ( now a museum ) in Grand Rapids , Minnesota Garland was born Frances Ethel Gumm on June 10 , 1922 , in Grand Rapids , Minnesota . She was the youngest child of Ethel Marion ( née Milne , 1893 -- 1953 ) and Francis Avent `` Frank '' Gumm ( 1886 -- 1935 ) . Her parents were vaudevillians who settled in Grand Rapids to run a movie theater that featured vaudeville acts . She was of Irish , English , and Scottish ancestry , named after both of her parents and baptized at a local Episcopal church . `` Baby '' ( as she was called by her parents and sisters ) shared her family 's flair for song and dance . Her first appearance came at the age of two - and - a-half , when she joined her older sisters Mary Jane `` Suzy / Suzanne '' Gumm ( 1915 -- 1964 ) and Dorothy Virginia `` Jimmie '' Gumm ( 1917 -- 1977 ) on the stage of her father 's movie theater during a Christmas show and sang a chorus of `` Jingle Bells '' . The Gumm Sisters performed there for the next few years , accompanied by their mother on piano . The family relocated to Lancaster , California , in June 1926 , following rumors that Frank Gumm had made sexual advances towards male ushers . Frank purchased and operated another theater in Lancaster , and Ethel began managing her daughters and working to get them into motion pictures . Garland attended Hollywood High School and later graduated from University High School . Early career ( edit ) The Gumm Sisters ( edit ) The Gumm Sisters , also known as the Garland Sisters , circa 1935 : Top row : Mary Jane and Dorothy Virginia Gumm ; bottom center : Frances Ethel ( Judy Garland ) Gumm In 1928 , the Gumm Sisters enrolled in a dance school run by Ethel Meglin , proprietress of the Meglin Kiddies dance troupe . They appeared with the troupe at its annual Christmas show . Through the Meglin Kiddies , they made their film debut in a 1929 short subject called The Big Revue , where they performed a song - and - dance number called `` That 's the good old sunny south '' . This was followed by appearances in two Vitaphone shorts the following year : A Holiday in Storyland ( featuring Garland 's first on - screen solo ) and The Wedding of Jack and Jill . They next appeared together in Bubbles . Their final on - screen appearance came in 1935 , in an MGM Technicolor short entitled La Fiesta de Santa Barbara . The trio had been touring the vaudeville circuit as `` The Gumm Sisters '' for many years when they performed in Chicago at the Oriental Theater with George Jessel in 1934 . He encouraged the group to choose a more appealing name after `` Gumm '' was met with laughter from the audience . According to theater legend , their act was once erroneously billed at a Chicago theater as `` The Glum Sisters '' . Several stories persist regarding the origin of the name `` Garland '' . One is that it was originated by Jessel after Carole Lombard 's character Lily Garland in the film Twentieth Century , which was then playing at the Oriental ; another is that the girls chose the surname after drama critic Robert Garland . Garland 's daughter Lorna Luft stated that her mother selected the name when Jessel announced that the trio `` looked prettier than a garland of flowers '' . A TV special was filmed in Hollywood at the Pantages Theatre premiere of A Star Is Born on September 29 , 1954 , in which Jessel stated : I think that I ought to tell the folks that it was I who named Judy Garland , Judy Garland . Not that it would have made any difference -- you could n't have hid ( den ) that great talent if you 'd called her `` Tel Aviv Windsor Shell '' , you know , but her name when I first met her was Frances Gumm and it was n't the kind of a name that so sensitive a great actress like that should have ; ... and so we called her Judy Garland , and I think she 's a combination of Helen Hayes and Al Jolson , and maybe Jenny Lind and Sarah Bernhardt . A later explanation surfaced when Jessel was a guest on Garland 's television show in 1963 . He said that he had sent actress Judith Anderson a telegram containing the word `` garland '' and it stuck in his mind . However , Garland asked Jessel just moments later if this story was true , and he blithely replied `` No '' . By late 1934 , the Gumm Sisters had changed their name to the Garland Sisters . Frances changed her name to `` Judy '' soon after , inspired by a popular Hoagy Carmichael song . The group broke up by August 1935 , when Suzanne Garland flew to Reno , Nevada , and married musician Lee Kahn , a member of the Jimmy Davis orchestra playing at Cal - Neva Lodge , Lake Tahoe . Signed at Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( edit ) With Mickey Rooney in Love Finds Andy Hardy ( 1938 ) In September 1935 , songwriter Burton Lane was asked by Louis B. Mayer to go to the Orpheum Theater in downtown Los Angeles to watch the Garland Sisters ' vaudeville act and to report back to him . A few days later , Judy and her father were brought for an impromptu audition at Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Studios in Culver City . Garland performed `` Zing ! Went the Strings of My Heart '' and `` Eli , Eli '' , a Yiddish song written in 1896 and very popular in vaudeville . Garland was immediately signed to a contract with MGM , supposedly without a screen test , though she had made a test for the studio several months earlier . The studio did not know what to do with her , as at age 13 , she was older than the traditional child star , but too young for adult roles . Her physical appearance created a dilemma for MGM . She was only 4 feet 11.5 inches ( 151.1 cm ) , and her `` cute '' or `` girl - next - door '' looks did not exemplify the most glamorous persona required of leading ladies of the time . She was self - conscious and anxious about her appearance . `` Judy went to school at Metro with Ava Gardner , Lana Turner , Elizabeth Taylor , real beauties '' , said Charles Walters , who directed her in a number of films . `` Judy was the big money - maker at the time , a big success , but she was the ugly duckling ... I think it had a very damaging effect on her emotionally for a long time . I think it lasted forever , really . '' Her insecurity was exacerbated by the attitude of studio chief Louis B. Mayer , who referred to her as his `` little hunchback '' . During her early years at the studio , she was photographed and dressed in plain garments or frilly juvenile gowns and costumes to match the `` girl - next - door '' image created for her . She was made to wear removable caps on her teeth and rubberized disks to reshape her nose . Garland performed at various studio functions and was eventually cast opposite Deanna Durbin in the musical - short Every Sunday . The film contrasted her vocal range and swing style with Durbin 's operatic soprano and served as an extended screen test for the pair , as studio executives were questioning the wisdom of having two girl singers on the roster . Mayer finally decided to keep both actresses , but by that time , Durbin 's option had lapsed and she was signed by Universal Studios . On November 16 , 1935 , Garland learned that her father had been hospitalized with meningitis and had taken a turn for the worse while she was in the midst of preparing for a radio performance on the Shell Chateau Hour . Frank Gumm died the following morning at age 49 , leaving her devastated at age 13 . Her song for the Shell Chateau Hour was her first professional rendition of `` Zing ! Went the Strings of My Heart '' , a song which became a standard in many of her concerts . Garland next came to the attention of studio executives by singing a special arrangement of `` You Made Me Love You ( I Did n't Want to Do It ) '' to Clark Gable at a birthday party held by the studio for the actor . Her rendition was so well regarded that she performed the song in the all - star extravaganza Broadway Melody of 1938 ( 1937 ) , singing to a photograph of him . In Love Finds Andy Hardy MGM hit on a winning formula when it paired Garland with Mickey Rooney in a string of what were known as `` backyard musicals '' . The duo first appeared together as supporting characters in the 1937 B movie Thoroughbreds Do n't Cry . Garland was then put in the cast of the fourth of the Hardy Family movies as a literal girl - next - door to Rooney 's character Andy Hardy , in Love Finds Andy Hardy , although Hardy 's love interest was played by Lana Turner . They teamed as lead characters for the first time in Babes in Arms , ultimately appearing in five additional films , including Hardy films Andy Hardy Meets Debutante and Life Begins for Andy Hardy . Garland stated that Rooney , she , and other young performers were constantly prescribed amphetamines to stay awake to keep up with the frantic pace of making one film after another , as well as barbiturates to take before going to bed so that they could sleep . This regular dose of drugs , she said , led to addiction and a lifelong struggle , and contributed to her eventual demise . She later resented the hectic schedule and felt that her youth had been stolen by MGM . Garland was of a healthy weight , but the studio demanded that she diet constantly . They even went so far as to serve her only a bowl of soup and a plate of lettuce when she ordered a regular meal . She was plagued with self - doubt throughout her life , despite successful film and recording careers , awards , critical praise , and her ability to fill concert halls worldwide , and she required constant reassurance that she was talented and attractive . Rooney , however , denied that their childhood studio was responsible for her addiction : `` Judy Garland was never given any drugs by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . Mr. Mayer did n't sanction anything for Judy . No one on that lot was responsible for Judy Garland 's death . Unfortunately , Judy chose that path '' . The Wizard of Oz ( edit ) Garland holding Terry ( as Toto ) in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) In 1938 , she was cast in her most memorable role , as the young Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , a film based on the 1900 children 's book by L. Frank Baum . In this film , she sang the song with which she would be identified , `` Over the Rainbow '' . Although producers Arthur Freed and Mervyn LeRoy had wanted her from the start , studio chief Mayer first tried to borrow Shirley Temple from 20th Century Fox , but they declined . Deanna Durbin was then asked , but was unavailable , resulting in Garland being cast . Garland was initially outfitted in a blonde wig for the part , but Freed and LeRoy decided against it shortly into filming . Her blue gingham dress was chosen for its blurring effect on her figure , which made her look younger . Shooting commenced on October 13 , 1938 , and was completed on March 16 , 1939 , with a final cost of more than US $2 million . With the conclusion of filming , MGM kept Garland busy with promotional tours and the shooting of Babes in Arms , directed by Busby Berkeley . Rooney and she were sent on a cross-country promotional tour , culminating in the August 17 New York City premiere at the Capitol Theater , which included a five - show - a-day appearance schedule for the two stars . Garland was forced into a strict diet during filming ; she was given tobacco to suppress her appetite . The Wizard of Oz was a tremendous critical success , though its high budget and promotions costs of an estimated $4 million ( equivalent to $68.9 million in 2017 ) , coupled with the lower revenue generated by discounted children 's tickets , meant that the film did not make a profit until it was rereleased in the 1940s and in subsequent rereleases . At the 1939 Academy Awards ceremony , Garland received her only Academy Award , a Juvenile Award for her performances in 1939 , including The Wizard of Oz and Babes in Arms . Following this recognition , she became one of MGM 's most bankable stars . Adult stardom ( edit ) Garland sings `` The Trolley Song '' in Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) : This was one of the first films in her career which gave her the opportunity to be the attractive leading lady , rather than the dowdy girl next door . In 1940 , she starred in three films : Andy Hardy Meets Debutante , Strike Up the Band , and Little Nellie Kelly . In the last , she played her first adult role , a dual role of both mother and daughter . Little Nellie Kelly was purchased from George M. Cohan as a vehicle for her to display both her audience appeal and her physical appearance . The role was a challenge for her , requiring the use of an accent , her first adult kiss , and the only death scene of her career . The kiss was regarded as embarrassing by her costar , George Murphy . He said it felt like `` a hillbilly with a child bride . '' Nevertheless , the success of these three films and a further three films in 1941 secured her position at MGM as a major property . During this time , Garland experienced her first serious adult romances . The first was with bandleader Artie Shaw . She was deeply devoted to him and was devastated in early 1940 when he eloped with Lana Turner . Garland began a relationship with musician David Rose , and on her 18th birthday , he gave her an engagement ring . The studio intervened because at that time , he was still married to actress and singer Martha Raye . They agreed to wait a year to allow for his divorce to become final , and were wed on July 27 , 1941 . `` A true rarity '' is what media called it . Garland , who had aborted her pregnancy by him in 1942 , agreed to a trial separation in January 1943 and divorced in 1944 . She was noticeably thinner in her next film , For Me and My Gal , alongside Gene Kelly in his first screen appearance . She was top - billed in the credits for the first time and effectively made the transition from teenaged star to adult actress . Promotional image for Presenting Lily Mars ( 1943 ) At age 21 , she was given the `` glamor treatment '' in Presenting Lily Mars , in which she was dressed in `` grown - up '' gowns . Her lightened hair was also pulled up in a stylish fashion . However , no matter how glamorous or beautiful she appeared on screen or in photographs , she was never confident in her appearance and never escaped the `` girl - next - door '' image which had been created for her . One of Garland 's most successful films for MGM was Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) , in which she introduced three standards : `` The Trolley Song '' , `` The Boy Next Door '' , and `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' . Vincente Minnelli was assigned to direct , and he requested that makeup artist Dorothy Ponedel be assigned to Garland . Ponedel refined her appearance in several ways , including extending and reshaping her eyebrows , changing her hairline , modifying her lip line and removing her nose discs and dental caps . She appreciated the results so much that Ponedel was written into her contract for all her remaining pictures at MGM . At this time , Garland had a brief affair with film director Orson Welles , who was then married to Rita Hayworth . The affair ended in early 1945 , although they remained on good terms afterward . During the filming of Meet Me in St. Louis , after some initial conflict between them , Garland and Minnelli entered into a relationship . They were married June 15 , 1945 , and on March 12 , 1946 , daughter Liza was born . They were divorced by 1951 . The Clock ( 1945 ) was Garland 's first straight dramatic film , opposite Robert Walker . Though the film was critically praised and earned a profit , most movie fans expected her to sing . She did not act again in a nonsinging dramatic role for many years . Garland 's other films of the 1940s include The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) , in which she introduced the Academy Award - winning song `` On the Atchison , Topeka , and the Santa Fe '' , and Till the Clouds Roll By ( 1946 ) . Leaving MGM ( edit ) During filming for The Pirate in April 1947 , Garland suffered a nervous breakdown and was placed in a private sanitarium . She was able to complete filming , but in July , she made her first suicide attempt , making minor cuts to her wrist with a broken glass . During this period , she spent two weeks in treatment at the Austen Riggs Center , a psychiatric hospital in Stockbridge , Massachusetts . The Pirate was released in 1948 and was the first film in which Garland had starred since The Wizard of Oz to not make a profit . The main reasons for its failure was not only its cost , but also the increasing expense of the shooting delays while Garland was ill , as well because the general public was not yet willing to accept her in a sophisticated vehicle . Following her work on The Pirate , she co-starred for the first and only time with Fred Astaire ( who replaced Gene Kelly after Kelly had broken his ankle ) in Easter Parade , which became her top - grossing film at MGM and quickly re-established her as one of MGM 's primary assets . A pregnant Garland in Till the Clouds Roll By ( 1946 ) Thrilled by the huge box - office receipts of Easter Parade , MGM immediately teamed Garland and Astaire in The Barkleys of Broadway . During the initial filming , Garland was taking prescription sleeping medication along with illicitly obtained pills containing morphine . Around this time , she also developed a serious problem with alcohol . These , in combination with migraine headaches , led her to miss several shooting days in a row . After being advised by her doctor that she would only be able to work in four - to five - day increments with extended rest periods between , MGM executive Arthur Freed made the decision to suspend her on July 18 , 1948 . She was replaced in the film by Ginger Rogers . When her suspension was over , she was summoned back to work and ultimately performed two songs as a guest in the Rodgers and Hart biopic Words and Music , which was her last appearance with Mickey Rooney . Despite the all - star cast , Words and Music barely broke even at the box office . Having regained her strength , as well as some needed weight during her suspension , Garland felt much better and in the fall of 1948 , she returned to MGM to replace a pregnant June Allyson for the musical film In the Good Old Summertime co-starring Van Johnson . Although she was sometimes late arriving at the studio during the making of this picture , she managed to complete it five days ahead of schedule . Her daughter Liza made her film debut at the age of two and a half at the end of the film . In The Good Old Summertime was enormously successful at the box office . Garland was then cast in the film adaptation of Annie Get Your Gun in the title role of Annie Oakley . She was nervous at the prospect of taking on a role strongly identified with Ethel Merman , anxious about appearing in an unglamorous part after breaking from juvenile parts for several years , and disturbed by her treatment at the hands of director Busby Berkeley . Berkeley was staging all the musical numbers , and was severe with Garland 's lack of effort , attitude , and enthusiasm . She complained to Mayer , trying to have Berkeley fired from the feature . She began arriving late to the set and sometimes failed to appear . At this time , she was also undergoing electroshock therapy for depression . She was fired from the picture on May 10 , 1949 , and was replaced by Betty Hutton , who stepped in performing all the musical routines as staged by Berkeley . Garland underwent an extensive hospital stay at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston , Massachusetts , in which she was weaned off her medication , and after a while , was able to eat and sleep normally . Garland returned to Los Angeles heavier , and in the fall of 1949 , was cast opposite Gene Kelly in Summer Stock . The film took six months to complete . To lose weight , Garland went back on the pills and the familiar pattern resurfaced . She began showing up late or not at all . When principal photography on Summer Stock was completed in the spring of 1950 , it was decided that Garland needed an additional musical number . She agreed to do it provided the song should be `` Get Happy '' . In addition , she insisted that director Charles Walters choreograph and stage the number . By that time , Garland had lost 15 pounds and looked more slender . `` Get Happy '' was the last segment of Summer Stock to be filmed . It was her final picture for MGM . When it was released in the fall of 1950 , Summer Stock drew big crowds and racked up very respectable box - office receipts , but because of the costly shooting delays caused by Garland , the film posted a loss of $80,000 to the studio . Garland was cast in the film Royal Wedding with Fred Astaire after June Allyson became pregnant in 1950 . She failed to report to the set on multiple occasions , and the studio suspended her contract on June 17 , 1950 . She was replaced by Jane Powell . Reputable biographies following her death stated that after this latest dismissal , she slightly grazed her neck with a broken glass , requiring only a band - aid , but at the time , the public was informed that a despondent Garland had slashed her throat . `` All I could see ahead was more confusion '' , Garland later said of this suicide attempt . `` I wanted to black out the future as well as the past . I wanted to hurt myself and everyone who had hurt me . '' In September 1950 , after 15 years with the studio , Garland and MGM parted company . Later career ( edit ) Appearances on Bing Crosby 's radio show ( edit ) Garland was a frequent guest on Kraft Music Hall , hosted by her friend Bing Crosby . Following Garland 's second suicide attempt , Crosby , knowing she was depressed and running out of money , invited her on to his radio show -- the first of the new season , on October 11 , 1950 . She was standing in the wings of it trembling with fear . She was almost hysterical . She said `` I can not go out there because they 're all gon na be looking to see if there are scars and it 's gon na be terrible . '' Bing said `` What 's going on ? '' and I told him what happened and he walked out on stage and he said : `` We got a friend here , she 's had a little trouble recently . You probably heard about it -- Everything is fine now , she needs our love . She needs our support . She 's here -- let 's give it to her , OK ? Here 's Judy . '' And she came out and that place went crazy . And she just blossomed . -- Hal Kanter , Writer for Bing Eight appearances during the 1950 -- 51 season of The Bing Crosby -- Chesterfield Show immediately reinvigorated her career . Soon after , she toured for four months to sellout crowds in Europe . Renewed stardom on the stage ( edit ) A 1954 publicity still In 1951 , Garland began a four - month concert tour of Britain and Ireland , where she played to sold - out audiences throughout England , Scotland , and Ireland . The successful concert tour was the first of her many comebacks , with performances centered on songs by Al Jolson and revival of vaudevillian `` tradition '' . Garland performed complete shows as tributes to Jolson in her concerts at the London Palladium in April and at New York 's Palace Theater later that year . Garland said after the Palladium show : `` I suddenly knew that this was the beginning of a new life ... Hollywood thought I was through ; then came the wonderful opportunity to appear at the London Palladium , where I can truthfully say Judy Garland was reborn . '' Her appearances at the Palladium lasted for four weeks , where she received rave reviews and an ovation described by the Palladium manager as the loudest he had ever heard . In New York in October 1951 , Garland 's engagement at the Palace Theatre exceeded all previous records for the theater and for Garland , and was called `` one of the greatest personal triumphs in show business history '' . Garland was honored for her contribution to the revival of vaudeville with a Special Tony Award . She divorced Minnelli that same year , and married Sid Luft , her tour manager and producer , on June 8 , 1952 in Hollister , California . Garland gave birth to Lorna Luft , herself a future actress and singer , on November 21 , 1952 , and to Joey Luft on March 29 , 1955 . Hollywood Comeback ( edit ) Garland in A Star Is Born ( 1954 ) Garland filmed a musical remake of the film A Star Is Born for Warner Bros. in 1954 . Garland and Sidney Luft , her then - husband , produced the film through their production company , Transcona Enterprises , while Warner Bros. supplied the funds , production facilities , and crew . Directed by George Cukor and co-starring James Mason , it was a large undertaking to which she initially fully dedicated herself . As shooting progressed , however , she began making the same pleas of illness that she had so often made during her final films at MGM . Production delays led to cost overruns and angry confrontations with Warner Bros. head Jack L. Warner . Principal photography wrapped on March 17 , 1954 . At Luft 's suggestion , the `` Born in a Trunk '' medley was filmed as a showcase for her and inserted over director Cukor 's objections , who feared the additional length would lead to cuts in other areas . It was completed on July 29 . Upon its world premiere on September 29 , 1954 , the film was met with tremendous critical and popular acclaim . Before its release , it was edited at the instruction of Jack Warner ; theater operators , concerned that they were losing money because they were only able to run the film for three or four shows per day instead of five or six , pressured the studio to make additional reductions . About 30 minutes of footage were cut , sparking outrage among critics and filmgoers . Although it was still popular , drawing huge crowds and grossing over $6,000,000 in its first release , A Star is Born did not make back its cost and ended up losing money . As a result , the secure financial position Garland had expected from the profits did not materialize . Transcona made no more films with Warner . Garland was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress and in the run - up to the 27th Academy Awards , was generally expected to win . She could not attend the ceremony because she had just given birth to her son , Joseph Luft , so a television crew was in her hospital room with cameras and wires to broadcast her anticipated acceptance speech . The Oscar was won , however , by Grace Kelly for The Country Girl ( 1954 ) . The camera crew was packing up before Kelly could even reach the stage . Groucho Marx sent her a telegram after the awards ceremony , declaring her loss `` the biggest robbery since Brinks . '' TIME labeled her performance as `` just about the greatest one - woman show in modern movie history '' . Garland won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical for the role . Garland 's films after A Star Is Born included Judgment at Nuremberg ( 1961 ) ( for which she was Oscar - and Golden Globe - nominated for Best Supporting Actress ) , the animated feature Gay Purr - ee ( 1962 ) , and A Child Is Waiting ( 1963 ) with Burt Lancaster . Her final film was I Could Go On Singing ( 1963 ) , co-starring Dirk Bogarde . Television , concerts , and Carnegie Hall ( edit ) Garland before a concert , circa 1957 Garland appeared in a number of television specials beginning in 1955 . The first was the 1955 debut episode of Ford Star Jubilee ; this was the first full - scale color broadcast ever on CBS and was a ratings triumph , scoring a 34.8 Nielsen rating . She signed a three - year , $300,000 contract with the network . Only one additional special was broadcast in 1956 , a live concert - edition of General Electric Theater , before the relationship between the Lufts and CBS broke down in a dispute over the planned format of upcoming specials . In 1956 , Garland performed for four weeks at the New Frontier Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip for a salary of $55,000 per week , making her the highest - paid entertainer to work in Las Vegas . Despite a brief bout of laryngitis , her performances there were so successful that her run was extended an extra week . Later that year , she returned to the Palace Theatre , site of her two - a-day triumph . She opened in September , once again to rave reviews and popular acclaim . In November 1959 , Garland was hospitalized after she was diagnosed with acute hepatitis . Over the next few weeks , several quarts of fluid were drained from her body until she was released from the hospital in January 1960 , still in a weak condition . She was told by doctors that she likely had five years or less to live and that , even if she did survive , she would be a semi-invalid and would never sing again . She initially felt `` greatly relieved '' at the diagnosis . `` The pressure was off me for the first time in my life . '' However , she recovered over the next several months , and in August of that year , returned to the stage of the Palladium . She felt so warmly embraced by the British that she announced her intention to move permanently to England . Her concert appearance at Carnegie Hall on April 23 , 1961 , was a considerable highlight , called by many `` the greatest night in show business history '' . The two - record album Judy at Carnegie Hall was certified gold , charting for 95 weeks on Billboard , including 13 weeks at number one . It won four Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year and Best Female Vocal of the Year , and has never been out of print . The Judy Garland show ( edit ) With Dean Martin and Frank Sinatra ( 1962 ) In 1961 , Garland and CBS settled their contract disputes with the help of her new agent , Freddie Fields , and negotiated a new round of specials . The first , entitled The Judy Garland Show , aired on February 25 , 1962 and featured guests Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin . Following this success , CBS made a $24 million offer to her for a weekly television series of her own , also to be called The Judy Garland Show , which was deemed at the time in the press to be `` the biggest talent deal in TV history '' . Although she had said as early as 1955 that she would never do a weekly television series , in the early 1960s , she was in a financially precarious situation . She was several hundred thousand dollars in debt to the Internal Revenue Service , having failed to pay taxes in 1951 and 1952 , and the failure of A Star is Born meant that she received nothing from that investment . A successful run on television was intended to secure her financial future . Following a third special , Judy Garland and Her Guests Phil Silvers and Robert Goulet , Garland 's weekly series debuted September 29 , 1963 . The Judy Garland Show was critically praised , but for a variety of reasons ( including being placed in the time slot opposite Bonanza on NBC ) , the show lasted only one season and was cancelled in 1964 after 26 episodes . Despite its short run , the series was nominated for four Emmy Awards , including Best Variety Series . The demise of the program was personally and financially devastating for Garland . Political views ( edit ) Garland was a lifelong , and relatively active , Democrat . She was a member of the Hollywood Democratic committee and a financial as well as moral supporter of various liberal causes during her lifetime -- including the Civil Rights movement . She donated money to the campaigns of Democrats Franklin D. Roosevelt , Henry Wallace , Adlai Stevenson , John F. Kennedy and Robert Kennedy . Final years ( edit ) Garland sued Luft for divorce in 1963 , claiming `` cruelty '' as the grounds . She also asserted that he had repeatedly struck her while he was drinking and that he had attempted to take their children from her by force . She had filed for divorce from Luft more than once previously , even as early as 1956 , but they had reconciled each time . Mickey Deans and Garland at their London wedding in March 1969 , three months before her death With the demise of her television series , Garland returned to the stage . Most notably , she performed at the London Palladium with her 18 - year - old daughter Liza Minnelli in November 1964 . The concert was also shown on the British television network ITV , and was one of her final appearances at the venue . She made guest appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show and The Tonight Show . Garland guest - hosted an episode of The Hollywood Palace with Vic Damone . She was invited back for a second episode in 1966 with Van Johnson as her guest . Problems with Garland 's behavior ended her Hollywood Palace guest appearances . A 1964 tour of Australia was largely disastrous . Garland 's first concert in Sydney was held in the Sydney Stadium because no concert hall could accommodate the crowds who wanted to see her . It went well and received positive reviews . Her second performance , in Melbourne , started an hour late . The crowd of 7,000 was angered by her tardiness and believed her to be drunk ; they booed and heckled her , and she fled the stage after 45 minutes . She later characterized the Melbourne crowd as `` brutish '' . A second concert in Sydney was uneventful , but the Melbourne appearance garnered her significant bad press . Some of that bad press was deflected by the announcement of a near fatal episode of pleurisy . Garland 's tour promoter Mark Herron announced that they had married aboard a freighter off the coast of Hong Kong . However , she was not legally divorced from Luft at the time the ceremony was performed . The divorce became final on May 19 , 1965 , and Herron and she did not legally marry until November 14 , 1965 ; they separated six months later . In February 1967 , Garland was cast as Helen Lawson in Valley of the Dolls for 20th Century Fox . During the filming , she missed rehearsals and was fired in April , replaced by Susan Hayward . Her recording of the song `` I 'll Plant My Own Tree '' survived , along with her stage clothes . Returning to the stage , Garland made her last appearances at New York 's Palace Theatre in July , a 27 - show stand , performing with her children Lorna and Joey Luft . She wore a sequined pantsuit on stage for this tour , which was part of the original wardrobe for her character in Valley of the Dolls . By early 1969 , Garland 's health had deteriorated . She performed in London at the Talk of the Town nightclub for a five - week run and made her last concert appearance in Copenhagen during March 1969 . She married her fifth and final husband , nightclub manager Mickey Deans , at Chelsea Register Office , London , on March 15 , 1969 , her divorce from Herron having been finalized on February 11 . Death ( edit ) On June 22 , 1969 , Deans found Garland dead in the bathroom of their rented mews house in Chelsea , London ; she was 47 years old . At the inquest , Coroner Gavin Thurston stated that the cause of death was `` an incautious self - overdosage '' of barbiturates ; her blood contained the equivalent of 10 1.5 - grain ( 97 mg ) Seconal capsules . Thurston stressed that the overdose had been unintentional and that no evidence suggested she had committed suicide . Garland 's autopsy showed no inflammation of her stomach lining and no drug residue in her stomach , which indicated that the drug had been ingested over a long period of time , rather than in one dose . Her death certificate stated that her death had been `` accidental '' . Supporting the accidental cause , her doctor noted that a prescription of 25 barbiturate pills was found by her bedside half - empty and another bottle of 100 was still unopened . A British specialist who had attended her autopsy said she had nevertheless been living on borrowed time owing to cirrhosis , although a later autopsy showed no evidence of alcoholism or cirrhosis . She died twelve days after her forty - seventh birthday . Her Wizard of Oz co-star Ray Bolger commented at her funeral , `` She just plain wore out . '' Forensic pathologist Dr. Michael Hunter believes that Garland had an eating disorder which contributed to her death . After her body had been embalmed by Desmond Henley , Deans took Garland 's remains to New York City on June 26 , where an estimated 20,000 people lined up to pay their respects at the Frank E. Campbell Funeral Chapel in Manhattan , which remained open all night long to accommodate the overflow crowd . On June 27 , James Mason gave a eulogy at the funeral , an Episcopal service led by the Rev. Peter A. Delaney of St Marylebone Parish Church , London , who had officiated at her marriage to Deans , three months prior . The public and press were barred . She was interred in a crypt in the community mausoleum at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale , New York , a small town 24 miles north of midtown Manhattan . At the request of her children , Garland 's remains were removed from Ferncliff Cemetery in January 2017 and relocated 2,800 miles away at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles . Legacy ( edit ) Mickey Rooney watching Garland put her handprint into concrete at Grauman 's Chinese Theatre , 1939 Star for recognition of film work at 1715 Vine Street on the Hollywood Walk of Fame : She has another for recording at 6764 Hollywood Boulevard . Garland has been called one of the greats of entertainment , and her reputation has endured . The American Film Institute named her eighth among the Greatest female stars of Golden Age Hollywood cinema . She has been the subject of over two dozen biographies since her death , including the well - received Me and My Shadows : A Family Memoir by her daughter , Lorna Luft , whose memoir was later adapted into the television miniseries Life with Judy Garland : Me and My Shadows , which won Emmy Awards for the two actresses portraying her ( Tammy Blanchard and Judy Davis ) . Garland was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997 . Several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . These include `` Over the Rainbow '' , which was ranked as the number one movie song of all time in the American Film Institute 's `` 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' list . Four more Garland songs are featured on the list : `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( No. 76 ) , `` Get Happy '' ( No. 61 ) , `` The Trolley Song '' ( No. 26 ) , and `` The Man That Got Away '' ( No. 11 ) . She has twice been honored on U.S. postage stamps , in 1989 ( as Dorothy ) and again in 2006 ( as Vicki Lester from A Star Is Born ) . Gay icon ( edit ) Main article : Judy Garland as gay icon Garland had a large fan base in the gay community and became a gay icon . Reasons given for her standing , especially among gay men , are the admiration of her ability as a performer , the way her personal struggles mirrored those of gay men in America during the height of her fame , and her value as a camp figure . In the 1960s , a reporter asked how she felt about having a large gay following . She replied , `` I could n't care less . I sing to people . '' Portrayals in fiction ( edit ) See also : List of Judy Garland biographies Garland has been portrayed on television by Andrea McArdle in Rainbow ( 1978 ) , Tammy Blanchard ( young Judy ) and Judy Davis ( older Judy ) in Life with Judy Garland : Me and My Shadows ( 2001 ) , and Sigrid Thornton in Peter Allen : Not The Boy Next Door ( 2015 ) . On stage , Garland is a character in the musical The Boy from Oz ( 1998 ) , portrayed by Chrissy Amphlett in the original Australian production and by Isabel Keating on Broadway in 2003 . End of the Rainbow ( 2005 ) featured Caroline O'Connor as Garland and Paul Goddard as Garland 's pianist . Adrienne Barbeau played Garland in The Property Known as Garland ( 2006 ) and The Judy Monologues ( 2010 ) initially featured male actors reciting Garland 's words before it was revamped as a one - woman show . See also ( edit ) Judy Garland discography List of recordings by Judy Garland List of Judy Garland performances List of awards and honors received by Judy Garland Biography portal Film portal Music portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Louis Bayard , `` Supernova '' , Washington Post , April 16 , 2000 , p . X9 Jump up ^ Scott Brogan . `` The Judy Room -- Easter Parade '' . Jump up ^ `` American Film Institute '' . Jump up ^ Petersen , Anne ( 2014 ) . Scandals of Classic Hollywood . New York , NY : Penguin . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 218067 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Mini Biographies of Scots and Scots Descendants -- Judy Garland '' . ElectricScotland.com . July 1951 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Gary Boyd ( December 17 , 2004 ) . `` # 77 Royal Descents , Notable Kin , and Printed Sources : An Assortment of Famous Actors '' . American Ancestors . New England Historic Genealogical Society . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schechter , Scott ( 2006 ) . Judy Garland : The Day - by - Day Chronicle of a Legend . Taylor Trade Publishing . p. 3 . ISBN 9781461635550 . June 19 , 1922 , 10 a.m. : Frances was baptized at the Episcopal Church by the rector , Robert Arthur Cowling , of Hibbing ^ Jump up to : Fricke , John . `` Judy Garland - A Brief Biography '' . Judygarland.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shipman 1992 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` Judy Garland '' . NNDB . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Finch 1975 , pp. 43 -- 47 , 76 . Jump up ^ `` Judy Garland , 47 , Found Dead '' . Jump up ^ `` Judy : Beyond the Rainbow '' . Biography . January 1 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Luft 1999 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Jessel , George . `` Pantages Premiere TV Special on disc 2 of A Star is Born DVD '' . Warner Home Video . Jump up ^ `` Episode 12 '' . The Judy Garland Show . Season 1 . Episode 12 . November 1 , 1963 . Jump up ^ `` Program of Comedy Due -- Eddie Conrad Will Head Ebell Vaudeville . '' Los Angeles Times . December 7 , 1934 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1975 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Nuptials Turn Trio to Duet -- Cupid Robs Radio Team -- Suzanne Garland Flies to Reno to Become Bride of Musician . '' Los Angeles Times . August 15 , 1935 . p . A3 . Jump up ^ `` Yiddish Musical Theater in the United States '' . Jewish Women 's Archive . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judy : Impressions of Garland '' . Omnibus. 1972 . Jump up ^ Wayne 2003 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Frank 1975 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1975 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ `` dOc DVD Review : Mickey Rooney & Judy Garland Collection ( Babes in Arms / Strike Up the Band / Babes on Broadway / Girl Crazy ) ( 1939 -- 1943 ) '' . Digitallyobsessed.com. April 1 , 2009 . Retrieved April 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Judy Garland : By Myself '' . American Masters . February 25 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Anne Helen ( 2014 ) . Scandals of Classic Hollywood . London : Penguin . pp. 162 -- 163 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 218067 - 9 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , pp. 135 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Patrick ( host ) . `` The Lion in Winter '' . MGM : When the Lion Roars . Jump up ^ Juneau 1974 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Finch 1975 , pp. 134 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1975 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , pp. 102 -- 03 . Jump up ^ `` How Judy Garland was forced to starve herself for the screen '' . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Juneau 1974 , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Anne ( 2014 ) . Scandals of Classic Hollywood . Plume . p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 218067 - 9 . Jump up ^ Frank 1975 , pp. 148 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Anne Helen . `` Judy Garland : Ugly Duckling . '' Scandals of Classic Hollywood . Penguin , 2014 . Print . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Frank 1975 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Leaming , Barbara . Orson Welles : A Biography . Jump up ^ Hopper , Hedda ( September 1954 ) . `` No More Tears for Judy '' . Woman 's Home Companion . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ `` Judy Garland Files Suit for Divorce '' . U.P. February 22 , 1952 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1975 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Frank 1975 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ `` Judy Garland -- Career Timeline American Masters '' . PBS . July 7 , 2004 . Retrieved April 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shipman 1992 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Gerald ( 2000 ) . Get Happy : The Life of Judy Garland . Random House . p. 240 . Jump up ^ `` Judy Garland 's Legacy '' . CBS . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Judy Garland among long list of creative figures given ECT '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fricke , John ( 2011 ) . Judy : A Legendary Film Career . Running Press . p. 286 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Frank 1975 , p. 271 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Shana ( June 2 , 1961 ) . `` Judy 's New Rainbow '' . Life . Jump up ^ Hyams , Joe ( January 1957 ) . `` Crack - Up '' . Photoplay . Jump up ^ `` Judy Garland , M.G.M. Studio Call It Quits '' . The San Bernardino Sun . 57 ( 26 ) . San Bernardino , California : The Sun Company of San Bernardino California . September 30 , 1950 . p. 1 . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Bing Crosby Rediscovered '' . American Masters . Season 28 . December 26 , 2014 . Event occurs at 30 : 00 minutes in . PBS . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Frank 1975 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Radano , Ronald M. , editor , Music and the Racial Imagination , Univ. of Chicago Press ( 2000 ) p. 135 Jump up ^ `` British Give Judy Garland Big Ovation '' . Associated Press . April 10 , 1951 . Jump up ^ MacPherson , Virginia ( April 10 , 1951 ) . `` Judy Garland in Comeback with Palladium Contract '' . U.P. Jump up ^ Garver , Jack ( February 24 , 1952 ) . `` Judy Garland Ends Triumphant Vaudeville Run '' . UPI . Jump up ^ `` Judy Garland '' . American Theatre Wing . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Juneau 1974 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Garver , Jack ( June 12 , 1952 ) . `` Judy Garland Married With Simple Ceremony '' . U.P. Jump up ^ Edwards 1975 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Juneau 1974 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ `` Judy Garland '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2008 . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Garland , Judy ; Bogarde , Dirk ; Klugman , Jack ; MacMahon , Aline ( 1963 - 10 - 11 ) , I Could Go on Singing , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 Jump up ^ Sanders 1990 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Judy Garland -- About Judy Garland American Masters '' . PBS . July 7 , 2004 . Retrieved April 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Frank 1975 , pp. 420 -- 21 . Jump up ^ `` Judy Reigns in Palace as Queen of New York '' . UPI . October 31 , 1952 . Jump up ^ `` Judy Garland Said To Have Hepatitis '' . UPI . November 26 , 1959 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 347 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( May 28 , 2006 ) . `` Rufus Over The Rainbow '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards for Judy at Carnegie Hall '' . The Recording Academy . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://letterboxd.com/film/judy-frank-dean-once-in-a-lifetime/ Jump up ^ Sanders 1990 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Louella ( September 23 , 1955 ) . `` TV Spectacular Gives New Rainbow to Judy '' . The Daily Review . Jump up ^ Edwards 1975 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Sanders 1990 , p. 391 . Jump up ^ Sanders 1990 , pp. 108 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Richard Warren ( December 7 , 1963 ) . `` The TV Troubles of Judy Garland '' . The Saturday Evening Post . Jump up ^ `` The Judy Garland Show '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=ShcCbLFdwpoC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=Judy+Garland+Hollywood+Democratic+committee&source=bl&ots=O9o98DHZuL&sig=ggSd5tZO3m2F9PCfUZftef9w0No&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb9ZHeu5vVAhUKcz4KHfmcAhgQ6AEINjAE#v=onepage&q=Judy%20Garland%20Hollywood%20Democratic%20committee&f=false Jump up ^ http://wcftr.commarts.wisc.edu/exhibits/hollywood-democratic-committee/election-campaigns Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz6vYqLoJGgC&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=Judy+Garland+Hollywood+Democratic+committee&source=bl&ots=VLPWlTUFqZ&sig=3n8LD-2k_H1My4h5fuXdAU1QE3w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbvsC8vJvVAhVJ4YMKHfodAIQ4ChDoAQgoMAE#v=onepage&q=Judy%20Garland%20Hollywood%20Democratic%20committee&f=false Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzcZXEAyzB8C&pg=PA232&lpg=PA232&dq=Judy+Garland+Hollywood+Democratic+committee&source=bl&ots=um_qc4sZWe&sig=hfvX-_oUCpofCocUZ11ETRqs_kI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbvsC8vJvVAhVJ4YMKHfodAIQ4ChDoAQgrMAI#v=onepage&q=Judy%20Garland%20Hollywood%20Democratic%20committee&f=false ^ Jump up to : `` Judy Wins Divorce From Sid Luft '' . Wisconsin State Journal . May 20 , 1965 . Jump up ^ Irwin , Elson ( November 17 , 1968 ) . `` Judy Garland : Femme Fatale '' . Stars and Stripes . Jump up ^ DiOrio , Jr. 1973 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1975 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Garland , Judy ( August 1967 ) . `` The Plot Against Judy Garland '' . Ladies ' Home Journal . Jump up ^ `` Judy Garland Locks Self in Hotel Room '' . Stars and Stripes . UPI . May 24 , 1964 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1975 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Frank 1975 , p. 556 . Jump up ^ Seaman 1996 , pp. 292 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Seaman 1996 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ Shipman 1992 , p. 494 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 412 . Jump up ^ DiOrio , Jr. 1973 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Steiger 1969 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1975 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2001 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ `` Judy Garland The Live Performances . The End of the Rainbow '' . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2008 . Retrieved February 1 , 2008 . citing United Press International article `` Judy Took Too Many Pills '' and containing a copy of Garland 's death certificate . Jump up ^ Schulberg , Bud ( July 11 , 1969 ) . `` A Farewell to Judy '' . Life . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Times Wire Services ( June 24 , 1969 ) . `` Judy Garland Believed Killed by Overdose '' . St. Petersburg Times . Jump up ^ Fricke , John ( 2011 ) . Judy : A Legendary Film Career . Running Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7624 - 4368 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Singers : End of the Rainbow '' . TIME . July 4 , 1969 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Autopsy : The Last Hours of Judy Garland . '' Autopsy . Nar . Eric Meyers . Exec . Prod . Ed Taylor and Michael Kelpie . Reelz , 8 Jul. 2017 . Television . Jump up ^ `` In memoriam Desmond C. Henley '' . Christopher Henley Limited . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of the Rainbow '' . TIME . July 4 , 1969 . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Van Gelder , Lawrence ( June 28 , 1969 ) . `` Judy Garland 's Funeral Draws Her Colleagues '' . The New York Times : Books . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrities & Notables Interred at Ferncliff '' . Ferncliff Cemetery . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ; Mizoguchi , Karen ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Judy Garland 's Remains Moved From New York Burial Place to L.A. 's Hollywood Forever Cemetery '' . People . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whiteley , Chris . `` Judy Garland ( 1922 -- 1969 ) '' . Hollywood 's Golden Age . Hollywood 's Golden Age . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` STOP WHAT YOU 'RE DOING RIGHT NOW AND WATCH JUDY GARLAND SING HER HEART OUT FOR THE LATE JFK '' . Dangerous Minds . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carlington , Taylor . `` Women 's History Month Spotlight : Judy Garland '' . RYSE . RYSE Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Stars '' . American Film Institute . June 16 , 1999 . Retrieved June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` Subdued Patriotism Replaces Glitter as Television Finally Presents Its Emmys '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lifetime Achievement Award '' . The Recording Academy . Retrieved December 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Hall of Fame Award '' . The Recording Academy . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved December 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' . American Film Institute . June 22 , 2004 . Retrieved December 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kronish , Syd ( April 8 , 1990 ) . `` Hollywood Film Legends Preserved on Latest Issue '' . The Sunday Capital . Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ `` The 2006 Commemorative Stamp Program '' ( Press release ) . United States Postal Service . November 30 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2008 . Retrieved December 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Haggerty , George E. Gay Histories and Cultures . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1880 - 4 . Jump up ^ Murray , Raymond ( 1996 ) . Images in the Dark : An Encyclopedia of Gay and Lesbian Film and Video . TLA Video Management . Jump up ^ `` Judy Garland Biography '' . Active Musician . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2010 . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . During a press conference in San Francisco in the 1960s , a reporter asked Garland if she was aware of her loyal gay following . ' I could n't care less , ' she said . ' I sing to people . ' Jump up ^ United Press International ( November 4 , 1978 ) . `` Star of ' Annie ' plays Garland in TV version of fantasy life '' . The Gazette. 201 : 52 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Life with Judy Garland : Me and My Shadows ( 2001 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the who 's who of Channel 7 's telemovie , Peter Allen : Not The Boy Next Door '' . Courier Mail . Courier Mail . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Allen , David ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Chrissy Amphlett -- Our Most Infamous Leading Lady '' . AussieTheatre.com . Erin James , Matt Edwards . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( May 21 , 2004 ) . `` DIVA TALK : A Chat With a Gal From Oz , Isabel Keating Plus `` American Idol '' Thoughts `` . Playbill . Playbill Inc . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hallett , Bryce ( August 5 , 2005 ) . `` Garland 's last days come alive '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Blankenship , Mark ( March 23 , 2006 ) . `` Review : ' The Property Known as Garland ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Smith , Gary ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Stories of strong women on the fringe '' . TheSpec.com . Metroland Media Group Ltd . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . References ( edit ) Clarke , Gerald ( 2001 ) . Get Happy : The Life of Judy Garland . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50378 - 1 . DiOrio , Jr. , Al ( 1973 ) . Little Girl Lost : The Life and Hard Times of Judy Garland . New York : Manor Books . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50378 - 1 . Edwards , Anne ( 1975 ) . Judy Garland . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 80228 - 3 . Finch , Christopher ( 1975 ) . Rainbow : The Stormy Life of Judy Garland . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 25173 - 3 . Frank , Gerold ( 1975 ) . Judy . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 011337 - 5 . Juneau , James ( 1974 ) . Judy Garland : A Pyramid Illustrated History of the Movies . New York : Pyramid Publications . ISBN 0 - 515 - 03482 - 7 . Luft , Lorna ( 1999 ) . Me and My Shadows : A Family Memoir . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 283 - 06320 - 3 . Petersen , Anne Helen ( 2004 ) . Judy Garland : Ugly Duckling . Penguin . Sanders , Coyne Steven ( 1990 ) . Rainbow 's End : The Judy Garland Show . New York : Zebra Books . ISBN 0 - 8217 - 3708 - 2 . Seaman , Barbara ( 1996 ) . Lovely Me : The Life of Jacqueline Susann . New York : Seven Stories Press . ISBN 0 - 9658770 - 6 - X . Shipman , David ( 1992 ) . Judy Garland : The Secret Life of an American Legend . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8026 - 0 . Steiger , Brad ( 1969 ) . Judy Garland . New York : Ace Books . Wayne , Jane Ellen ( 2003 ) . The Golden Girls of MGM . New York : Carroll & Graf Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1303 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutJudy Garlandat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Judy Garland at Encyclopædia Britannica Judy Garland on IMDb Judy Garland at AllMovie Judy Garland at the TCM Movie Database Judy Garland at the Internet Broadway Database Judy Garland at TV Guide The Judy Garland Birthplace and Museum in Grand Rapids , MN Judy Garland : By Myself -- American Masters special Judy Garland at The Biography Channel Judy Garland Studio albums Miss Show Business Judy Alone Judy in Love The Letter That 's Entertainment ! 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Judy ! : Live from the London Palladium Related Liza Minnelli The Judy Monologues ( 2010 play ) Awards for Judy Garland Awards and achievements Preceded by Ella Fitzgerald for Ella in Berlin : Mack the Knife Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance 1962 for Judy at Carnegie Hall Succeeded by Ella Fitzgerald for Ella Swings Brightly with Nelson Preceded by Dave Brubeck , Marvin Gaye , Georg Solti , Stevie Wonder Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award Succeeded by Bo Diddley , Mills Brothers , Roy Orbison , Paul Robeson Academy Honorary Award 1928 -- 1950 Warner Bros. / Charlie Chaplin ( 1928 ) Walt Disney ( 1932 ) Shirley Temple ( 1934 ) D.W. Griffith ( 1935 ) The March of Time / W. Howard Greene and Harold Rosson ( 1936 ) Edgar Bergen / W. Howard Greene / Museum of Modern Art Film Library / Mack Sennett ( 1937 ) J. 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Peter Lawford Joey Bishop Humphrey Bogart Associates Shirley MacLaine Lauren Bacall Angie Dickinson Marilyn Monroe Judy Garland Norman Fell Films Some Came Running Ocean 's 11 Sergeants 3 4 for Texas Robin and the 7 Hoods Marriage on the Rocks Texas Across the River Albums Christmas with the Rat Pack The Ultimate Rat Pack Collection : Live & Swingin ' Related articles The Rat Pack ( film ) The Rat Pack : Live from Las Vegas Book : Rat Pack VIAF : 49233610 LCCN : n50015080 ISNI : 0000 0003 6851 668X GND : 11853761X SELIBR : 271878 SUDOC : 027574830 BNF : cb11958571q ( data ) BIBSYS : 90129948 MusicBrainz : b9348d59 - b91b - 423f - 847b - 8db155a0653b NLA : 35575228 NDL : 00620710 NKC : xx0031685 BNE : XX895000 IATH : w6057ws8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judy_Garland&oldid=815931075 '' Categories : Judy Garland 1922 births 1969 deaths American child actresses American child singers American contraltos American female singers American film actresses American radio personalities American television actresses American voice actresses American tap dancers Torch singers Vaudeville performers Academy Juvenile Award winners Grammy Award winners Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe ( film ) winners Cecil B. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the dorothy in the wizard of oz | [
"Garland began performing in vaudeville with her two older sisters and was signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager. She made more than two dozen films with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, including nine with Mickey Rooney. Among several well-remembered film appearances, Garland's most famous role was as Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz (1939). Some of her other notable films at MGM include Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), The Harvey Girls (1946), Easter Parade (1948) and Summer Stock (1950). After 15 years, she was released from her contract with the studio and made record-breaking concert appearances, had a successful recording career, and her own Emmy-nominated television series. Her film appearances became fewer in the later years of her career, but included two Academy Award-nominated performances in A Star Is Born (1954) and Judgment at Nuremberg (1961)."
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212218878621773665 | Avignon Papacy | Avignon papacy - wikipedia Avignon papacy Jump to : navigation , search Map of the city of Rome , showing an allegorical figure of Rome as a widow in black mourning the Avignon Papacy The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon ( then in the Kingdom of Arles , part of the Holy Roman Empire , now in France ) rather than in Rome . The situation arose from the conflict between the papacy and the French crown , culminating with Philip IV of France 's killing of Pope Boniface VIII , and after the death of Pope Benedict XI , forcing a deadlocked conclave to elect the French Clement V , as Pope in 1305 . Clement V declined to move to Rome , remaining in France , and in 1309 , he moved his court to the papal enclave at Avignon , where it remained for the next 67 years . The absence from Rome is sometimes referred to as the `` Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy '' . A total of seven popes reigned at Avignon ; all were French , and they increasingly fell under the influence of the French Crown . On September 13 , 1376 , Gregory XI abandoned Avignon and moved his court to Rome ( arriving on January 17 , 1377 ) , ending the Avignon Papacy . Despite this return , following Gregory 's death on March 27 , 1378 , the breakdown in relations between the cardinals and Gregory 's successor , Urban VI , gave rise to the Western Schism . This started a second line of Avignon popes , regarded as illegitimate and known as antipopes . The second and final Avignon antipope , Benedict XIII , lost most of his support in 1398 , including that of France ; following five years of siege by the French , he fled to Perpignan on March 11 , 1403 . The schism ended in 1417 at the Council of Constance , after two popes had reigned in opposition to the papacy in Rome . Contents ( hide ) 1 Avignon popes 2 Background 2.1 Temporal role of the Roman Church 2.2 Centralization of Church administration 2.3 A political Church 3 Papacy in the 14th century 3.1 Curia 3.2 Cooperation 3.3 Submission 3.4 Schism 4 History 5 Effects on the papacy 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Avignon popes ( edit ) The Papal palace in Avignon , France Among the popes who resided in Avignon , subsequent Catholic historiography grants legitimacy to these : Pope Clement V : 1305 -- 1314 ( curia moved to Avignon March 9 , 1309 ) Pope John XXII : 1316 -- 1334 Pope Benedict XII : 1334 -- 1342 Pope Clement VI : 1342 -- 1352 Pope Innocent VI : 1352 -- 1362 Pope Urban V : 1362 -- 1370 ( in Rome 1367 - 1370 ; returned to Avignon 1370 ) Pope Gregory XI : 1370 -- 1378 ( left Avignon to return to Rome on September 13 , 1376 ) The two Avignon - based antipopes were : Clement VII : 1378 -- 1394 Benedict XIII : 1394 -- 1423 ( expelled from Avignon in 1403 ) Benedict XIII was succeeded by three antipopes , who had little or no public following , and were not resident at Avignon : Clement VIII : 1423 -- 1429 ( recognized in the Crown of Aragon ; abdicated ) Benedict XIV ( Bernard Garnier ) : 1424 -- 1429 or 1430 Benedict XIV ( Jean Carrier ) : 1430 ? -- 1437 The period from 1378 to 1417 , when there were rival claimants to the title of pope , is referred to as the `` Western Schism '' or `` the great controversy of the antipopes '' by some Roman Catholic scholars and `` the second great schism '' by many secular and Protestant historians . Parties within the Roman Church were divided in their allegiance among the various claimants to the office of pope . The Council of Constance finally resolved the controversy in 1417 when the election of Pope Martin V was accepted by all . Avignon and the small enclave to the east ( Comtat Venaissin ) remained part of the Papal States until 1791 , when , under pressure from French revolutionaries , they were absorbed by the short - lived revolutionary Kingdom of France ( 1791 -- 92 ) , which , in turn , was abolished in favor of the French First Republic the following year . Background ( edit ) Temporal role of the Roman Church ( edit ) The papacy in the Late Middle Ages played a major temporal role in addition to its spiritual role . The conflict between the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor was fundamentally a dispute over which of them was the leader of Christendom in secular matters . In the early 14th century , the papacy was well past the prime of its secular rule -- its importance had peaked in the 12th and 13th centuries . The success of the early Crusades added greatly to the prestige of the Popes as secular leaders of Christendom , with monarchs like those of England , France , and even the Holy Roman Emperor merely acting as marshals for the popes and leading `` their '' armies . One exception was Frederick II , Holy Roman Emperor , who was twice excommunicated by the Pope during a Crusade . Frederick II ignored this and was moderately successful in the Holy Land . This state of affairs culminated in the unbridled declaration of papal supremacy , Unam sanctam , in November 1302 . In that papal bull , Pope Boniface VIII decreed that `` it is necessary to salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman pontiff . '' This was directed primarily to King Phillip IV of France who responded by saying , `` Your venerable conceitedness may know that we are nobody 's vassal in temporal matters . '' In 1303 AD , Pope Boniface VIII followed up with a bull that would excommunicate the king of France and put the interdict over France , and depose the entire clergy of France . Before this was finalized , Italian allies of the King of France broke into the papal residence and beat Pope Boniface VIII . He died shortly thereafter . Nicholas Boccasini was elected as his successor and took the name Pope Benedict XI . He absolved King Phillip IV and his subjects of their actions against Pope Boniface VIII ; though the culprits who assaulted Boniface were excommunicated and ordered to appear before a pontifical tribunal . However , Benedict XI died within eight months of being elected to the papacy . After eleven months , Bertrand de Got , a French man and a personal friend of King Phillip IV , was elected as pope and took the name Pope Clement V . Beginning with Clement V , elected 1305 , all popes during the Avignon papacy were French . However , this makes French influence seem greater than it was . Southern France at that time had a culture quite independent from Northern France , where most of the advisers to the King of France were based . The Kingdom of Arles was still independent at that time , formally a part of the Holy Roman Empire . The literature produced by the troubadours in the Languedoc is unique and strongly distinct from that of Royal circles in the north . Even in terms of religion , the South produced its own variety of Christianity , Catharism , which was ultimately declared heretical . The movement was fueled in no small part by the strong sense of independence in the South even though the region had been severely weakened during the Albigensian Crusade a hundred years before . By the time of the Avignon Papacy , the power of the French King in this region was uncontested , although still not legally binding . A stronger impact was made by the move of the Roman Curia from Rome to Poitiers in France in 1305 , and then to Avignon in 1309 . Following the impasse during the previous conclave , and to escape from the infighting of the powerful Roman families that had produced earlier Popes , such as the Colonna and Orsini families , the Roman Church looked for a safer place and found it in Avignon , which was surrounded by the lands of the papal fief of Comtat Venaissin . Formally it was part of Arles , but in reality it was under the influence of the French king . During its time in Avignon , the papacy adopted many features of the Royal court : the life - style of its cardinals was more reminiscent of princes than clerics ; more and more French cardinals , often relatives of the ruling pope , took key positions ; and the proximity of French troops was a constant reminder of where secular power lay , with the memory of Pope Boniface VIII still fresh . Centralization of Church administration ( edit ) The coat of arms of Benedict XIII displayed the papal tiara and cross . During this period , papal heraldry varied greatly and the crossed keys had not yet fully developed as a symbol of the papacy . The temporal role of the Catholic Church increased the pressure upon the papal court to emulate the governmental practices and procedures of secular courts . The Catholic Church successfully reorganised and centralized its administration under Clement V and John XXII . The papacy now directly controlled the appointments of benefices , abandoning the customary election process that traditionally allotted this considerable income . Many other forms of payment brought riches to the Holy See and its cardinals : tithes , a ten - percent tax on church property ; annates , the income of the first year after filling a position such as a bishopric ; special taxes for crusades that never took place ; and many forms of dispensation , from the entering of benefices without basic qualifications like literacy for newly appointed priests to the request of a converted Jew to visit his unconverted parents . Popes such as John XXII , Benedict XII , and Clement VI reportedly spent fortunes on expensive wardrobes , and silver and gold plates were used at banquets . Overall the public life of leading church members began to resemble the lives of princes rather than members of the clergy . This splendor and corruption at the head of the Church found its way to the lower ranks : when a bishop had to pay up to a year 's income for gaining a benefice , he sought ways of raising this money from his new office . This was taken to extremes by the pardoners who sold absolutions for all kinds of sins to the poor . While pardoners were hated but needed to redeem one 's soul , the friars who failed to follow the Church 's moral commandments by failing their vows of chastity and poverty were despised . This sentiment strengthened movements calling for a return to absolute poverty , relinquishment of all personal and ecclesiastical belongings , and preaching as the Lord and his disciples had . A political Church ( edit ) For the Catholic Church , an institution embedded in the secular structure and its focus on property , this was a dangerous development , and beginning in the early 14th century most of these movements were declared heretical . These included the Fraticelli and Waldensian movements in Italy and the Hussites in Bohemia ( inspired by John Wycliffe in England ) . Furthermore , the display of wealth by the upper ranks of the church , which contrasted with the common expectation of poverty and strict adherence to principles , was used by enemies of the papacy to raise charges against the popes ; King Philippe of France employed this strategy , as did Louis IV , Holy Roman Emperor . In his conflict with the latter , Pope John XXII excommunicated two leading philosophers , Marsilius of Padua and William of Ockham , who were outspoken critics of the papacy , and who had found refuge with Louis IV in Munich . In response , William charged the pope with seventy errors and seven heresies . The proceedings against the Knights Templar in the Council of Vienne are representative of this time , reflecting the various powers and their relationships . In 1314 the collegium at Vienne convened to make a ruling concerning the Templars . The council , overall unconvinced about the guilt of the order as a whole , was unlikely to condemn the entire order based on the scarce evidence brought forward . Exerting massive pressure in order to gain part of the substantial funds of the Order , the King managed to get the ruling he wanted , and Pope Clement V ordered by decree the suppression of the order . In the cathedral of Saint Maurice in Vienne , the King of France and his son , the King of Navarre , were sitting next to him when he issued the decree . Under pain of excommunication , no one was allowed to speak at that occasion except when asked by the Pope . The Templars who appeared in Vienne to defend their order were not allowed to present their case -- the cardinals of the collegium originally ruled that they should be allowed to raise a defense , but the arrival of the King of France in Vienne put pressure on the collegium , and that decision was revoked . Papacy in the 14th century ( edit ) Curia ( edit ) After the arrest of the Bishop of Pamiers by Philip IV of France in 1301 , Pope Boniface VIII issued the bull Salvator Mundi , retracting all privileges granted to the French king by previous popes , and a few weeks later Ausculta fili with charges against the king , summoning him before a council to Rome . In a bold assertion of papal sovereignty , Boniface declared that `` God has placed us over the Kings and Kingdoms . '' In response , Philippe wrote `` Your venerable conceitedness may know , that we are nobody 's vassal in temporal matters , '' and called for a meeting of the Estates General , a council of the lords of France , who had supported his position . The King of France issued charges of sodomy , simony , sorcery , and heresy against the pope and summoned him before the council . The pope 's response was the strongest affirmation to date of papal sovereignty . In Unam Sanctam ( November 18 , 1302 ) , he decreed that `` it is necessary to salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman pontiff . '' He was preparing a bull that would excommunicate the King of France and put the interdict over France , and to depose the entire clergy of France , when in September 1303 , William Nogaret , the strongest critic of the papacy in the French inner circle , led a delegation to Rome , with intentionally loose orders by the king to bring the pope , if necessary by force , before a council to rule on the charges brought against him . Nogaret coordinated with the cardinals of the Colonna family , long - standing rivals against whom the pope had even preached a crusade earlier in his papacy . In 1303 French and Italian troops attacked the pope in Anagni , his home town , and arrested him . He was freed three days later by the population of Anagni . However , Boniface VIII , then 68 years of age , was deeply shattered by this attack on his own person and died a few weeks later . Cooperation ( edit ) Clement V in a later engraving The death of Pope Boniface VIII deprived the papacy of its most able politician who could stand against the secular power of the king of France . After the conciliatory papacy of Benedict XI ( 1303 -- 04 ) , Pope Clement V ( 1305 -- 1314 ) became the next pontiff . He was born in Gascony , in southern France , but was not directly connected to the French court . He owed his election to the French clerics . He decided against moving to Rome and established his court in Avignon . In this situation of dependency on powerful neighbors in France , three principles characterized the politics of Clement V : the suppression of heretic movements ( such as the Cathars in southern France ) ; the reorganization of the internal administration of the church ; and the preservation of an untainted image of the church as the sole instrument of God 's will on earth . The latter was directly challenged by Philippe IV when he demanded a posthumous trial of his former adversary , the late Boniface VIII , for alleged heresy . Phillipe exerted strong influence on the cardinals of the collegium , and compliance with his demand could mean a severe blow to the church 's authority . Much of Clement 's politics was designed to avoid such a blow , which he finally did ( persuading Phillipe to leave the trial to the Council of Vienne , where it lapsed ) . However , the price was concessions on various fronts ; despite strong personal doubts , Clement supported Phillipe 's proceedings against the Templars , and he personally ruled to suppress the order . John XXII One important issue during the papacy of Pope John XXII ( born Jacques Duèze in Cahors , and previously archbishop in Avignon ) was his conflict with Louis IV , Holy Roman Emperor , who denied the sole authority of the Pope to crown the Emperor . Louis followed the example of Philippe IV , and summoned the nobles of Germany to back his position . Marsilius of Padua justified secular supremacy in the territory of the Holy Roman Empire . This conflict with the Emperor , often fought out in expensive wars , drove the papacy even more into the arms of the French king . Benedict XII Pope Benedict XII ( 1334 -- 1342 ) , born Jaques Fournier in Pamiers , was previously active in the inquisition against the Cathar movement . In contrast to the rather bloody picture of the Inquisition in general , he was reported to be very careful about the souls of the examined , taking a lot of time in the proceedings . His interest in pacifying southern France was also motivation for mediating between the King of France and the King of England , before the outbreak of the Hundred Years ' War . Submission ( edit ) Under Pope Clement VI ( 1342 -- 1352 ) the French interests started dominating the papacy . Clement VI had been Archbishop of Rouen and adviser to Philippe IV before , so his links to the French court were much stronger than those of his predecessors . At some point he even financed French war efforts out of his own pockets . He reportedly loved luxurious wardrobe and under his rule the extravagant life style in Avignon reached new heights . Clement VI was also pope during the Black Death , the epidemic that swept through Europe between 1347 -- 1350 and is believed to have killed about one - third of Europe 's population . Also during his reign , in 1348 , the Avignon papacy bought the city of Avignon from the Angevins . Clement VI Pope Innocent VI ( 1352 -- 1362 ) , born Etienne Aubert , was less partisan than Clement VI . He was keen on establishing peace between France and England , having worked to this end in papal delegations in 1345 and 1348 . His gaunt appearance and austere manners commanded higher respect in the eyes of nobles at both sides of the conflict . However , he was also indecisive and impressionable , already an old man when being elected Pope . In this situation , the King of France managed to influence the papacy , although papal legates played key roles in various attempts to stop the conflict . Most notably in 1353 the Bishop of Porto , Guy de Boulogne , tried to set up a conference . After initial successful talks the effort failed , largely due to the mistrust from English side over Guy 's strong ties with the French court . In a letter Innocent VI himself wrote to the Duke of Lancaster : `` Although we were born in France and although for that and other reasons we hold the realm of France in special affection , yet in working for peace we have put aside our private prejudices and tried to serve the interests of everyone '' . With Pope Urban V ( 1362 -- 1370 ) , the control by Charles V of France of the papacy became more direct . Urban V himself is described as the most austere of the Avignon popes after Benedict XII and probably the most spiritual of all . However , he was not a strategist and made substantial concessions to the French crown especially in finances , a crucial issue during the war with England . In 1369 Pope Urban V supported the marriage of Philip the Bold of the Duchy of Burgundy and Margaret III , Countess of Flanders , rather than giving dispensation to one of Edward III of England 's sons to marry Margaret . This clearly showed the partisanship of the papacy ; correspondingly , the respect for the church dropped . Schism ( edit ) Main article : War of the Eight Saints Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome in 1376 and ended the Avignon Papacy . The most influential decision in the reign of Pope Gregory XI ( 1370 -- 1378 ) was the return to Rome , beginning on 13 September 1376 and ending with his arrival on 17 January 1377 . Although the Pope was French born and still under strong influence by the French King , the increasing conflict between factions friendly and hostile to the Pope posed a threat to the papal lands and to the allegiance of Rome itself . When the papacy established an embargo against grain exports during a food scarcity 1374 and 1375 , Florence organized several cities into a league against the papacy : Milan , Bologna , Perugia , Pisa , Lucca and Genoa . The papal legate , Robert of Geneva , a relative of the House of Savoy , pursued a particularly ruthless policy against the league to re-establish control over these cities . He convinced Pope Gregory to hire Breton mercenaries . To quell an uprising of the inhabitants of Cesena he hired John Hawkwood and had the majority of the people massacred ( between 2,500 and 3,500 people were reported dead ) . Following such events opposition against the papacy strengthened . Florence came in open conflict with the Pope , a conflict called `` the war of the eight saints '' in reference to the eight Florentine councilors who were chosen to orchestrate the conflict . The entire city of Florence was excommunicated and as reply the export of clerical taxes was stopped . The trade was seriously hampered and both sides had to find a solution . In his decision about returning to Rome , the Pope was also under the influence of Catherine of Siena , later canonized , who preached for a return to Rome . This resolution was short - lived , however , when , having returned the papal court to Rome , Pope Gregory XI died . A conclave met and elected an Italian pope , Urban VI . Pope Urban alienated the French cardinals , who held a second conclave electing one of their own , Robert of Geneva , who took the name Clement VII , to succeed Gregory XI , thus founding a second line of Avignon popes . Clement VII , along with his successors are not regarded as legitimate , and are referred to as antipopes by the Catholic Church . This situation , known as the Western Schism , persisted from 1378 until the ecumenical Council of Constance ( 1414 -- 1418 ) resolved the question of papal succession and declared the French conclave of 1378 to be invalid . A new Pope , Pope Martin V , was elected in 1417 ; other claimants to succeed to the line of the Avignon Popes ( though not resident at Avignon ) continued until c. 1437 . History ( edit ) The period has been called the `` Babylonian captivity '' of the popes . When and where this term originated is uncertain although it may have sprung from Petrarch , who in a letter to a friend ( 1340 -- 1353 ) written during his stay at Avignon , described Avignon of that time as the `` Babylon of the west , '' referring to the worldly practices of the church hierarchy . The nickname is polemical , in referring to the claim by critics that the prosperity of the church at that time was accompanied by a profound compromise of the papacy 's spiritual integrity , especially in the alleged subordination of the powers of the Church to the ambitions of the French kings . As noted , the `` captivity '' of the popes at Avignon lasted about the same amount of time as the exile of the Jews in Babylon , making the analogy convenient and rhetorically potent . The Avignon papacy has been and is often today depicted as being totally dependent on the French kings , and sometimes as even being treacherous to its spiritual role and its heritage in Rome . Almost a century and a half later , Protestant reformer Martin Luther wrote his treatise On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church ( 1520 ) , but he claimed it had nothing to do with the Western Schism or papacy in Avignon . Effects on the papacy ( edit ) The relationship between the papacy and France changed drastically over the course of the 14th century . Starting with open conflict between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV of France , it turned to cooperation from 1305 to 1342 , and finally to a papacy under strong influence by the French throne up to 1378 . Such partisanship of the papacy was one of the reasons for the dropping esteem for the institution , which in turn was one of the reasons for the schism from 1378 -- 1417 . In the period of the Schism , the power struggle in the papacy became a battlefield of the major powers , with France supporting the Pope in Avignon and England supporting the Pope in Rome . At the end of the century , still in the state of schism , the papacy had lost most of its direct political power , and the nation states of France and England were established as two of the main powers in Europe . See also ( edit ) Anglicanism Châteauneuf - du - Pape Gallicanism Lollardy Medieval Restorationism References ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ The Avignon Papacy , P.N.R. Zutshi , The New Cambridge Medieval History : c. 1300 - c. 1415 , Vol . VI , Ed . Michael Jones , ( Cambridge University Press , 2000 ) , 653 . Jump up ^ Adrian Hastings , Alistair Mason and Hugh S. Pyper , The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought , ( Oxford University Press , 2000 ) , 227 . Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopaedia entry para 7 Jump up ^ Joseph F. Kelly , The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church : A History , ( Liturgical Press , 2009 ) , 104 . Jump up ^ Eamon Duffy , Saints & Sinners : A History of the Popes , ( Yale University Press , 1997 ) , 165 . Jump up ^ The History of the Council of Constance , page 403 , Stephen Whatley , Jacques Lenfant , published by A. Bettesworth , 1730 . Jump up ^ P.M. Jones , Reform and Revolution in France : The Politics of Transition , 1774 - 1791 , ( Cambridge University Press , 1995 ) , 13 . Jump up ^ Avignon Papacy , Thomas M. Izbicki , Medieval France : An Encyclopedia , ed . William Kibler , ( Routledge , 1995 ) , 89 . Jump up ^ Joëlle Rollo - Koster , Raiding Saint Peter : Empty Sees , Violence , and the Initiation of the Great Western Schism ( 1378 ) , ( Brill , 2008 ) , 182 . Jump up ^ Margaret Harvey , The English in Rome , 1362 -- 1420 : Portrait of an Expatriate Community , ( Cambridge University Press , 2004 ) , 3 . Jump up ^ `` Medieval Sourcebook : Petrarch : Letter Criticizing the Avignon Papacy '' . Fordham.edu . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 10 . Further reading ( edit ) Ladurie , E. le Roi . `` Montaillou , Catholics and Cathars in a French Village , 1294 -- 1324 '' , trans . B. Bray , 1978 . Also published as `` Montaillou : The Promised Land of Error '' . Read , P.P. , `` The Templars '' , Phoenix Press . Chapter 17 , `` The Temple Destroyed '' Renouard , Yves . `` Avignon Papacy '' Rollo - Koster , Joelle. 2015 . Avignon and its papacy , 1309 - 1417 . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . Sumption , J. , `` Trial by Fire '' , Faber and Faber , 1999 . Tuchman , B. , `` A Distant Mirror '' , Papermac , 1978 . Chapter 16 `` The Papal Schism '' Vale , M. , `` The Civilization of Courts and Cities in the North , 1200 -- 1500 '' . In : Holmes , G. ( ed . ) `` The Oxford History of Medieval Europe '' , Oxford University Press , 1988 . Voltaire , F-M , `` Essai sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations et sur les principaux faits de l'histoire depuis Charlemagne jusqu'à Louis XIII . '' ( English : Essay on the manners and spirit of nations and on the principal facts of history from Charlemagne to Louis XIII ) Vol I , T XI , Chap LXV ; edited by René Pomeau ( 1990 ) in 2 Volumes ( Garnier frères , Paris ) OCLC 70306666 Zutschi , P.N.R. , The Avignon Papacy . In : Jones , M. ( ed . ) , The New Cambridge Medieval History . Volume VI c. 1300 - c. 1415 , pp. 653 -- 673 , 2000 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Popes of the Catholic Church List of popes graphical canonised Papal names Tombs extant non-extant Antipope Pope emeritus Papal resignation Pope - elect 1st -- 4th centuries During the Roman Empire ( until 493 ) including under Constantine ( 312 -- 337 ) Peter Linus Anacletus Clement I Evaristus Alexander I Sixtus I Telesphorus Hyginus Pius I Anicetus Soter Eleutherius Victor I Zephyrinus Callixtus I Urban I Pontian Anterus Fabian Cornelius Lucius I Stephen I Sixtus II Dionysius Felix I Eutychian Caius Marcellinus Marcellus I Eusebius Miltiades Sylvester I Mark Julius I Liberius Damasus I Siricius Anastasius I 5th -- 8th centuries Ostrogothic Papacy ( 493 -- 537 ) Byzantine Papacy ( 537 -- 752 ) Frankish Papacy ( 756 -- 857 ) Innocent I Zosimus Boniface I Celestine I Sixtus III Leo I Hilarius Simplicius Felix III Gelasius I Anastasius II Symmachus Hormisdas John I Felix IV Boniface II John II Agapetus I Silverius Vigilius Pelagius I John III Benedict I Pelagius II Gregory I Sabinian Boniface III Boniface IV Adeodatus I Boniface V Honorius I Severinus John IV Theodore I Martin I Eugene I Vitalian Adeodatus II Donus Agatho Leo II Benedict II John V Conon Sergius I John VI John VII Sisinnius Constantine Gregory II Gregory III Zachary Stephen II Paul I Stephen III Adrian I Leo III 9th -- 12th centuries Papal selection before 1059 Saeculum obscurum ( 904 -- 964 ) Crescentii era ( 974 -- 1012 ) Tusculan Papacy ( 1012 -- 1044 / 1048 ) Imperial Papacy ( 1048 -- 1257 ) Stephen IV Paschal I Eugene II Valentine Gregory IV Sergius II Leo IV Benedict III Nicholas I Adrian II John VIII Marinus I Adrian III Stephen V Formosus Boniface VI Stephen VI Romanus Theodore II John IX Benedict IV Leo V Sergius III Anastasius III Lando John X Leo VI Stephen VII John XI Leo VII Stephen VIII Marinus II Agapetus II John XII Benedict V Leo VIII John XIII Benedict VI Benedict VII John XIV John XV Gregory V Sylvester II John XVII John XVIII Sergius IV Benedict VIII John XIX Benedict IX Sylvester III Benedict IX Gregory VI Clement II Benedict IX Damasus II Leo IX Victor II Stephen IX Nicholas II Alexander II Gregory VII Victor III Urban II Paschal II Gelasius II Callixtus II Honorius II Innocent II Celestine II Lucius II Eugene III Anastasius IV Adrian IV Alexander III Lucius III Urban III Gregory VIII Clement III Celestine III Innocent III 13th -- 16th centuries Viterbo ( 1257 -- 1281 ) Orvieto ( 1262 -- 1297 ) Perugia ( 1228 -- 1304 ) Avignon Papacy ( 1309 -- 1378 ) Western Schism ( 1378 -- 1417 ) Renaissance Papacy ( 1417 -- 1534 ) Reformation Papacy ( 1534 -- 1585 ) Baroque Papacy ( 1585 -- 1689 ) Honorius III Gregory IX Celestine IV Innocent IV Alexander IV Urban IV Clement IV Gregory X Innocent V Adrian V John XXI Nicholas III Martin IV Honorius IV Nicholas IV Celestine V Boniface VIII Benedict XI Clement V John XXII Benedict XII Clement VI Innocent VI Urban V Gregory XI Urban VI Boniface IX Innocent VII Gregory XII Martin V Eugene IV Nicholas V Callixtus III Pius II Paul II Sixtus IV Innocent VIII Alexander VI Pius III Julius II Leo X Adrian VI Clement VII Paul III Julius III Marcellus II Paul IV Pius IV Pius V Gregory XIII Sixtus V Urban VII Gregory XIV Innocent IX Clement VIII 17th -- 20th centuries Revolutionary Papacy ( 1775 -- 1848 ) Roman Question ( 1870 -- 1929 ) Vatican City ( 1929 -- present ) World War II ( 1939 -- 1945 ) Cold War ( 1945 -- 1991 ) Leo XI Paul V Gregory XV Urban VIII Innocent X Alexander VII Clement IX Clement X Innocent XI Alexander VIII Innocent XII Clement XI Innocent XIII Benedict XIII Clement XII Benedict XIV Clement XIII Clement XIV Pius VI Pius VII Leo XII Pius VIII Gregory XVI Pius IX Leo XIII Pius X Benedict XV Pius XI Pius XII John XXIII Paul VI John Paul I John Paul II 21st century Benedict XVI Francis History of the papacy Antiquity and Early Middle Ages During the Roman Empire ( until 493 ) Under Constantine ( 312 -- 337 ) Ostrogothic Papacy ( 493 -- 537 ) Byzantine Papacy ( 537 -- 752 ) Frankish Papacy ( 756 -- 857 ) Saeculum obscurum ( 904 -- 964 ) Crescentii era ( 974 -- 1012 ) High and Late Middle Ages Tusculan Papacy ( 1012 -- 1044 / 1048 ) Imperial Papacy ( 1048 -- 1257 ) Wandering Papacy Viterbo , 1257 -- 1281 Orvieto , 1262 -- 1297 Perugia , 1228 -- 1304 Avignon Papacy ( 1309 -- 1378 ) Western Schism ( 1378 -- 1417 ) Early Modern and Modern Era Renaissance Papacy ( 1417 -- 1534 ) Reformation Papacy ( 1534 -- 1585 ) Baroque Papacy ( 1585 -- 1689 ) Revolutionary Papacy ( 1775 -- 1848 ) Roman Question ( 1870 -- 1929 ) Vatican City ( 1929 -- present ) WWII ( 1939 -- 1945 ) Book Pope portal Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avignon_Papacy&oldid=828045915 '' Categories : Avignon Papacy 1300s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire 1305 establishments in Europe 1378 disestablishments in Europe 14th century in France 14th - century Roman Catholicism Avignon History of Catholicism in France Papal States Western Schism Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2008 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 06 : 53 . 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"Clement V declined to move to Rome, remaining in France, and in 1309, he moved his court to the papal enclave at Avignon, where it remained for the next 67 years. The absence from Rome is sometimes referred to as the \"Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy\".[2][3] A total of seven popes reigned at Avignon; all were French,[4][5] and they increasingly fell under the influence of the French Crown. On September 13, 1376, Gregory XI abandoned Avignon and moved his court to Rome (arriving on January 17, 1377), ending the Avignon Papacy."
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"absence from Rome"
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-2441419902328743862 | Robert Wadlow | Robert Wadlow - wikipedia Robert Wadlow Jump to : navigation , search Robert Wadlow Photographic postcard of Robert Wadlow compared to his father , Harold Franklin Wadlow , whose height was 5 ft 11.5 in ( 1.82 m ) ( 1918 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1918 Alton , Illinois July 15 , 1940 ( 1940 - 07 - 15 ) ( aged 22 ) Manistee , Michigan Cause of death Infection Nationality American Education Alton High School Alma mater Shurtleff College Known for Tallest human being ever ( confirmed ) Home town Alton , Illinois Height 8 ft 11.1 in ( 2.72 m ) Weight 490 lb ( 220 kg ) Parent ( s ) Harold Franklin Wadlow Addie Johnson Robert Pershing Wadlow ( February 22 , 1918 -- July 15 , 1940 ) , also known as the Alton Giant and the Giant of Illinois , was an American who became famous as the tallest person in recorded history for whom there is irrefutable evidence . He was born and raised in Alton , Illinois . Wadlow reached 8 ft 11.1 in ( 2.72 m ) in height and weighed 490 lb ( 220 kg ) at his death at age 22 . His great size and his continued growth in adulthood were due to hyperplasia of his pituitary gland , which results in an abnormally high level of human growth hormone . He showed no indication of an end to his growth even at the time of his death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Later years and death 3 Legacy 4 In music 5 Height chart 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life Wadlow was born in Alton , Illinois on February 22 , 1918 to Harold Franklin and Addie ( Johnson ) Wadlow , and was the oldest of five children . He was taller than his father by the age of 8 , and in elementary school they had to make a special desk for him due to his size . By the time he had graduated from Alton High School in 1936 , he was 8 ft 4 in ( 2.54 m ) . After graduating he enrolled in Shurtleff College with the intention of studying law . Later years and death Wadlow 's size began to take its toll : he required leg braces to walk and had little feeling in his legs and feet . Despite these difficulties , he never used a wheelchair . Wadlow became a celebrity after his 1936 U.S. tour with the Ringling Brothers Circus . In 1938 , he did a promotional tour with the International Shoe Company . They provided him his shoes free of charge . Examples of the shoes still exist in several locations throughout the U.S. , including Snyder 's Shoe Store of Ludington and Manistee , Michigan , and the Alton Museum of History and Art . He continued participating in tours and public appearances , though only in his normal street clothes . He possessed great physical strength until the last year of his life , when his strength and his health in general began to deteriorate rapidly . Wadlow was a member of the Order of DeMolay , the Masonic - sponsored organization for young men . He was also a Freemason . In 1939 , he petitioned Franklin Lodge # 25 in Alton , Illinois , and by late November of that year was raised to the degree of Master Mason under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Illinois A.F. and A.M. . His Freemason ring was the largest ever made . One year before his death , Wadlow passed John Rogan as the tallest person ever . On June 27 , 1940 ( 18 days before his death ) , he was measured at 8 ft 11.1 in ( 2.72 m ) by doctors C.M. Charles and Cyril MacBryde of Washington University in St. Louis , Missouri . On July 4 , 1940 , during a professional appearance at the Manistee National Forest Festival , a faulty brace irritated his ankle , causing a blister and subsequent infection . Doctors treated him with a blood transfusion and emergency surgery , but his condition worsened due to an autoimmune disorder , and on July 15 , 1940 , 11 days after contracting the infection , he died in his sleep at the age of 22 . His coffin measured 10 feet 9 inches ( 3.28 m ) long by 32 inches ( 81 cm ) wide by 30 inches ( 76 cm ) deep , weighed 1,000 pounds ( 450 kg ) and was carried by twelve pallbearers and eight assistants . His body was buried at Oakwood Cemetery in Upper Alton , Madison County , Illinois . Legacy A life - size statue of Wadlow stands on College Avenue in Alton , opposite the Alton Museum of History and Art . It was erected in 1986 , in honor of the well - known native . Others stand in the Guinness Museums in Niagara Falls , Ontario and Gatlinburg , Tennessee , as well as several of the Ripley 's Believe It or Not Museums . A group of six life - size models of him , made by artist James Butler , exist , and are shipped and displayed in replica caskets . Another life - size statue of Wadlow may be viewed at Marvin 's Marvelous Mechanical Museum in Farmington Hills , Michigan . In front of it is a small , quarter - operated `` TV - box '' , which plays a short , documentary movie about his extraordinary short life . Wadlow is still affectionately known as the `` Gentle Giant '' . In music The 1998 song `` The Giant of Illinois '' , by The Handsome Family ( and later covered by Andrew Bird ) honors Wadlow . In 2005 , Sufjan Stevens recorded `` The Tallest Man , the Broadest Shoulders '' about Wadlow for the Illinois album . A picture of Wadlow with his family is featured on the back cover of the VHS version of the Talking Heads music video compilation , Storytelling Giant . Height chart This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wadlow 's shoe , size 37 AA ( US , size ) Wadlow 's shoe compared to a size 12 Age Height Weight Notes Size of Year Birth 1 ft 8 in ( 0.51 m ) 8 lb 6 oz ( 3.8 kg ) Normal height and weight Average February 22 , 1918 6 Months 2 ft 10.5 in ( 0.88 m ) 30 lb ( 14 kg ) 2 year old August 22 , 1918 1 Year 3 ft 6 in ( 1.07 m ) 45 lb ( 20 kg ) When he began to walk at 11 months , he was 3 ft 3.5 in ( 1.00 m ) tall and weighed 40 lbs . 5 year old February 22 , 1919 18 Months 4 ft 3 in ( 1.30 m ) 67 lb ( 30 kg ) 8 year old August 22 , 1919 2 years 4 ft 6 in ( 1.37 m ) 75 lb ( 34 kg ) 10 year old 1920 3 years 4 ft 11 in ( 1.50 m ) 89 lb ( 40 kg ) 12 year old 1921 4 years 5 ft 3 in ( 1.60 m ) 105 lb ( 48 kg ) 14 year old 1922 5 years 5 ft 4 in ( 1.63 m ) 105 lb ( 48 kg ) At 5 years of age , attending kindergarten , Robert was 5 ' 6 1 / 2 '' tall . He wore clothes that would fit a 17 - year - old boy . 15 year old 1923 6 years 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) 146 lb ( 66 kg ) 15 year old 1924 7 years 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) 159 lb ( 72 kg ) Height of adult male 1925 8 years 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) 169 lb ( 77 kg ) 1926 9 years 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) ) 180 lb ( 82 kg ) Weighing 180 pounds , he was strong enough to carry his father ( who was sitting in a living room chair ) up the stairs to the second floor . 1927 10 years 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 211 lb ( 96 kg ) 1928 11 years 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 241 lb ( 109 kg ) 1929 12 years 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 287 lb ( 130 kg ) 1930 13 years 7 ft 3 in ( 2.21 m ) 260 lb ( 120 kg ) World 's tallest Boy Scout , averaging a growth of 4 inches ( 10 cm ) per year since birth and wearing size 19 ( U.S. ) shoes . 1931 14 years 7 ft 5 in ( 2.26 m ) 331 lb ( 150 kg ) 1932 15 years 7 ft 10 in ( 2.39 m ) 354 lb ( 161 kg ) 1933 16 years 7 ft 10 in ( 2.39 m ) 374 lb ( 170 kg ) 1934 17 years 8 ft 3 in ( 2.51 m ) 382 lb ( 173 kg ) Graduated from high school on January 8 , 1936 and was 8 ft 3 in ( 2.51 m ) . Height of Sultan Kosen , the tallest living man . 1935 18 years 8 ft 4 in ( 2.54 m ) 391 lb ( 177 kg ) 1936 19 years 8 ft 5 in ( 2.57 m ) 480 lb ( 220 kg ) 1937 20 years 8 ft 7 in ( 2.62 m ) 488 lb ( 221 kg ) 1938 21 years 8 ft 8 in ( 2.64 m ) 491 lb ( 223 kg ) 1939 22.4 years 8 ft 11.1 in ( 2.72 m ) 439 lb ( 199 kg ) At death , he was the world 's tallest man according to the Guinness World Records . June 27 , 1940 See also Biography portal List of tallest people Sultan Kösen , the world 's tallest living man Brenden Adams , until 2015 the world 's tallest teenager Zeng Jinlian , the tallest woman who ever lived References ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Pershing Wadlow '' . Alton Museum of History and Art . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tallest Man '' . Guinness World Records . March 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 19 . at Wayback machine ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Pershing Wadlow , The tallest man in the world who ever lived '' . thetallestman.com. 2009 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Drimmer 1991 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Tallest Man '' . Worlds Largest Things Traveling Roadside Attraction . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Wadlow , World 's Tallest Man , Alton Illinois '' . Roadside America . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Drimmer 1991 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Robert Wadlow `` worlds tallest man , worlds tallest mason '' Illinois Freemasonry Magazine , Vol. 15 , No. 1 , Winter 2009 p. 5 Jump up ^ Drimmer 1991 , pp. 68 , 70 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest man ever '' . Guinness World Records . Jump up ^ Hartzman , Marc ( 2006 ) . American sideshow : an encyclopedia of history 's most wondrous and curiously strange performers . New York : Jeremy P. Tarcher / Penguin . p. 432 . ISBN 9781440649912 . OCLC 460991173 . Jump up ^ Brannan , Dan ( 2010 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Wadlow died 70 years ago Thursday '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The King of Giants '' . The World 's Strangest Mysteries . New York : Gallery Books . 1987 . p. 702 . ISBN 9780831796785 . OCLC 17192393 . ^ Jump up to : Colombraro , Rosemarie ( February 2007 ) . `` Standing tall : he world 's tallest Boy Scout '' . Boys ' Life . Irving , TX : Boy Scouts of America : 24 -- 25 . ISSN 0006 - 8608 . OCLC 1027475257 . ^ Jump up to : Drimmer 1991 , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Drimmer 1991 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten - Year - Olds '' . The Pittsburgh Press . 1928 - 10 - 28 . p. 39 . OCLC 2266185 , 9208497 , 751750633 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Drimmer 1991 , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Drimmer 1991 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Drimmer 1991 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Drimmer 1991 , p. 58 . ^ Jump up to : Drimmer 1991 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Drimmer 1991 , pp. 50 , 68 . Further reading Brannan , Dan ( 2003 ) . Boy giant : the story of Robert Wadlow the world 's tallest man . Alton , IL , US : Alton Museum of History and Art . ISBN 9780965022859 . OCLC 53210546 . Drimmer , Frederick ( 1991 ) . `` The Tallest Man in the World '' . Born different : amazing stories of very special people . New York : Bantam . pp. 48 -- 71 . ISBN 9780553158977 . OCLC 1028856157 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . Fadner , Frederic ; Wadlow , Harold F. ( 1944 ) . The gentleman giant ; the biography of Robert Pershing Wadlow , . Boston : B. Humphries , Inc . OCLC 4904888 . Hamilton , Sandra ( 1993 ) . Looking back and up : at Robert Pershing Wadlow , the gentle giant . Alton , IL , US : Alton Museum of History and Art . OCLC 29307342 . Phillips , Jennifer ( 2010 ) . Robert Wadlow : the unique life of the boy who became the world 's tallest man . Shoreline , WA : Nose in a Book Pub . OCLC 709592729 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Wadlow . Leone , Charles A. ( 1975 ) . `` The Story of Robert '' ( documentary film ) . YouTube . Turquoise Film / Video Productions . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . Footage of Robert Wadlow Alton Museum of History and Art article Graveyards.com : Upper Alton Cemetery Robert Wadlow at Find a Grave Records Preceded by John Rogan Tallest recognized person ever 1939 -- present Incumbent LCCN : no2007088743 VIAF : 36701185 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wadlow&oldid=841335086 '' Categories : 1918 births 1940 deaths American circus performers American people of English descent Infectious disease deaths in Michigan People from Alton , Illinois People with gigantism Burials in Illinois Shurtleff College alumni Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 06 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the tallest person to have ever lived | [
"Robert Pershing Wadlow (February 22, 1918 – July 15, 1940), also known as the Alton Giant and the Giant of Illinois, was an American who became famous as the tallest person in recorded history for whom there is irrefutable evidence.[3] He was born and raised in Alton, Illinois.[1]"
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"Robert Pershing Wadlow"
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-1038282027040883176 | Bede | Bede - wikipedia Bede Jump to : navigation , search `` Beda '' redirects here . For other uses , see Beda ( disambiguation ) and Bede ( disambiguation ) . This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( April 2017 ) Saint Bede the Venerable Cropped portrait from The Last Chapter by J. Doyle Penrose ( c. 1902 ) , showing Bede finishing his translation of the Gospel of John on his deathbed Doctor of the Church , Monk , Historian c. 673 not recorded , possibly Monkton , Tyne and Wear , England 26 May 735 ( aged 61 or 62 ) Jarrow , Kingdom of Northumbria ( contemporarily Tyne and Wear , England ) Venerated in Roman Catholic Church , Eastern Orthodox Church , Anglican Communion , and Lutheranism Canonized Declared a Doctor of the Church in 1899 by Pope Leo XIII , Rome Major shrine Durham Cathedral , Durham , County Durham , England Feast 25 May ( Western Churches ) 27 May ( Orthodox Church and the General Roman Calendar from 1899 -- 1969 ) Patronage English writers and historians ; Jarrow , Tyne and Wear , England , San Beda College Bede ( / ˈbiːd / BEED ; Old English : Bǣda , Bēda ; 672 / 3 -- 26 May 735 ) , also known as Saint Bede , Venerable Bede , and Bede the Venerable ( Latin : Bēda Venerābilis ) , was an English monk at the monastery of St. Peter and its companion monastery of St. Paul in the Kingdom of Northumbria of the Angles ( contemporarily Monkwearmouth -- Jarrow Abbey in Tyne and Wear , England ) . He is well known as an author and scholar , and his most famous work , Ecclesiastical History of the English People gained him the title `` The Father of English History '' . In 1899 , Pope Leo XIII declared him a Doctor of the Church . He is the only native of Great Britain to achieve this designation ; Anselm of Canterbury , also a Doctor of the Church , was originally from Italy . Bede was moreover a skilled linguist and translator , and his work made the Latin and Greek writings of the early Church Fathers much more accessible to his fellow Anglo - Saxons , which contributed significantly to English Christianity . Bede 's monastery had access to an impressive library which included works by Eusebius , Orosius , and many others . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 Works 3 Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum 3.1 Sources 3.2 Models and style 3.3 Intent 3.4 Omissions and biases 3.5 Use of Anno Domini 3.6 Assessment 4 Other historical works 4.1 Chronicles 4.2 Lives 5 Theological works 5.1 Works on the Old Testament 5.2 Works on the New Testament 6 Works on historical and astronomical chronology 7 Educational works 8 Vernacular poetry 9 Veneration 9.1 Modern legacy 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Sources 13.1 Primary sources 13.2 Secondary sources 14 Further reading 15 External links Life ( edit ) Opera Bedae Venerabilis ( 1563 ) Almost everything that is known of Bede 's life is contained in the last chapter of his Ecclesiastical History of the English People , a history of the church in England . It was completed in about 731 , and Bede implies that he was then in his fifty - ninth year , which would give a birth date in 672 or 673 . A minor source of information is the letter by his disciple Cuthbert ( not to be confused with the saint , Cuthbert , who is mentioned in Bede 's work ) which relates Bede 's death . Bede , in the Historia , gives his birthplace as `` on the lands of this monastery '' . He is referring to the twinned monasteries of Monkwearmouth and Jarrow , in modern - day Wearside and Tyneside respectively ; there is also a tradition that he was born at Monkton , two miles from the monastery at Jarrow . Bede says nothing of his origins , but his connections with men of noble ancestry suggest that his own family was well - to - do . Bede 's first abbot was Benedict Biscop , and the names `` Biscop '' and `` Beda '' both appear in a king list of the kings of Lindsey from around 800 , further suggesting that Bede came from a noble family . Bede 's name reflects West Saxon Bīeda ( Northumbrian Bǣda , Anglian Bēda ) . It is an Anglo - Saxon short name formed on the root of bēodan `` to bid , command '' . The name also occurs in the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle , s.a. 501 , as Bieda , one of the sons of the Saxon founder of Portsmouth . The Liber Vitae of Durham Cathedral names two priests with this name , one of whom is presumably Bede himself . Some manuscripts of the Life of Cuthbert , one of Bede 's works , mention that Cuthbert 's own priest was named Bede ; it is possible that this priest is the other name listed in the Liber Vitae . At the age of seven , Bede was sent , as a puer oblatus , to the monastery of Monkwearmouth by his family to be educated by Benedict Biscop and later by Ceolfrith . Bede does not say whether it was already intended at that point that he would be a monk . It was fairly common in Ireland at this time for young boys , particularly those of noble birth , to be fostered out as an oblate ; the practice was also likely to have been common among the Germanic peoples in England . Monkwearmouth 's sister monastery at Jarrow was founded by Ceolfrith in 682 , and Bede probably transferred to Jarrow with Ceolfrith that year . The dedication stone for the church has survived to the present day ; it is dated 23 April 685 , and as Bede would have been required to assist with menial tasks in his day - to - day life it is possible that he helped in building the original church . In 686 , plague broke out at Jarrow . The Life of Ceolfrith , written in about 710 , records that only two surviving monks were capable of singing the full offices ; one was Ceolfrith and the other a young boy , who according to the anonymous writer had been taught by Ceolfrith . The two managed to do the entire service of the liturgy until others could be trained . The young boy was almost certainly Bede , who would have been about 14 . When Bede was about 17 years old , Adomnán , the abbot of Iona Abbey , visited Monkwearmouth and Jarrow . Bede would probably have met the abbot during this visit , and it may be that Adomnan sparked Bede 's interest in the Easter dating controversy . In about 692 , in Bede 's nineteenth year , Bede was ordained a deacon by his diocesan bishop , John , who was bishop of Hexham . The canonical age for the ordination of a deacon was 25 ; Bede 's early ordination may mean that his abilities were considered exceptional , but it is also possible that the minimum age requirement was often disregarded . There might have been minor orders ranking below a deacon ; but there is no record of whether Bede held any of these offices . In Bede 's thirtieth year ( about 702 ) , he became a priest , with the ordination again performed by Bishop John . In about 701 Bede wrote his first works , the De Arte Metrica and De Schematibus et Tropis ; both were intended for use in the classroom . He continued to write for the rest of his life , eventually completing over 60 books , most of which have survived . Not all his output can be easily dated , and Bede may have worked on some texts over a period of many years . His last - surviving work is a letter to Ecgbert of York , a former student , written in 734 . A 6th - century Greek and Latin manuscript of Acts of the Apostles that is believed to have been used by Bede survives and is now in the Bodleian Library at University of Oxford ; it is known as the Codex Laudianus . Bede may also have worked on one of the Latin bibles that were copied at Jarrow , one of which is now held by the Laurentian Library in Florence . Bede was a teacher as well as a writer ; he enjoyed music , and was said to be accomplished as a singer and as a reciter of poetry in the vernacular . It is possible that he suffered a speech impediment , but this depends on a phrase in the introduction to his verse life of Saint Cuthbert . Translations of this phrase differ , and it is uncertain whether Bede intended to say that he was cured of a speech problem , or merely that he was inspired by the saint 's works . Stained glass at Gloucester Cathedral depicting Bede dictating to a scribe In 708 , some monks at Hexham accused Bede of having committed heresy in his work De Temporibus . The standard theological view of world history at the time was known as the Six Ages of the World ; in his book , Bede calculated the age of the world for himself , rather than accepting the authority of Isidore of Seville , and came to the conclusion that Christ had been born 3,952 years after the creation of the world , rather than the figure of over 5,000 years that was commonly accepted by theologians . The accusation occurred in front of the bishop of Hexham , Wilfrid , who was present at a feast when some drunken monks made the accusation . Wilfrid did not respond to the accusation , but a monk present relayed the episode to Bede , who replied within a few days to the monk , writing a letter setting forth his defence and asking that the letter also be read to Wilfrid . Bede had another brush with Wilfrid , for the historian himself says that he met Wilfrid , sometime between 706 and 709 , and discussed Æthelthryth , the abbess of Ely . Wilfrid had been present at the exhumation of her body in 695 , and Bede questioned the bishop about the exact circumstances of the body and asked for more details of her life , as Wilfrid had been her advisor . In 733 , Bede travelled to York to visit Ecgbert , who was then bishop of York . The See of York was elevated to an archbishopric in 735 , and it is likely that Bede and Ecgbert discussed the proposal for the elevation during his visit . Bede hoped to visit Ecgbert again in 734 , but was too ill to make the journey . Bede also travelled to the monastery of Lindisfarne , and at some point visited the otherwise - unknown monastery of a monk named Wicthed , a visit that is mentioned in a letter to that monk . Because of his widespread correspondence with others throughout the British Isles , and due to the fact that many of the letters imply that Bede had met his correspondents , it is likely that Bede travelled to some other places , although nothing further about timing or locations can be guessed . It seems certain that he did not visit Rome , however , as he would have mentioned it in the autobiographical chapter of his Historia Ecclesiastica . Nothhelm , a correspondent of Bede 's who assisted him by finding documents for him in Rome , is known to have visited Bede , though the date can not be determined beyond the fact that it was after Nothhelm 's visit to Rome . Except for a few visits to other monasteries , his life was spent in a round of prayer , observance of the monastic discipline and study of the Sacred Scriptures . He was considered the most learned man of his time , and wrote excellent biblical and historical books . Bede 's tomb in Durham Cathedral Bede died on the Feast of the Ascension , Thursday , 26 May 735 , on the floor of his cell , singing `` Glory be to the Father and to the Son and to the Holy Spirit '' and was buried at Jarrow . Cuthbert , a disciple of Bede 's , wrote a letter to a Cuthwin ( of whom nothing else is known ) , describing Bede 's last days and his death . According to Cuthbert , Bede fell ill , `` with frequent attacks of breathlessness but almost without pain '' , before Easter . On the Tuesday , two days before Bede died , his breathing became worse and his feet swelled . He continued to dictate to a scribe , however , and despite spending the night awake in prayer he dictated again the following day . At three o'clock , according to Cuthbert , he asked for a box of his to be brought , and distributed among the priests of the monastery `` a few treasures '' of his : `` some pepper , and napkins , and some incense '' . That night he dictated a final sentence to the scribe , a boy named Wilberht , and died soon afterwards . The account of Cuthbert does not make entirely clear whether Bede died before midnight or after . However , by the reckoning of Bede 's time , passage from the old day to the new occurred at sunset , not midnight , and Cuthbert is clear that he died after sunset . Thus , while his box was brought at three o'clock Wednesday afternoon the 25th , by the time of the final dictation it might be considered already Thursday in that ecclesiastical sense , although the 25th in the ordinary sense . Cuthbert 's letter also relates a five - line poem in the vernacular that Bede composed on his deathbed , known as `` Bede 's Death Song '' . It is the most - widely copied Old English poem , and appears in 45 manuscripts , but its attribution to Bede is not certain -- not all manuscripts name Bede as the author , and the ones that do are of later origin than those that do not . Bede 's remains may have been transferred to Durham Cathedral in the 11th century ; his tomb there was looted in 1541 , but the contents were probably re-interred in the Galilee chapel at the cathedral . One further oddity in his writings is that in one of his works , the Commentary on the Seven Catholic Epistles , he writes in a manner that gives the impression he was married . The section in question is the only one in that work that is written in first - person view . Bede says : `` Prayers are hindered by the conjugal duty because as often as I perform what is due to my wife I am not able to pray . '' Another passage , in the Commentary on Luke , also mentions a wife in the first person : `` Formerly I possessed a wife in the lustful passion of desire and now I possess her in honourable sanctification and true love of Christ . '' The historian Benedicta Ward argues that these passages are Bede employing a rhetorical device . Works ( edit ) Main article : List of works by Bede Depiction of the Venerable Bede ( on CLVIIIv ) from the Nuremberg Chronicle , 1493 Bede wrote scientific , historical and theological works , reflecting the range of his writings from music and metrics to exegetical Scripture commentaries . He knew patristic literature , as well as Pliny the Elder , Virgil , Lucretius , Ovid , Horace and other classical writers . He knew some Greek . Bede 's scriptural commentaries employed the allegorical method of interpretation and his history includes accounts of miracles , which to modern historians has seemed at odds with his critical approach to the materials in his history . Modern studies have shown the important role such concepts played in the world - view of Early Medieval scholars . He dedicated his work on the Apocalypse and the De Temporum Ratione to the successor of Ceolfrid as abbot , Hwaetbert . Although Bede is mainly studied as a historian now , in his time his works on grammar , chronology , and biblical studies were as important as his historical and hagiographical works . The non-historical works contributed greatly to the Carolingian renaissance . He has been credited with writing a penitential , though his authorship of this work is still very much disputed . Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ( edit ) Main article : Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum Bede 's best - known work is the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum , or An Ecclesiastical History of the English People , completed in about 731 . Bede was aided in writing this book by Albinus , abbot of St Augustine 's Abbey , Canterbury . The first of the five books begins with some geographical background , and then sketches the history of England , beginning with Caesar 's invasion in 55 BC . A brief account of Christianity in Roman Britain , including the martyrdom of St Alban , is followed by the story of Augustine 's mission to England in 597 , which brought Christianity to the Anglo - Saxons . The second book begins with the death of Gregory the Great in 604 , and follows the further progress of Christianity in Kent and the first attempts to evangelise Northumbria . These ended in disaster when Penda , the pagan king of Mercia , killed the newly Christian Edwin of Northumbria at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in about 632 . The setback was temporary , and the third book recounts the growth of Christianity in Northumbria under kings Oswald of Northumbria and Oswy . The climax of the third book is the account of the Council of Whitby , traditionally seen as a major turning point in English history . The fourth book begins with the consecration of Theodore as Archbishop of Canterbury , and recounts Wilfrid 's efforts to bring Christianity to the kingdom of Sussex . The fifth book brings the story up to Bede 's day , and includes an account of missionary work in Frisia , and of the conflict with the British church over the correct dating of Easter . Bede wrote a preface for the work , in which he dedicates it to Ceolwulf , king of Northumbria . The preface mentions that Ceolwulf received an earlier draft of the book ; presumably Ceolwulf knew enough Latin to understand it , and he may even have been able to read it . The preface makes it clear that Ceolwulf had requested the earlier copy , and Bede had asked for Ceolwulf 's approval ; this correspondence with the king indicates that Bede 's monastery had excellent connections among the Northumbrian nobility . Sources ( edit ) The monastery at Wearmouth - Jarrow had an excellent library . Both Benedict Biscop and Ceolfrith had acquired books from the Continent , and in Bede 's day the monastery was a renowned centre of learning . It has been estimated that there were about 200 books in the monastic library . For the period prior to Augustine 's arrival in 597 , Bede drew on earlier writers , including Solinus . He had access to two works of Eusebius : the Historia Ecclesiastica , and also the Chronicon , though he had neither in the original Greek ; instead he had a Latin translation of the Historia , by Rufinus , and Saint Jerome 's translation of the Chronicon . He also knew Orosius 's Adversus Paganus , and Gregory of Tours ' Historia Francorum , both Christian histories , as well as the work of Eutropius , a pagan historian . He used Constantius 's Life of Germanus as a source for Germanus 's visits to Britain . Bede 's account of the invasion of the Anglo - Saxons is drawn largely from Gildas 's De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae . Bede would also have been familiar with more recent accounts such as Eddius Stephanus 's Life of Wilfrid , and anonymous Lives of Gregory the Great and Cuthbert . He also drew on Josephus 's Antiquities , and the works of Cassiodorus , and there was a copy of the Liber Pontificalis in Bede 's monastery . Bede quotes from several classical authors , including Cicero , Plautus , and Terence , but he may have had access to their work via a Latin grammar rather than directly . However , it is clear he was familiar with the works of Virgil and with Pliny the Elder 's Natural History , and his monastery also owned copies of the works of Dionysius Exiguus . He probably drew his account of St. Alban from a life of that saint which has not survived . He acknowledges two other lives of saints directly ; one is a life of Fursa , and the other of St. Æthelburh ; the latter no longer survives . He also had access to a life of Ceolfrith . Some of Bede 's material came from oral traditions , including a description of the physical appearance of Paulinus of York , who had died nearly 90 years before Bede 's Historia Ecclesiastica was written . Bede also had correspondents who supplied him with material . Albinus , the abbot of the monastery in Canterbury , provided much information about the church in Kent , and with the assistance of Nothhelm , at that time a priest in London , obtained copies of Gregory the Great 's correspondence from Rome relating to Augustine 's mission . Almost all of Bede 's information regarding Augustine is taken from these letters . Bede acknowledged his correspondents in the preface to the Historia Ecclesiastica ; he was in contact with Daniel , the Bishop of Winchester , for information about the history of the church in Wessex , and also wrote to the monastery at Lastingham for information about Cedd and Chad . Bede also mentions an Abbot Esi as a source for the affairs of the East Anglian church , and Bishop Cynibert for information about Lindsey . The historian Walter Goffart argues that Bede based the structure of the Historia on three works , using them as the framework around which the three main sections of the work were structured . For the early part of the work , up until the Gregorian mission , Goffart feels that Bede used Gildas 's De excidio . The second section , detailing the Gregorian mission of Augustine of Canterbury was framed on the anonymous Life of Gregory the Great written at Whitby . The last section , detailing events after the Gregorian mission , Goffart feels were modelled on Stephen of Ripon 's Life of Wilfrid . Most of Bede 's informants for information after Augustine 's mission came from the eastern part of Britain , leaving significant gaps in the knowledge of the western areas , which were those areas likely to have a native Briton presence . Models and style ( edit ) Bede 's stylistic models included some of the same authors from whom he drew the material for the earlier parts of his history . His introduction imitates the work of Orosius , and his title is an echo of Eusebius 's Historia Ecclesiastica . Bede also followed Eusebius in taking the Acts of the Apostles as the model for the overall work : where Eusebius used the Acts as the theme for his description of the development of the church , Bede made it the model for his history of the Anglo - Saxon church . Bede quoted his sources at length in his narrative , as Eusebius had done . Bede also appears to have taken quotes directly from his correspondents at times . For example , he almost always uses the terms `` Australes '' and `` Occidentales '' for the South and West Saxons respectively , but in a passage in the first book he uses `` Meridiani '' and `` Occidui '' instead , as perhaps his informant had done . At the end of the work , Bede added a brief autobiographical note ; this was an idea taken from Gregory of Tours ' earlier History of the Franks . Bede 's work as a hagiographer , and his detailed attention to dating , were both useful preparations for the task of writing the Historia Ecclesiastica . His interest in computus , the science of calculating the date of Easter , was also useful in the account he gives of the controversy between the British and Anglo - Saxon church over the correct method of obtaining the Easter date . Bede is described by Michael Lapidge as `` without question the most accomplished Latinist produced in these islands in the Anglo - Saxon period '' . His Latin has been praised for its clarity , but his style in the Historia Ecclesiastica is not simple . He knew rhetoric , and often used figures of speech and rhetorical forms which can not easily be reproduced in translation , depending as they often do on the connotations of the Latin words . However , unlike contemporaries such as Aldhelm , whose Latin is full of difficulties , Bede 's own text is easy to read . In the words of Charles Plummer , one of the best - known editors of the Historia Ecclesiastica , Bede 's Latin is `` clear and limpid ... it is very seldom that we have to pause to think of the meaning of a sentence ... Alcuin rightly praises Bede for his unpretending style . '' Intent ( edit ) Bede 's primary intention in writing the Historia Ecclesiastica was to show the growth of the united church throughout England . The native Britons , whose Christian church survived the departure of the Romans , earn Bede 's ire for refusing to help convert the Saxons ; by the end of the Historia the English , and their Church , are dominant over the Britons . This goal , of showing the movement towards unity , explains Bede 's animosity towards the British method of calculating Easter : much of the Historia is devoted to a history of the dispute , including the final resolution at the Synod of Whitby in 664 . Bede is also concerned to show the unity of the English , despite the disparate kingdoms that still existed when he was writing . He also wants to instruct the reader by spiritual example , and to entertain , and to the latter end he adds stories about many of the places and people about which he wrote . N.J. Higham argues that Bede designed his work to promote his reform agenda to Ceolwulf , the Northumbrian king . Bede painted a highly optimistic picture of the current situation in the Church , as opposed to the more pessimistic picture found in his private letters . Bede 's extensive use of miracles can prove difficult for readers who consider him a more or less reliable historian , but do not accept the possibility of miracles . Yet both reflect an inseparable integrity and regard for accuracy and truth , expressed in terms both of historical events and of a tradition of Christian faith that continues to the present day . Bede , like Gregory the Great whom Bede quotes on the subject in the Historia , felt that faith brought about by miracles was a stepping stone to a higher , truer faith , and that as a result miracles had their place in a work designed to instruct . Omissions and biases ( edit ) Bede is somewhat reticent about the career of Wilfrid , a contemporary and one of the most prominent clerics of his day . This may be because Wilfrid 's opulent lifestyle was uncongenial to Bede 's monastic mind ; it may also be that the events of Wilfrid 's life , divisive and controversial as they were , simply did not fit with Bede 's theme of the progression to a unified and harmonious church . Bede 's account of the early migrations of the Angles and Saxons to England omits any mention of a movement of those peoples across the channel from Britain to Brittany described by Procopius , who was writing in the sixth century . Frank Stenton describes this omission as `` a scholar 's dislike of the indefinite '' ; traditional material that could not be dated or used for Bede 's didactic purposes had no interest for him . Bede was a Northumbrian , and this tinged his work with a local bias . The sources to which he had access gave him less information about the west of England than for other areas . He says relatively little about the achievements of Mercia and Wessex , omitting , for example , any mention of Boniface , a West Saxon missionary to the continent of some renown and of whom Bede had almost certainly heard , though Bede does discuss Northumbrian missionaries to the continent . He also is parsimonious in his praise for Aldhelm , a West Saxon who had done much to convert the native Britons to the Roman form of Christianity . He lists seven kings of the Anglo - Saxons whom he regards as having held imperium , or overlordship ; only one king of Wessex , Ceawlin , is listed , and none from Mercia , though elsewhere he acknowledges the secular power several of the Mercians held . Historian Robin Fleming states that he was so hostile to Mercia because Northumbria had been diminished by Mercian power that he consulted no Mercian informants and included no stories about its saints . Bede relates the story of Augustine 's mission from Rome , and tells how the British clergy refused to assist Augustine in the conversion of the Anglo - Saxons . This , combined with Gildas 's negative assessment of the British church at the time of the Anglo - Saxon invasions , led Bede to a very critical view of the native church . However , Bede ignores the fact that at the time of Augustine 's mission , the history between the two was one of warfare and conquest , which , in the words of Barbara Yorke , would have naturally `` curbed any missionary impulses towards the Anglo - Saxons from the British clergy . '' Use of anno Domini ( edit ) At the time Bede wrote the Historia Ecclesiastica , there were two common ways of referring to dates . One was to use indictions , which were 15 - year cycles , counting from 312 AD . There were three different varieties of indiction , each starting on a different day of the year . The other approach was to use regnal years -- the reigning Roman emperor , for example , or the ruler of whichever kingdom was under discussion . This meant that in discussing conflicts between kingdoms , the date would have to be given in the regnal years of all the kings involved . Bede used both these approaches on occasion , but adopted a third method as his main approach to dating : the Anno Domini method invented by Dionysius Exiguus . Although Bede did not invent this method , his adoption of it , and his promulgation of it in De Temporum Ratione , his work on chronology , is the main reason why it is now so widely used . Beda Venerabilis ' Easter cycle , contained in De Temporum Ratione , was developed from Dionysius Exiguus ' famous Easter table . Assessment ( edit ) The Historia Ecclesiastica was copied often in the Middle Ages , and about 160 manuscripts containing it survive . About half of those are located on the European continent , rather than on the British Isles . Most of the 8th - and 9th - century texts of Bede 's Historia come from the northern parts of the Carolingian Empire . This total does not include manuscripts with only a part of the work , of which another 100 or so survive . It was printed for the first time between 1474 and 1482 , probably at Strasbourg , France . Modern historians have studied the Historia extensively , and a number of editions have been produced . For many years , early Anglo - Saxon history was essentially a retelling of the Historia , but recent scholarship has focused as much on what Bede did not write as what he did . The belief that the Historia was the culmination of Bede 's works , the aim of all his scholarship , a belief common among historians in the past , is no longer accepted by most scholars . Modern historians and editors of Bede have been lavish in their praise of his achievement in the Historia Ecclesiastica . Stenton regarded it as one of the `` small class of books which transcend all but the most fundamental conditions of time and place '' , and regarded its quality as dependent on Bede 's `` astonishing power of co-ordinating the fragments of information which came to him through tradition , the relation of friends , or documentary evidence ... In an age where little was attempted beyond the registration of fact , he had reached the conception of history . '' Patrick Wormald described him as `` the first and greatest of England 's historians '' . The Historia Ecclesiastica has given Bede a high reputation , but his concerns were different from those of a modern writer of history . His focus on the history of the organisation of the English church , and on heresies and the efforts made to root them out , led him to exclude the secular history of kings and kingdoms except where a moral lesson could be drawn or where they illuminated events in the church . Besides the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle , the medieval writers William of Malmesbury , Henry of Huntingdon , and Geoffrey of Monmouth used his works as sources and inspirations . Early modern writers , such as Polydore Vergil and Matthew Parker , the Elizabethan Archbishop of Canterbury , also utilised the Historia , and his works were used by both Protestant and Catholic sides in the Wars of Religion . Some historians have questioned the reliability of some of Bede 's accounts . One historian , Charlotte Behr , thinks that the Historia 's account of the arrival of the Germanic invaders in Kent should not be considered to relate what actually happened , but rather relates myths that were current in Kent during Bede 's time . It is likely that Bede 's work , because it was so widely copied , discouraged others from writing histories and may even have led to the disappearance of manuscripts containing older historical works . Other historical works ( edit ) A page from a copy of Bede 's Lives of St. Cuthbert , showing King Athelstan presenting the work to the saint . This manuscript was given to St. Cuthbert 's shrine in 934 . Chronicles ( edit ) As Chapter 66 of his On the Reckoning of Time , in 725 Bede wrote the Greater Chronicle ( chronica maiora ) , which sometimes circulated as a separate work . For recent events the Chronicle , like his Ecclesiastical History , relied upon Gildas , upon a version of the Liber pontificalis current at least to the papacy of Pope Sergius I ( 687 -- 701 ) , and other sources . For earlier events he drew on Eusebius 's Chronikoi Kanones . The dating of events in the Chronicle is inconsistent with his other works , using the era of creation , the anno mundi . Lives ( edit ) His other historical works included lives of the abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow , as well as verse and prose lives of Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne , an adaptation of Paulinus of Nola 's Life of St Felix , and a translation of the Greek Passion of St Anastasius . He also created a listing of saints , the Martyrology . Theological works ( edit ) In his own time , Bede was as well known for his biblical commentaries and exegetical , as well as other theological works . The majority of his writings were of this type , and covered the Old Testament and the New Testament . Most survived the Middle Ages , but a few were lost . It was for his theological writings that he earned the title of Doctor Anglorum , and why he was made a saint . Bede synthesised and transmitted the learning from his predecessors , as well as made careful , judicious innovation in knowledge ( such as recalculating the age of the earth -- for which he was censured before surviving the heresy accusations and eventually having his views championed by Archbishop Ussher in the sixteenth century -- see below ) that had theological implications . In order to do this , he learned Greek , and attempted to learn Hebrew . He spent time reading and rereading both the Old and the New Testaments . He mentions that he studied from a text of Jerome 's Vulgate , which itself was from the Hebrew text . He also studied both the Latin and the Greek Fathers of the Church . In the monastic library at Jarrow were a number of books by theologians , including works by Basil , Cassian , John Chrysostom , Isidore of Seville , Origen , Gregory of Nazianzus , Augustine of Hippo , Jerome , Pope Gregory I , Ambrose of Milan , Cassiodorus , and Cyprian . He used these , in conjunction with the Biblical texts themselves , to write his commentaries and other theological works . He had a Latin translation by Evagrius of Athanasius 's Life of Antony , and a copy of Sulpicius Severus ' Life of St. Martin . He also used lesser known writers , such as Fulgentius , Julian of Eclanum , Tyconius , and Prosper of Aquitaine . Bede was the first to refer to Jerome , Augustine , Pope Gregory and Ambrose as the four Latin Fathers of the Church . It is clear from Bede 's own comments that he felt his calling was to explain to his students and readers the theology and thoughts of the Church Fathers . Bede also wrote homilies , works written to explain theology used in worship services . Bede wrote homilies not only on the major Christian seasons such as Advent , Lent , or Easter , but on other subjects such as anniversaries of significant events . Both types of Bede 's theological works circulated widely in the Middle Ages . A number of his biblical commentaries were incorporated into the Glossa Ordinaria , an 11th - century collection of biblical commentaries . Some of Bede 's homilies were collected by Paul the Deacon , and they were used in that form in the Monastic Office . Saint Boniface used Bede 's homilies in his missionary efforts on the continent . Bede sometimes included in his theological books an acknowledgement of the predecessors on whose works he drew . In two cases he left instructions that his marginal notes , which gave the details of his sources , should be preserved by the copyist , and he may have originally added marginal comments about his sources to others of his works . Where he does not specify , it is still possible to identify books to which he must have had access by quotations that he uses . A full catalogue of the library available to Bede in the monastery can not be reconstructed , but it is possible to tell , for example , that Bede was very familiar with the works of Virgil . There is little evidence that he had access to any other of the pagan Latin writers -- he quotes many of these writers but the quotes are almost all to be found in the Latin grammars that were common in his day , one or more of which would certainly have been at the monastery . Another difficulty is that manuscripts of early writers were often incomplete : it is apparent that Bede had access to Pliny 's Encyclopedia , for example , but it seems that the version he had was missing book xviii , as he would almost certainly have quoted from it in his De temporum ratione . Works on the Old Testament ( edit ) The works dealing with the Old Testament included Commentary on Samuel , Commentary on Genesis , Commentaries on Ezra and Nehemiah , On the Temple , On the Tabernacle , Commentaries on Tobit , Commentaries on Proverbs , Commentaries on the Song of Songs , Commentaries on the Canticle of Habakkuk , The works on Ezra , the Tabernacle and the Temple were especially influenced by Gregory the Great 's writings . Works on the new Testament ( edit ) Bede 's works included Commentary on Revelation , Commentary on the Catholic Epistles , Commentary on Acts , Reconsideration on the Books of Acts , On the Gospel of Mark , On the Gospel of Luke , and Homilies on the Gospels . At the time of his death he was working on a translation of the Gospel of St. John into English . He did this for the last 40 days of his life . When the last passage had been translated he said : `` All is finished . '' Works on historical and astronomical chronology ( edit ) De natura rerum , 1529 De temporibus , or On Time , written in about 703 , provides an introduction to the principles of Easter computus . This was based on parts of Isidore of Seville 's Etymologies , and Bede also included a chronology of the world which was derived from Eusebius , with some revisions based on Jerome 's translation of the bible . In about 723 , Bede wrote a longer work on the same subject , On the Reckoning of Time , which was influential throughout the Middle Ages . He also wrote several shorter letters and essays discussing specific aspects of computus . On the Reckoning of Time ( De temporum ratione ) included an introduction to the traditional ancient and medieval view of the cosmos , including an explanation of how the spherical earth influenced the changing length of daylight , of how the seasonal motion of the Sun and Moon influenced the changing appearance of the New Moon at evening twilight , and a quantitative relation between the changes of the tides at a given place and the daily motion of the moon . Since the focus of his book was the computus , Bede gave instructions for computing the date of Easter and the related time of the Easter Full Moon , for calculating the motion of the Sun and Moon through the zodiac , and for many other calculations related to the calendar . He gives some information about the months of the Anglo - Saxon calendar in chapter XV . Any codex of Bede 's Easter cycle is normally found together with a codex of his `` De Temporum Ratione '' . For calendric purposes , Bede made a new calculation of the age of the world since the creation , which he dated as 3952 BC . Due to his innovations in computing the age of the world , he was accused of heresy at the table of Bishop Wilfrid , his chronology being contrary to accepted calculations . Once informed of the accusations of these `` lewd rustics , '' Bede refuted them in his Letter to Plegwin . In addition to these works on astronomical timekeeping , he also wrote De natura rerum , or On the Nature of Things , modelled in part after the work of the same title by Isidore of Seville . His works were so influential that late in the 9th century Notker the Stammerer , a monk of the Monastery of St. Gall in Switzerland , wrote that `` God , the orderer of natures , who raised the Sun from the East on the fourth day of Creation , in the sixth day of the world has made Bede rise from the West as a new Sun to illuminate the whole Earth '' . Educational works ( edit ) Bede wrote some works designed to help teach grammar in the abbey school . One of these was his De arte metrica , a discussion of the composition of Latin verse , drawing on previous grammarians work . It was based on Donatus ' De pedibus and Servius ' De finalibus , and used examples from Christian poets as well as Virgil . It became a standard text for the teaching of Latin verse during the next few centuries . Bede dedicated this work to Cuthbert , apparently a student , for he is named `` beloved son '' in the dedication , and Bede says `` I have laboured to educate you in divine letters and ecclesiastical statutes '' Another textbook of Bede 's is the De orthographia , a work on orthography , designed to help a medieval reader of Latin with unfamiliar abbreviations and words from classical Latin works . Although it could serve as a textbook , it appears to have been mainly intended as a reference work . The exact date of composition for both of these works is unknown . Another educational work is De schematibus et tropis sacrae scripturae , which discusses the Bible 's use of rhetoric . Bede was familiar with pagan authors such as Virgil , but it was not considered appropriate to teach biblical grammar from such texts , and in De schematibus ... Bede argues for the superiority of Christian texts in understanding Christian literature . Similarly , his text on poetic metre uses only Christian poetry for examples . Vernacular poetry ( edit ) According to his disciple Cuthbert , Bede was also doctus in nostris carminibus ( `` learned in our songs '' ) . Cuthbert 's letter on Bede 's death , the Epistola Cuthberti de obitu Bedae , moreover , commonly is understood to indicate that Bede also composed a five line vernacular poem known to modern scholars as Bede 's Death Song And he used to repeat that sentence from St. Paul `` It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God , '' and many other verses of Scripture , urging us thereby to awake from the slumber of the soul by thinking in good time of our last hour . And in our own language , -- for he was familiar with English poetry , -- speaking of the soul 's dread departure from the body : Fore ðæm nedfere nænig wiorðe ðonc snottora ðon him ðearf siæ to ymbhycgenne ær his hinionge hwæt his gastæ godes oððe yfles æfter deað dæge doemed wiorðe . Facing that enforced journey , no man can be More prudent than he has good call to be , If he consider , before his going hence , What for his spirit of good hap or of evil After his day of death shall be determined . As Opland notes , however , it is not entirely clear that Cuthbert is attributing this text to Bede : most manuscripts of the letter do not use a finite verb to describe Bede 's presentation of the song , and the theme was relatively common in Old English and Anglo - Latin literature . The fact that Cuthbert 's description places the performance of the Old English poem in the context of a series of quoted passages from Sacred Scripture , indeed , might be taken as evidence simply that Bede also cited analogous vernacular texts . On the other hand , the inclusion of the Old English text of the poem in Cuthbert 's Latin letter , the observation that Bede `` was learned in our song , '' and the fact that Bede composed a Latin poem on the same subject all point to the possibility of his having written it . By citing the poem directly , Cuthbert seems to imply that its particular wording was somehow important , either since it was a vernacular poem endorsed by a scholar who evidently frowned upon secular entertainment or because it is a direct quotation of Bede 's last original composition . Veneration ( edit ) Bede depicted at St. Bede 's school , Chennai There is no evidence for cult being paid to Bede in England in the 8th century . One reason for this may be that he died on the feast day of Augustine of Canterbury . Later , when he was venerated in England , he was either commemorated after Augustine on 26 May , or his feast was moved to 27 May . However , he was venerated outside England , mainly through the efforts of Boniface and Alcuin , both of whom promoted the cult on the Continent . Boniface wrote repeatedly back to England during his missionary efforts , requesting copies of Bede 's theological works . Alcuin , who was taught at the school set up in York by Bede 's pupil Egbert , praised Bede as an example for monks to follow and was instrumental in disseminating Bede 's works to all of Alcuin 's friends . Bede 's cult became prominent in England during the 10th - century revival of monasticism , and by the 14th century had spread to many of the cathedrals of England . Wulfstan , Bishop of Worcester ( c. 1008 -- 1095 ) was a particular devotee of Bede 's , dedicating a church to him in 1062 , which was Wulfstan 's first undertaking after his consecration as bishop . His body was ' translated ' ( the ecclesiastical term for relocation of relics ) from Jarrow to Durham Cathedral around 1020 , where it was placed in the same tomb with Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne . Later Bede 's remains were moved to a shrine in the Galilee Chapel at Durham Cathedral in 1370 . The shrine was destroyed during the English Reformation , but the bones were reburied in the chapel . In 1831 the bones were dug up and then reburied in a new tomb , which is still there . Other relics were claimed by York , Glastonbury and Fulda . His scholarship and importance to Catholicism were recognised in 1899 when he was declared a Doctor of the Church . He is the only Englishman named a Doctor of the Church . He is also the only Englishman in Dante 's Paradise ( Paradiso X. 130 ) , mentioned among theologians and doctors of the church in the same canto as Isidore of Seville and the Scot Richard of St. Victor . His feast day was included in the General Roman Calendar in 1899 , for celebration on 27 May rather than on his date of death , 26 May , which was then the feast day of Pope Saint Gregory VII . He is venerated in both the Anglican and Roman Catholic Church , with a feast day of 25 May , and in the Eastern Orthodox Church , with a feast day on 27 May . Bede became known as Venerable Bede ( Lat. : Beda Venerabilis ) by the 9th century because of his holiness , but this was not linked to consideration for sainthood by the Roman Catholic Church . According to a legend the epithet was miraculously supplied by angels , thus completing his unfinished epitaph . It is first utilised in connection with Bede in the 9th century , where Bede was grouped with others who were called `` venerable '' at two ecclesiastical councils held at Aachen in 816 and 836 . Paul the Deacon then referred to him as venerable consistently . By the 11th and 12th century , it had become commonplace . However , there are no descriptions of Bede by that term right after his death . Modern legacy ( edit ) Bede 's reputation as a historian , based mostly on the Historia Ecclesiastica , remains strong ; historian Walter Goffart says of Bede that he `` holds a privileged and unrivalled place among first historians of Christian Europe '' . His life and work have been celebrated with the annual Jarrow Lecture , held at St. Paul 's Church , Jarrow , since 1958 . The English Heritage Organization created Jarrow Hall ( previously known as Bede 's World ) , a museum that celebrates the history of Bede and other parts of English heritage . See also ( edit ) Anglo - Saxon England portal Biography portal Christianity portal Saints portal Jarrow Hall -- Anglo - Saxon Farm , Village and Bede Museum , formerly ' Bede 's World ' List of manuscripts of Bede 's Historia Ecclesiastica List of works by Bede North East England Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bede 's words are `` Ex quo tempore accepti presbyteratus usque ad annum aetatis meae LVIIII ... '' ; which means `` From the time I became a priest until the fifty - ninth year of my life I have made it my business ... to make brief extracts from the works of the venerable fathers on the holy Scriptures ... '' Other , less plausible , interpretations of this passage have been suggested -- for example that it means Bede stopped writing about scripture in his fifty - ninth year . Jump up ^ Cuthbert is probably the same person as the later abbot of Monkwearmouth - Jarrow , but this is not entirely certain . Jump up ^ Isidore of Seville lists six orders below a deacon , but these orders need not have existed at Monkwearmouth . Jump up ^ The key phrase is per linguae curationem , which is variously translated as `` how his tongue was healed '' , `` ( a ) canker on the tongue '' , or , following a different interpretation of curationem , `` the guidance of my tongue '' . Jump up ^ The letter itself is in Bedae Opera de Temporibus edited by C.W. Jones , pp. 307 -- 315 Jump up ^ Laistner provides a list of works definitely or tentatively identified as in Bede 's library . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ray 2001 , pp. 57 -- 59 Jump up ^ Brooks 2006 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Colgrave & Mynors 1969 , p. xix ^ Jump up to : Campbell 2004 Jump up ^ Colgrave & Mynors 1969 , pp. 566 -- 567 ^ Jump up to : Blair 1990 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Whiting , `` The Life of the Venerable Bede '' , in Thompson , `` Bede : His Life , Times and Writing '' , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Higham 2006 , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Bede , Ecclesiastical History , V. 24 , p. 329 . ^ Jump up to : Farmer 2004 , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Colgrave & Mynors 1969 , pp. xix -- xx Jump up ^ Blair 1990 , p. 4 Jump up ^ J. Insley , `` Portesmutha '' in : Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde vol. 23 , Walter de Gruyter ( 2003 ) , 291 . Jump up ^ Förstemann , Altdeutsches Namenbuch s.v. BUD ( 289 ) connects the Old High German short name Bodo ( variants Boto , Boddo , Potho , Boda , Puoto etc . ) as from the same verbal root . ^ Jump up to : Higham 2006 , pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Swanton 1998 , pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ Kendall 2010 , p. 101 ; Rowley 2017 , p. 258 ^ Jump up to : Blair 1990 , p. 178 Jump up ^ Blair 1990 , p. 241 ^ Jump up to : Colgrave & Mynors 1969 , p. xx Jump up ^ Plummer , Bedae Opera Historica , vol . I , p. xii . Jump up ^ Blair 1990 , p. 181 ^ Jump up to : Blair 1990 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Blair 1990 , p. 234 Jump up ^ `` Classical and Medieval MSS '' . Bodleian Library . Retrieved 30 December 2010 . Jump up ^ A few pages from another copy are held by the British Museum . Farmer 1978 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Ray 2001 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Whiting , `` The Life of the Venerable Bede '' , in Thompson , `` Bede : His Life , Times and Writing '' , pp. 5 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Dorothy Whitelock , `` Bede and his Teachers and Friends '' , in Bonner , Famulus Christi , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Blair 1990 , p. 267 Jump up ^ Hurst , Bede the Venerable , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Goffart , Narrators p. 322 ^ Jump up to : Blair 1990 , p. 305 Jump up ^ Higham 2006 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Colgrave & Mynors 1969 , p. 556n Jump up ^ Plummer , Bedae Opera Historica , vol. II , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Fr . Paolo O. Pirlo , SHMI ( 1997 ) . `` St. Venerable Bede '' . My First Book of Saints . Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate -- Quality Catholic Publications . p. 104 . ISBN 971 - 91595 - 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ Colgrave & Mynors 1969 , pp. 580 -- 587 Jump up ^ Blair 1990 , p. 307 Jump up ^ Donald Scragg , `` Bede 's Death Song '' , in Lapidge , Encyclopaedia of Anglo - Saxon England , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Colgrave & Mynors 1969 , pp. 580 -- 581n Jump up ^ `` St. Gallen Stiftsbibliothek Cod . Sang. 254 . Jerome , Commentary on the Old Testament book of Isaiah . Includes the most authentic version of the Old English `` Death Song '' by the Venerable Bede `` . Europeana Regia . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Quoted in Ward 1990 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Holder ( trans . ) , Bede : On the Tabernacle , ( Liverpool : Liverpool Univ . Pr. , 1994 ) , pp. xvii -- xx . Jump up ^ McClure and Collins , The Ecclesiastical History , pp. xviii -- xix . Jump up ^ Blair 1990 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Goffart 1988 , pp. 242 -- 243 Jump up ^ Frantzen , Allan J. ( 1983 ) . The Literature of Penance in Anglo - Saxon England ( 1st ed . ) . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0813509556 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Farmer 1978 , p. 21 Jump up ^ `` Albinus '' . Dictionary of National Biography . London : Smith , Elder & Co. 1885 -- 1900 . ^ Jump up to : Farmer 1978 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Farmer 1978 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Farmer 1978 , pp. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Abels 1983 , pp. 1 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : Farmer 1978 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Bede , `` Preface '' , Historia Ecclesiastica , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Cramp , `` Monkwearmouth ( or Wearmouth ) and Jarrow '' , pp. 325 -- 326 . Jump up ^ Michael Lapidge , `` Libraries '' , in Lapidge , Encyclopaedia of Anglo - Saxon England , pp. 286 -- 287 . ^ Jump up to : Farmer 1978 , p. 25 ^ Jump up to : Campbell , `` Bede '' , in Dorey , Latin Historians , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Campbell , `` Bede '' , in Dorey , Latin Historians , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Lapidge , `` Gildas '' , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Meyvaert 1996 , p. 831 Jump up ^ Meyvaert 1996 , p. 843 ^ Jump up to : Colgrave & Mynors 1969 , pp. xxv -- xxvi Jump up ^ Plummer , Bedae Opera Historic , vol . I , p. xxiv . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , `` Bede '' , in Dorey , Latin Historians , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Keynes , `` Nothhelm '' , pp. 335 336 . ^ Jump up to : Bede , Historia Ecclesiastica , Preface , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Goffart 1988 , pp. 296 -- 307 Jump up ^ Brooks 2006 , pp. 7 -- 10 Jump up ^ Brooks 2006 , pp. 12 -- 14 Jump up ^ Farmer 1978 , p. 26 ^ Jump up to : Farmer 1978 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Lapidge 2005 , p. 323 Jump up ^ Colgrave & Mynors 1969 , pp. xxxvii -- xxxviii Jump up ^ Plummer , Bedae Opera Historica , vol . I , pp. liii -- liv . ^ Jump up to : Colgrave & Mynors 1969 , pp. xxx -- xxxi Jump up ^ N.J. Higham , `` Bede 's Agenda in Book IV of the ' Ecclesiastical History of the English People ' : A Tricky Matter of Advising the King , '' Journal of Ecclesiastical History ( 2013 ) 64 # 3 pp 476 -- 493 Jump up ^ Colgrave & Mynors 1969 , pp. xxxiv -- xxxvi Jump up ^ Stenton 1971 , pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Wallace - Hadrill 1988 , p. xxxi Jump up ^ Yorke 2006 , p. 119 Jump up ^ Yorke 2006 , pp. 21 -- 22 Jump up ^ Fleming 2011 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Yorke 2006 , p. 118 ^ Jump up to : Colgrave & Mynors 1969 , pp. xviii -- xix Jump up ^ Stenton 1971 , p. 186 ^ Jump up to : Wright 2008 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Higham 2006 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Goffart 1988 , p. 236 Jump up ^ Goffart 1988 , pp. 238 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Stenton 1971 , p. 187 ^ Jump up to : Wormald 1999 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Higham 2006 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Higham 2006 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Behr 2000 , pp. 25 -- 52 Jump up ^ Plummer , Bedae Opera Historica , vol . I , p. xlvii and note . Jump up ^ Cannon & Griffiths 1997 , pp. 42 -- 43 Jump up ^ Wallis ( trans . ) , The Reckoning of Time , pp. lxvii -- lxxi , 157 -- 237 , 353 -- 66 Jump up ^ Goffart 1988 , pp. 245 -- 246 Jump up ^ Brown 1987 , p. 42 ^ Jump up to : Ward 2001 , pp. 57 -- 64 Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Meyvaert 1996 , p. 827 Jump up ^ M.L.W. Laistner , `` The Library of the Venerable Bede '' , in A.H. Thompson , `` Bede : His Life , Times and Writings '' , pp. 237 -- 262 . Jump up ^ M.L.W. Laistner , `` The Library of the Venerable Bede '' , in A.H. Thompson , `` Bede : His Life , Times and Writings '' , pp. 263 -- 266 . Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , p. 72 Jump up ^ Obermair 2010 , pp. 45 -- 57 Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Thacker 1998 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , pp. 58 -- 59 Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Loyn 1962 , p. 270 Jump up ^ Brown 1987 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Brown 1987 , pp. 38 -- 41 Jump up ^ Bede 2004 , pp. 82 -- 85 , 307 -- 312 Jump up ^ Bede 2004 , pp. 53 -- 4 , 285 -- 7 ; see also ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Bede 2004 , pp. xxx , 405 -- 415 Jump up ^ Brown 1987 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Bede 2004 , p. lxxxv Jump up ^ Brown 1987 , pp. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Brown 1987 , pp. 35 -- 36 Jump up ^ Colgrave gives the example of Desiderius of Vienne , who was reprimanded by Gregory the Great for using `` heathen '' authors in his teaching . Jump up ^ Colgrave & Mynors 1969 , pp. 580 -- 3 Jump up ^ Opland 1980 , pp. 140 -- 141 Jump up ^ McCready 1994 , pp. 14 -- 19 Jump up ^ Opland 1980 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , pp. 136 -- 138 Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , p. 139 Jump up ^ Wright 2008 , p. 4 ( caption ) Jump up ^ Higham 2006 , p. 24 Jump up ^ `` Venerable Bede , the Church Historian '' . Jump up ^ Wright 2008 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia article The Venerable Bede Jump up ^ `` The jarrow lecture '' . stpaulschurchjarrow.com . Library resources about Bede Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Bede Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Sources ( edit ) Primary sources ( edit ) Bede ( c. 860 ) . `` St. Gallen Stiftsbibliothek Cod . Sang. 254 . Jerome , Commentary on the Old Testament book of Isaiah . Includes the most authentic version of the Old English `` Death Song '' by the Venerable Bede `` . Europeana Regia . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . -- -- -- ( 1896 ) . Plummer , C , ed . ' Hist . eccl . Venerabilis Baedae opera historica '. 2 vols . -- -- -- ( 1969 ) . Colgrave , Bertram ; Mynors , R.A.B. , eds . Bede 's Ecclesiastical History of the English People . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822202 - 5 . ( Parallel Latin text and English translation with English notes . ) -- -- -- ( 1991 ) . D.H. Farmer , ed . Ecclesiastical History of the English People . Translated by Leo Sherley - Price . Revised by R.E. Latham . London : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044565 - X . -- -- -- ( 1994 ) . McClure , Judith ; Collins , Roger , eds . The Ecclesiastical History of the English People . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283866 - 0 . -- -- -- ( 1943 ) . Jones , C.W. , ed . Bedae Opera de Temporibus . Cambridge , MA : Mediaeval Academy of America . -- -- -- ( 2004 ) . Bede : The Reckoning of Time . Translated by Wallis , Faith . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press . ISBN 0 - 85323 - 693 - 3 . -- -- -- ( 2011 ) . On the Song of Songs and selected writings . The Classics of Western Spirituality . Translated by Holder , Arthur G. New York : Paulist Press . ISBN 0 - 8091 - 4700 - 9 . ( contains translations of On the Song of Songs , Homilies on the Gospels and selections from the Ecclesiastical history of the English people ) . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle . Translated by Swanton , Michael James . New York : Routledge. 1998 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92129 - 5 . Secondary sources ( edit ) Abels , Richard ( 1983 ) . `` The Council of Whitby : A Study in Early Anglo - Saxon Politics '' . Journal of British Studies . 23 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 25 . doi : 10.1086 / 385808 . JSTOR 175617 . Behr , Charlotte ( 2000 ) . `` The Origins of Kingship in Early Medieval Kent '' . Early Medieval Europe . 9 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 52 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 0254.00058 . Blair , Peter Hunter ( 1990 ) . The World of Bede ( Reprint of 1970 ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39819 - 3 . Brooks , Nicholas ( 2006 ) . `` From British to English Christianity : Deconstructing Bede 's Interpretation of the Conversion '' . In Howe , Nicholas ; Karkov , Catherine . Conversion and Colonization in Anglo - Saxon England . Tempe , AZ : Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies . pp. 1 -- 30 . ISBN 0 - 86698 - 363 - 5 . Brown , George Hardin ( 1987 ) . Bede , the Venerable . Boston : Twayne . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 6940 - 4 . -- -- -- ( 1999 ) . `` Royal and Ecclesiastical rivalries in Bede 's History '' . Renascence. 51 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 33 . Campbell , J. ( 2004 ) . `` Bede ( 673 / 4 -- 735 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( revised May 2008 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Cannon , John ; Griffiths , Ralph ( 1997 ) . The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822786 - 8 . Chadwick , Henry ( 1995 ) . `` Theodore , the English Church , and the Monothelete Controversy '' . In Lapidge , Michael . Archbishop Theodore . Cambridge Studies in Anglo - Saxon England # 11 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 88 -- 95 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 48077 - 9 . Colgrave , Bertram ; Mynors , R.A.B. ( 1969 ) . `` Introduction '' . Bede 's Ecclesiastical History of the English People . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822202 - 5 . Dorey , T.A. ( 1966 ) . Latin Historians . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . Farmer , David Hugh ( 1978 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Saints . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 282038 - 9 . -- -- -- ( 2004 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Saints ( Fifth ed . ) . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860949 - 0 . Fleming , Robin ( 2011 ) . Britain after Rome : The Fall and the Rise , 400 to 1070 . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014823 - 7 . Goffart , Walter A. ( 1988 ) . The Narrators of Barbarian History ( A.D. 550 -- 800 ) : Jordanes , Gregory of Tours , Bede , and Paul the Deacon . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05514 - 9 . Higham , N.J. ( 2006 ) . ( Re - ) Reading Bede : The Historia Ecclesiastica in Context . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35368 - 7 . Kendall , Calvin B. ( 2010 ) . `` Bede and Education '' . In DeGregorio , Scott . The Cambridge Companion to Bede . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 99 -- 112 . ISBN 9781139825429 . Lapidge , Michael ( 2005 ) . `` Poeticism in Pre-Conquest Anglo - Latin Prose '' . In Reinhardt , Tobias et al. Aspects of the Language of Latin Prose . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 726332 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Loyn , H.R. ( 1962 ) . Anglo - Saxon England and the Norman Conquest . Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 48232 - 1 . McCready , William D. ( 1994 ) . Miracles and the Venerable Bede : Studies and Texts . Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies # 118 . Toronto : Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies . ISBN 0 - 88844 - 118 - 5 . Mayr - Harting , Henry ( 1991 ) . The Coming of Christianity to Anglo - Saxon England . University Park , PA : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 00769 - 9 . Meyvaert , Paul ( 1996 ) . `` Bede , Cassiodorus , and the Codex Amiatinus '' . Speculum . Medieval Academy of America . 71 ( 4 ) : 827 -- 883 . doi : 10.2307 / 2865722 . JSTOR 2865722 . Obermair , Hannes ( 2010 ) . `` Novit iustus animas . Ein Bozner Blatt aus Bedas Kommentar der Sprüche Salomos '' ( PDF ) . Concilium medii aevi . Edition Ruprecht. 31 : 45 -- 57 . ISSN 1437 - 904X . Opland , Jeff ( 1980 ) . Anglo - Saxon Oral Poetry : A Study of the Traditions . New Haven and London : Yale U.P. ISBN 0 - 300 - 02426 - 6 . Ray , Roger ( 2001 ) . `` Bede '' . In Lapidge , Michael ; et al. Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo - Saxon England . Malden , MA : Blackwell . pp. 57 -- 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22492 - 1 . Rowley , Sharon M. ( 2017 ) . `` Bede '' . In Echard , Sian ; Rouse , Robert . The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 257 -- 64 . ISBN 9781118396988 . Stenton , F.M. ( 1971 ) . Anglo - Saxon England ( Third ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280139 - 5 . Thacker , Alan ( 1998 ) . `` Memorializing Gregory the Great : The Origin and Transmission of a Papal Cult in the 7th and early 8th centuries '' . Early Medieval Europe . 7 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 84 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 0254.00018 . Thompson , A. Hamilton ( 1969 ) . Bede : His Life , Times and Writings : Essays in Commemoration of the Twelfth Century of his Death . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Tyler , Damian ( April 2007 ) . `` Reluctant Kings and Christian Conversion in Seventh - Century England '' . History . 92 ( 306 ) : 144 -- 161 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 229X. 2007.00389. x . Wallace - Hadrill , J.M. ( 1988 ) . Bede 's Ecclesiastical History of the English People : A Historical Commentary . Oxford Medieval Texts . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822269 - 6 . Ward , Benedicta ( 1990 ) . The Venerable Bede . Harrisburg , PA : Morehouse Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8192 - 1494 - 9 . -- -- -- ( 2001 ) . `` Bede the Theologian '' . In Evans , G.R. The Medieval Theologians : An Introduction to Theology in the Medieval Period . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing . pp. 57 -- 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21203 - 4 . Wormald , Patrick ( 1999 ) . The Making of English Law : King Alfred to the Twelfth Century . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 631 - 13496 - 4 . Wright , J. Robert ( 2008 ) . A Companion to Bede : A Reader 's Commentary on The Ecclesiastical History of the English People . Grand Rapids , MI : Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6309 - 6 . Yorke , Barbara ( 2006 ) . The Conversion of Britain : Religion , Politics and Society in Britain c. 600 -- 800 . London : Pearson / Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 77292 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Story , Joanna ; Bailey , Richard ( 2015 ) . `` The Skull of Bede '' . The Antiquaries Journal . 95 : 325 -- 50 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBedeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Dickinson College Commentaries : Historia Ecclēsiastica Works by the Venerable Bede at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Bede at Internet Archive Works by Bede at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Bede 's World : the museum of early medieval Northumbria at Jarrow The Venerable Bede from In Our Time ( BBC Radio 4 ) Ecclesiastical History of the English People , Books 1 -- 5 , L.C. Jane 's 1903 Temple Classics translation . From the Internet Medieval Sourcebook . Bede 's Ecclesiastical History and the Continuation of Bede ( pdf ) , at CCEL , edited & translated by A.M. Sellar . 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'' Authority control VIAF : 61539765 LCCN : n80039744 ISNI : 0000 0001 2096 2352 GND : 118508237 SELIBR : 180275 SUDOC : 026649535 BNF : cb11885724g ( data ) BIBSYS : 90362380 ULAN : 500248520 NLA : 35979387 NDL : 00519908 NKC : jn19992000061 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 059712 BNE : XX840759 IATH : w6x352v5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bede&oldid=810524516 '' Categories : Bede 673 births 735 deaths 7th - century Christian monks 7th - century Christian theologians 8th - century Christian monks 8th - century historians 8th - century Christian theologians 8th - century writers Anglo - Saxon monks Anglo - Saxon poets Anglo - Saxon saints Benedictine Biblical scholars Benedictine scholars Benedictine theologians Benedictine writers Bible translators Burials at Monkwearmouth - Jarrow Abbey Christian hagiographers English Christian theologians Chronologists Church Fathers Doctors of the Church Early medieval Latin writers English Benedictines English chroniclers English saints Hagiographers Medieval English theologians Northumbrian saints People from Jarrow People from Sunderland , Tyne and Wear British biblical scholars Trope theorists Hidden categories : Articles containing Old English - language text Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles incorporating Cite DNB template Wikipedia introduction cleanup from April 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use British English from August 2010 Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles containing Latin - language text Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links AC with 15 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Ænglisc Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 20 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is called the father of english history | [
"Bede (/ˈbiːd/ BEED; Old English: Bǣda, Bēda; 672/3 – 26 May 735), also known as Saint Bede, Venerable Bede, and Bede the Venerable (Latin: Bēda Venerābilis), was an English monk at the monastery of St. Peter and its companion monastery of St. Paul in the Kingdom of Northumbria of the Angles (contemporarily Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey in Tyne and Wear, England). He is well known as an author and scholar, and his most famous work, Ecclesiastical History of the English People gained him the title \"The Father of English History\"."
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"Bede"
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4152548250260254589 | Kobe Bryant | Kobe Bryant - wikipedia Kobe Bryant Kobe Bryant Bryant with the Lakers in 2015 ( 1978 - 08 - 23 ) August 23 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) Listed weight 212 lb ( 96 kg ) Career information High school Lower Merion ( Ardmore , Pennsylvania ) NBA draft 1996 / Round : 1 / Pick : 13th overall Selected by the Charlotte Hornets Playing career 1996 -- 2016 Position Shooting guard Number 8 , 24 Career history 1996 -- 2016 Los Angeles Lakers Career highlights and awards 5 × NBA champion ( 2000 -- 2002 , 2009 , 2010 ) 2 × NBA Finals MVP ( 2009 , 2010 ) NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2008 ) 18 × NBA All - Star ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2016 ) 4 × NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2002 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 ) 11 × All - NBA First Team ( 2002 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2013 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2000 , 2001 ) 2 × All - NBA Third Team ( 1999 , 2005 ) 9 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 -- 2011 ) 3 × NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2001 , 2002 , 2012 ) 2 × NBA scoring champion ( 2006 , 2007 ) NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion ( 1997 ) NBA All - Rookie Second Team ( 1997 ) Naismith Prep Player of the Year ( 1996 ) Nos. 8 & 24 retired by Los Angeles Lakers Career statistics Points 33,643 ( 25.0 ppg ) Rebounds 7,047 ( 5.2 rpg ) Assists 6,306 ( 4.7 apg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing United States Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team 2012 London Team FIBA Americas Championship 2007 Las Vegas Team Kobe Bean Bryant ( born August 23 , 1978 ) is an American former professional basketball player . He played his entire 20 - year career with the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He entered the NBA directly from high school and won five NBA championships with the Lakers . Bryant is an 18 - time All - Star , 15 - time member of the All - NBA Team , and 12 - time member of the All - Defensive team . He led the NBA in scoring during two seasons and ranks third on the league 's all - time regular season scoring and fourth on the all - time postseason scoring list . He holds the NBA record for the most seasons playing with one franchise for an entire career and is widely regarded as one of the greatest basketball players of all time . Bryant is the first guard in NBA history to play for at least 20 seasons . The son of former NBA player Joe Bryant , Kobe Bryant enjoyed a successful high school basketball career at Lower Merion High School in Pennsylvania , where he was recognized as the top high school basketball player in the country . He declared for the NBA draft upon graduation and was selected in the 13th overall pick in the 1996 NBA draft by the Charlotte Hornets , who traded him to the Lakers . As a rookie , Bryant earned himself a reputation as a high - flyer and a fan favorite by winning the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest , and he was named an All - Star by his second season . Despite a feud between them , Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal led the Lakers to three consecutive NBA championships from 2000 to 2002 . In 2003 , Bryant was accused of sexual assault in Colorado , but the charges were eventually dropped , and a civil suit was settled out of court . After the Lakers lost the 2004 NBA Finals , O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat . Bryant became the cornerstone of the Lakers , and he led the NBA in scoring during the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons . In 2006 , he scored a career - high 81 points against the Toronto Raptors , the second most points scored in a single game in league history behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game in 1962 . Bryant was awarded the regular season 's Most Valuable Player Award ( MVP ) in 2008 . After losing in the 2008 NBA Finals , he led the Lakers to two consecutive championships in 2009 and 2010 , earning the Finals MVP Award on both occasions . He continued to be among the top players in the league through 2013 when the 34 - year - old Bryant suffered a torn Achilles tendon . Although he recovered , his play was limited the following two years by season - ending injuries to his knee and shoulder , respectively . Citing his physical decline , he announced that he would retire after the 2015 -- 16 season . At 34 years and 104 days of age , Bryant became the youngest player in league history to reach 30,000 career points . He became the all - time leading scorer in Lakers franchise history on February 1 , 2010 , when he surpassed Jerry West . During his third year in the league , Bryant was chosen to start the All - Star Game , and he would continue to be selected to start that game for a record 18 consecutive appearances until his retirement . His four All - Star MVP Awards are tied for the most in NBA history . At the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics , he won gold medals as a member of the U.S. national team . Sporting News and TNT named Bryant the top NBA player of the 2000s . In 2018 , Bryant won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for his film Dear Basketball . Contents 1 Early life and education 1.1 High school 2 Professional career 2.1 1996 NBA draft 2.2 Adjusting to the NBA ( 1996 -- 1999 ) 2.3 Three - peat ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2.4 Coming up short ( 2002 -- 2004 ) 2.5 Scoring records and playoff upsets ( 2004 -- 2007 ) 2.6 Back on top ( 2007 -- 2010 ) 2.7 Chasing a sixth championship ( 2010 -- 2013 ) 2.8 Injury - plagued years ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 2.9 Final season ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 3 National team career 4 Player profile 5 NBA career statistics 5.1 Regular season 5.2 Playoffs 6 Legacy 7 Off the court 7.1 Personal life 7.2 Sexual assault allegation 7.3 Endorsements 7.4 Music 7.5 Philanthropy 7.6 Kobe Inc . 7.7 Bryant - Stibel 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early Life and education Bryant was born in 1978 in Philadelphia ; he was the youngest of three children and the only son of former NBA player Joe Bryant and Pamela Cox Bryant . He is also the maternal nephew of basketball player John `` Chubby '' Cox . His parents named him after the famous beef of Kobe , Japan , which they saw on a restaurant menu . His middle name , Bean , is derived from his father 's nickname `` Jellybean '' . Bryant was raised Roman Catholic . When Bryant was six , his father retired from the NBA and moved his family to Rieti in Italy to continue playing professional basketball at a lower level . Kobe became accustomed to his new lifestyle and learned to speak fluent Italian . During summers , he would come back to the United States to play in a basketball summer league . Bryant started playing basketball when he was 3 years old , and the Lakers were his favorite team when he was growing up . Bryant 's grandfather would mail him videos of NBA games , which Bryant would study . At an early age , he also learned to play soccer and his favorite team was A.C. Milan . When Kobe 's father Joe retired as a player in 1991 , the family moved back to the United States . High school Bryant 's retired No. 33 jersey and banner at the Lower Merion High School gym . Bryant earned national recognition during a spectacular high school career at Lower Merion High School in Ardmore , which was located in the Philadelphia suburb of Lower Merion . He played on the varsity basketball team as a freshman . He became the first freshman in decades to start for Lower Merion 's varsity team , but the team finished with a 4 -- 20 record . The following three years , the Aces compiled a 77 -- 13 record , with Bryant playing all five positions . During his junior year , he averaged 31.1 points , 10.4 rebounds , and 5.2 assists and was named Pennsylvania Player of the Year , attracting attention from college recruiters in the process . Duke , Michigan , North Carolina and Villanova were at the top of his list ; however , when Kevin Garnett went in the first round of the 1995 NBA draft , he began considering going directly to the pros . At Adidas ABCD camp , Bryant earned the 1995 senior MVP award while playing alongside future NBA teammate Lamar Odom . While in high school , then 76ers coach John Lucas invited Bryant to work out and scrimmage with the team , where he played one - on - one with Jerry Stackhouse . In his senior year of high school , Bryant led the Aces to their first state championship in 53 years . During the run , he averaged 30.8 points , 12 rebounds , 6.5 assists , 4 steals , and 3.8 blocked shots in leading the Aces to a 31 -- 3 record . Bryant ended his high school career as Southeastern Pennsylvania 's all - time leading scorer at 2,883 points , surpassing both Wilt Chamberlain and Lionel Simmons . Bryant received several awards for his outstanding performance during his senior year at Lower Merion . The awards included being named Naismith High School Player of the Year , Gatorade Men 's National Basketball Player of the Year , a McDonald 's All - American , and a USA Today All - USA First Team player . Bryant 's varsity coach , Greg Downer , commented that he was `` a complete player who dominates '' and praised his work ethic , even as the team 's top player . In 1996 , Bryant took R&B singer Brandy to his senior prom , though the two were , and remain , just friends . Ultimately , however , the 17 - year - old Bryant made the decision to go directly into the NBA , only the sixth player in NBA history to do so . Bryant 's news was met with a lot of publicity at a time when prep - to - pro NBA players were not very common ( Garnett being the only exception in 20 years ) . His basketball skills and SAT score of 1080 would have ensured admission to any college he chose , but he did not officially visit any campuses . In 2012 , Bryant was honored as one of the 35 Greatest McDonald 's All - Americans . Professional career 1996 NBA draft Prior to the 1996 NBA draft , Bryant had worked out in Los Angeles , where he scrimmaged against former Lakers players Larry Drew and Michael Cooper and , according to then - Laker manager Jerry West , `` marched over these people '' . The Lakers were looking to trade their starting center Vlade Divac for a player 's draft rights in order to free up salary cap space to make an offer to free agent center Shaquille O'Neal . Bill Branch , the Hornets ' head scout at the time , said that the Hornets agreed to trade their draft selection at # 13 to the Lakers the day before the draft . Prior to the trade agreement , the Hornets never considered drafting Bryant . During the draft , the Lakers told the Hornets whom to select minutes before the pick was made . Bryant was the first guard ever drafted directly out of high school . After the draft , the trade was put in jeopardy when Divac threatened to retire rather than be traded from Los Angeles . However , on June 30 , Divac relented on his threat and the trade was made final on July 9 , 1996 when the league 's offseason moratorium ended . Since Bryant was still 17 at the time , his parents had to cosign his contract with the Lakers until he was able to sign his own when he turned 18 before the season began . Bryant signed a three year rookie contract totalling $3.5 million . Adjusting to the NBA ( 1996 -- 1999 ) Bryant debuted in the Summer Pro League in Long Beach , California , scoring 25 points in front of a standing - room - only crowd . Defenders struggled to get in front of him , and his performance excited West and Lakers coach Del Harris . He scored 36 points in the finale and finished with averages of 24.5 points and 5.3 rebounds in four games . As a rookie in 1996 -- 97 , Bryant mostly came off the bench behind guards Eddie Jones and Nick Van Exel . At the time he became the youngest player ever to play in an NBA game ( 18 years , 72 days ; a record since broken by Jermaine O'Neal and former teammate Andrew Bynum ) , and also became the youngest NBA starter ever ( 18 years , 158 days ) . Initially , Bryant played limited minutes , but as the season continued , he began to see some more playing time . By the end of the season , he averaged 15.5 minutes a game . During the All - Star weekend , Bryant participated in the Rookie Challenge and won the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest , becoming the youngest dunk champion ever at the age of 18 . Bryant 's performance throughout the year earned him a spot on the NBA All - Rookie Second Team with fellow bench teammate Travis Knight . The Lakers advanced to the Western Conference semifinals in the playoffs against the Utah Jazz , when Bryant was pressed into a lead role at the end of Game 5 . Byron Scott missed the game with a sprained wrist , Robert Horry was ejected for fighting with Utah 's Jeff Hornacek , and Shaquille O'Neal fouled out with 1 : 46 remaining in the fourth quarter . Bryant shot four air balls at the end of the game ; the Jazz won 98 -- 93 in overtime to eliminate the Lakers 4 -- 1 . He first whiffed a game - winning 2 - point jump shot in the fourth quarter , and then misfired three three - point field goals in overtime , including two tying shots in the final minute . O'Neal commented that `` ( Bryant ) was the only guy who had the guts at the time to take shots like that . '' In Bryant 's second season , he received more playing time and began to show more of his abilities as a talented young guard . As a result , Bryant 's point averages more than doubled from 7.6 to 15.4 points per game . Bryant would see an increase in minutes when the Lakers `` played small '' , which would feature Bryant playing small forward alongside the guards he would usually back up . Bryant was the runner - up for the NBA 's Sixth Man of the Year Award , and through fan voting , he also became the youngest NBA All - Star starter in NBA history . He was joined by teammates O'Neal , Van Exel , and Jones , making it the first time since 1983 that four players on the same team were selected to play in the same All - Star Game . Bryant 's 15.4 points per game was the highest of any non-starter in the season . The 1998 -- 99 season marked Bryant 's emergence as a premier guard in the league . With starting guards Van Exel and Jones traded , Bryant started every game for the lockout - shortened 50 - game season . During the season , Bryant signed a 6 - year contract extension worth $70 million . This kept him with the Lakers until the end of the 2003 -- 04 season . Even at an early stage of his career , sportswriters were comparing his skills to those of Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson . The playoff results , however , were no better , as the Lakers were swept by the San Antonio Spurs in the Western Conference Semifinals . Three - peat ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Bryant taking a shot Bryant 's fortunes would improve when Phil Jackson took over as coach of the Lakers in 1999 . After years of steady improvement , Bryant became one of the premier shooting guards in the league , earning appearances in the league 's All - NBA , All - Star , and All - Defensive teams . The Lakers became championship contenders under Bryant and O'Neal , who formed a legendary center - guard combination . Jackson utilized the triangle offense that he implemented to win six championships with the Chicago Bulls ; this offense would help both Bryant and O'Neal rise to the elite class of the NBA . Three resulting championships were won consecutively in 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 , further proving such a fact . Bryant was sidelined for six weeks prior to the start of the 1999 -- 2000 season due to a hand injury that he had incurred during a preseason game against the Washington Wizards . When Bryant was back and playing over 38 minutes a game , he had an increase in all statistical categories during the 1999 -- 2000 season . This included leading the team in assists per game and steals per game . The duo of O'Neal and Bryant backed with a strong bench led to the Lakers winning 67 games , tied for fifth-most in NBA history . This followed with O'Neal winning the MVP and Bryant being named to the All - NBA Team Second Team and All - NBA Defensive Team for the first time in his career ( the youngest player ever to receive defensive honors ) . While playing second fiddle to O'Neal in the playoffs , Bryant had some clutch performances including a 25 - point , 11 rebound , 7 assist , 4 block game in game 7 of the Western Conference finals against the Portland Trail Blazers . He also threw an alley - oop pass to O'Neal to clinch the game and the series . In the 2000 Finals against the Indiana Pacers , Bryant injured his ankle in the second quarter of Game 2 after landing on the Pacers ' Jalen Rose 's foot . Rose later admitted he placed his foot under Bryant intentionally . Bryant did not return to the game , and he also missed Game 3 due to the injury . In Game 4 , Bryant scored 22 points in the second half and led the team to an OT victory as O'Neal fouled out of the game . Bryant scored the winning shot to put the Lakers ahead 120 -- 118 . With a 116 -- 111 Game 6 victory , the Lakers won their first championship since 1988 . Statistically , the 2000 -- 01 season saw Bryant perform similarly to the previous year , but he averaged 6 more points a game ( 28.5 ) . It was also the year when disagreements between Bryant and O'Neal began to surface . Once again he led the team in assists with 5 per game . The Lakers , however , only won 56 games , an 11 - game drop off from last year . The Lakers would respond by going 15 -- 1 in the playoffs . They easily swept the Portland Trail Blazers , Sacramento Kings , and San Antonio Spurs to advance to the Finals , before losing their first game against the Philadelphia 76ers in OT . They would go on to win the next 4 games and bring their second championship to Los Angeles in as many seasons . During the playoffs , Bryant played heavy minutes which brought his stats up to 29.4 points , 7.3 rebounds , and 6.1 assists per game . In the playoffs , teammate O'Neal declared Bryant the best player in the league . Bryant ended up making the All NBA Second team and All NBA Defensive Team for the second year in a row . In addition , he was also voted to start in the NBA All - Star Game for the 3rd year in a row ( no game in 1999 ) . In the 2001 -- 02 season , Bryant played 80 games for the first time in his career . He continued his all - round play by averaging 25.2 points , 5.5 rebounds , and 5.5 assists per game . He also had a career - high 46.9 % shooting and once again led his team in assists . He claimed his first All - Star MVP trophy after a 31 - point performance in Philadelphia when he was loudly booed by fans as they had throughout the game , stemming from his earlier comment to a 76ers heckler during the Finals that the Lakers were `` going to cut your hearts out '' . While making the All - NBA Defensive team again , he was also promoted to the All - NBA First Team for the first time in his career . The Lakers won 58 games that year and finished second place in the Pacific Division behind in - state rival Sacramento Kings . Bryant was suspended one game after he punched Reggie Miller of the Indiana Pacers after the Lakers ' March 1 , 2002 victory over the Pacers . The road to the Finals would prove a lot tougher than the record run the Lakers had the previous year . While the Lakers swept the Blazers and defeated the Spurs 4 -- 1 in the first two rounds of the playoffs , the Lakers did not have home court advantage against the Sacramento Kings . The series would stretch to 7 games , the first time this happened to the Lakers since the 2000 Western Conference Finals . However , the Lakers were able to beat their division rivals and make their third consecutive NBA Finals appearance . In the 2002 Finals against the New Jersey Nets , Bryant averaged 26.8 points , 51.4 % shooting , 5.8 rebounds , 5.3 assists per game , which included scoring a quarter of the team 's points . At age 23 , Bryant became the youngest player to win three championships . Bryant 's play was notable and praised for his performance in the 4th quarter of games , specifically the last 2 rounds of the playoffs . This cemented Bryant 's reputation as a `` clutch player '' . Coming up Short ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Bryant at the free - throw line , 2005 . In the 2002 -- 03 season , Bryant set an NBA record for three - pointers in a game on January 7 , 2003 , when he made 12 against the Seattle SuperSonics . He averaged 30 points per game and embarked on a historic run , posting 40 or more points in nine consecutive games while averaging 40.6 in the entire month of February . In addition , he averaged 6.9 rebounds , 5.9 assists , and 2.2 steals per game , all career - highs to that point . Bryant was once again voted to both the All - NBA and All - Defensive 1st teams , and came in third place in voting for the MVP award . After finishing 50 -- 32 in the regular season , the Lakers floundered in the playoffs and lost in the Western Conference semi-finals in six games to the eventual NBA champions San Antonio Spurs . In the following 2003 -- 04 season , the Lakers were able to acquire NBA All - Stars Karl Malone , and Gary Payton to make another push at the NBA Championship . Bryant was arrested for sexual assault before the season began . This caused Bryant to miss some games due to court appearances or attend court earlier in the day and travel to play games later in same day . In the final game of the regular season , the Lakers played the Portland Trail Blazers . Bryant made two buzzer beaters to win the game and the Pacific Division title . At the end of the fourth quarter , Bryant made a 3 - pointer with 1.1 seconds left to send it into overtime . The game eventually went to a second overtime , in which Bryant made another 3 - pointer as time expired to lift the Lakers past the Blazers , 105 -- 104 . With a starting lineup of O'Neal , Malone , Payton , and Bryant , the Lakers were able to reach the NBA Finals . However , they were upset in five games by the Detroit Pistons , who won their first championship since 1990 . In that series , Bryant averaged 22.6 points per game and 4.4 assists . He shot 35.1 % from the field . Jackson 's contract as coach was not renewed , and Rudy Tomjanovich took over . O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat for Lamar Odom , Caron Butler , and Brian Grant . The following day , Bryant declined an offer to sign with the Los Angeles Clippers and re-signed a seven - year contract with the Lakers . Scoring records and playoff upsets ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Bryant was closely scrutinized and criticized during the 2004 -- 05 season with his reputation badly damaged from all that had happened over the previous year . A particularly damaging salvo came when Jackson wrote The Last Season : A Team in Search of Its Soul . The book detailed the events of the Lakers ' tumultuous 2003 -- 04 season and has a number of criticisms of Bryant . In the book , Jackson called Bryant `` un-coachable '' . Midway through the season , Tomjanovich suddenly resigned as Lakers coach , citing the recurrence of health problems and exhaustion . Without Tomjanovich , stewardship of the remainder of the Lakers ' season fell to career assistant coach Frank Hamblen . Bryant was the league 's second - leading scorer at 27.6 points per game , but he was surrounded by a subpar supporting cast , and the Lakers went 34 -- 48 and missed the playoffs for the first time in over a decade . The year signified a drop in Bryant 's overall status in the NBA , as he did not make the NBA All - Defensive Team and was also demoted to the All - NBA Third Team . During the season , Bryant also engaged in public feuds with Malone and Ray Allen . The 2005 -- 06 NBA season marked a crossroads in Bryant 's basketball career . Despite past differences with Bryant , Jackson returned to coach the Lakers . Bryant endorsed the move , and by all appearances , the two men worked together well the second time around , leading the Lakers back into the playoffs . Bryant 's individual scoring accomplishments posted resulted in the finest statistical season of his career . On December 20 , 2005 , Bryant scored 62 points in three quarters against the Dallas Mavericks . Entering the fourth quarter , Bryant outscored the entire Mavericks team 62 -- 61 , the only time a player has done this through three quarters since the introduction of the shot clock . When the Lakers faced the Miami Heat on January 16 , 2006 , Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal made headlines by engaging in handshakes and hugs before the game , signifying a change in the feud that had festered between them . A month later , at the 2006 NBA All - Star Game , the two were seen laughing together . Bryant scored a career - high of 81 - points against the Toronto Raptors in Staples Center , second - highest single scoring performance in NBA history , surpassed only by Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game in 1962 . On January 22 , 2006 , Bryant scored a career - high 81 points in a 122 -- 104 victory against the Toronto Raptors . In addition to breaking the previous franchise record of 71 set by Elgin Baylor , Bryant 's 81 - point game was the second - highest point total in NBA history , surpassed only by Chamberlain 's 100 - point game in 1962 . Whereas Chamberlain was fed repeatedly by teammates for inside shots in a blowout win , Bryant created his own shot -- mostly from the outside -- in a game which the Lakers trailed at halftime by 14 and did not pull away until the fourth quarter . Chamberlain , playing in an era when the games were paced faster and scoring opportunities were more plentiful , accounted for 59 percent of his team 's points in Philadelphia 's 169 -- 147 win , compared to Bryant scoring 66 percent of the Lakers ' 122 points . In that same month , Bryant also became the first player since 1964 to score 45 points or more in four consecutive games , joining Chamberlain and Baylor as the only players ever to do so . For the month of January , Bryant averaged 43.4 points per game , the eighth highest single month scoring average in NBA history and highest for any player other than Chamberlain . By the end of the 2005 -- 06 season , Bryant set Lakers single - season franchise records for most 40 - point games ( 27 ) and most points scored ( 2,832 ) . He won the league 's scoring title for the first time by averaging 35.4 points per game , becoming just the fifth player in league history to average at least 35 in a season . Bryant finished in fourth place in the voting for the 2006 NBA Most Valuable Player Award but received 22 first place votes -- second only to winner Steve Nash . Later in the season , it was reported that Bryant would change his jersey number from 8 to 24 at the start of the 2006 -- 07 NBA season . Bryant 's first high school number was 24 before he switched to 33 . After the Lakers ' season ended , Bryant said on TNT that he wanted 24 as a rookie , but it was unavailable , as was 33 , retired with Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . Bryant wore 143 at the Adidas ABCD camp and chose 8 by adding those numbers . In the first round of the playoffs , the Lakers played well enough to reach a 3 -- 1 series lead over the Phoenix Suns , culminating with Bryant 's overtime - forcing and game - winning shots in Game 4 . They came within six seconds of eliminating the second - seeded Suns in Game 6 , however , they lost that game 126 -- 118 in overtime . Despite Bryant 's 27.9 points per game in the series , the Lakers broke down and ultimately fell to the Suns in seven games . After scoring 50 points on 20 of 35 shooting in the Game 6 loss , Bryant was criticized for only taking three shots in the second half of the 121 -- 90 Game 7 loss to Phoenix . Bryant driving towards the basket During the 2006 -- 07 season , Bryant was selected to his 9th All - Star Game appearance , and on February 18 , he logged 31 points , 6 assists , and 6 steals , earning his second career All - Star Game MVP trophy . Over the course of the season , Bryant became involved in a number of on - court incidents . On January 28 while attempting to draw contact on a potential game - winning jump shot , he flailed his arm , striking San Antonio Spurs guard Manu Ginóbili in the face with his elbow . Following a league review , Bryant was suspended for the subsequent game at Madison Square Garden against the New York Knicks . The basis given for the suspension was that Bryant had performed an `` unnatural motion '' in swinging his arm backward . Later , on March 6 , he seemed to repeat the motion , this time striking Minnesota Timberwolves guard Marko Jarić . On March 7 , the NBA handed Bryant his second one - game suspension . In his first game back on March 9 , he elbowed Kyle Korver in the face which was retroactively re-classified as a Type 1 flagrant foul . On March 16 , Bryant scored a season - high 65 points in a home game against the Portland Trail Blazers , which helped end the Lakers 7 - game losing streak . This was the second - best scoring performance of his 11 - year career . The following game , Bryant recorded 50 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves , after which he scored 60 points in a road win against the Memphis Grizzlies -- becoming the second Laker to score three straight 50 - plus point games , a feat not seen since Jordan last did it in 1987 . The only other Laker to do so was Baylor , who also scored 50 + in three consecutive contests in December 1962 . In the following day , in a game against the New Orleans Hornets , Bryant scored 50 points , making him the second player in NBA history to have four straight 50 - point games behind Chamberlain , who achieved it twice with streaks of five and seven . Bryant finished the year with a total of ten 50 - plus point games , matched only by Chamberlain . Bryant also won his second straight scoring title that season . Throughout the 2006 -- 07 season , his jersey became the top selling NBA jersey in the United States and China . A number of journalists have attributed the improved sales to Bryant 's new number , as well as his continuing All - Star performance on the court . In the 2007 NBA playoffs , the Lakers were once again eliminated in the first round by the Phoenix Suns , 4 -- 1 . Back on top ( 2007 -- 2010 ) On May 27 , 2007 , ESPN reported that Bryant stated that he wanted to be traded if Jerry West did not return to the team with full authority . Bryant later confirmed his desire for West 's return to the franchise but denied stating that he would want to be traded if that does not occur . However , three days later , on Stephen A. Smith 's radio program , Bryant expressed anger over a Lakers `` insider '' who claimed that Bryant was responsible for Shaquille O'Neal 's departure from the team , and publicly stated , `` I want to be traded . '' Three hours after making that statement , Bryant stated in another interview that after having a conversation with head coach Jackson , he had reconsidered his decision and backed off his trade request . Bryant was later shown in an infamous amateur video saying that center Andrew Bynum should have been traded for All - Star Jason Kidd . Bryant 's Lakers lost to the Boston Celtics in 6 games during the 2008 NBA Finals . On December 23 , 2007 , Bryant became the youngest player ( 29 years , 122 days ) to reach 20,000 points , in a game against the New York Knicks , in Madison Square Garden . This record has since been broken by LeBron James . Despite an injury to his shooting hand 's small finger , described as `` a complete tear of the radial collateral ligament , an avulsion fracture , and a volar plate injury at the MCP joint '' that occurred in a game on February 5 , 2008 , Bryant played all 82 games of the regular season instead of opting for surgery . Regarding his injury , he stated , `` I would prefer to delay any surgical procedure until after our Lakers season , and this summer 's Olympic Games . But , this is an injury that myself ( sic ) and the Lakers ' medical staff will just have to continue to monitor on a day - to - day basis . '' In early September 2008 , Bryant decided not to have surgery to repair the injury . Aided by the signing of Spanish All - Star Pau Gasol , Bryant leads his team to a West best 57 -- 25 record . The Lakers swept the Nuggets in the first round and on May 6 , 2008 , and Bryant was officially announced as the league MVP . He said , `` It 's been a long ride . I 'm very proud to represent this organization , to represent this city . '' West , who was responsible for bringing Bryant to the Lakers , was on hand at the press conference to observe Bryant receive his MVP trophy from NBA commissioner David Stern . He stated , `` Kobe deserved it . He 's had just another great season . Does n't surprise me one bit . '' In addition to winning his MVP award , Bryant was the only unanimous selection to the All - NBA team on May 8 , 2008 , for the third straight season and sixth time in his career . He would then headline the NBA All - Defensive First Team with Kevin Garnett , receiving 52 points overall including 24 first - place nods , earning his eighth selection . The Lakers concluded the 2007 -- 08 regular season with a 57 -- 25 record , finishing first in the Western Conference and setting up themselves for a first - round contest against the Nuggets . In Game 1 , Bryant , who said he made himself a decoy through most of the game , scored 18 of his 32 points in the final 8 minutes to keep Los Angeles safely ahead . That made Denver the first 50 - win team to be swept out of the first round of the playoffs since the Memphis Grizzlies fell in four games to the San Antonio Spurs in 2004 . In the first game of the next round against the Jazz , Bryant scored 38 points as the Lakers beat the Jazz in Game 1 . The Lakers won the next game as well , but dropped Games 3 and 4 , even with Bryant putting up 33.5 points per game . The Lakers then won the next two games to win the semifinals in 6 . This set up a Western Conference Finals berth against the San Antonio Spurs . The Lakers defeated the Spurs in 5 games , sending themselves to the NBA Finals against the Boston Celtics . This marked the fifth time in Bryant 's career and the first time without O'Neal to go to the NBA Finals . The Lakers then lost to the Boston Celtics in 6 games . Derek Fisher and Bryant with President Barack Obama during the White House visit honoring their Lakers ' 2009 championship In the 2008 -- 09 season , the Lakers opened the campaign by winning their first seven games . Bryant led the team to tie the franchise record for most wins to start the season going 17 -- 2 , and by the middle of December they compiled a 21 -- 3 record . He was selected to his eleventh consecutive All - Star Game as a starter , and was named the Western Conference Player of the Month for December and January in addition to being named Western Conference Player of the week three times . In a game against the Knicks on February 2 , 2009 , Bryant scored 61 points , setting a record for the most points scored at Madison Square Garden . During the 2009 NBA All - Star Game , Bryant tallied 27 points , 4 assists , 4 rebounds , and 4 steals was awarded All - Star Game co-MVP with former teammate O'Neal . The Lakers finished the regular season with the best record in the west ( 65 -- 17 ) . Bryant was runner - up in the MVP voting behind LeBron James , and was selected to the All - NBA First Team and All - Defensive First Team for the seventh time in his career . In the playoffs , the Lakers defeated the Utah Jazz in five games and the Houston Rockets in seven games in the opening two rounds . After finishing off the Denver Nuggets in the Conference Finals in six games , the Lakers earned their second straight trip to the NBA Finals where they defeated the Orlando Magic in five games . Bryant was awarded his first NBA Finals MVP trophy upon winning his fourth championship , achieving series averages of 32.4 points , 7.4 assists , 5.6 rebounds , 1.4 steals and 1.4 blocks . He became the first player since West in the 1969 NBA Finals to average at least 32.4 points and 7.4 assists for a finals series and the first since Jordan to average 30 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists for a title - winning team in the finals . Bryant shoots a left - handed floater over future teammate Dwight Howard of the Orlando Magic on January 18 , 2010 . During the 2009 -- 10 season , Bryant made six game - winning shots including a buzzer - beating , one - legged 3 - pointer against the Miami Heat on December 4 , 2009 . Bryant considered the shot one of the luckiest he has made . A week later , Bryant suffered an avulsion fracture in his right index finger in a game against the Minnesota Timberwolves . Despite the injury , Bryant elected to continue playing with it , rather than take any time off to rest the injury . Five days after his finger injury , he made another game - winning shot , after missing on an opportunity in regulation , this time against the Milwaukee Bucks in an overtime game . Bryant also became the youngest player ( 31 years , 151 days ) to reach 25,000 points during the season , surpassing Chamberlain . He continued his dominant clutch plays making yet another game - winning three - pointer against the Sacramento Kings , and what would be the game - winning field goal against the Boston Celtics . The following day , he surpassed West to become the all - time leading scorer in Lakers franchise history . After being sidelined for five games from an ankle injury , Bryant made his return and made another clutch three - pointer to give the Lakers a one - point lead with four seconds remaining against the Memphis Grizzlies . Two weeks later , he made his sixth game - winning shot of the season against the Toronto Raptors . On April 2 , 2010 , Bryant signed a three - year contract extension worth $87 million . Bryant finished the regular season missing four of the final five games , due to injuries to his knee and finger . Bryant suffered multiple injuries throughout the season and as a result , missed nine games . The Lakers began the playoffs as the number one seed in the Western Conference against the Oklahoma City Thunder , eventually defeating them in six games . The Lakers swept the Utah Jazz in the second round and advanced to the Western Conference Finals , where they faced the Phoenix Suns . In Game 2 , Bryant finished the game with 13 assists , setting a new playoff career - high ; it was the most assists by a Laker in the playoffs since Magic Johnson had 13 in 1996 . The Lakers went on to win the series in six games capturing the Western Conference Championship and advancing to the NBA Finals for a third straight season . In a rematch against the 2008 Champion Boston Celtics , Bryant , despite shooting 6 for 24 from the field , led the Lakers back from a thirteen - point third quarter deficit in Game 7 to win the championship ; he scored 10 of his game - high 23 points in the fourth quarter and finished the game with 15 rebounds . Bryant won his fifth championship and earned his second consecutive NBA Finals MVP award . This marked the first time the Lakers won a Game 7 against the Boston Celtics in the NBA Finals . Bryant said that this was the most satisfying of all of his five championships . Chasing a sixth championship ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Bryant and fellow Lakers meet with President Barack Obama in honor of the 2010 championship . Bryant wanted a sixth championship to match Jordan 's total . The Lakers started the 2010 -- 11 season by winning their first eight games . In his ninth game of the season , playing against the Denver Nuggets , Bryant became the youngest player in NBA history to reach 26,000 career points . Bryant also recorded his first triple - double since January 21 , 2009 . On January 30 against the Celtics , he became the youngest player to score 27,000 points . On February 1 , 2011 , Bryant became one of seven players with at least 25,000 points , 5,000 rebounds , and 5,000 assists . In Boston on February 10 , Bryant scored 20 of his 23 points in the second half as the Lakers rallied from an early 15 - point deficit for a 92 -- 86 win over the Celtics . It was the Lakers ' first victory of the season against one of the league 's top four teams , as they entered the game 0 -- 5 in previous matchups and had been outscored by an average of 11 points . Bryant , selected to his 13th straight All - Star game after becoming the leading vote - getter , had 37 points , 14 rebounds , and three steals in the 2011 All - Star Game and won his fourth All - Star MVP , tying Hall of Famer Bob Pettit for the most All - Star MVP awards . During the season , Bryant moved from 12th to 6th place on the NBA all - time career scoring list , passing John Havlicek , Dominique Wilkins , Oscar Robertson , Hakeem Olajuwon , Elvin Hayes , and Moses Malone . Bryant finished the season averaging less than 20 shots a game , his fewest since the 2003 -- 04 season . On April 13 , 2011 , the NBA fined Bryant $100,000 for directing a gay slur at referee Bennie Adams in frustration in the previous day 's game . The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation praised the NBA 's decision to fine Bryant , and the Human Rights Campaign said that Bryant 's language was a `` disgrace '' and `` distasteful '' . Bryant stated that he was open to discussing the matter with gay rights groups and wanted to appeal his fine . He later apologized for the use of the word . Bryant and other Lakers appeared in a Lakers public service announcement denouncing his behavior . The team 's quest for another three - peat was ended when they were swept by the Dallas Mavericks in the second round of the playoffs . The Mavericks would go on to win the 2011 NBA Finals . Bryant wearing a mask in 2012 after suffering a broken nose . Bryant received experimental platelet - rich plasma therapy called Orthokine in Germany to treat the pain on his left knee and ankle , and Mike Brown replaced the retired Jackson as coach of the Lakers in the offseason . Bryant began the season playing with an injured wrist . On January 10 , 2012 , Bryant scored 48 points against the Suns , the most ever by a player in his 16th season . `` Not bad for the seventh - best player in the league '' , said Bryant , referring to a preseason ESPN ranking of the NBA 's top players . He went on to score 40 , 42 , and 42 in his next three games . It was the sixth time in his career he scored 40 or more points in four straight games , a feat exceeded only by Chamberlain ( 19 times ) . At the 2012 NBA All - Star Game , Bryant scored 27 points to pass Jordan as the career scoring leader in the All - Star Game . He also suffered a broken nose and a concussion in the third quarter of the All - Star Game after a hard foul from Dwyane Wade . In April , Bryant missed seven games with a bruised left shin . He returned three games before the end of the regular season . In the last game of the regular season , against Sacramento , he chose not to go for a possible third NBA scoring title , having needed 38 points to surpass Kevin Durant . The Lakers were knocked out of the playoffs by Durant 's Oklahoma City Thunder in the second round of the playoffs , losing in five games . The Lakers in 2012 -- 13 acquired center Dwight Howard and point guard Steve Nash . On November 2 , 2012 , Bryant scored 40 points with two steals , and he passed Magic Johnson ( 1,724 ) as the Lakers career leader in steals . However , the Lakers lost the game to the Clippers and started the season 0 -- 3 for the first time in 34 years and just the fourth time in franchise history . After starting the season 1 -- 4 , coach Brown was fired . He was replaced by Mike D'Antoni , who Bryant knew as a child when Bryant 's father was playing in Italy and D'Antoni was also a star player there . Bryant had grown close with D'Antoni during their time with Team USA . On December 5 against New Orleans , Bryant became the youngest player ( 34 years and 104 days ) in league history to score 30,000 points , joining Hall of Famers Chamberlain , Jordan , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , and Karl Malone as one of five players to reach that milestone . On December 18 , in a 101 -- 100 win over the Charlotte Bobcats , Bryant scored 30 + points in his seventh consecutive game , the longest streak ever by an NBA player after turning 34 years old ; it was the fourth - longest such streak in his career . His streak would be snapped at 10 on December 28 in a 104 -- 87 win over the Portland Trail Blazers , when he scored 27 points , sitting out the whole fourth quarter . In a move to improve the team 's defense , D'Antoni began having Bryant guard the opponent 's best perimeter player ; Bryant was the primary defender on the Cavaliers ' Kyrie Irving , who was held to 15 points . Bryant acknowledged he was a more focused defender when he had a challenging defensive assignment as opposed to when he played off the ball against weaker players . His defense disrupted opponents and freed Nash from unfavorable matchups . Bryant dunking against the Milwaukee Bucks , 2013 . Bryant was leading the league in scoring through much of the first 42 games . With a disappointing 17 -- 25 start to the season , D'Antoni had Bryant became the primary facilitator on offense and Nash was moved off the ball and became more of a spot - up shooter . In the next three games , Bryant had at least 10 assists in three wins with a three - game total of 39 assists , the most in his career . He missed a triple - double in each game with nine rebounds twice and eight in the other . In two crucial wins in March , he scored at least 40 points and had at least 10 assists in back - to - back games , becoming the first Laker to accomplish the feat since West in 1970 . With the Lakers fighting to secure the eighth and final playoff berth in the Western Conference , coupled with injuries on the team , Bryant began playing almost all 48 minutes each game . On April 10 , 2013 , Bryant became the first player in NBA history to get 47 points , eight rebounds , five assists , four blocks , and three steals in an NBA game . On April 12 , Bryant suffered a torn Achilles tendon against the Golden State Warriors , ending his season . His injury came while he was playing seven consecutive quarters and at least 40 minutes for seven consecutive games . The 34 - year - old Bryant was averaging his most minutes ( 38.6 ) in six years , and only Portland rookie Damian Lillard was averaging more minutes . Lakers general manager Mitch Kupchak had spoken to Bryant about his extensive playing time 10 days earlier , but Bryant insisted the minutes needed to continue given the Lakers ' playoff push . Bryant had surgery on April 13 to repair the tear , and it was estimated he would miss six to nine months . He ended the season with his customary numbers scoring an average of 27.3 points , 46.3 percent shooting , 5.6 rebounds , and 6 assists . However , The New York Times called his leading of the Lakers back into playoff contention `` perhaps some of the finest work of his career . '' Eight times he reached 40 points during the season , and eleven times he had 10 or more assists in his role as distributor , dubbed `` Magic Mamba '' after the passing skills of Magic Johnson . Bryant 's assists were the second - highest of his career and his field goal percentage was its highest since 2008 -- 09 . The Lakers finished the season at 45 - 37 , good for seventh in the West . Playing without Bryant , the Lakers were swept in four games by the San Antonio Spurs in the first round of the playoffs . Injury - plagued years ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Bryant shooting against Marcin Gortat in 2014 Bryant resumed practicing in November 2013 , after the 2013 - 2014 season had already begun . On November 25 , he signed a two - year contract extension with the Lakers at an estimated value of $48.5 million . He remained the league 's highest - paid player , although he accepted a discounted deal ; he had been eligible to receive an extension starting at $32 million per year . Bryant 's contract became a polarizing topic , with detractors arguing that stars should take less money to allow their team more financial freedom , while supporters countered that the NBA 's biggest stars were being paid less than their true value . Bryant resumed playing on December 8 after missing the season 's first 19 games . On December 17 , Bryant matched his season high of 21 points in a 96 -- 92 win over Memphis , but he suffered a lateral tibial plateau fracture in his left knee that was expected to sideline him for six weeks . He had played six games since returning from his Achilles injury , which included time at point guard after injuries to Nash , Steve Blake , and Jordan Farmar . Bryant was averaging 13.8 points , 6.3 assists , and 4.3 rebounds . Despite being sidelined , he was voted by fans to start in his 16th All - Star game . Bryant did not feel he was deserving of the selection , and some likened it to a career achievement award for his past performance . However , he missed playing in the game , still hampered by his knee . On March 12 , 2014 , the Lakers ruled Bryant out for the remainder of the season , citing his need for more rehab and the limited time remaining in the season . At the time , the team was 22 -- 42 and tied for the worst record in the Western Conference . The Lakers finished 27 -- 55 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2005 . Bryant returned for the 2014 -- 15 season , his 19th season with the Lakers , who had replaced D'Antoni with Bryant 's former Lakers teammate , Byron Scott . On November 30 , 2014 , in a 129 -- 122 overtime victory against the Toronto Raptors , Bryant recorded his 20th career triple - double with 31 points , 12 assists and 11 rebounds . At age 36 , he became the oldest NBA player to ever achieve 30 points , 10 rebounds , and 10 assists in a game . On December 14 , Bryant became the NBA 's third all - time leading scorer , passing Jordan ( 32,292 ) in a 100 -- 94 win against Minnesota . He played in the first 27 games of the season , averaging team - highs with 26.4 points and 35.4 minutes per game while leading the league with 22.4 shots per game . However , Scott held him out for three straight games to rest after one of his worst performances of the season , when Bryant committed nine turnovers and scored 25 points on just 8 - for - 30 shooting in a 108 -- 101 loss to Sacramento . He was suffering from soreness in his knees , feet , back , and Achilles tendons and Scott planned to reduce his workload going forward . Three times Bryant had exceeded 40 minutes in a game , and the coach blamed himself for overloading him after he started the season in such great shape . For the season , Bryant had been shooting just 37 percent from the field , and the team 's record was only 8 -- 19 . In his second game back after resting , he had 23 points , 11 assists , and 11 rebounds in a 111 -- 103 win over Denver , and became just the third player in league history to record multiple triple - doubles in a season at age 36 or older . On January 21 , 2015 , Bryant suffered a rotator cuff tear in his right shoulder while driving baseline for a two - handed dunk against the New Orleans Pelicans . Though he is right - handed , he returned to play in the game and ran the offense while shooting , dribbling , and passing almost exclusively with his left hand . Prior to the injury , Bryant had been rested in 8 of 16 games . He underwent season - ending surgery for the injury , finishing the season averaging 22.3 points but shooting a career - low 37.3 percent , well below his 45.4 percent career mark to start the season . He was expected to be sidelined for nine months with a return targeted toward the start of the 2015 -- 16 season . The Lakers finished the season with a record of 21 - 61 , surpassing the franchise record for most losses in a season that they had set the previous year . Final season ( 2015 -- 2016 ) After recovering to play in the 2015 -- 16 preseason , Bryant suffered a calf injury and missed the final two weeks of exhibition games . However , he played in the season opener to begin his 20th season with the Lakers , surpassing John Stockton 's league record of 19 for the most seasons with the same team . On November 24 , 2015 , the Lakers fell to 2 -- 12 after losing 111 -- 77 to the Warriors . Bryant scored just four points in 25 minutes on 1 - for - 14 shooting , matching the worst - shooting game of his career in which he attempted at least five shots . On December 1 , 2015 , Bryant played his last game against his hometown team , the Philadelphia 76ers , where the Lakers lost 103 - 91 . Bryant against Washington after his retirement announcement On November 29 , 2015 , Bryant announced via The Players ' Tribune that he would be retiring at the end of the season . In his poem titled `` Dear Basketball '' , Bryant wrote that he fell in love with the game at age six ; `` A love so deep I gave you my all / From my mind & body / To my spirit & soul . '' The 2015 -- 16 season `` is all I have left to give. / My heart can take the pounding / My mind can handle the grind / But my body knows it 's time to say goodbye. / And that 's OK. / I 'm ready to let you go . '' In a letter distributed to Lakers ' fans before that evening 's game against the Indiana Pacers , Bryant wrote , `` What you 've done for me is far greater than anything I 've done for you ... My love for this city , this team and for each of you will never fade . Thank you for this incredible journey . '' At the time of his announcement , he was second on the team in minutes ( 30.8 ) behind Jordan Clarkson and leading the team with 16.7 field goal attempts per game , while averaging just 15.7 points and shooting a career - low 31.5 percent . His free throw attempts had dropped from his career average , and his game had become over-reliant on pump fakes and long - range shots , making a league - worst 19.5 percent from three - point range while attempting seven a game , almost double his career average . In his press conference after the announcement , he acknowledged his declining skills . `` Even though I play like shit , I 've worked really , really hard not to play like crap and I do everything I possibly can . And I feel good about that '' , he said . Bryant defending LeBron James in his final Cleveland game Bryant requested that opposing teams on the road not hold any on - court ceremonies in his honor or present him any gifts in public . Prior to announcing his retirement , he had been steadfast about not wanting the fuss of a staged farewell tour , preferring to hear boos instead of cheers . Still , he was honored around the league with video tributes , and fans greeted him with ovations , even at arenas that historically jeered him like TD Garden in Boston and Sleep Train Arena in Sacramento . Previously , Bryant was respected but not beloved , and he was astonished at the cheers he was now receiving . On February 3 , Bryant made seven three - pointers and scored a season - high 38 points , including 14 of the team 's 18 points in the last 5 : 02 of the game , for a 119 -- 115 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves . The win ended a 10 - game losing streak , and the Lakers averted establishing the longest losing streak in franchise history . Bryant became just the fourth NBA player over 37 years old to log at least 35 points , five rebounds , and five assists in a game . Bryant was the leading overall vote - getter for the 2016 All - Star Game with 1.9 million votes , ahead of Stephen Curry 's 1.6 million . Having moved to small forward that season , Bryant was selected as a frontcourt starter for the first time . Playing in his first All - Star game since 2013 , Bryant had 10 points , six rebounds , and seven assists . West teammates offered to feed him the ball in an attempt to get him another All - Star MVP , but he declined . On April 13 , 2016 , Bryant played his final NBA game against the Utah Jazz , scoring a season - high 60 points ( the most points scored by a player that season ) , including outscoring the entire Jazz team 23 -- 21 in the fourth quarter , in the Lakers ' 101 -- 96 victory . The Lakers finished the season with a 17 - 65 record ; this was the worst season record in the history of the organization . Bryant became the oldest player to score 60 or more points in a game at 37 years and 234 days old . National team career Bryant in a game against China at the 2008 Summer Olympics Bryant declined to play in the 2000 Olympics because he was getting married in the off - season . He also decided not to play in the 2002 FIBA World Championship . Bryant was originally selected for the FIBA Americas Championship in 2003 but withdrew after undergoing arthroscopic shoulder and knee surgeries . In the following summer , he had to withdraw from the Olympic team because of his sexual assault case . Along with LeBron James , he was one of the first two players to publicly named to the 2006 -- 2008 U.S. preliminary roster in 2006 by Jerry Colangelo . However , he was once again sidelined after knee surgery and did n't participate in the 2006 FIBA World Championship . Bryant 's United States national team career finally began in 2007 . He was a member of the 2007 USA Men 's Senior National Team and USA FIBA Americas Championship Team that finished 10 -- 0 , won gold and qualified the United States men for the 2008 Olympics . He started in all 10 of the USA 's FIBA Americas Championship games . Bryant averaged 15.3 points , 2.9 assists , 2.0 rebounds , and 1.6 steals per game in the tournament . On June 23 , 2008 , he was named to the USA Men 's Senior National Team for the 2008 Summer Olympics . This was his first time going to the Olympics . Bryant scored 20 points , including 13 in the fourth quarter , along with six assists , as Team USA defeated Spain 118 -- 107 in the gold medal game on August 24 , 2008 , for its first gold medal in a worldwide competition since the 2000 Olympics . He averaged 15.0 points , 2.8 rebounds , and 2.1 assists while shooting . 462 from the field in eight Olympic contests . Bryant rejoined the national team for the 2012 Summer Olympics . He retired from the team after winning another gold medal . Player Profile Bryant shoots a fadeaway over Shane Battier in 2009 . Listed at 6 feet 6 inches ( 1.98 m ) and weighing 212 pounds ( 96 kg ) , Bryant played primarily as a shooting guard . He was often cited as one of the most dangerous scorers in the NBA . Bryant has drawn frequent comparisons to Jordan , after whom he modeled his playing style . Like Jordan , he became most known for shooting a fall - away jump shot . Chris Ballard of Sports Illustrated described another of Bryant 's most famous moves as the `` jab step - and - pause '' : Bryant jabbed his non-pivot foot forward to let the defender relax , but instead of bringing the jab foot back , he pushed off of it and drove around his opponent to get to the basket . Bryant established a reputation for taking shots in the closing moments of tight games , even when he was double or triple - teamed , and was noted as one of the premier closers in the NBA . In a 2012 annual survey of NBA general managers , Bryant was selected for the 10th consecutive season as the player general managers would want to take a clutch shot with a game on the line . Bryant enjoyed being the villain , and reveled in being booed and then silencing the crowd with his play . His ability to make difficult shots has also drawn criticism of his shot selection . Throughout his career , Bryant was disparaged for being a selfish , high - volume shooter ; he missed more field goal attempts in his career than any other player in NBA history . Phil Jackson , who coached Bryant for many years , stated that Bryant `` tends to force the action , especially when the game is n't going his way . When his shot is off , Kobe will pound away relentlessly until his luck turns . '' According to Bryant , `` I would go 0 for 30 before I would go 0 for 9 ; 0 for 9 means you beat yourself , you psyched yourself out of the game . '' In addition to his abilities on offense , Bryant also established himself as a standout defensive player . Bryant rarely drew charges when he played defense , which he believed spared his body and contributed to his longevity . Some critics have suggested that Bryant 's defensive accolades in his later years were based more on his reputation than his actual play . Bryant was also lauded for his work ethic . Throughout his first 16 seasons , his body was resilient , and he exhibited a high pain threshold while often playing through injuries . A fierce competitor , Bryant made opponents and teammates alike the objects of his scorn . Many players have considered him difficult to play with because of his high level of commitment and performance . According to sportswriter Mark Heisler of Forbes , `` circa 2004 -- 2007 , Kobe was the most alienated superstar the NBA had ever seen . '' He did , however , lead the Lakers to two championships after the departure of Shaquille O'Neal ; during this period , he became more of a mentor to his teammates than he had been earlier in his career . Bryant 's longtime head coach Phil Jackson noted that the biggest difference between his first and second stints in coaching the Lakers was that during the latter period , `` ( Bryant ) embraced the team and his teammates , calling them up when we were on the road and inviting them out to dinner . It was as if the other players were now his partners , not his personal spear - carriers . '' NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Bryant won an NBA championship * Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1996 -- 97 L.A. Lakers 71 6 15.5 . 417 . 375 . 819 1.9 1.3 . 7 . 3 7.6 1997 -- 98 L.A. Lakers 79 26.0 . 428 . 341 . 794 3.1 2.5 . 9 . 5 15.4 1998 -- 99 L.A. Lakers 50 50 37.9 . 465 . 267 . 839 5.3 3.8 1.4 1.0 19.9 1999 -- 00 † L.A. Lakers 66 62 38.2 . 468 . 319 . 821 6.3 4.9 1.6 . 9 22.5 2000 -- 01 † L.A. Lakers 68 68 40.9 . 464 . 305 . 853 5.9 5.0 1.7 . 6 28.5 2001 -- 02 † L.A. Lakers 80 80 38.3 . 469 . 250 . 829 5.5 5.5 1.5 . 4 25.2 2002 -- 03 L.A. Lakers 82 82 41.5 . 451 . 383 . 843 6.9 5.9 2.2 . 8 30.0 2003 -- 04 L.A. Lakers 65 64 37.6 . 438 . 327 . 852 5.5 5.1 1.7 . 4 24.0 2004 -- 05 L.A. Lakers 66 66 40.7 . 433 . 339 . 816 5.9 6.0 1.3 . 8 27.6 2005 -- 06 L.A. Lakers 80 80 41.0 . 450 . 347 . 850 5.3 4.5 1.8 . 4 35.4 * 2006 -- 07 L.A. Lakers 77 77 40.8 . 463 . 344 . 868 5.7 5.4 1.4 . 5 31.6 * 2007 -- 08 L.A. Lakers 82 82 38.9 . 459 . 361 . 840 6.3 5.4 1.8 . 5 28.3 2008 -- 09 † L.A. Lakers 82 82 36.1 . 467 . 351 . 856 5.2 4.9 1.5 . 5 26.8 2009 -- 10 † L.A. Lakers 73 73 38.8 . 456 . 329 . 811 5.4 5.0 1.5 . 3 27.0 2010 -- 11 L.A. Lakers 82 82 33.9 . 451 . 323 . 828 5.1 4.7 1.2 . 1 25.3 2011 -- 12 L.A. Lakers 58 58 38.5 . 430 . 303 . 845 5.4 4.6 1.2 . 3 27.9 2012 -- 13 L.A. Lakers 78 78 38.6 . 463 . 324 . 839 5.6 6.0 1.4 . 3 27.3 2013 -- 14 L.A. Lakers 6 6 29.5 . 425 . 188 . 857 4.3 6.3 1.2 . 2 13.8 2014 -- 15 L.A. Lakers 35 35 34.5 . 373 . 293 . 813 5.7 5.6 1.3 . 2 22.3 2015 -- 16 L.A. Lakers 66 66 28.2 . 358 . 285 . 826 3.7 2.8 . 9 . 2 17.6 Career 1,346 1,198 36.1 . 447 . 329 . 837 5.2 4.7 1.4 . 5 25.0 All - Star 15 15 27.6 . 500 . 324 . 789 5.0 4.7 2.5 . 4 19.3 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1997 L.A. Lakers 9 0 14.8 . 382 . 261 . 867 1.2 1.2 . 3 . 2 8.2 1998 L.A. Lakers 11 0 20.0 . 408 . 214 . 689 1.9 1.5 . 3 . 7 8.7 1999 L.A. Lakers 8 8 39.4 . 430 . 348 . 800 6.9 4.6 1.9 1.3 19.8 2000 † L.A. Lakers 22 22 39.0 . 442 . 344 . 754 4.5 4.4 1.5 1.5 21.1 2001 † L.A. Lakers 16 16 43.4 . 469 . 324 . 821 7.3 6.1 1.6 . 8 29.4 2002 † L.A. Lakers 19 19 43.8 . 434 . 379 . 759 5.8 4.6 1.4 . 9 26.6 2003 L.A. Lakers 12 12 44.3 . 432 . 403 . 827 5.1 5.2 1.2 . 1 32.1 L.A. Lakers 22 22 44.2 . 413 . 247 . 813 4.7 5.5 1.9 . 3 24.5 2006 L.A. Lakers 7 7 44.9 . 497 . 400 . 771 6.3 5.1 1.1 . 4 27.9 2007 L.A. Lakers 5 5 43.0 . 462 . 357 . 919 5.2 4.4 1.0 . 4 32.8 2008 L.A. Lakers 21 21 41.1 . 479 . 302 . 809 5.7 5.6 1.7 . 4 30.1 2009 † L.A. Lakers 23 23 40.8 . 457 . 349 . 883 5.3 5.5 1.7 . 9 30.2 2010 † L.A. Lakers 23 23 40.1 . 458 . 374 . 842 6.0 5.5 1.3 . 7 29.2 2011 L.A. Lakers 10 10 35.4 . 446 . 293 . 820 3.4 3.3 1.6 . 3 22.8 2012 L.A. Lakers 12 12 39.7 . 439 . 283 . 832 4.8 4.3 1.3 . 2 30.0 Career 220 200 39.3 . 448 . 331 . 816 5.1 4.7 1.4 . 6 25.6 Legacy See also : List of career achievements by Kobe Bryant Bryant handling the ball in 2014 , when he became the first NBA player with over 30,000 points and 6,000 assists Bryant was called `` one of the greatest players in the history of our game '' by NBA commissioner Adam Silver , and The New York Times wrote that he has had `` one of the most decorated careers in the history of the sport . '' Reuters called him `` arguably the best player of his generation '' , while both Sporting News and TNT named him their NBA player of the decade for the 2000s . In 2008 and again in 2016 , ESPN ranked him the second greatest shooting guard of all - time after Jordan . Players including Kevin Durant , Dirk Nowitzki , Dwyane Wade , and Derrick Rose have called Bryant their generation 's version of Jordan . The Press - Enterprise described Bryant as `` maybe the greatest Laker in the organization 's history '' . He is the Lakers ' all - time leading scorer , and his five titles are tied for the most in franchise history . Both numbers he wore during his career , 8 and 24 , were retired by the Lakers on December 18 , 2017 . With career averages of 25.0 points , 5.2 rebounds , 4.7 assists , and 1.4 steals per game , he is considered one of the most complete players in NBA history . He was the first player in NBA history to have at least 30,000 career points and 6,000 career assists , and is one of only four players with 25,000 points , 6,000 rebounds , and 6,000 assists . Bryant led the NBA in scoring during the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons . His 81 - point performance against Toronto in 2006 was the second - highest in NBA history , behind only Chamberlain 's 100 . He has scored at least 50 points 24 times in his career , which is third in league history behind Jordan ( 31 ) and Chamberlain ( 118 ) ; six times Bryant scored at least 60 . He was just the third player in NBA history to average 40 points in a calendar month , which he has accomplished four times . Bryant was voted the league MVP in 2008 and led his team to the 2008 NBA Finals as the first seed in the Western Conference . In the 2008 Summer Olympics , he won a gold medal as a member of the U.S. men 's basketball team , occasionally referred to as `` The Redeem Team '' . He won another gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He led the Lakers to two more championships in 2009 and 2010 , winning the Finals MVP award on both occasions . Bryant is an 18 - time All - Star , which ranks second behind only Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 's 19 . He has been chosen a record 18 straight times , each time as a starter . On four occasions ( 2003 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ) he was the leading vote - getter . Four times Bryant was named the All - Star MVP , a record he shares with Bob Pettit . He has been selected to the All - NBA Team on 15 occasions , tied for the most with Abdul - Jabbar and Tim Duncan , and his 11 first - team honors are tied for the most ever with Karl Malone . Bryant is also a 12 - time All - Defensive Team selection , trailing only Duncan 's 15 , and nine times he was named to the All - Defensive First Team , tied with Jordan , Garnett , and Gary Payton for the most all - time . He was the first guard to play 20 seasons in the NBA . He also won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest in 1997 and is its youngest winner . In his career , Bryant has scored 40 - plus points in 121 games , and 21 times he has recorded a triple - double . Off the court Personal Life Bryant at the premiere of Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End in 2007 In November 1999 , 21 - year - old Bryant met 17 - year - old Vanessa Laine while she was working as a background dancer on the Tha Eastsidaz music video `` G 'd Up '' . Bryant was in the building and working on his debut musical album . The two began dating and became engaged just six months later in May 2000 , while Laine was still a senior at Marina High School in Huntington Beach , California . To avoid media scrutiny , she finished high school through independent study . According to Vanessa 's cousin Laila Laine , there was no prenuptial agreement . Vanessa said Bryant `` loved her too much for one '' . They married on April 18 , 2001 , at St. Edward the Confessor Catholic Church in Dana Point , California . The wedding was not attended by Bryant 's parents , his two sisters , his longtime advisor and agent Arn Tellem , or his Laker teammates . Bryant 's parents were opposed to the marriage for a number of reasons . Reportedly Bryant 's parents had problems with him marrying so young , especially to a woman who was not African - American . This disagreement resulted in an estrangement period of over two years , which ended when the couple 's first daughter was born . In 2013 , Bryant had a legal disagreement with an auction house over memorabilia from his early years that his mother intended to auction . Pamela Bryant received $450,000 from the auction house for the items and claimed Bryant had given her the rights to the items he had remaining in her home . However , his lawyers asked the auction house to return the items to Bryant . Before the scheduled trial , a settlement was reached allowing the sale of less than 10 % of the original items . Bryant 's parents apologized to him in a written statement , which also acknowledged the financial support Bryant had provided them in the past . In January 2002 , Bryant bought a Mediterranean - style house for $4 million , located on a cul - de-sac in Newport Coast , Newport Beach . He sold the house in May 2015 . The Bryants ' first child , a daughter whom they named Natalia Diamante Bryant , was born in 2003 . The birth of Natalia influenced Bryant to reconcile his differences with his parents . Due to an ectopic pregnancy , Vanessa suffered a miscarriage in the spring of 2005 . Their second daughter , Gianna Maria - Onore Bryant , was born in 2006 . On December 16 , 2011 , Vanessa Bryant filed for divorce , citing irreconcilable differences , and the couple requested joint custody of their daughters . On January 11 , 2013 , Bryant and his wife both announced via social media that they had called off their divorce . In an early 2007 interview , it was revealed that Bryant still speaks Italian fluently . He has also conducted press interviews in Spanish . Bryant assigned himself the nickname of `` Black Mamba '' , citing a desire for his basketball skills to mimic the eponymous snake 's ability to `` strike with 99 % accuracy at maximum speed , in rapid succession . '' During the 2012 -- 13 season , he began referring to himself as `` vino '' to describe how his play had been aging like a fine wine . In early December 2016 , Vanessa gave birth to their third daughter , named Bianka . Sexual assault allegation Main article : Kobe Bryant sexual assault case In the summer of 2003 , the sheriff 's office of Eagle , Colorado , arrested Bryant in connection with an investigation of a sexual assault complaint filed by a 19 - year - old hotel employee . Bryant had checked into The Lodge and Spa at Cordillera in Eagle County in advance of undergoing knee surgery nearby . The accuser stated that Bryant raped her in his hotel room the night before Bryant was to have the procedure . Bryant admitted to an adulterous sexual encounter with his accuser but denied her sexual assault allegation . The accusation tarnished Bryant 's reputation , and the public 's perception of him plummeted ; his endorsement contracts with McDonald 's and Nutella were terminated . Sales for Bryant 's replica jersey fell significantly from their previous highs . However , in September 2004 , the assault case was dropped by prosecutors after the accuser refused to testify at the trial . Afterward , Bryant agreed to apologize to her for the incident , including his public mea culpa : `` Although I truly believe this encounter between us was consensual , I recognize now that she did not and does not view this incident the same way I did . After months of reviewing discovery , listening to her attorney , and even her testimony in person , I now understand how she feels that she did not consent to this encounter . '' The accuser filed a separate civil lawsuit against Bryant , which the two sides ultimately settled . The specific terms of the settlement were not disclosed to the public . Endorsements Bryant at Nike store launch ceremony in Taipei in 2007 Before starting the 1996 -- 97 NBA season , Bryant signed a six - year contract with Adidas that was worth approximately $48 million . His first signature shoe was the Equipment KB 8 . Bryant 's other earlier endorsements included deals with The Coca - Cola Company to endorse their Sprite soft drink , appearing in advertisements for McDonald 's , promoting Spalding 's new NBA Infusion Ball , Upper Deck , Italian chocolate company Ferrero SpA 's brand Nutella , Russell Corporation , and appearing on his own series of video games by Nintendo . Many companies like McDonald 's and Ferrero SpA terminated his contracts when rape allegations against him became public . A notable exception was Nike , Inc. , who had signed him to a five - year , $40 -- 45 million contract just before the incident . However , they refused to use his image or market a new shoe of his for the year but eventually did start promoting Bryant once his image recovered 2 years later . He has since resumed endorsement deals with The Coca - Cola Company , through their subsidiary Energy Brands , to promote their Vitamin Water brand of drinks . Bryant was also the cover athlete for NBA ' 07 : Featuring the Life Vol. 2 and appeared in commercials for the video games Guitar Hero World Tour ( with Tony Hawk , Michael Phelps , and Alex Rodriguez ) in 2008 and Call of Duty : Black Ops ( alongside Jimmy Kimmel ) in 2010 . In a 2008 video promoting Nike 's Hyperdunk shoes , Bryant appears to jump over a speeding Aston Martin . The stunt was considered to be fake , and the Los Angeles Times said a real stunt would probably be a violation of Bryant 's Lakers contract . After promoting Nike 's Hyperdunk shoes , Bryant came out with the fourth edition of his signature line by Nike , the Zoom Kobe IV . In 2010 Nike launched another shoe , Nike Zoom Kobe V. In 2009 , Bryant signed a deal with Nubeo to market the `` Black Mamba collection '' , a line of sports / luxury watches that range from $25,000 to $285,000 . On February 9 , 2009 , Bryant was featured on the cover of ESPN The Magazine . However , it was not for anything basketball related , rather it was about Bryant being a big fan of FC Barcelona . CNN estimated Bryant 's endorsement deals in 2007 to be worth $16 million a year . In 2010 , Bryant was ranked third behind Tiger Woods and Jordan in Forbes ' list of the world 's highest - paid athletes with $48 million . On December 13 , 2010 , Bryant signed a two - year endorsement deal with Turkey 's national airline , Turkish Airlines . The deal involved Bryant being in a promotional film to be aired in over 80 countries in addition to his being used in digital , print and billboard advertising . Bryant has appeared as the cover athlete for the following video games : Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside NBA Courtside 2 : Featuring Kobe Bryant NBA Courtside 2002 NBA 3 On 3 Featuring Kobe Bryant NBA ' 07 : Featuring the Life Vol. 2 NBA ' 09 : The Inside NBA 2K10 NBA 2K17 ( Legend Edition ; Legend Edition Gold ) In September 2012 , Bryant shot a commercial for Turkish Airlines with FC Barcelona star Lionel Messi . In the airline 's latest commercial , the duo competes to win the attention of a young boy . In 2013 , Forbes listed Bryant the fifth highest paid sports star in the world behind Floyd Mayweather , Cristiano Ronaldo , LeBron James and Lionel Messi . Music In high school , Bryant was a member of a rap group called CHEIZAW , named after the Chi Sah gang in the martial arts film Kid with the Golden Arm . The group was signed by Sony Entertainment , but the company 's ultimate goal was to eliminate the group and have Bryant record on his own . The label wanted to capitalize on Bryant 's youth and NBA fame . He performed at a 1997 concert by Sway & King Tech and recorded a verse for a remix of Brian McKnight 's `` Hold Me '' . Bryant even appeared on Lakers teammate O'Neal's Respect , starting the track `` 3 X 's Dope '' , though Bryant 's name was not listed on the credits . Sony pushed Bryant from his roots of underground hip hop into a more radio - friendly sound . His debut album , Visions , was scheduled to release in the spring of 2000 . The first single , `` K.O.B.E ' '' , featured supermodel Tyra Banks singing the hook . The single debuted in January 2000 , and was performed at NBA All - Star Weekend that month ; the song was not well received . Sony abandoned plans for the album , which was never released , and dropped Bryant later that year . The Sony president who originally signed Bryant had already left , and Bryant 's other backers had mostly abandoned him . Afterward , Bryant co-founded an independent record label , Heads High Entertainment , but it folded within a year . Bryant at Sprite commercial event in Shanghai in 2011 . In 2011 , Bryant was featured in Taiwanese singer Jay Chou 's single , `` The Heaven and Earth Challenge '' ( 天地 一 鬥 , pronounced `` Tian Di Yi Dou '' ) . The proceeds for downloads of both the single and ringtones were donated to impoverished schools for basketball facilities and equipment . The music video of the single also features Bryant . The song was also used by Sprite in its 2011 marketing campaign in China . In 2009 , rapper Lil Wayne titled a song `` Kobe Bryant '' . Similarly , in 2010 , the rapper Sho Baraka released a song called `` Kobe Bryant On'em '' , which was featured on his album Lions and Liars . Philanthropy Bryant is the official ambassador for After - School All - Stars ( ASAS ) , an American non-profit organization that provides comprehensive after - school programs to children in thirteen US cities . Bryant also started the Kobe Bryant China Fund which partnered with the Soong Ching Ling Foundation , a charity backed by the Chinese government . The Kobe Bryant China Fund raises money within China earmarked for education and health programs . On November 4 , 2010 , Bryant appeared alongside Zach Braff at the Call of Duty : Black Ops launch event at the Santa Monica Airport , where they presented a $1 million check to the Call of Duty Endowment , an Activision - founded nonprofit organization that helps veterans transition to civilian careers after their military service has ended . Kobe Inc. . Bryant established Kobe Inc. to own and grow brands in the sports industry . The initial investment was in the BodyArmor sports drink company in 2014 . The headquarters are in Newport Beach , California . Bryant - Stibel On August 22 , 2016 , Bryant and his business partner Jeff Stibel launched Bryant - Stibel , a venture capital firm focused on different businesses including media , data , gaming , and technology , with $100 million in funding . See also National Basketball Association portal Shaq -- Kobe feud Kobe Doin ' Work Notes ^ Jump up to : In 2006 , Bryant said that he was 6 feet 4 inches ( 1.93 m ) . In 2008 , he stated he was `` probably '' 6 feet 5 inches ( 1.96 m ) in shoes . Jump up ^ He joined Chamberlain ( 5 times ) , Baylor , Rick Barry and Jordan ( 2 ) in averaging over 35 points . Jump up ^ Chamberlain had 50 points 45 times in 1961 -- 62 and 30 in 1962 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Larry Bird held the previous record ; he was 35 when he had 49 points , 14 rebounds , and 12 assists on March 15 , 1992 , against Portland . Jump up ^ The others were Chamberlain ( 2 in 1972 -- 73 ) and Kidd ( 2 each in 2009 -- 10 and 2010 -- 11 ) . Jump up ^ He joined Jordan ( 3 times ) , Karl Malone ( 3 ) and Abdul - Jabbar Jump up ^ In 2014 , Bryant passed Havlicek 's previous mark of 13,417 missed shots , and he retired with 14,481 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain did it 15 times , and Baylor once . Jump up ^ Vanessa Bryant 's father is of Mexican and Italian descent and her mother is of Mexican and Filipino descent . References Jump up ^ Mallozzi , Vincent ( December 24 , 2006 ) . `` ' Where 's Kobe ? I Want Kobe . ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ding , Kevin ( January 8 , 2008 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's work with kids brings joy , though sometimes it 's fleeting '' . Orange County Register . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Andrew ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Ranking the 25 greatest players in NBA history '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moonves , Leslie ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` 50 greatest NBA players of all time '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Bill ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` All - Time # NBArank : Counting down the greatest players ever '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` SI 's 50 greatest players in NBA history '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/awards/2018/03/04/oscars-kobe-bryant-dear-basketball/ ^ Jump up to : NBA Staff ( n.d. ) . `` Kobe Bryant Bio '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kaplowitz , Aaron ( March 24 , 2006 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : I would n't mind being Jewish '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . If Bryant , a Catholic , ... ^ Jump up to : Golianopoulos , Thomas ( April 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Secret History of Kobe Bryant 's Rap Career '' . grantland.com . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Intervista Kobe Bryant in italiano su Sportitalia 1 ^ PARTE . YouTube . Sportitalia. April 8 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Winters , Serena ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` VIDEO : Kobe Bryant Speaks Fluent Italian At Charity Event -- Lakers Nation '' . Jump up ^ Levin , Jason ( March 2001 ) . `` I Wish People Would Let Me Just Be Kobe '' . Basketball Digest . 28 ( 5 ) : 20 . Jump up ^ Owens , Jill . `` Kobe Bryant ( Amazing Athletes ) by Sylvia B. Bashevkin -- Powell 's Books '' . Powells.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 NBA playoffs : Kobe Bryant perfected his game by watching film -- ESPN '' . ESPN . June 4 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arroyave , Luis ( 2006 ) . `` NBA 's Kobe Bryant almost became a soccer player '' . Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : `` Before they were stars : Los Angeles Lakers ' Kobe Bryant -- ESPN '' . ESPN . June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Bill ( December 20 , 1993 ) . `` Dixon Happy He Stayed With Aces ( 4 -- 0 ) '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : JockBio : Kobe Bryant Biography . jockbio.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ABCD Camp '' . Reebokabcdcamp.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video '' . CNN . March 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant -- ESPN SportsCentury ( 2 of 5 ) '' . YouTube . September 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant continues to hold court '' . USA Today . May 7 , 2002 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Aces Hoops . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` # 24 Kobe Bryant '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Michael ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` As Kobe returns home , his old coach urges Philadelphia to give him proper sendoff '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pak , SuChin . `` Brandy On Growing Up : A Candid Chat '' . MTV . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Kobe may already be the greatest Laker ever -- and he 's not done yet '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wilkins Honored as One of 35 Greatest McDonald 's All Americans '' . NBA . January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deals Are What Made The Lakers '' . Long Beach Press - Telegram . February 25 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' trade for Bryant has been misconstrued '' . JournalNow.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1996-07-01/sports/sp-20210_1_vlade-divac ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant '' . Complex.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2015/11/30/kobe-bryant-will-retire-with-record-680-million-in-career-earnings Jump up ^ Whicker , Mark ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's farewell season has been painful to watch '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Scott ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` How Kobe , LeBron and other NBA stars fared in Summer League debuts '' . Sporting News . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edited by Ashyia Henderson . ( 2008 ) . `` Kobe Bryant '' . Contemporary Black Biography . Gale Group , 2001 ; Reproduced in Biography Resource Center . Farmington Hills , Mich. : Gale , 2008 . 31 . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) http://0-galenet.galegroup.com.sapl.sat.lib.tx.us:80/servlet/BioRC Jump up ^ The Youngest NBA Basketball Player Records Archived January 24 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 1996 -- 97 Game Log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : Perfect time for All - Star break as ' everything ' aches '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All - Rookie Teams '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's ' airball game ' in 1997 was as defining moment in his career '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's top ten moments '' . ESPN . May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Career Stats Page '' . NBA.com . August 23 , 1978 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NBA Playoffs ; A Dilemma for Kobe ; NBA playoffs : The Lakers can still go small with Bryant in the frontcourt , but it could come at a price against the bigger Schrempf Los Angeles Times , May 4 , 1998 . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Basketball - References Staff ( n.d. ) . `` 1997 -- 98 NBA Awards Voting '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA Staff ( n.d. ) . `` All - Star Player Profile : Kobe Bryant '' . NBA . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` BASKETBALL : N.B.A. ROUNDUP -- LOS ANGELES ; Lakers ' Bryant Signs for $71 million '' . The New York Times . January 30 , 1999 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` KOBE BRYANT : THE AIR APPARENT ? '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` Showtime ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 -- 99 Los Angeles Lakers Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 00 Los Angeles Lakers Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA Staff ( May 1 , 2002 ) . `` Bryant , McGrady Highlight All - NBA Selections '' . NBA . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Garnett , Bryant top NBA All - Defensive selections '' . The Raw Story . Agence France - Presse . May 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LAKERS : Los Angeles Lakers History '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ N.B.A. : NOTEBOOK -- LOS ANGELES LAKERS ; Bryant Out Six Weeks With a Broken Hand October 15 , 1999 , The New York Times Jump up ^ `` LAKERS : Los Angeles Lakers History '' . Nba.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Trail Blazers at Los Angeles Lakers Box Score , June 4 , 2000 '' . Basketball-Reference.com . June 4 , 2000 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sprains left ankle in Lakers loss , out indefinitely '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Chris ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Jalen Rose on That Time He Intentionally Tried to Injure Kobe Bryant '' . grantland.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals : Pacers vs. Lakers '' ... indystar.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill . That Was No Dream , That Was Kobe , Los Angeles Times , June 15 , 2000 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Article : No doubt : It 's Bryant 's team. ( Chicago Tribune ) AccessMyLibrary -- Promoting library advocacy '' . AccessMyLibrary . May 22 , 2002 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant greatest games ( 2001 playoffs ) : 36pts 9rbds 8asts in game 3 vs Spurs '' . YouTube . September 3 , 2008 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Williams - led 76ers spoil Kobe Bryant 's milestone night '' . ESPN.com . February 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smallwood , John ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` Love him or not , Kobe Bryant a Philly player '' . Philly.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Springer , Steve ( March 3 , 2002 ) . `` Bryant Fight Remains a No Decision '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( March 2 , 2002 ) . `` Punch - uation Mark '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant 's heroics , deference pay off for Lakers '' . USA Today . June 14 , 2002 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PLAYOFFS 2002 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Playoffs 2003 -- Los Angeles Lakers vs. San Antonio Spurs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lakers Sign Free Agents Gary Payton and Karl Malone , nba.com , July 16 , 2003 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Kobe Bryant Arrested For Alleged Sexual Assault Archived April 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , KMGH - TV , July 6 , 2003 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Saraceno , Jon . Bryant 's , Lakers ' survival go hand in hand , USA Today , April 21 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . Kobe sends game to OT , wins it in 2OT , sports.espn.go.com , April 14 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1 ) vs. Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bucher , Ric . Lakers ' wrongs making things right , sports.espn.go.com , June 15 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Finals 2004 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rudy Tomjanovich Coach Info '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( July 14 , 2004 ) . `` It 's Official : Shaq traded to Heat for three players , draft pick '' . USAToday . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Kobe remains with Lakers , sports.espn.go.com , July 16 , 2004 . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( May 6 , 2006 ) . `` Coach and Star Savor Success in Collaboration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Decision was made Monday , sports.espn.go.com , February 3 , 2005 . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Announce Coaching Change '' . nba.com/lakers . February 2 , 2005 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Off the Dribble : Bryant Now Deals with Mediocrity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Frank . Allen primed for Kobe showdown , sports.espn.go.com , December 14 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Kobe ' upset ' about Malone 's comments to wife , sports.espn.go.com , December 15 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Jackson '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball : Kobe Bryant Profile and Information '' . authenticbasketball.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` O'Neal Squashes Feud With Bryant '' . The Washington Post . January 18 , 2006 . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wurst , Matthew D. ( February 19 , 2006 ) . `` 55 Things About the 55th All - Star Game '' . Nba.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . What happened after Shaq and Kobe got entangled in the lane during the first quarter ? Nothing but laughter all around . Jump up ^ basketball-reference.com , 2005 -- 06 NBA Season Summary , accessed , December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eighty - One ! Bryant Erupts as Lakers Roll '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` In Most Areas , Good or Bad , Kobe Bryant Has Simply Done More '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Helin , Kurt ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` What was more impressive : Chamberlain 's 100 point game or Kobe 's 81 ? '' . Pro Basketball Talk . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Better scoring night : Kobe 's 81 or Wilt 's 100 ? '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tramel , Barry ( January 26 , 2006 ) . `` Kobe vs. Wilt '' . The Oklahoman . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` 40 stats you wo n't believe about Kobe Bryant 's historic NBA career '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ NBA.com ( February 1 , 2006 ) . Billups , Bryant Named Players of the Month . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's big month sets high expectations '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball : Kobe Bryant Profile and Information '' . Authenticbasketball.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LAKERS : # 24 Kobe Bryant '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Povtak , Tim ( April 9 , 2006 ) . `` Billups brushes off MVP chatter '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant passes Jordan , has shot to be No. 1 '' . ESPN . December 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suns ' Steve Nash Wins Second Consecutive MVP Award '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` From 8 to 24 '' . Los Angeles Lakers . November 16 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rovell , Darren ( April 26 , 2006 ) . `` Bryant will hang up his No. 8 jersey , sources say '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phoenix Suns ( 2 ) vs. Los Angeles lakers ( 7 ) '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` Unfounded stigma still following Bryant '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kang , Jay Capian ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Person of Interest : Kobe Bryant '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant assessed flagrant foul for elbow in Philly '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` Kobe serves suspension against Knicks '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( March 8 , 2007 ) . `` Kobe serves one - game suspension against Bucks '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant Scores NBA Season - Best 65 in Lakers Win '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Scores 50 to Lead Lakers Past Wolves '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant Scores 60 as Lakers Defeat Grizzlies '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( March 24 , 2007 ) . `` Kobe 's 50 - point run more important because of wins '' . SportsIllustrated.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA.com . Kobe Bryant has Top - Selling Jersey in China , nba.com , March 20 , 2007 , Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Oller , Rob ( February 12 , 2007 ) . `` A star is reborn : Bryant 's stats , dunks have made him marketable again '' . The Columbus Dispatch -- via HighBeam . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Denver Post ( March 15 , 2007 ) . For Kobe , turnaround is flair play . The Bonham Group . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Top Lakers , Move On to Second Round '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe wants West to return to Lakers with full authority '' . May 28 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe says he 's just suggesting West 's return , not demanding it '' . May 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant asks for trade , then backtracks slightly '' . ESPN . July 31 , 2007 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 ... as a Lakers insider notes , it was Bryant 's insistence on getting away from Shaquille O'Neal that got them in this mess . Jump up ^ `` NBA : Kobe retracts his trade request '' . May 31 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( July 19 , 2007 ) . `` Playing the video game : Underground Kobe film ai n't all it 's cracked up to be '' . SI.com . CNN . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2007 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Are you kidding me ? Andrew Bynum ? F -- ing ship his ass out . Jump up ^ Witz , Billy ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Suns Can Still Bring Out Snarl in Bryant and Lakers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . There was the infamous video by the self - described Kobe Video Guys , when Bryant profanely vented to a couple of men at a Newport Beach shopping mall , who happened to be recording it , about the Lakers holding on to Andrew Bynum when they could have dealt him for Jason Kidd . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant youngest to hit 20,000 points '' . CBC Sports . December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` KOBE BRYANT INJURY UPDATE '' . February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved May 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant : No surgery on pinkie finger '' . Associated Press . September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA Staff . Kobe Bryant Wins Most Valuable Player Award , nba.com , May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jerry West attends Bryant 's MVP press conference , Los Angeles Times , accessed May 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ Kobe 's MVP award not a surprise to West , accessed May 9 , 2008 Archived July 30 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bryant unanimous pick for All - NBA team , ESPN , Retrieved May 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ Kobe , Garnett Headline All - Defensive Team , NBA . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Gasol Powers Lakers Past Nuggets '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nuggets Put Up a Fight , but Lakers Get Sweep '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Bryant Scores 38 as Lakers Beat Jazz in Game 1 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Bryant Lifts Lakers Into Conference Finals '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Finals 2008 Spurs at Lakers Game Info '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Capture 17th NBA Title With Record Win Over Lakers '' . NBA.com Kobe Bryant now holds four NBA titles . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers -- Schedule -- NBA -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers equal best 19 - game start in franchise history '' . CBSSports.com . December 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kobe 's steady pace lands him top spot in rankings Archived March 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . By Rob Peterson , NBA.com -- March 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' Bryant , Magic 's Howard named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . January 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian . Garden party : Kobe 's 61 sets MSG record Archived December 14 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , sports.yahoo.com , February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq , Kobe lead freestyling West All - Stars past East '' . NBA.com . February 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Official Release . James outdistances Bryant in winning Kia MVP award Archived May 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. Daily Dime : Kobe named MVP as Lakers win NBA title -- NBA -- ESPN , sports.espn.go.com , June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 2008 -- 09 Game Log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( June 14 , 2009 ) . `` Man on a mission : Bryant revels in victory , Finals MVP '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Bio -- NBA Finals -- ESPNDB '' . Espndb.go.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant , making the best of bad situations '' . ESPN.go.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Beacham , Greg . Lakers win 11th straight , Bryant injures finger Archived August 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , sports.yahoo.com , December 12 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fly , Colin . Kobe 's jumper at OT buzzer lifts Lakers over Bucks , sports.yahoo.com , December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Bryant joins 14 others with 25,000 points , sports.espn.go.com , January 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ January 2 , 2 : 28 am EST . `` Kobe 's 3 - pointer at buzzer gives Lakers win -- NBA -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Golen , Jimmy . Beat LA ? Not this time for Celtics , sports.yahoo.com , December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , Kobe passes West as Lakers ' scoring leader in loss to Grizzlies , sports.espn.go.com , February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark . Kobe Bryant 's game winner in 99 -- 98 victory over Memphis Grizzlies shows clutchness ca n't be duplicated , sports.yahoo.com , February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg . Lakers snap 3 - game skid on Bryant 's late jumper , sports.yahoo.com , March 10 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash . Lakers sign Bryant to an extension , espn.go.com , April 3 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt . Lakers to Face Thunder in the First Round , NBC Los Angeles , April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike . Follow Classic -- Los Angeles Times , Los Angeles Times , May 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Frank . Fast Breaks : Lakers - Jazz , Game 4 , sportsillustrated.cnn.com , May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Archived May 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . Gasol plays closer with monster finish , sports.espn.go.com , May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Lakers beat Suns to set up rematch with Boston , Sporting News , May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Archived June 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Smith , Sekou . No Doubt About The MVP , nba.com , June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. 1 . Lakers Capture Franchise Title No. 16 , espn.go.com , June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lakers receive championship rings , By Dave McMenamin ESPN . October 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Why Kobe Bryant decided it was time to retire '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg . Lakers hold off Timberwolves , improve to 8 -- 0 , nbcsports.msnbc.com , November 10 , 2010 , Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Archived November 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash . Youngest To 26K , espn.go.com , November 12 , 2010 , Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's triple - double leads Lakers over Kings '' . Nbcsports.msnbc.com . November 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics win Finals rematch despite Kobe Bryant 's 41 points '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Bryant became the youngest player to reach 27,000 points on a 3 - pointer late in the third quarter , but he frequently was a one - man show on offense . Jump up ^ ESPN Stats & Info . Kobe in the giving mood on Tuesday , espn.go.com , February 2 , 2011 , accessed February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant has big second half to help Lakers rally by Celtics '' . ESPN . February 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Lakers win is something to yell about '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Kobe is top vote - getter in 2011 All - Star balloting '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( February 20 , 2011 ) . `` Bryant feeds off energy as West beats East in All - Star game , 148 -- 143 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rumorsandrants.com : Kobe Bryant Passes Moses Malone For Sixth On All - Time Scoring List '' . Rumorsandrants.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How long can Los Angeles Lakers Kobe Bryant stay on top ? '' . ESPN . April 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant fined $100,000 for gay slur '' . yahoo.com . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe 's fury : blessing and curse '' . yahoo.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant needs to say more after slur '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant is fined $100,000 by NBA for anti-gay slur to referee '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Litke , Jim ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe 's $100 K fine did n't buy Lakers ' best effort '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Amaechi , John ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` A Gay Former N.B.A. Player Responds to Kobe Bryant '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant sorry ; Lakers make plan '' . ESPNLosAngeles.com. April 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Falgoust , J. Michael ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Bryant to appeal $100 K fine for slur , but takes responsibility '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , Lakers teammates appear in PSA touting diversity '' . SportingNews.com. April 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Kobe Bryant saw German doc '' . ESPN . December 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mark ( December 29 , 2011 ) . `` Yankees say A-Rod had shoulder treatment , too '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Jeremy ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe to the World : ' I 'm Still Kobe ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Bruce ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant wo n't give in to age '' . National Post . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul - led Clips win L.A. clash despite Kobe Bryant 's 42 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom ( January 16 , 2012 ) . `` Can Kobe catch Kareem ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Zach McCann ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sets ASG points mark '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dave McMenamin ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant also has concussion '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CBSSports.com wire reports . `` NBA Recap -- Los Angeles Lakers at San Antonio Spurs -- Apr 20 , 2012 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bolch , Ben ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant chooses not to go for NBA scoring title '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul , Clippers deal Lakers third straight loss to open season '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Lakers fire Mike Brown as coach '' . latimes.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Lakers Change Direction and Hire D'Antoni as Coach '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Mike D'Antoni to be next coach of the Lakers '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trudell , Mike ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 30,000 Points '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant ( 30 pts . ) , Lakers need comeback to top woeful Bobcats '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 18 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard powers surging Lakers past Blazers '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` Bigger defensive role for Kobe Bryant '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pincus , Eric ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Bryant recognizes he 's better defending on the ball '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Rob ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mike D'Antoni minces words when describing Kobe Bryant 's defense '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 26 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers found formula , can they repeat it ? '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` Bryant chasing triple - doubles ? '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schuhmann , John ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` L.A. Recovery Would n't Be Unprecedented '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Justin ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` 1 . Lakers Just Trying To Keep It Simple '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers rise as D'Antoni's offense ditched '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Have the Lakers found their groove ? '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers hold on despite late surge from Hornets '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , Steve Nash help Lakers hold on for 2nd straight win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's heroics help Lakers rally , edge Raptors in OT '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McMenamin , Dave ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` 2012 -- 13 Lakers Report Card : Starting five '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Metta World Peace details his recovery '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Dime -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( April 13 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers were n't strong enough to protect Kobe Bryant from himself '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant tears Achilles , sidelined for months '' . CNN.com. April 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( April 14 , 2013 ) . `` Bryant Goes Away , but Not Quietly '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers sign Kobe Bryant to two - year , $48.5 million contract extension '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pincus , Eric ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers sign Kobe Bryant to a two - year contract extension '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berger , Ken ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant does not want to hear that he is overpaid '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Kelly ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant on the difference between Tim Duncan 's contract and his : ' It 's a different market , man ' '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amick , Sam ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` As Kobe faces Duncan for 78th time , comparison unavoidable '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers lose Kobe Bryant again '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Adi ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant breaks bone in knee , out 6 weeks '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lakers : Kobe injury not healed '' . ESPN . March 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe : Wo n't play All - Star Game '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Anthony Davis selected to fill Kobe Bryant 's All - Star slot in West '' . NBCSports.com . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets rout Lakers 108 -- 90 in Kobe 's return '' . USA Today . Associated Press . October 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` Byron Scott assured Kobe Bryant he had his best interests at heart '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Resnick , Joe ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Bryant leads Lakers over Toronto 129 -- 122 in OT '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ELIAS : TOP 5 QUESTIONS FROM SUNDAY , NOV. 30 '' . NBA.com . November 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pincus , Eric ( December 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant becomes NBA 's No. 3 all - time scorer in Lakers ' win '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Eric ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant misses Lakers vs. Warriors for rest '' . Yahoo.com . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Baxter ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to rest vs. Warriors '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dwyer , Kelly ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant has to stop '' . Yahoo.com . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suns win 6th straight by spoiling Kobe Bryant 's return to Lakers lineup '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oram , Bill ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` Bryant 's ailments likely reflect new reality for Lakers '' . Orange County Register . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Lakers ' Byron Scott to handle Kobe Bryant 's playing time on game - by - game basis '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Medina , Mark ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` How will Kobe Bryant fare in his 20th NBA season ? '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant rests again , Lakers fall to Trail Blazers , 106 -- 94 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant notches triple - double as Lakers hold off Nuggets '' . ESPN . December 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers guard Kobe Bryant has torn rotator cuff in right shoulder '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bresnahan , Mike ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant has torn rotator cuff ; severity to be determined '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to undergo season - ending surgery for torn rotator cuff '' . Deseret News . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant to have shoulder surgery '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Lakers star Kobe Bryant out for season after shoulder surgery '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Lakers , Knicks close out worst seasons in franchise history '' . espn.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Byron Scott says Kobe Bryant likely OK for next game '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant on his play so far : `` I freaking suck '' `` . NBCSports.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Two decades in : Kobe Bryant clears another milestone with start of 20th Lakers season '' . Star Tribune . Associated Press . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's possible farewell tour hits new low '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Baxter ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe 's shooting struggles not putting ' pretty defined ' role in jeopardy '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game Recap : 76ers 103 , Lakers 91 '' . Philadelphia 76ers . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe announces he will retire after this season '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ; Stein , Marc ; Shelburne , Ramona ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to retire after this season '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 -- via Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : `` LOS ANGELES LAKERS ( 2 - 13 ) VS . INDIANA PACERS ( 10 - 5 ) '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles Times . November 29 , 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ; Turner , Broderick ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's struggles cause some in NBA circles to say it 's time he retires '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ding , Kevin ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` With Flair for the Dramatic , Kobe Spins Frustrating End into Emotional Final Act '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : ' Do I want to play again or do n't I ... the reality is no , I do n't . ' '' . Pro Basketball Talk . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cacciola , Scott ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's Long Goodbye '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berger , Ken ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's last night in Sacramento hit him right in the heart '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe requests no more gifts , on - court ceremonies during farewell tour '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jason ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sacramento sends Kobe Bryant off with rousing ovation '' . The Sacramento Bee . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Scoop ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Dwyane Wade : ' I never thought I 'd be Top 100 all time ' '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , Jerry ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` During strange farewell tour , Kobe Bryant rediscovers greatness for one night in D.C. '' The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe wills Lakers with 38 points to end 10 - game losing streak '' . ESPN.com . February 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe shrugs off 38 - point effort : ' You 've seen it for 20 years ' '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant is selected as an All - Star for the 18th time '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Defense in record - setting short supply in West 's rout of East '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . February 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant , in His Final Lap , Is Happy to Surrender the Midseason Stage '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta - Delacruz , Angelo ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe finishes his two - decade - long career in a fashionable way as Lakers eliminate Jazz , 101 - 96 '' . powcast.net . Powcast Sports Hub . Jump up ^ `` Mamba out : Kobe Bryant 's shocking farewell '' . Jump up ^ `` Magic Johnson has great expectations for Los Angeles Lakers rookie Lonzo Ball '' . News.com.au . October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe scores 60 points in unbelievable farewell victory '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Wise Bryant Sets His Priorities , The New York Times , June 19 , 2000 . Jump up ^ AP U.S. ends losing streak at World Championship , The Seattle Times , September 7 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Vince Carter Added to Olympic Qualifying Team , InsideHoops NBA , July 29 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Olympic Basketball , InsideHoops NBA , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kobe will play for U.S. at worlds , ' 08 Olympics , ESPN.com , January 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kobe wo n't play for USA after knee surgery , ESPN.com , July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` USA Basketball '' . USABasketball.com . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` James , Bryant to lead US team '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( August 24 , 2008 ) . `` US hoops back on top , beats Spain for gold medal '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Kobe commits to Team USA '' . Fox News . Associated Press . November 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USA Basketball Wins Gold Over Spain , Rio Next in 2016 '' . Fox News . August 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant NBA '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( January 24 , 2006 ) . `` Anyone up for 100 ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin . `` Los Angeles Lakers : 2013 -- 14 roster ( Subscription Required ) '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan eases off talk '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( October 29 , 2001 ) . `` Kobe , Hill deal with being the next Michael '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ( December 13 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant Is Nearly an Equal of Michael Jordan , Except in Fan Adoration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( December 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant rises up before falling away '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ballard , Chris . Kobe 's Killer Instinct ( cont . ) , sportsillustrated.cnn.com , May 28 , 2008 , Retrieved November 20 , 2010 . Archived February 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant delivers the final miss again '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harper , Zach ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Lakers ' Jeremy Lin on game winners : ' I would love to shoot some ' '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Bruce ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Jenkins on NBA : Bryant becomes more gunner than top gun '' . SFGate.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pingue , Frank ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to retire at end of season '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . Shots heard ' round the world , sports.espn.go.com , March 11 , 2010 , Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NBA.com GM Survey Results '' . NBA.com . January 17 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Henry ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` The truth about Kobe Bryant in crunch time '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Amid the Points and Applause , One Single Shot Ignited Love Story of Kobe , NYC '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time # NBArank : Michael Jordan tops list of best shooting guards '' . ESPN.com . January 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abbot , Henry . `` The truth about Kobe Bryant in crunch time '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` Top 100 NBA Players -- Nos. 1 -- 10 '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moore , Tom ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant set to play final game in Philadelphia '' . The Morning Call . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Misses add up to big part of Kobe 's legacy '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike . `` Phil Jackson throws the book at Kobe Bryant '' . The LA Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin ( November 7 , 2005 ) . `` Every Play Counts : Kobe Bryant '' . 82games.com . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : Charges carry big risk '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant named to NBA 's all - defensive first team for ninth time '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach ( May 26 , 2013 ) . `` An Open Letter to Kobe Bryant About His Defense '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neal ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Once And For All : Michael Jordan Was Way Better Than Kobe Bryant '' . FiveThirtyEight . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( April 13 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe and L.A. tradition will be tested '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant pays price for greatness '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ballard , Chris ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Examining Kobe Bryant 's legendary pain tolerance and road to recovery '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Brian ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wolf on the Rock : The Ludicrous , Glorious Doom of Kobe Bryant '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Chris ; Concepcion , Jason ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Six Seconds to Perfection : The Best NBA Vines of the Season '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ding , Kevin ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Julius Randle 's Development Poses Final Leadership Test for Kobe Bryant '' . BleacherReport.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` Long a tough , chilly teammate , Kobe Bryant has mellowed and now is a mentor '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Henry ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe '' . ESPN The Magazine . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Heisler , Mark ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Who Killed Lakers ? ESPN Says It Was Someone on Inside With the Initials Kobe Bryant '' . Forbes.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Phil Jackson 's new book focuses a lot on ( who else ? ) Kobe Bryant '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Baxter ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe gets milestone on 6,000 th assist '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Keh , Andrew ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant Announces Retirement '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Elected As The NBA Player Of The Decade '' . Thaindian.com . February 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting News ' NBA Athlete of the Decade : Kobe Bryant , SG , Lakers -- Sporting News -- NBA '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Special Dime : Greatest shooting guards of all time -- NBA -- ESPN '' . ESPN . March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Kevin Durant frustrated by media 's handling of Kobe Bryant '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe will miss talking trash with Dirk Nowitzki '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Friedell , Nick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rose : Kobe is the Jordan of our generation '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` To the End , Kobe Bryant Is a Shooting Guard , Hot or Cold '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woike , Dan ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant announces plans to retire following this season '' . The Press - Enterprise . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top stats to know : Kobe Bryant 's statistical legacy '' . ESPN.com . November 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arnovitz , Kevin ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Kobe Bryant has numbers 8 and 24 retired by the Lakers '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ HoopsHype.com . NBA Players -- Kobe Bryant . Accessed May 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant says he knew from onset that 2015 - 16 would be final season '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 - point game second only to Wilt '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . January 12 , 2006 . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Brian ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` KOBE BY THE NUMBERS '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Wins Most Valuable Player Award '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Redeem Team proves worthy of Dream Team comparison '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant top vote - getter for 18th and final All - Star Game '' . ESPN . January 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time # NBArank : Players 11 - 15 '' . ESPN.com . February 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trudell , Mike ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Named All - NBA First Team ... Again '' . Lakers.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everything You Need to Know About Kobe Bryant '' . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2006 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . -- Wayback Machine cache from February 19 , 2006 Jump up ^ Shawn Hubler . `` Kobe 's costar Vanessa Laine was just another sheltered teenager in Orange County . Then she fell in love with a phenomenon '' . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . -- Wayback Machine cache from April 6 , 2007 Jump up ^ Keown , Tim ( September 1 , 2003 ) . `` Isolation Play '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hubler , Shawn ( February 15 , 2005 ) . `` Kobe 's costar '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cupcake Magazine interview with Vanessa Bryant Archived July 1 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . July 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , mom in court battle '' . ESPN . May 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stamm , Dan ; Associated Press . `` Kobe Wins Battle to Prevent Mom From Auctioning His Stuff '' . NBC 10 Philadelphia . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Deal reached in Kobe Bryant case '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Buys Home For More Than $4 million '' . News.google.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant sets price record with Newport Coast home sale '' . Los Angeles Times . May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq is a Dad Six Minutes After Kobe '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kim , Victoria ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant divorce : Vanessa cites ' irreconcilable differences ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Now '' . Los Angeles Times . December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , wife Vanessa call off their divorce '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzalo Aguirregomezcorta . `` Kobe : `` No imaginé este nivel '' `` . ESPN Mexico . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gonzalo Aguirregomezcorta . `` Kobe Bryant tras anunciar su retiro : `` Ahora me siento relajado '' `` . ESPN Mexico . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Jerry ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Text messages from press row ... '' Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant and , Robert Rodriguez talk about Black Mamba Nike ads , six - minute film '' . Los Angeles Times . January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Rapid Reaction : Lakers 113 , Trail Blazers 106 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Bryant and Lakers soar to new heights ( or at least . 500 ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant and Wife Vanessa Welcome Third Child '' . Yahoo ! . Jump up ^ Harris , Sarah Jane ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant welcomes his third child '' . sportingnews.com . Jump up ^ SI Staff ( December 23 , 2003 ) . `` Bryant distracted , scared amid sex assault case '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2004 . Retrieved February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Moore , David Leon ( February 12 , 2004 ) . `` Shaq , Kobe still main keys to Lakers ' fortunes '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fans Shunning Kobe Bryant 's Jersey -- Celebrity Gossip Entertainment News Arts And Entertainment '' . Fox News . January 7 , 2005 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reid , T.R. ( September 2 , 2004 ) . `` Bryant rape case ends in dismissal '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirk Johnson ( September 2 , 2004 ) . `` Prosecutors Drop Kobe Bryant Rape Case '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Mike ( June 16 , 2000 ) . `` Article : Basketball Star Leaps into Global Ventures . AccessMyLibrary -- Promoting library advocacy '' . AccessMyLibrary . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Information and results for ' Adidas , Basketball Star Kobe Bryant Part Ways . ' AccessMyLibrary -- Promoting library advocacy '' . AccessMyLibrary . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Airs Out New Kobe Bryant Shoe , Ad Campaign '' . Sportsbusinessdaily.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( March 9 , 2004 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's Sponsorship Will Rebound '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Greg ( June 22 , 2008 ) . `` Bryant will lose out again to Big Three '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's Endorsement Deals '' . Advertising.about.com. April 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant resumes endorsement career '' . Usatoday.com . July 10 , 2005 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Salazar - Moreno , Quibian ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` Endorsements Coming Back to Kobe Bryant '' . Blackvoices . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Devine , Dan ( November 5 , 2010 ) . `` Kobe Bryant shoots ' em up in new ' Call of Duty ' ad '' . Sports.Yahoo.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No , Kobe Bryant Did Not Jump Over a Car '' . U.S. News & World Report . rankingsandreviews.com. April 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nike launches Nike Zoom Kobe V with Kobe Bryant '' . TradingMarkets.com . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Wearing Nubeo Black Mamba MVP Watch `` UpscaleHype '' . Upscalehype.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant ESPN The Magazine Fan Issue '' . ESPN The Magazine . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 endorsement superstars '' . CNN . December 31 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kritchever , Patrick . The Forbes Celebrity 100 , Forbes , June 28 , 2010 , Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` Kobe Bryant To Endorse Turkish Airlines '' . CNBC.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . It 's a two - year deal that will involve Bryant starring in a promotional film that will be aired on international television channels and in movie theatres in more than 80 countries next year . Jump up ^ Li , Shan ( December 16 , 2010 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's Turkish Airlines deal outrages Armenian Americans '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The first Kobe Bryant Turkish Airlines commercial has landed '' . NBC Sports . February 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside for Nintendo 64 '' . MobyGames . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Courtside 2 Featuring Kobe Bryant '' . CNN . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Courtside 2002 ( cube ) reviews at '' . Metacritic.com . January 14 , 2002 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 3 on 3 Featuring Kobe Bryant for GBC '' . Gamespot.Com . December 7 , 1999 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2005 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( August 21 , 2006 ) . `` Kobe covers Sony 's NBA 07 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Debuts SIX Cover Athletes for NBA 09 : The Inside '' . DailyGame . August 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe vs Messi : Legends on Board -- Turkish Airlines '' . Turkish Airlines . December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James : Cleveland Cavaliers return for NBA star '' . BBC . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` CRI.com : Kobe Bryant Works with Jay Chou in New Song '' . : . February 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pop Asia . `` Jay Chou releases MV with Kobe Bryant '' . PopAsia . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official music video of '' . YouTube.com. April 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 4 comments by Daniel Gilroy on Wednesday , February 23 , 2011 ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` ChinaSmack : Sprite China -- Kobe Bryant and Jay Chou music video '' 天地 一 鬥 `` ( '' Tian Di Yi Dou `` ) with Jay Chou feat . Kobe Bryant '' . Advertising.chinasmack.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ P , Anthony . `` Lil Wayne Releases New Song Titled `` Kobe Bryant '' `` . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Just in time for the championship matchup between the Los Angeles Lakers and the Orlando Magic , Lil ' Wayne has released a song titled `` Kobe Bryant . '' Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant On'em - Sho Baraka '' . Lecrae . July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's Charity Work , Events and Causes '' . looktothestars.org . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Paul , Alan ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Kobe Bryant Conquers China '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nicolai , Megan ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` We 're excited to be your neighbors '' . The Orange County Register . sec . Local , pp. 1 , 6 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Berman , Dennis K. ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant and Jeff Stibel Unveil $100 Million Venture Capital Fund '' -- via Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` What Is Bryant Stibel , Venture Capitalist Fund ? Kobe Unveils Investment Fund With Business Partner Jeff '' . August 22 , 2016 . Further reading McGrath , Ben ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` The fourth quarter : Kobe Bryant confronts a long -- and possibly painful -- goodbye '' . The Sporting Scene . The New Yorker . 90 ( 6 ) : 38 -- 49 . External links Find more aboutKobe Bryantat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Official website Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Kobe Bryant on IMDb NBA.com -- The Ultimate Kobe Page Kobe Bryant Main Career achievements 40 - plus point games Family Joe Bryant ( father ) Films and games Dear Basketball Kobe Doin ' Work Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside NBA Courtside 2 : Featuring Kobe Bryant NBA 2K10 NBA 2K17 Other Shaq -- Kobe feud Sexual assault case Kobe Bryant China Fund Links to related articles Naismith Prep Player of the Year Award 1987 : Scott 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Livingston 1994 : Ward 1995 : Mercer 1996 : Bryant 1997 : Battier 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : Felton 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Williams 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Jennings 2009 : Favors 2010 : Sullinger 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Alexander 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter 2018 : Barrett USA Today High School Boys ' Basketball Player of the Year Award 1983 : Williams 1984 : Brooks 1985 : Ferry 1986 : Reid 1987 : Liberty 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Wallace 1994 : Lopez 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Bryant 1997 : McGrady 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : James 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Oden 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Samuels 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Noel 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Okafor 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter Gatorade High School Basketball Player of the Year Award Boys 1986 : J.R. 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Barrett Girls 1986 : Susan Anderson 1987 : Kris Durham 1988 : Vicki Hall 1989 : Lisa Harrison 1990 : Lisa Leslie 1991 : Michelle Marciniak 1992 : Katie Smith 1993 : La'Keshia Frett 1994 : Monick Foote 1995 : Stephanie White 1996 : Jamie Walz 1997 : Nikki Teasley 1998 : Tamika Williams 1999 : Nicole Kaczmarski 2000 : Shereka Wright 2001 : Shyra Ely 2002 : Ann Strother 2003 : Candace Parker 2004 : Candace Parker 2005 : Abby Waner 2006 : Tina Charles 2007 : Maya Moore 2008 : Nneka Ogwumike 2009 : Skylar Diggins 2010 : Chiney Ogwumike 2011 : Kaleena Mosqueda - Lewis 2012 : Breanna Stewart 2013 : Mercedes Russell 2014 : Brianna Turner 2015 : Katie Lou Samuelson 2016 : Erin Boley 2017 : Megan Walker 2018 : Christyn Williams 1996 NBA draft First round Allen Iverson Marcus Camby Shareef Abdur - Rahim Stephon Marbury Ray Allen Antoine Walker Lorenzen Wright Kerry Kittles Samaki Walker Erick Dampier Todd Fuller Vitaly Potapenko Kobe Bryant Predrag Stojaković Steve Nash Tony Delk Jermaine O'Neal John Wallace Walter McCarty Zydrunas Ilgauskas Dontae ' Jones Roy Rogers Efthimios Rentzias Derek Fisher Martin Müürsepp Jerome Williams Brian Evans Priest Lauderdale Travis Knight Second round Othella Harrington Mark Hendrickson Ryan Minor Moochie Norris Shawn Harvey Joseph Blair Doron Sheffer Jeff McInnis Steve Hamer Russ Millard Marcus Mann Jason Sasser Randy Livingston Ben Davis Malik Rose Joe Vogel Marcus Brown Ron Riley Jamie Feick Amal McCaskill Terrell Bell Chris Robinson Mark Pope Jeff Nordgaard Shandon Anderson Ronnie Henderson Reggie Geary Drew Barry Darnell Robinson NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. 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"The son of former NBA player Joe Bryant, Kobe Bryant enjoyed a successful high school basketball career at Lower Merion High School in Pennsylvania, where he was recognized as the top high school basketball player in the country. He declared for the NBA draft upon graduation and was selected in the 13th overall pick in the 1996 NBA draft by the Charlotte Hornets, who traded him to the Lakers. As a rookie, Bryant earned himself a reputation as a high-flyer and a fan favorite by winning the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest, and he was named an All-Star by his second season. Despite a feud between them, Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal led the Lakers to three consecutive NBA championships from 2000 to 2002.\n"
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1871428881897659876 | Red Scare | Red Scare - wikipedia Red Scare Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Red Terror . 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generation gender bias Snobbery Social exclusion Social stigma Stereotype threat White privilege Discrimination portal A `` Red Scare '' is promotion of widespread fear by a society or state about a potential rise of communism , anarchism , or radical leftism . The term is most often used to refer to two periods in the history of the United States with this name . The First Red Scare , which occurred immediately after World War I , revolved around a perceived threat from the American labor movement , anarchist revolution and political radicalism . The Second Red Scare , which occurred immediately after World War II , was preoccupied with national or foreign communists infiltrating or subverting U.S. society or the federal government . Contents ( hide ) 1 First Red Scare ( 1917 -- 1920 ) 2 Second Red Scare ( 1947 -- 57 ) 2.1 Internal causes of communist fear 2.2 History 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 References and further reading 6 External links First Red Scare ( 1917 -- 1920 ) ( edit ) Main article : First Red Scare Political cartoon from 1919 depicting the Russian revolution 's impact on the Paris peace talks The first Red Scare began following the Bolshevik Russian Revolution of 1917 and the intensely patriotic years of World War I as anarchist and left - wing social agitation aggravated national , social , and political tensions . Political scientist , and former member of the Communist Party Murray B. Levin wrote that the Red Scare was `` a nationwide anti-radical hysteria provoked by a mounting fear and anxiety that a Bolshevik revolution in America was imminent -- a revolution that would change Church , home , marriage , civility , and the American way of Life . '' Newspapers exacerbated those political fears into anti-foreign sentiment because varieties of radical anarchism were becoming popular as possible solutions to poverty , often by recent European immigrants ( cf . hyphenated - Americans ) . When the Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) backed several labor strikes in 1916 and 1917 , the press portrayed them as `` radical threats to American society '' inspired by `` left - wing , foreign agents provocateurs . '' Those on the side of the IWW claim that the press `` misrepresented legitimate labor strikes '' as `` crimes against society , '' `` conspiracies against the government , '' and `` plots to establish communism . '' Opponents , on the other hand , saw these as an extension of the radical , anarchist foundations of the IWW , which contends that all workers should be united as a social class and that capitalism and the wage system should be abolished . A `` European Anarchist '' attempts to destroy the Statue of Liberty in this 1919 political cartoon . A bomb blast badly damaged the residence of Attorney General Mitchell Palmer in the spring of 1919 . In April 1919 , authorities discovered a plot for mailing 36 bombs to prominent members of the U.S. political and economic establishment : J.P. Morgan Jr. , John D. Rockefeller , Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes , U.S. Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer , and immigration officials . On June 2 , 1919 , in eight cities , eight bombs simultaneously exploded . One target was the Washington , D.C. , house of U.S. Attorney General Palmer , where the explosion killed the bomber , who evidence indicated was an Italian - American radical from Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Afterwards , Palmer ordered the U.S. Justice Department to launch the Palmer Raids ( 1919 -- 21 ) . Yet , in 1918 , before the bombings , President Woodrow Wilson had pressured the Congress to legislate the anti-anarchist Sedition Act of 1918 to protect wartime morale by deporting putatively undesirable political people . Law professor David D. Cole reports that President Wilson 's `` federal government consistently targeted alien radicals , deporting them ... for their speech or associations , making little effort to distinguish terrorists from ideological dissidents . '' Initially , the press praised the raids ; The Washington Post said , `` There is no time to waste on hairsplitting over ( the ) infringement of liberty '' , and The New York Times said the injuries inflicted upon the arrested were `` souvenirs of the new attitude of aggressiveness which had been assumed by the Federal agents against Reds and suspected - Reds . '' In the event , the Palmer Raids were criticized as unconstitutional by twelve publicly prominent lawyers , including ( future Supreme Court Justice ) Felix Frankfurter , who published A Report on the Illegal Practices of The United States Department of Justice , documenting systematic violations of the Fourth , Fifth , Sixth , and Eighth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution via Palmer - authorized `` illegal acts '' and `` wanton violence '' . Defensively , Palmer then warned that a government - deposing left - wing revolution would begin on 1 May 1920 -- May Day , the International Workers ' Day . When it failed to happen , he was ridiculed and lost much credibility . Strengthening the legal criticism of Palmer was that fewer than 600 deportations were substantiated with evidence , out of the thousands of resident aliens arrested and deported . In July 1920 , Palmer 's once - promising Democratic Party bid for the U.S. presidency failed . Wall Street was bombed on September 2 , 1920 , near Federal Hall National Memorial and the JP Morgan Bank . Although both anarchists and Communists were suspected as being responsible for the bombing , ultimately no individuals were indicted for the bombing in which 38 died and 141 were injured . In 1919 -- 20 , several states enacted `` criminal syndicalism '' laws outlawing advocacy of violence in effecting and securing social change . The restrictions included free speech limitations . Passage of these laws , in turn , provoked aggressive police investigation of the accused persons , their jailing , and deportation for being suspected of being either communist or left - wing . Regardless of ideological gradation , the Red Scare did not distinguish between communism , anarchism , socialism , or social democracy . Second Red Scare ( 1947 -- 57 ) ( edit ) Main article : McCarthyism Senator Joseph McCarthy , namesake of McCarthyism The second Red Scare occurred after World War II ( 1939 -- 45 ) , and was popularly known as `` McCarthyism '' after its most famous supporter , Senator Joseph McCarthy . McCarthyism coincided with increased popular fear of communist espionage consequent to a Soviet Eastern Europe , the Berlin Blockade ( 1948 -- 49 ) , the Chinese Civil War , the confessions of spying for the Soviet Union given by several high - ranking U.S. government officials , and the Korean War . Internal causes of communist fear ( edit ) The events of the late 1940s , early 1950s - the trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg ( 1953 ) , the trial of Alger Hiss , the Iron Curtain ( 1945 -- 1991 ) around Eastern Europe , and the Soviet Union 's first nuclear weapon test in 1949 ( RDS - 1 ) - surprised the American public , influencing popular opinion about U.S. National Security , that , in turn , connected to fear of the Soviet Union hydrogen - bombing the United States , and fear of the Communist Party of the United States of America ( CPUSA ) . In Canada , the 1946 Kellock -- Taschereau Commission investigated espionage after top secret documents concerning RDX , radar and other weapons were handed over to the Soviets by a domestic spy - ring . At the House Un-American Activities Committee , former CPUSA members and NKVD spies , Elizabeth Bentley and Whittaker Chambers , testified that Soviet spies and communist sympathizers had penetrated the U.S. government before , during and after World War II . Other U.S. citizen spies confessed to their acts of espionage in situations where the statute of limitations on prosecuting them had run out . In 1949 , anti -- communist fear , and fear of American traitors , was aggravated by the Chinese Communists winning the Chinese Civil War against the Western - sponsored Kuomintang , their founding of the People 's Republic of China , and later Chinese intervention in the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) against U.S. ally South Korea . A few of the events during the Red Scare were also due to a power struggle between director of FBI J. Edgar Hoover and the Central Intelligence Agency . Hoover had instigated and aided some of the investigations of members of the CIA with `` leftist '' history , like Cord Meyer . This conflict could also be traced back to the conflict between Hoover and William J. Donovan , going back to the first Red Scare , but especially during World War II . Donovan ran the OSS ( CIA 's predecessor ) . They had differing opinions on the nature of the alliance with the Soviet Union , conflicts over jurisdiction , conflicts of personality , the OSS hiring of communists and criminals as agents , etc . History ( edit ) See also : Smith Act trials of communist party leaders By the 1930s , communism had become an attractive economic ideology , particularly among labor leaders and intellectual elites . By 1939 , the CPUSA had about 50,000 members . In 1940 , soon after World War II began in Europe , the U.S. Congress legislated the Alien Registration Act ( aka the Smith Act , 18 USC § 2385 ) making it a crime to `` knowingly or willfully advocate , abet , advise or teach the duty , necessity , desirability or propriety of overthrowing the Government of the United States or of any State by force or violence , or for anyone to organize any association which teaches , advises or encourages such an overthrow , or for anyone to become a member of or to affiliate with any such association '' -- and required Federal registration of all foreign nationals . Although principally deployed against communists , the Smith Act was also used against right - wing political threats such as the German - American Bund , and the perceived racial disloyalty of the Japanese - American population , ( cf . hyphenated - Americans ) . In 1941 , after Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union , the CPUSA 's official position became pro-war , opposing labor strikes in the weapons industry and supporting the U.S. war effort against the Axis Powers . With the slogan `` Communism is Twentieth - Century Americanism '' , the chairman , Earl Browder , advertised the CPUSA 's integration to the political mainstream . In contrast , the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party opposed U.S. participation in the war and supported labor strikes , even in the war - effort industry . For this reason , James P. Cannon and other SWP leaders were convicted per the Smith Act . In March 1947 , President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9835 , creating the `` Federal Employees Loyalty Program '' establishing political - loyalty review boards who determined the `` Americanism '' of Federal Government employees , and recommended termination of those who had confessed to spying for the Soviet Union , as well as some suspected of being `` Un-American '' . It also was the template for several state legislatures ' loyalty acts , such as California 's Levering Act . The House Committee on Un-American Activities ( HUAC ) and the committees of Senator Joseph McCarthy ( R. , Wisc . ) conducted character investigations of `` American communists '' ( actual and alleged ) , and their roles in ( real and imaginary ) espionage , propaganda , and subversion favoring the Soviet Union -- in the process revealing the extraordinary breadth of the Soviet spy network in infiltrating the federal government ; the process also launched the successful political career of Richard Nixon , and Robert F. Kennedy , as well as that of Joseph McCarthy . ( McCarthy died in 1957 ) Senator McCarran introduced the McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950 that was passed by the U.S. Congress and which modified a great deal of law to restrict civil liberties in the name of security . President Truman declared the act a `` mockery of the Bill of Rights '' and a `` long step toward totalitarianism '' because it represented a government restriction on the freedom of opinion . He vetoed the act but his veto was overridden by Congress . Much of the bill eventually was repealed . The Second Red Scare profoundly altered the temper of American society . Its later characterizations may be seen as contributory to works of feared communist espionage , such as the film My Son John ( 1952 ) , about parent 's suspicions their son is a spy . Abundant accounts in narrative forms contained themes of the infiltration , subversion , invasion , and destruction of American society by un -- American thought . In science fiction movies like The Thing ( 1951 ) , tales of alien humanoid beings abounded . Even a baseball team , the Cincinnati Reds , temporarily renamed themselves the `` Cincinnati Redlegs '' to avoid the money - losing and career - ruining connotations inherent in being ball - playing `` Reds '' ( communists ) . In 1995 , the American government revealed details of the Venona Project , which when combined with the opening of the USSR ComIntern archives , provided substantial validation of intelligence gathering , outright spying , and policy influencing , by Americans on behalf of the Soviet Union , from 1940 through 1980 . See also ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Red Scare '' dated 2012 - 07 - 11 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles American social policy during the Second Red Scare Church Committee Cold War Espionage Act of 1917 Eugene Debs and Debs v. United States Foley Square trial History of Soviet espionage in the United States Hollywood blacklist Jencks Act Jencks v. United States Kellock -- Taschereau Commission Lavender scare Pentagon military analyst program Propaganda in the United States Psychological Operations ( United States ) The Reagan Doctrine Rooi gevaar ( `` red threat '' in Afrikaans ) Subversive Activities Control Board The Crucible The Red Decade US intervention in Latin America Yellow Peril Witch - hunt Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Levin , Murray B. ( 1971 ) . Political Hysteria in America : The Democratic Capacity for Repression . Basic Books . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 05898 - 1 . OCLC 257349 . Jump up ^ Political Hysteria in America : The Democratic Capacity for Repression ( 1971 ) , p. 31 Jump up ^ `` Preamble to the IWW Constitution '' . Industrial Workers of the World . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , David D. ( 2003 ) . `` Enemy Aliens '' ( PDF ) . Stanford Law Review . Stanford Law Review , Vol. 54 , No. 5 . 54 ( 5 ) : 953 -- 1004 . doi : 10.2307 / 1229690 . ISSN 0038 - 9765 . JSTOR 1229690 . OCLC 95029839 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Farquhar , Michael ( 2003 ) . A Treasury of Great American Scandals . Penguin Books . p. 199 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 200192 - 9 . OCLC 51810711 . Jump up ^ Hakim , Joy ( 1995 ) . War , Peace , and All That Jazz . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 34 -- 36 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509514 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gage , Beverly ( 2009 ) . The Day Wall Street Exploded : A Story of America in its First Age of Terror . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 160 -- 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514824 - 4 . OCLC 149137353 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. ; Lizabeth Cohen ; Thomas A. Bailey ( 2001 ) . The American Pageant . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 669 - 39728 - 4 . OCLC 48675667 . Jump up ^ O. Dickerson , Mark ( 2006 ) . An Introduction to Government and Politics , Seventh Edition . Toronto : Nelson . ISBN 0 - 17 - 641676 - 5 . Jump up ^ Canada . The report of the Royal Commission appointed under Order in Council P.C. 411 of February 5 , 1946 to investigate the facts relating to and the circumstances surrounding the communication , by public officials and other persons in positions of trust , of secret and confidential information to agents of a foreign power , June 27 , 1946 . Ottawa : E. Cloutier , Printer to the King , 1946 . Jump up ^ Mocking Bird Archived 2006 - 06 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , John Simkin , Spartacus Schoolnet Jump up ^ See for example Wedge : The Secret War between the FBI and CIA , by Mark Riebling Jump up ^ Johnpoll , Bernard K. ( 1994 ) . A Documentary History of the Communist Party of the United States : Volume III Unite and Fight , 1934 -- 1935 . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. xv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28506 - 6 . OCLC 27976811 . Jump up ^ Countryman , Edward ( 2010 ) . `` Communism '' . In Kazin , Michael ; Edwards , Rebecca ; Rothman , Adam . The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 175 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12971 - 1 . OCLC 320801248 . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Hiss Case in History '' . The Hiss Case in Story . Harvard , NYU. 2009 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lane , Frederick S. ( 2009 ) . American Privacy : The 400 - year History of Our Most Contested Right . Boston : Beacon Press . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 8070 - 4441 - 5 . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Venona and the Russian Files '' . The Hiss Case in Story . Harvard , NYU. 2010 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy . `` A Brief Account of the American Experience '' ( PDF ) . Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy . VI ; Appendix A. U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. A -- 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 26 . References and further reading ( edit ) This article 's further reading may not follow Wikipedia 's content policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing less relevant or redundant publications with the same point of view ; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) K.A. Cuordileone , `` The Torment of Secrecy : Reckoning With Communism and Anti-Communism After Venona , '' Diplomatic History , vol. 35 , no . 4 ( Sept. 2001 ) , pp. 615 -- 642 . Albert Fried , McCarthyism , The Great American Red Scare : A Documentary History . New York : Oxford University Press , 1997 . Joy Hakim , War , Peace , and All That Jazz . New York : Oxford University Press , 1995 . John Earl Haynes , Red Scare or Red Menace ? : American Communism and Anti Communism in the Cold War Era . Ivan R. Dee , 2000 . John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr , Venona : Decoding Soviet Espionage in America . Cambridge , MA : Yale University Press , 2000 . Regin Schmidt ( 2000 ) . Red Scare : FBI and the Origins of Anticommunism in the United States , 1919 - 1943 . Museum Tusculanum Press . pp. 1 -- 391 . ISBN 978 - 8772895819 . OCLC 963460662 . Murray B. Levin , Political Hysteria in America : The Democratic Capacity for Repression . New York : Basic Books , 1972 . Rodger McDaniel , Dying for Joe McCarthy 's Sins . Cody , Wyo. : WordsWorth , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0983027591 Ted Morgan , Reds : McCarthyism in Twentieth - Century America . New York : Random House , 2004 . Robert K. Murray , Red Scare a Study in National Hysteria , 1919 -- 1920 . New York : McGraw - Hill Education , 1964 . Richard Gid Powers , Not Without Honor : A History of American Anti-Communism . New York : Free Press , 1997 . Ellen Schrecker , Many Are the Crimes : McCarthyism in America . Boston : Little , Brown , 1998 . Landon R.Y. Storrs , The Second Red Scare and the Unmaking of the New Deal Left . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , 2012 . William M. Wiecek , `` The Legal Foundations of Domestic Anticommunism : The Background of Dennis v. United States , '' Supreme Court Review , vol. 2001 ( 2001 ) , pp. 375 -- 434 . In JSTOR External links ( edit ) `` Political Tests for Professors : Academic Freedom during the McCarthy Years '' by Ellen Schrecker , The University Loyalty Oath , October 7 , 1999 . Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - 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Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Scare&oldid=842060612 '' Categories : Aftermath of World War II in the United States Political history of the United States Anti-communism in the United States Industrial Workers of the World Socialism in the United States Anarchism in the United States Communism in the United States Political repression in the United States Political and cultural purges Anti-Russian sentiment Scares Soviet Union -- United States relations Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2011 Webarchive template wayback links Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia spam cleanup from August 2013 Wikipedia further reading cleanup Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 23 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was best known for his involved in the red scare following wwii | [
"The second Red Scare occurred after World War II (1939–45), and was popularly known as \"McCarthyism\" after its most famous supporter, Senator Joseph McCarthy. McCarthyism coincided with increased popular fear of communist espionage consequent to a Soviet Eastern Europe, the Berlin Blockade (1948–49), the Chinese Civil War, the confessions of spying for the Soviet Union given by several high-ranking U.S. government officials, and the Korean War."
] | [
"Joseph McCarthy"
] |
-7791759599167285748 | Referendums in the United Kingdom | Referendums in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Referendums in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search United Kingdom This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the United Kingdom Constitution ( show ) Constitution Cabinet Manual Erskine May Taxation The Crown ( show ) British Monarchy Monarch Queen Elizabeth II Heir apparent The Prince of Wales Royal family Succession to the British throne Royal prerogative Executive ( show ) HM Government Prime Minister Theresa May Cabinet Current ministry Her Majesty 's Civil Service Departments Executive agencies Public bodies Privy Council Crown - in - Council Queen Elizabeth II Legislature ( show ) Parliament ( 56th Parliament ) Crown - in - Parliament Queen Elizabeth II House of Lords Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler House of Commons Speaker John Bercow Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Shadow Cabinet State Opening of Parliament Prime Minister 's Questions Act of Parliament Statutory Instruments Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court President The Baroness Hale of Richmond Deputy President The Lord Mance Judges of the Supreme Court Courts of the United Kingdom Courts of England and Wales Courts of Scotland Courts of Northern Ireland Devolution ( show ) Joint Ministerial Committee Scotland Government Parliament Wales Government National Assembly Reserved matters Northern Ireland Executive Assembly Administrative geography ( show ) England Subdivisions of England Local government in England Scotland Subdivisions of Scotland Local government in Scotland Wales Local government in Wales Northern Ireland Local government in Northern Ireland Elections ( show ) Parliament constituencies Political parties Last election Next election Referendums Foreign relations ( show ) History Foreign policy UK and the United Nations Politics of the European Union Commonwealth of Nations United Kingdom portal Other countries Atlas National and regional referendums held within the United Kingdom and its constituent countries Northern Ireland border poll 1973 United Kingdom EC referendum Scottish devolution referendum 1979 Welsh devolution referendum 1979 Scottish devolution referendum 1997 Welsh devolution referendum 1997 Greater London Authority referendum 1998 NI Good Friday Agreement referendum 1998 NE England devolution referendum Welsh devolution referendum 2011 United Kingdom AV referendum 2011 Scottish independence referendum 2014 United Kingdom EU referendum 2016 Referendums in the United Kingdom are very occasionally held at a national , regional or local level . National referendums can be permitted by an Act of Parliament and regulated though the Political Parties , Elections and Referendums Act 2000 , but they are by tradition extremely rare due to the principle of parliamentary sovereignty meaning that they can not be constitutionally binding on either the Government or Parliament , although they usually have a persuasive political effect . Until the latter half of the twentieth century the concept of a referendum was widely seen in British politics as `` unconstitutional '' and an `` alien device '' . As of 2017 , only three national referendums have ever been held across the whole of the United Kingdom : in 1975 , 2011 and most recently in 2016 . Two of these referendums were held on the issue of the United Kingdom 's relationship with Europe with the first held on the issue of continued membership of what was known at the time as the European Communities ( EC ) , which was the collective term for the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) , the European Economic Community ( EEC ) and the European Atomic Energy Community ( EAEC ) , and was also referred to by many at that time as the `` Common Market '' . This was the 1975 European Communities membership referendum which was held two and a half years after the United Kingdom became a member on 1 January 1973 and was the first national referendum ever to be held within the United Kingdom . The second took place forty - one years later by which time the various European organisations ( with the exception of EAEC ) had been integrated by subsequent treaty ratifications into the European Union ( EU ) when the electorate was asked to vote again on the issue of continued membership in the 2016 European Union membership referendum . The 2011 AV referendum on the proposal to use the alternative vote system in parliamentary elections is the only UK - wide referendum that has been held on a domestic issue . The referendum was held as a result of the Conservative -- Liberal Democrat Coalition Agreement which was drawn up after the 2010 general election . The Government of the United Kingdom has also to date held eleven major referendums within the constituent countries of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland on issues of devolution , sovereignty and independence ; the first such referendum was the 1973 Northern Ireland border poll and , as of 2018 , the most recent is the 2014 Scottish independence referendum . There have also been numerous referendums held by local authorities on issues such as temperance and directly elected mayors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Status of referendums 2 Planned referendums 3 Organisation and legislation 3.1 Legislation 4 National referendums 4.1 1975 European Communities membership referendum 4.2 2011 Alternative Vote referendum 4.3 2016 European Union membership referendum 5 List of other major referendums 5.1 England 5.2 Northern Ireland 5.3 Scotland 5.4 Wales 6 Local referendums 6.1 Advisory referendums 6.1. 1 Transport referendums 6.1. 2 Strathclyde water referendum 6.2 Statutory referendums 6.2. 1 Mayoral and other governance referendums 6.2. 2 Prohibition referendums 6.3 Parish polls 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Status of referendums ( edit ) Major referendums have been rare in the UK , and have only been held on major constitutional issues . Before Tony Blair 's Labour government came to power in 1997 , only four such referendums had been held . Historically referendums within the United Kingdom were opposed on the supposition that they violate the principle of parliamentary sovereignty . In May 1945 the then Prime Minister Winston Churchill suggested holding a referendum over the question of extending the life of his wartime Coalition until victory was won over Japan , be allowed to continue in office . However , Clement Attlee refused citing `` I could not consent to the introduction into our national life of a device so alien to all our traditions as the referendum which has only too often been the instrument of Nazism and Fascism . '' implying that referendums were a totally unknown and alien device to British politics . In March 1975 Margaret Thatcher also quoted Clement Attlee that referendums are `` a device of dictators and demagogues '' as Napoleon , Mussolini and Hitler had exploited their use in the past . There are two types of referendum that have been held by the UK Government , pre-legislative ( held before proposed legislation is passed ) and post-legislative ( held after legislation is passed ) . To date the previous three UK - wide referendums in 1975 , 2011 and 2016 were all post-legislative . Referendums are not legally binding , so legally the Government can ignore the results ; for example , even if the result of a pre-legislative referendum were a majority of `` No '' for a proposed law , Parliament could pass it anyway , because parliament is sovereign . For any UK - wide referendum to be held legislation has to be passed by the UK Parliament for each vote to take place , as there is no pre-determined format or voting franchise for any such vote . However , unlike a general election there is no legal requirement for HM Government not to take any official position in any such vote . For example , in 1975 under the then Prime Minister Harold Wilson the government formally recommended a `` Yes '' vote to staying in the European Community and in 2016 the government formally recommended a `` Remain '' vote to stay in the European Union ( a decision which indirectly led to the resignation of David Cameron as Prime Minister following the decision to `` Leave the European Union '' by the British electorate ) . In the 2011 referendum no official position was taken as the Conservative - Liberal Democrat coalition government was split on the issue . Legally , Parliament at any point in future could reverse legislation approved by referendum , because the concept of parliamentary sovereignty means no Parliament can prevent a future Parliament from amending or repealing legislation . However , reversing legislation approved by referendum would be unprecedented . Finally , under the Local Government Act 1972 , there is a provision under which non-binding local referendums on any issue can be called by small groups of voters . This power exists only for parish councils , and not larger authorities , and is commonly known as the `` Parish Poll '' . Six local voters may call a meeting , and if ten voters or a third of the meeting ( whichever is smaller ) agree , the council must carry out a referendum in 14 -- 25 days . The referendum is merely advisory , but if there is a substantial majority and the results are well - publicised , it may be influential . Planned referendums ( edit ) The Labour Government of 1997 - 2010 held five referendums on devolution , four of which received a yes majority . Despite the number of referendums that was held during this period no UK - wide referendum was held . One concerning the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was cancelled , given the French and Dutch rejections of the treaty . Another , on whether the UK should adopt the euro , was never held . The Labour manifesto for the 1997 general election stated `` We are committed to a referendum on the voting system for the House of Commons . '' Despite the research carried out by the Jenkins Commission in 1998 suggesting an AV+ system for Westminster elections , the 2001 manifesto did not make such a promise . After the inconclusive 2010 General Election the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives formed a coalition . As part of the coalition agreement , both parties formally committed to holding a referendum on changes to the electoral system . The referendum was held on 5 May 2011 and was defeated . Since the Government of Wales Act 2006 became law , there can be referendums in Wales asking the people whether the National Assembly for Wales should be given greater law - making powers . The Welsh Labour Party - Plaid Cymru Coalition Government in the Welsh Assembly held such a referendum in 2011 , resulting in a yes vote . The Scottish Government held a referendum on Scottish independence on 18 September 2014 . It attracted a turnout of 84.59 % , the highest for any referendum held in the UK . The majority ( 55.3 % ) voted against Scotland being an independent country . In March 2017 the Scottish Parliament authorised the Scottish Government to seek to hold a proposed second Scottish independence referendum . The Conservative Party announced in 2013 that they planned to hold a referendum on whether Britain should remain in the European Union ( following a renegotiation of powers between the UK and EU ) , in 2017 . However , their Liberal Democrat coalition partners took an opposing stance so it was not Coalition Government policy . The Conservatives then attempted to pass the required legislation as a Private Member 's Bill ( the European Union ( Referendum ) Bill 2013 -- 14 introduced by Conservative MP James Wharton ) , but this was not passed by the House of Lords . Following the United Kingdom general election , 2015 the Prime Minister , David Cameron committed the new Conservative government to holding the referendum . It took place on 23 June 2016 . The referendum resulted in an overall vote to leave the EU , as opposed to remaining an EU member , by 51.9 % to 48.1 % , respectively . Under the European Union Act 2011 there is also provision for the United Kingdom to hold future referendums in the event of powers being transferred from the UK to the European Union under any treaty changes . Organisation and legislation ( edit ) There was no independent public body to regulate referendums within the United Kingdom until the Labour government led by Tony Blair in 2000 set out a framework for the running of all future referendums when the Political Parties , Elections and Referendums Act 2000 or PPERA was passed , creating and giving the Electoral Commission responsibility for running all elections and such future referendums . The act also permitted the appointment of a `` chief counting officer '' ( CCO ) to oversee all future UK - wide referendums which would be held by the chairperson of the Electoral Commission . Legislation ( edit ) Separate legislation ( i.e. an Act of Parliament ) by the Parliament of the United Kingdom is required for the holding of each UK - wide referendum which is held to set out the referendum question , its format , the franchise for each plebiscite , and how each count is to be conducted . In the following is a list of legislation which has been passed by the UK Parliament to enable the holding of the following UK - wide referendums . Referendum Act 1975 ( United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , 1975 ) Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 ( United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum , 2011 ) European Union Referendum Act 2015 ( United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 ) National referendums ( edit ) To date only been three referendums have been held which have covered the whole of the United Kingdom . The following is a description of each of the three national referendums . 1975 European Communities membership referendum ( edit ) See also : United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , 1975 All but two areas voted `` Yes '' On Thursday 5 June 1975 the United Kingdom held its first ever nationwide referendum on whether to continue its membership of the European Communities ( EC ) principally the European Economic Community ( EEC , or `` Common Market '' ) as it was more widely known at the time . The UK had been a member of the EC since 1 January 1973 and the vote came about after a manifesto commitment by the Labour Party under the then Prime Minister Harold Wilson in the UK General Election in October 1974 and following a renegotiation of EC membership . All of the major political parties and mainstream press supported continuing membership of the EC . However , there were significant splits within the ruling Labour party , the membership of which had voted 2 : 1 in favour of withdrawal at a one - day party conference on 26 April 1975 . Since the cabinet was split between strongly pro-European and strongly anti-European ministers , Harold Wilson suspended the constitutional convention of Cabinet collective responsibility and allowed ministers to publicly campaign on either side . Seven of the twenty - three members of the cabinet opposed EC membership and the party was formally neutral on the issue . The referendum which was non-binding was conducted in its entirety under the provisions of the Referendum Act 1975 as there was no prior procedure or legislation within the United Kingdom for the holding of any such plebiscite . The two campaign groups in the referendum were `` Britain in Europe '' advocating a yes vote and `` National Referendum Campaign '' advocating a no vote . The voters were asked to vote `` Yes '' or `` No '' on the question : `` Do you think the United Kingdom should stay in the European Community ( the Common Market ) ? '' Of the 68 counting areas in the counties and administrative regions of the UK who voted `` Yes '' , only the Shetland Islands and the Outer Hebrides voted `` No '' . In line with the outcome of the vote , the United Kingdom remained a member of the European Communities which would later become the European Union . United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , 1975 National result Choice Votes % Yes 17,378,581 67.23 % No 8,470,073 32.70 % Valid votes 25,848,654 99.78 % Invalid or blank votes 54,540 0.22 % Total votes 25,903,194 100.00 % Registered voters and turnout 40,086,677 64.67 % National referendum results ( without spoiled ballots ) : Yes : 17,378,581 ( 67.2 % ) No : 8,470,073 ( 32.8 % ) ▲ 2011 alternative vote referendum ( edit ) All but ten areas voted `` No '' See also : United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum , 2011 The alternative vote referendum , as part of the Conservative -- Liberal Democrat Coalition Agreement drawn up after the 2010 general election , was a nationwide vote held on Thursday 5 May 2011 ( the same date as local elections in many areas ) to choose the method of electing MPs at subsequent general elections . The referendum concerned whether to replace the present `` first - past - the - post '' system with the `` alternative vote '' ( AV ) method . The voters were asked to vote yes or no on the question `` At present , the UK uses the `` first past the post '' system to elect MPs to the House of Commons . Should the `` alternative vote '' system be used instead ? `` . It was the first nationwide referendum to be held for some thirty six years and was legislated for under the provisions of the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 and the Political Parties , Elections and Referendums Act 2000 and is to date the first and only UK - wide referendum to be held on a domestic issue . Turnout was low at just 42 % nationally and was also marked by relatively low key campaigning . The two campaigning groups for the referendum was advocating a yes vote Yes to Fairer Votes and advocating a no vote NOtoAV . AV was rejected by 67 % of voters with all but ten of the 440 voting areas voted `` No '' and the proposed legislation to introduce AV which was subject to the referendum was repealed . United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum , 2011 National result Choice Votes % No 13,013,123 67.90 % Yes 6,152,607 32.10 % Valid votes 19,165,730 99.41 % Invalid or blank votes 113,292 0.59 % Total votes 19,279,022 100.00 % Registered voters and turnout 45,684,501 42.20 % Source : Electoral Commission National referendum results ( without spoiled ballots ) : Yes : 6,152,607 ( 32.10 % ) No : 13,013,123 ( 67.90 % ) ▲ 2016 European Union membership referendum ( edit ) A total of 263 voting areas voted to `` Leave '' whilst 119 voting areas voted to `` Remain '' in the referendum . Leave Remain See also : United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 On Thursday 23 June 2016 the United Kingdom voted for the second time in 41 years on its membership to what is now known as the European Union ( EU ) with the overseas territory Gibraltar also voting on the issue for the very first time . The referendum was called after Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron made a manifesto commitment in the 2015 UK general election to undertake a renegotiation of the UK 's membership to the European Union which would be followed by a in - out referendum . All of the major political parties were in favour of remaining an EU member , except for a split within the Conservative Party . The cabinet was split between pro-EU and anti-EU ministers , and Cameron suspended the constitutional convention of Cabinet collective responsibility , allowing ministers to publicly campaign on either side . Seven of the 23 members of the Cabinet opposed continued EU membership . The referendum was legislated for under the provisions of the European Union Referendum Act 2015 , which legally required HM Government to hold the referendum no later than 31 December 2017 and also the Political Parties , Elections and Referendums Act 2000 . Voters were asked to vote `` Remain a member of the European Union '' or `` Leave the European Union '' on the question `` Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union ? '' The main campaign groups for the referendum were advocating a `` remain '' vote was Britain Stronger in Europe and advocating a `` leave '' vote was Vote Leave . The `` Leave '' option was voted by 52 % of voters , as opposed to 48 % of voters who wished to `` Remain '' . Of the 382 voting areas , 263 returned majority votes in favour of `` Leave '' whilst 119 returned majority votes in favour of `` Remain '' which included every Scottish council area and all but five of the London boroughs . The vote revealed divisions among the constituent nations of the United Kingdom , with England and Wales voting to leave , but Scotland and Northern Ireland voting to remain . The national turnout was 72 % which was eight percentage points higher than the turnout back in 1975 . It was the first time a UK - wide referendum result had gone against the preferred choice of HM Government who had officially recommended a `` Remain '' vote and it led to a period of political turmoil . As a direct consequence of losing the referendum , David Cameron announced his resignation as Prime Minister on the morning after the vote . He left office three weeks later on 13 July , and was succeeded by Theresa May . United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 National result Choice Votes % Leave the European Union 17,410,742 51.89 % Remain a member of the European Union 16,141,241 48.11 % Valid votes 33,551,983 99.92 % Invalid or blank votes 25,359 0.08 % Total votes 33,577,342 100.00 % Registered voters and turnout 46,500,001 72.21 % Voting age population and turnout 51,356,768 65.38 % Source : Electoral Commission National referendum results ( without spoiled ballots ) Leave : 17,410,742 ( 51.9 % ) Remain : 16,141,241 ( 48.1 % ) ▲ List of other major referendums ( edit ) Since 1973 there have been eleven other referendums held by the Government of the United Kingdom within the constituent countries related to the issues of sovereignty , devolution and independence in Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales and in parts of England ( in the North East and London ) . England ( edit ) Greater London Authority referendum , 1998 , on whether there should be a Mayor of London and Greater London Authority ( yes ) North East England devolution referendum , 2004 , on an elected regional assembly ( no ) Northern Ireland ( edit ) Northern Ireland sovereignty referendum , 1973 , on whether Northern Ireland should leave the United Kingdom ( UK ) and join the Republic of Ireland ( no ) Northern Ireland Belfast Agreement referendum , 1998 , on the Good Friday Agreement ( yes ) Scotland ( edit ) Scottish devolution referendum , 1979 , on whether there should be a Scottish Assembly ( small majority voted yes , but fell short of the 40 % threshold required to enact devolution ) Scottish devolution referendum , 1997 , Two questions : On whether there should be a Scottish Parliament ( yes ) ; On whether a Scottish Parliament should have tax varying powers ( yes ) Scottish independence referendum , 2014 on the question `` Should Scotland be an independent country ? '' , 18 September 2014 ( no ) Wales ( edit ) Welsh devolution referendum , 1979 , on whether there should be a Welsh Assembly ( no ) Welsh devolution referendum , 1997 , on whether there should be a National Assembly for Wales ( yes ) Welsh devolution referendum , 2011 , on whether the National Assembly should have increased law - making powers ( yes ) Local referendums ( edit ) Referendums have been held in local areas in England , Wales and Scotland since 1913 . These have covered issues such as local government administration , transport , prohibition , and other local questions . The areas covered have generally corresponded to local authority areas , civil parishes , or wards , with all local government electors of the relevant area being eligible to vote . Advisory referendums ( edit ) Principal authorities in Great Britain have the ability to hold an advisory referendum on any issue relating to its services , financial provisions , and other matters that are relevant to the area . The power for principal local authorities to hold a poll within England and Wales is specifically granted by the Local Government Act 2003 ; previously local polls relied upon a council 's power to consult residents and collect information . In Scotland the power is similarly implied by the Local Government ( Scotland ) Act 1973 , and an additional power is conferred by the requirement of the Transport ( Scotland ) Act 2001 to consult before introducing a road charging scheme . The power to hold local referendums has not been extended to Northern Ireland . A local advisory referendum is not required to follow the legislation governing the conduct of other referendums and elections in the UK . The local authority can choose how to conduct a local referendum , and may choose to hold the vote solely by post , instead of using polling stations . Transport referendums ( edit ) Main articles : Edinburgh road tolls referendum , 2005 and Greater Manchester transport referendum , 2008 The City of Edinburgh Council held a postal - ballot referendum in February 2005 over whether voters supported the Council 's proposed transport strategy . These plans included a congestion charge which would have required motorists to pay a fee to enter the city at certain times of the day . The result was announced on 22 February 2005 and the people of Edinburgh had rejected the proposals . 74 % voted against , 26 % voted in favour , and the turnout was 62 % . Strathclyde water referendum ( edit ) Main article : Strathclyde water referendum , 1994 Strathclyde Regional Council held a referendum in 1994 on the plans of the Conservative UK government to privatise water services within Scotland . The government planned to sell the three recently established water authorities in Scotland , created under the Local Government etc . ( Scotland ) Act 1994 as a precursor for privatisation , which would bring Scotland in line with the 1989 privatisation in England and Wales . Strathclyde council , which previously held responsibility for water services , planned the referendum in response to overwhelming public opinion against the move . The referendum , conducted by post , resulted in 97 % voting against the plan , with 70 % of the electorate participating . Although the referendum had no legal effect , the plan to privatise Scottish water services was eventually dropped . Statutory referendums ( edit ) Legislation in England and Wales obliges local authorities to hold and abide by the results of referendums in certain circumstances . In England , raising Council Tax above a level proscribed by the Local Government Secretary requires approval in a referendum . The threshold was initially set at 2 % in 2012 for all types of local authority , but for authorities that fund social care the threshold was increased to 4 % in 2015 and 5 % in 2017 . From April 2018 the figures for both types of authority have been increased by an additional 1 % . This provision applies to all precepting authorities , when this is not the billing authority ( i.e. the district council ) , the latter will hold the referendum on the precepting authority 's behalf , and recoup the costs . Only one council tax referendum has been held , on behalf of the Bedfordshire Police and Crime Commissioner , and the rise was rejected . A proposal for a referendum to increase the council tax for Surrey County Council by 15 % was initially approved by the council , but plans for the increase were abandoned before the referendum could go ahead . The Localism Act 2011 allows parish councils or local community groups to create neighbourhood development plans . The plans are intended to guide planning decisions within the neighbourhood area , by outlining the amount and type of development that should occur in the area , what land may be built upon and how existing buildings may be reused . For a plan to come into force , it must be approved by the electorate in the local area in a referendum . Neighbourhood planning referendums have a high success rate , with all being approved as of December 2015 . Mayoral and other governance referendums ( edit ) Main article : England and Wales mayoral referendums A local authority in England and Wales can hold a referendum on changing its executive arrangements between a directly elected mayor , a leader and cabinet , and in England only , a committee system . A referendum can be held by three methods ; by a resolution of the council to hold one , under an order from the government , or upon receiving a petition signed by five percent of registered voters within the local authority area , in the only example of the initiative process in the United Kingdom . If successful , the council must change its governance system , and hold an election for the mayor if necessary . The process differs between England and Wales . In England , a referendum can be held on moving between any of the three systems , and following the vote another referendum may not be held for 10 years . A council is not required to hold a referendum to change its executive arrangements , but a change that has occurred as a result of a referendum can only be changed following another referendum . In Wales , a council must hold a referendum to change between a mayor and leader and cabinet , with the minimum period between votes set at five years . Fifty - three referendums have taken place in local authorities to establish whether there is support for directly elected mayors . Sixteen were successful and a mayoralty was established ; in thirty - seven local authorities an elected mayor was rejected by voters . An additional six referendums have been held on removing the post of elected mayor , with three mayoralties being retained , and three disestablished . Ten referendums were held in 2012 as part of the government 's manifesto to introduce elected mayors in the largest cities in England without the position . Only one new mayoralty was approved , and no further votes have been ordered by the government . Two referendums have been held in response to a petition on moving to a committee system , in the Borough of Fylde and in West Dorset . Both referendums were successful . On average , turnout is similar to that of local elections , with the highest turnout 64 % in Berwick - upon - Tweed ( held alongside the 2001 general election ) and the lowest 10 % in the London Borough of Ealing . Prohibition referendums ( edit ) The temperance movement led to two countries of the UK gaining the right to hold referendums on the sale of alcohol in the local area , upon the request of a number of local electors . The Temperance ( Scotland ) Act 1913 provided that polls could be held in small local areas in Scotland to determine whether to instate a level of prohibition on the purchase of alcoholic beverages ; the provisions were later incorporated into the Licensing ( Scotland ) Act 1959 . Between 1913 and 1965 1,131 such polls were held , with the vast majority ( 1,079 ) held before 1930 . These provisions and the local polls were abolished by the Licensing ( Scotland ) Act 1976 . The Sunday Closing ( Wales ) Act 1881 mandated that all public houses in Wales be closed on Sundays . The Act was extended to Monmouthshire in 1921 . Under the terms of the Licensing Act 1961 , on the application of 500 local electors , a referendum could be held in each local government area at seven - year intervals on whether that district should be `` wet '' or `` dry '' on the Sabbath . Most districts in the border area and the southern industrial area went `` wet '' in 1961 or 1968 , with most others following suit in 1975 . In 1982 , the last district , Dwyfor , in western Gwynedd , went `` wet '' and it was thought that the influence of the Sabbatarian temperance movement had expired and few referendums were called , but surprisingly a further referendum was called in Dwyfor in 1989 and the area went `` dry '' for another seven years on a 9 % turnout . The whole of Wales was `` wet '' from 1996 , and the facility for further referendums was removed by the Sunday Licensing Act 2003 . Parish polls ( edit ) A parish poll is a referendum held in a civic parish under the Local Government Act 1972 . The cost of holding such polls is met by the parish council . `` A poll may be demanded before the conclusion of a community meeting on any question arising at the meeting ; but no poll shall be taken unless either the person presiding at the meeting consents or the poll is demanded by not less than ten , or one - third , of the local government electors present at the meeting , whichever is the less . '' In September 2007 , villagers in East Stoke in Dorset forced a referendum , under the Local Government Act 1972 , on this question : `` Do You Want a Referendum on the EU Constitutional Treaty ? Yes or No ? '' Of the 339 people who were eligible to vote , 80 voted : 72 votes for Yes and 8 votes for No . The poll was initiated by a supporter of the United Kingdom Independence Party , a political party noted for its Euroscepticism . The poll was criticised by the chairman of the parish council as `` little more than a publicity stunt . '' See also ( edit ) Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities Elections in the United Kingdom Referendum Act 1975 Parish and Community Meetings ( Polls ) Rules 1987 Referendums ( Scotland & Wales ) Act 1997 Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 Political Parties , Elections and Referendums Act 2000 Regional Assemblies ( Preparations ) Act 2003 North East England devolution referendum , 2004 European Union Act 2011 Edinburgh Agreement ( 2012 ) European Union Referendum Act 2015 Category : Referendums in British Overseas Territories Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although the legislation includes parish councils , the government does not currently enforce a cap . Jump up ^ A council can adopt a Mayor with a resolution approved by two - thirds of the councillors . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Holding a Local Referendum '' . Direct Democracy Campaign . Archived from the original on 16 November 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Labour Party Manifesto '' . Labour-party.org.uk. 1999 - 01 - 01 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mure Dickie ( 28 March 2017 ) . `` Scottish parliament backs second independence referendum '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron Pledges EU Referendum if Conservatives Win Next Election '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 24 January 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron : EU referendum bill shows only Tories listen '' . BBC . 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron promises European Union referendum by 2017 '' . The Irish Times . 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ DAvis Butler . `` The 1975 Referendum '' ( PDF ) . Eureferendum.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 August 2016 . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Research Briefings -- The 1974 -- 75 UK Renegotiation of EEC Membership and Referendum '' . Researchbriefings.parliament.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sandford , Mark ( 4 March 2016 ) . `` Local government : polls and referendums '' ( 03409 ) . House of Commons Library . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Section 112 , Local Government Act 2003 , Act No. 2003 c 26 of 18 September 2003 . Retrieved on 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Edinburgh rejects congestion plan '' . BBC News . 22 February 2005 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Sandford ( 26 September 2016 ) . `` Council Tax : Local Referendums '' . Briefing Paper . House of Commons Library ( 05682 ) . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Council tax bills in England may rise by up to 5.99 % '' . BBC News . 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bedfordshire Police council tax rise rejected at referendum '' . BBC News . 11 May 2015 . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Surrey Council tax rise of 15 % scrapped '' . BBC News . 7 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sandford , Mark ( 17 October 2016 ) . `` Directly - elected Mayors '' . Briefing Paper . House of Commons Library . 05000 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Syal , Rajeev ; Meikle , James ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` David Cameron plan for elected mayors rejected as English cities vote no '' . TheGuardian.com . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fylde Referendum : Voters Approve Change in Governance '' . Fylde Borough Council . May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` West Dorset votes for change in council system '' . Bridport and Lyme Regis News . Newsquest . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Temperance Polls ( Hansard , 15 December 1965 ) '' . Hansard.millbanksystems.com. 1965 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Foggo , Daniel ( 1 October 2000 ) . `` Parishes reject euro by overwhelming margin '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Parish Polls '' . South Staffordshire Council . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Local Government Act 1972 '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Villagers back EU referendum call '' . BBC News . 2007 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` East Stoke Parish Poll on 20th September 2007 - `` Do You Want a Referendum on the EU Constitutional Treaty ? Yes or No ? '' `` . East Stoke Parish Council . Archived from the original on 31 October 2007 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) The Electoral Commission - Referendums The Electoral Commission - Mayoral Referendums United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 Renegotiation Results Aftermath Brexit Referendum question `` Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union ? '' Referendum legislation European Union Referendum Act 2015 European Union ( Referendum ) Act 2016 ( Gibraltar ) Background Treaty of Rome UK Accession to the European Communities Treaty of Accession 1972 European Communities Act 1972 1973 EC enlargement 1975 European Communities membership referendum Single European Act European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1986 UK rebate Black Wednesday Maastricht Treaty Treaty on European Union European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1993 European Economic Area European Economic Area Act 1993 Treaty of Amsterdam European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1998 Treaty of Nice European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 2002 Treaty of Accession 2003 European Union ( Accessions ) Act 2003 European Constitution European Union Bill 2005 Treaty of Lisbon Withdrawal from the European Union Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union European Union ( Amendment ) Act 2008 European Union Act 2011 European Union ( Referendum ) Bill 2013 2014 UK European Parliament election 2015 UK general election Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom Campaign 2016 referendum campaign Issues Opinion polling Endorsements Project Fear Campaign organisations Remain Official campaign Britain Stronger in Europe Other campaigns Labour In for Britain Leave Official campaign Vote Leave Other campaigns Leave.EU Grassroots Out Labour Leave Campaign for an Independent Britain The Freedom Association Better Off Out Get Britain Out Bruges Group Televised debates The European Union : In or Out ( 2014 ) Aftermath International reactions Conservative Party leadership election Labour Party leadership election UK Independence Party leadership election ( September ) UK Independence Party leadership election ( November ) 2017 UK general election Brexit R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union Brexit negotiations Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar Effects of Brexit on science and technology WTO Option Brexit legislation European Union ( Notification of Withdrawal ) Act 2017 European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill Related Brexit : The Movie ( 2016 documentary ) Change Britain `` Enemies of the People '' London independence More United The New European ( newspaper ) Open Britain Proposed second Scottish independence referendum United Ireland Status of Akrotiri and Dhekelia and Gibraltar Impact of Brexit on the European Union United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum , 2011 Results Referendum question `` At present , the UK uses the `` first past the post '' system to elect MPs to the House of Commons . Should the `` alternative vote '' system be used instead ? '' Legislation Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 Parties For a `` Yes '' vote Alliance Party of Northern Ireland Christian Party Christian Peoples Alliance English Democrats Green Party of England and Wales Liberal Democrats Liberal Party Mebyon Kernow Pirate Party UK Plaid Cymru Scottish Green Party Scottish National Party SDLP Sinn Féin UKIP Libertarian Party Neutral / split Labour Party Socialist Party of Great Britain Official Monster Raving Loony Party For a `` No '' vote British National Party Communist Party Conservative Party Democratic Unionist Party England First Party Green Party in Northern Ireland Respect Party Socialist Party Traditional Unionist Voice Ulster Unionist Party Advocacy groups Advocating a `` Yes '' vote YES ! To Fairer Votes Advocating a `` No '' vote NOtoAV Print media For a `` Yes '' vote The Guardian The Independent Financial Times Daily Mirror For a `` No '' vote The Sun Daily Mail The Times Daily Express The Daily Telegraph The Economist London Evening Standard Politics Portal United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , 1975 Results Referendum question `` Do you think that the United Kingdom should stay in the European Community ( the Common Market ) ? '' Legislation Referendum Act 1975 Background Treaty of Rome 1970 UK General election UK Accession to the European Communities Treaty of Accession 1972 European Communities Act 1972 1973 EC enlargement 1974 UK General election ( February ) 1974 UK General election ( October ) Campaign organisations Advocating a `` Yes '' vote Britain in Europe Advocating a `` No '' vote National Referendum Campaign Parties For a `` Yes '' vote Conservative Party Liberal Party Social Democratic and Labour Party Alliance Party Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party Neutral / split Labour Party For a `` No '' vote Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Ulster Unionist Party National Front Communist Party of Great Britain Aftermath European Assembly Elections Act 1978 1979 UK European Parliament election UK rebate Single European Act Black Wednesday Maastricht Treaty Lisbon Treaty UK renegotiation of EU membership , 2016 2016 European Union membership referendum Devolution in the United Kingdom Devolved areas National level Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Regional level ( in England ) Combined authorities Directly elected mayoralties Greater London Authority Referendums English mayoral referendums London , 1998 2012 North East England Northern Ireland 1998 Scotland 1979 1997 Wales 1979 1997 2011 Heads of devolved governments Metro mayors Directly elected mayors London ( Mayor ) Northern Ireland ( FM and dFM ) Scotland ( FM ) Wales ( FM ) Devolved legislatures Northern Ireland Assembly National Assembly for Wales Scottish Parliament Devolved administrations Northern Ireland Executive Scottish Government Welsh Government Organisations and laws of the legislatures and governments of the UK and the devolved areas Commissions ( UK Parliament ) Kilbrandon Commission Holtham Commission Silk Commission McKay Commission Commissions ( devolved legislatures ) National Assembly for Wales Richard Commission Holtham Commission Scottish Parliament Calman Commission Smith Commission Referendum & Devolution acts Greater London Authority ( Referendum ) Act 1998 Greater London Authority Acts 1999 2007 Northern Ireland Acts 1998 2006 Referendums ( Scotland & Wales ) Act 1997 Wales Acts 1998 2006 2014 2017 Scotland Acts 1998 2012 2016 Select committees Northern Ireland Affairs Scottish Affairs Welsh Affairs Grand committees Legislative Grand Committee Northern Ireland Scottish Welsh Departments and Territorial Offices ( MOJ ) Cabinet Office - Devolution Secretariat Ministry of Justice - Devolution Directorate - General Office of the Advocate General for Scotland Northern Ireland Office Scotland Office Wales Office Elections London Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Related articles Current Agreements / Treaties Anglo - Irish Treaty Good Friday Agreement Budget Barnett formula Block grant Constitution of the United Kingdom Reserved and excepted matters West Lothian question Proposals Cornwall Cornish Assembly Cornish Constitutional Convention Mebyon Kernow Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament Devolved English parliament Campaign for an English Parliament Northern England Campaign for the North Yorkshire Party Other parts of Southern England Wessex Regionalist Party Scotland Full fiscal autonomy Historical Administrations of England English Regional Assemblies , 1998 - 2010 Administrations of London London County Council Greater London Council Administrations of Northern Ireland 1922 -- 72 Legislatures of Northern Ireland 1922 -- 72 1973 -- 74 1982 -- 86 Northern Ireland - related legislation of the UK Parliament Ireland , 1886 Ireland , 1893 Ireland , 1914 Ireland , 1920 Irish Free State , 1922 Northern Ireland , 1974 Irish Home Rule movement Prime Minister of Northern Ireland Scotland Act 1978 Scottish Office Sunningdale Agreement Wales Act 1978 Welsh Office 1 . Rejected referendums are italicised . The others were fully or partially approved . 2 . There is no law - making body for any regionally devolved area . 3 . Administrations of regionally devolved areas are omitted . Scottish independence referendum , 2014 Referendum question `` Should Scotland be an independent country ? '' Key events Choosing Scotland 's Future National Conversation Election of SNP majority government Edinburgh Agreement March and Rally for Scottish Independence Scotland 's Future Smith Commission 2014 Commonwealth Games Parties For a `` Yes '' vote Scottish National Party Scottish Green Party Scottish Socialist Party For a `` No '' vote Scottish Labour Party Scottish Conservative Party Scottish Liberal Democrats UK Independence Party Campaign organisations Advocating a `` Yes '' vote Yes Scotland Advocating a `` No '' vote Better Together Other campaign groups For a `` Yes '' vote Business for Scotland Generation Yes Labour for Independence National Collective Women for Independence Radical Independence Campaign For a `` No '' vote United with Labour Legislation Referendum Act Referendum ( Franchise ) Act Televised debates Salmond & Darling : The Debate Scotland Decides : Salmond versus Darling Scotland Decides : The Big , Big Debate Related topics Endorsements Opinion polling Orkney , Shetland and the Western Isles The Case for an Independent Socialist Scotland Result Results Politics Portal Elections and referendums in the United Kingdom General elections 1801 co-option 1802 1806 1807 1812 1818 1820 1826 1830 1831 1832 -- 33 1835 1837 1841 1847 1852 1857 1859 1865 1868 1874 1880 1885 1886 1892 1895 1900 1906 1910 ( Jan -- Feb ) 1910 ( Dec ) 1918 1922 1923 1924 1929 1931 1935 1945 1950 1951 1955 1959 1964 1966 1970 1974 ( Feb ) 1974 ( Oct ) 1979 1992 1997 2001 2005 2015 2017 Next Local elections 1889 1890 1892 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1992 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 European elections 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2009 2014 Referendums 2011 2016 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=834223416 '' Categories : Referendums in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Use British English from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 15 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many referendums have there been in the uk | [
"Until the latter half of the twentieth century the concept of a referendum was widely seen in British politics as \"unconstitutional\" and an \"alien device\". As of 2017, only three national referendums have ever been held across the whole of the United Kingdom: in 1975, 2011 and most recently in 2016."
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-4620994578993683031 | What a Difference You've Made in My Life | What a Difference You 've made in My Life - Wikipedia What a Difference You 've made in My Life Jump to : navigation , search `` What a Difference You 've Made in My Life '' Single by Ronnie Milsap from the album It Was Almost Like a Song B - side `` Selfish '' Released November 1977 Format 7 - inch Recorded April 1977 Genre Country , inspirational Length 3 : 59 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Archie Jordan Producer ( s ) Ronnie Milsap , Tom Collins Ronnie Milsap singles chronology `` It Was Almost Like a Song '' ( 1977 ) `` What a Difference You 've Made in My Life '' ( 1977 ) `` Only One Love in My Life '' ( 1978 ) `` It Was Almost Like a Song '' ( 1977 ) `` What a Difference You 've Made in My Life '' ( 1977 ) `` Only One Love in My Life '' ( 1978 ) `` What a Difference You 've Made in My Life '' is an inspirational song written by Archie Jordan and first made famous by two artists during 1977 : teenaged Christian music singer Amy Grant and country music singer Ronnie Milsap . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song history 2 Chart positions 3 References 4 External links Song History ( edit ) Grant 's version was included on her self - titled debut album , which was sold largely in Christian bookstores and outlets . The song was released as a single to Christian - oriented radio stations , charted at No. 5 on the US Christian charts , and helped Grant become well known in what was then a small subgenre of religious - themed music . It was Milsap 's version , however , that became better - known . It was released in November 1977 as the second single from the album It Was Almost Like a Song . The song soon scored the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart and was his ninth No. 1 song on that chart . Milsap re-recorded the song for his 2009 country gospel album , Then Sings My Soul . Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 - 1978 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles US Billboard Hot 100 80 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Top Singles 96 Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks 43 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 232 . Jump up ^ `` Ronnie Milsap Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Take This Job and Shove It '' by Johnny Paycheck Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single January 21 , 1978 Succeeded by `` Out of My Head and Back in My Bed '' by Loretta Lynn Preceded by `` My Way '' by Elvis Presley RPM Country Tracks number - one single February 4 -- 11 , 1978 ( hide ) Ronnie Milsap Studio albums Ronnie Milsap Where My Heart Is Pure Love Legend in My Time A Rose By Any Other Name Night Things 20 / 20 Vision It Was Almost Like a Song Only One Love in My Life Images Milsap Magic Out Where the Bright Lights Are Glowing There 's No Gettin ' Over Me Inside Keyed Up One More Try for Love Lost in the Fifties Tonight Christmas with Ronnie Milsap Heart & Soul Stranger Things Have Happened Back to the Grindstone True Believer Sings His Best for Capitol Records Just for a Thrill My Life Then Sings My Soul Compilation albums Greatest Hits Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 Greatest Hits , Vol. 3 40 # 1 Hits 16 Biggest Hits # 1 singles `` Pure Love '' `` Please Do n't Tell Me How the Story Ends '' `` ( I 'd Be ) A Legend in My Time '' `` Daydreams About Night Things '' `` What Goes On When the Sun Goes Down '' `` ( I 'm A ) Stand by My Woman Man '' `` Let My Love Be Your Pillow '' `` It Was Almost Like a Song '' `` What a Difference You 've Made in My Life '' `` Only One Love in My Life '' `` Let 's Take the Long Way Around the World '' `` Back on My Mind Again '' `` Nobody Likes Sad Songs '' `` Why Do n't You Spend the Night '' `` My Heart '' `` Cowboys and Clowns '' `` Smoky Mountain Rain '' `` Am I Losing You '' `` ( There 's ) No Gettin ' Over Me '' `` I Would n't Have Missed It for the World '' `` Any Day Now '' `` He Got You '' `` Inside '' `` Stranger in My House '' `` Do n't You Know How Much I Love You '' `` Show Her '' `` Still Losing You '' `` She Keeps the Home Fires Burning '' `` Lost in the Fifties Tonight ( In the Still of the Night ) '' `` Happy , Happy Birthday Baby '' `` In Love '' `` How Do I Turn You On '' `` Snap Your Fingers '' `` Make No Mistake , She 's Mine '' ( with Kenny Rogers ) `` Where Do the Nights Go '' `` Do n't You Ever Get Tired ( Of Hurting Me ) '' `` A Woman in Love '' `` Stranger Things Have Happened '' Other songs `` Too Late to Worry , Too Blue to Cry '' `` Just in Case '' `` In No Time at All '' `` Prisoner of the Highway '' `` Old Folks '' ( with Mike Reid ) `` Button Off My Shirt '' `` Houston Solution '' `` Are You Lovin ' Me Like I 'm Lovin ' You '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Turn That Radio On '' `` All Is Fair in Love and War '' `` True Believer '' Related articles Discography Book : Ronnie Milsap This 1970s country song -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_a_Difference_You%27ve_Made_in_My_Life&oldid=816093338 '' Categories : 1978 singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Amy Grant songs Ronnie Milsap songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RCA Records singles Songs written by Archie Jordan Song recordings produced by Tom Collins ( record producer ) 1977 songs 1970s country song stubs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 06 : 16 . About Wikipedia | who wrote what a difference you made in my life | [
"\"What a Difference You've Made in My Life\" is an inspirational song written by Archie Jordan and first made famous by two artists during 1977: teenaged Christian music singer Amy Grant and country music singer Ronnie Milsap."
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3653559601010334052 | Comptroller and Auditor General of India | Comptroller and Auditor General of India - Wikipedia Comptroller and Auditor General of India Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Comptroller and Auditor General of India . For similar title in other jurisdictions , see Comptroller and Auditor General . Comptroller and Auditor General of India Logo of Comptroller and Auditor General of India Incumbent Rajiv Mehrishi , IAS since 25 September 2017 Nominator Prime Minister of India Appointer President of India Term length 6 yrs or up to 65 yrs of age ( whichever is earlier ) Inaugural holder V. Narahari Rao Deputy Deputy Comptrollers and Auditors General of India Salary ₹ 90,000 ( US $1,400 ) per month Website Official Website India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution & Law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights Uniform civil code Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Union Government ( show ) President of India Vice-President of India Executive : Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Cabinet Secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) Parliament : Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme Court ( Chief Justice ) High courts District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) General elections : 2009 2014 2019 State elections : 2017 2018 2019 Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions State governments Governor Chief minister Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Local governments : Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas The Comptroller and Auditor General ( CAG ) of India is an authority , established by the Constitution under Constitution of India / Part V - Chapter V / Sub-part 7B / Article 148 , which audits all receipts and expenditure of the Government of India and the state governments , including those of bodies and authorities substantially financed by the government . The CAG is also the external auditor of Government - owned corporations and conducts supplementary audit of government companies , i.e. , any non-banking / non-insurance company in which Union Government has an equity share of at least 51 per cent or subsidiary companies of existing government companies . The reports of the CAG are taken into consideration by the Public Accounts Committees ( PACs ) and Committees on Public Undertakings ( COPUs ) , which are special committees in the Parliament of India and the state legislatures . The CAG is also the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department , the affairs of which are managed by officers of Indian Audit and Accounts Service , and has over 58,000 employees across the country . The CAG is mentioned in the Constitution of India under Article 148 -- 151 . The CAG is ranked 9th and enjoys the same status as a judge of Supreme Court of India in Indian order of precedence . The current CAG of India is Rajiv Mehrishi , who assumed office on 25 September 2017 . He is the 13th CAG of India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appointment 1.1 Oath or affirmation 1.2 Duties of the CAG 1.3 Recent achievements 1.4 Suggested reforms 2 Removal 3 Indian Audit and Accounts Service 4 Scope of audits 5 Reforms suggested by former CAG Vinod Rai 6 Prominent audit reports 6.1 2G Spectrum allocation 6.2 Coal Mine Allocation 6.3 Fodder scam 6.4 Krishna - Godavari ( KG ) D - 6 gas block 7 List of Comptroller and Auditors General of India 8 References 9 External links Appointment ( edit ) The Comptroller and Auditor - General of India is appointed by the President of India following a recommendation by the Prime Minister . On appointment , he / she has to make an oath or affirmation before the President of India . Oath or affirmation ( edit ) `` I , A.B. , having appointed Comptroller and Auditor - General of India do swear in the name of God / solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established , that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India , that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability , knowledge and judgement perform the duties of my office without fear or favour , affection or ill - will and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws . Duties of the CAG ( edit ) As per the provisions of the constitution , the CAG 's ( DPC ) ( Duties , Powers and Conditions of Service ) Act , 1971 was enacted . As per the various provisions , the duties of the CAG include the audit of : Receipts and expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India and of the State and Union Territory having legislative assembly . Trading , manufacturing , profit and loss accounts and balance sheets , and other subsidiary accounts kept in any Government department ; Accounts of stores and stock kept in Government offices or departments . Government companies as per the provisions of the Companies Act , 2013 . Corporations established by or under laws made by Parliament in accordance with the provisions of the respective legislation . Authorities and bodies substantially financed from the Consolidated Funds of the Union and State Governments . Anybody or authority even though not substantially financed from the Consolidated Fund , the audit of which may be entrusted to the C&AG . Grants and loans given by Government to bodies and authorities for specific purposes . Entrusted audits e.g. those of Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies under Technical Guidance & Support ( TGS ) . Recent achievements ( edit ) Recently the CAG under Vinod Rai has constantly been in the limelight for its reports exposing mega corruption , particularly in 2G spectrum case , Commonwealth Games scam and other scams . Suggested reforms ( edit ) In June 2012 , Lal Krishna Advani a veteran Indian politician and former Deputy Prime Minister of India ( as well as former Leader of the Opposition in Indian Parliament ) suggested that CAG 's appointment should be made by a bipartisan collegium consisting of the prime minister , the Chief Justice of India , the Law Minister and the Leaders of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha . Subsequently , M Karunanidhi , the head of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ) party and five times Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu supported the suggestion . Advani made this demand to remove any impression of bias or lack of transparency and fairness because , according to him , the current system was open to `` manipulation and partisanship '' . Similar demand was made by many former CEC 's such as BB Tandon , N Gopalaswamy and SY Quraishi , however the government did not seem too keen . CPI MP Gurudas Dasgupta wrote a letter to the PM and demand CAG has appointed by the collegium of consisting the PM , the CJI and the leader of the opposition in Lok Sabha but the PM declined . Former CAG V.K. Shunglu has suggested in its CWG scam report that CAG be made a multi-member body . PMO minister V. Narayanasamy in his interview with PTI said Government is considering the Shunglu panel report but PM and Finance Minister declined it . Later V. Narayanasamy said he misquoted but PTI reaffirmed it . rvice ) Act , 1971 `` . His salary is same as that of judge of the Supreme court of India . Neither leave of absence , pension or age of retirement can be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment . The CAG is not eligible for further office either under the Government of India or under the Government of any State after he has ceased to hold his office . These provisions are in order to ensure the independence of CAG . Salary of CAG Date Salary 1 January 2006 ₹ 90,000 ( US $1,400 ) Removal ( edit ) The CAG can be removed only on an address from both house of parliament on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity . The CAG vacates the office on attaining the age of 65 years age even without completing the 6 years term by impeachment also . Indian audit and accounts Service ( edit ) Main article : Indian Audit and Accounts Service The Constitution of India ( Article 148 ) provides for an independent office to the CAG of India . He or she is the head of Indian Audit and Accounts Department . He / She has a duty to uphold the Constitution of India and laws of the Parliament to safeguard the interests of the public exchequer . The Indian Audit and Accounts Service aids the CAG in the discharge of his / her functions . Scope of audits ( edit ) `` CAG is not a munimji or an accountant or something like that ... He is a constitutional authority who can examine the revenue allocation and matters relating to the economy . CAG is the principal auditor whose function is to go into the economy , effectiveness and efficiency of the use of resources by the government . If the CAG will not do , then who else will do it '' -- Observation of a bench of Supreme Court of India while dismissing a petition challenging CAG reports on 2G spectrum , Coal Blocks Allotment , etc . Audit of government accounts ( including the accounts of the state governments ) in India is entrusted to the CAG of India who is empowered to audit all expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of the union or state governments , whether incurred within India or outside , all revenue into the Consolidated Funds and all transactions relating to the Public Accounts and the Contingency Funds of the Union and the states . Specifically , audits include : Transactions relating to debt , deposits , remittances , Trading , and manufacturing Profit and loss accounts and balance sheets kept under the order of the President or Governors Receipts and stock accounts . CAG also audits the books of accounts of the government companies as per Companies Act . In addition , the CAG also executes performance and compliance audits of various functions and departments of the government . Recently , the CAG as a part of thematic review on `` Introduction of New Trains '' is deputing an auditors ' team on selected trains , originating and terminating at Sealdah and Howrah stations , to assess the necessity of their introduction . In a path - breaking judgement , the Supreme Court of India ruled that the CAG General could audit private firms in revenue - share deals with government . CAG has been elected the Chairman of the United Nations ' Board of Auditors. CAG has been appointed as external auditor of eleven UN organisations : World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO ) , United Nations Secretariat ( Volume 1 ) , United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) , United Nations Escrow ( Iraq ) Account , United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund ( UNJSPF ) , Strategic Heritage Plan ( SHP ) , United Nations Compensation Commission ( UNCC ) , International Trade Centre ( ITC ) - Capital Master Plan ( CMP ) , United Nations Office for Project Services ( UNOPS ) , Information Communication Technology ( OICT ) , Umoja . Mr Omkar Goswami is an Indian who is presently one of the External Auditors of the UN organisation World Food Programme ( WFP ) headquartered at Rome , Italy . Reforms suggested by former CAG Vinod Rai ( edit ) In November 2009 , the CAG requested the government to amend the 1971 Audit Act to bring all private - public partnerships ( PPPs ) , Panchayti Raj Institutions and societies getting government funds within the ambit of the CAG. The amendment further proposes to enhance CAG 's powers to access information under the Audit Act . In the past , almost 30 % of the documents demanded by CAG officials have been denied to them . The PPP model has become a favourite mode of executing big infrastructure projects worth millions of rupees and these projects may or may not come under the audit purview of the CAG , depending on sources of funds and the nature of revenue sharing agreements between the government and the private entities . Currently , it is estimated that 65 percent of government spending does not come under the scrutiny of the CAG . Prominent audit reports ( edit ) Following are some of the most debated CAG reports : 2G Spectrum allocation ( edit ) Main article : 2G Spectrum case A CAG report on issue of Licences and Allocation of 2G Spectrum resulted in a huge controversy . The report estimated that there was a presumptive loss of ₹ 1,766 billion ( US $27 billion ) by the United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) government . In a chargesheet filed on 2 April 2011 by the investigating agency Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) , the agency pegged the loss at ₹ 310 billion ( US $4.7 billion ) All the speculations of profit , loss and no - loss were put to rest on 2 February 2012 when the Supreme Court of India on a public interest litigation ( PIL ) declared allotment of spectrum as `` unconstitutional and arbitrary '' and quashed all the 122 licenses issued in 2008 during tenure of A. Raja ( then minister for communications & IT in the UPA government ) the main accused . The court further said that A. Raja `` wanted to favour some companies at the cost of the public exchequer '' and `` virtually gifted away important national asset '' . Revenue loss calculation was further established on 3 August 2012 when according to the directions of the Supreme Court , Govt of India revised the reserve price for 2G spectrum to ₹ 140 billion ( US $2.1 billion ) However , the special court in New Delhi acquitted all accused in the 2G spectrum case including prime accused A Raja and Kanimozhi on December 21 , 2017 , the verdict was based on the fact that CBI could not find any evidence against the accused in those 7 years . Per the judgement , `` Some people created a scam by artfully arranging a few selected facts and exaggerating things beyond recognition to astronomical levels . '' Coal Mine Allocation ( edit ) Main article : Coal Mining Scam A 2012 CAG report on Coal Mine Allocation received massive media and political reaction as well as public outrage . During the 2012 monsoon session of the Parliament , the BJP protested the Government 's handling of the issue demanding the resignation of the prime minister and refused to have a debate in the Parliament . The deadlock resulted in Parliament functioning only seven of the twenty days of the session . The CAG report criticised the Government by saying it had the authority to allocate coal blocks by a process of competitive bidding , but chose not to . As a result , both public sector enterprises ( PSEs ) and private firms paid less than they might have otherwise . In its draft report in March , the CAG estimated that the `` windfall gain '' to the allocatees was ₹ 10,673 billion ( US $160 billion ) . The CAG Final Report tabled in Parliament put the figure at ₹ 1,856 billion ( US $28 billion ) While the initial CAG report suggested that coal blocks could have been allocated more efficiently , resulting in more revenue to the government , at no point did it suggest that corruption was involved in the allocation of coal . Over the course of 2012 , however , the question of corruption came to dominate the discussion . In response to a complaint by the BJP , the Central Vigilance Commission ( CVC ) directed the CBI to investigate the matter . The CBI named a dozen Indian firms in a First Information Report ( FIR ) , the first step in a criminal investigation . These FIRs accuse them of overstating their net worth , failing to disclose prior coal allocations , and hoarding rather than developing coal allocations . The CBI officials investigating the case have speculated that bribery may be involved . Fodder scam ( edit ) Main article : Fodder scam The scandal was first exposed due to the CAG report in the matter in December 1995 . The report alleged of fraudulent withdrawal of government funds worth ₹ 9.5 billion ( US $150 million ) in the Bihar animal husbandry department against non-existent supplies of fodder and medicines . Subsequently , based on Patna High Court 's orders , CBI investigated the case and registered as many as 63 cases . Many accused have been convicted while many cases are still under trial . Krishna - godavari ( KG ) D - 6 gas block ( edit ) The oil ministry imposed a fine of ₹ 7000 crores on Mukesh Ambani 's company for the sharp drop in production of gas and violations mentioned in CAG 's 2011 report . Oil ministry did not approve company 's US $7.2 billion stake in deal with BP . So Jaipal Reddy known for his honesty was shifted from oil ministry to the Science and Technology ministry owing to pressure from Reliance group of Industries . RIL allowed the CAG to begin the audit in April this year after stalling it for a year . But unresolved issues could stall audit of KG Basin again . Then Reliance appointed Defence Secretary Shashikant Sharma as new CAG to audit KG Basin , said Prashant Bhushan . In KG D - 6 , most of the cost had been recovered by the private player and the increase in price would only go as profit . About 90 % of receipts from K-G D - 6 were so far booked as expenditure and in the remaining 10 % , only 1 % was paid to the government and rest 9 % went to the operator as profit . List of Comptroller and Auditors General of India ( edit ) No . Comptroller and Auditor General of India Year tenure began Year tenure ended V. Narahari Rao 1949 1954 A.K. Chanda 1954 1960 A.K. Roy 1960 1966 S. Ranganathan 1966 1972 5 A. Bakshi 1972 1978 6 Gian Prakash 1978 1984 7 T.N. Chaturvedi 1984 1990 8 C.G. Somiah 1990 9 V.K. Shunglu 2002 10 VN Kaul 2002 2008 11 Vinod Rai 2008 2013 12 Shashi Kant Sharma 2013 2017 13 Rajiv Mehrishi 2017 Incumbent ( 6 years or 65 years of age , whichever is earlier ) Source : References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR - GENERAL 'S ( DUTIES , POWERS AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE ) ACT , 1971 '' . CAG India . Archived from the original on 27 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAG -- Article 148 of Constitution of India '' . Archived from the original on 28 December 2011 . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Parihar , Rohit ( September 3 , 2017 ) . Kumar , Ganesh ; Udayakumar , Radha , eds . `` Why Rajiv Mehrishi 's and Sunil Arora 's appointments are Rajasthan 's loss and the Centre 's gain '' . India Today . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Former home secretary Rajiv Mehrishi to be next CAG '' . The Economic Times . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Former home secretary Rajiv Mehrishi to be next CAG of India '' . Live Mint . HT Media Ltd . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` राजीव महर्षि होंगे अगले कैग , सोमवार से संभालेंगे कार्यभार '' ( Rajiv Mehrishi will be the next CAG , will assume charge on Monday ) . Dainik Jagran ( in Hindi ) . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` पूर्व होम सेक्रेटरी राजीव महर्षि बने नए CAG , कल प्रेसिडेंट कोविंद दिलाएंगे शपथ '' ( Former Home Secretary Rajiv Mehrishi becomes the new CAG , President Kovind will swear him in tomorrow ) . Dainik Bhaskar ( in Hindi ) . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Constitution of India , Article 148 for the period of six years. 1 Jump up ^ `` A watchdog that bites '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 20 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ BS Arun . `` CAG ' activism ' gets the thumbs up '' . Deccan Herald . Archived from the original on 27 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Corporate India needs to go through a phase of reflection and soul searching Jump up ^ `` Members Bioprofile '' . Lok Sabha of India / National Informatics Centre , New Delhi . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Karunanidhi backs Advani 's view on collegium to appoint CAG , EC '' . Times of India . 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Karunanidhi backs Advani 's plea for collegium '' . The Hindu . Chennai. 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DMK 's Official Homepage - Chennai - Tamilnadu - India 800x600 screen resolution '' . Dmk.in. 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Collegium needed to select EC : SY Quraishi '' . Times of India . 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-CECs backed collegium , Law Ministry not too keen '' . Indian Express . 10 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CAG itself needs an auditor : Shunglu panel '' . Times of India . 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PTI stands by its report on Narayanasamy '' . The Hindu . 12 September 2016 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapter V - Constitution of India . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The High Court and Supreme Court Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008 '' ( PDF ) . PRS India . Jump up ^ `` SC Rejects PIL Against CAG Examining Coal Allotment '' . Outlook India . 1 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Comptroller and Auditor General lens on trains introduced by Mamata Banerjee '' . The Times Of India . 12 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CAG Vinod Rai elected U.N. external audit panel chief '' . The Times Of India . 8 December 2011 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CAG Vinod Rai to head UN audit panel '' . The Times Of India . 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Panel of External Auditors '' . United Nations . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Audit Committee - World Food Programme '' . World Food Programme . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Four years on , UPA govt yet to accept CAG 's request for more powers Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com Jump up ^ After shaking and hurting the govt he is retiring - News Oneindia Jump up ^ `` Report No. - 19 of 2010 - 11 for the period ended March 2010 Performance Audit of Issue of Licences and Allocation of 2G Spectrum by the Department of Telecommunications ( Ministry of Communications and Information Technology ) '' . CAG . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Performance Audit Report on the Issue of Licences and Allocation of 2G Spectrum '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 March 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2G loss ? Govt gained over Rs. 3,000 cr : Trai '' . Times of India . 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SC quashes 122 licences '' . Times of India . 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2G verdict : A Raja ' virtually gifted away important national asset ' , says Supreme Court '' . Times of India . 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cabinet sets Rs 14,000 cr as reserve price for 2G spectrum '' . Firstpost. 4 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Singh , Shalini ( 8 August 2012 ) . `` Cabinet decision on 2G auction price demolishes zero - loss theory '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Report No. - 7 of 2012 - 13 for the period ended March 2012 - Performance Audit of Allocation of Coal Blocks and Augmentation of Coal Production ( Ministry of Coal ) '' . CAG . Archived from the original on 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Turmoil - ridden Monsoon session of Parliament ends '' . DNA . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stalling Parliament is also a part of Democracy '' . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Draft Performance Audit , Allocation of Coal Blocks and Augmentation of Coal Production by Coal India Limited '' Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India ( Union Government ( Commercial ) ) '' ( PDF ) . Comptroller and Auditor General of India ( Union Government ( Commercial ) ) . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . Hereafter Draft CAG Report . Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Counters ' Coalgate ' Allegations - India Real Time - WSJ '' . The Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Firms hid earlier allocations to get new blocks , says CBI - Hindustan Times Archived 4 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Coalgate : Now , DMK leader in the dock Jump up ^ `` CBI orders prosecution of Laloo , Mishra in fodder scam '' . Rediff.com. April 1996 . Archived from the original on 31 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fodder scam case : 58 convicted , given jail terms '' , Times of India , 31 May 2007 , archived from the original on 1 May 2009 , retrieved 5 November 2008 , Snippet : ... A total 63 cases were registered in the scam and 41 were transferred to Jharkhand after it was created from Bihar in November 2000 ... The CBI has filed charge sheets in almost every case and trials are under progress . Till now the special CBI court has passed judgment in 16 cases and nearly 200 accused in different cases have been punished with two to seven years imprisonment ... 12121 Jump up ^ Steep Fall in Gas Output : Rs 7000cr Fine on Reliance IndiaWires Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Jaipal Reddy 's shift from Oil Ministry creates a political storm '' . The Times Of India . 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Reddy , B. Muralidhar ( 29 October 2012 ) . `` PM owes an explanation on shifting Jaipal Reddy : BJP , SP '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ CAG audit of Krishna - Godavari D6 gas block resumes - The New Indian Express Jump up ^ dna special : Unresolved issues could stall audit of KG Basin , again Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com Jump up ^ Bhushan questions new CAG selection Business Standard Jump up ^ `` CAG may look into likely profit for RIL from gas price hike - The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Former CAG '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.firstpost.com/india/rajiv-mehrishi-is-the-next-cag-of-india-former-home-secretary-once-spearheaded-economic-reforms-in-rajasthan-3996307.html External links ( edit ) `` Official website of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India '' . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Reports by Comptroller and Auditor General of India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comptroller_and_Auditor_General_of_India&oldid=832144785 '' Categories : Comptrollers in India Government audit Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from February 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 02 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who appoints comptroller and auditor general of india | [
"The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India is appointed by the President of India[8] following a recommendation by the Prime Minister. On appointment, he/she has to make an oath or affirmation before the President of India."
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7158604728040076218 | Monty Python and the Holy Grail | Monty Python and the Holy Grail - wikipedia Monty Python and the Holy Grail Jump to : navigation , search Monty Python and the Holy Grail UK quad poster Directed by Terry Gilliam Terry Jones Produced by Mark Forstater Michael White Written by Monty Python Starring Graham Chapman John Cleese Terry Gilliam Eric Idle Terry Jones Michael Palin Music by Dewolfe Songs : Neil Innes Cinematography Terry Bedford Edited by John Hackney Production companies Michael White Productions Python ( Monty ) Pictures National Film Trustee Company Distributed by EMI Films Release date 3 April 1975 ( 1975 - 04 - 03 ) ( United Kingdom ) 27 April 1975 ( 1975 - 04 - 27 ) ( United States ) Running time 92 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $400,000 Box office $5 million Monty Python and the Holy Grail is a 1975 British slapstick comedy film concerning the Arthurian legend , written and performed by the Monty Python comedy group ( Graham Chapman , John Cleese , Terry Gilliam , Eric Idle , Terry Jones , and Michael Palin ) , and directed by Gilliam and Jones . It was conceived during the hiatus between the third and fourth series of their BBC television series Monty Python 's Flying Circus . In contrast to the group 's first film , And Now for Something Completely Different , a compilation of sketches from the first two television series , Holy Grail draws on new material . It parodies the legend of King Arthur 's quest to find the Holy Grail . Idle used the film as the basis for the musical Spamalot 30 years later . Monty Python and the Holy Grail grossed more than any British film exhibited in the US in 1975 . The film received a 97 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes . In the US , the film was selected as the second best comedy of all time in the ABC special Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time ; in the UK , readers of Total Film magazine ranked the film the fifth greatest comedy film of all time , and a similar poll of Channel 4 viewers placed the film sixth ( 2000 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reaction and legacy 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 932 AD , King Arthur and his squire , Patsy , travel throughout Britain searching for men to join the Knights of the Round Table . In Arthur 's travels , he recruits Sir Bedevere the Wise , Sir Lancelot the Brave , Sir Galahad the Pure , and Sir Robin the Not - Quite - So - Brave - as - Sir - Lancelot , along with their squires and Robin 's troubadours . Arthur leads the men to Camelot , but decide it is `` a silly place '' and set off elsewhere . As they turn away , God speaks to them and instruct Arthur to find the Holy Grail . Arthur and his men search the land for clues to the Grail . They come to a castle occupied by French soldiers who claim to have the Grail but otherwise insult the Englishmen . Arthur and his men come up with a plan to sneak in using a Trojan Rabbit , but they completely mishandle its execution and are forced away . Arthur decides that the knights should go their separate ways to search for clues to the Grail 's location . A modern - day historian being filmed for a documentary and describing the Arthurian legends is abruptly killed by a knight on horseback , triggering a police investigation . Arthur and Bedevere attempt to satisfy the strange requests of the dreaded Knights Who Say Ni . Sir Robin avoids a fight with the Three - headed Giant by running away while the heads are arguing . Sir Galahad is led by a grail - shaped beacon to Castle Anthrax , populated by women , but to Galahad 's chagrin , he is `` rescued '' by Lancelot . Sir Lancelot , after finding a note from Swamp Castle believed to be from a lady being forced to marry against her will , rushes the castle and kills nearly the entire wedding party within , only to discover that the note was sent by an effeminate prince . Arthur and his knights regroup and are joined by other knights and followers . They meet Tim the Enchanter , who directs them to a cave where the location of the Grail is said to be written , but guarded by the deadly Rabbit of Caerbannog . After the Rabbit kills several of the knights , Arthur uses the Hand Grenade of Antioch to destroy the creature . Inside , they find the inscription from Joseph of Arimathea , directing them to the Castle of Aarrgh . They arrive at the Bridge of Death and must answer three questions from the bridge - keeper to pass . Lancelot answers first and correctly , and passes on . Sirs Robin and Galahad fail to answer correctly and are thrown over the bridge , while Arthur tricks the bridge - keeper , allowing him and Bedevere to pass . When Arthur and Bedevere finish crossing , they can not find Lancelot , unaware he was arrested by modern - day policemen investigating the historian 's death . Arthur and Bedevere find the Castle of Aarrgh , but discover it is occupied by the French . They amass a large army of knights to assault the castle , when suddenly a large police force shows up , arrests Arthur and Bedevere for the historian 's death , and shuts down the film 's production . Cast ( edit ) Actor Main role Other roles ( in order of appearance ) Chapman , Graham Graham Chapman Arthur , King of the Britons Voice of God / Middle Head of Three - Headed Knight / Hiccuping Guard at Swamp Castle Cleese , John John Cleese Sir Lancelot the Brave Swallow - Savvy Guard # 2 / Man with `` Dead '' Body / Black Knight / Witch - hunting Villager # 3 / Singing Camelot Knight # 4 / French Taunter / Tim the Enchanter Gilliam , Terry Terry Gilliam Patsy , Arthur 's Servant Green Knight / Singing Camelot Knight # 3 / Gorilla Hand / Old Man in Scene 24 ( Soothsaying Bridgekeeper ) / Sir Bors / Weak - Hearted Animator ( Himself ) Idle , Eric Eric Idle Sir Robin the Not - Quite - So - Brave - as - Sir - Lancelot Dead Collector / Witch - Hunting Villager # 1 / Singing Camelot Knight # 2 / Confused Guard at Swamp Castle / Concorde ( Lancelot 's squire ) / Roger the Shrubber / Brother Maynard Jones , Terry Terry Jones Sir Bedevere the Wise Dennis ' Mother / French Knight / Left Head of Three - Headed Knight / Voice of Cartoon Scribe / Prince Herbert Palin , Michael Michael Palin Sir Galahad the Pure Swallow - Savvy Guard # 1 / Dennis / Witch - Hunting Villager # 2 / Narrator / Singing Camelot Knight # 5 / French Knight / Right Head of Three - Headed Knight / Leader of the Knights Who Say Ni / King of Swamp Castle / Guest at Swamp Castle / Monk ( Maynard 's Assistant ) Booth , Connie Connie Booth Miss Islington , the Witch Cleveland , Carol Carol Cleveland Zoot Dingo ( Zoot 's identical twin sister ) Innes , Neil Neil Innes Leader of Robin 's Minstrels Leader of Chanting Monks / Witch - Hunting Villager # 4 / Singing Camelot Knight # 1 / Page Crushed by Wooden Rabbit / French Knight Duffell , Bee Bee Duffell Old Crone Young , John John Young Frank , the Historian `` Dead '' body Davies , Rita Rita Davies Frank 's Wife Stewart , Avril Avril Stewart Dr. Piglet Kinghorn , Sally Sally Kinghorn Dr. Winston Zycon , Mark Mark Zycon Sir Robin ( stand - in ) Prisoner in Camelot Dungeon Johnson , Sandy Sandy Johnson Knight Who Says Ni Witch - Hunting Villager / Musician at Swamp Castle / Monk / Knight in Final Battle Doyle , Julian Julian Doyle Police Sergeant who stops the film Burton ! Richard Burton One - legged Black Knight ( Stand - in ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The legend of the Holy Grail provided a unifying motif for the film . Fifteen months before the BBC visited the set in May 1974 , the Monty Python troupe assembled the first version of the screenplay . When half of the resulting material was set in the Middle Ages , and half was set in the present day , the group opted to focus on the Middle Ages , revolving on the legend of the Holy Grail . By the fourth or fifth version of their screenplay , the story was complete , and the cast joked the fact that the Grail was never retrieved would be `` a big let - down ... a great anti-climax '' . Graham Chapman said a challenge was incorporating scenes that did not fit the Holy Grail motif . Neither Terry Gilliam nor Terry Jones had directed a film before , and described it as a learning experience in which they would learn to make a film by making an entire full - length film . The cast humorously described the novice directing style as employing the level of mutual disrespect always found in Monty Python 's work . Filming ( edit ) Doune Castle , used in several scenes . Castle Stalker , the location of the final scene Monty Python and the Holy Grail was mostly shot on location in Scotland , particularly around Doune Castle , Glen Coe , and the privately owned Castle Stalker . The many castles seen throughout the film were mainly either Doune Castle shot from different angles or hanging miniatures . There are several exceptions to this : the very first exterior shot of a castle at the beginning of the film is Kidwelly Castle in South Wales , and the single exterior shot of the Swamp Castle during `` Tale of Sir Lancelot '' is Bodiam Castle in East Sussex ; all subsequent shots of the exterior and interior of those scenes were filmed at Doune Castle . Production designer Julian Doyle recounted that his crew constructed walls in the forest near Doune . Terry Jones later recalled the crew had selected more castles around Scotland for locations , but during the two weeks prior to principal photography , the Scottish Department of the Environment declined permission for use of the castles in its jurisdiction , for fear of damage . At the start of `` The Tale of Sir Robin '' , there is a slow camera zoom in on rocky scenery ( that in the voice over is described as `` the dark forest of Ewing '' ) . This is actually a still photograph of the Gorge at Mount Buffalo National Park in Victoria , Australia . Doyle stated in 2000 during an interview with Hotdog magazine that it was a still image filmed with candles underneath the frame ( to give a heat haze ) . This was a low - cost method of achieving a convincing location effect . On the DVD audio commentary , Cleese described challenges shooting and editing Castle Anthrax in `` The Tale of Sir Galahad '' , with what he felt the most comedic take being unused because an anachronistic coat was visible in it . Castle Anthrax was also shot in one part of Doune , where costume designer Hazel Pethig advised against nudity , dressing the girls in shifts . In the scene where the knights were combatting the Rabbit of Caerbannog , a real white rabbit was used , switched with puppets for its killings . It was covered with red liquid to simulate blood , though the rabbit 's owner did not want the animal dirty and was kept unaware . The liquid was difficult to remove from the fur . He also stated that he thought that , had they been more experienced in filmmaking , the crew would have just purchased a rabbit instead . Otherwise , the rabbit himself was unharmed . Also , the rabbit - bite effects were done by special puppetry by both Gilliam and SFX technician John Horton . As chronicled in The Life of Python , The First 20 Years of Monty Python , and The Pythons ' Autobiography , it was revealed that Chapman was suffering from acrophobia , trembling , and bouts of forgetfulness during filming . These were the results of Chapman 's long - standing alcohol addiction , and he decided from that moment on to remain `` on an even keel '' while the production continued . Nearly three years after Holy Grail , Chapman vowed to quit drinking altogether ( which he successfully achieved in December 1977 ) . Originally the knight characters were going to ride real horses , but after it became clear that the film 's small budget precluded real horses , the Pythons decided that their characters would mime horse - riding while their porters trotted behind them banging coconut shells together . The joke was derived from the old - fashioned sound effect used by radio shows to convey the sound of hooves clattering . This was later referred to in the German release of the film , which translated the title as Die Ritter der Kokosnuß ( ' The Knights of the Coconut ' ) . The opening credits of the film feature pseudo-Swedish subtitles , which soon turn into an appeal to visit Sweden and see the country 's moose . The subtitles are soon stopped , but moose references continue throughout the actual credits until the credits are stopped again and restarted in a different visual style and with references to llamas , animals often mentioned in Flying Circus . The subtitles were written by Michael Palin as a way to `` entertain the ' captive ' audience '' at the beginning of the film . Soundtrack ( edit ) In addition to several songs written by Python regular Neil Innes , several pieces of music were licensed from De Wolfe Music Library . These include : `` Ice Floe 9 '' , composed by Pierre Arvay . Used during the beginning titles . `` Countrywide '' , composed by Anthony Mawer . Used during the beginning titles after the first titlers are sacked . `` Homeward Bound '' , composed by Jack Trombey . Used as King Arthur 's heroic theme . `` Crossed Swords '' , composed by Dudley Matthew . Played during King Arthur 's battle with the Black Knight . `` The Flying Messenger '' , composed by Oliver Armstrong . Played during Sir Lancelot 's misguided storming of Swamp Castle . `` The Promised Land '' , composed by Stanley Black . Used in the scene where Arthur approaches the castle on the island . `` Starlet in the Starlight '' , composed by Kenneth Essex . Briefly used for Prince Herbert 's attempt to express himself in song . `` Love Theme '' , composed by Peter Knight . Also used briefly for Prince Herbert . `` Revolt '' , composed by Eric Towren . Used as the army charges on Castle Aaargh . Release ( edit ) Monty Python and the Holy Grail had its theatrical debut in the United Kingdom in 3 April 1975 , followed by a United States release on 27 April 1975 . It was re-released on 14 October 2015 in the United Kingdom . The film had its television premiere 25 February 1977 on the CBS Late Movie . Reportedly , the Pythons were displeased to discover a number of edits were done by the network to reduce use of profanity and the showing of blood . The troupe pulled back the rights and thereafter had it broadcast in the United States only on PBS and later other channels such as IFC , where it runs uncut . Home media ( edit ) In Region 1 , The Criterion Collection released a laserdisc version of the film featuring audio commentary from directors Jones and Gilliam . In 2001 , Columbia Tristar published a two - disc Special Edition DVD . Disc One included two commentary tracks featuring Idle , Palin , and Cleese in the first , and Jones and Gilliam in the second , and `` Subtitles for People Who Do n't Like the Film '' , consisting of lines taken from William Shakespeare 's Henry IV , Part 2 . Disc Two includes Monty Python and the Holy Grail in Lego ( also known as Lego Knights or It 's Only a Model ) , a `` brickfilm '' version of the `` Camelot Song '' as sung by Lego minifigures . It was created by Spite Your Face Productions on commission from the Lego Group and Python Pictures . The project was conceived by the original film 's respective Producer and Co-Director , John Goldstone and Terry Gilliam . Disc Two also includes two scenes from the film 's Japanese dub , literally translated back into English through subtitles . `` The Quest for the Holy Grail Locations '' , hosted by Palin and Jones , shows places in Scotland used for the setting titled as `` England 932 A.D. '' ( as well as the two Pythons purchasing a copy of their own script as a guide ) . Also included is a who 's who page , advertising galleries and sing - alongs . A limited - edition DVD release additionally included a copy of the screenplay , a limited - edition film cell / senitype , and limited - edition art cards ; however , a few of the bonus features from the Extraordinarily Deluxe Edition were omitted . A 35th anniversary edition on Blu - ray was released in the US on 6 March 2012 . Special features include `` The Holy Book of Days , '' a second - screen experience that can be downloaded as an app on an iOS device and played with the Blu - ray to enhance its viewing ; lost animation sequences with a new intro from animator Terry Gilliam ; outtakes ; and extended scenes with Python member and the movie 's co-director Terry Jones . Reaction and legacy ( edit ) In 2000 , readers of Total Film magazine voted Holy Grail the fifth greatest comedy film of all time . The next Python film , Life of Brian , was ranked first . A similar poll of Channel 4 viewers in 2005 placed Holy Grail in sixth ( with Life of Brian again topping the list ) . Hank Azaria in a production of Spamalot . In 2005 , the film spawned a Tony Award - winning Broadway musical smash hit knockoff , Spamalot . Written primarily by Idle , the show has more of an overarching plot and leaves out certain portions of the movie due to difficulties in rendering certain effects on stage . However , the same gags are there for the majority of the show . In 2011 , an ABC prime - time special , Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time , counted down the best films chosen by fans based on results of a poll conducted by ABC and People . Holy Grail was selected as the second best comedy after Airplane ! . In 2013 , the Pythons lost a legal case to Mark Forstater , the film 's producer , over royalties for the derivative work , Spamalot . They owed a combined £ 800,000 in legal fees and back royalties to Forstater . To help cover the cost of these royalties and fees , the group arranged and performed in a stage show , Monty Python Live ( mostly ) , held at The O2 arena in London in July 2014 . See also ( edit ) List of films considered the best Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Though the opening credits comedically identify the directors as `` 40 Specially Trained Ecuadorian Mountain Llamas , 6 Venezuelan Red Llamas , 142 Mexican Whooping Llamas , 14 North Chilean Guanacos ( Closely Related to the Llama ) , Reg Llama of Brixton , 76000 Battery Llamas From ' Llama - Fresh ' Farms Ltd . Near Paraguay , and Terry Gilliam and Terry Jones '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Palin 2006 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : Palin 2006 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ `` Monty Python and the Holy Grail ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 28 August 2015 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Monty Python and the Holy Grail - Box Office Data , DVD Sales , Movie News , Cast Information . The Numbers . Retrieved on 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Sean ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` 15 Facts about Monty Python and the Holy Grail '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monty Python and the Holy Grail ( 1974 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 18 January 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Life of Brian tops comedy poll '' . BBC News . Retrieved 18 January 2014 Jump up ^ Palin 2006 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Monty Python troupe ( 2001 ) . BBC Film Night : Monty Python & the Holy Grail Location Report ( DVD ) ( in Monty Python and the Holy Grail ) . Columbia Tristar . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Chapman , Graham ( 2001 ) . BBC Film Night : Monty Python & the Holy Grail Location Report ( DVD ) ( in Monty Python and the Holy Grail ) . Columbia Tristar . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Gilliam , Terry ; Jones , Terry ( 2001 ) . BBC Film Night : Monty Python & the Holy Grail Location Report ( DVD ) ( in Monty Python and the Holy Grail ) . Columbia Tristar . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Monty Python and the Holy Grail filming locations '' . Ukonscreen.com . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Li 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Terry ( 2001 ) . The Quest for the Holy Grail Locations ( DVD ) ( in Monty Python and the Holy Grail ) . Columbia Tristar . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Bodiam Castle , East Sussex '' . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . 5 June 2007 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Julian ( 2001 ) . The Quest for the Holy Grail Locations ( DVD ) ( in Monty Python and the Holy Grail ) . Columbia Tristar . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Never have so few suffered for the enjoyment of so many : the making of Monty Python And The Holy Grail '' . Hotdog . October 2000 . via Angelfire.com ( convenience link ) . Jump up ^ Cleese , John ( 2001 ) . Monty Python and the Holy Grail commentary ( DVD ) . Columbia Tristar . ^ Jump up to : Gilliam , Terry ; Jones , Terry ( 2001 ) . Monty Python and the Holy Grail commentary ( DVD ) . Columbia Tristar . Jump up ^ `` Monty Python and the Holy Grail ( 1975 ) -- Premierendaten '' . German.imdb.com. 1 May 2009 . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mindhole Blowers : 20 Facts About Monty Python and the Holy Grail That Might Make You Say `` Ni ! '' `` . pajiba.com . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Countrywide '' . Dewolfemusic.co.uk . Archived from the original on 3 October 2011 . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Crossed Swords '' . Dewolfe.co.uk . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flying Messenger '' . Dewolfe.co.uk . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Promised Land '' . Dewolfe.co.uk . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Starlet In The Starlight '' . Dewolfe.co.uk . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Love Theme '' . Dewolfe.co.uk . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Revolt '' . Dewolfe.co.uk . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monty Python and the Holy Grail returning to theaters for 40th anniversary '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ McCall 2013 . Jump up ^ Monty Python ... Films ^ Jump up to : Conrad , Jeremy ( 25 October 2001 ) . `` MONTY PYTHON AND THE HOLY GRAIL : SPECIAL EDITION '' . IGN . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monty Python LEGO '' . Spike.com. 13 September 2001 . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ NEWS 2004_12_14 - Monty Python is Animators ' Delight . Daily Llama . Retrieved on 3 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Galbraith , Stuart IV ( 3 October 2006 ) . `` Monty Python and the Holy Grail ( Extraordinarily Deluxe Two - Disc Edition ) '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Monty Python and the Holy Grail Box Set online at Play.com and read reviews . Free delivery to UK and Europe ! '' . Play.com. 23 January 2011 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blu - ray Review : Monty Python and the Holy Grail High - Def Digest '' . Bluray.highdefdigest.com . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Howard . `` Blu - ray Review : Monty Python and the Holy Grail '' . Technologytell . www.technologytell.com . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . Jump up ^ McGuigan , Cathleen ( 24 January 2005 ) . `` A Very Swordid Affair '' . Newsweek. 145 ( 4 ) : 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ `` John Cleese : Monty Python reunion is happening because of my £ 800,000 legal bill '' . Daily Mirror. 23 May 2014 . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Last July , the Pythons lost a royalties case to Mark Forstater , who produced 1975 film Monty Python And The Holy Grail ... Jump up ^ `` Monty Python sued over Spamalot royalties '' . BBC News Online . 30 November 2012 . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Mr Forstater claimed he was entitled to one - seventh of this figure , the same share enjoyed by each of the other Pythons - but was told he was only entitled to one - fourteenth , and has been paid accordingly since 2005 ... Bibliography ( edit ) Larsen , Darl . A Book About the Film Monty Python and the Holy Grail : All the References From African Swallows to Zoot . Rowman & Littlefield , 2015 . ISBN 9781442245532 Li , Martin ( 2011 ) . `` Scotland on Film '' . Glasgow & the River Clyde . Hunter Publishing , Inc . ISBN 158843785X . McCall , Douglas ( 2013 ) . Monty Python : A Chronology , 1969 - 2012 ( 2 ed . ) . McFarland . ISBN 9780786478118 -- via Google Books . Monty Python and the Holy Grail ( Book ) , Eyre Methuen , 1977 , ISBN 0 413 38520 5 . Contains screenplay , photographs , and other material . Palin , Michael ( 2006 ) . Diaries 1969 -- 1979 : The Python Years . Weidenfeld & Nicolson . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monty Python and the Holy Grail . 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action Army of Darkness Arthur and Merlin Avalon High The Black Knight Camelot Dragonheart Dragons of Camelot Dr. Strange ( 1978 ) Excalibur First Knight The Four Diamonds Gawain and the Green Knight Guinevere King Arthur King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) Knights of the Round Table Lancelot and Guinevere Lancelot du Lac The Last Legion Merlin and the War of the Dragons Merlin : The Return Merlin : The Quest Begins Perceval le Gallois Prince Valiant ( 1954 ) Prince Valiant ( 1997 ) Siege of the Saxons The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Sword of the Valiant Young Arthur Films from Twain 's Connecticut Yankee A Connecticut Yankee ( 1931 ) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1921 ) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1949 ) A Kid in King Arthur 's Court A Knight in Camelot New Adventures of a Yankee in King Arthur 's Court Unidentified Flying Oddball Films based on Tristan and Iseult legend Fire and Sword Lovespell Tristan & Isolde Films based on Wagner 's Parsifal Parsifal ( 1904 ) The Evil Forest ( 1951 ) Parsifal ( 1982 ) Comedies King Arthur Was a Gentleman Knutzy Knights Monty Python and the Holy Grail Squareheads of the Round Table Animation Knight - mare Hare Merlin and the Dragons Pound Puppies and the Legend of Big Paw Quest for Camelot The Sword in the Stone Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail&oldid=824803294 '' Categories : 1975 films English - language films Monty Python and the Holy Grail 1970s comedy films 1970s fantasy films British comedy films British fantasy films British films Directorial debut films EMI Fantasy - comedy films Films directed by Terry Gilliam Films directed by Terry Jones Films set in 932 Films shot in Scotland Films with live action and animation Films adapted into plays Films adapted into video games Self - reflexive films Monty Python films Screenplays by Eric Idle Screenplays by Graham Chapman Screenplays by John Cleese Screenplays by Michael Palin Screenplays by Terry Gilliam Screenplays by Terry Jones Holy Grail in fiction God in fiction Wizards in film Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unrecognized language All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2011 EngvarB from June 2016 Use dmy dates from June 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 16 : 06 . 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"\n\nMonty Python and the Holy Grail\n\n\n\nUK quad poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\n\n\n\nTerry Gilliam\nTerry Jones[n 1]\n\n\n\n\n\nProduced by\n\n\n\nMark Forstater\nMichael White\n\n\n\n\n\nWritten by\nMonty Python\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nGraham Chapman\nJohn Cleese\nTerry Gilliam\nEric Idle\nTerry Jones\nMichael Palin\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\n\n\n\nDewolfe\nSongs:\nNeil Innes\n\n\n\n\n\nCinematography\nTerry Bedford\n\n\nEdited by\nJohn Hackney\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompanies\n\n\n\n\n\nMichael White Productions\nPython (Monty) Pictures\nNational Film Trustee Company\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nEMI Films\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\n3 April 1975 (1975-04-03) (United Kingdom[1])\n27 April 1975 (1975-04-27) (United States)\n\n\n\n\n\n[2]\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n92 minutes[3]\n\n\nCountry\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$400,000[4]\n\n\nBox office\n$5 million[4]\n\n"
] | [
"27 April 1975"
] |
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